Datasets:

lighteval
/

natural_questions_helm

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers sequence	short_answers sequence
-9161602432438901327	French Wars of Religion	French Wars of Religion - wikipedia French Wars of Religion Jump to : navigation , search `` French Civil War '' redirects here . For other French civil wars , see Fronde and French Revolution . French Wars of Religion Part of European wars of religion Depiction of the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre by François Dubois Date March 1562 -- April 1598 ( 36 years and 1 month ) Location France Result Uneasy Catholic - Protestant truce House of Bourbon gains the French throne through Henry IV Catholic Church remains the main confession and its supremacy is upheld in France but monarchy is left severely weakened Edict of Nantes grants substantial rights to Protestants in restricted areas Damage to the Reformed tradition as Huguenots decline from 10 % to 8 % of the French population Foreign powers fail to weaken France and gain territories Catholic - Protestant hostility continues Belligerents Protestants : Huguenots England Scotland Navarre France Catholics : Catholic League Spain Savoy Commanders and leaders Henry of Navarre ( until 1589 ) Princes of Condé Elizabeth I James VI Jeanne d'Albret Catherine de Médici Charles IX Henry III † Henry IV ( after 1589 ) House of Guise Philip II Pope Sixtus V Charles Emmanuel I Casualties and losses 2,000,000 -- 4,000,000 ( hide ) French Wars of Religion Mérindol ( 1545 ) Amboise ( 1560 ) 1st -- 7th wars 1562 -- 63 Edict of Saint - Germain Vassy Rouen Toulouse Vergt Dreux Orléans Edict of Amboise 1567 -- 68 Saint - Denis Chartres 1568 -- 70 Jarnac La Roche - l'Abeille Orthez Moncontour 1572 -- 73 Mons St. Bartholomew Sommières Sancerre La Rochelle 1574 -- 76 Dormans Edict of Beaulieu 1576 -- 77 Treaty of Bergerac 1579 -- 80 Treaty of Fleix War of the Three Henrys ( 1587 -- 89 ) Treaty of Nemours Coutras Vimory Arques Day of the Barricades Henry IV of France 's succession ( 1589 -- 94 ) Ivry Paris Rouen Caudebec Craon Blaye Morlaix Fort Crozon Edict of Nantes Franco - Spanish War ( 1595 -- 98 ) Fontaine - Française Ham Le Catelet La Capelle Doullens Cambrai Calais La Fère Ardres Amiens Huguenot rebellions 1621 -- 22 Saumur Saint - Jean - d'Angély La Rochelle Montauban Royan Saint - Foix Nègrepelisse Saint - Antonin Montpellier Saint - Martin - de-Ré Treaty of Montpellier 1625 Blavet Ré island Treaty of Paris 1627 -- 29 Saint - Martin - de-Ré La Rochelle Privas Alès Montauban Peace of Alès Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ( 1685 ) War of the Cévennes ( 1702 - 04 ) The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots ( Reformed / Calvinist Protestants ) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598 . It is estimated that three million people perished in this period whether from violence , famine , or disease in what is considered the second deadliest religious war in European history ( surpassed only by the Thirty Years ' War , which took eight million lives ) . Much of the conflict took place during long regency of Queen Catherine de ' Medici , widow of Henry II of France , for her minor sons . It also involved a dynastic power struggle between powerful noble families in the line for succession to the French throne : the wealthy , ambitious , and fervently Roman Catholic ducal House of Guise ( a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine , who claimed descent from Charlemagne ) and their ally Anne de Montmorency , Constable of France ( i.e. , commander in chief of the French armed forces ) versus the less wealthy House of Condé ( a branch of the House of Bourbon ) , princes of the blood in the line of succession to the throne who were sympathetic to Calvinism . Foreign allies provided financing and other assistance to both sides , with Habsburg Spain and the Duchy of Savoy supporting the Guises , and England supporting the Protestant side led by the Condés and by the Protestant Jeanne d'Albret , wife of Antoine de Bourbon , King of Navarre , and her son , Henry of Navarre . Moderates , primarily associated with the French Valois monarchy and its advisers , tried to balance the situation and avoid an open bloodshed . This group ( pejoratively known as Politiques ) put their hopes in the ability of a strong centralized government to maintain order and harmony . In contrast to the previous hardline policies of Henri II and his father Francis I , they began introducing gradual concessions to Huguenots . A most notable moderate , at least initially , was the queen mother , Catherine de ' Medici . Catherine , however , later hardened her stance and , at the time of the Saint Bartholomew 's Day Massacre in 1572 , sided with the Guises . This pivotal historical event involved a complete breakdown of state control resulting in series of riots and massacres in which Catholic mobs killed between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants over a period of weeks throughout the entire kingdom . At the conclusion of the conflict in 1598 , the Protestant Henry of Navarre , heir to the French throne , converted to Catholicism and was crowned Henry IV of France . He issued the Edict of Nantes , which granted Huguenots substantial rights and freedoms though this did not end Catholic hostility towards them or towards him , personally . The wars of religion threatened the authority of the monarchy , already fragile under the rule of Catherine 's three sons : the last Valois kings : Francis II , Charles IX , and Henry III . This changed under the reign of their Bourbon successor Henry IV . His wise governance and selection of able administrators did leave a legacy of a strong centralized government , stability , and economic prosperity that has gained him the reputation as France 's best and most beloved monarch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and duration 2 Background 2.1 Introduction of Reformation ideas 2.1. 1 The Renaissance in France 2.1. 2 Corruption of the Established Religious System 2.2 Growth of Calvinism 2.2. 1 Affair of the Placards 2.2. 2 Massacre of Mérindol 2.3 Rise of factionism 2.4 The `` Amboise conspiracy '' , or `` Tumult of Amboise '' 2.5 Iconoclasm and civic disturbances 2.6 Death of Francis II 2.7 Colloquy of Poissy and the Edict of Saint - Germain 3 1562 -- 70 3.1 The `` first '' war ( 1562 -- 63 ) 3.2 The `` Armed Peace '' ( 1563 -- 67 ) and the `` second '' war ( 1567 -- 68 ) 3.3 The `` third '' war ( 1568 -- 70 ) 4 St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre and after ( 1572 -- 73 ) 4.1 The ' fourth ' war ( 1572 -- 73 ) 5 1574 -- 84 5.1 Death of Charles IX and the ' fifth ' war ( 1574 -- 76 ) 5.2 The Catholic League and the ' sixth ' war ( 1576 -- 77 ) 5.3 The ' seventh ' war ( 1579 -- 80 ) and the death of Anjou ( 1584 ) 6 War of the Three Henrys ( 1585 -- 89 ) 6.1 The succession crisis 6.2 The Estates - General of Blois and assassination of Henry of Guise ( 1588 ) 6.3 The assassination of Henry III ( 1589 ) 7 Henry IV 's ' Conquest of the Kingdom ' ( 1589 -- 1593 ) 7.1 War in Brittany 8 Toward peace ( 1593 -- 98 ) 8.1 Conversion 8.2 War with Spain ( 1595 -- 98 ) 8.3 Resolution of the War in Brittany ( 1598 -- 99 ) 9 The Edict of Nants ( 1598 ) 10 17th and 18th centuries 11 Chronology 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Primary sources 15 External links Name and duration ( edit ) Along with French Wars of Religion and Huguenot Wars , the wars have also been variously described as the `` Eight Wars of Religion '' , or simply the `` Wars of Religion '' ( only within France ) . The exact number of wars and their respective dates are subject to continued debate by historians : some assert that the Edict of Nantes in 1598 concluded the wars , while the ensuing resurgence of rebellious activity leads some to believe the Peace of Alais in 1629 is the actual conclusion . However , the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Vassy in 1562 , and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts . During this time , complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles . Background ( edit ) Introduction of Reformation ideas ( edit ) The Renaissance in France ( edit ) Religion in France , 1560 ( estimated ) Roman Catholicism ( 90 % ) Reformed ( 10 % ) Humanism , which began much earlier in Italy , arrived in France in the early sixteenth century , coinciding with the beginning of the French Protestant Reformation . The Italian revival of art and classical learning interested Francis I , who established royal professorships in Paris , equipping more people with the knowledge necessary to understand ancient literature . Francis I , however , had no quarrel with the established religious order and did not support reformation . Indeed , Pope Leo X , through the Concordat of Bologna increased the king 's control over the French church , granting him the power of nominating the clergy and levying taxes on church property . In France , unlike in Germany , the nobles also supported the policies and the status quo of their time . The emphasis of Renaissance Humanism on ad fontes , the return to the sources , had inevitably spread from the study and reconstruction of secular Greek and Latin texts , with a view to artistic and linguistic renewal , to the reading , study , and translation of the Church Fathers and finally the New Testament itself , with a view to religious renewal and reform . Humanist scholars , who approached theology from a new critical and comparative perspective , argued that exegesis of Scripture must be based on an accurate understanding of the language ( s ) and grammar ( s ) used in writing the Greek scriptures ( New Testament ) and also , later , the Hebrew Scriptures ( Old Testament ) , rather than relying exclusively on the Vulgate - a Latin translation of the Bible , as in the Medieval period . In 1495 the Venetian Aldus Manutius began using the newly invented printing press to produce small , inexpensive , pocket editions of Greek , Latin , and vernacular literature , making knowledge in all disciplines available for the first time to a wide public . John Calvin Printing in mass editions ( including cheap pamphlets and broadsides ) allowed theological and religious ideas to be disseminated at an unprecedented pace . In 1519 John Froben , a humanist printer , published a collection of Luther 's works . In one correspondence , he reported that 600 copies of such works were being shipped to France and Spain and were sold in Paris . Areas controlled by Huguenots are shown in dark purple ; contested areas light purple ; Lutheran areas blue The Meaux Circle was formed by a group of humanists including Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Guillaume Briçonnet , bishop of Meaux , in the effort to reform preaching and religious life . The Meaux circle was joined by Vatable , a Hebraist , and Guillaume Budé , the classicist and librarian to the king . Lefèvre 's works such as the Fivefold Psalter and his commentary on the Epistle to the Romans were humanist in approach . They put emphasis on the literal interpretation of Scripture and highlighted Christ . Lefèvre 's approach to the Scriptures influenced Luther 's methodology on biblical interpretation . Luther would later use his works in developing his lectures that contained ideas that would spark the greater part of the Reformation known as Lutheranism . William Farel also became part of the Meaux circle . He was the leading minister of Geneva who invited John Calvin to serve there . They were later exiled out of Geneva because they opposed governmental intrusion upon church administration . But their eventual return to Switzerland was followed by major developments in the Reformation that would later grow into Calvinism . Marguerite , Queen of Navarre , the sister of King Francis I and mother of Jeanne d'Albret , also became part of the circle . Corruption of the established religious system ( edit ) Corruption among the clergy showed the need for reform and Lutheran ideas made impressions of such hope . Criticisms from the population played a part in spreading anticlerical sentiments , such as the publication Heptameron by Marguerite , a collection of stories that depicted immorality among the clergy . Furthermore , the reduction of salvation to a business scheme based on the ' good works for sale ' system added to the injury . Under these circumstances salvation by grace through faith in Jesus was a pleasant alternative ( although Luther did teach baptismal regeneration ) . Works such as Farel 's translation of the Lord 's Prayer , The True and Perfect Prayer , with Lutheran ideas became popular among the masses . It focused on the biblical basis of faith as a free gift of God , salvation by faith alone , and the importance of understanding in prayer . It also contained criticisms against the clergy of their neglect that hampered growth of true faith . Growth of Calvinism ( edit ) Main article : Huguenot After an initial period of tolerance , Francis I started the repression against Protestants . Protestant ideas were first introduced to France during the reign of Francis I ( 1515 -- 47 ) in the form of Lutheranism , the teachings of Martin Luther , and circulated unimpeded for more than a year around Paris . Although Francis firmly opposed heresy , the difficulty was initially in recognizing what constituted it ; Catholic doctrine and definition of orthodox belief was unclear . Francis I tried to steer a middle course in the developing religious schism in France . Despite this , in January 1535 , Catholic authorities decided that those classified as `` Lutherans '' were actually Zwinglians , followers of Huldrych Zwingli . Calvinism , another form of Protestant religion , was soon introduced by John Calvin , a native of Noyon , Picardy , who fled France in 1536 after the Affair of the Placards . The lower orders of society was where Protestantism made its impact in France . However , Calvinism appears to have developed with large support from the nobility . It is believed to have started with Louis Bourbon , Prince of Condé , who while returning home to France from a military campaign , passed through Geneva , Switzerland and heard a sermon by a Calvinist preacher . Later , Louis Bourbon would become a major figure among the Huguenots of France . In 1560 , Jeanne d'Albret , Queen regnant of Navarre , converted to Calvinism , possibly due to the influence of Theodore de Beze . She later married Antoine de Bourbon , and both she and their son Henry of Navarre would be leaders among the Huguenots . Affair of the Placards ( edit ) Francis I continued his policy of seeking a middle course in the religious rift in France until an incident called the Affair of the Placards . The Affair of the Placards began in 1534 started with protesters putting up anti-Catholic posters . The posters were not Lutheran but were Zwinglian or `` Sacramentarian '' in the extreme nature of the anti-Catholic content -- specifically , the absolute rejection of the Catholic doctrine of `` Real Presence . '' Protestantism became identified as `` a religion of rebels '' , helping the Catholic Church to more easily define Protestantism as heresy . In the wake of the posters , the French monarchy took a harder stand against the protesters . Francis I had been severely criticized for his initial tolerance towards Protestants , but now was encouraged to repress them . At the same time , Francis I was working on a policy of alliance with the Ottoman Empire . The ambassadors in the 1534 Ottoman embassy to France accompanied Francis I to Paris . They attended the execution by burning at the stake of those caught for the Affair of the Placards , on 21 January 1535 , in front of the Cathedral of Notre - Dame de Paris . John Calvin , a Frenchman , escaped from the persecution to Basle , Switzerland , where he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 . In the same year , he visited Geneva , but was forced out for trying to reform the church . When he returned by invitation in 1541 , he wrote the Ecclesiastical ordinances , the constitution for a Genevan church , which was passed by the council of Geneva . Massacre of Mérindol ( edit ) Massacre of Mérindol in 1545 as imagined by Gustave Doré ( 1832 -- 1883 ) Execution of Anne du Bourg in 1559 The Massacre of Mérindol took place in 1545 . Francis I ordered the punishment of the Waldensians of the city of Mérindol -- who had recently affiliated with the Reformed tradition of Protestantism -- for dissident religious activities . Historians estimate that Provençal troops killed hundreds to thousands of residents there and in the 22 - 28 nearby villages they destroyed . They captured hundreds of men and sent them to labor in the French galleys . Francis I died on March 31 , 1547 and was succeeded to the throne by his son Henry II , who continued the harsh religious policy that his father had followed during the last years of his reign . Indeed , Henry II was even more severe against the Protestants than Francis I had been . Henry II sincerely believed that the Protestants were heretics . On June 27 , 1551 , Henry II issued the Edict of Châteaubriant , which sharply curtailed Protestant rights to worship , assemble , or even to discuss religion at work , in the fields , or over a meal . In the 1550s , the establishment of the Geneva church provided leadership to the disorganized French Calvinist ( Huguenot ) church . The French intensified the fight against heresy in the 1540s forcing Protestants to gather secretly to worship . But by the middle of the century , the adherents to Protestantism in France had increased markedly in number and power , as the nobility in particular converted to Calvinism . Historians estimate that in the 1560s more than half of the nobility were Calvinist ( or Huguenot ) , and 1,200 -- 1,250 Calvinist churches had been established ; by the outbreak of war in 1562 , there were perhaps two million Calvinists in France . The conversion of the nobility constituted a substantial threat to the monarchy . Calvinism proved attractive to people from across the social hierarchy and occupational divides , and it was highly regionalized , with no coherent pattern of geographical spread . Rise of factionism ( edit ) The accidental death of Henry II in 1559 created a political vacuum that encouraged the rise of factions , eager to grasp power . Francis II of France , at this point only 15 years old , was weak and lacked the qualities that allowed his predecessors to impose their will on the leading noblemen at court . However , the House of Guise , having an advantage in the King 's wife , Mary , Queen of Scots , who was their niece , moved quickly to exploit the situation at the expense of their rivals , the House of Montmorency . Within days of the King 's accession , the English ambassador reported that `` the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French King '' . The `` Amboise conspiracy '' , or `` tumult of Amboise '' ( edit ) Main article : Amboise conspiracy Contemporary woodcut of the executions of Protestants at Amboise On March 10 , 1560 , a group of disaffected nobles ( led by Jean du Barry , seigneur de la Renaudie ) attempted to abduct the young Francis II and eliminate the Guise faction . Their plans were discovered before they could succeed , and the government executed hundreds of suspected plotters . The Guise brothers suspected Louis I de Bourbon , prince de Condé of leading the plot . He was arrested but eventually freed for lack of evidence , adding to the tensions of the period . ( In the polemics that followed , the term `` Huguenot '' for France 's Protestants came into widespread usage . ) Iconoclasm and civic disturbances ( edit ) The first instances of Protestant iconoclasm , the destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches , occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle in 1560 . The following year , mobs carried out iconoclasm in more than 20 cities and towns ; Catholic urban groups attacked Protestants in bloody reprisals in Sens , Cahors , Carcassonne , Tours and other cities . Death of Francis II ( edit ) Traces of iconoclasm at Eglise Saint Sauveur , in La Rochelle . On December 5 , 1560 Francis II died , and his mother Catherine de ' Medici became regent for her second son , Charles IX . Inexperienced and faced with the legacy of debt from the Habsburg - Valois conflict , Catherine felt that she had to steer the throne carefully between the powerful and conflicting interests that surrounded it , embodied by the powerful aristocrats who led essentially private armies . She was intent on preserving the independence of the throne . Although she was a sincere Roman Catholic , she was prepared to deal favourably with the Huguenot House of Bourbon in order to have a counterweight against the overmighty Guise . She nominated a moderate chancellor , Michel de l'Hôpital , who urged a number of measures providing for civic peace so that a religious resolution could be sought by a sacred council . Colloquy of Poissy and the Edict of Saint - Germain ( edit ) Main articles : Colloquy of Poissy and Edict of Saint - Germain The Regent Queen - Mother Catherine de Medici had three courses of action open to her in solving the religious crisis in France . First she might revert to persecution of the Huguenots . This , however , had been tried and had failed -- witness the fact that the Huguenots were now more numerous than they had ever been before . Secondly , Catherine could win over the Huguenots . This though might lead directly to civil war . Thirdly , Catherine might try to heal the religious division in the country by means of a national council or colloquy on the topic . Catherine chose the third course to pursue . Thus , a national council of clergy gathered on the banks of the Seine River in the town of Poissy in July 1561 . The council had been formed in 1560 during the Estates - General of Saint - Germain - en - Laye when the council of prelates accepted the crown 's request to give Huguenots a hearing . The Protestants were represented by 12 ministers and 20 laymen , led by Théodore de Bèze . Neither group sought toleration of Protestants , but wanted to reach some form of concord for the basis of a new unity . The council debated the religious issue at Poissy all summer . Meanwhile , a meeting between Bèze and the Cardinal of Lorraine , of the House of Guise , seemed promising ; both appeared ready to compromise on the form of worship . The King of Navarre and the Prince of Condé petitioned the Regent for the young King Charles IX -- the Queen - Mother , Catherine de Medici for the free exercise of religion . In July 1561 , the Parliament passed and the Regent signed the July Edict which recognised Roman Catholicism as the state religion but forbade any and all `` injuries or injustices '' against the citizens of France on the basis of religion . However , despite this measure , by the end of the Colloquy in Poissy in October 1561 it was clear that the divide between Catholic and Protestant ideas was already too wide . In early 1562 , the regency government attempted to quell escalating disorder in the provinces , which had been encouraged by factional feuds at court , by instituting the Edict of Saint - Germain , also known as the Edict of January . The legislation made concessions to the Huguenots to dissuade them from rebelling . It allowed them to worship publicly outside of towns and privately inside them . On March 1 , however , a faction of the Guise family 's retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Wassy - sur - Blaise in Champagne , massacring the worshippers and most of the residents of the town . The Huguenot Jean de la Fontaine described the events : `` The Protestants were engaged in prayer outside the walls , in conformity with the king 's edict , when the Duke of Guise approached . Some of his suite insulted the worshippers , and from insults they proceeded to blows , and the Duke himself was accidentally wounded in the cheek . The sight of his blood enraged his followers , and a general massacre of the inhabitants of Vassy ensued . '' 1562 -- 70 ( edit ) The `` first '' war ( 1562 -- 63 ) ( edit ) Massacre de Vassy in 1562 , print by Hogenberg , end of 16th century Looting of the Churches of Lyon by the Calvinists , in 1562 , Antoine Carot The Massacre of Vassy , on March 1 , 1562 , provoked open hostilities between the factions supporting the two religions . A group of Protestant nobles , led by the prince of Condé and proclaiming that they were liberating the king and regent from `` evil '' councillors , organised a kind of protectorate over the Protestant churches . On April 2 , 1562 , Condé and his Protestant followers seized the city of Orléans . Their example was soon followed by Protestant groups around France . Protestants seized and garrisoned the strategic towns of Angers , Blois and Tours along the Loire River . In the Rhône River valley , Protestants under the François de Beaumont , baron des Adrets attacked Valence ; in this attack Guise 's lieutenant was killed . Later , the Protestants captured Lyon . Although the Huguenots had begun to mobilise for war before Vassy , Condé used the massacre of Vassy as evidence that the July Edict of 1561 had been broken , lending further weight to his campaign . Hoping to turn over the city to Condé , the Huguenots of Toulouse seized the Hôtel de ville but were countered by angry Catholic mobs resulting in street battles and the killing of around 3,000 ( mostly Huguenots ) during the 1562 Riots of Toulouse . Additionally , on 12 April 1562 and later in July , there were massacres of Huguenots at Sens and at Tours , respectively . As conflicts continued and open hostilities broke out , the Crown revoked the Edict under pressure from the Guise faction . The major engagements of the war occurred at Rouen , Dreux and Orléans . At the Siege of Rouen ( May -- October 1562 ) , the crown regained the city , but Antoine de Navarre died of his wounds . In the Battle of Dreux ( December 1562 ) , Condé was captured by the Guises , and Montmorency , the governor general , was captured by the Bourbons . In February 1563 , at the Siege of Orléans , Francis , Duke of Guise was shot and killed by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot de Méré . As he was killed outside of direct combat , the Guise considered this an assassination on the orders of the duke 's enemy , Admiral Coligny . The popular unrest caused by the assassination , coupled with the resistance by the city of Orléans to the siege , led Catherine de Medici to mediate a truce , resulting in the Edict of Amboise on March 19 , 1563 . The `` armed Peace '' ( 1563 -- 67 ) and the `` second '' war ( 1567 -- 68 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Print depicting Huguenot aggression against Catholics at sea , Horribles cruautés des Huguenots , 16th century Plate from Richard Rowlands , Theatrum Crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis ( 1587 ) , depicting supposed Huguenot atrocities The Edict of Amboise was generally regarded as unsatisfactory by all concerned , and the Guise faction was particularly opposed to what they saw as dangerous concessions to heretics . The crown tried to re-unite the two factions in its efforts to re-capture Le Havre , which had been occupied by the English in 1562 as part of the Treaty of Hampton Court between its Huguenot leaders and Elizabeth I of England . That July the French expelled the English , and the next month Charles IX declared his legal majority , ending the regency of Catherine de Medici . His mother continued to play a principal role in politics , and she joined her son on a Grand Tour of the kingdom between 1564 and 1566 , designed to reinstate crown authority . During this time , Jeanne d'Albret met and held talks with Catherine at Mâcon and Nérac . Reports of iconoclasm in Flanders led Charles IX to lend support to the Catholics there ; French Huguenots feared a Catholic re-mobilisation against them . Philip II of Spain 's reinforcement of the strategic corridor from Italy north along the Rhine added to these fears , and political discontent grew . After Protestant troops unsuccessfully tried to capture and take control of King Charles IX in the Surprise of Meaux , a number of cities , such as La Rochelle , declared themselves for the Huguenot cause . Protesters attacked and massacred Catholic laymen and clergy the following day in Nîmes , in what became known as the Michelade . This provoked the Second War and its main military engagement , the Battle of Saint - Denis , where the crown 's commander - in - chief and lieutenant general , the seventy - four - year - old Anne de Montmorency , died . The war was brief , ending in another truce , the Peace of Longjumeau ( March 1568 ) , which was a reiteration of the Peace of Amboise of 1563 and once again granted significant religious freedoms and privileges to Protestants . The `` third '' war ( 1568 -- 70 ) ( edit ) In reaction to the Peace , Catholic confraternities and leagues sprang up across the country in defiance of the law throughout the summer of 1568 . Huguenot leaders such as Condé and Coligny fled court in fear for their lives , many of their followers were murdered , and in September the Edict of Saint - Maur revoked the freedom of Huguenots to worship . In November William of Orange led an army into France to support his fellow Protestants , but , the army being poorly paid , he accepted the crown 's offer of money and free passage to leave the country . Battle of Moncontour , 1569 The Huguenots gathered a formidable army under the command of Condé , aided by forces from south - east France , led by Paul de Mouvans , and a contingent of fellow Protestant militias from Germany -- including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken . After the Duke was killed in action , his troops remained under the employ of the Huguenots who had raised a loan from England against the security of the Jeanne d'Albret 's crown jewels . Much of the Huguenots ' financing came from Queen Elizabeth of England , who was likely influenced in the matter by Sir Francis Walsingham . The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d'Anjou ( later King Henry III ) and assisted by troops from Spain , the Papal States , and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Protestant army laid siege to several cities in the Poitou and Saintonge regions ( to protect La Rochelle ) , and then Angoulême and Cognac . At the Battle of Jarnac ( 16 March 1569 ) , the prince of Condé was killed , forcing Admiral de Coligny to take command of the Protestant forces , nominally on behalf of Condé 's 15 - year - old son , Henry , and the sixteen - year - old Henry of Navarre , who were presented by Jeanne d'Albret as the legitimate leaders of the Huguenot cause against royal authority . The Battle of La Roche - l'Abeille was a nominal victory for the Huguenots , but they were unable to seize control of Poitiers and were soundly defeated at the Battle of Moncontour ( 30 October 1569 ) . Coligny and his troops retreated to the south - west and regrouped with Gabriel , comte de Montgomery , and in spring of 1570 they pillaged Toulouse , cut a path through the south of France and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité - sur - Loire . The staggering royal debt and Charles IX 's desire to seek a peaceful solution led to the Peace of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 8 August 1570 ) , negotiated by Jeanne d'Albret , which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots . St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre and after ( 1572 -- 73 ) ( edit ) Main article : St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre One morning at the gates of the Louvre , 19th - century painting by Édouard Debat - Ponsan . ( Catherine de ' Medici is in black . ) Anti-Protestant massacres of Huguenots at the hands of Catholic mobs continued , in cities such as Rouen , Orange and Paris . Matters at Court were complicated as King Charles IX openly allied with the Huguenot leaders -- especially Admiral Gaspard de Coligny . Meanwhile , the Queen Mother became increasingly fearful of the unchecked power wielded by Coligny and his supporters , especially as it became clear that Coligny was pursuing an alliance with England and the Dutch Protestant rebels . Coligny , along with many other Calvinist nobles , arrived in Paris for the wedding of the Catholic princess Margaret of France to the Protestant prince Henry of Navarre on August 18 , 1572 . On August 22 , an assassin made a failed attempt on Coligny 's life , shooting him in the street from a window . While historians have suggested Charles de Louvier , sieur de Maurevert , as the likely assailant , historians have never determined the source of the order to kill Coligny ( it is improbable that the order came from Catherine ) . In preparation for her son 's wedding , Jeanne d'Albret had arrived in Paris , where she went on daily shopping trips . She died there on June 9 , 1572 , and for centuries after her death , Huguenot writers accused Catherine de ' Medici of poisoning her . The Siege of La Rochelle of 1573 by the Duke of Anjou ( `` History of Henry III '' tapestry , completed in 1623 ) Amidst fears of a Huguenot coup , the Duke of Guise and his supporters acted . In the early morning of August 24 , they killed Coligny in his lodgings with several of his men . Coligny 's body was thrown from the window into the street , and was subsequently mutilated , castrated , dragged through the mud , thrown in the river , suspended on a gallows and burned by the Parisian crowd . This assassination began the series of events known as the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre . For the next five days , the city erupted as Catholics massacred Calvinist men , women and children and looted their houses , which was neither approved of nor predicted by the king . Over the next few weeks , the disorder spread to more than a dozen cities across France . Historians estimate that 2,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and thousands more in the provinces ; in all , perhaps 10,000 people were killed . Henry of Navarre and his cousin , the young Prince of Condé , managed to avoid death by agreeing to convert to Catholicism . Both repudiated their conversions after they escaped Paris . The massacre provoked horror and outrage among Protestants throughout Europe , but both Philip II of Spain and Pope Gregory XIII , following the official version that a Huguenot coup had been thwarted , celebrated the outcome . In France , Huguenot opposition to the crown was seriously weakened by the deaths of many of the leaders . Many Huguenots emigrated to Protestant countries . Others reconverted to Catholicism for survival , and the remainder concentrated in a small number of cities where they formed a majority . The ' fourth ' war ( 1572 -- 73 ) ( edit ) Depiction of supposed Spanish atrocities in the New World , by the Protestant Theodor de Bry . The massacres provoked further military action , which included Catholic sieges of the cities of Sommières ( by troops led by Henri I de Montmorency ) , Sancerre and La Rochelle ( by troops led by the duke of Anjou ) . The end of hostilities was brought on by the election ( 11 -- 15 May 1573 ) of the Duke of Anjou to the throne of Poland and by the Edict of Boulogne ( signed in July 1573 ) , which severely curtailed many of the rights previously granted to French Protestants . Based on the terms of the treaty , all Huguenots were granted amnesty for their past actions and the freedom of belief . However , they were permitted the freedom to worship only within the three towns of La Rochelle , Montauban , and Nîmes , and even then only within their own residences . Protestant aristocrats with the right of high - justice were permitted to celebrate marriages and baptisms , but only before an assembly limited to ten persons outside of their family . 1574 -- 84 ( edit ) Death of Charles IX and the ' fifth ' war ( 1574 -- 76 ) ( edit ) In the absence of the duke of Anjou disputes between Charles and his youngest brother , the duke of Alençon , led to many Huguenots congregating around Alençon for patronage and support . A failed coup at Saint - Germain ( February 1574 ) , allegedly aiming to release Condé and Navarre who had been held at court since St Bartholemew 's , coincided with rather successful Huguenot uprisings in other parts of France such as Lower Normandy , Poitou and the Rhône valley , which reinitiated hostilities . Three months after Henry of Anjou 's coronation as King of Poland , his brother Charles IX died ( May 1574 ) and his mother declared herself regent until his return . Henry secretly left Poland and returned via Venice to France , where he faced the defection of Montmorency - Damville , ex-commander in the Midi ( November 1574 ) . Despite having failed to have established his authority over the Midi , he was crowned King Henry III , at Rheims ( February 1575 ) , marrying Louise Vaudémont , a kinswoman of the Guise , the following day . By April the crown was already seeking to negotiate , and the escape of Alençon from court in September prompted the possibility of an overwhelming coalition of forces against the crown , as John Casimir of the Palatinate invaded Champagne . The crown hastily negotiated a truce of seven months with Alençon and promised Casimir 's forces 500,000 livres to stay east of the Rhine , but neither action secured a peace . By May 1576 the crown was forced to accept the terms of Alençon , and the Huguenots who supported him , in the Edict of Beaulieu , known as the Peace of Monsieur . The Catholic League and the ' sixth ' war ( 1576 -- 77 ) ( edit ) Armed procession of the Catholic League in Paris in 1590 , Musée Carnavalet . The Edict of Beaulieu granted many concessions to the Calvinists , but these were short - lived in the face of the Catholic League -- which the ultra-Catholic , Henry I , Duke of Guise , had formed in opposition to it . The House of Guise had long been identified with the defense of the Roman Catholic Church and the Duke of Guise and his relations -- the Duke of Mayenne , Duke of Aumale , Duke of Elboeuf , Duke of Mercœur and the Duke of Lorraine -- controlled extensive territories that were loyal to the League . The League also had a large following among the urban middle class . The Estates - General of Blois ( 1576 ) failed to resolve matters , and by December the Huguenots had already taken up arms in Poitou and Guyenne . While the Guise faction had the unwavering support of the Spanish Crown , the Huguenots had the advantage of a strong power base in the southwest ; they were also discreetly supported by foreign Protestant governments , but in practice , England or the German states could provide few troops in the ensuing conflict . After much posturing and negotiations , Henry III rescinded most of the concessions that had been made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu with the Treaty of Bergerac ( September 1577 ) , confirmed in the Edict of Poitiers passed six days later . The ' seventh ' war ( 1579 -- 80 ) and the death of Anjou ( 1584 ) ( edit ) Despite Henry according his youngest brother Francis the title of Duke of Anjou , the prince and his followers continued to create disorder at court through their involvement in the Dutch Revolt . Meanwhile , the regional situation disintegrated into disorder as both Catholics and Protestants armed themselves in ' self defence ' . In November 1579 , Condé seized the town of La Fère , leading to another round of military action , which was brought to an end by the Treaty of Fleix ( November 1580 ) , negotiated by Anjou . The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584 , when the Duke of Anjou , the King 's youngest brother and heir presumptive , died . As Henry III had no son , under Salic Law , the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre , a descendant of Louis IX whom Pope Sixtus V had excommunicated along with his cousin , Henri Prince de Condé . When it became clear that Henry of Navarre would not renounce his Protestantism , the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville ( 31 December 1584 ) on behalf of the League , with Philip II of Spain , who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League over the following decade to maintain the civil war in France , with the hope of destroying the French Calvinists . Under pressure from the Guise , Henry III reluctantly issued the Treaty of Nemours ( July ) and an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henry of Navarre 's right to the throne . War of the three henrys ( 1585 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Main article : War of the Three Henrys The succession crisis ( edit ) The Duke of Guise during the Day of the Barricades . King Henry III at first tried to co-opt the head of the Catholic League and steer it towards a negotiated settlement . This was anathema to the Guise leaders , who wanted to bankrupt the Huguenots and divide their considerable assets with the King . A test of King Henry III 's leadership occurred at the meeting of the Estates - General at Blois in December 1576 . At the meeting of the Estates - General , there was only one Huguenot delegate present among all of the three estates ; the rest of the delegates were Catholics with the Catholic League heavily represented . Accordingly , the Estates - General pressured Henry III into conducting a war against the Huguenots . In response Henry said he would reopen hostilities with the Huguenots but wanted the Estates - General to vote him the funds to carry out the war . Yet , the Third Estate refused to vote for the necessary taxes to fund this war . The situation degenerated into open warfare even without the King having the necessary funds . Henry of Navarre again sought foreign aid from the German princes and Elizabeth I of England . Meanwhile , the solidly Catholic people of Paris , under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen , were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists . On 12 May 1588 , the Day of the Barricades , a popular uprising raised barricades on the streets of Paris to defend the Duke of Guise against the alleged hostility of the king , and Henry III fled the city . The Committee of Sixteen took complete control of the government , while the Guise protected the surrounding supply lines . The mediation of Catherine de'Medici led to the Edict of Union , in which the crown accepted almost all the League 's demands : reaffirming the Treaty of Nemours , recognizing Cardinal de Bourbon as heir , and making Henry of Guise Lieutenant - General . The Estates - General of Blois and assassination of Henry of Guise ( 1588 ) ( edit ) Assassination of the Duke of Guise , leader of the Catholic League , by king Henry III , in 1588 Refusing to return to Paris , Henry III called for an Estates - General at Blois in September 1588 . During the Estates - General , Henry III suspected that the members of the third estate were being manipulated by the League and became convinced that Guise had encouraged the duke of Savoy 's invasion of Saluzzo in October 1588 . Viewing the House of Guise as a dangerous threat to the power of the Crown , Henry III decided to strike first . On 23 December 1588 , at the Château de Blois , Henry of Guise and his brother , the Cardinal de Guise , were lured into a trap by the King 's guards . The Duke arrived in the council chamber where his brother the Cardinal waited . The Duke was told that the King wished to see him in the private room adjoining the royal chambers . There guardsmen seized the duke and stabbed him in the heart , while others arrested the Cardinal who later died on the pikes of his escort . To make sure that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him , the King had the Duke 's son imprisoned . The Duke of Guise had been highly popular in France , and the Catholic League declared open war against King Henry III . The Parlement of Paris instituted criminal charges against the King , who now joined forces with his cousin , the Huguenot , Henry of Navarre , to war against the League . The assassination of Henry III ( 1589 ) ( edit ) Jacques Clément , a supporter of the Catholic League , assassinating Henry III in 1589 It thus fell upon the younger brother of the Guise , the Duke of Mayenne , to become the leader of the Catholic League . The League presses began printing anti-royalist tracts under a variety of pseudonyms , while the Sorbonne proclaimed on January 7 , 1589 , that it was just and necessary to depose Henry III , and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide . In July 1589 , in the royal camp at Saint - Cloud , a Dominican monk named Jacques Clément gained an audience with the King and drove a long knife into his spleen . Clément was killed on the spot , taking with him the information of who , if anyone , had hired him . On his deathbed , Henry III called for Henry of Navarre , and begged him , in the name of Statecraft , to become a Catholic , citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused . In keeping with Salic Law , he named Henry as his heir . Henry IV 's ' conquest of the kingdom ' ( 1589 -- 1593 ) ( edit ) Main article : Henry IV of France 's succession The situation on the ground in 1589 was that the new Henry IV of France , as Navarre had become , held the south and west , and the Catholic League the north and east . The leadership of the Catholic League had devolved to the Duke de Mayenne , who was appointed Lieutenant - General of the kingdom . He and his troops controlled most of rural Normandy . However , in September 1589 , Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques . Henry 's army swept through Normandy , taking town after town throughout the winter . Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry , by Peter Paul Rubens . The King knew that he had to take Paris if he stood any chance of ruling all of France . This , however , was no easy task . The Catholic League 's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England ( see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales ) . The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king . The Battle of Ivry , fought on 14 March 1590 , was another decisive victory for Henry against forces led by the Duke of Mayenne . Henry 's forces then went on to besiege Paris , but after a long and desperately fought resistance by the Parisians , Henry 's siege was lifted by a Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Parma . Then , what had happened at Paris was repeated at Rouen ( November 1591 -- March 1592 ) . Parma was subsequently wounded in the hand during the Siege of Caudebec whilst trapped by Henry 's army . Having then made a miraculous escape from there , he withdrew into Flanders , but with his health quickly declining , Farnese called his son Ranuccio to command his troops . He was , however , removed from the position of governor by the Spanish court and died in Arras on 3 December . For Henry and the Protestant army at least , Parma was no longer a threat . War in Brittany ( edit ) Meanwhile , Philippe Emmanuel , Duke of Mercœur , whom Henry III had made governor of Brittany in 1582 , was endeavouring to make himself independent in that province . A leader of the Catholic League , he invoked the hereditary rights of his wife , Marie de Luxembourg , who was a descendant of the dukes of Brittany and heiress of the Blois - Brosse claim to the duchy as well as Duchess of Penthièvre in Brittany , and organized a government at Nantes . Proclaiming his son `` prince and duke of Brittany '' , he allied with Philip II of Spain , who sought to place his own daughter , infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia , on the throne of Brittany . With the aid of the Spanish , Mercœur defeated Henry IV 's forces under the Duke of Montpensier , at Craon in 1592 , but the royal troops , reinforced by English contingents , soon recovered the advantage . Toward Peace ( 1593 -- 98 ) ( edit ) Conversion ( edit ) Entrance of Henry IV in Paris , 22 March 1594 , with 1,500 cuirassiers . Departure of Spanish troops from Paris , 22 March 1594 . Henry IV , as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra ( i.e. the Catholic League ) , by Toussaint Dubreuil , circa 1600 . Louvre Museum . Despite the campaigns between 1590 and 1592 , Henry IV was `` no closer to capturing Paris '' . Realising that Henry III had been right and that there was no prospect of a Protestant king succeeding in resolutely Catholic Paris , Henry agreed to convert , reputedly stating `` Paris vaut bien une messe '' ( `` Paris is well worth a Mass '' ) . He was formally received into the Catholic Church in 1593 , and was crowned at Chartres in 1594 as League members maintained control of the Cathedral of Rheims , and , sceptical of Henry 's sincerity , continued to oppose him . He was finally received into Paris in March 1594 , and 120 League members in the city who refused to submit were banished from the capital . Paris ' capitulation encouraged the same of many other towns , while others returned to support the crown after Pope Clement VIII absolved Henry , revoking his excommunication in return for the publishing of the Tridentine Decrees , the restoration of Catholicism in Béarn , and appointing only Catholics to high office . Evidently Henry 's conversion worried Protestant nobles , many of whom had , until then , hoped to win not just concessions but a complete reformation of the French Church , and their acceptance of Henry was by no means a foregone conclusion . War with Spain ( 1595 -- 98 ) ( edit ) By the end of 1594 , certain League members still worked against Henry across the country , but all relied on Spain 's support . In January 1595 , the king declared war on Spain to show Catholics that Spain was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state -- and to show Protestants that his conversion had not made him a puppet of Spain . Also , he hoped to take the war to Spain and make territorial gain . The conflict mostly consisted of military action aimed at League members , such as the Battle of Fontaine - Française , though the Spanish launched a concerted offensive in 1595 , taking Doullens , Cambrai and Le Catelet and in the spring of 1596 capturing Calais by April . Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597 the French crown laid siege until its surrender in September . With that victory Henry 's concerns then turned to the situation in Brittany where he promulgated the Edict of Nantes and sent Bellièvre and Brulart de Sillery to negotiate a peace with Spain . The war was drawn to an official close after the Edict of Nantes , with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598 . Resolution of the war in Brittany ( 1598 -- 99 ) ( edit ) In early 1598 the king marched against Mercœur in person , and received his submission at Angers on 20 March 1598 . Mercœur subsequently went to exile in Hungary . Mercœur 's daughter and heiress was married to the Duke of Vendôme , an illegitimate son of Henry IV . The Edict of nants ( 1598 ) ( edit ) Main article : Edict of Nantes The Edict of Nantes , April 1598 . Henry IV was faced with the task of rebuilding a shattered and impoverished kingdom and uniting it under a single authority . Henry and his advisor , the Duke of Sully saw that the essential first step in this was negotiation of the Edict of Nantes -- which , rather than being a sign of genuine toleration , was in fact a kind of grudging truce between the religions , with guarantees for both sides . The Edict can be said to mark the end of the Wars of Religion , though its apparent success was not assured at the time of its publication . Indeed , in January 1599 , Henry had to visit the Parliament in person to have the Edict passed . Religious tensions continued to affect politics for many years to come , though never to the same degree , and Henry IV faced many attempts on his life ; the last succeeding in May 1610 . 17th and 18th Centuries ( edit ) Main article : Huguenot rebellions The French royal fleet captures the Île de Ré , a Huguenot stronghold . Although the Edict of Nantes concluded the fighting during Henry IV 's reign , the political freedoms it granted to the Huguenots ( seen by detractors as `` a state within the state '' ) became an increasing source of trouble during the 17th century . The decision of King Louis XIII to reintroduce Catholicism in a portion of southwestern France prompted a Huguenot revolt . By the Peace of Montpellier in 1622 , the fortified Protestant towns were reduced to two : La Rochelle and Montauban . Another war followed , which concluded with the Siege of La Rochelle , in which royal forces led by Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for fourteen months . Under the 1629 Peace of La Rochelle , the brevets of the Edict ( sections of the treaty that dealt with military and pastoral clauses and were renewable by letters patent ) were entirely withdrawn , though Protestants retained their prewar religious freedoms . Richelieu , depicted at the 1627 -- 28 Siege of La Rochelle , put an end to the political and military autonomy of the Huguenots , while preserving their religious rights . Over the remainder of Louis XIII 's reign , and especially during the minority of Louis XIV , the implementation of the Edict varied year by year . In 1661 Louis XIV , who was particularly hostile to the Huguenots , started assuming control of his government and began to disregard some of the provisions of the Edict . In 1681 he instituted the policy of dragonnades , to intimidate Huguenot families to convert to Roman Catholicism or emigrate . Finally , in October 1685 , Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau , which formally revoked the Edict and made the practice of Protestantism illegal in France . The revocation of the Edict had very damaging results for France . While it did not prompt renewed religious warfare , many Protestants chose to leave France rather than convert , with most moving to Great Britain , Prussia , the Dutch Republic and Switzerland . At the dawn of the 18th century , Protestants remained in significant numbers in the remote Cévennes region of the Massif Central . This population , known as the Camisards , revolted against the government in 1702 , leading to fighting that continued intermittently until 1715 , after which the Camisards were largely left in peace . Chronology ( edit ) Protestant engraving representing ' les dragonnades ' in France under Louis XIV . 17 January 1562 - Edict of Saint - Germain , often called the `` Edict of January '' 1 March 1562 - Massacre of Vassy ( Wassy ) March 1562 - March 1563 First War , ended by the Edict of Amboise 19 December 1562 - Battle of Dreux September 1567 - March 1568 Second War , ended by the Peace of Longjumeau 10 November 1567 - Battle of Saint Denis 1568 -- 70 Third War , ended by the Peace of Saint - Germain - en - Laye March 1569 - Battle of Jarnac June 1569 - Battle of La Roche - l'Abeille October 1569 - Battle of Moncontour 1572 - St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre June 1572 - Death of Jeanne d'Albret 1572 -- 73 Fourth War , ended by the Edict of Boulogne November 1572 - July 1573 - Siege of La Rochelle May 1573 - Henry d'Anjou elected King of Poland 1574 - Death of Charles IX 1574 -- 76 Fifth War , ended by the Edict of Beaulieu 1576 - Formation of the first Catholic League in France 1576 -- 77 Sixth War , ended by the Treaty of Bergerac ( also known as the `` Edict of Poitiers '' ) 1579 -- 80 Seventh War , ended by the Treaty of Fleix June 1584 - death of François , Duke of Anjou , heir presumptive December 1584 - Treaty of Joinville 1585 -- 98 Eighth War , ended by the Peace of Vervins and the Edict of Nantes October 1587 - Battle of Coutras , Battle of Vimory December 1588 - Assassination of the Duke of Guise and his brother August 1589 - Assassination of Henry III September 1589 - Battle of Arques March 1590 - Battle of Ivry , Siege of Paris 1593 - Henry IV abjures Protestantism 1594 - Henry IV crowned in Chartres . June 1595 - Battle of Fontaine - Française April -- September 1597 - Siege of Amiens April 1598 - Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV October 1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau issued by Louis XIV See also ( edit ) Edict of toleration List of wars and disasters by death toll Monarchomachs Religion in France Virtual Museum of Protestantism Siege of Paris ( 1590 ) Catholic League ( French ) Battle of Craon Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hans J. Hillerbrand , Encyclopedia of Protestantism : 4 - volume Set , paragraphs `` France '' and `` Huguenots '' ; Hans J. Hillerbrand , an expert on the subject , in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism : 4 - volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10 % of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew 's Day massacre , declining to 8 % by the end of the 16th century , and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV of France . Jump up ^ Knecht , Robert J. ( 2002 ) . The French Religious Wars 1562 - 1598 . Osprey Publishing . p. 91 . ISBN 9781841763958 . Jump up ^ Memory and Identity : The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora by Bertrand Van Ruymbeke , Randy J. Sparks , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lindberg , Carter ( 1996 ) . The European Reformations . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 292 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Alister ( 1995 ) . The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation . Massachusetts : Blackwell . pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ McGrath . The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation . pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Spickard , Paul ; Cragg , Kevin ( 2005 ) . A Global History of Christians : How Everyday Believers Experienced Their World . Grand Rapid : Baker . pp. 158 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Lindberg . The European Reformations . p. 275 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Earl ( 1996 ) . Christianity through the Centuries : A History of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed . ) . Grand Rapid : Zondervan . p. 308 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Harold ( 1973 ) . The Reformation Era 1500 -- 1650 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Grimm . The Reformation Era 1500 -- 1650 . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Grimm . The Reformation Era 1500 -- 1650 . pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Earl . Christianity through the Centuries . p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Lindberg . The European Reformations . p. 279 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , ( Longman Pearson Education Limited , 1996 ) , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 4 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 3 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 7 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 14 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Paul Bernstein , Robert W. Green , History of Civilization , Vol. 1 , ( Rowman & Littlefield , 1988 ) , 328 . Jump up ^ Holt , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Garnier , Edith , L'Alliance Impie Editions du Felin , 2008 , Paris , 90 . Jump up ^ Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw , The Italian Wars : 1494 - 1559 , ( Pearson Education Limited , 2012 ) , 234 . Jump up ^ Audisio , Gabriel , Les Vaudois : Histoire d'une dissidence XIIe - XVIe siecle , , ( Fayard , Turin , 1998 ) , 270 - 271 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 6 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 6 - 7 , 86 - 87 Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 10 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 118 . Jump up ^ France : Renaissance , Religion and Recovery , 1494 - 1610 , Martyn Rady . pp. 52 - 3 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Knecht , p. 195 ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 25 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 124 -- 5 ; the cultural context is explored by N.M. Sutherland , `` Calvinism and the conspiracy of Amboise '' , History 47 ( 1962 : 111 -- 38 ) . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 136 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 `` , 27 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 29 . Jump up ^ Frieda , Leone ( 2003 ) . Catherine de Medici : Renaissance Queen of France ( First Harper Perennial edition 2006 ed . ) . Harper Perennial . pp. 132 -- 149 . Jump up ^ See l'Hôpital speech to the Estates General at Orléans of 1560 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Michel de Castelnau , The Memoirs of the Reigns of Francis I and Charles IX ( published in London , 1724 and reproduced by ECCO ) p. 110 . Jump up ^ Michel de Castelnau , The Memoirs of the Reigns of Francis II and Charles IX , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , ( Longman , 2000 ) , 78 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rev. James Fontaine and Ann Maury , Memoirs of a Huguenot Family ( New York ) 1853 . Jump up ^ Albert Guérard , France : A Modern History , ( Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press , 1959 ) , 152 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 35 . Jump up ^ Knecht , The French Civil Wars , 86 . Jump up ^ Trevor Dupuy , Curt Johnson and David L. Bongard , The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography , ( Castle Books : Edison , 1992 ) , 98 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 37 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 40 . ^ Jump up to : Jouanna , p. 181 Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , 151 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , pp. 184 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , 196 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , 199 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , 201 . Jump up ^ Jouanna , 204 . Jump up ^ Theatres of Cruelty : Wars of Religion , Violence , and The New World , Commentary by Tom Conley , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , The Newberry Library , 1990 Jump up ^ Jouanna , p. 213 Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , 181 . Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , 191 / Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , 208 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , The French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 65 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 90 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Knecht , French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 72 . Jump up ^ R.J. Knecht , French Wars of Religion : 1559 - 1598 , 73 . Jump up ^ Knecht , French Civil Wars , 264 . ^ Jump up to : Knecht , French Civil Wars , 270 . Jump up ^ Knecht French Civil Wars , 272 . Jump up ^ Philip Benedict , ' Un roi , une loi , deux fois : Parameters for the History of Catholic - Protestant Co-existence in France , 1555 - 1685 ' , in O. Grell & B. Scribner ( eds ) , Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation ( 1996 ) , pp. 65 - 93 ^ Jump up to : `` Edict of Nantes '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . References ( edit ) Acton , John ( 1906 ) . `` The Huguenots and the League '' . Lectures on Modern History . New York : Macmillan . pp. 155 -- 167 . Baird , H.M. ( 1889 ) . History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France . 1 . -- -- -- ( 1889 ) . History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France . 2 . New edition , two volumes , New York , 1907 . Baird , H.M. ( 1895 ) . The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes . Benedict , Philip ( 1996 ) . `` Un roi , une loi , deux fois : Parameters for the History of Catholic - Protestant Co-existence in France , 1555 - 1685 '' . In Grell , O. & Scribner , B. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 65 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 49694 - 2 . Castelnau , Michel de , The Memoirs of the Reigns of Francis II and Charles IX ( published in London in 1724 and reprinted by ECCO . ) Diefendorf , Barbara B. ( 1991 ) . Beneath the Cross : Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth - Century Paris . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506554 - 9 . Davis , Natalie Zemon ( 1975 ) . Society and Culture in Early Modern France . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0868 - 1 . Greengrass , Mark ( 1986 ) . France in the Age of Henry IV . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49251 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 1987 ) . The French Reformation . London : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 14516 - 8 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . Governing Passions : Peace and Reform in the French Kingdom , 1576 - 1585 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921490 - 7 . Guérard , Albert , France : A Modern History ( Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press , 1959 ) . Holt , Mack P. ( 2005 ) . The French wars of religion , 1562 - 1629 . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83872 - X . Hulme , E.M. ( 1914 ) . The Renaissance , the Protestant Revolution , and the Catholic Reaction in Continental Europe . New York . Jouanna , Arlette ; Boucher , Jacqueline ; Biloghi , Dominique ; Thiec , Guy ( 1998 ) . Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion . Collection : Bouquins ( in French ) . Paris : Laffont . ISBN 2 - 221 - 07425 - 4 . Knecht , Robert J. ( 1996 ) . The French Wars of Religion 1559 -- 1598 . Seminar Studies in History ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 28533 - X . Knecht , Robert J. ( 2007 ) . The Valois : Kings of France 1328 - 1589 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 522 - 3 . -- -- -- ( 2000 ) . The French Civil Wars . Modern Wars in Perspective . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 09549 - 2 . -- -- -- ( 2001 ) . The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France 1483 - 1610 . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22729 - 6 . Lindsay , T.M. ( 1906 ) . A History of the Reformation. 1 . -- -- -- ( 1907 ) . A History of the Reformation. 2 . Salmon , J.H.M. ( 1975 ) . Society in Crisis : France in the Sixteenth Century . London : Methuen . ISBN 0 - 416 - 73050 - 7 . Pearson , Hesketh , Henry of Navarre : The King Who Dared ( New York : Harper & Rowe , Publishers , 1963 ) . Sutherland , N.M. ( 1962 ) . `` Calvinism and the conspiracy of Amboise '' . History . 47 ( 160 ) : 111 -- 138 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 1962. tb01083. x . Thompson , J.W. ( 1909 ) . The Wars of Religion in France , 1559 - 1576 . Chicago . Tilley , Arthur Augustus ( 1919 ) . The French wars of religion . Historiography ( edit ) Diefendorf , Barbara B. ( 2010 ) . The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford U.P. Frisch , Andrea Forgetting Differences : Tragedy , Historiography , and the French Wars of Religion ( Edinburgh University Press , 2015 ) . x + 176 pp. full text online ' online review Primary sources ( edit ) Potter , David L. ( 1997 ) . French Wars of Religion , Selected Documents . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9780312175450 . Salmon , J.H.M. , ed. French Wars of Religion , The How Important Were Religious Factors ? ( 1967 ) short excerpts from primary and secondary sources External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guerres de religions in France . The Wars of Religion , Part I The Wars of Religion , Part II French Religious Wars The Wars of Religion The eight wars of religion ( 1562 - 1598 ) in The Virtual Museum of Protestantism GND : 4160768 - 5 NDL : 00574442 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Wars_of_Religion&oldid=815721594 '' Categories : French Wars of Religion 16th century in France 16th - century conflicts European wars of religion History of Catholicism in France History of Protestantism in France Huguenot history in France Anti-Catholicism in France Anti-Protestantism Counter-Reformation 1560s conflicts 1570s conflicts 1580s conflicts 1590s conflicts 1560s in France 1570s in France 1580s in France 1590s in France Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 17 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what were the two major reasons for the growing discontent in france	[]	[]
-4417814936869043196	Torah	Torah - wikipedia Torah Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Torah ( disambiguation ) . Sefer Torah at old Glockengasse Synagogue ( reconstruction ) , Cologne Silver Torah Case , Ottoman Empire Museum of Jewish Art and History Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Muhammad Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The Torah ( / ˈtɔːrəˌˈtoʊrə / ; Hebrew : תּוֹרָה ‎ , `` instruction , teaching '' ) is the central reference of Judaism . It has a range of meanings . It can most specifically mean the first five books ( Pentateuch ) of the 24 books of the Tanakh , and it usually includes the rabbinic commentaries ( perushim ) . The term `` Torah '' means instruction and offers a way of life for those who follow it ; it can mean the continued narrative from the Book of Genesis to the end of the Tanakh , and it can even mean the totality of Jewish teaching , culture and practice , whether derived from biblical texts or later Rabbinic writings . Common to all these meanings , Torah consists of the origin of Jewish peoplehood : their call into being by God , their trials and tribulations , and their covenant with their God , which involves following a way of life embodied in a set of moral and religious obligations and civil laws ( halakha ) . In rabbinic literature the word `` Torah '' denotes both the five books ( Hebrew : תורה שבכתב ‎ `` Torah that is written '' ) and the Oral Torah ( תורה שבעל פה , `` Torah that is spoken '' ) . The Oral Torah consists of interpretations and amplifications which according to rabbinic tradition have been handed down from generation to generation and are now embodied in the Talmud and Midrash . According to rabbinic tradition , all of the teachings found in the Torah , both written and oral , were given by God through the prophet Moses , some at Mount Sinai and others at the Tabernacle , and all the teachings were written down by Moses , which resulted in the Torah that exists today . According to the Midrash , the Torah was created prior to the creation of the world , and was used as the blueprint for Creation . The majority of Biblical scholars believe that the written books were a product of the Babylonian captivity ( c. 600 BCE ) , based on earlier written and oral traditions , which could only have arisen from separate communities within ancient Israel , and that it was completed by the period of Achaemenid rule ( c. 400 BCE ) . The 1979 discovery of fragments of the Hebrew Bible ( Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers ) at Ketef Hinnom dating to the late 7th century BC , and thus to before the Babylonian captivity , is the oldest evidence of elements of the Torah which were current before the Babylonian exile . Traditionally , the words of the Torah are written on a scroll by a scribe ( sofer ) in Hebrew . A Torah portion is read publicly at least once every three days in the presence of a congregation . Reading the Torah publicly is one of the bases for Jewish communal life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning and names 1.1 Alternative names 2 Contents 2.1 Bəreshit / Genesis 2.2 Shəmot / Exodus 2.3 Vayikra / Leviticus 2.4 Bəmidbar / Numbers 2.5 Dəvarim / Deuteronomy 3 Authorship 4 Torah and Judaism 4.1 Ritual use 4.2 Biblical law 5 The Oral Torah 6 Divine significance of letters , Jewish mysticism 7 Production and use of a Torah scroll 8 Torah translations 8.1 Aramaic 8.2 Greek 8.3 Latin 8.4 Arabic 8.5 Modern languages 8.5. 1 Jewish translations 8.5. 2 Christian translations 9 In other religions 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Additional resources 14 External links Meaning and names ( edit ) Reading of the Torah The word `` Torah '' in Hebrew is derived from the root ירה , which in the hif'il conjugation means `` to guide / teach '' ( cf . Lev 10 : 11 ) . The meaning of the word is therefore `` teaching '' , `` doctrine '' , or `` instruction '' ; the commonly accepted `` law '' gives a wrong impression . Other translational contexts in the English language include custom , theory , guidance , or system . The term `` Torah '' is used in the general sense to include both Rabbinic Judaism 's written law and Oral Law , serving to encompass the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history , including the Mishnah , the Talmud , the Midrash and more , and the inaccurate rendering of `` Torah '' as `` Law '' may be an obstacle to understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term talmud torah ( תלמוד תורה , `` study of Torah '' ) . The earliest name for the first part of the Bible seems to have been `` The Torah of Moses '' . This title , however , is found neither in the Torah itself , nor in the works of the pre-Exilic literary prophets . It appears in Joshua ( 8 : 31 -- 32 ; 23 : 6 ) and Kings ( I Kings 2 : 3 ; II Kings 14 : 6 ; 23 : 25 ) , but it can not be said to refer there to the entire corpus ( according to academic Bible criticism ) . In contrast , there is every likelihood that its use in the post-Exilic works ( Mal. 3 : 22 ; Dan . 9 : 11 , 13 ; Ezra 3 : 2 ; 7 : 6 ; Neh. 8 : 1 ; II Chron. 23 : 18 ; 30 : 16 ) was intended to be comprehensive . Other early titles were `` The Book of Moses '' ( Ezra 6 : 18 ; Neh. 13 : 1 ; II Chron. 35 : 12 ; 25 : 4 ; cf. II Kings 14 : 6 ) and `` The Book of the Torah '' ( Neh. 8 : 3 ) , which seems to be a contraction of a fuller name , `` The Book of the Torah of God '' ( Neh. 8 : 8 , 18 ; 10 : 29 -- 30 ; cf. 9 : 3 ) . Alternative names ( edit ) `` Pentateuch '' redirects here . For other uses , see Pentateuch ( disambiguation ) . Christian scholars usually refer to the first five books of the Hebrew Bible as the `` Pentateuch '' ( Greek : πεντάτευχος , `` five scrolls '' ) , a term first used in the Hellenistic Judaism of Alexandria , meaning five books , or as the Law . Contents ( edit ) Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal Torah Information Religion Judaism Author Multiple Language Tiberian Hebrew Chapters 187 Verses 5,852 The Torah starts from the beginning of God 's creating the world , through the beginnings of the people of Israel , their descent into Egypt , and the giving of the Torah at biblical Mount Sinai . It ends with the death of Moses , just before the people of Israel cross to the promised land of Canaan . Interspersed in the narrative are the specific teachings ( religious obligations and civil laws ) given explicitly ( i.e. Ten Commandments ) or implicitly embedded in the narrative ( as in Exodus 12 and 13 laws of the celebration of Passover ) . In Hebrew , the five books of the Torah are identified by the incipits in each book ; and the common English names for the books are derived from the Greek Septuagint and reflect the essential theme of each book : Bəreshit ( בְּרֵאשִׁית ‏ , literally `` In the beginning '' ) -- Genesis , from Γένεσις ( Génesis , `` Creation '' ) Shəmot ( שְׁמוֹת , literally `` Names '' ) -- Exodus , from Ἔξοδος ( Éxodos , `` Exit '' ) Vayikra ( וַיִּקְרָא , literally `` And He called '' ) -- Leviticus , from Λευιτικόν ( Leutikón , `` Relating to the Levites '' ) Bəmidbar ( בְּמִדְבַּר ‎ , literally `` In the desert ( of ) '' ) -- Numbers , from Ἀριθμοί ( Arithmoí , `` Numbers '' ) Dəvarim ( דְּבָרִים , literally `` Things '' or `` Words '' ) -- Deuteronomy , from Δευτερονόμιον ( Deuteronómion , `` Second - Law '' ) Bəreshit / Genesis ( edit ) Genesis begins with the `` primeval history '' ( Genesis 1 -- 11 ) , the story of the world 's beginnings and the descent from Adam . This is followed by the story of the three patriarchs ( Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob ) , Joseph ( Genesis 12 -- 50 ) and the four matriarchs ( Sarah , Rebekah , Leah , and Rachel ) . God gives to the patriarchs a promise of the land of Canaan , but at the end of Genesis the sons of Jacob end up leaving Canaan for Egypt due to a regional famine . They had heard that there was a grain storage and distribution facility in Egypt . Shəmot / Exodus ( edit ) Exodus begins the story of God 's revelation to his people of Israel through Moses , who leads them out of Egypt ( Exodus 1 -- 18 ) to Mount Sinai . There the people accept the covenant with God , agreeing to be his people and abide by his holy Law , in return for his agreeing to be their God , and protect and defend them from their enemies , and provide for and prosper them . Moses receives the Torah from God , and teaches His laws and Covenant ( Exodus 19 -- 24 ) to the people of Israel . It also talks about the first violation of the covenant when the Golden Calf was constructed ( Exodus 32 -- 34 ) . Exodus includes the instructions on building the Tabernacle and concludes with its actual construction ( Exodus 25 -- 31 ; 35 -- 40 ) . Vayikra / Leviticus ( edit ) Leviticus begins with instructions to the Israelites on how to use the Tabernacle , which they had just built ( Leviticus 1 -- 10 ) . This is followed by rules of clean and unclean ( Leviticus 11 -- 15 ) , which includes the laws of slaughter and animals permissible to eat ( see also : Kashrut ) , the Day of Atonement ( Leviticus 16 ) , and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code ( Leviticus 17 -- 26 ) . Leviticus 26 provides a detailed list of rewards for following God 's commandments and a detailed list of punishments for not following them . Leviticus 17 establishes sacrifices at the Tabernacle as an everlasting ordinance , but this ordinance is altered in later books with the Temple being the only place in which sacrifices are allowed . Bəmidbar / Numbers ( edit ) Numbers tells how Israel consolidated itself as a community at Sinai ( Numbers 1 -- 9 ) , set out from Sinai to move towards Canaan and spied out the land ( Numbers 10 -- 13 ) . Because of unbelief at various points , but especially at Kadesh Barnea ( Numbers 14 ) , the Israelites were condemned to wander for forty years in the desert in the vicinity of Kadesh instead of immediately entering the Promised Land . Even Moses sins and is told he would not live to enter the land ( Numbers 20 ) . At the end of Numbers ( Numbers 26 -- 35 ) Israel moves from Kadesh to the plains of Moab opposite Jericho , ready to enter the Promised Land . Dəvarim / Deuteronomy ( edit ) Deuteronomy is a series of speeches by Moses on the plains of Moab opposite Jericho . Also referred to as Mishneh Torah in Hebrew ( a repeat of the Torah ) the essential gist of the entire book is a rebuke to the Children of Israel to not worship idolatry , to not follow in the ways of Cana'an , and to cleave to God . Moses proclaims the Law ( Deuteronomy 12 -- 26 ) , gives instruction concerning covenant renewal at Shechem ( Deuteronomy 27 -- 28 ) and gives Israel new laws ( the `` Deuteronomic Code '' ) . At the end of the book ( Deuteronomy 34 ) Moses is allowed to see the promised land from a mountain , and then dies . The text emphasises that no one knows where Moses was finally buried ( 34 : 6 ) . Knowing that he was nearing the end of his life , Moses had appointed Joshua his successor , bequeathing to him the mantle of leadership . Soon afterwards Israel begins the conquest of Canaan . Authorship ( edit ) Main articles : Mosaic authorship and Documentary hypothesis The Talmud holds that the Torah was written by Moses , with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy , describing his death and burial , being written by Joshua . Alternatively , Rashi quotes from the Talmud that `` God spoke them , and Moses wrote them with tears . '' The Mishnah includes the divine origin of the Torah as an essential tenet of Judaism . The modern scholarly consensus is that the Torah has multiple authors and that its composition took place over centuries . This contemporary common hypothesis among biblical scholars states that the first major comprehensive draft of the Pentateuch was composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BC ( the Jahwist source ) , and that this was later expanded by the addition of various narratives and laws ( the Priestly source ) into a work very like the one existing today . `` The consensus of scholarship is that the stories are taken from four different written sources and that these were brought together over the course of time to form the first five books of the Bible as a composite work . The sources are known as J , the Jahwist source ( from the German transliteration of the Hebrew YHWH ) , E , the Elohist source , P , the priestly source , and D , the Deuteronomist source ... Thus the Pentateuch ( or Torah , as it is known by Jews ) comprises material taken from six centuries of human history , which has been put together to give a comprehensive picture of the creation of the world and of God 's dealings with his peoples , specifically with the people of Israel . '' ( Professor John Riches of the University of Glasgow ) . Torah and Judaism ( edit ) Presentation of The Torah ( 1860 ) -- Museum of Jewish Art and History Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot ) Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal Rabbinic writings indicate that the Oral Torah was given to Moses at Mount Sinai , which , according to the tradition of Orthodox Judaism , occurred in 1312 BC . The Orthodox rabbinic tradition holds that the Written Torah was recorded during the following forty years , though many non-Orthodox Jewish scholars affirm the modern scholarly consensus that the Written Torah has multiple authors and was written over centuries . The Talmud ( Gittin 60a ) presents two opinions as to how exactly the Torah was written down by Moses . One opinion holds that it was written by Moses gradually as it was dictated to him , and finished it close to his death , and the other opinion holds that Moses wrote the complete Torah in one writing close to his death , based on what was dictated to him over the years . The Talmud ( Menachot 30a ) says that the last eight verses of the Torah that discuss the death and burial of Moses could not have been written by Moses , as writing it would have been a lie , and that they were written after his death by Joshua . Abraham ibn Ezra and Joseph Bonfils observed that phrases in those verses present information that people should only have known after the time of Moses . Ibn Ezra hinted , and Bonfils explicitly stated , that Joshua wrote these verses many years after the death of Moses . Other commentators do not accept this position and maintain that although Moses did not write those eight verses it was nonetheless dictated to him and that Joshua wrote it based on instructions left by Moses , and that the Torah often describes future events , some of which have yet to occur . All classical rabbinic views hold that the Torah was entirely Mosaic and of divine origin . Present - day Reform and Liberal Jewish movements all reject Mosaic authorship , as do most shades of Conservative Judaism . Ritual use ( edit ) Main article : Torah reading Torahs in Ashkenazi Synagogue ( Istanbul , Turkey ) Torah reading ( Hebrew : קריאת התורה , K'riat HaTorah , `` Reading ( of ) the Torah '' ) is a Jewish religious ritual that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll . The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll ( or scrolls ) from the ark , chanting the appropriate excerpt with traditional cantillation , and returning the scroll ( s ) to the ark . It is distinct from academic Torah study . Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity ( c. 537 BCE ) , as described in the Book of Nehemiah . In the modern era , adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem ( 70 CE ) . In the 19th and 20th centuries CE , new movements such as Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading , but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same : As a part of the morning prayer services on certain days of the week , fast days , and holidays , as well as part of the afternoon prayer services of Shabbat , Yom Kippur , and fast days , a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll . On Shabbat ( Saturday ) mornings , a weekly section ( `` parashah '' ) is read , selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year . The division of parashot found in the modern - day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities ( Ashkenazic , Sephardic , and Yemenite ) is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah , Laws of Tefillin , Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls , chapter 8 . Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Aleppo Codex . Conservative and Reform synagogues may read parashot on a triennial rather than annual schedule , On Saturday afternoons , Mondays , and Thursdays , the beginning of the following Saturday 's portion is read . On Jewish holidays , the beginnings of each month , and fast days , special sections connected to the day are read . Jews observe an annual holiday , Simchat Torah , to celebrate the completion and new start of the year 's cycle of readings . Torah scrolls are often dressed with a sash , a special Torah cover , various ornaments and a Keter ( crown ) , although such customs vary among synagogues . Congregants traditionally stand in respect when the Torah is brought out of the ark to be read , while it is being carried , and lifted , and likewise while it is returned to the ark , although they may sit during the reading itself . Biblical law ( edit ) See also : Biblical law The Torah contains narratives , statements of law , and statements of ethics . Collectively these laws , usually called biblical law or commandments , are sometimes referred to as the Law of Moses ( Torat Moshe תּוֹרַת ־ מֹשֶׁה ‎ ) , Mosaic Law , or Sinaitic Law . The oral Torah ( edit ) See also : Oral Torah Rabbinic tradition holds that Moses learned the whole Torah while he lived on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights and both the oral and the written Torah were transmitted in parallel with each other . Where the Torah leaves words and concepts undefined , and mentions procedures without explanation or instructions , the reader is required to seek out the missing details from supplemental sources known as the oral law or oral Torah . Some of the Torah 's most prominent commandments needing further explanation are : Tefillin : As indicated in Deuteronomy 6 : 8 among other places , tefillin are to be placed on the arm and on the head between the eyes . However , there are no details provided regarding what tefillin are or how they are to be constructed . Kashrut : As indicated in Exodus 23 : 19 among other places , a young goat may not be boiled in its mother 's milk . In addition to numerous other problems with understanding the ambiguous nature of this law , there are no vowelization characters in the Torah ; they are provided by the oral tradition . This is particularly relevant to this law , as the Hebrew word for milk ( חלב ) is identical to the word for animal fat when vowels are absent . Without the oral tradition , it is not known whether the violation is in mixing meat with milk or with fat . Shabbat laws : With the severity of Sabbath violation , namely the death penalty , one would assume that direction would be provided as to how exactly such a serious and core commandment should be upheld . However , most information regarding the rules and traditions of Shabbat are dictated in the Talmud and other books deriving from Jewish oral law . According to classical rabbinic texts this parallel set of material was originally transmitted to Moses at Sinai , and then from Moses to Israel . At that time it was forbidden to write and publish the oral law , as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse . However , after exile , dispersion , and persecution , this tradition was lifted when it became apparent that in writing was the only way to ensure that the Oral Law could be preserved . After many years of effort by a great number of tannaim , the oral tradition was written down around 200 CE by Rabbi Judah haNasi , who took up the compilation of a nominally written version of the Oral Law , the Mishnah ( Hebrew : משנה ) . Other oral traditions from the same time period not entered into the Mishnah were recorded as `` Baraitot '' ( external teaching ) , and the Tosefta . Other traditions were written down as Midrashim . After continued persecution more of the oral law was committed to writing . A great many more lessons , lectures and traditions only alluded to in the few hundred pages of Mishnah , became the thousands of pages now called the Gemara . Gemara is written in Aramaic , having been compiled in Babylon . The Mishnah and Gemara together are called the Talmud . The Rabbis in Israel also collected their traditions and compiled them into the Jerusalem Talmud . Since the greater number of Rabbis lived in Babylon , the Babylonian Talmud has precedence should the two be in conflict . Orthodox and Conservative branches of Judaism accept these texts as the basis for all subsequent halakha and codes of Jewish law , which are held to be normative . Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism deny that these texts , or the Torah itself for that matter , may be used for determining normative law ( laws accepted as binding ) but accept them as the authentic and only Jewish version for understanding the Torah and its development throughout history . Humanistic Judaism holds that the Torah is a historical , political , and sociological text , but does not believe that every word of the Torah is true , or even morally correct . Humanistic Judaism is willing to question the Torah and to disagree with it , believing that the entire Jewish experience , not just the Torah , should be the source for Jewish behavior and ethics . Divine significance of letters , Jewish mysticism ( edit ) Further information : Kabbalah Kabbalists hold that not only do the words of Torah give a divine message , but they also indicate a far greater message that extends beyond them . Thus they hold that even as small a mark as a kotzo shel yod ( קוצו של יוד ) , the serif of the Hebrew letter yod ( י ) , the smallest letter , or decorative markings , or repeated words , were put there by God to teach scores of lessons . This is regardless of whether that yod appears in the phrase `` I am the Lord thy God '' ( אָנֹכִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ ‎ , Exodus 20 : 2 ) or whether it appears in `` And God spoke unto Moses saying '' ( וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים , אֶל - מֹשֶׁה ; וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו , אֲנִי יְהוָה. ‎ Exodus 6 : 2 ) . In a similar vein , Rabbi Akiva ( c. 50 -- c. 135 CE ) , is said to have learned a new law from every et ( את ) in the Torah ( Talmud , tractate Pesachim 22b ) ; the particle et is meaningless by itself , and serves only to mark the direct object . In other words , the Orthodox belief is that even apparently contextual text `` And God spoke unto Moses saying ... '' is no less important than the actual statement . One kabbalistic interpretation is that the Torah constitutes one long name of God , and that it was broken up into words so that human minds can understand it . While this is effective since it accords with our human reason , it is not the only way that the text can be broken up . Production and use of a Torah scroll ( edit ) Main article : Sefer Torah Page pointers , or yad , for reading of the Torah Manuscript Torah scrolls are still scribed and used for ritual purposes ( i.e. , religious services ) ; this is called a Sefer Torah ( `` Book ( of ) Torah '' ) . They are written using a painstakingly careful methodology by highly qualified scribes . This has resulted in , according to B. Barry Levy , `` The popular assumption that no changes were ever introduced into copies of the Bible during rabbinic times . '' However , he writes that this `` simply does not accord with the facts . '' It is believed that every word , or marking , has divine meaning , and that not one part may be inadvertently changed lest it lead to error . The fidelity of the Hebrew text of the Tanakh , and the Torah in particular , is considered paramount , down to the last letter : translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use , and transcribing is done with painstaking care . An error of a single letter , ornamentation , or symbol of the 304,805 stylized letters that make up the Hebrew Torah text renders a Torah scroll unfit for use , hence a special skill is required and a scroll takes considerable time to write and check . According to Jewish law , a sefer Torah ( plural : Sifrei Torah ) is a copy of the formal Hebrew text handwritten on gevil or klaf ( forms of parchment ) by using a quill ( or other permitted writing utensil ) dipped in ink . Written entirely in Hebrew , a sefer Torah contains 304,805 letters , all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained sofer ( `` scribe '' ) , an effort that may take as long as approximately one and a half years . Most modern Sifrei Torah are written with forty - two lines of text per column ( Yemenite Jews use fifty ) , and very strict rules about the position and appearance of the Hebrew letters are observed . See for example the Mishnah Berurah on the subject . Any of several Hebrew scripts may be used , most of which are fairly ornate and exacting . The completion of the sefer Torah is a cause for great celebration , and it is a mitzvah for every Jew to either write or have written for him a Sefer Torah . Torah scrolls are stored in the holiest part of the synagogue in the Ark known as the `` Holy Ark '' ( אֲרוֹן הקֹדשׁ ‎ aron hakodesh in Hebrew . ) Aron in Hebrew means `` cupboard '' or `` closet '' , and kodesh is derived from `` kadosh '' , or `` holy '' . Torah translations ( edit ) Aramaic ( edit ) Main article : Targum The Book of Ezra refers to translations and commentaries of the Hebrew text into Aramaic , the more commonly understood language of the time . These translations would seem to date to the 6th century BCE . The Aramaic term for translation is Targum . The Encyclopedia Judaica has : At an early period , it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading ( e.g. , in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic ) . The targum ( `` translation '' ) was done by a special synagogue official , called the meturgeman ... Eventually , the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued . However , there is no suggestion that these translations had been written down as early as this . There are suggestions that the Targum was written down at an early date , although for private use only . The official recognition of a written Targum and the final redaction of its text , however , belong to the post-Talmudic period , thus not earlier than the fifth century C.E. Greek ( edit ) Main article : Septuagint One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint . This is a Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers . The Greek version 's name in Latin is the Septuagint : Latin septem meaning seven , plus - gintā meaning `` times ten '' . It was named Septuagint from the traditional number of its translators . This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE , originally associated with Hellenistic Judaism . It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material . Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions . These do not survive , except as fragments , and include those by Aquila , Symmachus , and Theodotion . Latin ( edit ) Early translations into Latin -- the Vetus Latina -- were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint . With Saint Jerome in the 4th century AD came the Vulgate Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible . Arabic ( edit ) From the eighth century AD , the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became Arabic rather than Aramaic . `` Around that time , both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into Judeo - Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet . '' Later , by the 10th century , it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo - Arabic . The best known was produced by Saadiah , and continues to be in use today , `` in particular among Yemenite Jewry . '' Modern languages ( edit ) Jewish translations ( edit ) The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages , including English , German , Russian , French , Spanish and others . The most well - known German - language translation was produced by Samson Raphael Hirsch . A number of Jewish English Bible translations have been published . Christian translations ( edit ) As a part of the Christian Biblical canon , the Torah has been translated into hundreds of languages . In other religions ( edit ) See also : Biblical law in Christianity , Islamic -- Jewish relations , and Torah in Islam While Christianity includes the five books of Moses ( the Pentateuch ) among their sacred texts in its Old Testament , Islam states that only the original Torah was sent by God . In neither religion does the Torah retain the religious legal significance that it does in Orthodox Judaism . Among early centers of Christianity the Septuagint was used by Greek speakers , while Aramaic Targums were used by Aramaic speakers such as the Syriac Orthodox Church . It was regarded as the standard form of the Old Testament in the early Greek Christian Church and is still considered canonical in the Eastern Orthodox Church . Though different Christian denominations have slightly different versions of the Old Testament in their Bibles , the Torah as the `` Five Books of Moses '' ( or `` the Mosaic Law '' ) is common among them all . The Quran refers heavily to Moses to outline the truth of his existence and the religious guidelines that God had revealed to the Children of Israel . According to the Qur'an , Allah says `` It is He Who has sent down the Book ( the Qur'an ) to you with truth , confirming what came before it . And He sent down the Taurat ( Torah ) and the Injeel ( Gospel ) . '' ( 3 : 3 ) Muslims call the Torah the Tawrat and consider it the word of God given to Moses . However , Muslims also believe that this original revelation was corrupted ( tahrif ) ( or simply altered by the passage of time and human fallibility ) over time by Jewish scribes and hence do not revere the present `` Jewish version '' Torah as much. 7 : 144 -- 144 The Torah in the Quran is always mentioned with respect in Islam . The Muslims ' belief in the Torah , as well as the prophethood of Moses , is one of the fundamental tenets of Islam . The Bahá'í position on the Torah was composed in 1906 by its official interpreter on all matters religious , Sir ' Abdu'l - Bahá ' Abbas K.B.E. `` The Torah , held to be the most ancient of histories , existeth today in three separate versions : the Hebrew , considered authentic by the Jews and the Protestant clergy ; the Greek Septuagint , which was used as authoritative in the Greek and other eastern churches ; and the Samaritan Torah , the standard authority for that people . These three versions differ greatly , one from another , even with regard to the lifetimes of the most celebrated figures . In the Hebrew Torah , it is recorded that from Noah 's flood until the birth of Abraham there was an interval of two hundred and ninety - two years . In the Greek , that time span is given as one thousand and seventy - two years , while the Samaritan , the recorded span is nine hundred and forty - two years . Refer to the commentary by Henry Westcott for tables are supplied therein which show the discrepancies among the three Torahs as to the birth dates of a number of the descendants of Shem , and thou wilt see how greatly the versions differ from one another . Moreover , according to the text of the Hebrew Torah , from the creation of Adam until Noah 's flood the elapsed time is recorded as one thousand six hundred and fifty - six years , while in the Greek Torah the interval is given as two thousand two hundred and sixty - two years , and in the Samaritan text , the same period is said to have lasted one thousand three hundred and seven years . Reflect now over the discrepancies among these three Torahs . The case is indeed surprising . The Jews and Protestants belittle the Greek Torah , while to the Greeks the Hebrew version is spurious , and the Samaritans deny both the Hebrew and the Greek versions . '' ' Abdu'l Bahá 's elucidations above in 1906 are found in his letter to Ethel Jenner Rosenberg ( 1858 -- 1930 , without issue and no relation to the famous spies , Ethel and Julius Rosenberg ) http://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_tablet_wisdom_questions See also ( edit ) Book of Moses ( LDS ) Christianity and Judaism Heptateuch Hexapla Ketuvim Nevi'im Jewish Publication Society ( JPS ) New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh ( JPS Tanakh ) Judeo - Christian Ketef Hinnom Moses in rabbinic literature Samaritan Pentateuch Tanakh Ten Commandments Torah redactor Torah scroll ( Yemenite ) Torah study References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob ( 2004 ). The Emergence of Judaism . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . p. 57 . `` The Hebrew word torah mean ' teaching . ' We recall ... the most familiar meaning of the word : ' Torah = the five books of Moses , '' the Pentateuch ... The Torah may also refer to the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures ... The Torah furthermore covers instruction in two media , writing and memory ... ( The oral part ) is contained , in part , in the Mishnah , Talmud , and midrash compilations . But there is more : what the world calls ' Judaism ' the faithful know as ' the Torah . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum ( 1979 ) , p. 630 Jump up ^ Vol. 11 Trumah Section 61 Jump up ^ page 1 , Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1992 ) . The Pentateuch : An introduction to the first five books of the Bible . Anchor Bible Reference Library . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41207 - X . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , I. , Silberman , NA. , The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , p. 68 Jump up ^ Davila , James , `` MORE ON THE KETEF HINNOM AMULETS in Ha'aretz , '' Paleojudaica , Sept. 2004 . Jump up ^ Barkay , Gabriel , et al. , `` The Challenges of Ketef Hinnom : Using Advanced Technologies to Recover the Earliest Biblical Texts and their Context '' , Near Eastern Archaeology , 66 / 4 ( Dec. 2003 ) : 162 - 171 . Jump up ^ `` Solving a Riddle Written in Silver '' . The New York Times . 28 September 2004 . Jump up ^ Myers , Gary D. `` ' Silver scrolls ' are oldest O.T. scripture , archaeologist says '' . Jump up ^ Barkay , Gabriel ; Lundberg , Marilyn J. ; Vaughn , Andrew G. ; Zuckerman , Bruce ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom : A New Edition and Evaluation '' . Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ( 334 ) : 41 -- 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 4150106 . JSTOR 4150106 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud Bava Kama 82a Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Louis Isaac and Harvey , Warren . `` Torah '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Ed . Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik . Vol. 20 . 2nd ed . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2007 . pp. 39 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Philip Birnbaum , Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts , Hebrew Publishing Company , 1964 , p. 630 Jump up ^ p. 2767 , Alcalay Jump up ^ pp. 164 -- 165 , Scherman , Exodus 12 : 49 Jump up ^ Sarna , Nahum M. et al. `` Bible '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Ed . Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik . Vol. 3 . 2nd ed . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2007 . pp 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ The World and the Word : An Introduction to the Old Testament , ed . Eugene H. Merrill , Mark Rooker , Michael A. Grisanti , 2011 , p , 163 : `` Part 4 The Pentateuch by Michael A. Grisanti : The Term `` Pentateuch '' derives from the Greek pentateuchos , literally , ... The Greek term was apparently popularized by the Hellenized Jews of Alexandria , Egypt , in the first century AD ... '' Jump up ^ `` Devdutt Pattanaik : The fascinating design of the Jewish Bible '' . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael D. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . Oxford University Press , 2009 . pp. 148 -- 149 Jump up ^ Bava Basra 14b Jump up ^ Louis Jacobs ( 1995 ) . The Jewish religion : a companion . Oxford University Press . p. 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 826463 - 7 . Retrieved 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Talmud , Bava Basra 14b Jump up ^ Mishnah , Sanhedrin 10 : 1 Jump up ^ McDermott , John J. , ( 2002 ) . Reading the Pentateuch : a historical introduction . Pauline Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4082 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Riches , John ( 2000 ) . The Bible : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285343 - 1 . Jump up ^ History Crash Course # 36 : Timeline : From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple , by Rabbi Ken Spiro , Aish.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Fishbane , Michael , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Jewish Study Bible . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0195297515 . Jump up ^ Nadler , Steven ; Saebo , Magne ( 2008 ) . Hebrew Bible / Old Testament : The History of its Interpretation , II : From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 829 . ISBN 3525539827 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ibn Ezra , Deuteronomy 34 : 6 Jump up ^ Ohr Ha'chayim Deuteronomy 34 : 6 Jump up ^ For more information on these issues from an Orthodox Jewish perspective , see Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah : Contributions and Limitations , Ed . Shalom Carmy , and Handbook of Jewish Thought , Volume I , by Aryeh Kaplan . Jump up ^ Larry Siekawitch ( 2013 ) , The Uniqueness of the Bible , pp 19 -- 30 Jump up ^ Book of Nehemia , Chapter 8 Jump up ^ Source ? Jump up ^ The Authentic Triennial Cycle : A Better Way to Read Torah ? Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rietti , Rabbi Jonathan . The Oral Law : The Heart of The Torah Jump up ^ Talmud , Gittin 60b Jump up ^ `` FAQ for Humanistic Judaism , Reform Judaism , Humanists , Humanistic Jews , Congregation , Arizona , AZ '' . Oradam.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ B. Barry Levi , Fixing God 's Torah : The Accuracy of the Hebrew Bible Text in Jewish Law , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Mishnat Soferim The forms of the letters Archived 2008 - 05 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . translated by Jen Taylor Friedman ( geniza.net ) Jump up ^ Chilton , BD . ( ed ) , The Isaiah Targum : Introduction , Translation , Apparatus and Notes , Michael Glazier , Inc. , p. xiii Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Judaica , entry on Torah , Reading of Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Judaica , entry on Bible : Translations Jump up ^ Greifenhagen , FV. , Egypt on the Pentateuch 's Ideological Map : Constructing Biblical Israel 's Identity , Continuum , 2002 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Judaica , vol. 3 , p. 597 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Judaica , vol . III , p. 603 Jump up ^ p. 317 , DeSilva Jump up ^ Is the Bible God 's Word Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . by Sheikh Ahmed Deedat Bibliography ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Birnbaum , Philip ( 1979 ) . Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts . Wadsworth . Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Treasures old and new : essays in the theology of the Pentateuch . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802826794 . Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : texts , introductions , annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . Carr , David M ( 1996 ) . Reading the fractures of Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664220716 . Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . Davies , G.I ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Friedman , Richard Elliot ( 2001 ) . Commentary on the Torah With a New English Translation . Harper Collins Publishers . Gooder , Paula ( 2000 ) . The Pentateuch : a story of beginnings . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567084187 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . The Old Testament between theology and history : a critical survey . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Levin , Christoph L ( 2005 ) . The Old testament : a brief introduction . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691113944 . McEntire , Mark ( 2008 ) . Struggling with God : An Introduction to the Pentateuch . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780881461015 . Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : a social - science commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567080882 . Walsh , Jerome T ( 2001 ) . Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658970 . Additional resources ( edit ) Rothenberg , Naftali , ( ed . ) , Wisdom by the week -- the Weekly Torah Portion as an Inspiration for Thought and Creativity , Yeshiva University Press , New York 2012 Friedman , Richard Elliott , Who Wrote the Bible ? , HarperSanFrancisco , 1997 Welhausen , Julius , Prolegomena to the History of Israel , Scholars Press , 1994 ( reprint of 1885 ) Kantor , Mattis , The Jewish time line encyclopedia : A year - by - year history from Creation to the present , Jason Aronson Inc. , London , 1992 Wheeler , Brannon M. , Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis , Routledge , 2002 DeSilva , David Arthur , An Introduction to the New Testament : Contexts , Methods & Ministry , InterVarsity Press , 2004 Alcalay , Reuben. , The Complete Hebrew -- English dictionary , vol 2 , Hemed Books , New York , 1996 ISBN 978 - 965 - 448 - 179 - 3 Scherman , Nosson , ( ed . ) , Tanakh , Vol . I , The Torah , ( Stone edition ) , Mesorah Publications , Ltd. , New York , 2001 Heschel , Abraham Joshua , Tucker , Gordon & Levin , Leonard , Heavenly Torah : As Refracted Through the Generations , London , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2005 Hubbard , David `` The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast '' Ph. D. dissertation St Andrews University , Scotland , 1956 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torah . Look up Torah or Pentateuch in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jewish Encyclopedia : Torah Computer generated Sefer Torah for Study online with translation , transliteration and chanting ( WorldORT ) Online Torah Resources -- weekly parsha pages , learning resources by topic Interlinear Pentateuch ( with Idiomatic Translation , Samaritan Pentateuch and Morphology ) The Tanach Page -- הדף של התנ `` ך Damascus Pentateuch from around 1000 CE Jastrow , Morris ( 1905 ) . `` Pentateuch '' . New International Encyclopedia . Jews and Judaism Outline of Judaism Index of Jewish history - related articles History Timeline Israelites Origins of Judaism Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple period Rabbinic Judaism Middle Ages Haskalah Zionism Population Assimilation Diaspora Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Languages Hebrew Lists of Jews Persecution Antisemitism Philosophy Beliefs Mitzvah Chosen people Conversion Eschatology Messiah Ethics God Halakha Kabbalah Land of Israel Who is a Jew ? Schisms Religious movements Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Conservative Reform Karaite relations Secularism Literature Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Kabbalah texts Zohar Shulchan Aruch Siddur Hebrew literature Culture Calendar Holidays Cuisine Kashrut Education Leadership Rabbi Marriage Music Names Politics Prayer Synagogue Symbolism Studies Ashkenazi intelligence Genetics Jew ( word ) Jewish Virtual Library Relations with other Abrahamic religions Christianity Islam Category : Jews and Judaism Judaism portal Judaism -- Wikipedia book Weekly Torah Portions Genesis Bereshit Noach Lech - Lecha Vayeira Chayei Sarah Toledot Vayetze Vayishlach Vayeshev Miketz Vayigash Vaychi Exodus Shemot Va'eira Bo Beshalach Yitro Mishpatim Terumah Tetzaveh Ki Tissa Vayakhel Pekudei Leviticus Vayikra Tzav Shemini Tazria Metzora Acharei Mot Kedoshim Emor Behar Bechukotai Numbers Bemidbar Naso Behaalotecha Shlach Korach Chukat Balak Pinechas Matot Masei Deuteronomy Devarim Va'etchanan Eikev Re'eh Shofetim Ki Teitzei Ki Tavo Nitzavim Vayelech Haazinu V'Zot HaBerachah People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters Non-human life - forms Allâh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran Beings in Jannah ( Paradise , literally ' Garden ' ) Ghilman & Wildan Houri Zaqqum Animals Related Cattle of Israelites A real baqarah ( cow ) that was slaughtered for a purpose The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqaṫ ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( ' wild ass ' ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Jinns Iblīs / Devil or Shaitan / Satan Ifrit Marid Qareen Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Is - ḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrâ'îl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūṫ ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmân Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭâlûṫ ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Ṣamû'îl ( Samuel ) Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua ( companion and successor of Musa ) Contemporaries , relatives or followers of Prophets Mentioned evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Abū Ibrāhīm ( Father of Abraham ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jâlûṫ ( Goliath ) Qarun / Korah ( cousin of Musa / Moses ) Sāmiri / Zimri Abu Lahab Specified good ones Zechariah 's wife Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Women of Moses Moses ' mother Sister Wife Sister - in - law Isaac 's mother Zayd Non-specified good ones Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud , mother of Sulayman ) Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam , wife of Imran ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub , mother of Yūsuf ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Implied Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya ( vizier and successor of Sulayman ) Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Benyamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb ( companion of Yusha ' ) Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleikha ( wife of al - Aziz ) Groups Mentioned A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) Aş - ḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aş - ḥāb as - Sabṫ ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Aş - ḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of Yathrib or Medina Folk of Dawud Folk of Lut Folk of Musa and Harun Nation of Nuh Tribes , ethnicities or familes ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arab & Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Lut ( Mu'tafikat ) People of Nuh People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣ - ḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) Qawm Yûnus ( People of Jonah ) Quraysh Rûm ( literally ' Romans ' ) Thamûd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣ - ḥâb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayṫ ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Hezbollah Aṣ - ḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kâfirûn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munafiqun ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kiṫāb ) Christian ( People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Jews Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Mubārakah ( `` The Land The Blessed '' ) Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Land The Holy '' ) Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) ' Arafāṫ Bābil ( Babylon ) Badr Door of Hittah Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Ḥunayn Iram dhāṫ al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah ( Mecca ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Miṣr ( Egypt ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Qaryaṫ Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Rass Saba ' ( Sheba ) Safa and Marwah Implied Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Sinai Desert or Tīh Desert Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Monument the Sacred '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Place - of - Prostration The Farthest '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubâ ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr Jibt and Taghut Ansāb Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the Pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) ( hide ) Religious texts Books Aqdas ( Baha'i ) Avesta ( Zoroastrian ) Bible ( Christian ) Book of Shadows ( Wiccan ) Dianetics ( Scientologist ) Geniocracy ( Raelian ) Guru Granth Sahib ( Sikh ) Liber AL vel Legis ( Thelemite ) Ofudesaki ( Tenrikyo ) Quran ( Muslim ) The Satanic Bible ( Satanist ) Tao Te Ching ( Taoist ) Torah ( Jewish ) Tripitaka ( Buddhist ) Vedas ( Hindu ) GND : 4226122 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torah&oldid=815235088 '' Categories : Torah Hebrew words and phrases Texts attributed to Moses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the 5 books in the torah	[ "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n", "\nBəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis, from Γένεσις (Génesis, \"Creation\")\nShəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus, from Ἔξοδος (Éxodos, \"Exit\")\nVayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus, from Λευιτικόν (Leutikón, \"Relating to the Levites\")\nBəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers, from Ἀριθμοί (Arithmoí, \"Numbers\")\nDəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy, from Δευτερονόμιον (Deuteronómion, \"Second-Law\")\n" ]	[ "Bəreshit (בְּרֵאשִׁית‏, literally \"In the beginning\")—Genesis", "Shəmot (שְׁמוֹת, literally \"Names\")—Exodus", "Vayikra (וַיִּקְרָא, literally \"And He called\")—Leviticus", "Bəmidbar (בְּמִדְבַּר‎, literally \"In the desert [of]\")—Numbers", "Dəvarim (דְּבָרִים, literally \"Things\" or \"Words\")—Deuteronomy" ]
7737513818210271679	United States Air Force officer rank insignia	United States Air Force officer rank insignia - wikipedia United States Air Force officer rank insignia Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Air Force officer rank insignia in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current insignia 2 Wearing of insignia 3 Past insignia 4 References 5 External links Current insignia ( edit ) US DoD Pay Grade O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 Special Insignia Air Force Service Dress Uniform Insignia Title Second Lieutenant First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Brigadier General Major General Lieutenant General General General of the Air Force Abbreviation 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF NATO Code OF - 1 OF - 1 OF - 2 OF - 3 OF - 4 OF - 5 OF - 6 OF - 7 OF - 8 OF - 9 OF - 10 No periods are used in actual grade abbreviation , only in press releases to conform with AP standards . Honorary / War time rank . This chart displays the United States Air Force officer rank insignia . The ranks are divided into three sections : company grade , field grade , and general officers . Company grade officers are those officers of grades O - 1 to O - 3 . Field grade officers are those of grades O - 4 to O - 6 . General officers are those of O - 7 and above . Currently , promotion from Second Lieutenant to First Lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service . Promotion to Captain is virtually guaranteed after another two years of satisfactory service . Previously there was a Promotion Board to Captain , but that was discontinued in 2013 . An officer 's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio , Texas . This process occurs approximately between the nine - and eleven - year mark , where a certain percentage of Captains will be selected for Major . This process will repeat at the 13 - 16 year mark for promotion to Lieutenant Colonel and then around the twenty - year mark for promotion to Colonel . The five - star grade General of the Air Force has only been held by General of the Air Force Henry H. Arnold . Federal law currently contains no provisions to promote an officer to five - star grade . Wearing of insignia ( edit ) General John P. Jumper in the modern Air Force service dress On the Air Force Mess Dress uniform , officer rank insignia are embroidered in silver or gold thread on detachable shoulder boards which are attached to the mess dress jacket . No rank insignia are worn on the mess dress shirt . On the service dress uniform , metal rank insignia pins are worn on the epaulets of the Air Force Blue service dress jacket . Rank insignia are embroidered in silver or gold thread on Air Force Blue epaulets which slide onto the epaulet loops on the light blue shirt . The slide - on epaulet for field - grade officers ' shirts has a single line of silver piping toward the outer edge of the epaulet . The slide - on epaulet for general officers ' shirts has silver piping on both the inner and outer edges of the epaulets . These slide - on epaulets are also worn on the cardigan and pull - over uniform sweaters . The Flight Duty Uniform ( FDU ) features subdued cloth rank insignia sewn onto the shoulders . The Air Force flight cap is worn with the FDU and service dress uniforms ( the service cap may also be worn with the service uniform ) . The flight cap is solid Air Force Blue for enlisted personnel , but features a solid silver edge braid for general officers , and an edge braid in a silver and blue diamond pattern for other officers . Officers wear a bright metal rank insignia toward the front edge of the ( wearer 's ) left side of the flight cap . The Airman Battle Uniform ( ABU ) feature subdued cloth rank insignia worn on both sides of the collar . The ABU patrol cap features a rank insignia centered on the front of the cap , above the bill , which may be a subdued cloth insignia or subdued metal pin - on insignia . On the Operational Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) uniform rank is worn as a velcro patch on the center of the chest . Subdued cloth rank is worn on the front of the OCP patrol cap , above the bill . Air Force officers authorized to wear berets ( Security Forces Officers , Special Tactics Officers , Combat Rescue Officers , and Combat Weather Officers ) wear a bright metal rank insignia on the beret 's flash . Subdued rank insignia , as worn on the ABU , OCP , and FDU , are designed to reduce visibility of the wearer under field conditions . The subdued versions of silver insignia are embroidered in dark blue thread on an olive - drab backing . The subdued versions of gold insignia are embroidered in brown thread on an olive - drab backing . On ABU uniforms the backing is an ABU colored material . On Desert FDUs and OCP uniforms , OCP patterned backing ( or tan for the FDU ) replaces the olive - drab backing ( with black thread in place of dark blue thread ) . Subdued metal insignia are black and brown in place of silver and gold , respectively . General officers wear black stars as subdued rank . Agents of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations normally do not wear uniforms while on duty , but even when in uniform they often do not wear rank insignia . However , when attending Professional Military Education courses , they do wear rank insignia . Past insignia ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current Air Force officer rank names and insignia were borrowed from the Army upon the establishment of the Air Force as a separate service in 1947 . The insignia have been essentially unchanged since then , except for a brief period during the 1990s . The Army origin explains why the color silver outranks gold in Air Force officer insignia . In the early 19th century , Army infantry colonels wore gold eagles , while all other Army colonels wore silver eagles . When the Army later decided to adopt a single color of eagles for all colonels , that single color was silver , apparently because more silver eagles than gold eagles were already in use . Lieutenant colonels received silver oak leaves next , to match the silver eagles of full colonels . Majors were then given gold oak leaves to distinguish them from lieutenant colonels . Once the precedent of silver outranking gold was set , it was followed when gold bars were later created for second lieutenants , who had no grade - specific insignia until the early 20th century . General Merrill A. McPeak wearing the `` McPeak uniform '' with rank insignia on the sleeves During the 1990s , Air Force Chief of Staff General Merrill A. McPeak redesigned the service dress uniform to give it a more distinctive look . His redesign replaced the metal rank insignia for officers with silver braid on the sleeves , similar to the Navy 's officer rank insignia and that of the United States Coast Guard . This was similar to the rank insignia of the British Royal Air Force , the Canadian Armed Forces and other Commonwealth air forces . The uniform reforms also introduced for the first time in the USAF slip - on shoulder marks on the other uniforms , using the traditional rank insignia . The `` McPeak uniform '' was very unpopular , drawing comparisons to the jackets worn by airline pilots , and the traditional rank insignia were reinstated within a week of General McPeak 's retirement in 1994 on the shoulder boards , while the slip - on insignia stayed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ismirle , Candace . `` SecAF approves captain 's board cancellation '' . Air Force Personnel Center . USAF . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : AFI36 - 2903 External links ( edit ) Air Force Instruction ( AFI ) 36 - 2903 Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel Use of Silver and Gold Officer Insignia of Rank . U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry . Insignia : The Way You Tell Who 's Who in the Military . Jim Garamone , Armed Forces Press Service. ( dead link ) Whatever Happened to the Plain Blue Suit ? Bruce D. Callander , Journal of the Air Force Association . July 2006 , Vol. 89 , No. 7 . Not the Time for ' Designer Battle Dress ' . Paul Connors , Military.com. 26 September 2003 . United States Uniformed Services rank and rate insignia Officer Army Marine Corps Navy ( midshipman ) Air Force Coast Guard PHS Commissioned Corps NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps Warrant officer Enlisted Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 4 - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands Air Combat Air Education and Training Air Mobility Global Strike Materiel Reserve Space Special Operations Europe & Africa Pacific Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank Officers Enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : USAF Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Category United States Air Force portal United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG PHS NOAA Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG PHS NOAA Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG PHS NOAA Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC NOAA Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG NOAA Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard PHS = Public Health Service NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks Pay grade / branch of service Officer candidate O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 O - 11 ( Obs . ) Special grade Insignia ( 2 ) Army CDT / OC 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA GAS Marine Corps Midn / Cand 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen Navy MIDN / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM AN Air Force Cadet / OT / OC 2d Lt 1st Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Gen Maj Gen Lt Gen Gen GAF Coast Guard CDT / OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM PHS Corps ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RADM RADM VADM ADM NOAA Corps OC ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM Official 1945 proposal for General of the Armies insignia ; John J. Pershing 's GAS insignia : ; George Dewey 's Admiral of the Navy insignia : Rank used for specific officers in wartime only , not permanent addition to rank structure Grade is authorized by the U.S. Code for use but has not been created Grade has never been created or authorized USAF and U.S. Army insignia shown United States warrant officer ranks W - 1 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 W - 5 Army WO1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW5 Marine Corps WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Navy WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Air Force WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 CWO5 Coast Guard WO1 CWO2 CWO3 CWO4 PHS Corps NOAA Corps Grade inactive Grade is authorized for use by U.S. Code but has not been created Grade never created or authorized Military ranks and insignia by country List of comparative military ranks Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Army Navy Air Force Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Former Biafra Bophuthatswana Kingdom of Egypt Ethiopian Empire Rhodesia Zaire Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Army Air Force Navy Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Army Navy Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Officers : Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Enlisted : Army Navy Air Force Coast Guard Other : Marine Corps Warrant officer Uruguay Venezuela Former United States Army enlisted World War I World War II Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Army Air Force Navy Bahrain Bangladesh Army Navy Air Force Bhutan Brunei Cambodia PR of China Army Navy Air Force Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Army Navy Air Force East Timor India Army Air Force Navy Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea ( North & South ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Army Navy Air Force Nepal Oman Pakistan Army Air Force Navy Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Army Navy Air Force Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Former Democratic Kampuchea Imperial Japan Army Navy Mengjiang Manchukuo South Vietnam Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Army Navy Air Force Estonia Finland France Army Navy Gendarmerie Air Force Foresters Germany Rank information Rank insignia Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Land Forces Coast Guard Ireland Italy Army Navy Air Force Carabinieri Finance Guard Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Army Navy Air Force Between 1994 and 2010 Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Army officers Army other ranks Navy officers Navy ratings Air Force officers Air Force other ranks Vatican Former Austria -- Hungary Czechoslovakia Hungarian People 's Republic East Germany Nazi Germany Army Navy Air Force People 's Militia SA SS Nazi Party Kingdom of Greece Army Navy Air Force Kingdom of Hungary Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Soviet Union 1918 -- 35 1935 -- 40 1940 -- 43 1943 -- 55 1955 -- 91 Kingdom of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Comparative Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Commonwealth of Nations Army Officers Enlisted Air force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted NATO Army Officers Enlisted Air Force Officers Enlisted Navy Officers Enlisted Comparative officer ranks of World War I World War II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia&oldid=799117864 '' Categories : Military insignia Officer ranks of the United States Air Force Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 19 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what comes after captain in the air force	[ "\n\nUS DoD Pay Grade\nO-1\nO-2\nO-3\nO-4\nO-5\nO-6\nO-7\nO-8\nO-9\nO-10\nSpecial1\n\n\nInsignia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAir Force Service Dress Uniform Insignia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTitle\nSecond Lieutenant\nFirst Lieutenant\nCaptain\nMajor\nLieutenant Colonel\nColonel\nBrigadier General\nMajor General\nLieutenant General\nGeneral\nGeneral of the Air Force\n\n\nAbbreviation\n2d Lt\n1st Lt\nCapt\nMaj\nLt Col\nCol\nBrig Gen\nMaj Gen\nLt Gen\nGen\nGAF\n\n\nNATO Code\nOF-1\nOF-1\nOF-2\nOF-3\nOF-4\nOF-5\nOF-6\nOF-7\nOF-8\nOF-9\nOF-10\n\n\n\n\n\nNo periods are used in actual grade abbreviation, only in press releases to conform with AP standards.[citation needed]\n1 Honorary/War time rank.\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Major" ]
-5929531801555404462	Ben & Jerry's	Ben & Jerry 's - Wikipedia Ben & Jerry 's Jump to : navigation , search `` B&J '' redirects here . For the beverage company , see Bartles and Jaymes . Ben & Jerry 's Homemade Holdings , Inc . Type Subsidiary Industry Food processing Founded Burlington , Vermont , U.S. ( May 5 , 1978 ; 39 years ago ( 1978 - 05 - 05 ) ) Founders Ben Cohen Jerry Greenfield Headquarters South Burlington , Vermont , U.S. Key people Jostein Solheim CEO Ben Cohen co-founder Jerry Greenfield co-founder Products Ice cream Parent Unilever ( 2000 -- present ) Website www.benjerry.com Ben & Jerry 's Homemade Holdings Inc , trading and commonly known as Ben & Jerry 's , is an American company that manufactures ice cream , frozen yogurt , and sorbet . It was founded in 1978 in Burlington , Vermont , and sold in 2000 to Anglo - Dutch conglomerate Unilever . Today it operates globally as a fully owned subsidiary of Unilever . Its present - day headquarters is in South Burlington , Vermont , with its main factory in Waterbury , Vermont . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Unilever era 2 Original flavors and sundaes 3 Controversies 3.1 Commercial 3.2 Political 3.3 Social 3.4 Product safety 4 Global locations 4.1 Former markets 5 Wages 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Jerry Greenfield ( left ) and Ben Cohen ( right ) in 2010 . Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from New York . While Greenfield finished college , he found himself unable to make his way into medical school . Cohen dropped out of school . In 1977 , Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University 's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia , a lack of a sense of smell or taste , and so relied on `` mouth feel '' and texture to provide variety in his diet . This led to the company 's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream . On May 5 , 1978 , with a $12,000 investment , the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington , Vermont . In 1979 , they marked their anniversary by holding the first - ever free cone day , now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry 's store . In 1980 , they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints . In 1981 , the first Ben & Jerry 's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne , Vermont . In 1983 , Ben & Jerry 's ice cream was used to build `` the world 's largest ice cream sundae '' in St. Albans , Vermont ; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds ( 12,293 kg ) . That same year , the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson . In 1984 , Häagen - Dazs wanted to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry 's in Boston , prompting Ben & Jerry 's to file suit against the parent company , Pillsbury , in its now famous `` What 's the Doughboy Afraid Of ? '' campaign . In 1987 , Häagen - Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution , and Ben & Jerry 's filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company . In 1985 , the Ben & Jerry 's Foundation was established at the end of the year with a gift from Ben & Jerry 's to fund community - oriented projects ; it was then provided with 7.5 % of the company 's annual pre-tax profits . In 1986 , Ben & Jerry 's launched its `` Cowmobile '' , a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of Ben & Jerry 's ice cream in a unique , cross-country `` marketing drive '' -- driven and served by Ben and Jerry themselves . The `` Cowmobile '' burned to the ground outside of Cleveland four months later , but there were no injuries . Ben said it looked like `` the world 's largest baked Alaska '' . In 1988 , the two men won the title of U.S. Small Business Persons Of The Year , awarded by U.S. President Ronald Reagan . Also that year , the first brownies were ordered from Greyston Bakery , which led to the development of the popular Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor . In 1992 , Ben & Jerry 's joined in a co-operative campaign with the national non-profit Children 's Defense Fund ; the campaign goal was to bring children 's basic needs to the top of the national agenda . Over 70,000 postcards were sent to Congress concerning kids and other national issues . In 1995 , they hired Robert Holland , Jr. as CEO after holding a `` Yo ! I 'm your C.E.O. '' essay contest as part of the search . Holland left after 20 months following philosophical differences and was replaced by Perry Odak in 1997 . In 1989 , Ben & Jerry 's revealed their opposition of the use of rBGH ( recombinant bovine growth hormone ) in all their products . This genetically engineered hormone is sometimes given to cows in order to boost milk production , but Ben & Jerry 's does not support this practice and is in favor of utilizing less chemically intensive ingredients for the safety of consumers and the environment . In 1994 , Ben & Jerry 's : The Inside Scoop , written by Fred `` Chico '' Lager , former CEO of Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream , was published . This book tracks the history of how Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream got started . The book focuses on `` How Two Real Guys Built a Business with a Social Conscience and a Sense of Humor . '' Ben & Jerry 's ice - cream branch at the United Square Shopping Mall in Singapore . Unilever era ( edit ) In April 2000 , Ben & Jerry 's sold the company to Anglo - Dutch multinational food giant Unilever . Unilever said it hopes to carry on the tradition of engaging `` in these critical , global economic and social missions '' . Although the founders ' names are still attached to the product , they do not hold any board or management position and are not involved in day - to - day management of the company . In 2001 , Ben & Jerry 's U.S. completed the transition to `` Eco-Pint '' packaging , which packaged all pint flavors in environmentally friendly unbleached paperboard Eco-Pint containers , a decision it later reversed . The use of brown - kraft unbleached paperboard had been a critical first step toward a totally biodegradable pint made without added chlorine . Due to what they described as increasing supply , quality , and cost challenges , Ben & Jerry 's discontinued their use of the Eco-Pint in 2006 , transitioning to a pint container made out of a bleached paperboard that it said was more readily available . On Earth Day in 2005 , when a vote in the U.S. Senate proposed the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling , Ben & Jerry 's launched a protest by creating the largest ever Baked Alaska , which weighed 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) , and placed it in front of the U.S. Capitol Building . In March 2009 , `` CyClone Dairy '' launched an advertising campaign and a website to promote its milk products , which purportedly came exclusively from cloned cows . On April 1 , 2009 ( April Fool 's Day ) , Ben & Jerry 's announced that it was behind this fake company . Ben & Jerry 's had created the tongue - in - cheek hoax to raise awareness of the increasing presence of products from cloned animals within American food and to campaign for a tracking system of cloned - animal products . The hoax was revealed on April Fool 's Day with the message : `` We believe you should have the right to choose which foods you eat -- and not to eat cloned foods if you do n't want to . And that 's why Ben & Jerry 's believes we need a national clone tracking system , so people and companies can know where their food is coming from . '' In 2010 , Jostein Solheim , a Unilever executive from Norway , became the new CEO of the company and had this to say about the transition : `` My mantra that I 've repeated a hundred times since starting at Ben & Jerry 's is : ' Change is a wonderful thing , ' '' he said . `` The world needs dramatic change to address the social and environmental challenges we are facing . Values led businesses can play a critical role in driving that positive change . We need to lead by example , and prove to the world that this is the best way to run a business . Historically , this company has been and must continue to be a pioneer to continually challenge how business can be a force for good and address inequities inherent in global business . '' On February 24 , 2012 , Ben & Jerry 's released a new Greek Frozen Yogurt line , which came in several flavors : `` Strawberry Shortcake '' , `` Blueberry Vanilla Graham '' , `` Raspberry Fudge Chunk '' , `` Banana Peanut Butter '' , and `` Vanilla '' ( scoop shop exclusive ) : On April 12 , 2013 , `` Pineapple Passionfruit '' , `` Vanilla Honey Caramel '' , and `` Liz Lemon '' were added to the Greek Yogurt line . The Liz Lemon flavor was inspired by a character of the same name created by actress Tina Fey as the main character on the NBC television sitcom 30 Rock . In 2013 , Ben & Jerry 's committed to making their products GMO - free in support of mandatory GMO labeling legislation . Original flavors and sundaes ( edit ) A pint of Ben & Jerry 's ice cream The `` Vermonster '' is a large ice cream sundae served in a `` Vermonster Bucket '' in Ben & Jerry 's `` scoop shops . '' Its ingredients are 20 scoops of ice cream , 4 bananas , 4 ladles of hot fudge , 3 chocolate chip cookies , 1 chocolate fudge brownie , 10 scoops of walnuts , 2 scoops each of any 4 toppings , and whipped cream . It contains 14,000 calories ( kcal ) , and 500 grams ( 17.64 oz ) of fat . Since 2009 , the Vermonster Challenge is an annual charity event held by Ben & Jerry 's in which teams of four compete to finish a Vermonster and win free ice cream for a year . `` Chubby Hubby '' consists of vanilla malt ice cream swirled with fudge and peanut butter , and containing pretzel nuggets covered in fudge and filled with peanut butter . During the month of September 2009 , Ben and Jerry 's , in partnership with Freedom to Marry , renamed `` Chubby Hubby '' to `` Hubby Hubby , '' in celebration of the legalization of same - sex marriage in the company 's home state of Vermont . The carton featured the image of two men getting married beneath a rainbow . On March 13 , 2012 , Ben & Jerry 's announced it would be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for same - sex couples . `` Oh ! My ! Apple Pie ! '' would become `` Apple - y Ever After '' and tubs would feature a gay couple atop a wedding cake decorated with rainbows . `` Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough '' was temporarily renamed `` I Dough , I Dough '' in the United States during the summer of 2015 . This was in celebration of United States Supreme Court 's ruling in support of same - sex marriage . The proceeds from sales were to go to the Human Rights Campaign ( a nonprofit advocacy group for LGBT rights ) . Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield appeared on The Colbert Report on March 5 , 2007 , to promote their new ice cream flavor , `` Stephen Colbert 's AmeriCone Dream '' , and Cohen 's progressive advocacy group TrueMajority . The company renamed a flavour , `` Yes Pecan ! '' , in reference to Barack Obama 's victory in the 2008 U.S. presidential election . They decided in January 2009 to donate all proceeds made on the sale of that flavor to the Common Cause Education Fund . On March 2 , 2011 , Cohen and Greenfield appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavour of ice cream , `` Late Night Snack '' , whose carton features a picture of Jimmy Fallon on it . On February 17 , 2015 , Cohen and Greenfield appeared on The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon and unveiled their new flavor of ice cream , `` The Tonight Dough '' , which all of its proceeds go to the SeriousFun Children 's Network that supports camps for children with major illnesses . In 2015 , Charoset flavoured ice cream became widely available in time for the Passover holiday . In April 2015 , the company confirmed that it was working on vegan options , after hearing consumers ' feedback , led by a petition and FARM organization . In early February 2016 , the company announced a new all - vegan line with 4 flavors . Two of these are versions of existing flavors - `` Chunky Monkey '' and `` Chocolate Fudge Brownie '' - and two are all - new vegan - only flavors : `` Coffee Caramel Fudge '' and `` Peanut Butter & Cookies '' . Girl in cow costume promoting Free Cone Day outside a Ben & Jerry 's shop in Stockholm , Sweden Free Cone Day is an annual event held between late March and early May , in which Ben & Jerry 's scoop shops give out free ice cream cups and cones . Free Cone Day was first held on Saturday , May 5 , 1979 , by Ben and Jerry as a customer and staff appreciation event for the first anniversary of their store 's opening . Over one million free cones are given away each year , prompting the company 's ad slogan `` Be One In A Million . '' Charitable organizations are often present at the stores each year and enjoy a significant amount of fundraising success . Often , local celebrities show up at various stores , promoting the day and the charities there . Sometimes the event is scheduled to coincide with Earth Day and sometimes volunteers are on hand with clipboards and voter registration forms to help those who would like to register to vote . Controversies ( edit ) Commercial ( edit ) The Center for Science in the Public Interest , a consumer - advocacy group , urged Ben & Jerry 's to stop labeling their ice cream as `` all natural , '' due to the company 's use of corn syrup , alkalised cocoa , and other chemically modified ingredients . In September 2010 , the company agreed to stop labeling their ice cream and frozen yogurt as `` all natural . '' In 2011 , Ben & Jerry 's released a flavor named Schweddy Balls , in homage to the Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) skit of the same name . An American group named `` One Million Moms '' protested , saying that the name was too explicit for grocery store shelves -- spokesperson Monica Cole explained to the media : `` I realize it could be a lot worse , but are they going to progressively get worse if we do n't say something ? Maybe they 'll think twice before they come up with another inappropriate name for ice cream . '' However , the expression of disdain was not unanimous among U.S. parents , as mother Gina Ragusa said to The Huffington Post : `` We just think it 's funny , that 's all , and honestly we all really want to try it '' , adding that she consistently checks for the item 's availability at her local supermarket . Actor Alec Baldwin , who appeared in the SNL skit as baker Pete Schweddy , hosted the September 24 , 2011 episode of the 37th season of the show and responded to the protests by stating that a new flavor called `` Go Fudge Yourself '' had been produced for those in opposition to the tribute . Following the initial release of the flavor , Baldwin informed the media that `` thanks to Ben & Jerry 's , the goodness of the Schweddy family recipe wo n't go with me to the great beyond , '' as he had previously feared that his association with the SNL episode would remain permanent until his death . Political ( edit ) Following rumors that suggested that Ben & Jerry 's supported the defense of Mumia Abu - Jamal -- who was convicted in 1982 of killing Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner -- the company confirmed that Cohen did sign a petition , as a private citizen , asking that `` the system of American justice be followed fully in the case '' . Controversy emerged in 2006 after the company released a flavor of ice cream called `` Black and Tan '' . It had named the flavor after the alcoholic drink , which is made by mixing stout with pale ale , but the `` Black and Tans '' are also known as a paramilitary police force of British World War I veterans recruited during the Irish Revolution . At the time that the flavor was released , the Irish nationalist movement was still offended by the historical association of the title . In 2012 , Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine / Israel ( VTJP ) contacted Ben Cohen , Jerry Greenfield and the CEO of Ben & Jerry 's after learning that ice cream produced by Ben & Jerry 's franchise in Israel was being sold in Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem . Leafleting occurred at locations in Vermont , New York and California on ' Free Cone Day ' in April 2013 and April 2014 . As of November 2014 , 232 organizations across the United States and in seventeen countries worldwide have signed a letter written by VTJP calling on Ben & Jerry 's to end its commercial ties to such settlements . In late April 2014 , Ben & Jerry 's signed onto the `` Fight for the Reef '' campaign , a partnership between the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) - Australia and the Australian Marine Conservation Society ( AMCS ) . Premier Campbell Newman and Queensland state senator Matthew Canavan both said in statements that Ben & Jerry 's was making misleading statements that exaggerated the detrimental impact that proposed government programs would have on the Great Barrier Reef , and Environment Minister Andrew Powell said that `` The only people taking a scoop out of the reef is Ben and Jerry 's and Unilever . If you understand the facts , you 'd want to be boycotting Ben and Jerry 's '' . Australian Ben & Jerry 's brand manager Kalli Swaik responded that `` Ben & Jerry 's believes that dredging and dumping in world heritage waters surrounding the marine park area will be detrimental to the reef ecology . It threatens the health of one of Australia 's most iconic treasures . '' In April 2016 , Ben & Jerry 's cofounders , Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield , were both arrested at the Democracy Awakening protests on the U.S. Capitol steps in Washington , D.C. In May 2017 , Ben and Jerry 's announced they would not serve two scoops of the same ice cream flavor in Australia , due to the refusal of the Australian government to legalize same - sex marriage . They said this would encourage `` fans to contact their MP 's to tell them the time has come - make marriage equality legal ! '' . This stance they said will continue for however long it takes for same - sex marriage to be legalized . Social ( edit ) In February 2012 , a Ben & Jerry 's franchise near Harvard University created a limited edition frozen yogurt flavor named `` Taste the Lin - Sanity , '' in honor of Asian - American basketball player Jeremy Lin , a Harvard alumnus . At inception , the product contained vanilla frozen yogurt , lychee honey swirls , and fortune cookie pieces , leading to a widely publicized controversy about racial stereotyping due to the association of the fortune cookie ingredient with Chinese culture . The latter ingredient was later replaced with waffle cookies , as the fortune cookies became soggy and the franchise received returns from customers . Ben & Jerry 's general manager for Boston and Cambridge explained to the media : `` we obviously were n't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive . '' Ben & Jerry 's released an official statement shortly after the launch of the product apologizing to those who were offended . In September 2014 , anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor `` Hazed & Confused , '' which had been released earlier that year . The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems . The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase `` dazed and confused '' , which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming - of - age comedy film from the early 1990s . The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor . Product safety ( edit ) The Organic Consumers Association announced in July 2017 that it found traces of the herbicide glyphosate in 10 of 11 samples of the company 's ice creams . The traces were found to be at levels below the ceiling set by the Environmental Protection Agency for environmental contamination . Global locations ( edit ) Ben & Jerry 's Puerto Rico sidewalk cafe Ben and Jerry 's has locations around the world . Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Belgium Brazil Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Kosovo Puerto Rico Romania Serbia Singapore Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Former markets ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Estonia Hong Kong Morocco Russia Wages ( edit ) Ben & Jerry 's used to have a policy that no employee 's rate of pay shall exceed five times that of entry - level employees . In 1995 , entry - level employees were paid $12 hourly , and the highest paid employee was President and Chief Operating Officer Chuck Lacy , who earned $150,000 annually . When Ben Cohen resigned as Chief Executive Officer and Ben & Jerry 's announced the search for a new CEO in 1995 , the company ended the five - to - one - ratio policy . See also ( edit ) Vermont portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's new CEO '' . Ben & Jerry 's Press Release . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Ben & Jerry 's . ^ Jump up to : `` Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream -- History '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream -- History '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dan Chu and Martha Babcock . `` The Whole Country Cowtows as Artist Woody Jackson Makes His Big Moove Toward Udder Success '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , People magazine , August 28 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` Cookies , Cream ' n ' Controversy '' . Newsweek . July 4 , 1993 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Greenfield '' . Celebrity Websites . March 2005 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Jerry 's founders are named Small Business Persons of the Year , Palm Beach Post , May 10 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Baking In The Glory '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( 1995 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Talent Hunt Ends '' . The New York Times . New York , New York . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff report ( January 3 , 1997 ) . Ben & Jerry 's Appoints Former Gun Exec as CEO . Archived January 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` Issues We Care About '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lager , Fred `` Chico '' . Ben & Jerry 's : The Inside Scoop . 1st ed . New York : Crown Publishers , 1994 . Print . Jump up ^ Meadows , Donella ( April 13 , 2000 ) . `` The Globalization of Ben & Jerry 's '' . Common Dreams . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads '' . Boston Phoenix . August 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Social & Environmental Assessment Report '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_9.1.2.cfm Archived September 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.benjerry.com/features/baked_alaska/index.cfm Archived November 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CyClone Dairy ( Archived ) Jump up ^ `` Perfect Cows . Perfect Milk '' . Cyclone Dairy . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FDA 'S flawed approach to assessing the safety of food from animal clones '' ( PDF ) . Center for Food Safety . March 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paynter , Ben ( October 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cloned Beef ( and Pork and Milk ) : It 's What 's for Dinner '' . Wired . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action : Tell Congress to create a tracking system for cloned animals ! '' . Ga3.org . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream -- Cow Cloning '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jostein Solheim '' . Food Processing . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Frozen Yogurt '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's `` Our Flavors '' `` . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Jonathan ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Announces New Flavors For 2013 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's premieres ' 30 Rock ' frozen yogurt flavor called ' Liz Lemon ' '' . New York Daily News . New York , New York . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Erica ( October 2009 ) . `` Extreme Pig Outs : Meals That Will Blow Your Mind and Tip the Scale '' . Travel Channel . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Ben and Jerry 's renames ice cream Hubby Hubby in celebration of gay marriage '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Daley , Bill ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Hubba hubba ! Hubby Hubby ice cream introduced '' . Chicago Tribune . ( leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream -- Flavors -- HubbyHubby '' . Ben & Jerry 's . September 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ice cream giant supports gay marriage with new flavor '' . www.dangerousminds.net . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . `` Ice cream giant Ben and Jerry 's has announced today it will be changing the name of one of its ice cream flavours in the UK in support of equal marriage rights for gays . ' Jump up ^ Luckerson , Victor ( 2015 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Just Renamed This Ice Cream Flavor in Honor of Gay Marriage '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Strzemien , Anya ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Yes Pecan ! : Ben & Jerry 's Announces Obama Ice Cream '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Ice Cream - Late Night Snack '' . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's launches the Tonight Dough ice cream inspired by Jimmy Fallon '' . Retrieved 19 Feb 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Haroset Flavored Ice Cream '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ben And Jerry 's Sells Charoset - Flavored Ice Cream Just In Time For Passover '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Cherry Garcia . How about Ben and Jerry 's Passover ice cream ? '' . Public Radio International . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Charoset Ben & Jerry 's : Who 's brave enough to try ? '' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ JTA ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Charoset Flavor and 10 More Passover Ice Cream Ideas '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Charoset - Flavored Ben and Jerry 's Ice Cream Exists in Israel , And Yes , It 's Kosher for Passover '' . www.bustle.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ben and Jerry 's vegan ice cream is coming '' . True Icon . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's announces 4 vegan flavors '' . Philly.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VegasNews.com ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's 31st Annual `` Free Cone Day '' Serves More Than 7,300 Scoops & Raises Money for Local Charities `` . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Andrew ( September 28 , 2010 ) . `` Ben and Jerry 's admits ice - cream with a liberal conscience not ' all natural ' '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Takes ' All Natural ' Claims Off Ice Cream Labels '' . NPR . September 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reitz , Stephanie ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Supermarkets Give Ben & Jerry 's ' Schweddy Balls ' The Cold Shoulder '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Alec Baldwin sets record hosting `` SNL '' `` . CBS News . 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The FOP 's Boycott for Daniel Faulkner '' . BreakTheChain.org . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Support Home Page '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( April 19 , 2006 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's new flavour leaves bad taste '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine / Israel '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's to open new factory in Be'er Tuvia , '' . Y - Net News.com , 03.02. 10 , . Retrieved Nov 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Business in Israel Scrutinized '' . Burlington Free Press . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved Nov 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign News '' . Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine / Israel . Retrieved Nov 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organizations Worldwide Sign a Letter Urging Ben & Jerry 's to Honor its Social Mission '' . Vermonters for a Just Peace in Palestine / Israel . Retrieved Nov 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Vogler ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` LNP refers ice cream company Ben and Jerry 's to ACCC over Barrier Reef campaign '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Ben and Jerry 's ice cream hurting reef : Qld govt '' . The Brisbane Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Co-Founders Arrested During Protest at the U.S. Capitol '' . People.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's Oz on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ben and Jerry 's Wo n't Serve ' Same Scoop ' Ice Cream in Australia Until Gay Marriage Is Legal '' . LADbible . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rocheleau , Matt ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's launches ' Lin - Sanity ' flavor , takes out fortune cookie ingredient '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . `` There seemed to be a bit of an initial backlash about it , but we obviously were n't looking to offend anybody and the majority of the feedback about it has been positive , '' he said . Jump up ^ `` Ben & Jerry 's sorry for fortune cookies '' . ESPN.com . February 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . `` We offer a heartfelt apology if anyone was offended by our handmade Lin - Sanity flavor , '' Ben & Jerry 's said in a statement . Jump up ^ Stanford , Duane D. ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Mulls Renaming ' Hazed and Confused ' After Complaints '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ kaufman , Alexander C. ( 2014 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Ben & Jerry 's Wo n't Rename ' Hazed & Confused ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/dining/ben-and-jerrys-ice-cream-herbicide-glyphosate.html Jump up ^ `` International Locations '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ben&Jerry 's Romania '' . Ben & Jerry 's . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Torres , Blanca ( May 15 , 2005 ) . `` Debate swirls around CEO pay '' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Peter ( February 5 , 1995 ) . `` Pure Profit -- For Small Companies That Stress Social Values as Much as the Bottom Line , Growing Up Has n't Been an Easy Task . Just Ask Ben & Jerry 's , Patagonia and Starbucks '' . Los Angeles Times . Further reading ( edit ) Criswell , Ann . `` Ben & Jerry 's is sweet on social issues '' . Houston Chronicle . Wednesday June 24 , 1992 . Food 1 . Lager , Fred `` Chico '' . Ben & Jerry 's : The Inside Scoop . 1st ed . New York : Crown Publishers , Inc. , 1994 . Print . Wieder , Tamara . `` Coneheads '' . The Boston Phoenix . August 8 -- 14 , 2003 . -- Boston Phoenix Interview with founders Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben & Jerry 's . Official website Ben & Jerry 's Australia official website Unilever Subsidiaries Current Alberto - Culver Hindustan Unilever Maille Unilever Australasia Unilever Bangladesh Unilever Ghana Unilever Indonesia Unilever Nepal Unilever Philippines Unilever Pakistan Former Elizabeth Arden , Inc . BiFi Calvin Klein ( Fragrances only ) Fabergé Gorton 's of Gloucester Mac Fisheries Palm Line United Africa Company Brands Beverages Brooke Bond Lipton PG Tips Scottish Blend Tazo Food Becel Ben & Jerry 's Bertolli ( except olive oil and U.S. frozen foods ) Bovril Colman 's Conimex Continental Country Crock Cup - a-Soup Flora Grom Hellmann 's / Best Foods Hertog I Ca n't Believe It 's Not Butter ! Imperial Margarine Kibon Knorr Chicken Tonight ( Netherlands ) Lady 's Choice Maille Marmite Pot Noodle Pot Rice Rafhan Sana Selecta Spry Stork Talenti Unox Heartbrand Ice Cream Division Calippo Cornetto GB Glace Glidat Strauss HB Kibon Kwality Wall 's Langnese Magnum Olá Selecta Solero Streets Golden Gaytime Paddle Pop Viennetta Wall 's HB Wall 's Good Humor - Breyers ( Good Humor , Breyers , Klondike , ( Choco Taco ) , Popsicle , Dickie Dee ) Home products Bio-Tex Cif Comfort Closan Domestos Finitex Lever 2000 Neutral Omo Persil ( Persil Power & Persil Service ) ( brand owned by Henkel ) Probat Rinso ( except the United States ) Seventh Generation Sunlight Surf ( except for North America ) Personal care Axe / Lynx Bed Head Brylcreem Clear Close - Up Degree Dove Dollar Shave Club Faberge Helene Curtis Impulse Lakmé Lifebuoy Lux Mentadent ( except for North America ) Noxzema Pears soap Pepsodent Pond 's Prince Matchabelli Q - tips Radox Rexona Salon Selectives Signal Simple Suave Sunsilk Sure Timotei TRESemmé Twink VO5 ( except the United States ) Vaseline zendium Predecessors Lever Brothers Margarine Unie W.H. Burford & Son Places Colworth House Lever Brothers Factory Lever House Lipton Institute of Tea Port Sunlight Unilever House Unilever Leeds Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory People Antonius Johannes Jurgens William Lever , 1st Viscount Leverhulme Paul Polman Morris Tabaksblat Samuel van den Bergh Sidney J. van den Bergh Simon van den Bergh Eugenio Minvielle Lagos Commons Food chains in Australia Casual dining Burrito Bar Hog 's Breath Café La Porchetta Nando 's Sizzler Fast food Ali Baba Bing Boy Boost Juice Bucking Bull Burger Urge Chicken Treat Chooks Fresh & Tasty Domino 's Pizza Eagle Boys Fast Eddys Grill 'd Guzman y Gomez Hungry Jack 's ( Burger King ) KFC Mad Mex Fresh Mexican Grill McDonald 's Noodle Box Oporto Pancake Parlour Pizza Capers Pizza Haven Pizza Showtime Red Rooster Salsa 's Fresh Mex Grill Spudbar Sumo Salad Schnitz Uncle Tony 's Kebabs Zambrero Baked goods Donut King Bakers Delight Breadtop Brumby 's Bakeries Krispy Kreme Pie Face Subway Coffeehouses and tea rooms The Coffee Club Dôme Gloria Jean 's Coffees Hudsons Coffee Jamaica Blue McDonald 's McCafé Michel 's Patisserie Muffin Break Muzz Buzz Shingle Inn Starbucks Coffee Vittoria Coffee Zarraffas Coffee Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Cold Rock Ice Creamery Mr Whippy Wendy 's Supa Sundaes List of restaurant chains in Australia Food chains in the United Kingdom Casual dining Angus Steakhouse Ask Beefeater Grill Belgo Bella Italia Bill 's Brewers Fayre Byron Hamburgers Café Rouge Carluccio 's Chiquito Damon 's Ed 's Easy Diner Frankie & Benny 's Giraffe Gourmet Burger Kitchen Harry Ramsden 's Harvester Hungry Horse La Tasca Little Chef Loch Fyne Restaurants Nando 's OK Diner Pizza Hut PizzaExpress Prezzo Sticks'n'Sushi Strada Table Table T.G.I. Friday 's Toby Carvery Tony Roma 's Wagamama Wahaca Wildwood Kitchen Zizzi Fast food Barburrito Burger King Chicken Cottage Chipotle Mexican Grill Dixy Chicken Domino 's Pizza Five Guys KFC Leon McDonald 's Morley 's Papa John 's Pizza Sam 's Chicken Southern Fried Chicken Square Pie Subway Taco Bell Tops Pizza Tortilla Wasabi Wimpy YO ! Sushi Baked goods Auntie Anne 's Cinnabon Cooplands Dunkin ' Donuts Eat Greggs Krispy Kreme Millie 's Cookies Patisserie Valerie Poundbakery Pret a Manger Sayers Spudulike Upper Crust The West Cornwall Pasty Company Coffee shops and tea rooms AMT Coffee Betty 's Caffè Nero Caffè Ritazza Coffee # 1 Coffee Republic Costa Coffee Harris + Hoole Starbucks Dairy Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Kaspa 's Pub chains All Bar One Chef & Brewer O'Neill's Slug and Lettuce Walkabout Wetherspoons Yates 's Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Noodles Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's White Tower Zantigo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_%26_Jerry%27s&oldid=817345132 '' Categories : Ben & Jerry 's Agriculture in Vermont Business duos Companies based in Vermont Fast - food franchises Ice cream brands Ice cream parlors Restaurants established in 1978 Unilever brands Vermont culture American brands 1978 establishments in Vermont Ice cream manufacturers Specialty food shops in Singapore Benefit corporations South Burlington , Vermont Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Incomplete lists from April 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית कॉशुर / کٲشُر لۊری شومالی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Português Русский Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did unilever buy ben and jerry's	[]	[]
5804435510679526282	Grand jury	Grand jury - wikipedia Grand jury For the 1936 film , see Grand Jury ( 1936 film ) . For the 1976 film , see Grand Jury ( 1976 film ) . A grand jury is a jury -- a group of citizens -- empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct , and determine whether criminal charges should be brought . A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a person to testify . A grand jury is separate from the courts , which do not preside over its functioning . The United States and Liberia are the only countries that retain grand juries , though other common law jurisdictions formerly employed them , and most others now employ some other form of preliminary hearing . Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions . The investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence , and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it ; the accusatory function determines whether there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a certain offence within the venue of a district court . A grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens , though in Virginia it has fewer members for regular or special grand juries . In Ireland , they also functioned as local government authorities . In Japan , the Law of July 12 , 1948 created the Kensatsu Shinsakai ( Prosecutorial Review Commission or PRC system ) , inspired by the American system . The grand jury is so named because traditionally it has more jurors than a trial jury , sometimes called a petit jury ( from the French word petit meaning `` small '' ) . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Origins 3 Notable cases 4 By jurisdiction 4.1 England and Wales 4.2 Scotland 4.3 Ireland 4.4 United States 4.5 Canada 4.6 Australia 4.7 New Zealand 4.8 Cape Colony 4.9 France 4.10 Belgium 4.11 Japan 4.12 Liberia 4.13 Sierra Leone 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Purpose ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The function of a grand jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of an offense , but the institution is also a shield against unfounded and oppressive prosecution . It is a means for lay citizens , representative of the community , to participate in the administration of justice . It can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area . The traditional number of the grand jury is 23 . The mode of accusation is by a written statement in solemn form ( indictment ) describing the offense with proper accompaniments of time and circumstances , and certainty of act and person or by a mode less formal , which is usually the spontaneous act of the grand jury , called presentment . No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors . The grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge , but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them . The proceedings of grand jury are , in the first instance , at the instigation of the government or other prosecutor , and ex parte and in secret deliberation . The accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings . If they find the accusation true , which is usually drawn up in form by the prosecutor or an officer of the court , they write upon the indictment the words `` a true bill '' which is signed by the foreman of the grand jury and presented to the court publicly in the presence of all the jurors . If the indictment is not proven to the satisfaction of the grand jury , the word `` ignoramus '' or `` not a true bill '' is written upon it by the grand jury , or by their foreman and then said to be ignored , and the accusation is dismissed as unfounded . ( The potential defendant is said to have been `` no - billed '' by the grand jury . ) If the grand jury returns an indictment as a true bill ( `` billa vera '' ) , the indictment is said to be founded and the party to stand indicted and required to be put on trial . Origins ( edit ) The first instance of a grand jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon in 1166 , an Act of Henry II of England . Henry 's chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts . Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out once each year to enforce the `` King 's Peace '' . To make this system of royal criminal justice more effective , Henry employed the method of inquest used by William the Conqueror in the Domesday Book . In each shire , a body of important men was sworn ( juré ) to report to the sheriff all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court . Thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment . The grand jury was later recognized by King John in Magna Carta in 1215 on demand of the nobility . The Grand Jury can be said to have `` celebrated '' its 800th birthday in 2015 , because a precursor to the Grand Jury is defined in Article 61 , the longest of the 63 articles of Magna Carta , also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Latin : `` the Great Charter of Liberties '' ) executed on 15 June 1215 by King John and by the Barons . The document was primarily composed by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Stephen Langton ( 1150 - 1228 ) . He and Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro developed schemas for division of the Bible into chapters and it is the system of Archbishop Langton which prevailed . He was a Bible scholar , and the concept of the Grand Jury may possibly derive from Deuteronomy 25 : 1 : `` If there be a controversy between men , and they come unto judgment , that the judges may judge them ; then they shall justify the righteous , and condemn the wicked . '' ( King James Version ) Thus the Grand Jury has been described as the `` Shield and the Sword '' of the People : as a `` Shield for the People '' from abusive indictments of the government - or malicious indictments of individuals - and as the `` Sword of the People '' to cut away crime by any private individual ; or to cut away crime by any public servant , whether in the Judicial , Executive , or Legislative branches . Notable cases ( edit ) On 2 July 1681 , a popular statesman , Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury was arrested on suspicion of high treason and committed to the Tower of London . He immediately petitioned the Old Bailey on a writ of habeas corpus , but the Old Bailey said it did not have jurisdiction over prisoners in the Tower of London , so Cooper had to wait for the next session of the Court of King 's Bench . Cooper moved for a writ of habeas corpus on 24 October 1681 , and his case finally came before a grand jury on 24 November 1681 . The government 's case against Cooper was particularly weak -- the government admitted that most of the witnesses brought against Cooper had already perjured themselves , and the documentary evidence was inconclusive ; and the jury was handpicked by the Whig Sheriff of London . For these reasons the government had little chance of securing a conviction , and on 13 February 1682 the case was dropped when the Grand Jury issued an ignoramus bill , rather than comply with the King 's intent of a `` True Bill '' , known as a Grand Jury Indictment . The grand jury 's theoretical function against abuse of executive power was seen during the Watergate crisis in America , in United States v. Nixon , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 0 on 23 July 1974 ( Justice William Rehnquist who had been appointed by Nixon recused himself from the case ) that executive privilege applied only to the co-equal branches , the legislative and judicial , not to grand jury subpoenas , thus implying a grand jury constituted protections equaled to a `` fourth branch of government '' . The second Watergate grand jury indicted seven lawyers in the White House , including former Attorney General John Mitchell and named President Nixon as a `` secret , un-indicted , co-conspirator . '' Despite evading impeachment , Nixon was still required to testify before a grand jury . Similarly , in 1998 , President Clinton became the first sitting president required to testify before a grand jury as subject of an investigation by the Office of Independent Counsel . The testimony came after a four - year investigation into Clinton and his wife Hillary 's alleged involvement in several scandals including Whitewater and the Rose Law Firm . Revelations from the investigation sparked a battle in Congress over whether or not to impeach Clinton . By jurisdiction ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The sheriff of every county was required to return to every quarter sessions and assizes ( or more precisely the commission of oyer and terminer and of gaol delivery ) , 24 men of the county `` to inquire into , present , do and execute all those things which , on the part of our Lord the King ( or our Lady the Queen ) , shall then be commanded them '' . Grand jurors at the assizes or at the borough quarter sessions did not have property qualifications ; but , at the county quarter sessions , they had the same property qualification as petty jurors . However , at the assizes , the grand jury generally consisted of gentlemen of high standing in the county . After the court was opened by the crier making proclamation , the names of those summoned to the grand jury were called and they were sworn . They numbered at least 14 and not more than 23 . The person presiding ( the judge at the assizes , the chairman at the county sessions , the recorder at the borough sessions ) gave the charge to the grand jury , i.e. he directed their attention to points in the various cases about to be considered which required explanation . The charge having been delivered , the grand jury withdrew to their own room , having received the bills of indictment . The witnesses whose names were endorsed on each bill were sworn as they came to be examined , in the grand jury room , the oath being administered by the foreman , who wrote his initials against the name of the witness on the back of the bill . Only the witnesses for the prosecution were examined , as the function of the grand jury was merely to inquire whether there was sufficient ground to put the accused on trial . If the majority of them ( and at least 12 ) thought that the evidence so adduced made out a sufficient case , the words `` a true bill '' were endorsed on the back of the bill . If they were of the opposite opinion , the phrase `` not a true bill '' , or the single Latin word ignoramus ( `` we do not know '' or `` we are ignorant ( of ) '' ) , was endorsed instead and the bill was said to be `` ignored '' or thrown out . They could find a true bill as to the charge in one count , and ignore that in another ; or as to one defendant and not as to another ; but they could not , like a petty jury , return a special or conditional finding , or select part of a count as true and reject the other part . When some bills were `` found '' , some of the jurors came out and handed the bills to the clerk of arraigns ( in assizes ) or clerk of the peace , who announced to the court the name of the prisoner , the charge , and the endorsements of the grand jury . They then retired and considered other bills until all were disposed of ; after which they were discharged by the judge , chairman , or recorder . If a bill was thrown out , although it could not again be preferred to the grand jury during the same assizes or sessions , it could be preferred at subsequent assizes or sessions , but not in respect of the same offence if a petty jury had returned a verdict . Ordinarily , bills of indictment were preferred after there had been an examination before the magistrates . But this need not always take place . With certain exceptions , any person could prefer a bill of indictment against another before the grand jury without any previous inquiry into the truth of the accusation before a magistrate . This right was at one time universal and was often abused . A substantial check was put on this abuse by the Vexatious Indictments Act 1859 . This Act provided that for certain offences which it listed ( perjury , libel , etc . ) , the person presenting such an indictment must be bound by recognizance to prosecute or give evidence against the accused , or alternatively had judicial permission ( as specified ) so to do . If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused , and he / she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions , then process was issued to bring that person into court , as it is contrary to the English law to `` try '' an indictment in the absence of the accused . The grand jury 's functions were gradually made redundant by the development of committal proceedings in magistrates ' courts from 1848 onward when the ( three ) Jervis Acts , such as the Justices Protection Act 1848 , codified and greatly expanded the functions of magistrates in pre-trial proceedings ; these proceedings developed into almost a repeat of the trial itself . In 1933 the grand jury ceased to function in England , under the Administration of Justice ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1933 and was entirely abolished in 1948 , when a clause from 1933 saving grand juries for offences relating to officials abroad was repealed by the Criminal Justice Act 1948 . Scotland ( edit ) The grand jury was introduced in Scotland , solely for high treason , a year after the union with England , by the Treason Act 1708 , an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain . Section III of the Act required the Scottish courts to try cases of treason and misprision of treason according to English rules of procedure and evidence . This rule was repealed in 1945 . The first Scottish grand jury under this Act met at Edinburgh on 10 October 1748 to take cognisance of the charges against such rebels as had not surrendered , following the Jacobite rising of 1745 . An account of its first use in Scotland illustrates the institution 's characteristics . It consisted of 23 good and lawful men , chosen out of 48 who were summoned : 24 from the county of Edinburgh ( Midlothian ) , 12 from Haddington ( East Lothian ) and 12 from Linlithgow ( West Lothian ) . The court consisted of three judges from the High Court of Justiciary ( Scotland 's highest criminal court ) , of whom Tinwald ( Justice Clerk ) was elected preses ( presiding member ) . Subpoenas under the seal of the court and signed by the clerk were executed on a great number of persons in different shires , requiring them to appear as witnesses under the penalty of £ 100 each . The preses named Sir John Inglis of Cramond as Foreman of the Grand Jury , who was sworn first in the English manner by kissing the book ; the others followed three at a time ; after which Lord Tinwald , addressing the jurors , informed them that the power His Majesty 's advocate possessed before the union , of prosecuting any person for high treason , who appeared guilty on a precognition taken of the facts , being now done away , power was lodged with them , a grand jury , 12 of whom behoved to concur before a true bill could be found . An indictment was then preferred in court and the witnesses endorsed on it were called over and sworn ; on which the jury retired to the exchequer chambers and the witnesses were conducted to a room near it , whence they were called to be examined separately . Two solicitors for the crown were present at the examination but no - one else ; and after they had finished and the sense of the jury was collected , the indictment was returned a `` true bill '' , if the charges were found proved , or `` ignoramus '' if doubtful . The proceedings continued for a week , in which time , out of 55 bills , 42 were sustained and 13 dismissed . Further Acts of Parliament in the 19th century regarding treason did not specify this special procedure and the Grand Jury was used no longer . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , grand juries were active from the Middle Ages during the Lordship of Ireland in parts of the island under the control of the English government ( The Pale ) , that was followed by the Kingdom of Ireland . They mainly functioned as local government authorities at the county level . The system was so - called as the grand jurors had to present their public works proposals and budgets in court for official sanction by a judge . Grand jurors were usually the largest local payers of rates , and therefore tended to be the larger landlords , and on retiring they selected new members from the same background . Distinct from their public works function , as property owners they also were qualified to sit on criminal juries hearing trials by jury , as well as having a pre-trial judicial function for serious criminal cases . Many of them also sat as magistrates judging the less serious cases . They were usually wealthy `` country gentlemen '' ( i.e. landowners , landed gentry , farmers and merchants ) : A country gentleman as a member of a Grand Jury ... levied the local taxes , appointed the nephews of his old friends to collect them , and spent them when they were gathered in . He controlled the boards of guardians and appointed the dispensary doctors , regulated the diet of paupers , inflicted fines and administered the law at petty sessions . From 1691 to 1793 , Dissenters and Roman Catholics were excluded from membership . The concentration of power and wealth in a few families caused resentment over time . The whole local government system started to become more representative from the passing of the Municipal Corporations ( Ireland ) Act 1840 . Grand juries were replaced by democratically elected County Councils by the Local Government ( Ireland ) Act 1898 , as regards their administrative functions . After the formation of Irish Free State in 1922 , grand juries were not required , but they persisted in Northern Ireland until abolished by the Grand Jury ( Abolition ) Act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1969 . United States ( edit ) Main article : Grand juries in the United States The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States reads , `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury ... '' A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston , Massachusetts in 1913 In the early decades of the United States , grand juries played a major role in public matters . During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least 12 of the grand jurors , ( e.g. , for a 23 - person grand jury , 12 people would constitute a bare majority ) . Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly , from a public work that needed repair , to the delinquent conduct of a public official , to a complaint of a crime , and grand juries could conduct their own investigations . In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case . The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions . The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions . While all states currently have provisions for grand juries , today approximately half of the states employ them and 22 require their use , to varying extents . The constitution of Pennsylvania required , between 1874 and 1968 , that a grand jury indict all felonies . Canada ( edit ) Grand juries were once common across Canada . The institution of British civil government in 1749 at Nova Scotia brought the judicature system peculiar to that form , and the grand jury was inherent to it . A similar form derived in Quebec from the promise of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that a faithful copy of Laws of England would be instituted in the North American possessions of the Crown . Archival records are found that document the presentments of a grand jury in Quebec as early as 16 October 1764 . One of the chief complaints was related to the jury trial , and the use of language . The desire for English law was a driver for the division in 1791 of Quebec , as it was then known , at the Ottawa river into Upper Canada and Lower Canada , as each of the two groups ( French and English ) desired to maintain their traditions . In point of fact , the second law passed in Upper Canada relates to ( petit ) jury trial . This was continued so that Chapter 31 of the 1859 Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada specifies the constitution of Grand and Petit Juries in the province ( now known as Ontario ) . The colony at St. John 's Island , ceded by France in 1763 , and separated on 30 May 1769 from Nova Scotia , became Prince Edward Island on 29 November 1798 . Prince Edward Island derived its grand jury from its administrative parent between 1763 and 1769 , Nova Scotia , as did Sunbury County when it was split off in 1784 to become the Colony of New Brunswick . The Colony of British Columbia , when it was formed on 2 August 1858 , instituted a grand jury , along with the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands ( 1853 -- 1863 ) and the Colony of Vancouver Island ( 1848 -- 1866 ) when the latter were absorbed by the former . Old courthouses with the two jury boxes necessary to accommodate the 24 jurors of a grand jury can still be seen . The grand jury would evaluate charges and return what was called a `` true bill ( of indictment ) '' if the charges were to proceed . or a verdict of nolle prosequi if not . The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century , after being the subject of extended discussions late in the 19th . It was ultimately abolished in 1984 when the Nova Scotia courts formally ended the practice . Prince Edward Island maintained a grand jury as recently as 1871 . Australia ( edit ) The grand jury existed in New South Wales for a short period in the 1820s . The New South Wales Act 1823 ( UK ) enabled the establishment of Quarter Sessions , as a subsidiary court structure below that of the Supreme Court . Francis Forbes , Chief Justice , reasoned that this entailed the creation of Quarter Sessions as they existed in England . Thus , inadvertently , trial by jury and indictment by grand jury were introduced , but only for these subsidiary courts . Grand Juries met in Sydney , Parramatta , Windsor and other places . This democratic method of trial proved very popular , but was resented by conservatives . Eventually , conservative elements in the colony were successful in having these innovations suppressed by the Australian Courts Act 1828 ( UK ) . George Forbes , a member of the Legislative Council , unsuccessfully moved for the reintroduction of Grand Juries in 1858 , but this was thwarted by the Attorney - General and the Chief Justice . In South Australia and Western Australia , grand juries existed for longer periods of time . In South Australia , the first Grand Jury sat on 13 May 1837 , but it was abolished in 1852 . In Western Australia , by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 ( WA ) , the Grand Jury was abolished ( section 4 : A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia , nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony ) . The Australian state of Victoria maintained , until 2009 , provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments , which had been used on rare occasions by individuals to bring other persons to court seeking them to be committed for trial on indictable offences . Grand juries were introduced by the Judicature Act 1874 and have been used on a very limited number of occasions . Their function in Victoria particularly relates to alleged offences either by bodies corporate or where magistrates have aborted the prosecution . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand abolished the grand jury in 1961 . Cape Colony ( edit ) Trial by jury was introduced in the Cape Colony by Richard Bourke , Lieutenant Governor and acting Governor of the colony between 1826 - 28 . The acting Governor , who was later influential in the establishment of jury trial in New South Wales , obtained the consent of the Secretary of State for the Colonies in August 1827 and the first Charter of Justice was issued on 24 August 1827 . Jury trial was brought into practical operation in 1828 and the 1831 Ordinance 84 laid down that criminal cases would be heard by a panel of nine , selected from males aged between 21 and 60 , owning or renting property to a value of £ 1 : 17 shillings per annum or having liability for taxes of 30 shillings in Cape Town and 20 shillings outside the town . Black ( i.e. non-white ) jurors were not entirely excluded and sat occasionally . This is not to imply , however , that juries did not operate in an oppressive manner towards the Black African and Asian residents of the Cape , whose participation in the jury lists was , in any event , severely limited by the property qualification . The property qualification was amended in 1831 and 1861 and , experimentally , a grand jury came into operation . The grand jury was established for Cape Town alone . It met quarterly . In 1842 it was recorded that it served a district of 50,000 inhabitants and in one quarterly session there were six presentments ( 1 homicide , 2 assaults , 1 robbery , 1 theft , 1 fraud ) . As elsewhere , the judge could use his charge to the Grand Jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government . In May 1879 Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick , returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony , gave a charge to the grand jury at the Criminal Sessions at Cape Town , in which , after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar , he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races , etc . This was reported in the Cape Argus and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London . The grand jury continued in operation until 1885 , by which time the Cape was under responsible government , when it was abolished by Act 17 of 1885 of the Cape Parliament . France ( edit ) Grand juries were established in France in 1791 under the name jury d'accusation , but they were abolished with the introduction of the Code of Criminal Instruction in 1808 . The jury law of 1791 created an eight - man jury d'accusation in each arrondissement ( a subdivision of the departement ) and a 12 - man jury de jugement in each departement . In each arrondissement the procureur - syndic drew up a list of 30 jurors from the electoral roll every three months for the jury d'accusation . There was no public prosecutor or juge d'instruction . Instead the police or private citizens could bring a complaint to the Justice of the Peace established in each canton ( a subdivision of the arrondissement ) . This magistrate interrogated the accused to determine whether grounds for prosecution existed and if so sent the case to the directeur du jury ( the director of the jury d'accusation ) , who was one of the arrondissement 's civil court judges , and who served in the post for six months on a rotating basis . He decided whether to dismiss the charges or , if not , whether the case was a délit ( misdemeanour ) or a crime ( felony , i.e. imprisonable for 2 years or more ) . Délits went to the tribunal de police correctionnelle of the arrondissement , while for crimes the directeur de jury convoked the jury d'accusation of the arrondissement , in order to get an indictment . The directeur du jury drew up the bill of indictment ( acte d'accusation ) summarising the charges to be presented to the jury d'accusation . The directeur made a presentation to the jury in the absence of the accused and the jury heard the witnesses . The jury then decided by majority vote whether there were sufficient grounds for the case to go to the tribunal criminel of the departement . Between 1792 - 5 there was no property qualification for jurors . The functions of the jury d'accusation were prescribed in the law of 1791 passed by the Constituent Assembly and were maintained and re-enacted in the Code des Délits et des Peines of 3 Brumaire , Year 4 ( 25 October 1795 ) and this was the operative law until it was abolished in 1808 . Special juries and special grand juries were originally defined in law , for cases thought to require more qualified jurors , but these were abolished in Year 8 ( 1799 ) . Belgium ( edit ) From 1795 to 1808 Grand Juries also operated in Belgium , which was divided into French departements in October 1795 . Japan ( edit ) After World War II , under the influence of the Allies , Japan passed the Prosecutorial Review Commission Law on July 12 , 1948 , which created the Kensatsu Shinsakai ( or Prosecutorial Review Commission ( PRC ) system ) , a figure analogue to the grand jury system . However , until 2009 the PCR 's recommendations were not binding , and were only regarded as advisory . Additionally , a survey conducted by the Japanese Cabinet Office on October 1990 showed that 68 . 8 % of surveyed Japanese citizens were not familiar with the PRC system . On May 21 , 2009 , the Japanese government introduced new legislation which would make the PRC 's decisions binding . A PRC is made up of 11 randomly selected citizens , is appointed to a six - month term , and its primary purpose is examining cases prosecutors have chosen not to continue prosecuting . It has therefore been perceived as a way to combat misfeasance in public officials . From 1945 to 1972 Okinawa was under American administration . Grand Jury proceedings were held in the territory from 1963 - 1972 . By an ordinance of the civil administration of the Ryukyu Islands promulgated in 1963 , grand jury indictment and petit jury trial were assured for criminal defendants in the civil administration courts . This ordinance reflected the concern of the U.S. Supreme Court that U.S. civilians tried for crimes abroad under tribunals of U.S. provenance should not be shorn of the protections of the U.S. Bill of Rights . Indeed , the District Court in Washington twice held that the absence of the jury system in the civil administration courts in Okinawa invalidated criminal convictions Liberia ( edit ) By article 21 of the Constitution of Liberia , ' No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment , cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses , unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury `` . For example , the national Port Authority 's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015 , on charges of economic sabotage , theft of property and criminal conspiracy . Grand Jury in Liberia dates from the time of the original constitution in 1847 . Sierra Leone ( edit ) Under the administration of the Sierra Leone Company , which began in 1792 , the Governor and Council or any two members thereof , being also Justices of the Peace , held Quarter Sessions for the trial of offences committed within the colony . The process for indictment etc. was the same as the practice in England or as near as possible thereto . To effect this , they were empowered to issue their warrant or precept to the Sheriff , commanding him to summon a Grand Jury to sit at the court of Quarter Sessions . Grand Jury continued in operation after the transfer to the colony to the Crown in 1807 . Governor Kennedy ( 1852 -- 1854 ) was concerned that jurors were frustrating government policy by being biased in certain cases ; in particular he felt that Liberated Africans on the Grand Jury would never convict another Liberated African on charges of owning or importing slaves . He promulgated the Ordinance of 29 Nov 1853 which abolished the grand jury . Opposition was immediately mounted in Freetown . A public meeting launched a petition with 550 names to the Colonial Secretary in London , and the opposition declared that the Kennedy ordinance was a reproach upon the loyalty of the Community . Grand Jury had been considered one colonial body representative of local opinion and the Colonial Secretary 's support for Kennedy upholding the abolition inspired a round of agitation for local voice in government decision - making . See also ( edit ) Civil grand jury Committal procedure Examining magistrate , which has a similar function ( but works differently ) in countries using the inquisitorial system Immunity from prosecution Inquests in England and Wales References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 112 S. Ct. 1735 504 U.S. 36 118 L. Ed. 2d 352 UNITED STATES , Petitioner v. John H. WILLIAMS , Jr . No. 90 - 1972 . Argued Jan. 22 , 1992 . Decided May 4 , 1992 Jump up ^ Nestmann , Mark ( 2011 ) . The Lifeboat Strategy . The Nestmann Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9781891266409 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zapf , Patricia A. ; Roesch , Ronald ; Hart , Stephen D. ( 2009 ) . Forensic Psychology and Law . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57039 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fukurai , Hiroshi ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` e Rebirth of Japan 's Petit Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems : A Cross-National Analysis of Legal Consciousness and the Lay Participatory Experience in Japan and the U.S. '' Jump up ^ A Law Dictionary by Henry Campbell Black 2nd ed , publ . by West , St Paul , Minnesota , 1910 . Entry for Grand Jury Jump up ^ Commentaries on the Laws of England , by William Blackstone , Book 4 , Ch. 23 ( p. 586 in 1840 ed. of John Bethune Bayly ) Jump up ^ British Cyclopedia of Literature , History , Geography , Law and Politics , publ . by Orr and Smith , London , 1836 , Vol 2 , p. 591 Jump up ^ In Latin , `` ignoramus '' literally means `` we are ignorant of '' or `` we do not know '' - in the context of a Grand Jury it effectively means `` we do not know of any reason why this person should be indicted on these charges '' . This use of `` ignoramus '' long predates its more common English meaning of an ignorant person or dunce . Jump up ^ The Criminal Law. by Seymour F. Harris , 7th ed. , publ . Stevens & Haynes , London , 1896 . Book 3 , Ch 7 Grand Jury ( 4th para ) Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook : Assize of Clarendon 1166 Jump up ^ The Making of Modern Britain Jump up ^ Turley , Hugh : `` The Grand Jury '' , Hyattsville Life & Times , 2007 Jump up ^ Hebrew Bible article in the Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Moore , G.F. The Vulgate Chapters and Numbered Verses in the Hebrew Bible , 1893 , at JSTOR . Jump up ^ Bruce M. Metzger , The early versions of the New Testament : Their origin , transmission and limitations , Oxford University Press ( 1977 ) , p. 347 . Cited in Stephen Langton and the modern chapter divisions of the bible by British translator Roger Pearse , 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History , 1998 : Clinton Testifies before Grand Jury '' ( August 21 , 2018 ) . History.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 22 & 23 Vict . c. 17 , s.l. Jump up ^ See Indictable Offences Act 1848 ( 11 and 12 Vict c. 42 ) ; title : An Act to facilitate the Performance of the Duties of Justices of the Peace out of Sessions within England and Wales with respect to Persons charged with indictable Offences Jump up ^ legislation.gov.uk : `` Administration of Justice ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 1933 '' ( 23 & 24 Geo 5 c 36 ) Jump up ^ Treason Act , 1708 ( 7 Ann c 21 ) Jump up ^ Treason Act 1945 ( c. 44 ) , section 2 ( 2 ) and Schedule . Jump up ^ The `` History of Scotland , With Notes , and a Continuation to the Present Time '' , by George Buchanan ( up to 16th Century ) and James Aikman , Edinburgh 1829 . See Vol. 6 , p. 486 Jump up ^ McDowell , R. B ( 1975 ) . Moody , T.W. ; Beckett , J.C. ; Kelleher , J.V. , eds . The Church of Ireland , 1869 -- 1969 . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 2 . ISBN 0 7100 8072 7 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Chandler , J. A ( 1993 ) . J.A. Chandler , ed . Local government in liberal democracies : an introductory survey . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 08875 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Acts of the Northern Ireland Parliament , 1969 c. 15 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , George John ( 1906 ) . Ward , Richard H. , ed . The Grand Jury : Considered from an Historical , Political and Legal Standpoint , and the Law and Practice Relating Thereto . University of Michigan : G.T. Bisel . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Roots , Roger ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . `` If It 's Not a Runaway , It 's Not a Real Grand Jury '' . Creighton L.R. 33 ( 4 ) : 821 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` State Grand Juries '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Grand Jury System '' . American Bar Association . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` Power to abolish Grand Jury '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Royal Proclamation of 1763 Jump up ^ Doughty Jump up ^ archive.org : `` Consolidated Statutes of Upper Canada , 1859 '' ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court '' Archived 2013 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Nancy ( 1995 ) . `` Swift Justice and the Decline of the Criminal Trial Jury : The Dynamics of Law and Authority in Victoria , BC 1858 -- 1905 '' . In Flaherty , David H. ; McLaren , John ; Foster , Hamar . Essays in the History of Canadian Law : The Legal History of British Columbia and the Yukon . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Stokes , Mary : `` Grand Juries and ' Proper Authorities ' : Low Law , Soft Law and Local Governance in Canada West / Ontario , 1850 -- 1880 '' Jump up ^ Phillips Cables Ltd. v. United Steelworkers of America , Local 7276 ( Nicolosi grievance ) , ( 1974 ) O.L.A.A. No. 13 , at para. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who invented the grand jury ? '' . The Straight Dope. 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ ( Consolidated ) Acts of the General Assembly of Prince Edward Island , 1871 Jump up ^ Bennett , J.M. ( 1961 ) . The Establishment of Jury Trial in New South Wales . Faculty of Law , University of Sydney . Jump up ^ A History of Criminal Law in New South Wales : The Colonial Period , 1788 - 1900 , by G.D. Woods QC , Federation Press 2002 , p. 56 - 59 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Greg ( October 2001 ) . `` The Grand Jury of South Australia '' . American Journal of Legal History . 45 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 516 . doi : 10.2307 / 3185314 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 '' . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Histed , Elise ( September 1987 ) . `` The introduction and use of the grand jury in Victoria '' . Journal of Legal History . 8 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . doi : 10.1080 / 01440368708530896 . Jump up ^ Crown Commission of Inquiry into the Administration of Justice in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope ( Records of the Cape Colony xxviii ( 1905 ) I - III , George McCall Theale ) Jump up ^ E. Kahn : South African Law Journal ( 1991 ) , pp. 672 - 87 ; SALJ ( 1992 ) , pp. 87 - 111 , 307 - 18 , 666 - 79 ; SALJ ( 1993 ) , pp. 322 - 37 Jump up ^ The international development of the jury : the role of the British empire , by Richard Vogler in Revue internationale de droit pénal , 2001 ( vol 72 ) Jump up ^ Cape Law Journal , 10 Cape L.J. page 216 ( 1893 ) Jump up ^ Wilkes Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition . Page 302 Jump up ^ See `` Grand Jury '' , by George Edwards , pub . Philadelphia 1906 . Part IV p. 124 Jump up ^ HC Deb 19 June 1879 vol 247 cc169 - 71 Jump up ^ Statutes of the Cape of Good Hope , 1652 - 1895 : Vol 1872 - 1886 , pub . by J.C. Juta , Cape Town , 1895 Jump up ^ History of Trial by Jury , by William Forsyth , pub J.W. Parker , London 1852 . Page 348 . Jump up ^ Donovan , James ( 2010 ) . Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the 19th and 20th Centuries . University of North Carolina Press . Ch. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Oudot , Charles - François ( 1845 ) . Théorie du Jury . Paris : Joubert . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Archives de Droit et de Legislation , Tome 5 , 2nd Semester , Brussels 1841 . Page 83 : Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée Jump up ^ Archives de Droit et de Legislation , Tome 5 , 2nd Semester , Brussels 1841 . Page 73 : Loi Belge du 15 Mai 1838 Relative au Jury Expliquée ^ Jump up to : Fukurai , Hiroshi ( 2011 ) . `` Japan 's Prosecutorial Review Commissions : Lay Oversight of the Government 's Discretion of Prosecution '' . University of Pennsylvania East Asia Law Review : 5 -- 10 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gastil , John ; Fukurai , Hiroshi ; Anderson , Kent ; Nolan , Mark ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Seeing Is Believing : The Impact of Jury Service on Attitudes Toward Legal Institutions and the Implications for International Jury Reform '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 48 : 126 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fukurai , Hiroshi ( January 2011 ) . `` Japan 's Quasi-Jury and Grand Jury Systems as Deliberative Agents of Social Change : De-Colonial Strategies and Deliberative Participatory Democracy '' . Chicago - Kent Law Review . 86 ( 2 ) : 825 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Japan and Civil Jury Trials : The Convergence of Forces by Matthew J. Wilson , Hiroshi Fukurai and Takashi Maruta , pub Edward Elgar Publications , October 2015 . Page 134 Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court decision : Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 , 77 S. Ct. 1222 , 1 L. Ed. 2d 1148 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ District ( i.e. federal ) court of the District of Columbia decisions : re Nicholson , H.C. 141 - 61 , D.D.C. , Nov. 19 , 1963 , and Ikeda v. McNamara , H.C. 416 - 62 , D.D.C. , Oct. 19 , 1962 Jump up ^ Constitution of Liberia , 1984 Jump up ^ The Maritime Executive journal , see web site http://maritime-executive.com/article/liberian-grand-jury-indicts-port-director retrieved Jan 2016 Jump up ^ Constitution of Liberia , 1847 , Sec 7 Jump up ^ George , Claude ( 1904 ) . The Rise of British West Africa : Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone , Gambia , Lagos , Gold Coast , etc . London : Houlston & sons . pp. 146 , 147 , 171 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , James W. St. G. ( 1993 ) . The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone , 1783 - 1870 . University of Toronto Press . pp. 364 -- 365 . Jump up ^ House of Commons . Reports from Committees , Vol 5 , Session 7 Feb - 6 Jul 1865 External links ( edit ) Grand Jury FAQ from the American Bar Association The California Grand Jurors ' Association `` Federal Grand Jury '' , a website from a professor at the University of Dayton More on Grand Jury reform , from the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers How Federal Grand Juries Work NPR . Accessed 2008 - 09 - 06 . Gottlieb , Bruce ( 5 August 1998 ) . `` Who Is a Grand Jury ? '' . Slate . Who invented the grand jury ? from the Straight Dope Questioning Double Jeopardy Grand Juries The Grand Jury , Hugh Turley , Hyattsville Life and Times , January , 2007 Craig Rosebraugh : Tools of Government Repression ( 1 ) Grand juror handbooks from the court system U.S. Federal Grand Jury Handbook ( PDF ) Virginia Handbook for Hennepin County ( Minnesota ) Grand Jurors ( PDF ) Illinois Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arguido Arrest Arrest warrant Consent search Exigent circumstance Knock - and - announce Miranda warning Pretextual stop Probable cause Search and seizure Search of persons Search warrant Suspect Terry stop Reasonable suspicion Detention Right to silence Criminal prosecution Adversarial system Bail Bill of attainder Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Ex post facto law Extradition Grand jury Habeas corpus Indictment Inquisitorial system Nolle prosequi Precognition Statute of limitations Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Nolo contendere Plea Plea bargain Peremptory plea Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikinews Wikiversity Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Coroner 's jury Grand jury ( Indictment ) Petit jury Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_jury&oldid=860886315 '' Categories : Courts by type Criminal procedure Juries History of local government in Ireland Local government Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe ייִדיש 粵語中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a justification for a grand jury	[]	[]
-308053845476305348	Sporting CP	Sporting CP - wikipedia Sporting CP Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the association football team . For the other teams , see Sporting CP ( disambiguation ) . Sporting CP Full name Sporting Clube de Portugal Nickname ( s ) Leões ( Lions ) Verde e brancos ( Green and whites ) Short name Sporting Founded 1 July 1906 ; 111 years ago ( 1906 - 07 - 01 ) Ground Estádio José Alvalade Ground Capacity 50,095 President Bruno de Carvalho Manager Jorge Jesus League Primeira Liga 2016 -- 17 Primeira Liga , 3rd Website Club website Home colours Away colours Stromp colours Current season Active sport sections of Sporting CP Aikido Athletics Archery Auto racing Basketball Beach soccer Billiards Boxing Canoeing Capoeira Chess Equestrianism eSports Football ( Men 's ) Football ( Women 's ) Futsal Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Karate Kickboxing Krav maga Padel Tennis Paintball Road cycling Roller hockey Rowing Rugby union Shooting Sport fishing Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Sporting Clube de Portugal ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ˈspɔɾtĩɡ ( ɨ ) ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðɨ puɾtuˈɣaɫ ) ) ( Euronext : SCP ) , or Sporting CP , is a sports club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that is best known for its football team . The club is usually referred to simply as Sporting in Portuguese - speaking countries ; in English - speaking countries it often called Sporting Lisbon . Sporting is one of the `` Três Grandes '' ( Big Three ) football clubs in Portugal . They are nicknamed Leões ( Lions ) and Verde e Brancos ( Green and Whites ) . The club 's anthem , `` A Marcha do Sporting '' ( Sporting 's March ) , was written in 1955 . On 2 August 2017 , Sporting announced they had reached 160,000 club members . Founded in Lisbon on 1 July 1906 , Sporting were a founding member of the Primeira Liga and , along with rivals S.L. Benfica and FC Porto , have never been relegated from the top flight of Portuguese football since its establishment in 1934 . Sporting are the third most decorated Portuguese football club , with 46 titles in all the Portuguese competitions and one international title , the 1963 -- 64 European Cup Winners ' Cup . Domestically , they have 18 Primeira Liga titles , 16 Portuguese Cups ( Taça de Portugal ) , 4 Championship of Portugal ( a record tied with Porto ) and 8 Portuguese Super Cup trophies . Sporting 's football youth academy system has developed players such as Paulo Futre , Simão , Nani , Ricardo Quaresma and Ballon d'Or recipients Cristiano Ronaldo and Luís Figo . Sporting are currently ranked 53rd in UEFA club rankings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Foundation ( 1902 -- 1906 ) 1.2 Early years ( 1907 -- 1946 ) 1.3 Golden years ( 1947 -- 1974 ) 1.4 League title drought ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 1.5 The new millennium ( 2001 -- present ) 2 Team colours and kits 3 Crests 4 Rivalries and friendships 5 Facilities 5.1 Stadium 5.2 Youth Academy 5.3 Pavilhão João Rocha 6 Club records 7 Honours 7.1 Domestic competitions 7.2 European competitions 8 Players 8.1 Current squad 8.2 Out on loan 9 Player accolades 9.1 Portuguese Top Goalscorer 9.2 Player of the Year 9.3 Award winners 10 Former coaches 11 Club officials 11.1 Directive Board 11.2 General Assembly 11.3 Fiscal and Disciplinary Council 11.4 Sporting -- Sociedade Desportiva de Futebol , S.A.D. 11.5 Others 12 Communication , memory and image 12.1 Newspaper 12.2 Sporting TV 12.3 Museum 13 Presidents 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Foundation ( 1902 -- 1906 ) ( edit ) Sporting Clube de Portugal has its origins in June 1902 , when young men Francisco da Ponte , Horta Gavazzo and his brother José Maria decided to create Sport Club de Belas . This club , the first ancestor of Sporting , played just one match and at the end of the year 's summer , disbanded . Two years later , the idea of creating a football club was revived , and this time , with the Gavazzo brothers joined by José Alvalade and José Stromp , a new club , the Campo Grande Football Club , was founded . They played their matches on the estate of Visconde de Alvalade , the grandfather of José Alvalade , with the club 's headquarters located at the house of Francisco Gavazzo . José Alvalade borrowed money from his grandfather in order to fund Sporting . For two years , the club developed an intense activity on several sports , namely football , tennis and fencing . The club also organized parties and picnics . Eventually , during one picnic , on 12 April 1906 , discussions erupted , as some members defended that the club should only focused on organizing picnics and social events , with another group defending that the club should focused on the practising of sports instead . Some time later , José Gavazzo , José Alvalade and 17 other members left the club , with the latter saying , `` I am going to have with me my grandfather and he will give me the money to make another club . '' As such , a new club , Campo Grande Sporting Clube , was founded . The Viscount of Alvalade , whose money helped to fund the club , was the first president of Sporting . José Alvalade , as one of the main founders , uttered on behalf of himself and his fellow co-founders , `` We want this club to be a great club , as great as the greatest in Europe . '' Three months later , on 1 July 1906 , António Félix da Costa Júnior suggested the name Sporting Clube de Portugal , and this date is considered the official day Sporting was founded . Early years ( 1907 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) The year 1907 marked some `` firsts '' for the club , as Sporting played the first football match of their history on 3 February , ending in a 5 -- 1 defeat against third division club Cruz Negra ; inaugurated their first ground , known as `` Sítio das Mouras '' ( the most advanced in Portugal at the time , equipped with showers , two tennis courts , an athletics track and a football field ) on 4 July ; and played the first derby of all time against local rivals S.L. Benfica ( then known as Grupo Sport Lisboa ) on 1 December . The club also released their first report card on 31 March 1922 , titled `` Boletim do Sporting '' ( Sporting 's Report ) , lending the foundation for the later called `` Jornal do Sporting '' , the official newspaper of the club , that still exists today . Sporting played their first Primeira Liga game ( the 1st Division of Portuguese football ) ever on 20 January 1935 , winning 0 -- 6 against Académica de Coimbra . A year later , in 1936 , the club had their heaviest defeat ever against Porto , losing 10 -- 1 . Sporting , however , got their revenge a year later , when they humbled the same team with a 9 -- 1 result . In 1941 , under the guidance of Hungarian manager József Szabó , the club celebrated the first league title of their history . Golden years ( 1947 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup won by Sporting at Museum Mundo Sporting The football team had their height during the 1940s and 1950s . It was spearheaded by Fernando Peyroteo , José Travassos , Albano Pereira , Jesus Correia and Manuel Vasques , in a quintet nicknamed `` The Five Violins '' . With the violins ' help , Sporting won seven league titles in eight seasons between 1947 and 1954 , including a then unprecedented four in a row from 1950 -- 51 onwards . Fernando Peyroteo , the most known of `` the violins '' , is considered one of the greatest Portuguese players of all time . Sporting and the Yugoslavian team Partizan both made history on 4 September 1955 , as they played the first - ever UEFA Champion Clubs ' Cup match . Sporting player João Martins scored the first - ever goal of the competition , on the 14th minute . The match ended in a 3 -- 3 draw . Sporting also inaugurated their new venue , José Alvalade Stadium , on 10 June 1956 . This stadium was the home ground of the club until 2003 . In the 1960s , Sporting achieved overseas success , winning the 1963 -- 64 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , defeating MTK Budapest of Hungary in the final . It was the only time a Portuguese team side won a UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup title . The team entered the competition defeating Atalanta in the qualifying round , then past Cypriot club APOEL in what was the biggest win in a single UEFA competitions game to date : 16 -- 1 , a record that still stands today . On the next round , they lost 4 -- 1 to Manchester United at Old Trafford in the first hand , but made a remarkable comeback at home , winning 5 -- 0 . In the semi-finals , Sporting eliminated Lyon , and in the end MTK Budapest , in a two - round final to win their first European title . The winning goal was scored by João Morais from a direct corner kick . The club reached the semi-finals of the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1974 , but lost to eventual winners 1 . FC Magdeburg of East Germany . League title drought ( 1982 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) English manager Malcolm Allison arrived at Sporting in 1981 , and under his guidance the club won the domestic double ( league title and Portuguese cup ) , in 1982 . In the years between 1982 and 2000 , Sporting suffered from a drought of titles . Despite defeating rivals Benfica 4 -- 0 on aggregate to win the Portuguese Super Cup in 1987 , Sporting fans had to wait until 1995 to see their team win some silverware after beating Club Sport Marítimo 2 -- 0 in the final of the 1995 Portuguese Cup . That victory granted Sporting a place in the following season 's Portuguese Super Cup . After drawing 0 -- 0 at Estádio José Alvalade and securing a 2 -- 2 draw at Estádio das Antas on 30 April 1996 , a replay match was held at the Parc de Princes in Paris . Sporting won 3 -- 0 with Sá Pinto scoring twice and Carlos Xavier scoring a stoppage time penalty . In the same 1995 -- 96 season , Sporting also reached the Portuguese Cup final but lost 3 -- 1 to Benfica . Highlights of this time also include a 7 -- 1 victory over arch - rivals Benfica at the old José Alvalade Stadium on 14 December 1986 . Sporting also reached the UEFA Cup semi-final in 1991 , losing against Internazionale . Also , Barcelona and Real Madrid were both tied and defeated in Lisbon when playing against Sporting in the old UEFA Cup , in the 1986 -- 87 and 1994 -- 95 seasons , respectively . In 2000 , Sporting , led by manager Augusto Inácio ( a former Sporting player , who replaced Giuseppe Materazzi at the beginning of the season ) , won the league title on the last match day , with a 4 -- 0 victory over Salgueiros , ending an 18 - year drought . The new millennium ( 2001 -- present ) ( edit ) In the 2001 -- 02 season , Sporting conquered the league title , the Portuguese Cup 2001 -- 02 and the 2002 Portuguese Super Cup . Sporting also had back - to - back wins in the Portuguese Cup in 2007 and 2008 . In 2005 Sporting reached their second European final , the 2005 UEFA Cup Final . Playing at their home ground , the team lost 3 -- 1 against Russian club CSKA Moscow . The club almost reached another European final in 2012 , but were dropped out of the competition by Athletic Bilbao , in the semi-finals of the 2011 -- 12 Europa League . Sporting also reached , for the first time , the knockout phase of UEFA Champions League , in the 2008 -- 09 season , but were roundly defeated by FC Bayern Munich , with an aggregate loss of 12 -- 1 . This is widely regarded as one of the lowest points in the history of the club . Also , years of financial mismanagement almost led to the demise of the club . In 2011 , the club had amassed debts of over € 276 million . The results on the pitch were also abysmal , with Sporting finishing seventh -- their lowest position ever in the league table -- in the 2012 -- 13 Primeira Liga . After immense pressure both from within and outside the club , Godinho Lopes , then - president of Sporting , resigned . Bruno de Carvalho was his successor . Carvalho 's intentions were to negotiate with the banks and return success to the club , while threatening to take Godinho Lopes to court . The 2013 -- 14 season saw improvements in the results , as Sporting finished second in the table , thus gaining direct access to the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League , the first time in five years the club reached the top - tier of European competitions . Sporting playing against German club Schalke 04 , in a UEFA Champions League match In the 2014 -- 15 season , Sporting won their 16th Portuguese Cup in dramatic fashion . The Lisbon side , led by Marco Silva , played the final against Braga , and after a disastrous start , found themselves losing 0 -- 2 at half - time and playing with ten men after the sending - off of Cédric Soares . With the final seemingly lost , Islam Slimani gave some hope to the fans as he scored the 1 -- 2 on the 83 minute . In stoppage time , Fredy Montero managed to equalize , forcing extra-time . Sporting ultimately won the match 3 -- 1 on penalties . Celebrations ended in a pacific pitch invasion of Estádio José Alvalade by the fans , as the club touched silverware for the first time in seven years . In June 2015 , Jorge Jesus joined Sporting after Benfica opted not to renew his contract as coach of the club , signing a three - year contract . Presented as the new manager of the club on 1 July , the managerial change took the rivalry of both Lisbon clubs to new heights . Some Portuguese media called the event `` O Verão Quente de 2015 '' ( `` The Hot Summer of 2015 '' ) . Under Jesus ' tenure , Sporting won the Portuguese Super Cup for the eighth time , against back - to - back champions Benfica ( 1 -- 0 ) . Despite a positive start , Sporting did not win any other trophy , finishing second in the Primeira Liga with 86 points , two points behind Benfica , despite breaking the former points record in the league . The 2016 -- 17 season was trophyless . Team colours and kits ( edit ) Main article : Sporting CP Kits Sporting , ever since its formation in 1906 , have always had the green and white colours . The first kit in 1907 was all white until 1908 , when they introduced the now referred by fans as `` Classic '' kit with vertical stripes . The modern horizontal stripes were introduced on a derby against Benfica in 1928 . Crests ( edit ) Since its formation , on 1 July 1906 , Sporting has had six crests , all of which have included the color green and the lion . Previous Sporting Clube de Portugal Crests The current crest of Sporting was adopted in 2001 . There were also the special anniversary crests to celebrate the 50th ( 1956 ) and 100th ( 2006 ) anniversaries of the club . These were n't actually worn in kits during matches , but were used as emblems by fans . Sporting 's current crest ( 2001 -- present ) Rivalries and friendships ( edit ) Main articles : Derby de Lisboa and FC Porto -- Sporting CP rivalry Sporting 's main rivals are Benfica , with both teams contesting the Lisbon Derby ( also known as The Eternal Derby ) . The rivalry started in 1907 , when some players of Benfica left the club to join Sporting , looking for better conditions . The first derby of all time was contested on the same year , ending with a 2 -- 1 victory for Sporting . The most famous victory of Sporting over Benfica occurred on 14 December 1986 , where Sporting beat arch - rivals 7 -- 1 , when Benfica was leading the league . Manuel Fernandes was particularly inspired , scoring four goals , with Mário Jorge ( two goals ) , and Ralph Meade ( one goal ) also scoring for Sporting . However , after the loss , Benfica still managed to become Portuguese champions . Sporting fans at the Estádio da Luz during the Lisbon Derby ( 2013 ) Another notable derby was the one contested on the evening of 14 May 1994 . In a rainy day , with the old José Alvalade Stadium crowded to the top , winning the derby was a decisive step for Sporting , as they were trying to regain the title , which by this time the team had not won for 12 years . Sporting were favorites with a squad composed by , among others , Luís Figo , Krasimir Balakov , Ivaylo Yordanov , Emílio Peixe , Stan Valckx and Paulo Sousa ( who at the beginning of the season transferred from Benfica ) . As such , Benfica were seen as the underdogs , but defied the odds with a 3 -- 6 victory , eventually securing the title some weeks later , leaving Sporting empty - handed , in one of the most dramatic seasons in the club 's history . The rivalry has become even more intense after a dramatic incident in the final of the 1996 Portuguese Cup , which Benfica won 3 -- 1 . After Benfica scored the first goal , a member of Benfica organised group No Name Boys lit a flare , which struck a Sporting fan in the chest , killing him instantly . On 8 February 2015 , during a derby at Alvalade , a supporter 's group of Sporting showed a banner with the inscription `` Sigam o King '' ( `` Follow the King '' ) , in reference to Eusébio 's death . On the next day , in a futsal derby , members of No Name Boys showed a banner saying `` Very Light 96 '' . In 2011 , after a loss to Benfica at the Estádio da Luz ( 1 -- 0 ) , a group of Sporting supporters set fire to one of the stands of the stadium . Sporting also has a rivalry with FC Porto . This rivalry is depicted in the 1947 Portuguese movie O Leão da Estrela . Juventude Leonina ( simply known as Juve Leo ) , are the main organised ultra group of Sporting since 1976 . They maintain friendship with Grobari , ultras of Serbian club Partizan , with 7bello of Italian Fiorentina , and B - side of Dutch side Go Ahead Eagles . In Portugal , they have a good relationship with Mancha Negra of Académica de Coimbra . Other Sporting ' supporter groups are also Torcida Verde ( since 1984 ) , Directivo Ultras XXI ( since 2002 ) and Brigada Ultras ( since 2004 ) . The direction boards of Sporting and Partizan also have good relations , which were kept ever since the 1955 -- 56 European Cup edition , which on 4 September 1955 at Estádio Nacional , put head - a-head the two teams in what was considered the opening whistle of the UEFA European Cup . Hungarian side MTK Budapest inaugurated their new stadium with a match against Sporting , on 14 September 2016 . The first game at the Hungária körút ended with a 2 -- 2 draw . The two football clubs have maintained very good relations since they met in the European Cup Winners ' Cup final in 1964 . Although MTK was defeated 1 -- 0 in the final , the silver medal is still considered one of the greatest achievements of the Hungarian club . Facilities ( edit ) Stadium ( edit ) Main article : Estádio José Alvalade Throughout its history , Sporting has had several grounds . The first one was inaugurated on 4 July 1907 , and was called `` Sítio das Mouras '' . In 1956 , the first Estádio de Alvalade was inaugurated . Sporting played their matches there until 2003 , when the stadium was demolished . The new José Alvalade Stadium , inaugurated in 2003 In Lisbon , the new stadium , Alvalade XXI ( `` Estádio José Alvalade '' ) , was built for UEFA Euro 2004 , hosted by Portugal . Designed by Tomás Taveira , it was inaugurated on 6 August 2003 . The opening match was a 3 -- 1 victory over Manchester United . The stadium was awarded a ' five - star ' certificate at 2005 UEFA Cup Final by then UEFA president Lennart Johansson . The stadium has a capacity of 50,095 spectators . Youth Academy ( edit ) Main article : Sporting C.P. Youth and Academy Pavilhão João Rocha ( edit ) Main article : Pavilhão João Rocha Club records ( edit ) Main article : Sporting Clube de Portugal records and statistics Honours ( edit ) Domestic competitions ( edit ) Primeira Liga ( 18 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1943 -- 44 , 1946 -- 47 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1950 -- 51 , 1951 -- 52 , 1952 -- 53 , 1953 -- 54 , 1957 -- 58 , 1961 -- 62 , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 -- 70 , 1973 -- 74 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Portuguese Cup ( 16 ) : 1940 -- 41 , 1944 -- 45 , 1945 -- 46 , 1947 -- 48 , 1953 -- 54 , 1962 -- 63 , 1970 -- 71 , 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1977 -- 78 , 1981 -- 82 , 1994 -- 95 , 2001 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 Portuguese Super Cup ( 8 ) : 1982 , 1987 , 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2007 , 2008 , 2015 Campeonatos de Portugal ( 4 ) : 1922 -- 23 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1937 -- 38 European competitions ( edit ) European Cup Winners ' Cup : 1963 -- 64 Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) As of 1 January 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Rui Patrício DF Jonathan Silva DF Sebastián Coates 5 DF Fábio Coentrão ( on loan from Real Madrid ) 6 DF André Pinto 8 MF Bruno Fernandes 9 MF Marcos Acuña 10 MF Alan Ruiz 11 MF Bruno César 13 DF Stefan Ristovski 14 MF William Carvalho ( captain ) 16 MF Rodrigo Battaglia 17 FW Daniel Podence 18 GK Romain Salin No . Position Player 19 DF Douglas 20 MF Bryan Ruiz 21 MF Mattheus Oliveira 22 DF Jérémy Mathieu 25 MF Radosav Petrović 28 FW Bas Dost 45 MF Iuri Medeiros 55 DF Tobias Figueiredo 57 FW Gelson Dala 66 MF João Palhinha 77 FW Gelson Martins 82 GK Pedro Silva 88 FW Seydou Doumbia ( on loan from Roma ) 92 DF Cristiano Piccini Out on loan ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- DF Jefferson ( at Braga until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Bruno Paulista ( at Vasco da Gama until 31 December 2018 ) -- MF Francisco Geraldes ( at Rio Ave until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Ryan Gauld ( at Aves until 30 June 2018 ) -- MF Simeon Slavchev ( at Lechia Gdańsk until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Carlos Mané ( at VfB Stuttgart until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player -- FW Hernán Barcos ( at L.D.U. Quito until 31 December 2017 ) -- FW Leonardo Ruiz ( at Boavista until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Luc Castaignos ( at Vitesse until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Lukas Spalvis ( at 1 . FC Kaiserslautern until 30 June 2018 ) -- FW Matheus Pereira ( at Chaves until 30 June 2018 ) Player accolades ( edit ) Portuguese top goalscorer ( edit ) The Portuguese League top scorer was awarded the Silver Shoe from 1934 -- 35 until 1951 -- 52 . Since the 1952 -- 53 season , the sports newspaper A Bola awards the Silver Ball prize . Year Winner 1934 -- 35 Manuel Soeiro 14 1936 -- 37 Manuel Soeiro 24 1937 -- 38 Fernando Peyroteo 34 1939 -- 40 Fernando Peyroteo 29 1940 -- 41 Fernando Peyroteo 29 1945 -- 46 Fernando Peyroteo 37 1946 -- 47 Fernando Peyroteo 43 1948 -- 49 Fernando Peyroteo 40 Year Winner 1950 -- 51 Manuel Vasques 29 1953 -- 54 João Martins 31 1965 -- 66 Ernesto Figueiredo 25 1973 -- 74 Héctor Yazalde 46 1974 -- 75 Héctor Yazalde 30 1979 -- 80 Rui Jordão 31 1985 -- 86 Manuel Fernandes 30 1987 -- 88 Paulinho Cascavel 23 Year Winner 1992 -- 93 Jorge Cadete 18 2001 -- 02 Mário Jardel 42 2004 -- 05 Liédson 25 2006 -- 07 Liédson 15 2016 -- 17 Bas Dost 34 Shared award ; Portuguese record ; European Golden Shoe Player of the year ( edit ) The Player of the Year award is named after former player Francisco Stromp , and was instituted from 1992 . The list below is a list of winners of the award . Year Winner Krasimir Balakov Stan Valckx 1994 Luís Figo 1995 Oceano Ricardo Sá Pinto Marco Aurélio 1998 Ivaylo Yordanov 1999 Delfim Teixeira 2000 Alberto Acosta Year Winner Beto 2002 João Pinto 2003 Pedro Barbosa Rui Jorge 2005 João Moutinho 2006 Ricardo 2007 Liédson 2008 Tonel 2009 Liédson Year Winner Daniel Carriço 2011 Rui Patrício 2012 Rui Patrício 2013 Adrien Silva 2014 William Carvalho 2015 Nani 2016 João Mário 2017 Bas Dost Award winners ( edit ) ( While playing for Sporting CP ) European Golden Boot Héctor Yazalde ( 46 goals ) -- 1974 ( Portuguese record ) Mário Jardel ( 42 goals ) -- 2002 African Footballer of the Year Emmanuel Amuneke -- 1994 Bulgarian Footballer of the Year Krasimir Balakov -- 1995 Ivaylo Yordanov -- 1998 Algerian Ballon d'Or Islam Slimani -- 2013 UEFA European Under - 21 Football Championship Golden Player Luís Figo -- 1994 William Carvalho -- 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball Emílio Peixe -- 1991 Portugal Silver Ball Dani -- 1995 Qatar Bronze Ball Paulo Torres -- 1991 Portugal UEFA European Under - 17 Championship Golden Player Award Miguel Veloso -- 2003 Portugal Portuguese Golden Ball Luís Figo -- 1994 Portuguese Footballer of the Year Rui Jordão -- 1980 António Oliveira -- 1981 , 1982 Jorge Cadete − 1990 Luís Figo -- 1995 Alberto Acosta -- 2000 Mário Jardel -- 2002 LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year Miguel Veloso -- 2006 -- 07 William Carvalho -- 2013 -- 14 LPFP Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Year Rui Patrício -- 2011 -- 12 , 2015 - 2016 Segunda Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year Bruma -- 2012 -- 13 FIFA World Cup All - Star Team Krasimir Balakov -- 1994 United States Ricardo -- 2006 Germany Marcos Rojo -- 2014 Brazil The 100 Greatest Players of the 20th Century Peter Schmeichel Former coaches ( edit ) For details on former coaches , see List of Sporting Clube de Portugal managers . Club officials ( edit ) As of 24 October 2012 . Directive Board ( edit ) President : Bruno de Carvalho Vice-Presidents : Artur Torres Pereira , Carlos Vieira , Vicente Moura , Vítor Silva Ferreira , António Rebelo Board members : Bruno Mascarenhas Garcia , Luís Roque , Rui Caeiro , Alexandre Henriques , José Quintela Substitutes : Rita Matos , Luís Gestas , Jorge Sanches , Luís Loureiro General Assembly ( edit ) President : Jaime Marta Soares Vice-President : Rui Solheiro Secretaries : Miguel de Castro , Luís Pereira , Tiago Abade Substitutes : Diogo Orvalho , Manuel Mendes , Rui Fernandes Fiscal and Disciplinary Council ( edit ) President : Jorge Bacelar Gouveia Vice-President : Nuno Marques Board members : Óscar Figueiredo , Vicente Caldeira Pires , Vítor do Vale , Miguel Fernandes , Jorge Gaspar Substitutes : João Peixoto da Silva , Nuno dos Santos , Ricardo Cabral Sporting -- sociedade desportiva de futebol , S.A.D. ( edit ) Directive Board President : Bruno de Carvalho Others Chartered Accountants Society : KPMG & Associados , SROC , S.A. Society Secretaries : Patrícia Silva Lopes , Hugo Serra de Moura ( Substitute ) Shareholders ' Committee : José Filipe de Mello , Castro Guedes Others ( edit ) Leões de Portugal President : António Menezes Rodrigues Vice-Presidents : Maria Helena Dias Ferreira , Maria da Graça Nunes de Carvalho , Maria Isabel Monteiro Nobre Board members : António Aguiar de Matos , Eduardo Amaro Júlio Treasurer : José Monteiro de Castro Substitute : Jorge Galrão Jorge , Mário Simões , Ana Rita Ferreira Communication , memory and image ( edit ) Newspaper ( edit ) Jornal Sporting is a weekly newspaper published by Sporting . Beginning its activity as Sporting Club of Portugal Bulletin on 31 March 1922 , it was initially an eight - page calendar , with the optional payment of $2 a semester . Under the direction of Artur da Cunha Rosa , the bulletin became known as a newspaper in June 1952 . Sporting TV ( edit ) Main article : Sporting TV Sporting TV is the television channel of Sporting . Open channel , the channel is present in the private operators MEO and NOS , in channels 34 and 35 , and in Angola , through the operator ZAP . The channel broadcasts several sporting events linked to Sporting . Museum ( edit ) Inaugurated on 31 August 2004 , Sporting Museum is divided into several thematic areas that express the wealth of the club 's heritage and its sporting achievements over more than a century of existence in thirty - two different modalities . About two thousand trophies are on display , and there are many others in store . The history of the museum dates back to the trophy room of the old headquarters on Rua do Pasadinho , where in 1956 , 1850 trophies were already stored . In 1994 , President Sousa Cintra inaugurated a new trophy room , where less than half of the club 's collections were exhibited . The following year the remodeling and organization of the museum is promoted , and a conservative is incorporated . During the construction of the new Estádio José Alvalade a new museum is inaugurated , culminating in four years of investigation . Throughout the years , through donations with several origins , in addition to the trophies the patrimony of the club never stopped growing . In July 2016 , there was a new inauguration after a total renovation . Presidents ( edit ) Main article : List of Sporting Clube de Portugal presidents References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leões atingem os 160 mil sócios '' . A Bola. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Clube de Portugal UEFA Profile '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kundert , Tom ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Meet Sporting 's exciting wing duo who could be the new Ronaldo and Quaresma '' . fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Member associations -- UEFA rankings -- Club coefficients '' . UEFA.com. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Museum featured areas '' . Sporting CP . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting History '' . Sporting Official Website . Sporting Clube de Portugal . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Sporting '' . Official Sporting Website. 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sporting Clube Portugal -- Fotobiografia por Rui Guedes . Lisbon : Publicações Dom Quixote. 1988 . pp. XVII -- XIX . Jump up ^ http://atascadocherba.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/aniversariojornal.jpg ^ Jump up to : `` Histórias do campeonato : 2200 jogos de Benfica , FC Porto e Sporting '' . www.zerozero.pt . Álvaro Gonçalves. 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O dia em que os cinco violinos marcaram 12 golos ( The day the five violins scored 12 goals ) '' . www.maisfutebol.iol.pt . Sara Marques. 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is not Portugal 's greatest ever player . This man is ( Fernando Peyroteo ) '' . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better than Messi , Pele , Muller : How Cristiano Ronaldo 's scoring stacks up '' . www.fourfourtwo.com . Chris Flanagan. 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Sporting and Partizan broke new ground '' . www.uefa.com . José Nuno Pimentel. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 / 64 : Sporting at the second attempt '' . uefa.com. 1 May 1964 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 / 64 : Sporting at the second attempt '' . UEFA.com. 2001 - 08 - 17 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Allison ( 1927 -- 2010 ) , o treinador que gostava de viver para lá do futebol '' . www.publico.pt . Marco Vaza. 16 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Matthäus makes the difference for Inter -- '' . Uefa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ uefa.com . `` UEFA Europa League 1994 / 95 - History - Matches -- UEFA.com '' . Jump up ^ uefa.com . `` UEFA Europa League 1986 / 87 - History - Sporting CP -- UEFA.com '' . Jump up ^ `` LE : At . Bilbao - Sporting , 3 -- 1 ( crónica ) '' . www.maisfutebol.iol.pt. 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting sofre humilhação histórica '' . www.jn.pt . Rui Miguel Melo . Jump up ^ `` Sporting . Soares Franco pode ser o senhor que se segue na lista das expulsões '' . www.ionline.pt . Isabel Tavares. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O pior Sporting de sempre '' . desporto.sapo.pt . Eduardo Santiago. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paços de Ferreira deixa Sporting a um ponto da zona de despromoção '' . www.publico.pt . Paulo Curado. 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Godinho Lopes demite - se na terça - feira ( Godinho Lopes resigns on Tuesday ) '' . desporto.sapo.pt. 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting 2013 : Guerra e Paz '' . www.vavel.com . Bruno Gomes. 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno de Carvalho é o novo presidente do Sporting ( Bruno de Carvalho is the new president of Sporting ) '' . www.publico.pt . Jorge Miguel Matias e Tiago Pimentel. 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Carvalho confirmado presidente do Sporting '' . expresso.sapo.pt . Bruno Roseiro. 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vamos devolver a paz ao Sporting '' . desporto.sapo.pt . João Paulo Godinho. 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno de Carvalho ameaça Godinho Lopes com tribunal '' . www.publico.pt . Nuno Ferreira Santos. 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : `` O Sporting merecia outros candidatos e eu merecia outros adversários '' `` . www.publico.pt . Paulo Curado. 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting vence Belenenses e garante segundo lugar e acesso direto à `` Champions '' `` . www.jn.pt. 23 December 2015 . 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting vence no Restelo e assegura entrada direta na `` Champions '' `` . www.tsf.pt. 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting win dramatic Taça de Portugal final on penalties '' . www.portugoal.net. 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting vence Taça de Portugal '' . pt.uefa.com . UEFA. 2015 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Festa de Alvalade termina com invasão de campo '' . www.ojogo.pt . Jornal `` O Jogo '' . 2015 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica to Sporting is just a six - minute drive but Jorge Jesus ' journey is one of the most controversial moves in football '' . www.dailymail.co.uk . Joe Bernstein . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Os sete espinhos de Jesus '' . expresso.sapo.pt . Nicolau Santos. 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O bicampeão , o defeso da década eo renascer do Sporting '' . www.maisfutebol.iol.pt . João Tiago Figueiredo. 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escolha as figuras e os acontecimentos do ano ( See : Jorge Jesus ) '' . expresso.sapo.pt. 4 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Susana ( 9 August 2015 ) . `` Sporting vence Benfica ( 1 -- 0 ) e conquista oitava Supertaça '' . www.jn.pt . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting deu 7 -- 1 ao Benfica há 25 anos '' . desporto.sapo.pt/ . sapo.pt . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting - Benfica : A loucura dos 7 -- 1 ! '' . Record.xl.pt . Record.xl.pt . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica - Sporting : `` Queiroz foi o responsável pelos 6 -- 3 '' `` . relvado.aeiou.pt . Lusa . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting - Benfica , 3 -- 6 : Pesadelo em Alvalade com génio à solta '' . www.record.xl.pt . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gullit e very light incendiaram o último Sporting - Benfica '' . www.sabado.pt . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benfica : deselegância , catering e speaker justificam interdição de Alvalade '' ( Benfica : inelegance , catering and speaker justify interdition of Alvalade ) ( in Portuguese ) . Maisfutebol. 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno de Carvalho pede punição para o Benfica '' . www.dn.pt . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Willie ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Dortmund vs. Bayern Munich and Europe 's 6 Premier Rivalries Right Now '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` O Leão da Estrela '' . IMBO . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ INTERVIEW WITH JUVENTUDE LEONINA ( SPORTING CP -- PORTUGAL ) at ultras-tifo.net , 5 - 1 - 2008 , retrieved 11 - 8 - 2016 Jump up ^ `` MTK Budapest Inaugurates New Stadium With Friendly Match Against Sporting Lisboa - Hungary Today '' . Hungary Today . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Clube de Portugal '' . Sporting.pt . Archived from the original on 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : uefa.com . `` Sporting CP -- UEFA.com '' . Uefa.com . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Plantel '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Claro , Paulo ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Portugal -- List of Topscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Arotaritei , Sorin ; Di Maggio , Roberto ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Golden Boot ( '' Soulier d'Or `` ) Awards '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` African Footballer of the Year Winners '' . Reuters. 1 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kyuchukov , Nedko ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Balakov says goodbye '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slimani wins Algerian Ballon d'Or '' . AfricanSoccer. 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 : Luís Figo '' . UEFA.com. 1 June 1994 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William named U21 EURO player of the tournament '' . UEFA. 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ José Luis , Pierrend ( 16 January 2015 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cradle of the stars '' . UEFA . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Figo '' . Footyroom . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Silva , Rui ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Portugal -- Footballer of the Year '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England Player Honours -- World Soccer Players of the Century '' . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Bodies '' . Sporting.pt . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Leões de Portugal '' . Sporting.pt . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sporting CP . Official website ( in Portuguese ) ( in English ) Sporting CP at UEFA Sporting CP Main topics Players Managers Presidents Records and statistics Seasons In European football Stadiums Estádio do Campo Grande ( 1917 -- 1937 ) Estádio do Lumiar ( 1937 -- 1956 ) Estádio José Alvalade ( 1956 -- 2003 ) Estádio José Alvalade ( 2003 -- present ) Academia Sporting ( training ground ) Rivalries Derby de Lisboa FC Porto rivalry Big Three Media Sporting TV Other teams Sporting CP B Youth and Academy Other sports Athletics Beach soccer Billiards Cycling Women 's football Futsal Handball Roller hockey Rugby union Table tennis Affiliated clubs SC de Bissau S.C. Covilhã Sporting Clube de Goa Sporting Clube de Luanda Sporting Clube de Macau Sporting Clube de Porto Novo Sporting Clube da Praia Sporting Clube de Timor Leste Related articles Troféu Cinco Violinos Sporting Portugal Fund Quality Sports Investments First Portuguese Football Players Fund ( defunct ) Original Campeonato da Liga clubs , 1934 -- 35 Académica de Coimbra Académico do Porto Belenenses Benfica Porto Sporting CP União de Lisboa Vitória de Setúbal Primeira Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Aves Belenenses Benfica Boavista Braga Chaves Estoril Feirense Marítimo Moreirense Paços de Ferreira Portimonense Porto Rio Ave Sporting CP Tondela Vitória de Guimarães Vitória de Setúbal Former clubs Académica Académico de Viseu Académico do Porto Águeda Alcobaça Alverca Amora Arouca Atlético CP Barreirense Beira - Mar Caldas Campomaiorense Carcavelinhos Casa Pia CUF Desportivo de Aves Elvas Estrela da Amadora Fafe Famalicão Farense Felgueiras Gil Vicente Leixões Leça Lusitano de Évora Lusitano VRSA Montijo Nacional Naval 1o de Maio O Elvas Oliveirense Olhanense Oriental Penafiel Portimonense Riopele Salgueiros Sanjoanense Santa Clara Seixal Sporting da Covilhã Sporting de Espinho Tirsense Torreense Trofense União da Madeira União de Coimbra União de Leiria União de Lisboa União de Tomar Unidos de Lisboa Varzim Vizela UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners Winners 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina 1961 -- 62 : Atlético Madrid 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich 1967 -- 68 : Milan 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea 1971 -- 72 : Rangers 1972 -- 73 : Milan 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona 1979 -- 80 : Valencia 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen 1983 -- 84 : Juventus 1984 -- 85 : Everton 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv 1986 -- 87 : Ajax 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen 1992 -- 93 : Parma 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea 1998 -- 99 : Lazio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporting_CP&oldid=818343373 '' Categories : Companies listed on the Euronext exchanges Association football clubs established in 1906 Multi-sport clubs in Portugal Football clubs in Portugal Publicly traded sports companies Sport in Lisbon Sporting CP Sports clubs established in 1906 1906 establishments in Portugal Unrelegated association football clubs Taça de Portugal winners Primeira Liga clubs FIFA ( video game series ) teams Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use dmy dates from April 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Football team templates which use short name parameter Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Articles with Portuguese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	i am the secretary of the sports club since its formation five years ago	[]	[]
-2650201691252740205	Social cognition	Social cognition - wikipedia Social cognition For the academic journal , see Social Cognition ( journal ) . Part of a series on Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types ( show ) Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive / Cognitivism Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology ( show ) Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists ( show ) Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal Social cognition is `` a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process , store , and apply information about other people and social situations . It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in social interactions . '' More technically , social cognition refers to how people deal with conspecifics ( members of the same species ) or even across species ( such as pet ) information , include four stages : encoding , storage , retrieval , and processing . In the area of social psychology , social cognition refers to a specific approach in which these processes are studied according to the methods of cognitive psychology and information processing theory . According to this view , social cognition is a level of analysis that aims to understand social psychological phenomena by investigating the cognitive processes that underlie them . The major concerns of the approach are the processes involved in the perception , judgment , and memory of social stimuli ; the effects of social and affective factors on information processing ; and the behavioral and interpersonal consequences of cognitive processes . This level of analysis may be applied to any content area within social psychology , including research on intrapersonal , interpersonal , intragroup , and intergroup processes . The term social cognition has been used in multiple areas in psychology and cognitive neuroscience , most often to refer to various social abilities disrupted in autism , schizophrenia and other disorders . In cognitive neuroscience the biological basis of social cognition is investigated . Developmental psychologists study the development of social cognition abilities . Contents 1 Historical development 2 Social schemas 3 Cultural differences 4 Social cognitive neuroscience 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Historical development ( edit ) Social cognition came to prominence with the rise of cognitive psychology in the late 1960s and early 1970s and is now the dominant model and approach in mainstream social psychology . Common to social cognition theories is the idea that information is represented in the brain as `` cognitive elements '' such as schemas , attributions , or stereotypes . A focus on how these cognitive elements are processed is often employed . Social cognition therefore applies and extends many themes , theories , and paradigms from cognitive psychology that can be identified in reasoning ( representativeness heuristic , base rate fallacy and confirmation bias ) , attention ( automaticity and priming ) and memory ( schemas , primacy and recency ) . It is likely that social psychology has always had a more cognitive than general psychology approach , as it traditionally discussed internal mental states such as beliefs and desires when mainstream psychology was dominated by behaviorism . One notable theory of social cognition is social schema theory , although it is not the basis of all social cognition studies ( for example , see attribution theory ) . It has been suggested that other disciplines in social psychology such as social identity theory and social representations may be seeking to explain largely the same phenomena as social cognition , and that these different disciplines might be merged into a `` coherent integrated whole '' . A parallel paradigm has arisen in the study of action , termed motor cognition , which is concerned with understanding the representation of action and the associated process . Social schemas ( edit ) Social schema theory builds on and uses terminology from schema theory in cognitive psychology , which describes how ideas or `` concepts '' are represented in the brain and how they are categorized . According to this view , when we see or think of a concept a mental representation or schema is `` activated '' bringing to mind other information which is linked to the original concept by association . This activation often happens unconsciously . As a result of activating such schemas , judgements are formed which go beyond the information actually available , since many of the associations the schema evokes extend outside the given information . This may influence social cognition and behaviour regardless of whether these judgements are accurate or not . For example , if an individual is introduced as a teacher , then a `` teacher schema '' may be activated . Subsequently , we might associate this person with wisdom or authority , or past experiences of teachers that we remember and consider important . When a schema is more accessible it can be more quickly activated and used in a particular situation . Two cognitive processes that increase accessibility of schemas are salience and priming . Salience is the degree to which a particular social object stands out relative to other social objects in a situation . The higher the salience of an object the more likely that schemas for that object will be made accessible . For example , if there is one female in a group of seven males , female gender schemas may be more accessible and influence the group 's thinking and behavior toward the female group member . Priming refers to any experience immediately prior to a situation that causes a schema to be more accessible . For example , watching a scary movie late at night might increase the accessibility of frightening schemas , increasing the likelihood that a person will perceive shadows and background noises as potential threats . Social cognition researchers are interested in how new information is integrated into pre-established schemas , especially when the information contrasts with the existing schema . For example , a student may have a pre-established schema that all teachers are assertive and bossy . After encountering a teacher who is timid and shy , a social cognition researcher might be interested in how the student will integrate this new information with his / her existing teacher schema . Pre-established schemas tend to guide attention to new information , as people selectively attend to information that is consistent with the schema and ignore information that is inconsistent . This is referred to as a confirmation bias . Sometimes inconsistent information is sub-categorized and stored away as a special case , leaving the original schema intact without any alterations . This is referred to as subtyping . Social cognition researchers are also interested in the regulation of activated schemas . It is believed that the situational activation of schemas is automatic , meaning that it is outside individual conscious control . In many situations however , the schematic information that has been activated may be in conflict with the social norms of the situation in which case an individual is motivated to inhibit the influence of the schematic information on their thinking and social behavior . Whether a person will successfully regulate the application of the activated schemas is dependent on individual differences in self - regulatory ability and the presence of situational impairments to executive control . High self - regulatory ability and the lack of situational impairments on executive functioning increase the likelihood that individuals will successfully inhibit the influence of automatically activated schemas on their thinking and social behavior . When people stop suppressing the influence of the unwanted thoughts , a rebound effect can occur where the thought becomes hyper - accessible . Cultural differences ( edit ) Social psychologists have become increasingly interested in the influence of culture on social cognition . Although people of all cultures use schemas to understand the world , the content of schemas has been found to differ for individuals based on their cultural upbringing . For example , one study interviewed a Scottish settler and a Bantu herdsman from Swaziland and compared their schemas about cattle . Because cattle are essential to the lifestyle of the Bantu people , the Bantu herdsmen 's schemas for cattle were far more extensive than the schemas of the Scottish settler . The Bantu herdsmen was able to distinguish his cattle from dozens of others , while the Scottish settler was not . Cultural influences have been found to shape some of the basic ways in which people automatically perceive and think about their environment . For example , a number of studies have found that people who grow up in East Asian cultures such as China and Japan tend to develop holistic thinking styles , whereas people brought up in Western cultures like Australia and the USA tend to develop analytic thinking styles . The typically Eastern holistic thinking style is a type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context and the ways in which objects relate to each other . For example , if an Easterner was asked to judge how a classmate is feeling then he / she might scan everyone 's face in the class , and then use this information to judge how the individual is feeling . On the other hand , the typically Western analytic thinking style is a type of thinking style in which people focus on individual objects and neglect to consider the surrounding context . For example , if a Westerner was asked to judge how a classmate is feeling , then he or she might focus only on the classmate 's face in order to make the judgment . Nisbett ( 2003 ) suggested that cultural differences in social cognition may stem from the various philosophical traditions of the East ( i.e. Confucianism and Buddhism ) versus the Greek philosophical traditions ( i.e. of Aristotle and Plato ) of the West . However , recent research indicates that differences in social cognition may originate from physical differences in the environments of the two cultures . One study found that scenes from Japanese cities were ' busier ' than those in the USA as they contain more objects which compete for attention . In this study , the Eastern holistic thinking style ( and focus on the overall context ) was attributed to the busier nature of the Japanese physical environment . Social cognitive neuroscience ( edit ) Early interest in the relationship between brain function and social cognition includes the case of Phineas Gage , whose behaviour was reported to have changed after an accident damaged one or both of his frontal lobes . More recent neuropsychological studies have shown that brain injuries disrupt social cognitive processes . For example , damage to the frontal lobes can affect emotional responses to social stimuli and performance on theory of mind tasks . In the temporal lobe , damage to the fusiform gyrus can lead to the inability to recognize faces . People with psychological disorders such as autism , psychosis , mood disorder , Williams syndrome , antisocial personality disorder , Fragile X and Turner 's syndrome show differences in social behavior compared to their unaffected peers . Parents with posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) show disturbances in at least one aspect of social cognition : namely , joint attention with their young children only after a laboratory - induced relational stressor as compared to healthy parents without PTSD . However , whether social cognition is underpinned by domain - specific neural mechanisms is still an open issue . There is now an expanding research field examining how such conditions may bias cognitive processes involved in social interaction , or conversely , how such biases may lead to the symptoms associated with the condition . The development of social cognitive processes in infants and children has also been researched extensively ( see developmental psychology ) . For example , it has been suggested that some aspects of psychological processes that promote social behavior ( such as facial recognition ) may be innate . Consistent with this , very young babies recognize and selectively respond to social stimuli such as the voice , face and scent of their mother . See also ( edit ) Behavioral sink Cognitive dissonance Distributed cognition Empathy Joint attention Neurodevelopmental framework for learning Observational learning Online participation Paranoid social cognition Situated cognition Social cognitive theory social cognitive theory of morality Social emotion Social intelligence Social neuroscience References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Park , Mina ; Song , Jae - Jin ; Oh , Seo Jin ; Shin , Min - Sup ; Lee , Jun Ho ; Oh , Seung Ha ( 2015 ) . `` The Relation between Nonverbal IQ and Postoperative CI Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Users : Preliminary Result '' . BioMed Research International . 2015 : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 313274 . ISSN 2314 - 6133 . Jump up ^ ( International Social Cognition Network : http://www.socialcognition.info ) ^ Jump up to : Striano , T. ; Reid , V. ( eds . ) . Social Cognition : Development , Neuroscience and Autism . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 6217 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Billeke , P. ; Aboitiz , F. ( February 2013 ) . `` Social cognition in schizophrenia : from social stimuli processing to social engagement '' . Frontiers in Psychiatry . 4 ( 4 ) : eCollection 2013 . doi : 10.3389 / fpsyt. 2013.00004 . PMC 3580762 . PMID 23444313 . ^ Jump up to : Blair , J. ; Mitchel , D. ; Blair , K. ( 2005 ) . Psychopathy , emotion and the brain . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 25 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23336 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cacioppo , J.T. ; Berntson , G.G. ; Sheridan , J.F. & McClintock , M.K. ( 2000 ) . `` Multilevel integrative analyses of human behavior : social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 6 ) : 829 -- 43 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 6.829 . PMID 11107878 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cacioppo , J.T. ( 2002 ) . `` Social neuroscience : understanding the pieces fosters understanding the whole and vice versa '' . American Psychologist. 57 ( 11 ) : 819 -- 31 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066X. 57.11. 819 . PMID 12564179 . Jump up ^ Adolphs , R. ( 1999 ) . `` Social cognition and the human brain '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 3 ( 12 ) : 469 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 99 ) 01399 - 6 . PMID 10562726 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , D.R. ; Kipp , K. ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Theories of social and cognitive development '' . Developmental Psychology : Childhood and Adolescence . Wadsworth Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 495 - 60171 - 3 . Jump up ^ Husain , A. ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Social Perception and Cognition '' . Social Psychology . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131760000 . ^ Jump up to : Fiske , S.T. ; Taylor , S.E. ( 1991 ) . Social Cognition . McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 100910 - 8 . Jump up ^ Augustinos , M. ; Walker , I. ; Donaghue , N. ( 2006 ) . Social Cognition an Integrated Introduction . London : Sage Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 4218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alpay , L. ; Verhoef , J. ; Teeni , D. ; Putter , H. ; Toussaint , P. ; Zwetsloot - Schonk , J. ( 2008 ) . `` Can contextualisation increase understanding during man - machine communication ? A theory driven study '' . The Open Medical Informatics Journal . 2 : 82 -- 91 . doi : 10.2174 / 1874431100802010082 . PMC 2669642 . PMID 19415137 . ^ Jump up to : Aronson , E. ; Wilson , T ; Akert , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Social Cognition '' . Social Psychology . Pearson . Jump up ^ Bartlett , F. ( 1932 ) . Remembering . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 249 . ^ Jump up to : Nisbett , R. ; Peng , K. ; Choi , I. ; Norenzayan , A. ( 2001 ) . `` Culture and Systems of thought : Holistic vs. analytic cognition '' . Psychological Review . 108 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 310 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 108.2. 291 . PMID 11381831 . ^ Jump up to : Masuda , T. ; Nisbett , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Culture and change blindness '' . Cognitive science : A multidisciplinary journal . 30 ( 2 ) : 381 -- 389 . doi : 10.1207 / s15516709cog0000_63 . ^ Jump up to : Masuda , T. ; Ellsworth , P.C. ; Mesquita , B. ( 2008 ) . `` Placing the face in context : Cultural differences in the perception of facial emotion '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 381 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.94. 3.365 . PMID 18284287 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto , Y. ; Kitayama , S. ( 2002 ) . `` Cultural variation in correspondence bias : The critical role of attitude diagnosticity of socially constrained behaviour '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 83 ( 5 ) : 1239 -- 1248 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.83. 5.1239 . PMID 12416925 . Jump up ^ Harmon - Jones , E. ; Winkielman , P. ( 2007 ) . Social Neuroscience : Integrating Biological and Psychological Explanations of Social Behavior . Guilford Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59385 - 404 - 1 . Jump up ^ Damasio , A.R. ( 1994 ) . Descarte 's Error : Emotion , reason and the human brain . New York : Picador . ISBN 0 - 333 - 65656 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hornak , J. ; Rolls , E.T. ; Wade , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Face and voice expression identification in patients with emotional and behavioral changes following ventral frontal lobe damage '' . Neuropsychologia. 34 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / 0028 - 3932 ( 95 ) 00106 - 9 . PMID 8657356 . Jump up ^ Stone , V.E. ; Baron - Cohen , S. ; Knight , R.T. ( 1998 ) . `` Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 10 ( 5 ) : 640 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 089892998562942 . PMID 9802997 . Jump up ^ Brunet , E. ; Sarfati , Y. ; Hardy - Bayle , MC. ; Decety , J. ( 2000 ) . `` A PET investigation of attribution of intentions to others with a non-verbal task '' . NeuroImage. 11 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 66 . doi : 10.1006 / nimg. 1999.0525 . PMID 10679187 . Jump up ^ Subbaraju V , Sundaram S , Narasimhan S. Identification of lateralized compensatory neural activities within the social brain due to autism spectrum disorder in adolescent males . European Journal of Neuroscience. 2017 . doi : 10.1111 / ejn. 13634 . Jump up ^ Fusar - Poli , P. ; Deste , G. ; Smieskova , R. ; Barlati , S. ; Yung , AR. ; Howes , O. ; Stieglitz , RD. ; Vita , A. ; McGuire , P. ; Borgwardt , Stefan ( Jun 2012 ) . `` Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis : a meta - analysis '' . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 69 ( 6 ) : 562 -- 71 . doi : 10.1001 / archgenpsychiatry. 2011.1592 . PMID 22664547 . Jump up ^ Billeke , P. ; Boardman , S. ; Doraiswamy , P. ( December 2013 ) . `` Social cognition in major depressive disorder : A new paradigm ? '' . Translational Neuroscience. 4 ( 4 ) : 437 -- 447 . doi : 10.2478 / s13380 - 013 - 0147 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mazzocco , M.M.M. ; Baumgardner , Thomas ; Freund , Lisa S. ; Reiss , Allan L. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Social Functioning Among Girls with Fragile X or Turner Syndrome and Their Sisters '' . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 28 ( 6 ) : 509 -- 17 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026000111467 . PMID 9932237 . Jump up ^ Schechter , D.S. ; Willheim , E. ; Hinojosa , C. ; Scholfield - Kleinman , K. ; Turner , J.B. ; McCaw , J. ; Zeanah , C.H. ; Myers , M.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Subjective and objective measures of parent - child relationship dysfunction , child separation distress , and joint attention '' . Psychiatry : Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 73 ( 2 ) : 130 -- 44 . doi : 10.1521 / psyc. 2010.73. 2.130 . PMID 20557225 . Jump up ^ Stone , V.E. ; Gerrans , P. ( 2006 ) . `` What 's domain - specific about theory of mind '' . Social Neuroscience. 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 309 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910601029221 . PMID 18633796 . Jump up ^ Bremner , J.G. ( 1994 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Social Development '' . Infancy . pp. 182 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 14809 - 4 ... Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Social cognition Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Fiske , S.T. ( 2004 ) . Social beings : A core motives approach to social psychology . New York : Wiley . Fiske , S.T. & Taylor , S.E. ( 2008 ) . Social Cognition : From Brains to Culture . New York : McGraw - Hill . Malle , B. ( 2004 ) . How the mind explains behavior : Folk explanations , meaning , and social interaction . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . Malle , B. & Hodges , S.D. ( 2005 ) . Other Minds : How Humans Bridge the Divide Between Self and Others . New York : Guilford Press . Valsiner , J. , Social organization of cognitive development , Internalization and externalization of constraint systems , In Demetriou , et al. , ( 1992 , eds . ) , Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development . New York , Routledge . Marilynn B. Brewer , Miles Hewstone. 2004 . Social Cognition : Perspectives on Social Psychology . Publisher John Wiley & Sons , 2004 . ISBN 1405110708 , 9781405110709 Ngaire Donaghue , Iain Walker , Martha Augoustinos. 2006 . Social Cognition : An Integrated Introduction . Publisher - Pine Forge Press . ISBN 0761942181 , 9780761942184 Ziva Kunda. 1999 . Social Cognition : Making Sense of People . Publisher MIT Press . ISBN 0262611430 , 9780262611435 Dona Pennington. 2000 . Social Cognition ; Routledge Modular Psychology . Publisher - Routledge . ISBN 0415217059 , 9780415217057 Herbert Bless. 2004 . Social Cognition : How Individuals Construct Reality : Social Psychology . Publisher - Psychology Press . ISBN 0863778291 , 9780863778292 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_cognition&oldid=849637720 '' Categories : Behavioral concepts Cognitive science Cognition Enactive cognition Social learning theory Social psychology Social philosophy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the processes that underlie our understanding of the social world is known as	[ "Social cognition is \"a sub-topic of social psychology that focuses on how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It focuses on the role that cognitive processes play in social interactions.\"[1]\n" ]	[ "Social cognition" ]
-8062758843814595853	Burberry	Burberry - Wikipedia Burberry Jump to : navigation , search Burberry Group Type Public company Traded as LSE : BRBY FTSE 100 Component Industry Fashion Founded 1856 ; 161 years ago ( 1856 ) ( Basingstoke , England ) Founder Thomas Burberry Headquarters London , United Kingdom Number of locations 498 ( May 2016 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Sir John Peace ( Chairman ) Marco Gobbetti ( CEO ) Christopher Bailey ( fashion designer ) Christopher Paul Bailey ( CEO and Chief Creative Officer ) Products Clothing Accessories Perfumes Cosmetics Revenue £ 2,514.7 million ( 2016 ) Operating income £ 402.9 million ( 2016 ) Net income £ 314.6 million ( 2016 ) Total assets £ 7.7 billion ( US $11 billion ) ( 2017 ) Website uk.burberry.com Burberry Group PLC is a British luxury fashion house headquartered in London , England . Its main fashion house focuses on and distributes trench coats ( for which it is most famous ) , ready - to - wear outerwear , fashion accessories , fragrances , sunglasses , and cosmetics . Established in 1856 by Thomas Burberry , originally focusing on the development of outdoor attire , the fashion house has moved onto the high fashion market developing and creation of the first of its kind fabric called Gabardine , which is completely breathable and waterproof , exclusively made for the brand . Developing 45 - degrees unique pattern - based scarves , trench coats , and other fashion accessories . The first shop opened in the Haymarket , London , in 1891 . Burberry was an independent family - controlled company until 1955 , when it was reincorporated . Its distinctive check pattern has become one of its most widely copied trademarks . Burberry has branded stores and franchises around the world and sells through concessions in third - party stores . Its coats were worn in the trenches during the First World War by British soldiers , and for decades thereafter Burberry became so much a part of British culture that Queen Elizabeth II and the Prince of Wales have granted the company Royal Warrants . Christopher Bailey has been the Chief Creative Officer since 2014 , while also the CEO until November 2017 . The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . In 2015 , Burberry ranked 73rd in Interbrand 's Best Global Brands report , ahead of Ralph Lauren and Hugo Boss . Burberry has more than 500 stores in over 50 countries . More than over 100 years passed before Burberry trench coats began to be made in more than two different colours : khaki ( dust - coloured ) and black . From 2015 trench coats for men as well as women have started have been available worldwide in new colours : red , white , and honey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years , 19th century 1.2 20th century 1.2. 1 Influences and rise to prominence 1.3 21st century 2 Stores 3 Brand designs 4 Products 5 Selected gallery 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Early years , 19th century ( edit ) Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21 - year - old Thomas Burberry , a former draper 's apprentice , opened his own store in Basingstoke , Hampshire , England . By 1870 , the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire . In 1879 , Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine , a hardwearing , water - resistant yet breathable fabric , in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving . `` Burberry '' was the original name until it became `` Burberrys '' , due to many customers from around the world began calling it `` Burberrys of London '' . In 1999 , the name was reverted to the original , `` Burberry '' . However , the name `` Burberrys of London '' is still visible on many older Burberry products . In 1891 , Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket , London . Before being termed as trench , it was known as the Tielocken worn by the British officers and featured a belt with no buttons , was double breasted , and protected the body from neck to knees . 20th century ( edit ) Former Burberry headquarters on the Haymarket , built 1913 In 1901 , the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word `` Prorsum '' , meaning forwards , and later registered it as a trademark in 1909 . In 1911 the company became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen , the first man to reach the South Pole , and Ernest Shackleton , who led a 1914 expedition to cross Antarctica . A Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his attempt on Mount Everest in 1924 . Adapted to meet the needs of military personnel , the `` trench coat '' was born during the First World War due to its being worn by British officers in the trenches . After the war , it became popular with civilians . The iconic Burberry check has been in use since at least the 1920s , primarily as a lining in its trench coats . Burberry also specially designed aviation garments . In 1937 , A.E. Clouston and Betty Kirby - Green broke the world record for the fastest return flight from London to Cape Town in The Burberry airplane that was sponsored by the brand . Burberry was an independent family - controlled company until 1955 , when Great Universal Stores ( GUS ) assumed ownership . Influences and rise to prominence ( edit ) Stars of the modern world began wearing the Burberrys brand . During the 1970s and 1980s , Burberry signed agreements with worldwide manufacturers to produce complementary products to the existing British collection such as suits , trousers , shirts , sportswear , accessories , for men , ladies , and children . These products , designed under the strict control of headquarters in London , were produced and distributed through independent retail stores worldwide as well as the Burberry stores , and contributed to the growth of the brand in sales and profits through to the late 90s , although the full extent of sales was not apparent in the parent company accounts since much was done through licensed agreements . The company had signed Lord Litchfield as photographer , Lord ( Leonard ) Wolfson was Chairman and Stanley Peacock OBE Managing Director . In 1998 , Burberrys changed their marketing name to Burberry following the retirement of the aforementioned . 21st century ( edit ) Burberry Chicago flagship store on the Magnificent Mile , built in 2012 . In May 2001 , Christopher Bailey joined Burberry as creative director . However , between 2001 and 2005 , Burberry became associated with `` chav '' and football hooligan culture . This change in the brand reputation was attributed to lower priced products , the proliferation of counterfeit goods adopting Burberry 's trademark check pattern , and adoption by celebrities prominently identified with `` chav '' culture . The association with football hooliganism led to the wearing of Burberry check garments being banned at some venues . GUS divested its remaining interest in Burberry in December 2005 . Burberry Group plc was initially floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2002 . In 2005 , Sanyo - shokai was the Burberry ready - to - wear licence holder in Japan with retail value of € 435 million . In 2006 , Rose Marie Bravo , who as Chief Executive had led Burberry to mass market success through licensing , decided to retire . She was replaced by another American , Angela Ahrendts , who joined from Liz Claiborne in January 2006 , and took up the position of CEO on 1 July 2006 . Ahrendts and Bailey successfully turned around the then Chav - like reputation that the brand had acquired at the end of Bravo 's tenure , by removing the brand 's check - pattern from all but 10 % of the company 's products and buying out the Spanish franchise that was worth 20 % of group revenues . Burberry first began selling online in the US , followed by the UK in October 2006 , and the rest of the EU in 2007 . Bailey became Chief Creative Officer in November 2009 , whilst it was reported that during 2012 Ahrendts was the highest paid CEO in the UK , making £ 16.9 m , the first time an English woman has held that title . A Burberry store in Tsim Sha Tsui , Hong Kong In October 2013 , it was announced that Ahrendts would take up the position of Senior Vice President of retail and online at Apple , Inc. from April 2014 , and be replaced as CEO by Bailey . During her tenure , sales increased to over £ 2 billion , and shares gained more than threefold to £ 7 billion . Although Burberry promotes its British connection , according to The Guardian , a British national daily newspaper , as of July 2012 , Burberry maintains two production facilities in Great Britain , one in Castleford producing raincoats , and one in Keighley . In spring 2014 , fashion designer Christopher Bailey became CEO of Burberry and retained the role as chief creative officer . His basic salary was £ 1.1 m , with total compensation of up to £ 10m a year depending on sales targets being met . In July 2016 , it was announced that Céline boss Marco Gobbetti will takeover as CEO of the FTSE 100 Company , while Christopher Bailey will become Creative Director and President . In 2016 , the label launched its `` Mr Burberry '' fragrance . In 2016 , Burberry had an increase in reported profits , with 77 percent of sales coming from Burberry 's stores . The increase was in part attributed to strong sales in Asia . In early May 2017 , the store announced it was moving 300 employees from London to Leeds . In July 2017 , Gobbetti replaced Bailey as CEO . Stores ( edit ) The number of Burberry stores on 1 May 2016 : Africa South Africa : 4 Egypt : 3 Americas United States : 63 Canada : 12 Brazil : 8 Mexico : 5 Colombia : 2 Panama : 2 Aruba : 1 Barbados : 1 Chile : 1 Asia South Korea : 62 China : 54 Japan : 39 Hong Kong : 15 Taiwan : 15 United Arab Emirates : 13 Turkey : 9 India : 7 Saudi Arabia : 6 Russia : 5 Kuwait : 4 Azerbaijan : 3 Malaysia : 3 Philippines : 3 Qatar : 3 Singapore : 3 Vietnam : 3 Indonesia : 2 Lebanon : 2 Macau : 2 Mongolia : 2 Thailand : 2 Bahrain : 2 Armenia : 1 Georgia : 1 Jordan : 1 Kazakhstan : 1 Europe United Kingdom : 23 France : 22 Italy : 17 Spain : 17 Germany : 11 Portugal : 7 Netherlands : 4 Poland : 4 Switzerland : 3 Belgium : 2 Czech Republic : 2 Denmark : 2 Sweden : 2 Austria : 1 Croatia : 1 Estonia : 1 Finland : 1 Hungary : 1 Ireland : 1 Latvia : 1 Lithuania : 1 Norway : 1 Romania : 1 Ukraine : 1 Oceania Australia : 5 Brand designs ( edit ) Burberry operates under 3 sub-brands ( 2014 ) : Burberry Prorsum . Burberry London . Burberry Brit . The dividing in three sub brands ended 2016 . Now there _́ s only the main Burberry brand . Products ( edit ) The company 's main fashion house focuses on and distributes ready - to - wear outerwear , fashion accessories , fragrances , sunglasses , and cosmetics . Selected gallery ( edit ) Burberry London Store on Bond Street Burberry scarf with check pattern The Burberry check A Burberry store in Recife , Brazil References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Burberry . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-markets/stocks/summary/company-summary-chart.html?fourWayKey=GB0031743007GBGBXSET1 Jump up ^ `` 2014 Best Global Brands '' . Interbrand . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Interbrand . `` Rankings - 2015 - Best Global Brands - Best Brands - Interbrand '' . interbrand.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Burberry Store Fashion . `` Store locator '' . burberry.com . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burberry History '' . Burberryplc.com . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Chastain , Sue ( 4 December 1985 ) . `` Trenchant coat cuffs may fray and buttons may pop but a true believer wo n't abandon his Burberry '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 40 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mallory and Irvine : Should we solve Everest 's mystery ? '' . BBC . 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Burberry Comet ( G - ACSS ) Racer Project '' . Key Publishing Ltd. 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Burberry '' . 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Colin ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` Christopher Bailey : Burberry 's golden boy '' . The Times . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Dolly ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` All Hail Bailey '' . Vogue . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Claire ( 28 October 2005 ) . `` Burberry versus The Chavs '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ostler , Catherine ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` As Romeo Beckham stars in their new ad , how Burberry went from chic to chav to chic again '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Finch , Julia ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` GUS shareholders to receive Burberry cheque '' . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Richard ( 18 January 2011 ) . `` How Burberry was kept in check at GUS '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Chevalier , Michel ( 2012 ) . Luxury Brand Management . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 17176 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo move to quit puts Burberry shares out of fashion '' . The Telegraph . 7 October 2005 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Business Forum 2011 : Home '' . hsmglobal.com . Archived from the original on 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hass , Nancy ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Earning Her Stripes '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Burberry Story Styl.sh . Retrieved 31 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Shop on line '' . Uk.burberry.com. 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Petroff , Alanna ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Top paid CEO in U.K. is an American woman '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Becky ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` The 17 million FTST Queen - Burberry boss tops chief executive earning list '' . London : www.dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Marfil , Lorelei ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Angela Ahrendts Named Honorary DBE '' . WWD . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Burberry Designer Bailey to Become CEO as Ahrendts Goes to Apple '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Carole Cadwalladr . `` The hypocrisy of Burberry 's ' Made in Britain ' appeal '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Burberry shareholders vote against remuneration report '' . BBC News . 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Paton , Elizabeth . `` Burberry C.E.O. to Step Down , Ending Dual - Role Experiment at Helm '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vandevelde , Mark ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Burberry sales rise as Bailey bows out as chief executive '' . Financial Times . United Kingdom . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fragrance and Beauty to be Directly Operated Retrieved 6 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burberry . Official website Official Burberry Group plc corporate website Designer labels Etienne Aigner Ace Marks Akris Armani Max Azria Badgley Mischka Victoria Beckham Laura Biagiotti Manolo Blahnik Ozwald Boateng Tory Burch Ally Capellino Cavalli Jimmy Choo Kenneth Cole Brunello Cucinelli S.T. Dupont Dolce & Gabbana Adolfo Domínguez Dean and Dan Caten Escada Etro Fendi Fiorucci Tom Ford Diane von Fürstenberg Jean Paul Gaultier Gucci Daniel Hechter Herrera Tommy Hilfiger Marc Jacobs Donna Karan Kenzo Calvin Klein Michael Kors Lacroix Lacoste Karl Lagerfeld Helmut Lang Lardini Guy Laroche Levi 's Ralph Lauren Judith Leiber Nanette Lepore Monique Lhuillier Phillip Lim Dan Liu Christian Louboutin Léo Marciano Maison Margiela Lana Marks Stella McCartney Carlos Miele Issey Miyake Missoni Moschino Mouawad Thierry Mugler Mulberry Maria Pinto Zac Posen Prada Emilio Pucci Paco Rabanne Billy Reid Sonia Rykiel Elie Saab SabyaSachi Proenza Schouler Paul Smith Kate Spade Anna Sui Elie Tahari Valentino Giambattista Valli Kris Van Assche John Varvatos Versace Viktor & Rolf Alexander Wang Vera Wang Vivienne Westwood Jason Wu Wooyoungmi Giuseppe Zanotti Rachel Zoe Selected Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family By Appointment to HM The Queen Abels Moving Services Ainsworths Angostura Limited AkzoNobel Autoglym Axminster Carpets Bendicks Bentley Motors Bollinger Britvic BT Burberry Cadbury Carphone Warehouse Castrol Charbonnel et Walker DAKS DHL Express Dorma Ede & Ravenscroft Fortnum & Mason Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes H.P. Bulmer Henry Poole & Co J. Barbour and Sons James Purdey and Sons Jaguar Cars John Lewis John Lobb Land Rover Louis Roederer Mappin & Webb Martini & Rossi Minky Molton Brown Moët & Chandon Nestlé Procter & Gamble UK Richer Sounds Roberts Radio Ryvita Schweppes Spode Steinway & Sons Tanqueray Twinings Unilever UK Vauxhall Motors Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Waitrose Weetabix Wilkin & Sons William Drake Wolsey Worcestershire Medal Service By Appointment to HRH The Duke of Edinburgh Boots Opticians DAKS Ede & Ravenscroft Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes Hatchards Holland & Holland J. Barbour and Sons James Purdey and Sons John Lobb Land Rover Lyle & Scott Penhaligon 's Truefitt & Hill By Appointment to HRH The Prince of Wales Ainsworths Aston Martin Autoglym Bentley Motors Burberry Crabtree & Evelyn DAKS Ede & Ravenscroft Frank Smythson Gieves & Hawkes Holland & Holland J. Barbour and Sons Jaguar Cars James Purdey and Sons John Lobb Land Rover Laphroaig Linn Products Minky Penhaligon 's Peter Jones Ritz Hotel Roberts Radio Shepherd Neame Taylors of Harrogate Turnbull & Asser Vauxhall Motors Waitrose Weetabix Winsor & Newton Commons FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom → FTSE 250 3i Admiral Group Anglo American Antofagasta Ashtead Group Associated British Foods AstraZeneca Aviva BAE Systems BHP BP Babcock International Barclays Barratt Developments Berkeley Group Holdings British American Tobacco British Land BT Group Bunzl Burberry Carnival Centrica Coca - Cola HBC Compass Group ConvaTec CRH Croda International DCC Diageo Direct Line Group easyJet Experian Ferguson Fresnillo G4S GKN GlaxoSmithKline Glencore Hammerson Hargreaves Lansdown HSBC Imperial Brands Informa InterContinental Hotels Group International Airlines Group Intertek ITV Johnson Matthey Kingfisher Land Securities Group Legal & General Lloyds Banking Group London Stock Exchange Group Marks & Spencer Mediclinic International Merlin Entertainments Micro Focus International Mondi Morrisons National Grid Next NMC Health Old Mutual Paddy Power Betfair Pearson Persimmon Prudential Randgold Resources Royal Bank of Scotland Reckitt Benckiser RELX Group Rentokil Initial Rio Tinto Group Rolls - Royce Royal Dutch Shell RSA Insurance Group Sage Group J Sainsbury Schroders Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Segro Severn Trent Shire Sky Smith & Nephew Smiths Group Smurfit Kappa SSE Standard Chartered Standard Life Aberdeen St. James 's Place Taylor Wimpey Tesco TUI Unilever United Utilities Vodafone Whitbread Worldpay WPP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burberry&oldid=808951825 '' Categories : Clothing brands of the United Kingdom Clothing companies of the United Kingdom Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom Clothing companies of England Clothing companies based in London Clothing retailers of England High fashion brands Fashion accessory brands Luxury brands Companies based in London British companies established in 1856 Clothing companies established in 1856 1856 establishments in England British Royal Warrant holders British brands Youth culture in the United Kingdom Eyewear brands of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 06 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between burberry and burberrys	[]	[]
-8349416782185923666	History of the St. Louis Rams	History of the St. Louis Rams - wikipedia History of the St. Louis Rams Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St. Louis Rams Established 1995 Ended 2015 Played in St. Louis , Missouri Headquartered in Earth City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- 2015 ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- 2015 ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Uniform Team colors Millenium Blue , New Century Gold , White Mascot Ramster ( 1995 ) Rampage ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Georgia Frontiere ( 1995 -- 2008 ) Chip Rosenbloom ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Lucia Rodriguez ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Stan Kroenke ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chairman Stan Kroenke ( 1995 -- 2010 ) Chip Rosenbloom ( 2010 -- 2015 ) General manager Steve Ortmayer ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Charley Armey ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Jay Zygmunt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Billy Devaney ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Les Snead ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Head coach Rich Brooks ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Mike Martz ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Joe Vitt ( 2005 ) Scott Linehan ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Jim Haslett ( 2008 ) Steve Spagnuolo ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Jeff Fisher ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Team history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 1942 , 1944 -- 1945 ) Suspended operations ( 1943 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 1994 , 2016 -- present ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Team nicknames The Greatest Show on Turf ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Championships League championships ( 1 ) 1999 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1999 , 2001 Division championships ( 3 ) NFC West : 1999 , 2001 , 2003 Playoff appearances ( 5 ) NFL : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Home fields Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) The Dome at America 's Center ( 1995 -- 2015 ) This article is part of series of Rams NFL franchise history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 45 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 94 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 2016 -- present ) List of seasons The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis , Missouri , as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons . The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995 , which had been without a National Football League ( NFL ) team since the Cardinals moved to Phoenix , Arizona , in 1988 . The Rams ' first home game in St. Louis was at Busch Memorial Stadium against the New Orleans Saints on September 10 , 1995 , before the Trans World Dome ( later the Edward Jones Dome , and now known as The Dome at America 's Center ) was completed for their November 12 game against the Carolina Panthers . Their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17 , 2015 , which they won , 31 -- 23 . The Rams ' last game as a St. Louis - based club was on January 3 , 2016 , against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi 's Stadium , where they lost in overtime 19 -- 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Cardinals move to Arizona and begin new approach 1.2 The move to Anaheim 1.3 1990 -- 94 : Frontiere 's end game for the L.A. Rams 2 First years ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 3 1999 -- 2001 : The Greatest Show on Turf 3.1 1999 : Second Super Bowl appearance and Super Bowl champions 3.2 2000 : Wild card loss 3.3 2001 : Third Super Bowl appearance 4 2002 -- 14 : Struggles 4.1 2005 -- 10 : Playoff drought 4.2 2010 -- 14 : Sam Bradford & Jeff Fisher 5 Nick Foles and the final season in St. Louis 6 Stadium problems ; return relocation to Los Angeles 6.1 Stadium issues in St. Louis 6.1. 1 City of Champions Revitilization Initiative ; Los Angeles Entertainment Center 6.1. 2 Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings 7 Records 7.1 Key 7.2 Seasons 8 Notable players 8.1 Retired numbers 8.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 9 See also 10 External references 11 References 12 Bibliography Origins ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Cleveland Rams and History of the Los Angeles Rams Cardinals move to Arizona and begin new approach ( edit ) Further information : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) For 22 of their 28 years the St. Louis Cardinals called Busch Memorial Stadium home after it opened in 1966 , after spending their first six years in St. Louis at Sportsman 's Park ; they shared both stadiums with the baseball team of the same name . But the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals , combined with stadium issues , caused game attendance to dwindle . And once again the Bidwills , the family that owned the Cardinals , decided to move the team . ( They had moved the team from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960 . ) The cities they looked at included Baltimore , Phoenix , New York City , and Jacksonville . Nonetheless , Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team , and Bill Bidwill , fearing for his safety , stayed away from several of the 1987 home games . Their last home game was on December 13 , 1987 , in which the Cardinals won 27 -- 24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon . Not long after the 1987 season , Bidwill agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a handshake deal with state and local officials , and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals . They planned to play at Arizona State University 's Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a temporary basis while a new stadium was being built . Unfortunately for the Cardinals , the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium , forcing the Cardinals to play at Arizona State for 18 years . The move to Anaheim ( edit ) Prior to the Rams ' 1979 Super Bowl season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident . His widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 % ownership of the team . Frontiere fired her step - son , Steve Rosenbloom , and assumed total control of the franchise . As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenbloom 's death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The move was necessitated in part by the fact that the Coliseum was difficult to sell out because of its abnormally large seating capacity ( 100,000 ) , subjecting the team to the league 's local - market TV blackout rule , whenever home games did not sell out . Also , Southern California 's population patterns were changing ; there was rapid growth in L.A. 's affluent suburbs ( e.g. , greater Orange County ) and a decline in the city of Los Angeles ' citizenship and earning power . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise . To accommodate the Rams ' move , the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football . In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders ( now the Oakland Raiders ) . The combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams ' traditional fan base to be split between two teams . Making matters even worse , at this time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field , while the Raiders were thriving -- even winning Super Bowl XVIII in 1983 . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the 1982 - 83 NHL playoffs . 1990 -- 94 : Frontiere 's end game for the L.A. Rams ( edit ) Although it was not apparent at the time , the Rams ' loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era . The Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles for the remainder of the century , and beyond . The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10 - loss ( or worse ) seasons , no playoff appearances and waning fan interest . The return of Chuck Knox as head coach ( after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks ) would not boost the Rams ' fortunes . Knox 's run - oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampese 's tenure in 1993 . General manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent . The offensive scheme was not only unspectacular to watch , but dull by 1990s standards -- further alienating fans . One bright spot for the offense during this time would be running back Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knox 's offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . Georgia Frontiere attempted to relocate the Rams to Baltimore , but her fellow owners turned that proposal down . Frontiere then sought to relocate the team to St. Louis . This move was initially voted down as well . The other owners ( led by Buffalo 's Ralph Wilson , the Jets ' Leon Hess , the Giants ' Wellington Mara , Washington 's Jack Kent Cooke , Arizona 's Bill Bidwill and Minnesota 's John Skoglund ) believed that the Rams ' financial problems were caused by the Frontieres ' mismanagement . When Frontiere threatened to sue the league , commissioner Paul Tagliabue acquiesced to Frontiere 's demands . As part of the relocation deal , the city of St. Louis agreed to build a taxpayer - financed stadium , the Trans World Dome , and guaranteed that the stadium 's amenities would be maintained in the top 25 % of all NFL stadiums . Frontiere waived the clause after a 10 - year threshold period passed , as the city implemented a later plan to improve the stadium . The move left many in the Los Angeles area , and many of those indifferent to the whole situation , embittered toward the NFL . That sentiment was best expressed by actor and ex-Ram Fred Dryer , who at the time said `` I hate these people ( the organization and its owner ) for what they did , taking the Rams logo with them when they moved to St. Louis . That logo belonged to Southern California . '' Steve Rosenbloom , general manager of the team during his father 's tenure as owner , opined that teams come and go , but for a team to leave Los Angeles -- the second largest media market in America -- for St. Louis ( approximately the 18th - largest ) was simply irresponsible and foolish , in spite of the notoriously fickle support of Los Angeles fans . With the Raiders moving from L.A. back to Oakland only a few months later , the NFL would have no franchise in Los Angeles for two decades , although the Coliseum was used for professional football in 2001 by the Los Angeles Xtreme of the now - defunct XFL . First years ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) While the Rams dealt with stadium concerns in Los Angeles , efforts were under way to regain an NFL franchise in St. Louis to play in a new domed stadium slated to open in 1995 . First , Anheuser - Busch scion Jim Orthwein tried , and ultimately failed , to move the New England Patriots to St. Louis . Then , despite being heavily favored along with Charlotte to win an expansion team , St. Louis lost to a group from Jacksonville , Florida . So certain , in fact , did it appear that St. Louis would gain an expansion franchise , that the team had a name selected -- the Stallions -- and T - shirts with the team 's logo were made very briefly available for sale at a number of St. Louis area sports shops . Just before moving to St. Louis , the Rams fired Knox and hired Rich Brooks , longtime successful football coach at the University of Oregon , to replace him . The team played its first several games in St. Louis at Busch Stadium ( the home of the NFL 's St. Louis Cardinals from 1966 until 1987 ) as work was finished on their new home , the Trans World Dome . Brooks jettisoned Knox 's run - oriented scheme in favor of a powerful air attack . Bettis all but disappeared from the offense , rushing for only 637 yards . Despite this , the Rams started off well , getting off to a 5 -- 1 start . However , a 44 -- 10 thumping by the 49ers in the last game at Busch Stadium sent the team into a downward spiral , and they ultimately finished 7 -- 9 -- still the closest they came to contention since 1989 . Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the season was that veteran offensive lineman and future Hall of Famer Jackie Slater played his 20th and final season with the team in its new St. Louis location . The next three years would largely be a repeat of the Rams ' last five years in Los Angeles . The team drafted highly touted Nebraska running back Lawrence Phillips with the sixth overall pick in the 1996 NFL Draft , making Bettis expendable . Bettis would be traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers in exchange for draft picks , a move now seen as one of the most lopsided trades in professional sports history , strongly favoring the Steelers . After regressing to 6 -- 10 in 1996 , Brooks was replaced by Dick Vermeil . Vermeil had enjoyed success as the head coach of UCLA ( where he won a Rose Bowl ) and the Philadelphia Eagles , whom he had led to Super Bowl XV . However , Vermeil left the Eagles after an unsuccessful 1982 season , claiming burnout , and proceeded to spend much of the next decade and a half as a college football commentator for ABC Sports . Vermeil 's first two seasons as Rams coach were as unsuccessful as many of the preceding seasons . Phillips was cut from the team mid-season in 1997 , cementing his status as a draft bust . The Rams ' struggles continued in 1998 , with the team nearing the end of a decade in which it compiled a dismal winning percentage that exceeded only that of the Cincinnati Bengals among NFL teams . 1999 -- 2001 : the Greatest show on Turf ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Show on Turf 1999 : second Super Bowl appearance and Super Bowl champions ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 1999 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 1999 -- 2000 NFL playoffs and Super Bowl XXXIV Finally in 1999 , there appeared to be reason for hope as the Rams obtained quarterback Trent Green and running back Marshall Faulk in two separate trades . But in the preseason Green would blow out his anterior cruciate ligament and miss the entire season . A tearful Vermeil vowed that the Rams would `` play good football '' behind Green 's backup , a 28 - year - old former Arena Football League Iowa Barnstormers and NFL Europe Amsterdam Admirals player named Kurt Warner . However , most observers believed Green 's injury set up the Rams for another long season of failure . Indeed , ESPN Magazine had predicted that the Rams would finish with the worst record in the league ( even below that of the expansion Cleveland Browns ) . Warner 's unexpected success was perhaps the biggest story of the 1999 NFL season . He proved to be the catalyst that would spark an explosive offense nicknamed `` The Greatest Show on Turf '' , capturing the NFL MVP award at season 's end . Green went on to become one of the most productive quarterbacks in the league after being acquired by Kansas City in 2001 . The 1999 NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award would go to Faulk . The 1999 St. Louis Rams were also noted for a colorful celebration conducted by their offensive players in the end zone after scoring a touchdown . The celebration , which involved a group of players standing in a circle and swaying their arms as a football spun like a top in the center of the circle , was known as the `` Bob ' N Weave . '' This type of `` premeditated and prolonged '' display was shortly thereafter subject to `` excessive celebration '' penalties installed by the league . After finishing the 1999 season 13 - 3 ( the franchise 's second - best regular season record ) , the Rams started out the playoffs by defeating the Minnesota Vikings 49 -- 37 to achieve their first NFC championship game since 1989 . The opponent would be the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , who proved successful in shutting down the Rams ' vaunted offense . Still , the Rams managed to win the game 11 - 6 , with the one touchdown coming on Warner 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl , who made an amazing one - handed catch . Proehl , a 10 - year NFL veteran who was in the playoffs for the first time in his NFL career , said after the game `` There are a lot of people who say there are 500 Ricky Proehls out there . I beg to differ . '' The Rams ' opponent in Super Bowl XXXIV would be the Tennessee Titans , who , like the Rams , had recently relocated from a major metropolis ( Houston , Texas ) to a mid-sized city ( Nashville , Tennessee ) . In a game that many consider the best Super Bowl ever , Tennessee played the Rams tough throughout , achieving a 16 - 16 tie with 2 : 12 left on an Al Del Greco field goal . On the next drive , Warner , who had been a clutch performer all season long , came through once again , connecting with Isaac Bruce for a 73 - yard touchdown pass on the first play of the drive to give the Rams a 23 - 16 lead with 1 : 53 to play . Tennessee then mounted a desperate , last - minute drive , reaching the St. Louis 10 - yard line with six seconds left and no timeouts . Titans quarterback Steve McNair threw to Kevin Dyson on a slant . Dyson caught the pass at the 3 - yard line but was stopped in a play known as `` The Tackle '' ; Rams linebacker Mike Jones brought Dyson down just 18 inches shy of the goal line , ending the game and giving the Rams and coach Dick Vermeil their first Super Bowl victory . Warner was named Super Bowl MVP . Following the Rams ' Super Bowl victory , Vermeil retired from football ( though he came back in 2001 as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs ) and was replaced by offensive coordinator ( and apprentice ) Mike Martz . 2000 : Wild Card loss ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2000 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 2000 -- 01 NFL playoffs In Mike Martz 's first year as Rams head coach , the defending - champion Rams started the season by winning their first six games as they went 7 -- 1 in the first half of the season . However , their season started getting ugly . They went 3 -- 5 during the last half of the season , including a three - game skid . They still managed to get into the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record and the NFC 's # 6 seed , but had to face the NFC West champion New Orleans Saints , the # 3 seed , in the Wild Card round . Playing at the Louisiana Superdome , the Rams ' 24th - ranked defense yielded New Orleans a 31 - 7 lead , but the Rams valiantly fought back , scoring three straight touchdowns . However , the comeback fell short as the Saints triumphed 31 - 28 , the first playoff win in New Orleans franchise history . 2001 : third Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2001 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs and Super Bowl XXXVI In 2001 , the `` Max Q '' Rams went 14 - 2 ( including a spectacular 8 - 0 on the road ) , led not only by a sensational offense ( their third straight year of scoring 500 or more points ) , but a good defense as well , coached by Lovie Smith and led by Adam Archuleta . After easily handling Green Bay in the divisional playoffs , the Rams fought off a pesky Philadelphia Eagles team 29 - 24 to reach their second Super Bowl in three seasons . Their opponents in Super Bowl XXXVI would be the New England Patriots who , much as the Rams had had two years previous , had enjoyed a Cinderella playoff run , highlighted by a dramatic and controversial 16 - 13 divisional playoff win against the Oakland Raiders . The talent - laden Rams appeared to be primed to become the first pro football dynasty of the 21st century . However , despite being a 14 - point favorite , the Rams were dominated by the Patriots for most of the game . The Patriots chipped the Rams wideouts and running backs , disrupting their precision passing patterns . They also beat up Kurt Warner , forcing him into uncharacteristic mistakes , including an 47 - yard touchdown interception return by Ty Law . In the fourth quarter , the Rams mounted a comeback attempt . Two plays after an apparent game - clinching 95 - yard fumble return by the Patriots was reversed on a penalty , Kurt Warner scored on a two - yard keeper to bring the Rams to within seven points , 17 - 10 . After holding the Patriots on the next drive , the Rams were in much the same situation as they had been against Tennessee . Warner came through once again , quickly leading the Rams on a dramatic drive culminating in a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl . The extra point by Jeff Wilkins tied the game at 17 with 90 seconds left . With the Patriots holding no timeouts and the Rams having seized the momentum , overtime seemed assured . Fox Sports commentator John Madden opined that the Patriots should run out the clock to end regulation time . But quarterback Tom Brady led the Patriots down the field , completing all but one pass ( an intentional spike to stop the clock ) before Adam Vinatieri 's last - second 48 - yard field goal defeated the Rams 20 - 17 . Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 National Football League videotaping controversy , also known as `` Spygate '' . The Boston Herald reported , citing an unnamed source , that the Patriots had taped the Rams ' walkthrough practice prior to the game . After further investigation , the league determined that no tape of the Rams ' Super Bowl walkthrough was made , and the Herald later issued an apology in 2008 for the article . 2002 -- 14 : struggles ( edit ) Marc Bulger spent several seasons as the Rams quarterback . In 2002 , the Rams had a very disappointing 7 - 9 final record ( after starting out 0 - 5 ) . The silver lining was the emergence of young quarterback Marc Bulger , from West Virginia University , who , after Kurt Warner was injured , won every game in which he both started and finished . Though not as intriguing a story as Warner 's emergence in 1999 ( the season in which Trent Green was injured and Warner became the star quarterback ) , Bulger 's emergence was a highlight of the Rams ' 2002 NFL season , demonstrating Martz 's knack for developing lightly regarded or overlooked players into top - quality , productive quarterbacks . Also , the Rams gained two new divisional rivals in the NFC West thanks to a league - wide realignment that created eight new divisions of four teams each . One of these new rivals , the Arizona Cardinals , played in St. Louis from 1960 until the end of the 1987 season , and the other , the Seattle Seahawks , returned to the NFC for the first time since their inaugural 1976 season . In 2003 , Warner lost the starting job to Bulger after suffering six fumbles in the season opener against the New York Giants . Warner was released by the Rams in June 2004 and quickly signed a free agent contract with Giants , effectively ending the `` Greatest Show on Turf '' era . The 2003 season saw the Rams go 12 - 4 , winning the NFC West again . However , the Rams lost a crushing divisional - round defeat to the Carolina Panthers ( 29 - 23 in double overtime ) , who went on to become NFC champions . During the 2004 NFL Draft , the Rams used their first pick ( 24th overall ) to select running back Steven Jackson from Oregon State . The Rams began their 10th year in St. Louis at home , winning their home opener over the Arizona Cardinals 17 - 10 . They then lost the next two games : to the eventual NFC South champion Atlanta Falcons 34 - 17 , and to the New Orleans Saints at home 28 - 25 in overtime . The Rams got to 2 - 2 on the season with a 24 - 14 road victory over the San Francisco 49ers . In Week 5 , they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 33 - 27 on the road , as Bulger connected with Shaun McDonald for the 52 - yard winning score in overtime . Next came a home win over Tampa Bay , 28 - 21 before a road loss to the hapless Miami Dolphins , 31 - 14 . Following a Week 8 bye , the Rams lost to the defending champion Patriots at home 40 - 22 . The Rams then downed the Seahawks 23 - 12 but then lost their next games on the road , losing to the Buffalo Bills 37 - 17 and to the eventual NFC North champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 . The team rebounded with a 16 - 6 home win over the 49ers , but their playoff hopes continued to shrink with two more road losses , falling to the Carolina Panthers 20 - 7 and to the Cardinals 31 - 7 . At 6 - 8 , the Rams rallied for home wins against the Philadelphia Eagles ( 20 - 7 ) and the New York Jets ( 32 - 29 in overtime ) , snatching the NFC 's # 5 seed despite finishing with an 8 - 8 record . For the Wild Card round , the Rams faced the Seahawks for the third time . The visiting Rams took the lead on a 17 - yard Bulger touchdown pass to Cam Cleeland with just 2 : 11 left in regulation time and then held off the Seahawks on 4th and goal to earn a 27 - 20 victory . The Rams made NFL history by becoming the first team to go . 500 ( 8 - 8 ) in the regular season and then win a playoff game . However , St. Louis was thrashed in the divisional round by the Atlanta Falcons 47 - 17 . 2005 -- 10 : playoff drought ( edit ) The St. Louis Rams on offense during an away game against the San Francisco 49ers During the 2005 NFL Draft , the Rams used their first pick on OT Alex Barron from Florida State . They lost on the road in Week 1 to the 49ers , 28 - 25 , but rebounded with a 17 - 12 road win over Arizona and former Rams quarterback Kurt Warner . The Rams won their Week 3 home opener against the Titans 31 - 27 before dropping three straight games . In Week 5 , Martz was diagnosed with an infection in his heart , and Joe Vitt was named interim head coach . In Vitt 's first game at the helm , Bulger sprained an AC joint in a loss to Indianapolis . Replacement quarterback Jamie Martin then led the team to home victories against the Saints ( 28 - 17 ) and Jaguars ( 24 - 21 ) . After a Week 9 bye , Bulger returned but the Rams fell in Seattle 31 - 16 . The Rams next lost a rematch to the Cardinals , with Bulger suffering another shoulder injury . Against Houston , Martin was knocked out of the game with a concussion , giving rookie Ryan Fitzpatrick his first playing time in the NFL . The Rams won 33 -- 27 in overtime on a 56 - yard touchdown strike from Fitzpatrick to receiver Kevin Curtis . However , they lost their next four games . Martin and the Rams managed to end their disastrous season on a positive note , beating Dallas on the road in ESPN 's final Sunday night game . Martz was fired at season 's end . Despite having a talent - laden roster , the Rams ' front - office dysfunction had traveled from California to Missouri . With team president John Shaw remaining in Los Angeles after the relocation , president of football operations Jay Zygmunt clashed with head coach Martz , including an incident in which Zygmunt prevented the ill Martz from phoning in a play to his offensive coordinator . Poor draft choices and mediocre records began to pile up for the once - budding dynasty as the post-Martz era found the Rams in chaos . Hoping to regain control within the franchise , the Rams hired former Dolphins offensive coordinator Scott Linehan as head coach on January 19 , 2006 . On January 24 , Jim Haslett , the former head coach of the Saints , signed a three - year deal as defensive coordinator . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after having owned the team for 28 years . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale `` Chip '' Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the 0 - 4 , and Haslett took over as interim head coach for the rest of the season . In late December , Shaw and Zygmunt both resigned and Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager . Middle linebacker James Laurinaitis Steve Spagnuolo was named head coach in January 2009 . Spagnuolo had masterminded the Giants ' defensive scheme that shut down the previously undefeated New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII . As the 2009 season began , conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh put in an offer to buy the Rams , but his controversial televised comments about Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb in 2003 led the league to force Limbaugh to drop his plans . In spite of his success with the Giants , Spagnuolo 's first season as Rams head coach was terribly disappointing as the team went 1 - 15 , beginning with a shutout at the hands of the Seahawks . The team 's lone victory came in Week 8 over the 2 - 14 Detroit Lions . However , Spagnuolo was not fired after his poor first season . On May 31 , 2009 , the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes estimated the team 's value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then - minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60 % of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , would later acquire the Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in the same market . At the time of purchase , Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir ( d / b / a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) , owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and Avalanche ) and Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFL 's cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved Kroenke as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , the Avalanche , the Pepsi Center and the Altitude to his son Josh . Rams ' all - time leading rusher running back Steven Jackson 2010 -- 14 : Sam Bradford & Jeff Fisher ( edit ) Sam Bradford became the quarterback of the Rams in 2010 . For having the NFL 's worst record at 1 - 15 in 2009 , the Rams earned the # 1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft and used it to acquire University of Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford . Bradford was the main focus of the 2010 offseason . In order to make room for the new QB , Keith Null and several other unproductive players were cut from the roster . The Rams lost their season opener against the Cardinals with Bradford throwing three interceptions , including one on the last play of the game . They recorded their first win by beating Washington and ending a 14 - game home - losing streak in Week 3 . In Week 4 , the Rams ended a 10 - game losing streak against Seattle , 20 - 3 . After being trounced 44 - 6 by Detroit , they returned home in Week 6 to beat San Diego 20 - 17 . Bradford continued to show promise through the season despite struggling from his inexperience . Despite a 7 - 8 record , the Rams had a chance to win the NFC West when they traveled to 6 - 9 Seattle for a prime - time matchup . However , the Seahawks won the game and the division , 16 - 6 . Bradford went on to win the 2010 Offensive Rookie of the Year award . The 2011 season started disastrously , with the Rams opening 0 - 6 , finally winning an improbable victory over the Saints in Week 8 . The team finished 2 - 14 , with their only other win being a Week 10 victory over Cleveland . Bradford missed half the season with an ankle injury , and the Rams ' offense was rated the worst in the league . At the conclusion of a poor 2011 , Spagnulo and nearly all of the coaching staff were fired except offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels , who was asked by the New England Patriots to return during the playoffs ( he had been an assistant coach there prior to his disastrous stint as Denver Broncos head coach in 2009 ) . The Rams then hired head coach Jeff Fisher , who had led the Tennessee Titans in their Super Bowl XXXIV loss to the Rams 12 years earlier . Fisher would then influence the hiring of new GM Les Snead and an all - new coaching staff including offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer and defensive coordinator Gregg Williams . Williams was eventually suspended for the entire 2012 season for his part in the Saints bounty scandal . Despite the 2011 fiasco , the Rams continued with their plans to rebuild the team around Bradford and convinced the Redskins to give up two first - round draft picks and one second - round draft pick in exchange for the Rams ' # 2 overall pick . This moved the Rams down to the # 6 pick in the 2012 NFL Draft , which they in turn traded to Dallas , but were left with an abundance of others for future use . Following the draft , they signed undrafted Oregon State punter Johnny Hekker , who would become a Pro Bowl - caliber player . The Rams started 2012 with low hopes , but the draft trade with Washington confirmed Bradford would be their quarterback of the future . The team then surprised some by starting off 3 - 2 , their first winning record since 2006 . They then lost three straight , but rebounded with a solid 4 - 4 - 1 finish , including a 24 - 24 road tie with eventual NFC champion San Francisco , to finish 7 - 8 - 1 , a five - game improvement over 2011 and an impressive 4 - 1 - 1 record in the very competitive NFC West . In 2013 , the Rams finished with a 7 - 9 record . In the 2014 season , their 20th in St. Louis , the team would again miss the playoffs with a 6 - 10 record . Bradford missed the entire 2014 season with an injury , allowing Shaun Hill and Austin Davis opportunities at quarterback . Nick Foles and the final season in St. Louis ( edit ) On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams were involved in a rare trade of starting quarterbacks as they traded Bradford along with a fifth - round pick in 2015 to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for the Eagles ' Nick Foles along with a fourth - round pick in 2015 and a second round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14 - 4 record as starter and an impressive TD - INT ratio of 46 - 17 , while Bradford had an 18 - 30 - 1 record . On the day of the 2015 draft the Rams traded Zac Stacy , the Rams ' 2013 rushing leader , for a 7th round pick to the Jets . The Rams opened their 2015 season at home against Seattle . In Foles ' Rams debut , he threw for 297 yards and a touchdown . Following the dramatic win , Foles struggled against his former divisional rival , the Redskins as the Rams lost 24 - 10 . Foles ' accuracy improved the following week but he threw no touchdowns and his first interception as a Ram against the Steelers , dropping the team to 1 - 2 . Following the two losses Foles bounced back , handing the unbeaten Cardinals their first loss of the season . After that game , Foles ' problems with turnovers from 2014 started to show , as he completed 11 passes out of 30 for 141 yards , 1 touchdown , and a career - high 4 interceptions against the Green Bay Packers . On November 16 , Foles was benched in favor of Case Keenum , who would start the remainder of the season . Leading the team through their turbulence was rookie RB Todd Gurley . Gurley was drafted 10th overall in the 2015 NFL Draft . Gurley , who tore his ACL his November 2014 , saw his rehabilitation go ahead of schedule and during the team 's preseason , while he did not play , he practiced without pads on . Soon after , Gurley was medically cleared for full contact by St. Louis team physicians . On Sept 27 , 2015 , he made his NFL debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was eased into action and finished the game with 6 rushes for 9 yards . The following week , the Rams visited undefeated Arizona for an NFC west divisional matchup . Again Gurley started slow with just 2 yards at halftime , but rushed for 144 yards in the second half as the Rams edged the Cardinals 24 - 22 . The next three games against the Packers , Browns , and 49ers would see Gurley rush for at least 128 rushing yards per game . He scored his first NFL touchdown on Oct 25th , 2015 against the Cleveland Browns . With 566 yards in his first four NFL starts , Gurley became the most prolific rusher in his first four NFL games since the AFL -- NFL merger . In Week 15 , Gurley became the third rookie in Rams history to rush for 1,000 yards in a season after Jerome Bettis and Eric Dickerson in the Rams 31 - 23 victory over the Buccaneers. and in their 23 - 17 victory over the Seattle Seahawks and becoming the second Rams rookie to rush for 1,000 yards and 10 touchdowns since Eric Dickerson in 1983 . The Rams played their final home game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , on December 17 , 2015 . While the Edward Jones Dome was not at sell out capacity , a sizeable group of Rams fans attended the game , holding signs that read `` Keep the Rams in St. Louis . '' Enthusiastic chants of `` Keep the Rams '' and `` Kroenke Sucks '' were heard during and after the game . Despite offensive production from Tampa Bay , the Rams still managed a 31 - 23 victory with Case Keenum throwing for 234 yards and 2 touchdowns , Todd Gurley rushing 48 yards , Tavon Austin rushing 32 yards and a touchdown , Kenny Britt receiving for 71 yards and 1 touchdown , and Jared Cook receiving for 64 yards . The Rams offense dominated this game as well the defense also put pressure on the Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston . On December 22 , 2015 , Todd Gurley along with fellow Rams players Aaron Donald and Johnny Hekker were selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl . Gurley was one of three rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl , along with Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters and Seahawks wide receiver and kick returner Tyler Lockett . The Rams concluded their season with two road games in the West , winning 23 - 17 against the Seahawks and losing 19 - 16 in overtime against the 49ers . Overall , the team finished their final season in St. Louis with a 7 - 9 record . Stadium problems ; return relocation to Los Angeles ( edit ) Main article : Edward Jones Dome § Future This article is part of series of Rams NFL franchise history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 45 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 94 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 2016 -- present ) List of seasons Stadium issues in St. Louis ( edit ) The Rams and the St. Louis CVC began negotiating a deal to get the Rams ' home stadium , the Edward Jones Dome , into the top 25 percent of stadiums in the league ( i.e. , top eight of 32 NFL teams , in reference to luxury boxes , amenities and overall fan experience ) . Under the terms of the lease agreement , the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005 . However , then - owner Georgia Frontiere waived this provision , in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city 's noncompliance . The City of St. Louis , in subsequent years , did make changes to the scoreboard and increased the natural lighting by replacing panels with windows , although the overall feel remained dark . The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement , thus keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty . On February 1 , 2013 , an three - panel arbitrator selected to preside over the arbitration process found that the Edward Jones Dome was not in the top 25 percent of all NFL venues , as required under the terms of the lease agreement between the Rams and the CVC . The arbitrator further found that the estimated $700 million in proposed renovations by the Rams was not unreasonable , given the terms of the lease agreement . Finally , the City of St. Louis was ordered to pay the Rams ' attorney fees which totaled a reported $2 million . Publicly , no interest was expressed by city , county and state officials in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome , in light of those entities ( and taxpayers ) continuing to owe approximately $300 million on the facility . A resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season ; therefore , with the City of St. Louis remaining in non-compliance with its obligations under the lease agreement , the Rams were free to nullify the lease and change to a year - to - year lease . Months later , the Rams scheduled a game to be played in London , violating the Edward Jones Dome 's terms of lease . City of champions revitilization initiative ; Los Angeles Entertainment Center ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park On January 31 , 2014 , both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood , California for a purchase price rumored to be between $90 million and $100 million . Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Mr. Kroenke informed the league of the purchase . As an NFL owner , any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league . Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site , in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238 - acre Hollywood Park site , Stockbridge Capital Group . This development further fueled rumors that the Rams intended to return its management and football operations to Southern California . The land had been originally intended for a Walmart Supercenter , but Walmart could not get the necessary permits to build it . Kroenke is married to Ann Walton Kroenke , who is a member of the Walton family , and many of Kroenke 's real estate deals have involved Walmart properties . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up to develop a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . The project includes a stadium of 80,000 seats , and a performance venue of 6,000 seats , while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail , 780,000 square feet of office space , 2,500 new residential units , a 300 - room hotel and 25 acres of public parks , playgrounds , open space and pedestrian and bicycle access . The stadium was projected to be ready by 2018 . In lieu of this , St. Louis countered with a stadium plan for the north riverfront area of downtown , with the hope of keeping the Rams in the city . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative , and construction began on the new stadium on December 21 , 2015 on the former Hollywood Park site . Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings ( edit ) On January 4 , 2016 , the St. Louis Rams filed for relocation to move to the Los Angeles area for the 2016 NFL season . They were among three teams ( the others being the Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers ) that had filed for relocation to Los Angeles . All three franchises had previously played in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Weeks later , the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 to decide which teams , if any , would win relocation rights to Los Angeles . A few days before the scheduled owners meeting , Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the Rams and Chargers share Stan Kroenke 's Los Angeles Entertainment Center . This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings . During the Los Angeles meeting , the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities , which consists of six NFL owners , favored the Carson project over the Rams ' Inglewood project . However , in the first round of voting , the Inglewood proposal got the greater amount of votes ( 21 ) while the Carson project received far fewer ( 11 ) . This , however , did not meet the required threshold of 24 votes . In the second round of voting , the Inglewood proposal got 20 votes while the Carson proposal got 12 . After hours of trying to reach a compromise , the Rams succeeded and announced their relocation to Los Angeles , effectively ending the team 's 21 - year tenure in St. Louis . The Chargers organisation was given the first option to join the Rams after a year ( if they failed to reach a new stadium deal with the city of San Diego ) ; the Chargers exercised this option on January 12 , 2017 , making Los Angeles once again a two - NFL franchise city . ( If the Chargers had declined to exercise this option , then the Raiders would have had this option ) . Records ( edit ) Key ( edit ) The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list . NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth One - Game Playoff Berth Seasons ( edit ) Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties St. Louis Rams 1995 1995 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC West 3rd 6 10 0 1997 1997 NFL NFC West 5th 5 11 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC West 5th 12 0 1999 1999 NFL NFC West 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 49 -- 37 Won Conference Championship ( Buccaneers ) 11 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XXXIV ( 3 ) ( vs. Titans ) 23 -- 16 Dick Vermeil ( COY ) Kurt Warner ( MVP ) / ( SB MVP ) Marshall Faulk ( OPOY ) 2000 2000 NFL NFC West 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Saints ) 28 -- 31 Marshall Faulk ( MVP ) / ( OPOY ) 2001 2001 NFL NFC West 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 45 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 29 -- 24 Lost Super Bowl XXXVI ( vs. Patriots ) 17 -- 20 Kurt Warner ( MVP ) Marshall Faulk ( OPOY ) 2002 2002 NFL NFC West 2nd 7 9 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC West 1st 12 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 23 -- 29 ( 2OT ) NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( at Seahawks ) 27 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Falcons ) 17 -- 47 2005 2005 NFL NFC West 2nd 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 2007 2007 NFL NFC West 4th 13 0 2008 2008 NFL NFC West 4th 14 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC West 4th 15 0 NFL NFC West 2nd 7 9 0 Sam Bradford ( OROY ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC West 4th 14 0 2012 2012 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 8 2013 2013 NFL NFC West 4th 7 9 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC West 4th 6 10 0 Aaron Donald ( DROY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 9 0 Todd Gurley ( OROY ) Total 3 Division Titles 2 Conference Titles Super Bowl XXXIV win 142 193 ( regular season ) 6 0 ( playoffs ) 148 197 ( regular season and playoffs ) The St. Louis Rams have played a total of 336 Regular Season Games and 10 Playoff Games ( 346 Games ) Notable players ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Numbers that have been retired by the Rams ( Includes Players who Played in St. Louis Only ) : St. Louis Rams retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 28 Marshall Faulk RB 1999 -- 2005 78 Jackie Slater OT 1976 -- 95 80 Isaac Bruce WR 1994 -- 2007 Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) St. Louis Rams Hall of Famers No . Player Class Position ( s ) Tenure 36 Jerome Bettis 2015 RB 1993 -- 1995 76 Orlando Pace 2016 OT 1997 -- 2008 28 Marshall Faulk 2011 RB 1999 -- 2006 78 Jackie Slater 2001 OT 1976 -- 1995 13 Kurt Warner 2017 QB 1998 - 2003 See also ( edit ) History of the Cleveland Rams History of the Los Angeles Rams History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) St. Louis Gunners St. Louis All - Stars External references ( edit ) stlouisrams.com ( 2013 archive ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ T.J. Simers ( April 13 , 1995 ) . `` NFL Owners OK Rams ' Move to St. Louis '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 trades in NFL history '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomase , John ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Source : Pats Employee Filmed Rams '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Goodell : Walsh says Pats did n't have Super Bowl walk - through tape '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Apology '' . Boston Herald . 2008 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( Jan. 19 , 2006 ) . Rams to hire Miami coordinator Linehan as coach . ESPN.com . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( Jan. 23 , 2006 ) . Linehan led the Rams to a 3 -- 13 record the following year. Haslett Hired as Defensive Coordinator , Olson Offensive Coordinator Archived 2006 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... The Official Website of the St. Louis Rams . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( Jan 24 , 2006 ) . Haslett signs on as Rams defensive coordinator . ESPN.com . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Former Rams owner Frontiere dies . '' . MSNBC.com Sports . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Future ownership of Rams in doubt '' . Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeff ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Core must carry Rams through season of change '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Coats , Bill ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Shaw steps down , Devaney is promoted by St. Louis Rams '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Miklasz , Bernie ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` St. Louis Rams soon will be put up for sale '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations : # 23 St Louis Rams '' . Forbes . September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kroenke opts to try to buy Rams '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Burke , Chris ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` St. Louis Rams select Todd Gurley No. 10 in 2015 NFL draft '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Gurley sets mark for most yards in first four starts '' . `` ESPN '' . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ; Vincent , Roger ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Owner of St. Louis Rams plans to build NFL stadium in Inglewood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A. '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif . '' . KSDK . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` A return of L.A. Rams ? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The team had new logo featuring the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial for this season to honor the move to St. Louis Jump up ^ This game featured The Tackle . ^ Jump up to : 1995 - 2016 Bibliography ( edit ) Everson , Linda ( 1995 ) . St. Louis Rams Facts & Trivia . South Bend : The E.B. Houchin Company . ISBN 0 - 938313 - 13 - 4 Hession , Joseph ( 1987 ) . The Rams : Five Decades of Football . San Francisco : Foghorn Press . Hunstein , Jim ( 2000 ) . How ' Bout Them Rams ; A Guide to Rams Football History . St. Louis : Palmerston & Reed . ISBN 0 - 911921 - 62 - 1 LaBlanc , Michael L. ; with Ruby , Mary K. ( 1994 ) . Professional Sports Team Histories : Football . Detroit : Gale Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8861 - 8 Levy , Alan H. ( 2003 ) . Tackling Jim Crow , Racial Segregation in Professional Football . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Co. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1597 - 5 Littlewood , Thomas B. ( 1990 ) . Arch : A Promoter , not a Poet : The Story of Arch Ward . Ames , Iowa : Iowa State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0277 - 6 Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday , A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 MacCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Anchor Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48143 - 6 McDonough , Will ( 1994 ) . 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League . Atlanta : Turner Publishing , Inc . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 056 - 1 Peterson , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Pigskin : The Early Years of Pro Football . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507607 - 9 Ross , Charles K. ( 1999 ) . Outside the Lines : African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League . New York : New York Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 7495 - 4 Strode , Woody ; with Young , Sam ( 1990 ) . Goal Dust . Lanham , Maryland : Madison Books . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 7680 - X Sullivan , George ( 1968 ) . Pro Football 's All Time Greats . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 23 -- 28 . Willis , Chris ( 2010 ) . The Man Who Built the National Football League : Joe F. Carr . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7669 - 9 Los Angeles Rams Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 45 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads Carroll Rosenbloom John Ramsey Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Division championships ( 13 ) 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1945 1949 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 81 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold St. Louis Rams Super Bowl XXXIV champions 2 Mike Horan 9 Joe Germaine 10 Trent Green 11 Rick Tuten 13 Kurt Warner ( MVP ) 14 Jeff Wilkins 16 Paul Justin 20 Taje Allen 21 Dexter McCleon 22 Billy Jenkins 23 Devin Bush 24 Ron Carpenter 25 Robert Holcombe 26 Clifton Crosby 28 Marshall Faulk 31 Amp Lee 32 Dré Bly 33 Derrick Harris 35 Keith Lyle 36 Justin Watson 38 Rich Coady 41 Todd Lyght 42 James Hodgins 45 Jeff Robinson 50 Ryan Tucker 51 Lorenzo Styles 52 Mike Jones 54 Todd Collins 56 Charlie Clemons 57 Leonard Little 58 Mike Morton 59 London Fletcher 60 Mike Gruttadauria 61 Tom Nütten 62 Adam Timmerman 63 John Flannery 64 Andy McCollum 71 Cameron Spikes 73 Fred Miller 75 D'Marco Farr 76 Orlando Pace 77 Matt Willig 80 Isaac Bruce 81 Az - Zahir Hakim 82 Tony Horne 83 Chris Thomas 84 Ernie Conwell 86 Roland Williams 87 Ricky Proehl 88 Torry Holt 89 Chad Lewis 90 Jeff Zgonina 91 Troy Pelshak 92 Lionel Barnes 93 Kevin Carter 95 Nate Hobgood - Chittick 96 Jay Williams 98 Grant Wistrom 99 Ray Agnew Head coach : Dick Vermeil Coaches : Steve Brown John Bunting Sam Clark Frank Gansz Peter Giunta Carl Hairston Jim Hanifan Todd Howard Mike Martz John Matsko Wilbert Montgomery John Ramsdell Al Saunders Lynn Stiles Mike White Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams&oldid=804587672 '' Categories : St. Louis Rams History of the Los Angeles Rams Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the rams won the superbowl	[]	[]
8246450441913765680	List of mathematical symbols	List of mathematical symbols - wikipedia List of mathematical symbols Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of symbols used in all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to represent a constant . A mathematical concept is independent of the symbol chosen to represent it . For many of the symbols below , the symbol is usually synonymous with the corresponding concept ( ultimately an arbitrary choice made as a result of the cumulative history of mathematics ) , but in some situations , a different convention may be used . For example , depending on context , the triple bar `` ≡ '' may represent congruence or a definition . However , in mathematical logic , numerical equality is sometimes represented by `` ≡ '' instead of `` = '' , with the latter representing equality of well - formed formulas . In short , convention dictates the meaning . Each symbol is shown both in HTML , whose display depends on the browser 's access to an appropriate font installed on the particular device , and typeset as an image using TeX . Contents 1 Guide 2 Basic symbols 3 Symbols based on equality 4 Symbols that point left or right 5 Brackets 6 Other non-letter symbols 7 Letter - based symbols 7.1 Letter modifiers 7.2 Symbols based on Latin letters 7.3 Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters 8 Variations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Guide ( edit ) This list is organized by symbol type and is intended to facilitate finding an unfamiliar symbol by its visual appearance . For a related list organized by mathematical topic , see List of mathematical symbols by subject . That list also includes LaTeX and HTML markup , and Unicode code points for each symbol ( note that this article does n't have the latter two , but they could certainly be added ) . There is a Wikibooks guide for using maths in LaTeX , and a comprehensive LaTeX symbol list . It is also possible to check to see if a Unicode code point is available as a LaTeX command , or vice versa . Also note that where there is no LaTeX command natively available for a particular symbol ( although there may be options that require adding packages ) , the symbol could be added via other options , such as setting the document up to support Unicode , and entering the character in a variety of ways ( e.g. copying and pasting , keyboard shortcuts , the \ unicode ( < insertcodepoint > ) command ) as well as other options and extensive additional information . Basic symbols : Symbols widely used in mathematics , roughly through first - year calculus . More advanced meanings are included with some symbols listed here . Symbols based on equality `` = '' : Symbols derived from or similar to the equal sign , including double - headed arrows . Not surprisingly these symbols are often associated with an equivalence relation . Symbols that point left or right : Symbols , such as < and > , that appear to point to one side or another . Brackets : Symbols that are placed on either side of a variable or expression , such as x . Other non-letter symbols : Symbols that do not fall in any of the other categories . Letter - based symbols : Many mathematical symbols are based on , or closely resemble , a letter in some alphabet . This section includes such symbols , including symbols that resemble upside - down letters . Many letters have conventional meanings in various branches of mathematics and physics . These are not listed here . The See also section , below , has several lists of such usages . Letter modifiers : Symbols that can be placed on or next to any letter to modify the letter 's meaning . Symbols based on Latin letters , including those symbols that resemble or contain an X Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters e.g. ב , א , δ , Δ , π , Π , σ , Σ , Φ . Note : symbols resembling Λ are grouped with `` V '' under Latin letters . Variations : Usage in languages written right - to - left Basic symbols ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category + + ( \ displaystyle + ) addition plus ; add arithmetic 4 + 6 means the sum of 4 and 6 . 2 + 7 = 9 disjoint union the disjoint union of ... and ... set theory A + A means the disjoint union of sets A and A . A = ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) ∧ A = ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) ⇒ A + A = ( ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 6 , 1 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) , ( 8 , 2 ) , ( 9 , 2 ) , ( 10 , 2 ) ) − − ( \ displaystyle - ) subtraction minus ; take ; subtract arithmetic 36 − 11 means the subtraction of 11 from 36 . 36 − 11 = 25 negative sign negative ; minus ; the opposite of arithmetic − 3 means the additive inverse of the number 3 . − ( − 5 ) = 5 set - theoretic complement minus ; without set theory A − B means the set that contains all the elements of A that are not in B . ( ∖ can also be used for set - theoretic complement as described below . ) ( 1 , 2 , 4 ) − ( 1 , 3 , 4 ) = ( 2 ) ± ± ( \ displaystyle \ pm ) \ pm plus - minus plus or minus arithmetic 6 ± 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 − 3 . The equation x = 5 ± √ 4 , has two solutions , x = 7 and x = 3 . plus - minus plus or minus measurement 10 ± 2 or equivalently 10 ± 20 % means the range from 10 − 2 to 10 + 2 . If a = 100 ± 1 mm , then a ≥ 99 mm and a ≤ 101 mm . ∓ ∓ ( \ displaystyle \ mp ) \ mp minus - plus minus or plus arithmetic 6 ± ( 3 ∓ 5 ) means 6 + ( 3 − 5 ) and 6 − ( 3 + 5 ) . cos ( x ± y ) = cos ( x ) cos ( y ) ∓ sin ( x ) sin ( y ) . × ⋅ × ( \ displaystyle \ times ) \ times ⋅ ( \ displaystyle \ cdot ) \ cdot multiplication times ; multiplied by arithmetic 3 × 4 or 3 ⋅ 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4 . 7 ⋅ 8 = 56 dot product scalar product dot linear algebra vector algebra u ⋅ v means the dot product of vectors u and v ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) ⋅ ( 3 , 4 , − 1 ) = 6 cross product vector product cross linear algebra vector algebra u × v means the cross product of vectors u and v ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) × ( 3 , 4 , − 1 ) = i j k 5 − 1 = ( − 22 , 16 , − 2 ) placeholder ( silent ) functional analysis A means a placeholder for an argument of a function . Indicates the functional nature of an expression without assigning a specific symbol for an argument . ÷ ⁄ ÷ ( \ displaystyle \ div ) \ div / ( \ displaystyle / ) division ( Obelus ) divided by ; over arithmetic 6 ÷ 3 or 6 ⁄ 3 means the division of 6 by 3 . 2 ÷ 4 = 0.5 12 ⁄ 4 = 3 quotient group mod group theory G / H means the quotient of group G modulo its subgroup H . ( 0 , a , 2a , b , b + a , b + 2a ) / ( 0 , b ) = ( ( 0 , b ) , ( a , b + a ) , ( 2a , b + 2a ) ) quotient set mod set theory A / ~ means the set of all ~ equivalence classes in A . If we define ~ by x ~ y ⇔ x − y ∈ Z , then R / ~ = ( x + n : n ∈ Z , x ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ) . √ √ ( \ displaystyle \ surd ) \ surd x ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( x ) ) ) \ sqrt ( x ) square root ( radical symbol ) the ( principal ) square root of real numbers √ x means the nonnegative number whose square is x . √ 4 = 2 complex square root the ( complex ) square root of complex numbers If z = r exp ( iφ ) is represented in polar coordinates with − π < φ ≤ π , then √ z = √ r exp ( iφ / 2 ) . √ − 1 = i ∑ ∑ ( \ displaystyle \ sum ) \ sum summation sum over ... from ... to ... of calculus ∑ k = 1 n a k ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( a_ ( k ) ) ) means a 1 + a 2 + ⋯ + a n ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n ) ) . ∑ k = 1 4 k 2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) = 1 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ^ ( 2 ) + 3 ^ ( 2 ) + 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 ) ∫ ∫ ( \ displaystyle \ int ) \ int indefinite integral or antiderivative indefinite integral of - OR - the antiderivative of calculus ∫ f ( x ) dx means a function whose derivative is f . ∫ x 2 d x = x 3 3 + C ( \ displaystyle \ int x ^ ( 2 ) dx = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + C ) definite integral integral from ... to ... of ... with respect to calculus ∫ f ( x ) dx means the signed area between the x-axis and the graph of the function f between x = a and x = b . ∫ x dx = b − a / 3 line integral line / path / curve / integral of ... along ... calculus ∫ f ds means the integral of f along the curve C , ∫ f ( r ( t ) ) r ' ( t ) dt , where r is a parametrization of C. ( If the curve is closed , the symbol ∮ may be used instead , as described below . ) ∮ ∮ ( \ displaystyle \ oint ) \ oint Contour integral ; closed line integral contour integral of calculus Similar to the integral , but used to denote a single integration over a closed curve or loop . It is sometimes used in physics texts involving equations regarding Gauss 's Law , and while these formulas involve a closed surface integral , the representations describe only the first integration of the volume over the enclosing surface . Instances where the latter requires simultaneous double integration , the symbol ∮∮ would be more appropriate . A third related symbol is the closed volume integral , denoted by the symbol ∮∮∮ . The contour integral can also frequently be found with a subscript capital letter C , ∮ , denoting that a closed loop integral is , in fact , around a contour C , or sometimes dually appropriately , a circle C. In representations of Gauss 's Law , a subscript capital S , ∮ , is used to denote that the integration is over a closed surface . If C is a Jordan curve about 0 , then ∮ 1 / z dz = 2πi . ... ⋯ ⋮ ⋰ ⋱ ... ( \ displaystyle \ ldots ) \ ldots ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ cdots ) \ cdots ⋮ ( \ displaystyle \ vdots ) \ vdots ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ ddots ) \ ddots ellipsis and so forth everywhere Indicates omitted values from a pattern . 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + ⋯ = 1 ∴ ∴ ( \ displaystyle \ therefore ) \ therefore therefore therefore ; so ; hence everywhere Sometimes used in proofs before logical consequences . All humans are mortal . Socrates is a human . ∴ Socrates is mortal . ∵ ∵ ( \ displaystyle \ because ) \ because because because ; since everywhere Sometimes used in proofs before reasoning . 11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one . ! ! ( \ displaystyle ! ) factorial factorial combinatorics n ! ( \ displaystyle n ! ) means the product 1 × 2 × ⋯ × n ( \ displaystyle 1 \ times 2 \ times \ cdots \ times n ) . 4 ! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24 ( \ displaystyle 4 ! = 1 \ times 2 \ times 3 \ times 4 = 24 ) logical negation not propositional logic The statement ! A is true if and only if A is false . A slash placed through another operator is the same as `` ! '' placed in front . ( The symbol ! is primarily from computer science . It is avoided in mathematical texts , where the notation ¬ A is preferred . ) ! ( ! A ) ⇔ A x ≠ y ⇔ ! ( x = y ) ¬ _̃ ¬ ( \ displaystyle \ neg ) \ neg ∼ ( \ displaystyle \ sim ) logical negation not propositional logic The statement ¬ A is true if and only if A is false . A slash placed through another operator is the same as `` ¬ '' placed in front . ( The symbol ~ has many other uses , so ¬ or the slash notation is preferred . Computer scientists will often use ! but this is avoided in mathematical texts . ) ¬ ( ¬ A ) ⇔ A x ≠ y ⇔ ¬ ( x = y ) ∝ ∝ ( \ displaystyle \ propto ) \ propto proportionality is proportional to ; varies as everywhere y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k . if y = 2x , then y ∝ x . ∞ ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ infty ) \ infty infinity infinity numbers ∞ is an element of the extended number line that is greater than all real numbers ; it often occurs in limits . lim x → 0 1 x = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) = \ infty ) ∎ ▮ ‣ ◼ ( \ displaystyle \ blacksquare ) \ blacksquare ◻ ( \ displaystyle \ Box ) \ Box ▸ ( \ displaystyle \ blacktriangleright ) \ blacktriangleright end of proof QED ; tombstone ; Halmos finality symbol everywhere Used to mark the end of a proof . ( May also be written Q.E.D. ) Symbols based on equality ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category = = ( \ displaystyle = ) equality is equal to ; equals everywhere x = y ( \ displaystyle x = y ) means x ( \ displaystyle x ) and y ( \ displaystyle y ) represent the same thing or value . 2 = 2 ( \ displaystyle 2 = 2 ) 1 + 1 = 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 + 1 = 2 ) 36 − 5 = 31 ( \ displaystyle 36 - 5 = 31 ) ≠ ≠ ( \ displaystyle \ neq ) \ ne inequality is not equal to ; does not equal everywhere x ≠ y ( \ displaystyle x \ neq y ) means that x ( \ displaystyle x ) and y ( \ displaystyle y ) do not represent the same thing or value . ( The forms ! = , / = or < > are generally used in programming languages where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred . ) 2 + 2 ≠ 5 ( \ displaystyle 2 + 2 \ neq 5 ) 36 − 5 ≠ 30 ( \ displaystyle 36 - 5 \ neq 30 ) ≈ ≈ ( \ displaystyle \ approx ) \ approx approximately equal is approximately equal to everywhere x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y . This may also be written ≃ , ≅ , ~ , ♎ ( Libra Symbol ) , or ≒ . π ≈ 3.14159 isomorphism is isomorphic to group theory G ≈ H means that group G is isomorphic ( structurally identical ) to group H . ( ≅ can also be used for isomorphic , as described below . ) Q / C ≈ V ~ ∼ ( \ displaystyle \ sim ) \ sim probability distribution has distribution statistics X ~ D , means the random variable X has the probability distribution D . X ~ N ( 0 , 1 ) , the standard normal distribution row equivalence is row equivalent to matrix theory A ~ B means that B can be generated by using a series of elementary row operations on A ( 1 2 2 4 ) ∼ ( 1 2 0 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&2 \ \ 2&4 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ sim ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&2 \ \ 0&0 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) same order of magnitude roughly similar ; poorly approximates ; is on the order of approximation theory m ~ n means the quantities m and n have the same order of magnitude , or general size . ( Note that ~ is used for an approximation that is poor , otherwise use ≈ . ) 2 ~ 5 8 × 9 ~ 100 but π ≈ 10 similarity is similar to geometry △ ABC ~ △ DEF means triangle ABC is similar to ( has the same shape ) triangle DEF . asymptotically equivalent is asymptotically equivalent to asymptotic analysis f ~ g means lim n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( n ) ) ( g ( n ) ) ) = 1 ) . x ~ x + 1 equivalence relation are in the same equivalence class everywhere a ~ b means b ∈ ( a ) ( \ displaystyle b \ in ( a ) ) ( and equivalently a ∈ ( b ) ( \ displaystyle a \ in ( b ) ) ) . 1 ~ 5 mod 4 = : : = ≡ : ⇔ ≜ ≝ ≐ = : ( \ displaystyle = : ) : = ( \ displaystyle : = ) ≡ ( \ displaystyle \ equiv ) \ equiv : ⇔ ( \ displaystyle : \ Leftrightarrow ) : \ Leftrightarrow ≜ ( \ displaystyle \ triangleq ) \ triangleq = d e f ( \ displaystyle ( \ overset ( \ underset ( \ mathrm ( def ) ) ( ) ) ( = ) ) ) \ overset ( \ underset ( \ mathrm ( def ) ) ( ) ) ( = ) ≐ ( \ displaystyle \ doteq ) \ doteq definition is defined as ; is equal by definition to everywhere x : = y , y = : x or x ≡ y means x is defined to be another name for y , under certain assumptions taken in context . ( Some writers use ≡ to mean congruence ) . P ⇔ Q means P is defined to be logically equivalent to Q . cosh ⁡ x : = e x + e − x 2 ( \ displaystyle \ cosh x : = ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) + e ^ ( - x ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) ( a , b ) : = a ⋅ b − b ⋅ a ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) : = a \ cdot b-b \ cdot a ) ≅ ≅ ( \ displaystyle \ cong ) \ cong congruence is congruent to geometry △ ABC ≅ △ DEF means triangle ABC is congruent to ( has the same measurements as ) triangle DEF . isomorphic is isomorphic to abstract algebra G ≅ H means that group G is isomorphic ( structurally identical ) to group H . ( ≈ can also be used for isomorphic , as described above . ) V ≅ C × C ≡ ≡ ( \ displaystyle \ equiv ) \ equiv congruence relation ... is congruent to ... modulo ... modular arithmetic a ≡ b ( mod n ) means a − b is divisible by n 5 ≡ 2 ( mod 3 ) ⇔ ↔ ⇔ ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow ) \ Leftrightarrow ⟺ ( \ displaystyle \ iff ) \ iff ↔ ( \ displaystyle \ leftrightarrow ) \ leftrightarrow material equivalence if and only if ; iff propositional logic A ⇔ B means A is true if B is true and A is false if B is false . x + 5 = y + 2 ⇔ x + 3 = y : = = : : = ( \ displaystyle : = ) = : ( \ displaystyle = : ) Assignment is defined to be everywhere A : = b means A is defined to have the value b . Let a : = 3 , then ... f ( x ) : = x + 3 Symbols that point left or right ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category < > < ( \ displaystyle < ) > ( \ displaystyle > ) strict inequality is less than , is greater than order theory x < y ( \ displaystyle x < y ) means x is less than y . x > y ( \ displaystyle x > y ) means x is greater than y . 3 < 4 ( \ displaystyle 3 < 4 ) 5 > 4 ( \ displaystyle 5 > 4 ) proper subgroup is a proper subgroup of group theory H < G ( \ displaystyle H < G ) means H is a proper subgroup of G . 5 Z < Z ( \ displaystyle 5 \ mathrm ( Z ) < \ mathrm ( Z ) ) A 3 < S 3 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( A ) _ ( 3 ) < \ mathrm ( S ) _ ( 3 ) ) ≪ ≫ ≪ ( \ displaystyle \ ll ) ≫ ( \ displaystyle \ gg ) \ ll \ gg significant ( strict ) inequality is much less than , is much greater than order theory x ≪ y means x is much less than y . x ≫ y means x is much greater than y . 0.003 ≪ 1000000 asymptotic comparison is of smaller order than , is of greater order than analytic number theory f ≪ g means the growth of f is asymptotically bounded by g . ( This is I.M. Vinogradov 's notation . Another notation is the Big O notation , which looks like f = O ( g ) . ) x ≪ e absolute continuity is absolutely continuous with respect to measure theory μ ≪ ν ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ ll \ nu ) means that μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is absolutely continuous with respect to ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) , i.e. , whenever ν ( A ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ nu ( A ) = 0 ) , we have μ ( A ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ mu ( A ) = 0 ) . If c ( \ displaystyle c ) is the counting measure on ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 0 , 1 ) ) and μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the Lebesgue measure , then μ ≪ c ( \ displaystyle \ mu \ ll c ) . ≤ ≥ ≤ ( \ displaystyle \ leq ) ≥ ( \ displaystyle \ geq ) \ le \ ge inequality is less than or equal to , is greater than or equal to order theory x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y . x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y . ( The forms < = and > = are generally used in programming languages , where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred . ) ( ≦ and ≧ are also used by some writers to mean the same thing as ≤ and ≥ , but this usage seems to be less common . ) 3 ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ 5 5 ≥ 4 and 5 ≥ 5 subgroup is a subgroup of group theory H ≤ G means H is a subgroup of G . Z ≤ Z A ≤ S reduction is reducible to computational complexity theory A ≤ B means the problem A can be reduced to the problem B. Subscripts can be added to the ≤ to indicate what kind of reduction . If ∃ f ∈ F . ∀ x ∈ N . x ∈ A ⇔ f ( x ) ∈ B ( \ displaystyle \ exists f \ in F ( \ mbox ( . ) ) \ forall x \ in \ mathbb ( N ) ( \ mbox ( . ) ) x \ in A \ Leftrightarrow f ( x ) \ in B ) then A ≤ F B ( \ displaystyle A \ leq _ ( F ) B ) ≦ ≧ ≦ ( \ displaystyle \ leqq ) ≧ ( \ displaystyle \ geqq ) \ leqq \ geqq congruence relation ... is less than ... is greater than ... modular arithmetic 10a ≡ 5 ( mod 5 ) for 1 ≦ a ≦ 10 vector inequality ... is less than or equal ... is greater than or equal ... order theory x ≦ y means that each component of vector x is less than or equal to each corresponding component of vector y . x ≧ y means that each component of vector x is greater than or equal to each corresponding component of vector y . It is important to note that x ≦ y remains true if every element is equal . However , if the operator is changed , x ≤ y is true if and only if x ≠ y is also true . ≺ ≻ ≺ ( \ displaystyle \ prec ) ≻ ( \ displaystyle \ succ ) \ prec \ succ Karp reduction is Karp reducible to ; is polynomial - time many - one reducible to computational complexity theory L ≺ L means that the problem L is Karp reducible to L . If L ≺ L and L ∈ P , then L ∈ P . Nondominated order is nondominated by Multi-objective optimization P ≺ Q means that the element P is nondominated by element Q . If P ≺ Q then ∀ i P i ≤ Q i ∧ ∃ P i < Q i ( \ displaystyle \ forall _ ( i ) P_ ( i ) \ leq Q_ ( i ) \ land \ exists P_ ( i ) < Q_ ( i ) ) ◅ ▻ & # x25C5 ; & # x25BB ; ◃ ( \ displaystyle \ triangleleft ) ▹ ( \ displaystyle \ triangleright ) \ triangleleft \ triangleright normal subgroup is a normal subgroup of group theory N ◅ G means that N is a normal subgroup of group G . Z ( G ) ◅ G ideal is an ideal of ring theory I ◅ R means that I is an ideal of ring R . ( 2 ) ◅ Z antijoin the antijoin of relational algebra R ▻ S means the antijoin of the relations R and S , the tuples in R for which there is not a tuple in S that is equal on their common attribute names . R ▹ S = R − R ⋉ S ( \ displaystyle R \ triangleright S = R-R \ ltimes S ) ⇒ → ⊃ ⇒ ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow ) → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) ⊃ ( \ displaystyle \ supset ) \ Rightarrow \ rightarrow \ supset material implication implies ; if ... then propositional logic , Heyting algebra A ⇒ B means if A is true then B is also true ; if A is false then nothing is said about B . ( → may mean the same as ⇒ , or it may have the meaning for functions given below . ) ( ⊃ may mean the same as ⇒ , or it may have the meaning for superset given below . ) x = 6 ⇒ x − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 is true , but x − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 ⇒ x = 6 is in general false ( since x could be − 6 ) . ⊆ ⊂ ⊆ ( \ displaystyle \ subseteq ) ⊂ ( \ displaystyle \ subset ) \ subseteq \ subset subset is a subset of set theory ( subset ) A ⊆ B means every element of A is also an element of B . ( proper subset ) A ⊂ B means A ⊆ B but A ≠ B . ( Some writers use the symbol ⊂ as if it were the same as ⊆ . ) ( A ∩ B) ⊆ A N ⊂ Q Q ⊂ R ⊇ ⊃ ⊇ ( \ displaystyle \ supseteq ) ⊃ ( \ displaystyle \ supset ) \ supseteq \ supset superset is a superset of set theory A ⊇ B means every element of B is also an element of A . A ⊃ B means A ⊇ B but A ≠ B . ( Some writers use the symbol ⊃ as if it were the same as ⊇ . ) ( A ∪ B) ⊇ B R ⊃ Q ⋐ ( \ displaystyle \ Subset ) \ Subset compact embedding is compactly contained in set theory A ⋐ B means the closure of B is a compact subset of A . Q ∩ ( 0 , 1 ) ⋐ ( 0 , 5 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Q ) \ cap ( 0 , 1 ) \ Subset ( 0 , 5 ) ) → → ( \ displaystyle \ to ) \ to function arrow from ... to set theory , type theory f : X → Y means the function f maps the set X into the set Y . Let f : Z → N ∪ ( 0 ) be defined by f ( x ) : = x . ↦ ↦ ( \ displaystyle \ mapsto ) \ mapsto function arrow maps to set theory f : a ↦ b means the function f maps the element a to the element b . Let f : x ↦ x + 1 ( the successor function ) . ← ← ( \ displaystyle \ leftarrow ) \ leftarrow Converse implication ... if ... logic a ← b means that for the propositions a and b , if b implies a , then a is the converse implication of b. a to the element b . This reads as `` a if b '' , or `` not b without a '' . It is not to be confused with the assignment operator in computer science . < : < < : ( \ displaystyle < : ) < ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( < ) ( \ cdot ) ) subtype is a subtype of type theory T < : T means that T is a subtype of T . If S < : T and T < : U then S < : U ( transitivity ) . cover is covered by order theory x < y means that x is covered by y . ( 1 , 8 ) < ( 1 , 3 , 8 ) among the subsets of ( 1 , 2 , ... , 10 ) ordered by containment . ⊧ ⊨ ( \ displaystyle \ vDash ) \ vDash entailment entails model theory A ⊧ B means the sentence A entails the sentence B , that is in every model in which A is true , B is also true . A ⊧ A ∨ ¬ A ⊢ ⊢ ( \ displaystyle \ vdash ) \ vdash inference infers ; is derived from propositional logic , predicate logic x ⊢ y means y is derivable from x . A → B ⊢ ¬ B → ¬ A partition is a partition of number theory p ⊢ n means that p is a partition of n . ( 4 , 3 , 1 , 1 ) ⊢ 9 , ∑ λ ⊢ n ( f λ ) 2 = n ! ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( \ lambda \ vdash n ) ( f_ ( \ lambda ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = n ! ) ⟨ ⟨ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ ) \ langle bra vector the bra ... ; the dual of ... Dirac notation ⟨ φ means the dual of the vector φ ⟩ , a linear functional which maps a ket ψ ⟩ onto the inner product ⟨ φ ψ ⟩ . ⟩ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ \ rangle ) \ rangle ket vector the ket ... ; the vector ... Dirac notation φ ⟩ means the vector with label φ , which is in a Hilbert space . A qubit 's state can be represented as α 0 ⟩ + β 1 ⟩ , where α and β are complex numbers s.t. α + β = 1 . Brackets ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category ( ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ \ choose \ ) ) ( \ \ choose \ ) combination ; binomial coefficient n choose k combinatorics ( n k ) = n ! / ( n − k ) ! k ! = ( n − k + 1 ) ⋯ ( n − 2 ) ⋅ ( n − 1 ) ⋅ n k ! ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) n \ \ k \ end ( pmatrix ) ) = ( \ frac ( n ! / ( n-k ) ! ) ( k ! ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( n - k + 1 ) \ cdots ( n - 2 ) \ cdot ( n - 1 ) \ cdot n ) ( k ! ) ) ) means ( in the case of n = positive integer ) the number of combinations of k elements drawn from a set of n elements . ( This may also be written as C ( n , k ) , C ( n ; k ) , C , C , or ⟨ n k ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle ( \ begin ( matrix ) n \ \ k \ end ( matrix ) ) \ right \ rangle ) . ) ( 36 5 ) = 36 ! / ( 36 − 5 ) ! 5 ! = 32 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 34 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 36 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 = 376992 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 36 \ \ 5 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) = ( \ frac ( 36 ! / ( 36 - 5 ) ! ) ( 5 ! ) ) = ( \ frac ( 32 \ cdot 33 \ cdot 34 \ cdot 35 \ cdot 36 ) ( 1 \ cdot 2 \ cdot 3 \ cdot 4 \ cdot 5 ) ) = 376992 ) ( . 5 7 ) = − 5.5 ⋅ − 4.5 ⋅ − 3.5 ⋅ − 2.5 ⋅ − 1.5 ⋅ − . 5 ⋅ . 5 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 7 = 33 2048 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( pmatrix ). 5 \ \ 7 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) = ( \ frac ( - 5.5 \ cdot - 4.5 \ cdot - 3.5 \ cdot - 2.5 \ cdot - 1.5 \ cdot -. 5 \ cdot . 5 ) ( 1 \ cdot 2 \ cdot 3 \ cdot 4 \ cdot 5 \ cdot 6 \ cdot 7 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 33 ) ( 2048 ) ) \ , \ ! ) ( ( ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ ! \ ! ( \ \ choose \ ) \ ! \ ! \ right ) ) \ left ( \ ! \ ! ( \ \ choose \ ) \ ! \ ! \ right ) multiset coefficient u multichoose k combinatorics ( ( u k ) ) = ( u + k − 1 k ) = ( u + k − 1 ) ! / ( u − 1 ) ! k ! ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ ! \ ! ( u \ choose k ) \ ! \ ! \ right ) = ( u + k - 1 \ choose k ) = ( \ frac ( ( u + k - 1 ) ! / ( u-1 ) ! ) ( k ! ) ) ) ( when u is positive integer ) means reverse or rising binomial coefficient . ( ( − 5.5 7 ) ) = − 5.5 ⋅ − 4.5 ⋅ − 3.5 ⋅ − 2.5 ⋅ − 1.5 ⋅ − . 5 ⋅ . 5 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 7 = ( . 5 7 ) = 33 2048 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ ! \ ! ( - 5.5 \ choose 7 ) \ ! \ ! \ right ) = ( \ frac ( - 5.5 \ cdot - 4.5 \ cdot - 3.5 \ cdot - 2.5 \ cdot - 1.5 \ cdot -. 5 \ cdot . 5 ) ( 1 \ cdot 2 \ cdot 3 \ cdot 4 \ cdot 5 \ cdot 6 \ cdot 7 ) ) = (. 5 \ choose 7 ) = ( \ frac ( 33 ) ( 2048 ) ) \ , \ ! ) ... ... ( \ displaystyle \ ldots \ ! \ , ) \ ldots \ ! \ , absolute value ; modulus absolute value of ; modulus of numbers x means the distance along the real line ( or across the complex plane ) between x and zero . 3 = 3 -- 5 = 5 = 5 i = 1 3 + 4i = 5 Euclidean norm or Euclidean length or magnitude Euclidean norm of geometry x means the ( Euclidean ) length of vector x . For x = ( 3 , − 4 ) x = 3 2 + ( − 4 ) 2 = 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ textbf ( x ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) + ( - 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 5 ) determinant determinant of matrix theory A means the determinant of the matrix A 1 2 2 9 = 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) 1&2 \ \ 2&9 \ \ \ end ( vmatrix ) ) = 5 ) cardinality cardinality of ; size of ; order of set theory X means the cardinality of the set X . ( # may be used instead as described below . ) ( 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 ) = 4 . ‖ ... ‖ ‖ ... ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ \ ldots \ \ ! \ , ) \ \ ldots \ \ ! \ , norm norm of ; length of linear algebra ‖ x ‖ means the norm of the element x of a normed vector space . ‖ x + y ‖ ≤ ‖ x ‖ + ‖ y ‖ nearest integer function nearest integer to numbers ‖ x ‖ means the nearest integer to x . ( This may also be written ( x ) , ⌊ x ⌉ , nint ( x ) or Round ( x ) . ) ‖ 1 ‖ = 1 , ‖ 1.6 ‖ = 2 , ‖ − 2.4 ‖ = − 2 , ‖ 3.49 ‖ = 3 ( , ) ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ( \ , \ ! \ \ ) ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ ( \ , \ ! \ \ ) ) \ ! \ , set brackets the set of ... set theory ( a , b , c ) means the set consisting of a , b , and c . N = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) ( : ) ( ) ( ; ) ( : ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ :\ \ ) \ ! \ , ) \ ( \ :\ \ ) \ ! \ , ( ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ \ \ ) \ ! \ , ) \ ( \ \ \ ) \ ! \ , ( ; ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ ; \ \ ) \ ! \ , ) \ ( \ ; \ \ ) \ ! \ , set builder notation the set of ... such that set theory ( x : P ( x ) ) means the set of all x for which P ( x ) is true . ( x P ( x ) ) is the same as ( x : P ( x ) ) . ( n ∈ N : n < 20 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ⌊ ... ⌋ ⌊ ... ⌋ ( \ displaystyle \ lfloor \ ldots \ rfloor \ ! \ , ) \ lfloor \ ldots \ rfloor \ ! \ , floor floor ; greatest integer ; entier numbers ⌊ x ⌋ means the floor of x , i.e. the largest integer less than or equal to x . ( This may also be written ( x ) , floor ( x ) or int ( x ) . ) ⌊ 4 ⌋ = 4 , ⌊ 2.1 ⌋ = 2 , ⌊ 2.9 ⌋ = 2 , ⌊ − 2.6 ⌋ = − 3 ⌈ ... ⌉ ⌈ ... ⌉ ( \ displaystyle \ lceil \ ldots \ rceil \ ! \ , ) \ lceil \ ldots \ rceil \ ! \ , ceiling ceiling numbers ⌈ x ⌉ means the ceiling of x , i.e. the smallest integer greater than or equal to x . ( This may also be written ceil ( x ) or ceiling ( x ) . ) ⌈ 4 ⌉ = 4 , ⌈ 2.1 ⌉ = 3 , ⌈ 2.9 ⌉ = 3 , ⌈ − 2.6 ⌉ = − 2 ⌊ ... ⌉ ⌊ ... ⌉ ( \ displaystyle \ lfloor \ ldots \ rceil \ ! \ , ) \ lfloor \ ldots \ rceil \ ! \ , nearest integer function nearest integer to numbers ⌊ x ⌉ means the nearest integer to x . ( This may also be written ( x ) , x , nint ( x ) or Round ( x ) . ) ⌊ 2 ⌉ = 2 , ⌊ 2.6 ⌉ = 3 , ⌊ − 3.4 ⌉ = − 3 , ⌊ 4.49 ⌉ = 4 ( : ) ( : ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ :\ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ :\ ) \ ! \ , degree of a field extension the degree of field theory ( K : F ) means the degree of the extension K : F . ( Q ( √ 2 ) : Q ) = 2 ( C : R ) = 2 ( R : Q ) = ∞ ( ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ ) \ ! \ , ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ( , , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) equivalence class the equivalence class of abstract algebra ( a ) means the equivalence class of a , i.e. ( x : x ~ a ) , where ~ is an equivalence relation . ( a ) means the same , but with R as the equivalence relation . Let a ~ b be true iff a ≡ b ( mod 5 ) . Then ( 2 ) = ( ... , − 8 , − 3 , 2 , 7 , ... ) . floor floor ; greatest integer ; entier numbers ( x ) means the floor of x , i.e. the largest integer less than or equal to x . ( This may also be written ⌊ x ⌋ , floor ( x ) or int ( x ) . Not to be confused with the nearest integer function , as described below . ) ( 3 ) = 3 , ( 3.5 ) = 3 , ( 3.99 ) = 3 , ( − 3.7 ) = − 4 nearest integer function nearest integer to numbers ( x ) means the nearest integer to x . ( This may also be written ⌊ x ⌉ , x , nint ( x ) or Round ( x ) . Not to be confused with the floor function , as described above . ) ( 2 ) = 2 , ( 2.6 ) = 3 , ( − 3.4 ) = − 3 , ( 4.49 ) = 4 Iverson bracket 1 if true , 0 otherwise propositional logic ( S ) maps a true statement S to 1 and a false statement S to 0 . ( 0 = 5 ) = 0 , ( 7 > 0 ) = 1 , ( 2 ∈ ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) ) = 1 , ( 5 ∈ ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) ) = 0 image image of ... under ... everywhere f ( X ) means ( f ( x ) : x ∈ X ) , the image of the function f under the set X ⊆ dom ( f ) . ( This may also be written as f ( X ) if there is no risk of confusing the image of f under X with the function application f of X . Another notation is Im f , the image of f under its domain . ) sin ⁡ ( R ) = ( − 1 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) = ( - 1 , 1 ) ) closed interval closed interval order theory ( a , b ) = ( x ∈ R : a ≤ x ≤ b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) = \ ( x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) : a \ leq x \ leq b \ ) ) . 0 and 1 / 2 are in the interval ( 0 , 1 ) . commutator the commutator of group theory , ring theory ( g , h ) = g h gh ( or ghg h ) , if g , h ∈ G ( a group ) . ( a , b ) = ab − ba , if a , b ∈ R ( a ring or commutative algebra ) . x = x ( x , y ) ( group theory ) . ( AB , C ) = A ( B , C ) + ( A , C ) B ( ring theory ) . triple scalar product the triple scalar product of vector calculus ( a , b , c ) = a × b c , the scalar product of a × b with c . ( a , b , c ) = ( b , c , a ) = ( c , a , b ) . ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ ) \ ! \ , ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , function application of set theory f ( x ) means the value of the function f at the element x . If f ( x ) : = x − 5 , then f ( 6 ) = 6 − 5 = 36 − 5 = 31 . image image of ... under ... everywhere f ( X ) means ( f ( x ) : x ∈ X ) , the image of the function f under the set X ⊆ dom ( f ) . ( This may also be written as f ( X ) if there is a risk of confusing the image of f under X with the function application f of X . Another notation is Im f , the image of f under its domain . ) sin ⁡ ( R ) = ( − 1 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) = ( - 1 , 1 ) ) precedence grouping parentheses everywhere Perform the operations inside the parentheses first . ( 8 / 4 ) / 2 = 2 / 2 = 1 , but 8 / ( 4 / 2 ) = 8 / 2 = 4 . tuple tuple ; n - tuple ; ordered pair / triple / etc ; row vector ; sequence everywhere An ordered list ( or sequence , or horizontal vector , or row vector ) of values . ( Note that the notation ( a , b ) is ambiguous : it could be an ordered pair or an open interval . Set theorists and computer scientists often use angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ instead of parentheses . ) ( a , b ) is an ordered pair ( or 2 - tuple ) . ( a , b , c ) is an ordered triple ( or 3 - tuple ) . ( ) is the empty tuple ( or 0 - tuple ) . highest common factor highest common factor ; greatest common divisor ; hcf ; gcd number theory ( a , b ) means the highest common factor of a and b . ( This may also be written hcf ( a , b ) or gcd ( a , b ) . ) ( 3 , 7 ) = 1 ( they are coprime ) ; ( 15 , 25 ) = 5 . ( , ) ) , ( ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) , ( ( \ displaystyle ) \ , \ ( \ ! \ , ) ) \ , \ ( \ ! \ , ) open interval open interval order theory ( a , b ) = ( x ∈ R : a < x < b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) = \ ( x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) : a < x < b \ ) ) . ( Note that the notation ( a , b ) is ambiguous : it could be an ordered pair or an open interval . The notation ) a , b ( can be used instead . ) 4 is not in the interval ( 4 , 18 ) . ( 0 , + ∞ ) equals the set of positive real numbers . ( , ) ) , ) ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) , ) ( \ displaystyle ) \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) left - open interval half - open interval ; left - open interval order theory ( a , b ) = ( x ∈ R : a < x ≤ b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) = \ ( x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) : a < x \ leq b \ ) ) . ( − 1 , 7 ) and ( − ∞ , − 1 ) ( , ) ( , ( ( , ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ) \ ! \ , ( , ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ , \ ( \ ! \ , ) ( \ , \ ( \ ! \ , right - open interval half - open interval ; right - open interval order theory ( a , b ) = ( x ∈ R : a ≤ x < b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , b ) = \ ( x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) : a \ leq x < b \ ) ) . ( 4 , 18 ) and ( 1 , + ∞ ) ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ , ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ \ rangle \ ! \ , ) \ langle \ \ rangle \ ! \ , ⟨ , ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ , \ \ rangle \ ! \ , ) \ langle \ , \ \ rangle \ ! \ , inner product inner product of linear algebra ⟨ u , v ⟩ means the inner product of u and v , where u and v are members of an inner product space . Note that the notation ⟨ u , v ⟩ may be ambiguous : it could mean the inner product or the linear span . There are many variants of the notation , such as ⟨ u v ⟩ and ( u v ) , which are described below . For spatial vectors , the dot product notation , x y is common . For matrices , the colon notation A : B may be used . As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type , the more `` keyboard friendly '' forms < and > are sometimes seen . These are avoided in mathematical texts . The standard inner product between two vectors x = ( 2 , 3 ) and y = ( − 1 , 5 ) is : ⟨ x , y ⟩ = 2 × − 1 + 3 × 5 = 13 average average of statistics let S be a subset of N for example , ⟨ S ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle S \ rangle ) represents the average of all the elements in S . for a time series : g ( t ) ( t = 1 , 2 , ... ) we can define the structure functions S ( τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) ) : S q = ⟨ g ( t + τ ) − g ( t ) q ⟩ t ( \ displaystyle S_ ( q ) = \ langle g ( t+ \ tau ) - g ( t ) ^ ( q ) \ rangle _ ( t ) ) expectation value the expectation value of probability theory For a single discrete variable x ( \ displaystyle x ) of a function f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) ) , the expectation value of f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) ) is defined as ⟨ f ( x ) ⟩ = ∑ x f ( x ) P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ langle f ( x ) \ rangle = \ sum _ ( x ) f ( x ) P ( x ) ) , and for a single continuous variable the expectation value of f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) ) is defined as ⟨ f ( x ) ⟩ = ∫ x f ( x ) P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ langle f ( x ) \ rangle = \ int _ ( x ) f ( x ) P ( x ) ) ; where P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) ) is the PDF of the variable x ( \ displaystyle x ) . linear span ( linear ) span of ; linear hull of linear algebra ⟨ S ⟩ means the span of S ⊆ V. That is , it is the intersection of all subspaces of V which contain S . ⟨ u , u , ... ⟩ is shorthand for ⟨ ( u , u , ... ) ⟩ . Note that the notation ⟨ u , v ⟩ may be ambiguous : it could mean the inner product or the linear span . The span of S may also be written as Sp ( S ) . ⟨ ( 1 0 0 ) , ( 0 1 0 ) , ( 0 0 1 ) ⟩ = R 3 ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ left ( ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) 1 \ \ 0 \ \ 0 \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) \ right ) , \ left ( ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) \ right ) , \ left ( ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) 0 \ \ 0 \ \ 1 \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) \ right ) \ right \ rangle = \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) . subgroup generated by a set the subgroup generated by group theory ⟨ S ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle S \ rangle ) means the smallest subgroup of G ( where S ⊆ G , a group ) containing every element of S . ⟨ g 1 , g 2 , ... ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle g_ ( 1 ) , g_ ( 2 ) , \ dots \ right \ rangle ) is shorthand for ⟨ ( g 1 , g 2 , ... ) ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ left \ ( g_ ( 1 ) , g_ ( 2 ) , \ dots \ right \ ) \ right \ rangle ) . In S , ⟨ ( 1 2 ) ⟩ = ( i d , ( 1 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ langle ( 1 \ ; 2 ) \ rangle = \ ( id , \ ; ( 1 \ ; 2 ) \ ) ) and ⟨ ( 1 2 3 ) ⟩ = ( i d , ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ langle ( 1 \ ; 2 \ ; 3 ) \ rangle = \ ( id , \ ; ( 1 \ ; 2 \ ; 3 ) , ( 1 \ ; 3 \ ; 2 ) ) \ ) ) . tuple tuple ; n - tuple ; ordered pair / triple / etc ; row vector ; sequence everywhere An ordered list ( or sequence , or horizontal vector , or row vector ) of values . ( The notation ( a , b ) is often used as well . ) ⟨ a , b ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle a , b \ rangle ) is an ordered pair ( or 2 - tuple ) . ⟨ a , b , c ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle a , b , c \ rangle ) is an ordered triple ( or 3 - tuple ) . ⟨ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ rangle ) is the empty tuple ( or 0 - tuple ) . ⟨ ⟩ ( ) ⟨ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ \ \ rangle \ ! \ , ) \ langle \ \ \ rangle \ ! \ , ( ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ \ ) \ ! \ , ) ( \ \ ) \ ! \ , inner product inner product of linear algebra ⟨ u v ⟩ means the inner product of u and v , where u and v are members of an inner product space . ( u v ) means the same . Another variant of the notation is ⟨ u , v ⟩ which is described above . For spatial vectors , the dot product notation , x y is common . For matrices , the colon notation A : B may be used . As ⟨ and ⟩ can be hard to type , the more `` keyboard friendly '' forms < and > are sometimes seen . These are avoided in mathematical texts . Other non-letter symbols ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category * ∗ ( \ displaystyle * \ ! \ , ) convolution convolution ; convolved with functional analysis f ∗ g means the convolution of f and g . ( f ∗ g ) ( t ) = ∫ 0 t f ( τ ) g ( t − τ ) d τ ( \ displaystyle ( f * g ) ( t ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) f ( \ tau ) g ( t - \ tau ) \ , d \ tau ) . complex conjugate conjugate complex numbers z means the complex conjugate of z . ( z _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( z ) ) ) can also be used for the conjugate of z , as described below . ) ( 3 + 4 i ) ∗ = 3 − 4 i ( \ displaystyle ( 3 + 4i ) ^ ( \ ast ) = 3 - 4i ) . group of units the group of units of ring theory R consists of the set of units of the ring R , along with the operation of multiplication . This may also be written R as described above , or U ( R ) . ( Z / 5 Z ) ∗ = ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) ) ≅ C 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ mathbb ( Z ) / 5 \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ^ ( \ ast ) & = \ ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) \ ) \ \ & \ cong \ mathrm ( C ) _ ( 4 ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) hyperreal numbers the ( set of ) hyperreals non-standard analysis R means the set of hyperreal numbers . Other sets can be used in place of R . N is the hypernatural numbers . Hodge dual Hodge dual ; Hodge star linear algebra ∗ v means the Hodge dual of a vector v. If v is a k - vector within an n - dimensional oriented inner product space , then ∗ v is an ( n − k ) - vector . If ( e i ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( e_ ( i ) \ ) ) are the standard basis vectors of R 5 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 5 ) ) , ∗ ( e 1 ∧ e 2 ∧ e 3 ) = e 4 ∧ e 5 ( \ displaystyle * ( e_ ( 1 ) \ wedge e_ ( 2 ) \ wedge e_ ( 3 ) ) = e_ ( 4 ) \ wedge e_ ( 5 ) ) Kleene star Kleene star computer science , mathematical logic Corresponds to the usage of * in regular expressions . If ∑ is a set of strings , then ∑ * is the set of all strings that can be created by concatenating members of ∑ . The same string can be used multiple times , and the empty string is also a member of ∑ * . If ∑ = ( ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ) then ∑ * includes ' ' , ' a ' , ' ab ' , ' aba ' , ' abac ' , etc . The full set can not be enumerated here since it is countably infinite , but each individual string must have finite length . ∝ ∝ ( \ displaystyle \ propto \ ! \ , ) \ propto \ ! \ , proportionality is proportional to ; varies as everywhere y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k . if y = 2x , then y ∝ x . Karp reduction is Karp reducible to ; is polynomial - time many - one reducible to computational complexity theory A ∝ B means the problem A can be polynomially reduced to the problem B . If L ∝ L and L ∈ P , then L ∈ P . ∖ ∖ ( \ displaystyle \ setminus \ ! \ , ) \ setminus set - theoretic complement minus ; without ; throw out ; not set theory A ∖ B means the set that contains all those elements of A that are not in B . ( − can also be used for set - theoretic complement as described above . ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ∖ ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) = ( 1 , 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ ! \ , ) conditional event given probability P ( A B ) means the probability of the event A occurring given that B occurs . if X is a uniformly random day of the year P ( X is May 25 X is in May ) = 1 / 31 restriction restriction of ... to ... ; restricted to set theory f means the function f is restricted to the set A , that is , it is the function with domain A ∩ dom ( f ) that agrees with f . The function f : R → R defined by f ( x ) = x is not injective , but f is injective . such that such that ; so that everywhere means `` such that '' , see `` : '' ( described below ) . S = ( ( x , y ) 0 < y < f ( x ) ) The set of ( x , y ) such that y is greater than 0 and less than f ( x ) . ∣ ∤ ∣ ( \ displaystyle \ mid \ ! \ , ) \ mid ∤ ( \ displaystyle \ nmid \ ! \ , ) \ nmid divisor , divides divides number theory a ∣ b means a divides b . a ∤ b means a does not divide b . ( The symbol ∣ can be difficult to type , and its negation is rare , so a regular but slightly shorter vertical bar character is often used instead . ) Since 15 = 3 × 5 , it is true that 3 ∣ 15 and 5 ∣ 15 . ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ( \ displaystyle \ mid \ mid \ ! \ , ) \ mid \ mid exact divisibility exactly divides number theory p ∣ ∣ n means p exactly divides n ( i.e. p divides n but p does not ) . 2 ∣ ∣ 360 . ∥ ∦ ⋕ ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ \ ! \ , ) \ Requires the viewer to support Unicode : \ unicode ( x2225 ) , \ unicode ( x2226 ) , and \ unicode ( x22D5 ) . \ mathrel ( \ rlap ( \ , \ parallel ) ) requires \ setmathfont ( MathJax ) . parallel is parallel to geometry x ∥ y means x is parallel to y . x ∦ y means x is not parallel to y . x ⋕ y means x is equal and parallel to y . ( The symbol ∥ can be difficult to type , and its negation is rare , so two regular but slightly longer vertical bar characters are often used instead . ) If l ∥ m and m ⊥ n then l ⊥ n . incomparability is incomparable to order theory x ∥ y means x is incomparable to y . ( 1 , 2 ) ∥ ( 2 , 3 ) under set containment . # # ( \ displaystyle \ # \ ! \ , ) \ sharp cardinality cardinality of ; size of ; order of set theory # X means the cardinality of the set X . ( ... may be used instead as described above . ) # ( 4 , 6 , 8 ) = 3 connected sum connected sum of ; knot sum of ; knot composition of topology , knot theory A#B is the connected sum of the manifolds A and B. If A and B are knots , then this denotes the knot sum , which has a slightly stronger condition . A#S is homeomorphic to A , for any manifold A , and the sphere S . primorial primorial number theory n # is product of all prime numbers less than or equal to n . 12 # = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 2310 : : ( \ displaystyle :\ ! \ , ) such that such that ; so that everywhere : means `` such that '' , and is used in proofs and the set - builder notation ( described below ) . ∃ n ∈ N : n is even . field extension extends ; over field theory K : F means the field K extends the field F . This may also be written as K ≥ F . R : Q inner product of matrices inner product of linear algebra A : B means the Frobenius inner product of the matrices A and B . The general inner product is denoted by ⟨ u , v ⟩ , ⟨ u v ⟩ or ( u v ) , as described below . For spatial vectors , the dot product notation , x y is common . See also bra -- ket notation . A : B = ∑ i , j A i j B i j ( \ displaystyle A : B = \ sum _ ( i , j ) A_ ( ij ) B_ ( ij ) ) index of a subgroup index of subgroup group theory The index of a subgroup H in a group G is the `` relative size '' of H in G : equivalently , the number of `` copies '' ( cosets ) of H that fill up G G : H = G H ( \ displaystyle G : H = ( \ frac ( G ) ( H ) ) ) division divided by over everywhere A : B means the division of A with B ( dividing A by B) 10 : 2 = 5 ⋮ ⋮ ( \ displaystyle \ vdots \ ! \ , ) \ vdots \ ! \ , vertical ellipsis vertical ellipsis everywhere Denotes that certain constants and terms are missing out ( e.g. for clarity ) and that only the important terms are being listed . P ( r , t ) = χ ⋮ E ( r , t 1 ) E ( r , t 2 ) E ( r , t 3 ) ( \ displaystyle P ( r , t ) = \ chi \ vdots E ( r , t_ ( 1 ) ) E ( r , t_ ( 2 ) ) E ( r , t_ ( 3 ) ) ) ≀ ≀ ( \ displaystyle \ wr \ ! \ , ) \ wr \ ! \ , wreath product wreath product of ... by ... group theory A ≀ H means the wreath product of the group A by the group H . This may also be written A H . S n ≀ Z 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( S ) _ ( n ) \ wr \ mathrm ( Z ) _ ( 2 ) ) is isomorphic to the automorphism group of the complete bipartite graph on ( n , n ) vertices . ↯ ⨳ ⇒ ⇐ \ blitza \ lighting : requires \ usepackage ( stmaryd ) . \ smashtimes requires \ usepackage ( unicode - math ) and \ setmathfont ( XITS Math ) or another Open Type Math Font . ⇒ ⇐ ( \ displaystyle \ Rightarrow \ Leftarrow ) \ Rightarrow \ Leftarrow ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ bot ) \ bot ↮ ( \ displaystyle \ nleftrightarrow ) \ nleftrightarrow \ textreferencemark Contradiction ! downwards zigzag arrow contradiction ; this contradicts that everywhere Denotes that contradictory statements have been inferred . For clarity , the exact point of contradiction can be appended . x + 4 = x − 3 ※ Statement : Every finite , non-empty , ordered set has a largest element . Otherwise , let 's assume that X ( \ displaystyle X ) is a finite , non-empty , ordered set with no largest element . Then , for some x 1 ∈ X ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) \ in X ) , there exists an x 2 ∈ X ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 2 ) \ in X ) with x 1 < x 2 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) < x_ ( 2 ) ) , but then there 's also an x 3 ∈ X ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 3 ) \ in X ) with x 2 < x 3 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 2 ) < x_ ( 3 ) ) , and so on . Thus , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ... ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) , x_ ( 2 ) , x_ ( 3 ) , ... ) are distinct elements in X ( \ displaystyle X ) . ↯ X ( \ displaystyle X ) is finite . ⊕ ⊻ ⊕ ( \ displaystyle \ oplus \ ! \ , ) \ oplus \ ! \ , ⊻ ( \ displaystyle \ veebar \ ! \ , ) \ veebar \ ! \ , exclusive or xor propositional logic , Boolean algebra The statement A ⊕ B is true when either A or B , but not both , are true . A ⊻ B means the same . ( ¬ A ) ⊕ A is always true , A ⊕ A is always false . direct sum direct sum of abstract algebra The direct sum is a special way of combining several objects into one general object . ( The bun symbol ⊕ , or the coproduct symbol ∐ , is used ; ⊻ is only for logic . ) Most commonly , for vector spaces U , V , and W , the following consequence is used : U = V ⊕ W ⇔ ( U = V + W ) ∧ ( V ∩ W = ( 0 ) ) ∧ ◯ ( \ displaystyle ( ~ \ wedge \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ bigcirc ~ ) ) ( ~ \ wedge \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ bigcirc ~ ) Kulkarni -- Nomizu product Kulkarni -- Nomizu product tensor algebra Derived from the tensor product of two symmetric type ( 0 , 2 ) tensors ; it has the algebraic symmetries of the Riemann tensor . f = g ∧ ◯ h ( \ displaystyle f = g ( \ , \ wedge \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ ! \ bigcirc \ , ) h ) has components f α β γ δ = g α γ h β δ + g β δ h α γ − g α δ h β γ − g β γ h α δ ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ alpha \ beta \ gamma \ delta ) = g_ ( \ alpha \ gamma ) h_ ( \ beta \ delta ) + g_ ( \ beta \ delta ) h_ ( \ alpha \ gamma ) - g_ ( \ alpha \ delta ) h_ ( \ beta \ gamma ) - g_ ( \ beta \ gamma ) h_ ( \ alpha \ delta ) ) . ◻ ( \ displaystyle \ Box \ ! \ , ) \ Box \ ! \ D'Alembertian ; wave operator non-Euclidean Laplacian vector calculus It is the generalisation of the Laplace operator in the sense that it is the differential operator which is invariant under the isometry group of the underlying space and it reduces to the Laplace operator if restricted to time independent functions . ◻ = 1 c 2 ∂ 2 ∂ t 2 − ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 − ∂ 2 ∂ y 2 − ∂ 2 ∂ z 2 ( \ displaystyle \ square = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) \ over \ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) \ over \ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) \ over \ partial y ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) \ over \ partial z ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Letter - based symbols ( edit ) Includes upside - down letters . Letter modifiers ( edit ) Also called diacritics . Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category a _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( a ) ) ) \ bar ( a ) mean overbar ; ... bar statistics x _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ( often read as `` x bar '' ) is the mean ( average value of x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) ) . x = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) ; x _̄ = 3 ( \ displaystyle x = \ ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 \ ) ; ( \ bar ( x ) ) = 3 ) . finite sequence , tuple finite sequence , tuple model theory a _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( a ) ) ) means the finite sequence / tuple ( a 1 , a 2 , ... , a n ) . ( \ displaystyle ( a_ ( 1 ) , a_ ( 2 ) , ... , a_ ( n ) ) . ) . a _̄ : = ( a 1 , a 2 , ... , a n ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( a ) ) : = ( a_ ( 1 ) , a_ ( 2 ) , ... , a_ ( n ) ) ) . algebraic closure algebraic closure of field theory F _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( F ) ) ) is the algebraic closure of the field F . The field of algebraic numbers is sometimes denoted as Q _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbb ( Q ) ) ) ) because it is the algebraic closure of the rational numbers Q ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbb ( Q ) ) ) . complex conjugate conjugate complex numbers z _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( z ) ) ) means the complex conjugate of z . ( z can also be used for the conjugate of z , as described above . ) 3 + 4 i _̄ = 3 − 4 i ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( 3 + 4i ) ) = 3 - 4i ) . topological closure ( topological ) closure of topology S _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( S ) ) ) is the topological closure of the set S . This may also be denoted as cl ( S ) or Cl ( S ) . In the space of the real numbers , Q _̄ = R ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbb ( Q ) ) ) = \ mathbb ( R ) ) ( the rational numbers are dense in the real numbers ) . a ⇀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overset ( \ rightharpoonup ) ( a ) ) ) a ⇀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overset ( \ rightharpoonup ) ( a ) ) ) \ overset ( \ rightharpoonup ) ( a ) vector harpoon linear algebra â a ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( a ) ) ) \ hat a unit vector hat geometry a ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( a ) ) ) ( pronounced `` a hat '' ) is the normalized version of vector a ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) ) , having length 1 . estimator estimator for statistics θ ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ theta ) ) ) is the estimator or the estimate for the parameter θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) . The estimator μ ^ = ∑ i x i n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( \ mu ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) ) ( n ) ) ) produces a sample estimate μ ^ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( \ mu ) ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) for the mean μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) . ′ ′ ( \ displaystyle ' ) ' derivative ... prime ; derivative of calculus f ′ ( x ) means the derivative of the function f at the point x , i.e. , the slope of the tangent to f at x . ( The single - quote character ' is sometimes used instead , especially in ASCII text . ) If f ( x ) : = x , then f ′ ( x ) = 2x . _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( \ , ) ) ) \ dot ( \ , ) derivative ... dot ; time derivative of calculus x _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ) means the derivative of x with respect to time . That is x _̇ ( t ) = ∂ ∂ t x ( t ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ( t ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) x ( t ) ) . If x ( t ) : = t , then x _̇ ( t ) = 2 t ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( x ) ) ( t ) = 2t ) . Symbols based on Latin letters ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category ∀ ∀ ( \ displaystyle \ forall ) \ forall universal quantification for all ; for any ; for each ; for every predicate logic ∀ x , P ( x ) means P ( x ) is true for all x . ∀ n ∈ N , n ≥ n . B B ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( B ) ) \ mathbb ( B ) B ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( B ) ) \ mathbf ( B ) boolean domain B ; the ( set of ) boolean values ; the ( set of ) truth values ; set theory , boolean algebra B means either ( 0 , 1 ) , ( false , true ) , ( F , T ) , or ( ⊥ , ⊤ ) ( \ displaystyle \ left \ ( \ bot , \ top \ right \ ) ) . ( ¬ False ) ∈ B C C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( C ) ) \ mathbb ( C ) C ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( C ) ) \ mathbf ( C ) complex numbers C ; the ( set of ) complex numbers numbers C means ( a + b i : a , b ∈ R ) . i = √ − 1 ∈ C c c ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( c ) ) ) \ mathfrak c cardinality of the continuum cardinality of the continuum ; c ; cardinality of the real numbers set theory The cardinality of R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) is denoted by R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) or by the symbol c ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( c ) ) ) ( a lowercase Fraktur letter C ) . c = ב 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathfrak ( c ) ) = ( \ beth ) _ ( 1 ) ) ∂ ∂ ( \ displaystyle \ partial ) \ partial partial derivative partial ; d calculus ∂ f / ∂ x means the partial derivative of f with respect to x , where f is a function on ( x , ... , x ) . If f ( x , y ) : = x y , then ∂ f / ∂ x = 2xy , boundary boundary of topology ∂ M means the boundary of M ∂ ( x : x ≤ 2 ) = ( x : x = 2 ) degree of a polynomial degree of algebra ∂ f means the degree of the polynomial f . ( This may also be written deg f . ) ∂ ( x − 1 ) = 2 E E ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( E ) ) \ mathbb E E ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( E ) ) \ mathrm ( E ) expected value expected value probability theory the value of a random variable one would `` expect '' to find if one could repeat the random variable process an infinite number of times and take the average of the values obtained E ( X ) = x 1 p 1 + x 2 p 2 + ⋯ + x k p k p 1 + p 2 + ⋯ + p k ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( X ) = ( \ frac ( x_ ( 1 ) p_ ( 1 ) + x_ ( 2 ) p_ ( 2 ) + \ dotsb + x_ ( k ) p_ ( k ) ) ( p_ ( 1 ) + p_ ( 2 ) + \ dotsb + p_ ( k ) ) ) ) ∃ ∃ ( \ displaystyle \ exists ) \ exists < / math > < br / > existential quantification there exists ; there is ; there are predicate logic ∃ x : P ( x ) means there is at least one x such that P ( x ) is true . ∃ n ∈ N : n is even . ∃ ! ∃ ! ( \ displaystyle \ exists ! ) \ exists ! uniqueness quantification there exists exactly one predicate logic ∃ ! x : P ( x ) means there is exactly one x such that P ( x ) is true . ∃ ! n ∈ N : n + 5 = 2n . ∈ ∉ ∈ ( \ displaystyle \ in ) \ in ∉ ( \ displaystyle \ notin ) \ notin set membership is an element of ; is not an element of everywhere , set theory a ∈ S means a is an element of the set S ; a ∉ S means a is not an element of S . ( 1 / 2 ) ∈ N 2 ∉ N ∌ ∌ ( \ displaystyle \ not \ ni ) \ not \ ni set membership does not contain as an element set theory S ∌ e means the same thing as e ∉ S , where S is a set and e is not an element of S . ∋ ∋ ( \ displaystyle \ ni ) \ ni such that symbol such that mathematical logic often abbreviated as `` s.t. '' ; : and are also used to abbreviate `` such that '' . The use of ∋ goes back to early mathematical logic and its usage in this sense is declining . The symbol ∍ ( \ displaystyle \ backepsilon ) ( `` back epsilon '' ) is sometimes specifically used for `` such that '' to avoid confusion with set membership . Choose x ( \ displaystyle x ) ∋ 2 x ( \ displaystyle x ) and 3 x ( \ displaystyle x ) . ( Here is used in the sense of `` divides '' . ) set membership contains as an element set theory S ∋ e means the same thing as e ∈ S , where S is a set and e is an element of S . H H ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( H ) ) \ mathbb ( H ) H ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( H ) ) \ mathbf ( H ) quaternions or Hamiltonian quaternions H ; the ( set of ) quaternions numbers H means ( a + b i + c j + d k : a , b , c , d ∈ R ) . N N ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( N ) ) \ mathbb ( N ) N ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( N ) ) \ mathbf ( N ) natural numbers the ( set of ) natural numbers numbers N means either ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) or ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) . The choice depends on the area of mathematics being studied ; e.g. number theorists prefer the latter ; analysts , set theorists and computer scientists prefer the former . To avoid confusion , always check an author 's definition of N . Set theorists often use the notation ω ( for least infinite ordinal ) to denote the set of natural numbers ( including zero ) , along with the standard ordering relation ≤ . N = ( a : a ∈ Z ) or N = ( a > 0 : a ∈ Z ) ○ ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ circ ) \ circ Hadamard product entrywise product linear algebra For two matrices ( or vectors ) of the same dimensions A , B ∈ R m × n ( \ displaystyle A , B \ in ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) ^ ( m \ times n ) ) the Hadamard product is a matrix of the same dimensions A ∘ B ∈ R m × n ( \ displaystyle A \ circ B \ in ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) ^ ( m \ times n ) ) with elements given by ( A ∘ B ) i , j = ( A ) i , j ⋅ ( B ) i , j ( \ displaystyle ( A \ circ B ) _ ( i , j ) = ( A ) _ ( i , j ) \ cdot ( B ) _ ( i , j ) ) . ( 1 2 2 4 ) ∘ ( 1 2 0 0 ) = ( 1 4 0 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&2 \ \ 2&4 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ circ ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&2 \ \ 0&0 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&4 \ \ 0&0 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) ∘ ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ circ ) \ circ function composition composed with set theory f ∘ g is the function such that ( f ∘ g ) ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) . if f ( x ) : = 2x , and g ( x ) : = x + 3 , then ( f ∘ g ) ( x ) = 2 ( x + 3 ) . O O ( \ displaystyle O ) O Big O notation big - oh of Computational complexity theory The Big O notation describes the limiting behavior of a function , when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity . If f ( x ) = 6x − 2x + 5 and g ( x ) = x , then f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) as x → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) ( \ mbox ( as ) ) x \ to \ infty \ , ) ∅ ( ) ∅ ( \ displaystyle \ emptyset ) \ empty ∅ ( \ displaystyle \ varnothing ) \ varnothing ( ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ ) ) \ ( \ ) empty set the empty set null set set theory ∅ means the set with no elements . ( ) means the same . ( n ∈ N : 1 < n < 4 ) = ∅ P P ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( P ) ) \ mathbb ( P ) P ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( P ) ) \ mathbf ( P ) set of primes P ; the set of prime numbers arithmetic P is often used to denote the set of prime numbers . 2 ∈ P , 3 ∈ P , 8 ∉ P ( \ displaystyle 2 \ in \ mathbb ( P ) , 3 \ in \ mathbb ( P ) , 8 \ notin \ mathbb ( P ) ) projective space P ; the projective space ; the projective line ; the projective plane topology P means a space with a point at infinity . P 1 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( P ) ^ ( 1 ) ) , P 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( P ) ^ ( 2 ) ) probability the probability of probability theory P ( X ) means the probability of the event X occurring . This may also be written as P ( X ) , Pr ( X ) , P ( X ) or Pr ( X ) . If a fair coin is flipped , P ( Heads ) = P ( Tails ) = 0.5 . Power set the Power set of Powerset Given a set S , the power set of S is the set of all subsets of the set S . The power set of S0 is denoted by P ( S ) . The power set P ( ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) ) is the set of all subsets of ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) . Hence , P ( ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) ) = ( ∅ , ( 0 ) , ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 0 , 1 , 2 ) ) . Q Q Q ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Q ) ) \ mathbb ( Q ) Q ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Q ) ) \ mathbf ( Q ) rational numbers Q ; the ( set of ) rational numbers ; the rationals numbers Q means ( p / q : p ∈ Z , q ∈ N ) . 3.14000 ... ∈ Q π ∉ Q R R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) \ mathbb ( R ) R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( R ) ) \ mathbf ( R ) real numbers R ; the ( set of ) real numbers ; the reals numbers R means the set of real numbers . π ∈ R √ ( − 1 ) ∉ R † ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( \ dagger ) ) ( ) ^ \ dagger conjugate transpose conjugate transpose ; adjoint ; Hermitian adjoint / conjugate / transpose / dagger matrix operations A means the transpose of the complex conjugate of A . This may also be written A , A , A , A or A . If A = ( a ) then A = ( a ) . T ( \ displaystyle ( ) ^ ( \ mathsf ( T ) ) ) ( ) ^ ( \ mathsf ( T ) ) transpose transpose matrix operations A means A , but with its rows swapped for columns . This may also be written A ′ , A or A . If A = ( a ) then A = ( a ) . ⊤ ⊤ ( \ displaystyle \ top ) \ top top element the top element lattice theory ⊤ means the largest element of a lattice . ∀ x : x ∨ ⊤ = ⊤ top type the top type ; top type theory ⊤ means the top or universal type ; every type in the type system of interest is a subtype of top . ∀ types T , T < : ⊤ ⊥ ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ bot ) \ bot perpendicular is perpendicular to geometry x ⊥ y means x is perpendicular to y ; or more generally x is orthogonal to y . If l ⊥ m and m ⊥ n in the plane , then l n . orthogonal complement orthogonal / perpendicular complement of ; perp linear algebra W means the orthogonal complement of W ( where W is a subspace of the inner product space V ) , the set of all vectors in V orthogonal to every vector in W . Within R 3 ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) , ( R 2 ) ⊥ ≅ R ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( \ perp ) \ cong \ mathbb ( R ) ) . coprime is coprime to number theory x ⊥ y means x has no factor greater than 1 in common with y . 34 ⊥ 55 independent is independent of probability A ⊥ B means A is an event whose probability is independent of event B . The double perpendicular symbol ( ⊥ ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ perp \ ! \ ! \ ! \ perp ) ) is also commonly used for the purpose of denoting this , for instance : A ⊥ ⊥ B ( \ displaystyle A \ perp \ ! \ ! \ ! \ perp B ) ( In LaTeX , the command is : `` A \ perp \ ! \ ! \ ! \ perp B '' . ) If A ⊥ B , then P ( A B ) = P ( A ) . bottom element the bottom element lattice theory ⊥ means the smallest element of a lattice . ∀ x : x ∧ ⊥ = ⊥ bottom type the bottom type ; bot type theory ⊥ means the bottom type ( a.k.a. the zero type or empty type ) ; bottom is the subtype of every type in the type system . ∀ types T , ⊥ < : T comparability is comparable to order theory x ⊥ y means that x is comparable to y . ( e , π ) ⊥ ( 1 , 2 , e , 3 , π ) under set containment . U U U ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( U ) ) \ mathbb ( U ) U ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( U ) ) \ mathbf ( U ) all numbers being considered U ; the universal set ; the set of all numbers ; all numbers considered set theory U means `` the set of all elements being considered . '' It may represent all numbers both real and complex , or any subset of these -- hence the term `` universal '' . U = ( R , C ) includes all numbers . If instead , U = ( Z , C ) , then π ∉ U . ∪ ∪ ( \ displaystyle \ cup ) \ cup set - theoretic union the union of ... or ... ; union set theory A ∪ B means the set of those elements which are either in A , or in B , or in both . A ⊆ B ⇔ ( A ∪ B) = B ∩ ∩ ( \ displaystyle \ cap ) \ cap set - theoretic intersection intersected with ; intersect set theory A ∩ B means the set that contains all those elements that A and B have in common . ( x ∈ R : x = 1 ) ∩ N = ( 1 ) ∨ ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) \ lor logical disjunction or join in a lattice or ; max ; join propositional logic , lattice theory The statement A ∨ B is true if A or B ( or both ) are true ; if both are false , the statement is false . For functions A ( x ) and B ( x ) , A ( x ) ∨ B ( x ) is used to mean max ( A ( x ) , B ( x ) ) . n ≥ 4 ∨ n ≤ 2 ⇔ n ≠ 3 when n is a natural number . ∧ ∧ ( \ displaystyle \ land ) \ land logical conjunction or meet in a lattice and ; min ; meet propositional logic , lattice theory The statement A ∧ B is true if A and B are both true ; else it is false . For functions A ( x ) and B ( x ) , A ( x ) ∧ B ( x ) is used to mean min ( A ( x ) , B ( x ) ) . n < 4 ∧ n > 2 ⇔ n = 3 when n is a natural number . wedge product wedge product ; exterior product exterior algebra u ∧ v means the wedge product of any multivectors u and v. In three - dimensional Euclidean space the wedge product and the cross product of two vectors are each other 's Hodge dual . u ∧ v = ∗ ( u × v ) if u , v ∈ R 3 ( \ displaystyle u \ wedge v = * ( u \ times v ) \ ( \ text ( if ) ) u , v \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) × × ( \ displaystyle \ times ) \ times multiplication times ; multiplied by arithmetic 3 × 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4 . ( The symbol * is generally used in programming languages , where ease of typing and use of ASCII text is preferred . ) 7 × 8 = 56 Cartesian product the Cartesian product of ... and ... ; the direct product of ... and ... set theory X × Y means the set of all ordered pairs with the first element of each pair selected from X and the second element selected from Y . ( 1 , 2 ) × ( 3 , 4 ) = ( ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) ) cross product cross linear algebra u × v means the cross product of vectors u and v ( 1 , 2 , 5 ) × ( 3 , 4 , − 1 ) = ( − 22 , 16 , − 2 ) group of units the group of units of ring theory R consists of the set of units of the ring R , along with the operation of multiplication . This may also be written R as described below , or U ( R ) . ( Z / 5 Z ) × = ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) ) ≅ C 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ mathbb ( Z ) / 5 \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ^ ( \ times ) & = \ ( ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) \ ) \ \ & \ cong \ mathrm ( C ) _ ( 4 ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) ⊗ ⊗ ( \ displaystyle \ otimes ) \ otimes tensor product , tensor product of modules tensor product of linear algebra V ⊗ U ( \ displaystyle V \ otimes U ) means the tensor product of V and U. V ⊗ R U ( \ displaystyle V \ otimes _ ( R ) U ) means the tensor product of modules V and U over the ring R . ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ⊗ ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) = ( ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 3 , 6 ) , ( 4 , 4 , 8 ) ) ⋉ ⋊ ⋉ ( \ displaystyle \ ltimes ) \ ltimes ⋊ ( \ displaystyle \ rtimes ) \ rtimes semidirect product the semidirect product of group theory N ⋊ H is the semidirect product of N ( a normal subgroup ) and H ( a subgroup ) , with respect to φ . Also , if G = N ⋊ H , then G is said to split over N . ( ⋊ may also be written the other way round , as ⋉ , or as × . ) D 2 n ≅ C n ⋊ C 2 ( \ displaystyle D_ ( 2n ) \ cong \ mathrm ( C ) _ ( n ) \ rtimes \ mathrm ( C ) _ ( 2 ) ) semijoin the semijoin of relational algebra R ⋉ S is the semijoin of the relations R and S , the set of all tuples in R for which there is a tuple in S that is equal on their common attribute names . R ⋉ ( \ displaystyle \ ltimes ) S = Π ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ) ( R ⋈ ( \ displaystyle \ bowtie ) S ) ⋈ ⋈ ( \ displaystyle \ bowtie ) \ bowtie natural join the natural join of relational algebra R ⋈ S is the natural join of the relations R and S , the set of all combinations of tuples in R and S that are equal on their common attribute names . Z Z Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) ) \ mathbb ( Z ) Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) ) \ mathbf ( Z ) integers the ( set of ) integers numbers Z means ( ... , − 3 , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) . Z or Z means ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) . Z means ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) . Z is used by some authors to mean ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) and others to mean ( ... - 2 , - 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) . Z = ( p , − p : p ∈ N ∪ ( 0 ) ) Z Z Z Z Z n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( n ) ) \ mathbb ( Z ) _n Z p ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) _ ( p ) ) \ mathbb ( Z ) _p Z n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) _ ( n ) ) \ mathbf ( Z ) _n Z p ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Z ) _ ( p ) ) integers mod n the ( set of ) integers modulo n numbers Z means ( ( 0 ) , ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ... ( n − 1 ) ) with addition and multiplication modulo n . Note that any letter may be used instead of n , such as p . To avoid confusion with p - adic numbers , use Z / pZ or Z / ( p ) instead . Z = ( ( 0 ) , ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) ) p - adic integers the ( set of ) p - adic integers numbers Note that any letter may be used instead of p , such as n or l . Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters ( edit ) Symbol in HTML Symbol in TeX Name Explanation Examples Read as Category א א ( \ displaystyle \ aleph ) \ aleph aleph number aleph set theory א represents an infinite cardinality ( specifically , the α - th one , where α is an ordinal ) . N = א , which is called aleph - null . ב ב ( \ displaystyle \ beth ) \ beth beth number beth set theory ב represents an infinite cardinality ( similar to א , but ב does not necessarily index all of the numbers indexed by א . ) . ב 1 = P ( N ) = 2 א 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ beth _ ( 1 ) = P ( \ mathbb ( N ) ) = 2 ^ ( \ aleph _ ( 0 ) ) . ) δ δ ( \ displaystyle \ delta ) \ delta Dirac delta function Dirac delta of hyperfunction δ ( x ) = ( ∞ , x = 0 0 , x ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ delta ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ infty , &x = 0 \ \ 0 , &x \ neq 0 \ end ( cases ) ) ) δ ( x ) Kronecker delta Kronecker delta of hyperfunction δ i j = ( 1 , i = j 0 , i ≠ j ( \ displaystyle \ delta _ ( ij ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1 , &i = j \ \ 0 , &i \ neq j \ end ( cases ) ) ) δ Functional derivative Functional derivative of Differential operators ⟨ δ F ( φ ( x ) ) δ φ ( x ) , f ( x ) ⟩ = ∫ δ F ( φ ( x ) ) δ φ ( x ′ ) f ( x ′ ) d x ′ = lim ε → 0 F ( φ ( x ) + ε f ( x ) ) − F ( φ ( x ) ) ε = d d ε F ( φ + ε f ) ε = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ left \ langle ( \ frac ( \ delta F ( \ varphi ( x ) ) ) ( \ delta \ varphi ( x ) ) ) , f ( x ) \ right \ rangle & = \ int ( \ frac ( \ delta F ( \ varphi ( x ) ) ) ( \ delta \ varphi ( x ' ) ) ) f ( x ' ) dx ' \ \ & = \ lim _ ( \ varepsilon \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( F ( \ varphi ( x ) + \ varepsilon f ( x ) ) - F ( \ varphi ( x ) ) ) ( \ varepsilon ) ) \ \ & = \ left. ( \ frac ( d ) ( d \ epsilon ) ) F ( \ varphi + \ epsilon f ) \ right _ ( \ epsilon = 0 ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) δ V ( r ) δ ρ ( r ′ ) = 1 4 π ε 0 r − r ′ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ delta V ( r ) ) ( \ delta \ rho ( r ' ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ epsilon _ ( 0 ) r-r ' ) ) ) ∆ ⊖ ⊕ △ ( \ displaystyle \ vartriangle ) \ vartriangle ⊖ ( \ displaystyle \ ominus ) \ ominus ⊕ ( \ displaystyle \ oplus ) \ oplus symmetric difference symmetric difference set theory A ∆ B ( or A ⊖ B) means the set of elements in exactly one of A or B . ( Not to be confused with delta , Δ , described below . ) ( 1 , 5 , 6 , 8 ) ∆ ( 2 , 5 , 8 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 6 ) ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) ⊖ ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) Δ Δ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta ) \ Delta delta delta ; change in calculus Δx means a ( non-infinitesimal ) change in x . ( If the change becomes infinitesimal , δ and even d are used instead . Not to be confused with the symmetric difference , written ∆ , above . ) Δ y Δ x ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( \ Delta y ) ( \ Delta x ) ) ) is the gradient of a straight line . Laplacian Laplace operator vector calculus The Laplace operator is a second order differential operator in n - dimensional Euclidean space If ƒ is a twice - differentiable real - valued function , then the Laplacian of ƒ is defined by Δ f = ∇ 2 f = ∇ ⋅ ∇ f ( \ displaystyle \ Delta f = \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) f = \ nabla \ cdot \ nabla f ) ∇ ∇ ( \ displaystyle \ nabla ) \ nabla gradient del ; nabla ; gradient of vector calculus ∇ f ( x , ... , x ) is the vector of partial derivatives ( ∂ f / ∂ x , ... , ∂ f / ∂ x ) . If f ( x , y , z ) : = 3xy + z2 , then ∇ f = ( 3y , 3x , 2z ) divergence del dot ; divergence of vector calculus ∇ ⋅ v → = ∂ v x ∂ x + ∂ v y ∂ y + ∂ v z ∂ z ( \ displaystyle \ nabla \ cdot ( \ vec ( v ) ) = ( \ partial v_ ( x ) \ over \ partial x ) + ( \ partial v_ ( y ) \ over \ partial y ) + ( \ partial v_ ( z ) \ over \ partial z ) ) If v → : = 3 x y i + y 2 z j + 5 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( v ) ) : = 3xy \ mathbf ( i ) + y ^ ( 2 ) z \ mathbf ( j ) + 5 \ mathbf ( k ) ) , then ∇ ⋅ v → = 3 y + 2 y z ( \ displaystyle \ nabla \ cdot ( \ vec ( v ) ) = 3y + 2yz ) . curl curl of vector calculus ∇ × v → = ( ∂ v z ∂ y − ∂ v y ∂ z ) i ( \ displaystyle \ nabla \ times ( \ vec ( v ) ) = \ left ( ( \ partial v_ ( z ) \ over \ partial y ) - ( \ partial v_ ( y ) \ over \ partial z ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( i ) ) + ( ∂ v x ∂ z − ∂ v z ∂ x ) j + ( ∂ v y ∂ x − ∂ v x ∂ y ) k ( \ displaystyle + \ left ( ( \ partial v_ ( x ) \ over \ partial z ) - ( \ partial v_ ( z ) \ over \ partial x ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( j ) + \ left ( ( \ partial v_ ( y ) \ over \ partial x ) - ( \ partial v_ ( x ) \ over \ partial y ) \ right ) \ mathbf ( k ) ) If v → : = 3 x y i + y 2 z j + 5 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( v ) ) : = 3xy \ mathbf ( i ) + y ^ ( 2 ) z \ mathbf ( j ) + 5 \ mathbf ( k ) ) , then ∇ × v → = − y 2 i − 3 x k ( \ displaystyle \ nabla \ times ( \ vec ( v ) ) = - y ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( i ) - 3x \ mathbf ( k ) ) . π π ( \ displaystyle \ pi ) \ pi Pi pi ; 3.1415926 ... ; ≈ 355 ÷ 113 mathematical constant Used in various formulas involving circles ; π is equivalent to the amount of area a circle would take up in a square of equal width with an area of 4 square units , roughly 3.14159 . It is also the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle . A = π R = 314.16 → R = 10 projection Projection of relational algebra π a 1 , ... , a n ( R ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( a_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , a_ ( n ) ) ( R ) ) restricts R ( \ displaystyle R ) to the ( a 1 , ... , a n ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( a_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , a_ ( n ) \ ) ) attribute set . π Age , Weight ( Person ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( \ text ( Age , Weight ) ) ( ( \ text ( Person ) ) ) ) Homotopy group the nth Homotopy group of Homotopy theory π n ( X ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( n ) ( X ) ) consists of homotopy equivalence classes of base point preserving maps from an n - dimensional sphere ( with base point ) into the pointed space X . π i ( S 4 ) = π i ( S 7 ) ⊕ π i − 1 ( S 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi _ ( i ) ( S ^ ( 4 ) ) = \ pi _ ( i ) ( S ^ ( 7 ) ) \ oplus \ pi _ ( i - 1 ) ( S ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ∏ ∏ ( \ displaystyle \ prod ) \ prod product product over ... from ... to ... of arithmetic ∏ k = 1 n a k ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( k ) ) means a 1 a 2 ... a n ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) a_ ( 2 ) \ dots a_ ( n ) ) . ∏ k = 1 4 ( k + 2 ) = ( 1 + 2 ) ( 2 + 2 ) ( 3 + 2 ) ( 4 + 2 ) = 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 = 360 ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) ( k + 2 ) = ( 1 + 2 ) ( 2 + 2 ) ( 3 + 2 ) ( 4 + 2 ) = 3 \ times 4 \ times 5 \ times 6 = 360 ) Cartesian product the Cartesian product of ; the direct product of set theory ∏ i = 0 n Y i ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ( Y_ ( i ) ) ) means the set of all ( n + 1 ) - tuples ( y , ... , y ) . ∏ n = 1 3 R = R × R × R = R 3 ( \ displaystyle \ prod _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) = \ mathbb ( R ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) = \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ∐ ∐ ( \ displaystyle \ coprod ) \ coprod coproduct coproduct over ... from ... to ... of category theory A general construction which subsumes the disjoint union of sets and of topological spaces , the free product of groups , and the direct sum of modules and vector spaces . The coproduct of a family of objects is essentially the `` least specific '' object to which each object in the family admits a morphism . σ σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) \ sigma selection Selection of relational algebra The selection σ a θ b ( R ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( a \ theta b ) ( R ) ) selects all those tuples in R ( \ displaystyle R ) for which θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) holds between the a ( \ displaystyle a ) and the b ( \ displaystyle b ) attribute . The selection σ a θ v ( R ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( a \ theta v ) ( R ) ) selects all those tuples in R ( \ displaystyle R ) for which θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) holds between the a ( \ displaystyle a ) attribute and the value v ( \ displaystyle v ) . σ A g e ≥ 34 ( P e r s o n ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( Age ) \ geq 34 ) ( \ mathrm ( Person ) ) ) σ A g e = W e i g h t ( P e r s o n ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( Age ) = \ mathrm ( Weight ) ) ( \ mathrm ( Person ) ) ) ∑ ∑ ( \ displaystyle \ sum ) \ sum summation sum over ... from ... to ... of arithmetic ∑ k = 1 n a k ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( a_ ( k ) ) ) means a 1 + a 2 + ⋯ + a n ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n ) ) . ∑ k = 1 4 k 2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) = 1 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ^ ( 2 ) + 3 ^ ( 2 ) + 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30 ) Variations ( edit ) In mathematics written in Persian or Arabic , some symbols may be reversed to make right - to - left writing and reading easier . See also ( edit ) Greek letters used in mathematics , science , and engineering Diacritic ISO 31 - 11 ( Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology ) Latin letters used in mathematics List of mathematical abbreviations List of mathematical symbols by subject Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols ( Unicode block ) Mathematical constants and functions Mathematical notation Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode Notation in probability and statistics Physical constants Table of logic symbols Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae References ( edit ) ^ `` LaTeX / Mathematics '' . Wikibooks . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List '' ( PDF ) . p. 15 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Because of the lack of notational consensus , it is probably better to spell out `` Contradiction ! '' than to use a symbol for this purpose . ^ Cook , John . `` Unicode / LaTeX conversion '' . John Cook Consulting . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` LaTeX / Special Characters '' . Wikibooks . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` \ unicode - Tex Command '' . TutorialsBay . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` Unicode characters in pdflatex output using hexcode without UTF - 8 input '' . Tex Stack Exchange . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` fontenc vs inputenc '' . TeX Stack Exchange . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` pdflatex crashes when Latex code includes \ unicode ( f818 ) and \ unicode ( f817 ) and how to handle it '' . TeX Stack Exchange . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . ^ `` Math is Fun website '' . ^ Rónyai , Lajos ( 1998 ) , Algoritmusok ( Algorithms ) , TYPOTEX , ISBN 963 - 9132 - 16 - 0 ^ Deb , K. ; Pratap , A. ; Agarwal , S. ; Meyarivan , T. ( 2002 ) . `` A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm : NSGA - II '' . IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 6 ( 2 ) : 182 . doi : 10.1109 / 4235.996017 . ^ Copi , Irving M. ; Cohen , Carl ( 1990 ) ( 1953 ) , `` Chapter 8.3 : Conditional Statements and Material Implication '' , Introduction to Logic ( 8th ed . ) , New York : Macmillan Publishers ( United States ) , pp. 268 -- 269 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 325035 - 6 , LCCN 89037742 ^ Goldrei , Derek ( 1996 ) , Classic Set Theory , London : Chapman and Hall , p. 4 , ISBN 0 - 412 - 60610 - 0 ^ Nielsen , Michael A ; Chuang , Isaac L ( 2000 ) , Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , New York : Cambridge University Press , p. 66 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63503 - 9 , OCLC 43641333 ^ Goldrei , Derek ( 1996 ) , Classic Set Theory , London : Chapman and Hall , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 412 - 60610 - 0 ^ `` Expectation Value '' . http://mathworld.wolfram.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Nielsen , Michael A ; Chuang , Isaac L ( 2000 ) , Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , New York : Cambridge University Press , p. 62 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63503 - 9 , OCLC 43641333 ^ Berman , Kenneth A ; Paul , Jerome L. ( 2005 ) , Algorithms : Sequential , Parallel , and Distributed , Boston : Course Technology , p. 822 , ISBN 0 - 534 - 42057 - 5 ^ `` Parallel Symbol in TeX '' . Google Groups . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ `` Math symbols defined by LaTeX package `` stmaryrd '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ `` Answer to Is there a `` contradiction '' symbol in some font , somewhere ? `` . TeX Stack Exchange . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Goldrei , Derek ( 1996 ) , Classic Set Theory , London : Chapman and Hall , p. 5 , ISBN 0 - 412 - 60610 - 0 ^ Nielsen , Michael A ; Chuang , Isaac L ( 2000 ) , Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 69 -- 70 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63503 - 9 , OCLC 43641333 ^ Nielsen , Michael A ; Chuang , Isaac L ( 2000 ) , Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 71 -- 72 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 63503 - 9 , OCLC 43641333 ^ Z ^ * from Wolfram MathWorld ^ LK Turner , FJ BUdden , D Knighton , `` Advanced Mathematics '' , Book 2 , Longman 1975 . ^ M. Benatia , A. Lazrik , and K. Sami , `` Arabic mathematical symbols in Unicode '' , 27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference , 2005 . External links ( edit ) The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters Jeff Miller : Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols Numericana : Scientific Symbols and Icons GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols Mathematical Symbols in Unicode Using Greek and special characters from Symbol font in HTML DeTeXify handwritten symbol recognition -- doodle a symbol in the box , and the program will tell you what its name is Handbook for Spoken Mathematics -- pronunciation guide to many commonly used symbols Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators and symbols : Index of Unicode symbols Range 2100 -- 214F : Unicode Letterlike Symbols Range 2190 -- 21FF : Unicode Arrows Range 2200 -- 22FF : Unicode Mathematical Operators Range 27C0 -- 27EF : Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols -- A Range 2980 -- 29FF : Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols -- B Range 2A00 -- 2AFF : Unicode Supplementary Mathematical Operators Some Unicode cross-references : Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols and Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List MathML Characters - sorts out Unicode , HTML and MathML / TeX names on one page Unicode values and MathML names Unicode values and Postscript names from the source code for Ghostscript Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&oldid=832767526 '' Categories : Mathematical notation Mathematics - related lists Mathematical symbols Mathematical tables Mathematical logic Lists of symbols Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Incomplete lists from March 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the symbol to represent the mean	[]	[]
6931071679501759961	Thoracic duct	Thoracic duct - wikipedia Thoracic duct Jump to : navigation , search Thoracic duct The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts . ( Thoracic duct is thin vertical white line at center . ) Modes of origin of thoracic duct . a . Thoracic duct . a ' . Cisterna chyli . b , c ' Efferent trunks from lateral aortic glands . d . An efferent vessel which pierces the left crus of the diaphragm . e.f. Lateral aortic glands . h . Retroaortic glands . i . Intestinal trunk . j . Descending branch from intercostal lymphatics . Details System Lymphatic system Source cisterna chyli Drains to junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein Identifiers Latin ductus thoracicus MeSH D013897 TA A12. 4.01. 007 FMA 5031 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) In human anatomy , the thoracic duct is the largest of the two lymph ducts of the lymphatic system . It is also known as the left lymphatic duct , alimentary duct , chyliferous duct , and Van Hoorne 's canal . The other duct is the right lymphatic duct . It carries chyle , a liquid containing both lymph and emulsified fats , rather than pure lymph . Thus when it ruptures , the resulting flood of liquid into the pleural cavity is known as chylothorax . In adults , the thoracic duct is typically 38 -- 45 cm in length and has an average diameter of about 5 mm . The vessel usually starts from the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebrae ( T12 ) and extends to the root of the neck . It drains into the systemic ( blood ) circulation at the angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk , at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein . It also collects most of the lymph in the body other than from the right thorax , arm , head , and neck which are drained by the right lymphatic duct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The thoracic duct originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right and left lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk , forming a significant pathway upward called the cisterna chyli . It traverses the diaphragm at the aortic aperture and ascends the superior and posterior mediastinum between the descending thoracic aorta ( to its left ) and the azygos vein ( to its right ) . The duct extends vertically in the chest and curves posteriorly to the left carotid artery and left internal jugular vein at the T5 vertebral level it drains into the systemic ( blood ) circulation at the venous angle of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins as a single trunk , at the commencement of the brachiocephalic vein , below the clavicle , near the shoulders . Function ( edit ) The lymph transport , in the thoracic duct , is mainly caused by the action of breathing , aided by the duct 's smooth muscle and by internal valves which prevent the lymph from flowing back down again . There are also two valves at the junction of the duct with the left subclavian vein , to prevent the flow of venous blood into the duct . In adults , the thoracic duct transports up to 4 L of lymph per day . Clinical significance ( edit ) The first sign of a malignancy , especially an intraabdominal one , may be an enlarged Virchow 's node , a lymph node in the left supraclavicular area , in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empties into the left brachiocephalic vein , right between where the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular join ( i.e. the left Pirogoff angle ) . When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity , this situation is called chylothorax . Additional images ( edit ) Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery . The arch of the aorta , and its branches . Deep lymph nodes and vessels of the thorax and abdomen ( diagrammatic ) . The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum . Seen from behind . Front photo of the Ductus Thoracicus in the Human mediastinum with the heart and part of the pericard removed . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Lymph duct Lymphatic system References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knipe , Henry . `` Thoracic duct Radiology Reference Article Radiopaedia.org '' . radiopaedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Insull , Phillip ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) . `` CLINICAL ANATOMY : APPLIED ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS AND JUNIOR DOCTORS . 11th EDITION - BY HAROLD ELLIS '' . ANZ Journal of Surgery . 77 ( 10 ) : 911 -- 912 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1445 - 2197.2007. 04191. x . ISSN 1445 - 2197 . Jump up ^ Michael Schuenke ; Erik Schulte ; Udo Schumacher ; Lawrence M. Ross ; Edward D. Lamperti ; Markus Voll ; Karl Wesker ( 24 May 2006 ) . Thieme atlas of anatomy : Neck and internal organs . Thieme . pp. 136 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 142111 - 1 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Tewfik , Ted L ; Mosenifar , Zab . `` Thoracic Duct Anatomy '' . Medscape . WebMD Health Professional Network . External links ( edit ) Anatomy figure : 21 : 05 - 02 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` The thoracic duct and azygos venous network '' Anatomy image : 8901 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center figures / chapter_24 / 24 - 5. HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School `` thoracic duct '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Diagram at anatomyatlases.org Ultrasound Imaging the thoracic duct Instruction video for Ultrasound examination of the thoracic duct ( hide ) Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_duct&oldid=825195532 '' Categories : Lymphatics of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the thoracic duct cross the diaphragm	[ "\n\nThoracic duct\n\n\n\nThe thoracic and right lymphatic ducts. (Thoracic duct is thin vertical white line at center.)\n\n\n\n\nModes of origin of thoracic duct. a. Thoracic duct. a’. Cisterna chyli. b, c’ Efferent trunks from lateral aortic glands. d. An efferent vessel which pierces the left crus of the diaphragm. e. f. Lateral aortic glands. h. Retroaortic glands. i. Intestinal trunk. j. Descending branch from intercostal lymphatics.\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nSystem\nLymphatic system\n\n\nSource\ncisterna chyli\n\n\nDrains to\njunction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nductus thoracicus\n\n\nMeSH\nD013897\n\n\nTA\nA12.4.01.007\n\n\nFMA\n5031\n\n\nAnatomical terminology\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]	[ "the left crus of the diaphragm" ]
-4898760939217492262	Lactation	Lactation - wikipedia Lactation Jump to : navigation , search Kittens nursing Lactation of pigs Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young . The process can occur with all post-pregnancy female mammals , although it predates mammals . In humans the process of feeding milk is also called breastfeeding or nursing . In most species , milk comes out of the mother 's nipples ; however , the monotremes , egg - laying mammals , lack nipples and release milk through ducts in the abdomen . In only one species of mammal , the Dayak fruit bat , is milk production a normal male function . Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production . This stage requires prolactin . Oxytocin is critical for the milk let - down reflex in response to suckling . Newborn infants often produce some witch 's milk . Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing . It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Human 2.1 Hormonal influences 2.1. 1 Secretory differentiation 2.1. 2 Secretory activation 2.1. 3 Autocrine control - Galactapoiesis 2.2 Milk ejection reflex 2.2. 1 Milk ejection reflex mechanism 2.3 Afterpains 3 Without pregnancy , induced lactation , relactation 4 Evolution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Purpose ( edit ) The chief function of lactation is to provide nutrition and immune protection to the young after birth . In almost all mammals , lactation induces a period of infertility , which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring . Human ( edit ) When the baby sucks its mother 's breast , a hormone called oxytocin compels the milk to flow from the alveoli , through the ducts ( milk canals ) into the sacs ( milk pools ) behind the areola and then into the baby 's mouth Leaking milk from a human breast . Hormonal influences ( edit ) From the eighteenth week of pregnancy ( the second and third trimesters ) , a woman 's body produces hormones that stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts : Progesterone influences the growth in size of alveoli and lobes ; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth . Progesterone levels drop after birth ; this triggers the onset of copious milk production . Estrogen stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate . Like progesterone , high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation . Estrogen levels also drop at delivery and remain low for the first several months of breastfeeding . Breastfeeding mothers should avoid estrogen - based birth control methods , as a spike in estrogen levels may reduce a mother 's milk supply . Prolactin contributes to the increased growth and differentiation of the alveoli , and also influences differentiation of ductal structures . High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance , increase growth factor levels ( IGF - 1 ) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding . During lactation , prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance . Human placental lactogen ( HPL ) -- from the second month of pregnancy , the placenta releases large amounts of HPL . This hormone is closely associated with prolactin and appears to be instrumental in breast , nipple , and areola growth before birth . Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , luteinizing hormone ( LH ) , and human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) , through control of estrogen and progesterone production , and also , by extension , prolactin and growth hormone production , are essential . Growth hormone ( GH ) is structurally very similar to prolactin and independently contributes to its galactopoiesis . Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) and glucocorticoids such as cortisol have an important lactation inducing function in several animal species , including humans . Glucocorticoids play a complex regulating role in the maintenance of tight junctions . Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) are very important galactopoietic hormones whose levels are naturally increased during pregnancy . Oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle of the uterus during and after birth , and during orgasm ( s ) . After birth , oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle layer of band - like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly produced milk into the duct system . Oxytocin is necessary for the milk ejection reflex , or let - down , in response to suckling , to occur . It is also possible to induce lactation without pregnancy . Protocols for inducing lactation are called the Goldfarb protocols . Using birth control pills to mimic the hormone levels of pregnancy , then discontinuing the birth control , followed by use of a double electric breast pump for 15 minute sessions at regular 2 - 3 hour intervals ( 100 + minutes total per day ) _ helps induce milk production . Breastfeeding ( Correct Latch - On Position ) Breastfeeding a newborn baby Breastfeeding of an older child Secretory differentiation ( edit ) During the latter part of pregnancy , the woman 's breasts enter into the Secretory Differentiation stage . This is when the breasts make colostrum ( see below ) , a thick , sometimes yellowish fluid . At this stage , high levels of progesterone inhibit most milk production . It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby 's birth , nor is it an indication of future milk production . Secretory Activation ( edit ) Main article : Postpartum physiological changes At birth , prolactin levels remain high , while the delivery of the placenta results in a sudden drop in progesterone , estrogen , and HPL levels . This abrupt withdrawal of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin levels stimulates the copious milk production of Secretory Activation . When the breast is stimulated , prolactin levels in the blood rise , peak in about 45 minutes , and return to the pre-breastfeeding state about three hours later . The release of prolactin triggers the cells in the alveoli to make milk . Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk . Some research indicates that prolactin in milk is greater at times of higher milk production , and lower when breasts are fuller , and that the highest levels tend to occur between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. Other hormones -- notably insulin , thyroxine , and cortisol -- are also involved , but their roles are not yet well understood . Although biochemical markers indicate that Secretory Activation begins about 30 -- 40 hours after birth , mothers do not typically begin feeling increased breast fullness ( the sensation of milk `` coming in the breast '' ) until 50 -- 73 hours ( 2 -- 3 days ) after birth . Colostrum is the first milk a breastfed baby receives . It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and antibodies than mature milk , and is especially high in immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) , which coats the lining of the baby 's immature intestines , and helps to prevent pathogens from invading the baby 's system . Secretory IgA also helps prevent food allergies . Over the first two weeks after the birth , colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk . Autocrine control - galactapoiesis ( edit ) The hormonal endocrine control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days after the birth . When the milk supply is more firmly established , autocrine ( or local ) control system begins . During this stage , the more that milk is removed from the breasts , the more the breast will produce milk . Research also suggests that draining the breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production . Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is able to transfer milk from the breast . Low supply can often be traced to : not feeding or pumping often enough inability of the infant to transfer milk effectively caused by , among other things : jaw or mouth structure deficits poor latching technique rare maternal endocrine disorders hypoplastic breast tissue inadequate calorie intake or malnutrition of the mother Milk ejection reflex ( edit ) This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple . Suckling by the baby stimulates the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus , which signals to the posterior pituitary gland to produce oxytocin . Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli , which already hold milk . The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple . This response can be conditioned e.g. to the cry of the baby . Milk ejection is initiated in the mother 's breast by the act of suckling by the baby . The milk ejection reflex ( also called let - down reflex ) is not always consistent , especially at first . Once a woman is conditioned to nursing , let - down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli , including the sound of any baby . Even thinking about breastfeeding can stimulate this reflex , causing unwanted leakage , or both breasts may give out milk when an infant is feeding from one breast . However , this and other problems often settle after two weeks of feeding . Stress or anxiety can cause difficulties with breastfeeding . The release of the hormone oxytocin leads to the milk ejection or let - down reflex . Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding the breast to squeeze out the milk . Breastfeeding mothers describe the sensation differently . Some feel a slight tingling , others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain / discomfort , and still others do not feel anything different . A poor milk ejection reflex can be due to sore or cracked nipples , separation from the infant , a history of breast surgery , or tissue damage from prior breast trauma . If a mother has trouble breastfeeding , different methods of assisting the milk ejection reflex may help . These include feeding in a familiar and comfortable location , massage of the breast or back , or warming the breast with a cloth or shower . Milk ejection reflex mechanism ( edit ) This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple . Suckling by the baby innervates slowly - adapting and rapidly - adapting mechanoreceptors that are densely packed around the areolar region . The electrical impulse follows the spinothalamic tract , which begins by innervation of fourth intercostal nerves . The electrical impulse then ascends the posterolateral tract for one or two vertebral levels and synapses with second - order neurons , called tract cells , in the posterior dorsal horn . The tract cells then decussate via the anterior white commissure to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus , where they synapse with oxytocinergic third - order neurons . The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus , but their axon and axon terminals are located in the infundibulum and pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary , respectively . The oxytocin is produced in the neuron 's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei , and is then transported down the infundibulum via the hypothalamo - neurohypophyseal tract with the help of the carrier protein , neurophysin I , to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary , and then stored in Herring bodies , where they are stored until the synapse between second - and third - order neurons . Following the electrical impulse , oxytocin is released into the bloodstream . Through the bloodstream , oxytocin makes its way to myoepithelial cells , which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal epithelial cells that also make up the alveoli in breast tissue . When oxytocin binds to the myoepithelial cells , the cells contract . The increased intra-aveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses , into the lactiferous ducts ( a study found that lactiferous sinuses may not exist . If this is true then milk simply enters the lactiferous ducts ) , and then out the nipple . Afterpains ( edit ) A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract . During breastfeeding , mothers may feel these contractions as afterpains . These may range from period - like cramps to strong labour - like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies . Without pregnancy , induced lactation , relactation ( edit ) In humans , induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures , and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers . It appears plausible that the possibility of lactation in women ( or females of other species ) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage , especially in groups with high maternal mortality and tight social bonds . The phenomenon has been also observed in most primates , in some lemurs , and in dwarf mongooses . Lactation can be induced in humans by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation , by drugs , or by a combination of those methods . Some couples may stimulate lactation outside of pregnancy for sexual purposes . Rare accounts of male lactation ( as distinct from galactorrhea ) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature , although the phenomenon has not been confirmed by more recent literature . Evolution ( edit ) Further information : Evolution of mammals § Lactation Further information : Mammary gland § Evolution Charles Darwin recognized that mammary glands seemed to have developed specifically from cutaneous glands , and hypothesized that they evolved from glands in brood pouches of fish , where they would provide nourishment for eggs . The latter aspect of his hypothesis has not been confirmed ; however , more recently the same mechanism has been postulated for early synapsids . The discus fish ( Symphysodon aequifasciata ) is known for ( biparentally ) feeding their offspring by epidermal mucus secretion . A closer examination reveals that , as in mammals , the secretion of the discus fish 's nourishing fluid may be controlled by prolactin . As all mammals lactate , lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals , which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians . O.T. Oftedal has argued that therapsids evolved a proto - lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist , an adaption necessitated due to diapsids parchment shelled eggs which are more vulnerable to evaporation and dehydration than the mineralized eggs produced by some sauropsids . This protolacteal fluid became a complex , nutrient - rich milk which then allowed a decline in egg size by reducing the dependence on a large yolk in the egg . The evolution of lactation is also believed to have resulted in the more complex dentition seen in mammals , as lactation would have allowed the prolonged development of the jaw before the eruption of teeth . During early evolution of lactation , the secretion of milk was through pilosebaceous glands on mammary patches , analogous to the areola , and hairs on this patch transported the nourishing fluids to the eggs as is seen in marsupials . Later the development of the nipple rendered mammary hairs obsolete . Another well known example of nourishing young with secretions of glands is the crop milk of columbiform birds . Like in mammals and disc fish , this also appears to be directed by prolactin . Other birds such as flamingos and penguins utilize similar feeding techniques . Lactation is also the hallmark of adenotrophic viviparity - a breeding mechanism developed by some insects , most notably tsetse flies . The single egg of the tse - tse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus . The cockroach species Diploptera punctata is also known to feed their offspring by milky secretions . See also ( edit ) Lactation room Galactogogue Milk line Udder Breastfeeding Lactation failure Lactation suppression Erotic lactation Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Roman charity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Capuco , A.V. ; Akers , R.M. ( 2009 ) . `` The origin and evolution of lactation '' . Journal of Biology . 8 ( 4 ) : 37 . doi : 10.1186 / jbiol139 . PMC 2688910 . PMID 19439024 . Jump up ^ McNeilly , A.S. ( 1997 ) . `` Lactation and fertility '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 2 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 298 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026340606252 . PMID 10882312 . ^ Jump up to : Mohrbacher , Nancy ; Stock , Julie ( 2003 ) . The Breastfeeding Answer Book ( 3rd ed. ( revised ) ed . ) . La Leche League International . ISBN 0 - 912500 - 92 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cregan M , Mitoulas L , Hartmann P ; Mitoulas ; Hartmann ( 2002 ) . `` Milk prolactin , feed volume and duration between feeds in women breastfeeding their full - term infants over a 24 h period '' . Exp Physiol. 87 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 14 . doi : 10.1113 / eph8702327 . PMID 11856965 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sears , Martha ; Sears , William ( 2000 ) . The Breastfeeding Book . Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0316779241 . Jump up ^ deCarvalho M , Anderson D , Giangreco A , Pittard W ; Anderson ; Giangreco ; Pittard Wb ( 1985 ) . `` Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of non-nursing premature neonates '' . Am J Dis Child . 139 ( 5 ) : 483 -- 5 . doi : 10.1001 / archpedi. 1985.02140070057033 . PMID 3984973 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hopkinson J , Schanler R , Garza C ; Schanler ; Garza ( 1988 ) . `` Milk production by mothers of premature infants '' . Pediatrics. 81 ( 6 ) : 815 -- 20 . PMID 3368280 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daly S , Owens R , Hartmann P ; Owens ; Hartmann ( 1993 ) . `` The short - term synthesis and infant - regulated removal of milk in lactating women '' . Exp Physiol. 78 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 20 . PMID 8471241 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grachev , I. ; Alekseev , N. ; Velling , V. ( 1977 ) . `` Slowly - adapting mechanoreceptor units of the guinea pig mammary nipple '' . Fiziol Zh SSSR Im IM Sechenova. 63 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 400 . PMID 863036 . Jump up ^ Grachev , I. ; Alekseev , N. ; Velling , V. ( 1976 ) . `` Properties of the mechanoreceptors of the nipple of the guinea pig mammary gland . ( Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor units ) '' . Fiziol Zh SSSR Im IM Sechenova. 62 ( 6 ) : 885 -- 892 . PMID 1010088 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , DT ; Kent , JC ; Hartmann , RA ; Hartmann , PE ( 2005 ) . `` Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging '' . Journal of Anatomy. 206 : 525 -- 34 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2005. 00417. x . PMC 1571528 . PMID 15960763 . Jump up ^ Breastfeeding Answers Made Simple , Nancy Mohrbacher , IBCLC , FILCA Jump up ^ Fray , Kathy ( 2005 ) . Oh Baby ... Birth , Babies & Motherhood Uncensored . Random House NZ . ISBN 1 - 86941 - 713 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sobrinho , L. ( 2003 ) . `` Prolactin , psychological stress and environment in humans : adaptation and maladaptation '' . Pituitary. 6 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026229810876 . PMID 14674722 . Jump up ^ Bose , C. ; D'ercole , A. ; Lester , A. ; Hunter , R. ; Barrett , J. ( 1981 ) . `` Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants '' . Pediatrics. 67 ( 4 ) : 565 -- 569 . PMID 6789296 . Jump up ^ König , B. ( 1997 ) . `` Cooperative care of young in mammals '' . Die Naturwissenschaften. 84 ( 3 ) : 95 -- 104 . Bibcode : 1997NW ... 84 ... 95K . doi : 10.1007 / s001140050356 . PMID 9112240 . Jump up ^ Creel , S.R. ; Monfort , S.L. ; Wildt , D.E. ; Waser , P.M. ( 1991 ) . `` Spontaneous lactation is an adaptive result of pseudopregnancy '' . Nature . 351 ( 6328 ) : 660 -- 662 . Bibcode : 1991Natur. 351 ... 660C . doi : 10.1038 / 351660a0 . PMID 2052092 . Jump up ^ Seema ; Patwari , AK ; Satyanarayana , L ( 1997 ) . `` Relactation : an effective intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding '' . Journal of tropical pediatrics. 43 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / tropej / 43.4. 213 . PMID 9283123 . Jump up ^ Strange but True : Males Can Lactate : Scientific American ^ Jump up to : Oftedal , OT ( 2002 ) . `` The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 7 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022896515287 . PMID 12751889 . Jump up ^ Chong , K. ; Joshi , S. ; Jin , L.T. ; Shu - Chien , A.C. ( 2006 ) . `` Proteomics profiling of epidermal mucus secretion of a cichlid ( Symphysodon aequifasciata ) demonstrating parental care behavior '' . Proteomics. 6 ( 7 ) : 2251 -- 2258 . doi : 10.1002 / pmic. 200500591 . PMID 16385477 . Jump up ^ Khong , H.K. ; Kuah , M.K. ; Jaya - Ram , A. ; Shu - Chien , A.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish ( Symphysodon aequifasciata ) skin during parental phase '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 153 : 18 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpb. 2009.01. 005 . PMID 19272315 . Jump up ^ van Rheede , Teun ; Bastiaans , Trijntje ; Boone , David N. ( 2006 ) . `` The platypus in its place : nuclear genes and Indels confirm the sister group relation of Monotremes and Therians '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution . Oxford University Press . 23 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msj064 . Jump up ^ Oftedal , Olav T. ( 2002 ) . `` The Origin of Lactation as a Water Source for Parchment - Shelled Eggs '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 7 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Oftedal , Olav T. ; Dhouially , Danielle . `` Evo - Devo of the Mammary Gland '' . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 18 : 105 -- 120 . doi : 10.1007 / s10911 - 013 - 9290 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horseman , N.D. ; Buntin , J.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Regulation of Pigeon Cropmilk Secretion and Parental Behaviors by Prolactin '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 15 : 213 -- 238 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 15.070195. 001241 . PMID 8527218 . Jump up ^ Bird Milk Jump up ^ Attardo , G.M. ; Lohs , C. ; Heddi , A. ; Alam , U.H. ; Yildirim , S. ; Aksoy , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans : Milk protein production , symbiont populations and fecundity '' . Journal of Insect Physiology. 54 ( 8 ) : 1236 -- 1242 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2008.06. 008 . PMC 2613686 . PMID 18647605 . Jump up ^ Williford , A. ; Stay , B. ; Bhattacharya , D. ( 2004 ) . `` Evolution of a novel function : Nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach , Diploptera punctata '' . Evolution & development . 6 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1525 - 142x. 2004.04012. x . PMID 15009119 . External links ( edit ) How mammals lost their egg yolks -- Did mammals develop nutritional milk before or after they abandoned yolky eggs ? ( New Scientist , 18 March 2008 ) Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Milk From animals Buffalo Camel Cow Donkey Goat Horse Human Colostrum Newborn Moose Pig Sheep From plants Plant milk Almond Coconut Hemp Peanut Rice Soy - based infant formula Soy Types A2 Baked Condensed Evaporated Filled Flavored Anise Chocolate Coffee Vanilla Ice Malted Organic Pasteurized Powdered Raw Scalded Skimmed Soured Toned UHT Ultrafiltered Products Ayran Butter Buttermilk Cheese Cream Curd Ice cream Jewelry Kefir Milkshake Whey Yogurt Topics Allergy Containers Bag Bottle Carton Crate Jug Milk churn Dairy Lactation Breastfeeding Milking Pipeline Professions Milkmaid Milkman LCCN : sh85073863 GND : 4166486 - 3 SUDOC : 028721772 BNF : cb120499258 ( data ) NDL : 00563294 BNE : XX557246 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactation&oldid=826230885 '' Categories : Animal physiology Breastfeeding Exocrine system Glands Reproduction in mammals Milk Secondary sexual characteristics Breast milk Human female endocrine system Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Simple English Soomaaliga Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this hormone promotes milk secretion in the breast	[]	[]
-2422826758013243202	No Exit (The Vampire Diaries)	No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries . For other uses , see No Exit . `` No Exit '' The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 14 Directed by Michael Allowitz Written by Brian Young Production code 2J7514 Original air date February 27 , 2014 Guest appearance ( s ) Olga Fonda ( Nadia ) Michael Malarkey ( Enzo ) Rick Cosnett ( Wes Maxfield ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Next → `` Gone Girl '' The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` No Exit '' is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 103rd episode overall . `` No Exit '' was originally aired on February 27 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz . Contents 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people to vampires so that Damon can feed on them since now , after Wes ' ( Rick Cosnett ) injection , he craves vampire blood and not human . The two of them try to leave the last victim 's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out . Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test ; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friends to feed on . Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , still pretending to be Elena , tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together . When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon , Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him . Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to `` Elena '' after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends . Before Stefan and Katherine go , Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ) , who has vanished for two days , and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him . Katherine hears Caroline 's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine . When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena , Katherine asks her to kill him . Caroline leaves to go to Tyler 's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon . Caroline gets to Tyler 's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what she wants from him . The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) . At the same time , Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is convince his friends that he is fine . Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine . He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that . They both depart , leaving Matt and Nadia alone . Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan . She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready . While there , Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are in but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address . Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her . Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel , Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him . He kisses her back but he stops because `` Elena '' has just broken up with Damon and it is not right . Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him . Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed , so Damon will not be able to resist . Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop . Damon chokes at Enzo 's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers put a spell on it . He offers for Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever . Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him . Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone , trapped in the house . Nadia checks that finally the vervain is out of Matt 's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget , Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena 's body . He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing , he tries to text Caroline . He manages to write `` Help K '' and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him . She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her , so she compels him and starts to exit the house . Caroline , who got the text , meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting . Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away . Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them . They tell him that they are not afraid of him and they both enter the house . Katherine , to help Damon fight his urge , cuts her hand with a glass and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it . Damon starts feeding on her , Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her . Stefan , instead of taking the stake , he takes a piece of glass and cuts himself to distract Damon . Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his neck . Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia . Katherine is happy because , despite her plan to kill Damon not working , she had a moment with Stefan . She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood . Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body . Feature Music ( edit ) In the `` No Exit '' episode we can hear the songs : `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons `` You Belong Here '' by Leagues `` Fleur Blanche '' by Örsten `` Poisonous Spider '' by Company Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` No Exit '' was watched by 2.03 million ; down by 0.13 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` No Exit '' received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine 's secret was revealed , the show will `` kick in '' . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode : `` this path to realization ( finding out that Katherine is in Elena 's body ) basically creates a filler episode , a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future ( ... ) Katherine taking over Elena 's life was an incredibly inspired storyline , and watching it unfold has been delightful , but sooner or later , someone had to figure out what was going on . To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing . '' Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes : `` I miss the bad - assery this show used to have . Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals . ( ... ) All of the awesome , violent , supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who 's - sleeping - with - who nonsense , ever since the original vampires got their own show . I guess Klaus really took the bad - assery with him . Well , now everyone knows that `` Elena '' is really Katherine , so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in . '' Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . '' Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show . `` '' No Exit '' was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes ' two most pressing issues : Katherine and Damon . While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems , the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped . '' Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . '' Notes ( edit ) The episode was dedicated to Sarah Jones , who lost her life on February 20 , 2014 on a train accident while being on set . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Music : Songs From Season 5 , Episode 14 -- `` No Exit '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` No Exit '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Recap : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Episode 514 - ' No Exit ' '' . Fearnet . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries season 5 episode 14 review : No Exit '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries # 5.14 `` No Exit '' Recap & Review `` . K Site TV . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : Starving for Suspense '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somerhalder , Ian ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Tonights episode of the Vampire Diaries is dedicated in loving memory of our Cosmic Sister Sarah Jones whom we lost last week - pls watch2nite '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Crew Member , Sarah Jones , Dies In ' Midnight Rider ' Train Accident '' . IBTimes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` No Exit '' on YouTube The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=839317790 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how long will katherine be in elena's body	[]	[]
-7045605742187731015	Content-based instruction	Content - based instruction - wikipedia Content - based instruction Jump to : navigation , search Content - based instruction ( CBI ) is a significant approach in language education ( Brinton , Snow , & Wesche , 1989 ) . CBI is designed to provide second - language learners instruction in content and language . Historically , the word content has changed its meaning in second language teaching . Content used to refer to the methods of grammar -- translation , audio - lingual methodology and vocabulary or sound patterns in dialog form . Recently , content is interpreted as the use of subject matter as a vehicle for second or foreign language teaching / learning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits 2 Comparison to other approaches 3 Motivating students 4 Active student involvement 5 Conclusion 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Benefits ( edit ) Learners are exposed to a considerable amount of language through stimulating content . Learners explore interesting content and are engaged in appropriate language - dependent activities . Languages are not learned through direct instruction , but rather acquired `` naturally '' or automatically . CBI supports contextualized learning ; learners are taught useful language that is embedded within relevant discourse contexts rather than as isolated language fragments . Hence students make greater connections with the language and what they already know . Complex information is delivered through real life context for the students to grasp well and leads to intrinsic motivation . In CBI information is reiterated by strategically delivering information at right time and situation compelling the students to learn out of passion . Greater flexibility and adaptability in the curriculum can be deployed as per the student 's interest . Comparison to other approaches ( edit ) The CBI approach is comparable to English for Specific Purposes ( ESP ) , which usually is for vocational or occupational needs or English for Academic Purposes ( EAP ) . The goal of CBI is to prepare students to acquire the languages while using the context of any subject matter so that students learn the language by using it within the specific context . Rather than learning a language out of context , it is learned within the context of a specific academic subject . As educators realized that in order to successfully complete an academic task , second language ( L2 ) learners have to master both English as a language form ( grammar , vocabulary etc . ) and how English is used in core content classes , they started to implement various approaches such as Sheltered instruction and learning to learn in CBI classes . Sheltered instruction is more of a teacher - driven approach that puts the responsibility on the teachers ' shoulders . This is the case by stressing several pedagogical needs to help learners achieve their goals , such as teachers having knowledge of the subject matter , knowledge of instructional strategies to comprehensible and accessible content , knowledge of L2 learning processes and the ability to assess cognitive , linguistic and social strategies that students use to assure content comprehension while promoting English academic development . Learning to learn is more of a student - centered approach that stresses the importance of having the learners share this responsibility with their teachers . Learning to learn emphasizes the significant role that learning strategies play in the process of learning . Motivating students ( edit ) Keeping students motivated and interested are two important factors underlying content - based instruction . Motivation and interest are crucial in supporting student success with challenging , informative activities that support success and which help the student learn complex skills ( Grabe & Stoller , 1997 ) . When students are motivated and interested in the material they are learning , they make greater connections between topics , elaborations with learning material and can recall information better ( Alexander , Kulikowich , & Jetton , 1994 : Krapp , Hidi , & Renninger , 1992 ) . In short , when a student is intrinsically motivated the student achieves more . This in turn leads to a perception of success , of gaining positive attributes which will continue a circular learning pattern of success and interest . Krapp , Hidi and Renninger ( 1992 ) state that , `` situational interest , triggered by environmental factors , may evoke or contribute to the development of long - lasting individual interests '' ( p. 18 ) . Because CBI is student centered , one of its goals is to keep students interested and motivation high by generating stimulating content instruction and materials . Active student involvement ( edit ) Because it falls under the more general rubric of communicative language teaching ( CLT ) , the CBI classroom is learner rather than teacher centered ( Littlewood , 1981 ) . In such classrooms , students learn through doing and are actively engaged in the learning process . They do not depend on the teacher to direct all learning or to be the source of all information . Central to CBI is the belief that learning occurs not only through exposure to the teacher 's input , but also through peer input and interactions . Accordingly , students assume active , social roles in the classroom that involve interactive learning , negotiation , information gathering and the co-construction of meaning ( Lee and VanPatten , 1995 ) . William Glasser 's `` control theory '' exemplifies his attempts to empower students and give them voice by focusing on their basic , human needs : Unless students are given power , they may exert what little power they have to thwart learning and achievement through inappropriate behavior and mediocrity . Thus , it is important for teachers to give students voice , especially in the current educational climate , which is dominated by standardization and testing ( Simmons and Page , 2010 ) . Conclusion ( edit ) The integration of language & content teaching is perceived by the European Commission as `` an excellent way of making progress in a foreign language '' . CBI effectively increases learners ' English language proficiency & teaches them the skills necessary for the success in various professions . With CBI , learners gradually acquire greater control of the English language , enabling them to participate more fully in an increasingly complex academic & social environment . See also ( edit ) CLIL English language learning and teaching Language education Second language Teaching English as a foreign language References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amber , Page , Melissa , Simmons ( September 2010 ) . `` Motivating Students through Power and Choice '' . English Journal . 100 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 69 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Brinton , D. ( 2003 ) . Content - based instruction . In D. Nunan ( Ed . ) , Practical English Language Teaching ( pp. 199 -- 224 ) . New York : McGraw Hill . Brinton , D.M. , Snow , M.A. , & Wesche , M.B. ( 1989 ) . Content - based second language instruction . New York : Newbury House . Grabe , W. , & Stoller , F.L. ( 1997 ) . Content - based instruction : Research foundations . In M.A. Snow , & D.M. Brinton ( Eds . ) , The content - based classroom : Perspectives on integrating language and content ( pp. 5 -- 21 ) . NY : Longman . Littlewood , W. ( 1981 ) . Communicative language teaching : An introduction . Cambridge University Press . Snow , M.A. ( 2001 ) . Content - based and immersion models for second and foreign language teaching . In M. Celce - Murcia ( Ed . ) , Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language ( 3rd ed . ) ( pp. 303 -- 318 ) . Boston , MA : Heinle & Heinle . External links ( edit ) British Council , BBC : teaching English NFLC Report Theory of Content Based Instruction Content - Based Instruction in English as a Foreign Language Context ( hide ) Language education Methodology Audio - lingual method Communicative language teaching Comprehension approach Community language learning Computer - assisted language learning Content - based instruction Direct Method Dogme language teaching Focal Skills Grammar -- translation method Language immersion Lexical approach Michel Thomas Method Natural approach Silent way Suggestopedia Task - based language learning Total physical response TPR Storytelling Vocabulary development Whole language Teaching techniques Mother tongue mirroring Sandwich technique Back - chaining Dictogloss Information gap Key concepts Bilingual dictionary Critical period hypothesis English as a lingua franca Fossilization Interlanguage Language transfer Second - language acquisition World Englishes Assessment Language assessment Corrective feedback Competency evaluation DIALANG IELTS TOEFL TOEIC UCLES Programs and organizations English as a second or foreign language English for specific purposes TESOL Key people Betty Azar H. Douglas Brown Pit Corder Jim Cummins Rod Ellis Stephen Krashen Scott Thornbury Statistics List of countries where English is an official language List of countries by English - speaking population Most commonly learned foreign languages in the U.S. EF English Proficiency Index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content-based_instruction&oldid=795180766 '' Categories : Language - teaching methodology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the learning content of the approach	[]	[]
3192391617910736694	Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy	Office of Energy efficiency and Renewable Energy - wikipedia Office of Energy efficiency and Renewable Energy This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Agency overview Formed 1981 ( 1981 ) Superseding agency Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy Jurisdiction United States Government Headquarters Washington , D.C. Agency executive Daniel Simmons , Assistant Secretary ( Acting ) Parent department United States Department of Energy Website energy.gov/eere The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy ( EERE ) is an office within the United States Department of Energy . Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis , EERE 's mission is to help support the development of clean , renewable and efficiency energy technologies to America and support a global clean energy economy . The Office of EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , who oversees three technology sectors : renewable energy , sustainable transportation , and energy efficiency . Within these sectors are 11 major technology offices and programs that support research , development , and outreach efforts . Contents 1 History 2 Management and organization 2.1 Budget 3 Organizational structure 3.1 Sustainable transportation sector 3.2 Renewable energy sector 3.3 Energy efficiency sector 4 Public outreach 4.1 Academic competitions 4.2 Other competitions 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) EERE has been established from several previous agencies within the United States Executive branch following the 1973 energy crisis . It has foundations in the former agencies Federal Energy Administration , the Energy Research and Development Administration , the Energy Resource Council , and the Atomic Energy Commission , all established prior to the establishment of Department of Energy ( DOE ) in 1977 ( Pub. L. 95 -- 91 , 91 Stat. 565 , enacted August 4 , 1977 ) . The 1978 National Energy Act consolidated several of the former agencies into the DOE , and created an office that focused on energy efficiency and renewable fuels . The agency had undergone several different names since 1978 to reflect its changing scope , including the Office of Conservation and Solar Applications ( CSA ) , the Office of Conservation and Solar Energy ( CSE ) , and the Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy ( CRE ) . The agency gained its current name , the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , in 1993 . Management and organization ( edit ) The EERE 's mission is defined as `` to create and sustain American leadership in the transition to a global clean energy economy . '' The office also develops initiatives to advance specific technologies . The Office of EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , who is appointed by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The current Acting Assistant Secretary is Steve Chalk . EERE oversees the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden , Colorado . Additionally , EERE oversees the management and operation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and provides funding to 12 of the U.S. Department of Energy 's national laboratories : Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Idaho National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory National Energy Technology Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories Savannah River National Laboratory Budget ( edit ) The Office of EERE 's annual budget is determined by annual congressional appropriations . EERE received $1.82 billion in fiscal year 2014 , $1.91 billion in fiscal year 2015 , and requested $2.72 billion for fiscal year 2016 and $2.89 billion for fiscal year 2017 . These funds are divided among the 11 EERE programs and initiatives , as well as program direction costs such as salaries , travel , training and administrative support , and facilities and infrastructure . Organizational structure ( edit ) EERE is divided into 3 main technology sectors -- sustainable transportation , renewable energy , and energy efficiency -- that are made up of 11 different technology offices . In addition , it includes corporate support functions and offices . These supporting offices include : Office of Strategic Programs Office of Business Operations Golden Field Office Office of Financial Management Sustainable transportation sector ( edit ) A scooter modified to use hydrogen as fuel within its internal combustion engine The Vehicle Technologies Office supports the research , development , and deployment of efficient transportation technologies . It supports technologies such as plug - in electric vehicles , batteries , electric drive technologies , advanced combustion engines , lightweight materials , and alternative fuels , including natural gas and propane . The Bioenergy Technologies Office supports research , development , and deployment projects for advanced biofuels . The Fuel Cell Technologies Office conducts research , development , and deployment in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies . Renewable Energy sector ( edit ) The Solar Energy Technologies Office , also known as the SunShot Initiative , funds cooperative research , development , demonstration , and deployment projects by private companies , universities , state and local governments , nonprofit organizations , and national laboratories . It focuses on photovoltaics , concentrating solar power , soft costs ( the non-hardware costs of solar ) , commercializing technologies , and integrating solar with the grid . The Geothermal Technologies Office supports research and development for geothermal technologies . The Wind Energy Technologies Office conducts research and development activities in land - based and offshore wind power and works with national laboratories , universities , laboratories , and industries . The Water Power Program researches , tests , evaluates , and develops hydropower and hydrokinetic energy technologies . Energy efficiency sector ( edit ) The Building Technologies Office supports research , development , and deployment activities to reduce energy use in U.S. buildings . The office 's long - term objective is to reduce the energy use intensity of homes and commercial buildings by 50 % or more . The Federal Energy Management Program seeks methods and technology to reduce energy use and increase the use of renewable energy at federal agencies . The Advanced Manufacturing Office works with industry , small business , universities , and other stakeholders and supports research into energy - efficient technologies for industries . The Weatherization and Intergovernmental Programs Office is one of the primary forums for helping state and local governments implement cost - effective and productive energy systems for American homes , communities , businesses , and industries . The program 's mission is to enable strategic investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and innovative practices across the U.S. by a wide range of government , community and business stakeholders , in partnership with state and local organizations and community - based nonprofits . WIP is made up of two programs focused on state and local governments and two teams that develop and deliver targeted technical assistance and strategic initiatives to state and local governments . The State Energy Program ( SEP ) provides funding and technical assistance to states , territories , and the District of Columbia to enhance energy security , advance state - led energy initiatives , and maximize the benefits of decreasing energy waste . SEP emphasizes each state 's key role as the decision maker and administrator for program activities within the state that are tailored to their unique resources , delivery capacity , and energy goals . The Weatherization Assistance Program ( WAP ) reduces energy costs for low - income households by increasing the energy efficiency of their homes , while ensuring their health and safety . The program provides funding to states and territories for locally - run weatherization services to approximately 35,000 homes every year . States contract with community action agencies , non-profits , and local governments that use in - house employees and private contractors to deliver services to low - income families . WAP has served more than 7 million families since program inception in 1976 . The Partnerships and Technical Assistance Team ( P&TA ) serves as the nexus of state and local governments to catalyze lead - by - example programs by developing tools and solutions to barriers facing state and local governments ; convening and creating peer exchanges to showcase public - sector leadership and effective public - private partnerships ; and providing information from leading technical experts . P&TA cultivates diverse partnerships and provides technical assistance through initiatives that include the Better Buildings Challenge , Better Communities Alliance , and Better Buildings Accelerators . The Strategic and Interagency Initiatives team leads inter-organizational initiatives that provide states and local governments technical assistance to help underserved communities have access to more energy choices . DOE 's Clean Energy for Low Income Communities Accelerator and Remote Alaskan Communities Energy Efficiency Competition initiatives demonstrate replicable , scalable models that address barriers to energy efficiency and renewable energy access in low and moderate income communities . Public outreach ( edit ) EERE manages the Energy Saver website that promotes energy - efficient technologies for heating , cooling , and weatherizing buildings and lists tips for saving electricity and fuel . The Office of EERE sponsors several activities aimed at public outreach and engagement in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies . Academic competitions ( edit ) The Solar Decathlon held at the National Mall in 2009 The Solar Decathlon is a competition held every other year where collegiate teams design , build , and operate solar - powered houses . The competition winner is the team that best blends affordability , consumer appeal , and design with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency . These homes are judged in 10 contests . In the EcoCAR 3 challenge , 16 university teams redesign a Chevrolet Camaro to reduce its environmental impact without reducing its performance . It is sponsored by DOE and General Motors and managed by Argonne National Laboratory . The Race to Zero Student Design Competition teaches college students about the building science field by challenging them to design zero energy ready homes . In the BioenergizeME Infographic Challenge , students in grades 9 - 12 use technology to research , interpret , apply , and then design an infographic that responds to one of four cross-curricular bioenergy topics . The Collegiate Wind Competition is a contest where college teams are judged by their ability to design a wind turbine based on market research , develop a business plan to market the product , build and test the turbine against set requirements , and demonstrate knowledge of siting constraints and location challenges for product installation . In partnership with the Center for Advanced Energy Studies and the Idaho National Laboratory , the Geothermal Technologies Offices hosts a competition for high school and university teams . Teams of two to three members research data , interpret information , and design an infographic that tells a compelling story about the future of geothermal energy . The Hydrogen Student Design Contest `` challenges undergraduate and graduate students worldwide to apply design , engineering , economic , environmental science , business and marketing skills to the hydrogen and fuel cell industries . '' Other competitions ( edit ) In the Georgetown University Energy Prize competition , cities and counties with populations between 5,000 and 250,000 compete for a multi-year $5 million prize for demonstrating energy use reduction over a two - year period . The Cleantech University Prize provides competitive funding for business development and commercialization training to clean energy entrepreneurs . The Wave Energy Prize is aims to increase the number of organizations involved in wave energy converter technology development . In 2016 , 92 registered teams competed not only for the $1.5 million prize , but for opportunities at seed funding and access to testing facilities , experts in the field , and an online `` marketplace '' that connected teams , investors , and contributors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Us : EERE Leadership '' . Department of Energy . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold ; Thomas P. Carr ( 2003 ) . The executive branch , creation and reorganization . Nova Publishers . p. 29 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About Us Jump up ^ Allgov.com : Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Jump up ^ Office of EERE Organization Chart Jump up ^ Fiscal Year 2016 Appendix : Budget of the U.S. Government Jump up ^ Department of Energy FY 2016 Congressional Budget Request Jump up ^ Office of EERE : EERE 's FY 2017 Congressional Budget Request Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Vehicle Technologies Office Jump up ^ NGT News : DOE 's Vehicle Technologies Office to Achieve Goals with Alt Fuels Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Bioenergy Technologies Office Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the SunShot Initiative Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Geothermal Technologies Office Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Wind Energy Technologies Office Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Water Power Technologies Office Jump up ^ Building Technologies Office Multi-Year Program Plan : Fiscal Years 2016 -- 2020 Jump up ^ Office of EERE : About the Federal Energy Management Program Jump up ^ Office of EERE : Advanced Manufacturing Office : Key Activities Jump up ^ Office of EERE : Weatherization and Intergovernmental Website Jump up ^ Office of EERE : State Energy Program Jump up ^ Office of EERE : Weatherization Assistance Program Jump up ^ Partnerships & Technical Assistance Team , 2017 Jump up ^ Better Buildings Accelerators Jump up ^ Energy Saver website Jump up ^ Solar Decathlon Contests Jump up ^ EcoCAR 3 : An Advanced Vehicle Competition Jump up ^ Office of EERE : U.S. Department of Energy Race to Zero Student Design Competition Jump up ^ Office of EERE : BioenergizeMe Infographic Challenge Jump up ^ Office of EERE : Collegiate Wind Competition Jump up ^ Center for Advanced Energy Studies : Geothermal Design Challenge 2016 Jump up ^ Hydrogen Student Design Contest : About the Contest Jump up ^ Georgetown University Energy Prize : FAQs Jump up ^ Berkeley Energy and Climate Institute : Program History Jump up ^ Wave Energy Prize : What is the Wave Energy Prize ? Jump up ^ The White House , President Barack Obama : Prizes Creating `` Waves '' in the Energy Sector External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Agencies under the United States Department of Energy Headquarters : James V. Forrestal Building Rick Perry , Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette , Deputy Secretary of Energy Deputy Secretary of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Energy Information Administration ARPA - E Under Secretary of Energy for Energy and Environment Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security National Nuclear Security Administration Under Secretary of Energy for Science Office of Science OSTI Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Power Marketing Administration Bonneville Power Administration Southeastern Power Administration Southwestern Power Administration Western Area Power Administration National Laboratory System Ames Argonne NBL CNM APS ATLAS EMC Berkeley ALS MF NCEM NERSCC ESN JGI Brookhaven AGS CFN NSLS NSLS II RHIC Fermilab TeV Idaho RESL JLab Livermore NARAC NIF Los Alamos DARHTF NETL Albany NREL Oak Ridge SNS CNMS HFIR NCCS Pacific Northwest EMSL PPPL NSTX TFTR SRNL Sandia Z SLAC SSRL Energy Department Facilities and Reservations Fernald NLO Hanford K - 25 Kansas City Plant Nevada Test Site Area 19 Area 20 NHHOR Pantex Rocky Flats SSFL ETEC SRE SRS SPR WIPP Y - 12 Yucca Mountain Independent Agency Federal Energy Regulatory Commission United States government agencies involved in environmental science Environmental Protection Agency Global Change Research Program National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Smithsonian Institution Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement Bureau of Reclamation National Park Service United States Fish and Wildlife Service United States Geological Survey Office of Insular Affairs Office of Surface Mining , Reclamation , and Enforcement Department of Commerce Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research National Geodetic Survey National Marine Fisheries Service National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Environmental Management Office of Science National Laboratories and Technology Centers Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Farm Service Agency Food and Nutrition Service Foreign Agricultural Service Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center Rural Utilities Service United States Forest Service Department of Homeland Security Directorate for Science and Technology United States Coast Guard Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Department of Defense Air Force Research Laboratory Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Office of Naval Research United States Army Research , Development and Engineering Command Energy in the United States Politics and law Energy Lobby Energy policy Energy Policy Act ( 1992 ) ( 2005 ) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Energy subsidies Federal Power Act Offshore drilling debate Renewable portfolio standard Secretary of Energy Energy law of the United States North American energy independence Energy by state Arkansas California Hawaii Idaho Ohio Oregon Vermont Sources Material Biofuel Coal Geothermal Hydroelectric Nuclear Petroleum Renewable Solar by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wind by state Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emissions State CO emissions Emission standards CAFE standards Governmental Agencies PMAs ( BPA WAPA SEPA SWPA ) CARB DOE ( EIA EERE NREL OE ) EPA FERC NRC TVA USGS Organizations ACORE APPA AA API ASES AWEA BTEC EEI EBI EESI EPRI NRECA NEI PFI PIA RMI Energy portal Sustainable development portal This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Energy . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy&oldid=812231359 '' Categories : United States Department of Energy agencies Energy policy of the United States Climate change policy in the United States Renewable energy organizations based in the United States Electric vehicles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Wikipedia articles incorporating material from the United States Department of Energy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 19 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	doe office of renewable energy and energy efficiency	[]	[]
5709142959437602575	Blood cell	Blood cell - wikipedia Blood cell Jump to : navigation , search `` Blood Cells '' redirects here . For the journal formerly known as Blood Cells , see Blood Cells , Molecules and Diseases . `` Hemocyte '' redirects here . For invertebrate immune system cells , see Hemocyte ( invertebrate immune system cell ) . Diagram showing the development of different blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells to mature cells . A blood cell , also called a haematopoietic cell , hemocyte , or hematocyte , is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood . Major types of blood cells include ; Red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) White blood cells ( leukocytes ) Platelets ( thrombocytes ) Together , these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45 % of the blood tissue by volume , with the remaining 55 % of the volume composed of plasma , the liquid component of blood . Contents ( hide ) 1 Red blood cells 2 White blood cells 3 Platelets 4 Complete blood count 5 Discovery 6 References 7 External links Red blood cells ( edit ) Red and white human blood cells as seen under a microscope using a blue slide stain Red blood cells or erythrocytes , primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of hemoglobin . Hemoglobin is an iron - containing protein that gives red blood cells their color and facilitates transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled . Red blood cells are disk - shaped and deformable to allow them to squeeze through narrow capillaries . Red blood cells are much smaller than most other human cells . RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells in a process known as erythropoiesis . In adults , about 2.4 million RBCs are produced each second . RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 100 - 120 days . After they have completed their lifespan , they are removed from the bloodstream by the spleen . Mature red blood cells are unique among cells in the human body in that they lack a nucleus ( although erythroblasts do have a nucleus ) . The condition of having too few red blood cells is known as anemia , while having too many is polycythemia . White blood cells ( edit ) Artificially colored electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : erythrocyte , thrombocyte , leukocyte . White blood cells or leukocytes , are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials . They are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells . Leukocytes are found throughout the body , including the blood and lymphatic system . There are a variety of types of white bloods cells that serve specific roles in the human immune system . WBCs constitute approximately 1 % of the blood volume . White blood cells are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes , distinguished by the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm . Granulocytes include basophils , eosinophils , neutrophils , and mast cells . Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes . The condition of having too few white blood cells is leukopenia , while having too many is leukocytosis . There are individual terms for the lack or overabundance of specific types of white blood cells . The number of white blood cells in circulation is commonly increased in the incidence of infection . Many hematological cancers are based on the inappropriate production of white blood cells . Platelets ( edit ) Platelets , or thrombocytes , are very small , irregularly shaped clear cell fragments , 2 -- 3 μm in diameter , which derive from fragmentation of megakaryocytes . The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days . Platelets are a natural source of growth factors . They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis , leading to the formation of blood clots . Platelets release thread - like fibers to form these clots . If the number of platelets is too low , excessive bleeding can occur . However , if the number of platelets is too high , blood clots can form thrombosis , which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke , myocardial infarction , pulmonary embolism -- or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body , such as the extremities of the arms or legs . An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy , which can be either a low number of platelets ( thrombocytopenia ) , a decrease in function of platelets ( thrombasthenia ) , or an increase in the number of platelets ( thrombocytosis ) . There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets , such as heparin - induced thrombocytopenia ( HIT ) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( TTP ) , that typically cause thromboses , or clots , instead of bleeding . Platelets release a multitude of growth factors including platelet - derived growth factor ( PDGF ) , a potent chemotactic agent , and TGF beta , which stimulates the deposition of extracellular matrix . Both of these growth factors have been shown to play a significant role in the repair and regeneration of connective tissues . Other healing - associated growth factors produced by platelets include basic fibroblast growth factor , insulin - like growth factor 1 , platelet - derived epidermal growth factor , and vascular endothelial growth factor . Local application of these factors in increased concentrations through platelet - rich plasma ( PRP ) has been used as an adjunct to wound healing for several decades . Complete blood count ( edit ) Main article : Complete blood count A complete blood count ( CBC ) is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient 's blood . A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC . In the past , counting the cells in a patient 's blood was performed manually , by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient 's blood under a microscope . Today , this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer , with only approximately 10 - 20 % of samples now being examined manually . Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease , and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine , as they can provide an overview of a patient 's general health status . Discovery ( edit ) In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope , and in 1695 , microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek , also Dutch , was the first to draw an illustration of `` red corpuscles '' , as they were called . No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets . The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral , a French professor of medicine , and William Addison , a British physician , simultaneously . Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease . With these discoveries , hematology , a new field of medicine , was established . Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available , almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879 , when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bruce Alberts ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walter ( 2002 ) . `` Leukocyte also known as macrophagesfunctions and percentage breakdown '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vinay Kumar ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 1416031219 . Jump up ^ http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/33/2/237.full.pdf External links ( edit ) BNF : cb11964985r ( data ) GND : 4130604 - 1 LCCN : sh85014968 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_cell&oldid=838458582 '' Categories : Blood cells 1658 in science Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית Kiswahili Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ייִדיש 粵語中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	1. what are the major functions of rbc wbc and platelets	[]	[]
-7827543903371489009	I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me	I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me - wikipedia I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me . `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' First release Single by Nik Kershaw from the album Human Racing B - side `` Dark Glasses '' Released 16 September 1983 4 June 1984 ( re-release ) Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' Vinyl Genre Pop rock synthpop new wave Length 3 : 19 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Nik Kershaw Producer ( s ) Peter Collins Nik Kershaw singles chronology `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Would n't It Be Good '' ( 1984 ) `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Would n't It Be Good '' ( 1984 ) `` Dancing Girls '' ( 1984 ) Dancing Girls 1984 `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( re-issue ) '' ( 1984 ) I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( re-issue ) 1984 `` Human Racing '' ( 1984 ) Human Racing 1984 `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' is a song written and performed by the English singer - songwriter Nik Kershaw . It was his first single , released in 1983 to little success , but was re-released in 1984 and became his highest charting hit , peaking at no . 2 in the UK . The song was included on Kershaw 's debut album Human Racing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Lyrics 3 Musical arrangement 4 Video 4.1 First release 4.2 Second release 5 Track listing 5.1 First release 5.2 Second release 6 Credits 7 Charts 8 Robin Cook 8.1 Track listing 8.2 Sampled by Sveriges Radio 8.3 Charts 9 References 10 External links Song history ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' first charted in November 1983 , though despite spending 8 weeks in the UK Top 100 , only reached number 47 . However , the follow - up single , `` Would n't It Be Good '' , reached the top five and after a further Top 20 hit with `` Dancing Girls '' , `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' was re-released and soared to number two . It was also subsequently a major hit in several other countries and was responsible for bringing Kershaw to greater public attention . During an appearance on BBC One 's The One Show in June 2015 , Pete Waterman claimed he produced the record . Kershaw took to social media to point out that `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' was in fact produced by Peter Collins , who is credited on all releases as the record 's sole producer . ( Waterman managed Collins at the time the song was recorded , but had no involvement in the actual production of the track . ) Lyrics ( edit ) The song was written during the latter part of the Cold War period when nuclear war between the two superpowers of the USSR and United States was still a very real concern , and the lyrics reflect a satirical view of politics and the threat of war with lines such as : `` old men in stripey trousers , rule the world with plastic smiles '' , and : `` forefinger on the button , is he blue or is he red ? '' In September 1984 , Kershaw told `` Number One '' magazine : It 's probably not immediately obvious but I Wo n't Let The Sun is about The Bomb , or rather about people taking responsibility for what they do generally . It 's saying that it probably wo n't do much good for one person to shout about these things but I 'm going to anyway . Musical arrangement ( edit ) The song was originally written as a folk protest song , but as Kershaw 's manager had signed him up to Peter Collins and Pete Waterman 's Loose Ends production company , it turned into a pop anthem in the studio . In Kershaw 's version , the synth tune was produced with an Oberheim OB - 8 played by Paul Wickens ( Wix ) . Video ( edit ) There are two different music videos for this song . First release ( edit ) The original video for `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' shows Kershaw singing the song on a hillside and in a castle . He is accompanied by children , and by a minstrel , who plays the guitar parts on a lute . The video was filmed in Maidstone , Kent . Second release ( edit ) When the song was re-released in June 1984 , a new video was shot . Because Kershaw was doing promotional work in Europe , there was little time to arrange anything , so a faux live video was shot . It was interspersed with occasional shots of the old men in stripey trousers . At one point , one of the old men picks a blue rabbit out of a guitar case . This had been sent to Kershaw by a fan named Lauren , and he placed it on stage in front of his right hand monitor during gigs , for luck . Kershaw was not happy with the video , feeling it was hurried : I 'll never forget the day of the shot , it was a real pandemonium . The band was trying to rehearse - ' cos we had n't played live for so long - and do the video at the same time . It would 've been a much better video if we 'd had more time . The best way to shoot a live gig is over four or five nights then you might get a good set because when you 're playing live , there 's a lot of excitement and you ca n't always concentrate on every note . Track listing ( edit ) First release ( edit ) 16 September 1983 7 '' Single ( MCA 816 ) AI Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me - 3 : 19 B Dark Glasses ( 4 : 15 ) 12 '' Single ( MCAT 816 ) AI Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( Extended Dance Mix ) - 6 : 00 B Dark Glasses ( 4 : 20 ) Second release ( edit ) 4 June 1984 7 '' Single ( MCA NIK 4 ) AI Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me - 3 : 19 B Dark Glasses ( 4 : 12 ) 12 '' Single ( MCA NIKT 4 ) AI Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( Extended Remix ) - 6 : 35 B Dark Glasses ( 4 : 12 ) Credits ( edit ) I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me Produced by Peter Collins Dark Glasses Produced by Peter Collins I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( Extended Dance Mix ) Remix by Micky Modern and Phil Harding I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me ( Extended Remix ) Remix by Simon Boswell Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Canada ( First Release ) ( RPM ) 94 United Kingdom ( First Release ) ( The Official Charts Company ) 47 Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Canada ( Second Release ) 5 Republic of Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 United Kingdom ( Second Release ) Robin Cook ( edit ) `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' Single by Robin Cook from the album Land of Sunshine B - side `` Reggae in the Night '' Released June 1996 Format CD single Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 20 Label Stockholm Records Songwriter ( s ) Nik Kershaw Robin Cook singles chronology `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( 1996 ) `` Comanchero '' ( 1997 ) `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( 1996 ) `` Comanchero '' ( 1997 ) The song was released by Jonas Ekfeldt as Robin Cook under the name `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' and later formed part of the album Land of Sunshine in 1997 . The song charted in Sweden for 19 weeks in 1996 peaking at no . 3 and in Finland for 2 week peaking at no . 16 . Track listing ( edit ) CD single - Europe ( 1996 ) `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( Radio Edit ) - 3 : 05 `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( Extended Version ) - 4 : 34 `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( Summer Club Mix ) - 7 : 00 `` Reggae in the Night '' - 3 : 25 Sampled by Sveriges Radio ( edit ) Ekfeldt filed a lawsuit against Sveriges Radio for sampling `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' and accused them for using the sample without permission in the parody `` I Wo n't Let Susan Go Down on Me '' on the album Rally 2 from the radio programme Rally on the channel SR P3 . Sveriges Radio denied the accusations , but the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science compared the songs and asserted that the former song indeed had been sampled . The amount of Ekfeldt 's compensation was not made public , but was said to be of a significant amount and a lot more than if the channel had asked for permission first . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Nik Kershaw Picture Show '' . www.nikkershaw.it. 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with LineaMusica - October 2008 '' . www.nikkershaw.it. 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.nikkershaw.co.uk/drum-talk.asp Jump up ^ `` Nik Kershaw : The Face of 84 - Beatbox , July 1984 '' . www.nikkershaw.it. 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nik Kershaw : Smash Hits Interview - 5 July 1984 '' . www.nikkershaw.it. 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nik Kershaw Singles Discography 1984 - 2005 '' . www.nikkershaw.it. 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid 1983 until 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Nik Kershaw search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Nik Kershaw -- I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nik Kershaw -- I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nik Kershaw -- I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on swedishcharts.com . Retrieved on 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Elin Törnqvist . `` Ny analysmetod avslöjar olagliga musiksamplingar '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Police webpage , 23 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Archived with Wayback machine here . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Tony Fischier . `` Återskapad inspelning var stöld '' ( in Swedish ) . Göteborgs - Posten 's webpage , 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 12 October 1996 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Robin Cook : I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Robin Cook -- I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down '' . Singles Top 100 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Nik Kershaw Studio albums Human Racing The Riddle Radio Musicola The Works 15 Minutes To Be Frank You 've Got to Laugh No Frills Ei8ht Compilations The Collection Would n't It Be Good The Best of Nik Kershaw Greatest Hits Anthology The Essential Then And Now Live albums BBC Transcription Service - Live in Concert ( promo ) 12 '' Collection Live in Germany 1984 Singles `` I Wo n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' `` Would n't It Be Good '' `` Dancing Girls '' `` I Wo n't Let The Sun Go Down On Me '' ( re-issue ) `` Human Racing '' `` The Riddle '' `` Wide Boy '' `` Don Quixote '' `` When a Heart Beats '' `` Nobody Knows '' `` Radio Musicola '' `` James Cagney '' `` One Step Ahead '' `` Elisabeth 's Eyes '' `` Would n't It Be Good '' ( re-issue ) `` I Wanna Change the Score '' ( with Tony Banks ) `` Old Friends '' ( promo ) ( with Elton John ) `` Would n't It Be Good ( ' 98 Remix ) '' `` Somebody Loves You '' `` Sometimes '' ( with Les Rythmes Digitales ) `` What Do You Think Of It So Far ? '' `` Wounded '' `` Die Laughing '' ( promo ) `` What It Is '' ( promo ) `` The Riddle ' 05 '' ( promo ) Record labels MCA Koch Related articles Discography Sheri Kershaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Won%27t_Let_the_Sun_Go_Down_on_Me&oldid=803198852 '' Categories : Nik Kershaw songs 1983 singles 1984 singles Sampling controversies Songs written by Nik Kershaw 1996 singles 1983 songs MCA Records singles Songs about nuclear war and weapons Song recordings produced by Peter Collins ( record producer ) Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Finland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	nik kershaw i won't let the sun go down on me official video	[]	[]
4688980821652367569	Quantitative easing	Quantitative easing - wikipedia Quantitative easing Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform Quantitative easing ( QE ) , also known as large - scale asset purchases , is an expansionary monetary policy whereby a central bank buys predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate the economy and increase liquidity . An unconventional form of monetary policy , it is usually used when inflation is very low or negative , and standard expansionary monetary policy has become ineffective . A central bank implements quantitative easing by buying specified amounts of financial assets from commercial banks and other financial institutions , thus raising the prices of those financial assets and lowering their yield , while simultaneously increasing the money supply . This differs from the more usual policy of buying or selling short - term government bonds to keep interbank interest rates at a specified target value . Expansionary monetary policy to stimulate the economy typically involves the central bank buying short - term government bonds to lower short - term market interest rates . However , when short - term interest rates reach or approach zero , this method can no longer work . In such circumstances , monetary authorities may then use quantitative easing to further stimulate the economy , by buying specified quantities of financial assets without reference to interest rates , and by buying riskier or of longer maturity assets ( other than short - term government bonds ) , thereby lowering interest rates further out on the yield curve . Quantitative easing can help ensure that inflation does not fall below a target . Risks include the policy being more effective than intended in acting against deflation ( leading to higher inflation in the longer term , due to increased money supply ) , or not being effective enough if banks remain reluctant to lend and potential borrowers are unwilling to borrow . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. Federal Reserve System , and various economists , quantitative easing undertaken since the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 has mitigated some of the economic problems since the crisis . Contents 1 Process 2 History 2.1 Precedents 2.2 Japan before 2007 2.3 After 2007 2.3. 1 US QE1 , QE2 , and QE3 2.3. 2 United Kingdom 2.3. 3 Europe 2.3. 4 Sweden 2.3. 5 Japan after 2007 and Abenomics 3 Economic impact 3.1 Effectiveness 3.2 Exchange rate effects 3.3 Counteracting a falling money supply 4 Risks 4.1 Impact on savings and pensions 4.2 Capital flight 4.3 Increased income and wealth inequality 4.4 Criticism by BRIC countries 4.5 Political risk 5 Related policies 5.1 Qualitative easing 5.2 Credit easing 5.3 Monetary financing 5.4 QE for the people 5.5 Altering debt maturity structure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Process ( edit ) See also : Monetary policy Standard central bank monetary policies are usually enacted by buying or selling government bonds on the open market to reach a desired target for the interbank interest rate . However , if a recession or depression continues even when a central bank has lowered interest rates to nearly zero , the central bank can no longer lower interest rates , a situation known as the liquidity trap . The central bank may then implement quantitative easing by buying financial assets without reference to interest rates . This policy is sometimes described as a last resort to stimulate the economy . A central bank enacts quantitative easing by purchasing -- regardless of interest rates -- a predetermined quantity of bonds or other financial assets on financial markets from private financial institutions . This action increases the excess reserves that banks hold . The goal of this policy is to ease financial conditions and facilitate an expansion of private bank lending ; if private banks increase lending , it would increase the money supply , though QE does directly increase the broad money supply even without further bank lending . Additionally , if the central bank also purchases financial instruments that are riskier than government bonds , it can also lower the interest yield of those assets ( as those assets are more scarce in the market , and thus their prices go up correspondingly ) . As pointed out by economist Paul Sheard , quantitative easing works because the central bank , by buying assets financed by creating excess reserves , is able to disturb the composition of the aggregate portfolio held by the private sector , and thereby the associated asset price equilibrium prevailing in financial markets . Quantitative easing works via `` portfolio rebalance effects '' : asset price equilibrium is restored , and financial conditions eased , as investors rebalance their portfolios . Sheard argues that , in the predominant case involving the central bank purchasing government debt securities , quantitative easing is best viewed as a debt refinancing operation of the `` consolidated government '' ( the government including the central bank ) , whereby the consolidated government , via the central bank , retires government debt securities and refinances them into central bank money ( reserves ) . The portfolio rebalance effect happens because , while government debt securities and central bank money are both liabilities of the consolidated government , as assets , they are not perfect substitutes in the portfolios of investors . Quantitative easing , and monetary policy in general , can only be carried out if the central bank controls the currency used in the country . The central banks of countries in the Eurozone , for example , can not unilaterally decide to employ quantitative easing . They must instead rely on the European Central Bank 's governing council ( composed of all national central banks governors ) to agree on a common monetary policy , which they ( national central banks ) implement . History ( edit ) Precedents ( edit ) The US Federal Reserve belatedly implemented policies similar to the current quantitative easing during the Great Depression of the 1930s . Specifically , banks ' excess reserves exceeded 6 percent in 1940 , whereas they vanished during the entire postwar period until 2008 . Despite this fact , many commentators called the scope of the Federal Reserve quantitative easing program after the 2008 crisis `` unprecedented '' . Japan before 2007 ( edit ) A policy termed `` quantitative easing '' ( 量的金融緩和 , ryōteki kin'yū kanwa ) was first used by the Bank of Japan ( BOJ ) to fight domestic deflation in the early 2000s . The BOJ had maintained short - term interest rates at close to zero since 1999 . The Bank of Japan had for many years , and as late as February 2001 , stated that `` quantitative easing ... is not effective '' and rejected its use for monetary policy . According to the Bank of Japan , the central bank adopted quantitative easing on 19 March 2001 . Under quantitative easing , the BOJ flooded commercial banks with excess liquidity to promote private lending , leaving them with large stocks of excess reserves and therefore little risk of a liquidity shortage . The BOJ accomplished this by buying more government bonds than would be required to set the interest rate to zero . It later also bought asset - backed securities and equities and extended the terms of its commercial paper -- purchasing operation . The BOJ increased commercial bank current account balances from ¥ 5 trillion to ¥ 35 trillion ( approximately US $300 billion ) over a four - year period starting in March 2001 . The BOJ also tripled the quantity of long - term Japan government bonds it could purchase on a monthly basis . However , the seven-fold increase notwithstanding , current account balances ( essentially central bank reserves ) being just one ( usually relatively small ) component of the liability side of a central bank 's balance sheet ( the main one being banknotes ) , the resulting peak increase in the BOJ 's balance sheet was modest , compared to later actions by other central banks ( see below ) . After 2007 ( edit ) Since the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , policies similar to those undertaken by Japan have been used by the United States , the United Kingdom , and the Eurozone . Quantitative easing was used by these countries because their risk - free short - term nominal interest rates ( termed the federal funds rate in the US , or the official bank rate in the UK ) were either at or close to zero . During the peak of the financial crisis in 2008 , the US Federal Reserve expanded its balance sheet dramatically by adding new assets and new liabilities without `` sterilizing '' these by corresponding subtractions . In the same period , the United Kingdom also used quantitative easing as an additional arm of its monetary policy to alleviate its financial crisis . US QE1 , QE2 , and QE3 ( edit ) Federal Reserve Holdings of Treasury Notes ( blue ) and Mortgage - Backed Securities ( red ) The U.S. Federal Reserve System held between $700 billion and $800 billion of Treasury notes on its balance sheet before the recession . In late November 2008 , the Federal Reserve started buying $600 billion in mortgage - backed securities . By March 2009 , it held $1.75 trillion of bank debt , mortgage - backed securities , and Treasury notes ; this amount reached a peak of $2.1 trillion in June 2010 . Further purchases were halted as the economy started to improve , but resumed in August 2010 when the Fed decided the economy was not growing robustly . After the halt in June , holdings started falling naturally as debt matured and were projected to fall to $1.7 trillion by 2012 . The Fed 's revised goal became to keep holdings at $2.054 trillion . To maintain that level , the Fed bought $30 billion in two - to ten - year Treasury notes every month . In November 2010 , the Fed announced a second round of quantitative easing , buying $600 billion of Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of 2011 . The expression `` QE2 '' became a ubiquitous nickname in 2010 , used to refer to this second round of quantitative easing by US central banks . Retrospectively , the round of quantitative easing preceding QE2 was called `` QE1 '' . A third round of quantitative easing , `` QE3 '' , was announced on 13 September 2012 . In an 11 -- 1 vote , the Federal Reserve decided to launch a new $40 billion per month , open - ended bond purchasing program of agency mortgage - backed securities . Additionally , the Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) announced that it would likely maintain the federal funds rate near zero `` at least through 2015 . '' According to NASDAQ.com , this is effectively a stimulus program that allows the Federal Reserve to relieve $40 billion per month of commercial housing market debt risk . Because of its open - ended nature , QE3 has earned the popular nickname of `` QE - Infinity '' . On 12 December 2012 , the FOMC announced an increase in the amount of open - ended purchases from $40 billion to $85 billion per month . On 19 June 2013 , Ben Bernanke announced a `` tapering '' of some of the Fed 's QE policies contingent upon continued positive economic data . Specifically , he said that the Fed could scale back its bond purchases from $85 billion to $65 billion a month during the upcoming September 2013 policy meeting . He also suggested that the bond - buying program could wrap up by mid-2014 . While Bernanke did not announce an interest rate hike , he suggested that if inflation followed a 2 % target rate and unemployment decreased to 6.5 % , the Fed would likely start raising rates . The stock markets dropped by approximately 4.3 % over the three trading days following Bernanke 's announcement , with the Dow Jones dropping 659 points between 19 and 24 June , closing at 14,660 at the end of the day on 24 June . On 18 September 2013 , the Fed decided to hold off on scaling back its bond - buying program , and announced in December 2013 that it would begin to taper its purchases in January 2014 . Purchases were halted on 29 October 2014 after accumulating $4.5 trillion in assets . United Kingdom ( edit ) Immediate and delayed effects of quantitative easing . During its QE programme , the Bank of England bought gilts from financial institutions , along with a smaller amount of relatively high - quality debt issued by private companies . The banks , insurance companies , and pension funds could then use the money they received for lending or even to buy back more bonds from the bank . Further , the central bank could lend the new money to private banks or buy assets from banks in exchange for currency . These measures have the effect of depressing interest yields on government bonds and similar investments , making it cheaper for business to raise capital . Another side effect is that investors will switch to other investments , such as shares , boosting their price and thus encouraging consumption . QE can reduce interbank overnight interest rates and thereby encourage banks to loan money to higher interest - paying and financially weaker bodies . Beginning in March 2009 , the Bank of England had purchased around £ 165 billion in assets as of September 2009 and around £ 175 billion in assets by the end of October 2009 . At its meeting in November 2009 , the Monetary Policy Committee ( MPC ) voted to increase total asset purchases to £ 200 billion . Most of the assets purchased have been UK government securities ( gilts ) ; the Bank has also purchased smaller quantities of high - quality private - sector assets . In December 2010 , MPC member Adam Posen called for a £ 50 billion expansion of the Bank 's quantitative easing programme , while his colleague Andrew Sentance has called for an increase in interest rates due to inflation being above the target rate of 2 % . In October 2011 , the Bank of England announced that it would undertake another round of QE , creating an additional £ 75 billion . In February 2012 it announced an additional £ 50 billion . In July 2012 it announced another £ 50 billion , bringing the total amount to £ 375 billion . The Bank has said that it will not buy more than 70 % of any issue of government debt . This means that at least 30 % of any issue of government debt will have to be purchased and held by institutions other than the Bank of England . In 2012 the Bank estimated that quantitative easing had benefited households differentially according to the assets they hold ; richer households have more assets . In August 2016 , the Bank of England said it would buy an additional £ 60bn of UK government bonds and £ 10bn of corporate bonds , to address uncertainty over Brexit and worries about productivity and economic growth . Europe ( edit ) The European Central Bank said that it would focus on buying covered bonds , a form of corporate debt . It signalled that its initial purchases would be worth about € 60 billion in May 2009 . At the beginning of 2013 , the Swiss National Bank had the largest balance sheet relative to the size of the economy it was responsible for , at close to 100 % of Switzerland 's national output . A total of 12 % of its reserves were in foreign equities . By contrast , the US Federal Reserve 's holdings equalled about 20 % of US GDP , while the European Central Bank 's assets were worth 30 % of GDP . In a dramatic change of policy , following the new Jackson Hole Consensus , on 22 January 2015 Mario Draghi , President of the European Central Bank , announced an ' expanded asset purchase programme ' : where € 60 billion per month of euro - area bonds from central governments , agencies and European institutions would be bought . Beginning in March 2015 , the stimulus was planned to last until September 2016 at the earliest with a total QE of at least € 1.1 trillion . Mario Draghi announced the programme would continue : ' until we see a continued adjustment in the path of inflation ' , referring to the ECB 's need to combat the growing threat of deflation across the eurozone in early 2015 . On 10 March 2016 , ECB increased its monthly bond purchases to € 80 billion from € 60 billion and started to include corporate bonds under the asset purchasing programme and announced new ultra-cheap four - year loans to banks . Sweden ( edit ) Swedish National Bank launched quantitative easing in February 2015 , announcing government bond purchases of nearly 1.2 billion USD . The annualised inflation rate in January 2015 was minus 0.3 percent , and the bank implied that Sweden 's economy could slide into deflation . Japan after 2007 and Abenomics ( edit ) See also : Abenomics In early October 2010 , the Bank of Japan announced that it would examine the purchase of ¥ 5 trillion ( US $60 billion ) in assets . This was an attempt to push down the value of the yen against the US dollar to stimulate the domestic economy by making Japanese exports cheaper ; however , it was ineffective . On 4 August 2011 the BOJ announced a unilateral move to increase the commercial bank current account balance from ¥ 40 trillion ( US $504 billion ) to a total of ¥ 50 trillion ( US $630 billion ) . In October 2011 , the Bank expanded its asset purchase program by ¥ 5 trillion ( $66 bn ) to a total of ¥ 55 trillion . On 4 April 2013 , the Bank of Japan announced that it would expand its asset purchase program by 60 to 70 trillion Yen a year . https://www.boj.or.jp/en/mopo/outline/qqe.htm/ The Bank hoped to bring Japan from deflation to inflation , aiming for 2 % inflation . The amount of purchases was so large that it was expected to double the money supply . This policy has been named Abenomics , as a portmanteau of economic policies and Shinzō Abe , the current Prime Minister of Japan . On 31 October 2014 , the BOJ announced the expansion of its bond buying program , to now buy 80 trillion Yen of bonds a year . Economic impact ( edit ) Effectiveness ( edit ) According to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the quantitative easing policies undertaken by the central banks of the major developed countries since the beginning of the late - 2000s financial crisis have contributed to the reduction in systemic risks following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers . The IMF states that the policies also contributed to the improvements in market confidence and the bottoming - out of the recession in the G7 economies in the second half of 2009 . Economist Martin Feldstein argues that QE2 led to a rise in the stock market in the second half of 2010 , which in turn contributed to increasing consumption and the strong performance of the US economy in late 2010 . Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan calculated that as of July 2012 , there was `` very little impact on the economy . '' Federal Reserve Governor Jeremy Stein has said that measures of quantitive easing such as large - scale asset purchases `` have played a significant role in supporting economic activity '' . According to Neil Irwin , senior economic correspondent at The New York Times , quantitative easing by the US Federal Reserve likely contributed to : i ) Lower interest rates for corporate bonds and mortgage rates , helping support housing prices ; ii ) Higher stock market valuation , in terms of a higher price - earnings ratio for the S&P 500 index ; iii ) Increased inflation rate and investor 's expectations for future inflation ; iv ) Higher rate of job creation ; and v ) Higher rate of GDP growth . Several studies published in the aftermath of the crisis found Large Scale Asset Purchases to have lowered long term interest rates on a variety of securities as well as lower credit risk . The impacts were to modestly increase inflation and boost GDP growth . Exchange rate effects ( edit ) Increasing the money supply tends to depreciate a country 's exchange rates relative to other currencies , through the mechanism of the interest rate . Lower interest rates lead to a capital outflow from a country , thereby reducing foreign demand for a country 's money , leading to a weaker currency . This feature of QE directly benefits exporters living in the country performing QE , as well as debtors , since the interest rate has fallen , meaning there is less money to be repaid . However , it directly harms creditors as they earn less money from lower interest rates . Devaluation of a currency also directly harms importers and consumers , as the cost of imported goods is inflated by the devaluation of the currency . Counteracting a falling money supply ( edit ) In a fractional reserve monetary system the money supply will contract when repayments of bank loans ( destroying money ) exceed the amount of new credit extended . During the great depression , for example , the money supply fell by approximately 35 % . Risks ( edit ) Quantitative easing may cause higher inflation than desired if the amount of easing required is overestimated and too much money is created by the purchase of liquid assets . On the other hand , QE can fail to spur demand if banks remain reluctant to lend money to businesses and households . Even then , QE can still ease the process of deleveraging as it lowers yields . However , there is a time lag between monetary growth and inflation ; inflationary pressures associated with money growth from QE could build before the central bank acts to counter them . Inflationary risks are mitigated if the system 's economy outgrows the pace of the increase of the money supply from the easing . If production in an economy increases because of the increased money supply , the value of a unit of currency may also increase , even though there is more currency available . For example , if a nation 's economy were to spur a significant increase in output at a rate at least as high as the amount of debt monetized , the inflationary pressures would be equalized . This can only happen if member banks actually lend the excess money out instead of hoarding the extra cash . During times of high economic output , the central bank always has the option of restoring reserves to higher levels through raising interest rates or other means , effectively reversing the easing steps taken . Economists such as John Taylor believe that quantitative easing creates unpredictability . Since the increase in bank reserves may not immediately increase the money supply if held as excess reserves , the increased reserves create the danger that inflation may eventually result when the reserves are loaned out . Impact on savings and Pensions ( edit ) In the European Union , World Pensions Council ( WPC ) financial economists have also argued that artificially low government bond interest rates induced by QE will have an adverse impact on the underfunding condition of pension funds , since `` without returns that outstrip inflation , pension investors face the real value of their savings declining rather than ratcheting up over the next few years '' . Capital flight ( edit ) According to Bloomberg reporter David Lynch , the new money from quantitative easing could be used by the banks to invest in emerging markets , commodity - based economies , commodities themselves , and non-local opportunities rather than to lend to local businesses that are having difficulty getting loans . Increased income and wealth inequality ( edit ) See also : Economic inequality Critics frequently point to the redistributive effects of quantitative easing . For instance , British Prime Minister Theresa May openly criticized QE in July 2016 for its regressive effects : `` Monetary policy -- in the form of super-low interest rates and quantitative easing -- has helped those on the property ladder at the expense of those who ca n't afford to own their own home . '' Dhaval Joshi of BCA Research wrote that `` QE cash ends up overwhelmingly in profits , thereby exacerbating already extreme income inequality and the consequent social tensions that arise from it '' . Anthony Randazzo of the Reason Foundation wrote that QE `` is fundamentally a regressive redistribution program that has been boosting wealth for those already engaged in the financial sector or those who already own homes , but passing little along to the rest of the economy . It is a primary driver of income inequality '' . Those criticisms are partly based on some evidence provided by central banks themselves . In 2012 , a Bank of England report showed that its quantitative easing policies had benefited mainly the wealthy , and that 40 % of those gains went to the richest 5 % of British households . In May 2013 , Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas President Richard Fisher said that cheap money has made rich people richer , but has not done quite as much for working Americans . Answering similar criticisms expressed by MEP Molly Scott Cato , the President of the ECB Mario Draghi once declared : Some of these policies may , on the one hand , increase inequality but , on the other hand , if we ask ourselves what the major source of inequality is , the answer would be unemployment . So , to the extent that these policies help -- and they are helping on that front -- then certainly an accommodative monetary policy is better in the present situation than a restrictive monetary policy . Criticism by bric countries ( edit ) BRIC countries have criticized the QE carried out by the central banks of developed nations . They share the argument that such actions amount to protectionism and competitive devaluation . As net exporters whose currencies are partially pegged to the dollar , they protest that QE causes inflation to rise in their countries and penalizes their industries . Political risk ( edit ) Richard W. Fisher , president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , warned in 2010 that QE carries `` the risk of being perceived as embarking on the slippery slope of debt monetization . We know that once a central bank is perceived as targeting government debt yields at a time of persistent budget deficits , concern about debt monetization quickly arises . '' Later in the same speech , he stated that the Fed is monetizing the government debt : `` The math of this new exercise is readily transparent : The Federal Reserve will buy $110 billion a month in Treasuries , an amount that , annualized , represents the projected deficit of the federal government for next year . For the next eight months , the nation 's central bank will be monetizing the federal debt . '' Ben Bernanke remarked in 2002 that the US government had a technology called the printing press ( or , today , its electronic equivalent ) , so that if rates reached zero and deflation threatened , the government could always act to ensure deflation was prevented . He said , however , that the government would not print money and distribute it `` willy nilly '' but would rather focus its efforts in certain areas ( e.g. , buying federal agency debt securities and mortgage - backed securities ) . According to economist Robert McTeer , former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , there is nothing wrong with printing money during a recession , and quantitative easing is different from traditional monetary policy `` only in its magnitude and pre-announcement of amount and timing '' . Related policies ( edit ) Qualitative easing ( edit ) Professor Willem Buiter of the London School of Economics has proposed a terminology to distinguish quantitative easing , or an expansion of a central bank 's balance sheet , from what he terms qualitative easing , or the process of a central bank adding riskier assets to its balance sheet : Quantitative easing is an increase in the size of the balance sheet of the central bank through an increase ( in its ) monetary liabilities ( base money ) , holding constant the composition of its assets . Asset composition can be defined as the proportional shares of the different financial instruments held by the central bank in the total value of its assets . An almost equivalent definition would be that quantitative easing is an increase in the size of the balance sheet of the central bank through an increase in its monetary liabilities that holds constant the ( average ) liquidity and riskiness of its asset portfolio . Qualitative easing is a shift in the composition of the assets of the central bank towards less liquid and riskier assets , holding constant the size of the balance sheet ( and the official policy rate and the rest of the list of usual suspects ) . The less liquid and more risky assets can be private securities as well as sovereign or sovereign - guaranteed instruments . All forms of risk , including credit risk ( default risk ) are included . Credit easing ( edit ) In introducing the Federal Reserve 's response to the 2008 -- 09 financial crisis , Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke distinguished the new program , which he termed `` credit easing '' , from Japanese - style quantitative easing . In his speech , he announced , Our approach -- which could be described as `` credit easing '' -- resembles quantitative easing in one respect : It involves an expansion of the central bank 's balance sheet . However , in a pure QE regime , the focus of policy is the quantity of bank reserves , which are liabilities of the central bank ; the composition of loans and securities on the asset side of the central bank 's balance sheet is incidental . Indeed , although the Bank of Japan 's policy approach during the QE period was quite multifaceted , the overall stance of its policy was gauged primarily in terms of its target for bank reserves . In contrast , the Federal Reserve 's credit easing approach focuses on the mix of loans and securities that it holds and on how this composition of assets affects credit conditions for households and businesses . Credit easing involves increasing the money supply by the purchase not of government bonds but of private - sector assets , such as corporate bonds and residential mortgage -- backed securities . In 2010 , the Federal Reserve purchased $1.25 trillion of mortgage - backed securities to support the sagging mortgage market . These purchases increased the monetary base in a way similar to a purchase of government securities . Monetary financing ( edit ) Quantitative easing has been nicknamed `` printing money '' by some members of the media , central bankers , and financial analysts . Stephen Hester , chief executive officer of the RBS Group , said : What the Bank of England does in quantitative easing is it prints money to buy government debt , ... So the Quantitative Easing has enabled governments , this government , to run a big budget deficit without killing the economy because the Bank of England has financed it . The Dutch Central Bank itself sees QE as being a money creation operation : The Eurosystem directly injects money into the economy by purchasing the bonds with newly created electronic cash . This is called quantitative easing . However , QE is a very different form of money creation than it is commonly understood when talking about `` money printing '' . Indeed , the term printing money usually implies that newly created money is used to directly finance government deficits or pay off government debt ( also known as monetizing the government debt ) . However , with QE , the newly created money is directly used to buy government bonds or other financial assets , Central banks in most developed nations ( e.g. , the United Kingdom , the United States , Japan , and the EU ) are prohibited from buying government debt directly from the government and must instead buy it from the secondary market . This two - step process , where the government sells bonds to private entities that in turn sell them to the central bank , has been called `` monetizing the debt '' by many analysts . Also , the Federal Reserve has mostly `` sterilized '' its bond purchases by paying interest to banks for reserve deposits . This removes money from circulation previously added by the Fed 's bond purchases . The net effect is to raise bond prices , lowering borrowing rates for mortgages and other loans , without an inflationary increase in the money supply . The distinguishing characteristic between QE and monetizing debt is that with the former , the central bank creates money to stimulate the economy , not to finance government spending ( although an indirect effect of QE is to lower rates on sovereign bonds ) . Also , the central bank has the stated intention of reversing the QE when the economy has recovered ( by selling the government bonds and other financial assets back into the market ) . The only effective way to determine whether a central bank has monetized debt is to compare its performance relative to its stated objectives . Many central banks have adopted an inflation target . It is likely that a central bank is monetizing the debt if it continues to buy government debt when inflation is above target and if the government has problems with debt financing . In fact , with the failure of quantitative easing programmes around the world , more and more people are precisely calling for a more overt and direct money printing process , including monetary financing of government budgets , helicopter money or `` QE for People '' ( see section below ) . QE for the people ( edit ) See also : Helicopter money In response to concerns that QE is failing to create sufficient demand , particularly in the Eurozone , a number of economists have called for `` QE for the people '' . Instead of buying government bonds or other securities by creating bank reserves , as the Federal Reserve and Bank of England have done , some suggest that central banks could make payments directly to households ( in a similar fashion as Milton Friedman 's helicopter money ) . Economists Mark Blyth and Eric Lonergan argue in Foreign Affairs that this is the most effective solution for the Eurozone , particularly given the restrictions on fiscal policy . They argue that based on the evidence from tax rebates in the United States , less than 5 % of GDP transferred by the ECB to the household sector in the Eurozone would suffice to generate a recovery , a fraction of what it intends to be done under standard QE . Oxford economist , John Muellbauer , has suggested that this could be legally implemented using the electoral register . On 27 March 2015 , 19 economists including Steve Keen , David Graeber , Ann Pettifor , Robert Skidelsky , and Guy Standing have signed a letter to the Financial Times calling on the European Central Bank to adopt a more direct approach to its quantitative easing plan announced earlier in February . In November 2015 , more than 65 economists supported the campaign ' Quantitative Easing for People ' , claiming that `` Instead of flooding financial markets , money created through QE should be spent into the real economy , on essential public investment such as green infrastructure , affordable housing and / or distributed as a citizens ' dividend to all residents . '' Those ideas were also discussed at the European Parliament on 17 February 2016 . A variant of QE for the people is People 's Quantitative Easing , a policy proposed by Jeremy Corbyn during the 2015 Labour leadership election , which would require the Bank of England to create money to finance government investment via a National Investment Bank . Altering debt maturity structure ( edit ) See also : Operation Twist Based on research by economist Eric Swanson reassessing the effectiveness of the US Federal Open Market Committee action in 1961 known as Operation Twist , The Economist has posted that a similar restructuring of the supply of different types of debt would have an effect equal to that of QE . Such action would allow finance ministries ( e.g. , the US Department of the Treasury ) a role in the process now reserved for central banks . See also ( edit ) Currency War of 2009 -- 11 Economic history of Japan Money creation Open market operation Quantitative tightening Zero interest - rate policy ZIRP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fed - FAQs '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( 2015 ) . The Courage To Act ( First ed . ) . New York : W.W Norton & Company . p. 418 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24721 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is quantitative easing ? '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is quantitative easing ? '' . The Economist. 9 March 2015 . To carry out QE central banks create money by buying securities , such as government bonds , from banks , with electronic cash that did not exist before ... If QE convinces markets that the central bank is serious about fighting deflation or high unemployment , then it can also boost economic activity by raising confidence . ^ Jump up to : Bullard , James ( January 2010 ) . `` Quantitative Easing -- Uncharted Waters for Monetary Policy '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Mervyn ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` No guarantee bank lending will rise , says Mervyn King '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Loose thinking '' . The Economist. 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Publications Learning the Lessons from QE and Other Unconventional Monetary Policies : 17 -- 18 November Archived 31 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Bank of England ( 18 November 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Elliott , Larry ( 8 January 2009 ) . `` Guardian Business Glossary : Quantitative Easing '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bank of England ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Quantitative easing -- injecting money into the economy '' ( PDF ) . bankofengland.co.uk . Jump up ^ Quantitative Easing Explained ( PDF ) . London : Bank of England . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2010 . The MPC 's decision to inject money directly into the economy does not involve printing more banknotes . Instead , the Bank buys assets from private sector institutions -- that could be insurance companies , pension funds , banks or non-financial firms -- and credits the seller 's bank account . Jump up ^ `` Quantitative Easing '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 August 2012 . The Bank can create new money electronically by increasing the balance on a reserve account . So when the Bank purchases an asset from a bank , for example , it simply credits that bank 's reserve account with the additional funds . This generates an expansion in the supply of central bank money ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Quantitative easing '' . BBC . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quantitative Easing Explained '' . Bank of England . Archived from the original on 16 March 2009 . This does not involve printing more banknotes . Instead the Bank pays for these assets by creating money electronically and crediting the accounts of the companies it bought the assets from . Jump up ^ Open market operations : A Glossary of Political Economy Terms -- Dr. Paul M. Johnson . Auburn.edu . Jump up ^ Open Market Operation -- Fedpoints . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Jump up ^ Monetary policy Instruments . Swiss National Bank . Jump up ^ The implementation of monetary policy in the euro area . European Central Bank . 2008 . pp. 14 -- 19 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` What is quantitative easing ? '' . bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Econ : I noticed that banks have dramatically increased their excess reserve holdings . Is this buildup of reserves related to monetary policy ? '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . March 2010 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( 13 January 2009 ) . `` The Crisis and the Policy Response '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowlby , Chris ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` The fear of printing too much money '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve move toward quantitative easing poses risks '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved 25 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unconventional Choices for Unconventional Times : Credit and Quantitative Easing in Advanced Economies ; by Vladimir Klyuev , Phil de Imus , and Krishna Srinivasan ; IMF Staff Position Note SPN / 09 / 27 ; 4 November 2009 ... ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Evaluating Large - Scale Asset Purchases , '' 11 October 2012 ^ Jump up to : Feldstein , Martin ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Quantitative Easing and America 's Economic Rebound '' . project-syndicate.org . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Quantitative easing : A therapy of last resort '' . The New York Times . 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Quantitative easing : last resort to get credit moving again '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A QE Q&A : Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Quantitative Easing , '' Standard & Poor 's Ratings Services Ratings Direct , Aug. 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Protocol on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank : statements 14.4 , 18.2 '' ( PDF ) . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoover Institution , Economics Working Paper 14110 , `` Exiting from Low Interest Rates to Normality : An Historical Perspective '' , November 2014 Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward J. Pinto , American Enterprise Institute , `` The 30 - Year Fixed Mortgage Should Disappear , '' 27 April 2016 , Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stefan Homburg ( 2017 ) A Study in Monetary Macroeconomics , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 880753 - 7 . Jump up ^ Telegraph , Federal Reserve ends QE , 29 October 2014 Retrieved 10 March 2015 Jump up ^ Fortune , Is This Finally the Economic Collapse ? , 11 August 2010 Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ The Heritage Foundation , `` Is the Inflation Threat Real ? Is it Imminent ? '' Retrieved 10 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Japan sets inflation goal in fight against deflation '' . BBC News . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Spiegel . `` FRBSF : Economic Letter -- Quantitative Easing by the Bank of Japan ( 11 / 02 / 2001 ) '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Voutsinas , Konstantinos , and Richard A. Werner , `` New Evidence on the Effectiveness of ' Quantitative Easing ' in Japan '' , Centre for Banking , Finance and Sustainable Development , School of Management , University of Southampton . Jump up ^ Hiroshi Fujiki et al. , Monetary Policy under Zero Interest Rate : Viewpoints of Central Bank Economists , Monetary and Economic Studies , February 2001 , p. 98 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shirakawa , Masaaki , `` One Year Under ' Quantitative Easing ' '' , Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies , Bank of Japan , 2002 . Jump up ^ Bank of Japan , New Procedures for Money Market Operations and Monetary Easing , 19 March 2001 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Easing Out of the Bank of Japan 's Monetary Easing Policy ( 2004 -- 33 , 19 November 2004 ) . Frbsf.org . Jump up ^ PIMCO / Tomoya Masanao interview Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alloway , Tracy , The Unthinkable Has Happened , ft.com , 10 November 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Bernanke - san ' Signals Policy Shift , Evoking Japan Comparison , Bloomberg.com , 2 December 2008 Jump up ^ Bank pumps £ 75bn into economy , ft.com , 5 March 2009 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve 2008 Monetary Policy Releases . Jump up ^ Ali , Abdulmalik . `` Quantitative Monetary Easing : The history and impacts on financial markets '' . academia.edu . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` QE2 : Fed pulls the trigger '' . CNNmoney.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ What is the Federal Reserve Quantitative Easing . Useconomy.about.com ( 22 September 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Fed 's desperate measure is a watershed moment , John Authers , The Long View , Financial Times , 5 November 2010 Jump up ^ Conerly , Bill ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` QE3 and the Economy : It Will Help , But Not Solve All Problems '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Inman , Phillip ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Moody 's sounds note of caution while Bernanke promises support for U.S. economy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` Fed Undertakes QE3 With $40 Billion MBS Purchases Per Month '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve issues FOMC statement '' . Federal Reserve Board . 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Greg ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` QE3 Launched : The Ever Decreasing Effects of Monetary Stimulus '' . NASDAQ . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jason Haver . Jump up ^ http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20121212a.htm Jump up ^ Dunstan Prial . `` Bernanke Offers Possible Timetable for Tapering '' . Fox Business . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seen by Economists Tapering QE at September Meeting '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones down 4.3 percent since Fed chair Ben Bernanke took the podium '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Time to taper ? Not if you look at bank loans '' . Reuters. 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2013/12/18/fed-begins-taper-program.html Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Federal Reserve Caps Its Bond Purchases ; Focus Turns to Interest Rates '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wolfers , Justin ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` The Fed Has Not Stopped Trying to Stimulate the Economy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The United Kingdom 's quantitative easing policy : design , operation and impact ^ Jump up to : Quantitative Easing explained ( PDF ) . Bank of England . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 85730 - 114 - 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ( page 7 ) Bank buys assets from ... institutions ... credits the seller 's bank account . So the seller has more money in their bank account , while their bank holds a corresponding claim against the Bank of England ( known as reserves ) ... ( page 8 ) high - quality debt ... ( page 9 ) ... such as shares or company bonds . That will push up the prices of those assets ... Jump up ^ Bean , Charles ( July 2009 ) . `` Ask the Deputy Governor '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2009/speech404.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arnott , Sarah ( 23 December 2010 ) . `` Downward revision for third - quarter growth '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England injects further £ 75bn into economy '' . BBC News . 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England injects another £ 50bn into UK economy '' . BBC News . 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Publications Bank of England maintains Bank Rate at 0.5 % and increases size of Asset Purchase Programme by £ 50 billion to £ 375 billion . Bank of England . Jump up ^ `` A flat economy ( cont 'd ) '' . BBC News . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ The Distributional Effects of Asset Purchases , Bank of England , July 2012 Jump up ^ `` What is quantitative easing ? '' . BBC News . 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Gary ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` European Central Bank opts for quantitative easing to lift the eurozone '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Brian Blackstone and David Wessel ( 8 January 2013 ) , Button - Down Central Bank Bets It All The Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ `` ECB : ECB announces expanded asset purchase programme '' . europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ECB unveils massive QE boost for eurozone '' . BBC News . 22 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sweden cuts rates below zero and starts QE BBC News , Business , 12 February 2015 Jump up ^ Quantitative Easing -- A lesson learned from Japan . Oye Times . Jump up ^ `` Japan government and central bank intervene to cut yen '' . BBC News . 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bank of Japan increases QE by 10 trillion yen . Banking Times ( 4 August 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Japan increases stimulus and keeps rates low '' . BBC News . 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Heather ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Japan aims to jump - start economy with $1.4 tn of quantitative easing '' . London : The Guardian . Jump up ^ https://www.boj.or.jp/en/announcements/release_2014/k141031a.pdf Jump up ^ Navarro , Bruno J ... ( 12 July 2012 ) `` CNBC Coverage of Greenspan '' . Finance.yahoo.com . Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Irwin , Neil ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Quantitative Easing is Ending . Here 's What It Did , in Charts '' . The New York Times . NY . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Simon , and Egon Zakrajšek . `` The Impact of the Federal Reserve 's Large ‐ Scale Asset Purchase Programs on Corporate Credit Risk . '' Journal of Money , Credit and Banking 45. s2 ( 2013 ) : 29 - 57 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Joseph , et al. `` Large - scale asset purchases by the Federal Reserve : did they work ? . '' ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Cúrdia , Vasco , and Andrea Ferrero . `` How stimulatory are large - scale asset purchases ? . '' FRBSF Economic Letter 22 ( 2013 ) : 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chen , Han , Vasco Cúrdia , and Andrea Ferrero . `` The macroeconomic effects of large ‐ scale asset purchase programmes . '' The economic journal 122.564 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Joseph , et al . `` The financial market effects of the Federal Reserve 's large - scale asset purchases . '' International Journal of Central Banking 7.1 ( 2011 ) : 3 - 43 . Jump up ^ Inman , Phillip ( 29 June 2011 ) . `` How the world paid the hidden cost of America 's quantitative easing '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Thornton , Daniel L. ( 2010 ) . `` The downside of quantitative easing '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Economic Synopses ( 34 ) . Jump up ^ John B. Taylor , The Fed 's New View is a Little Less Scary , 20 June 2013 blog post ( 2 ) Jump up ^ John Taylor , Stanford , 2012 testimony before House Financial Service Committee , page two ( 3 ) , retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli quoted in Sinead Cruise ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` ' Zero Return World Squeezes Retirement Plans ' '' . Reuters with CNBC ... Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` ' Europe 's Pension Predicament : the Broken Bismarckian Promise ' '' . Plan Sponsor ... Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , David J. ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Bernanke 's ' Cheap Money ' Stimulus Spurs Corporate Investment Outside U.S '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-what-kind-of-prime-minister-policies-what-she-really-meant-a7130911.html ^ Jump up to : Frank , Robert . `` Does Quantitative Easing Mainly Help the Rich ? '' . CNBC . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/qb120306.pdf Jump up ^ Elliott , Larry ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Britain 's richest 5 % gained most from quantitative easing -- Bank of England '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Belvedere , Matthew J. `` QE Halt Would Be ' Too Violent ' for Market : Fed 's Fisher '' . CNBC . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6ugoib0DvM Jump up ^ https://polcms.secure.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/upload/7b48eba6-02b2-44ba-8f81-cfb4cd6b23cb/1079087EN.pdf Jump up ^ Jeff Black and Zoe Schneeweis , China 's Yi Warns on Currency Wars as Yuan in Equilibrium , Bloomberg News , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ John Paul Rathbone and Jonathan Wheatley , Brazil 's finance chief attacks US over QE3 , Financial Times , 20 September 2012 Jump up ^ Richard Blackden , Brazil president Dilma Rousseff blasts Western QE as monetary tsunami , The Telegraph , 10 April 2012 Jump up ^ Michael Steen and Alice Ross , Warning on new currency war , Financial Times , 22 January 2013 Jump up ^ Speeches by Richard W. Fisher . Dallas Fed ( 8 November 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wolf , Martin . ( 16 December 2008 ) `` ' Helicopter Ben ' confronts the challenge of a lifetime '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Speech , Bernanke - Deflation - 21 November 2002 . Federal Reserve Bank . Jump up ^ McTeer , Bob ( 23 December 2010 ) . `` There 's nothing wrong with the Fed printing money '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ McTeer , Bob ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Quantitative easing is a toxic phrase for a routine policy '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Willem Buiter ( 9 December 2008 ) . `` Quantitative easing and qualitative easing : a terminological and taxonomic proposal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Credit Easing versus Quantitative Easing . Federalreserve.gov ( 13 January 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Credit Easing Definition . Financial Times Lexicon . Jump up ^ How Bernanke 's Policy of ' Credit Easing ' Works . BusinessWeek ( 28 January 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/10/ES1014.pdf ^ Jump up to : Stephanomics : Is quantitative easing really just printing money ? . BBC . Jump up ^ Mackintosh , James . ( 2 December 2010 ) QE : Replacement not debasement . FT.com . Jump up ^ Hyde , Deborah. ( 8 November 2010 ) Ask Citywire : Quantitative easing part II -- Citywire Money . Citywire.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bullard , James ( 30 June 2009 ) . Exit Strategies for the Federal Reserve ( Speech ) . Global Interdependence Center , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bank of England to create new money : a Q&A '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Gary ( 5 March 2009 ) . `` Bank should start printing money says Times MPC '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Hester : Money has been printed to fund the deficit '' . ITV News . Jump up ^ http://www.dnb.nl/en/news/news-and-archive/dnbulletin-2015/dnb320136.jsp Jump up ^ Stephanomics . BBC . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , J. , Wall Street Journal , `` Markets , '' 03 / 07 / 1012 Jump up ^ `` How about quantitative easing for the people ? '' . Reuters. 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Print Less but Transfer More '' . Foreign Affairs . September -- October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Combatting Eurozone deflation '' . VOX. 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Better ways to boost eurozone economy and employment '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ http://www.qe4people.eu/65_economists_support_qe_for_people Jump up ^ http://www.qe4people.eu/highlights_conference_european_parliament_qe_for_people Jump up ^ http://www.lemonde.fr/acces-restreint/economie/article/2016/02/20/6d6d689e6c6971c595696268629f6b_4868949_3234.html Jump up ^ Simon Wren - Lewis ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` People 's QE and Corbyn 's QE '' . mainly macro . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twisted thinking : Government Debt - Managers May be Undermining Quantitative Easing '' . The Economist. 31 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . External links ( edit ) Look up quantitative easing in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Credit Easing Policy Tools Interactive chart of the assets on Federal Reserve 's balance sheet . Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here , 2002 speech by Ben Bernanke on deflation and the utility of quantitative easing Bank of England -- Quantitative Easing Bank of England -- QE Explained Pamphlet Modern Money Mechanics Federal Reserve Document Explaining How Money Is Created Quantitative easing explained ( Financial Times Europe ) A Fed Governor Discusses Quantitative Easing Among Other Topics Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget , 2009 Irish budget , 2010 Irish budget , 2011 Irish budget , 2012 Irish budget , 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions , rescues , and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; c. 2009 ) May Day protests ( Europe , Middle East and North Africa , Asia ; 2009 ) Occupy movement ( worldwide ) Related topics 2000s energy crisis Central Asia : 2008 Effects on museums Decline of newspapers World food price crisis European debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 List of countries by public debt Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_easing&oldid=853916923 '' Categories : Operations of central banks Financial markets Inflation Monetary policy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 20 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	as part of qe1 the fed bought commercial paper	[]	[]
-5420526307940003110	Aftermath of World War I	Aftermath of World war I - wikipedia Aftermath of World war I The aftermath of World War I saw drastic political , cultural , economic , and social change across Eurasia ( Europe and Asia ) , Africa , and even in areas outside those that were directly involved . Four empires collapsed due to the war , old countries were abolished , new ones were formed , boundaries were redrawn , international organizations were established , and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people 's minds . World War I also had the effect of bringing political transformation to most of the principal parties involved in the conflict , transforming them into electoral democracies by bringing near - universal suffrage for the first time in history , such as Germany ( German federal election , 1919 ) , Great Britain ( United Kingdom general election , 1918 ) , and Turkey ( Turkish general election , 1923 ) . William Orpen 's The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors : the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in 1919 Contents ( hide ) 1 Blockade of Germany 2 Treaty of Versailles 3 Influenza epidemic 4 Ethnic minorities 5 Political upheavals 5.1 New nations break free 5.2 Revolutions 5.3 Germany 5.4 Russian Empire 5.5 Austria - Hungary 5.6 Ottoman Empire 5.7 Great Britain 5.8 United States 5.9 France 5.10 Italy 5.11 China 5.12 Japan 6 Territorial gains and losses 6.1 Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World War I 6.2 Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I 7 Social trauma 8 Remains of ammunition 9 Memorials 9.1 War memorials 9.2 Tombs of unknown soldiers 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External links Blockade of Germany ( edit ) Main article : Blockade of Germany Through the period from the armistice on 11 November 1918 until the signing of the peace treaty with Germany on 28 June 1919 , the Allies maintained the naval blockade of Germany that had begun during the war . As Germany was dependent on imports , it is estimated that 523,000 civilians had lost their lives . N.P. Howard , of the University of Sheffield , claims that a further quarter of a million more died from disease or starvation in the eight - month period following the conclusion of the conflict . The continuation of the blockade after the fighting ended , as author Robert Leckie wrote in Delivered From Evil , did much to `` torment the Germans ... driving them with the fury of despair into the arms of the devil . '' The terms of the Armistice did allow food to be shipped into Germany , but the Allies required that Germany provide the means ( the shipping ) to do so . The German government was required to use its gold reserves , being unable to secure a loan from the United States . Historian Sally Marks claims that while `` Allied warships remained in place against a possible resumption of hostilities , the Allies offered food and medicine after the armistice , but Germany refused to allow its ships to carry supplies '' . Further , Marks states that despite the problems facing the Allies , from the German government , `` Allied food shipments arrived in Allied ships before the charge made at Versailles '' . This position is also supported by Elisabeth Gläser who notes that an Allied task force , to help feed the German population , was established in early 1919 and that by May 1919 `` Germany ( had ) became the chief recipient of American and Allied food shipments '' . Gläser further claims that during the early months of 1919 , while the main relief effort was being planned , France provided food shipments to Bavaria and the Rhineland . She further claims that the German government delayed the relief effort by refusing to surrender their merchant fleet to the Allies . Finally , she concludes that `` the very success of the relief effort had in effect deprived the ( Allies ) of a credible threat to induce Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles . However , it is also the case that for eight months following the end of hostilities , the blockade was continually in place , with some estimates that a further 100,000 casualties among German civilians due to starvation were caused , on top of the hundreds of thousands which already had occurred . Food shipments , furthermore , had been entirely dependent on Allied goodwill , causing at least in part the post-hostilities irregularity . Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Versailles Demonstration against the Treaty in front of the Reichstag building After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 , the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919 , between Germany on the one side and France , Italy , Britain and other minor allied powers on the other , officially ended war between those countries . Other treaties ended the relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers . Included in the 440 articles of the Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay economic reparations . The treaty drastically limited the German military machine : German troops were reduced to 100,000 and the country was prevented from possessing major military armaments such as tanks , warships , armored vehicles and submarines . Influenza epidemic ( edit ) Historians continue to argue about the impact the 1918 flu pandemic had on the outcome of the war . It has been posited that the Central Powers may have been exposed to the viral wave before the Allies . The resulting casualties having greater effect , having been incurred during the war , as opposed to the allies who suffered the brunt of the pandemic after the Armistice . When the extent of the epidemic was realized , the respective censorship programs of the Allies and Central Powers limited the public 's knowledge regarding the true extent of the disease . Because Spain was neutral , their media was free to report on the Flu , giving the impression that it began there . This misunderstanding led to contemporary reports naming it the `` Spanish flu . '' Investigative work by a British team led by virologist John Oxford of St Bartholomew 's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital , identified a major troop staging and hospital camp in Étaples , France as almost certainly being the center of the 1918 flu pandemic . A significant precursor virus was harbored in birds , and mutated to pigs that were kept near the front . The exact number of deaths is unknown but about 50 million people are estimated to have died from the influenza outbreak worldwide . In 2005 , a study found that , `` The 1918 virus strain developed in birds and was similar to the ' bird flu ' that in the 21st century spurred fears of another worldwide pandemic , yet proved to be a normal treatable virus that did not produce a heavy impact on the world 's health . '' Ethnic minorities ( edit ) The dissolution of the German , Russian , Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman empires created a number of new countries in eastern Europe and the Middle East . Some of them , such as Czechoslovakia and Poland , had substantial ethnic minorities who were sometimes not fully satisfied with the new boundaries that cut them off from fellow ethnics . For example , Czechoslovakia had Germans , Poles , Ruthenians and Ukrainians , Slovaks and Hungarians . The League of Nations sponsored various Minority Treaties in an attempt to deal with the problem , but with the decline of the League in the 1930s , these treaties became increasingly unenforceable . One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of the war was the large number of European refugees . These and the refugees of the Russian Civil War led to the creation of the Nansen passport . Ethnic minorities made the location of the frontiers generally unstable . Where the frontiers have remained unchanged since 1918 , there has often been the expulsion of an ethnic group , such as the Sudeten Germans . Economic and military cooperation amongst these small states was minimal , ensuring that the defeated powers of Germany and the Soviet Union retained a latent capacity to dominate the region . In the immediate aftermath of the war , defeat drove cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union but ultimately these two powers would compete to dominate eastern Europe . Political upheavals ( edit ) Main article : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) New Nations break free ( edit ) German and Austrian forces in 1918 defeated the Russian armies , and the new communist government in Moscow signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk in March 1918 . In that treaty , Russia renounced all claims to Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Ukraine , and the territory of Congress Poland , and it was left to Germany and Austria - Hungary `` to determine the future status of these territories in agreement with their population . '' Later on , Vladimir Lenin 's government also renounced the Partition of Poland treaty , making it possible for Poland to claim its 1772 borders . However , the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was rendered obsolete when Germany was defeated later in 1918 , leaving the status of much of eastern Europe in an uncertain position . Revolutions ( edit ) Main article : Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Political divisions of Europe in 1919 after the treaties of Brest - Litovsk and Versailles and before the treaties of Trianon , Kars , Riga and the creation of the Soviet Union , Irish Free State and Turkish Republic A far - left and often explicitly Communist revolutionary wave occurred in several European countries in 1917 - 1920 , notably in Germany and Hungary . The single most important event precipitated by the privations of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Germany ( edit ) Main articles : German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 and Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic In Germany , there was a socialist revolution which led to the brief establishment of a number of communist political systems in ( mainly urban ) parts of the country , the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II , and the creation of the Weimar Republic . On 28 June 1919 the Weimar Republic was forced , under threat of continued Allied advance , to sign the Treaty of Versailles . Germany viewed the one - sided treaty as a humiliation and as blaming it for the entire war . While this was not the intent of the treaty , the notion took root in German society and was never accepted by nationalists , although it was argued by some , such as German historian Fritz Fischer . The German government disseminated propaganda to further promote this idea , and funded the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War to this end . 132 billion gold marks ( $31.5 billion , 6.6 billion pounds ) were demanded from Germany in reparations , of which only 50 billion had to be paid . In order to finance the purchases of foreign currency required to pay off the reparations , the new German republic printed tremendous amounts of money -- to disastrous effect . Hyperinflation plagued Germany between 1921 and 1923 . In this period the worth of fiat Papiermarks with respect to the earlier commodity Goldmarks was reduced to one trillionth ( one million millionth ) of its value . In December 1922 the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default , and on 11 January 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr until 1925 . The treaty required Germany to permanently reduce the size of its army to 100,000 men , and destroy their tanks , air force , and U-boat fleet ( her capital ships , moored in Scapa Flow , were scuttled by their crews to prevent them from falling into Allied hands ) . Germany saw relatively small amounts of territory transferred to Denmark , Czechoslovakia , and Belgium , a larger amount to France ( including the temporary French occupation of the Rhineland ) and the greatest portion as part of a reestablished Poland . Germany 's overseas colonies were divided between a number of Allied countries , most notably the United Kingdom in Africa , but it was the loss of the territory that composed the newly independent Polish state , including the German city of Danzig and the separation of East Prussia from the rest of Germany , that caused the greatest outrage . Nazi propaganda would feed on a general German view that the treaty was unfair -- many Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate , and lent their political support to Adolf Hitler . Russian Empire ( edit ) The Soviet Union benefited from Germany 's loss , as one of the first terms of the armistice was the abrogation of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . At the time of the armistice Russia was in the grips of a civil war which left more than seven million people dead and large areas of the country devastated . The nation as a whole suffered socially and economically . As to her border territories , Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia gained independence . They were occupied again by the Soviet Union in 1940 . Finland gained a lasting independence , though she repeatedly had to fight the Soviet Union for her borders . Armenia , Georgia , and Azerbaijan were established as independent states in the Caucasus region . These countries were proclaimed as Soviet Republics in 1922 and over time were absorbed into the Soviet Union . During the war , however , Turkey captured the Armenian territory around Artvin , Kars , and Igdir , and these territorial losses became permanent . Romania gained Bessarabia from Russia . The Russian concession in Tianjin was occupied by the Chinese in 1920 ; in 1924 the Soviet Union renounced its claims to the district . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Treaty of Trianon and Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) With the war having turned decisively against the Central Powers , the people of Austria - Hungary lost faith in their allied countries , and even before the armistice in November , radical nationalism had already led to several declarations of independence in south - central Europe after November 1918 . As the central government had ceased to operate in vast areas , these regions found themselves without a government and many new groups attempted to fill the void . During this same period , the population was facing food shortages and was , for the most part , demoralized by the losses incurred during the war . Various political parties , ranging from ardent nationalists , to social democrats , to communists attempted to set up governments in the names of the different nationalities . In other areas , existing nation states such as Romania engaged regions that they considered to be theirs . These moves created de facto governments that complicated life for diplomats , idealists , and the Western allies . The Western forces were officially supposed to occupy the old Empire , but rarely had enough troops to do so effectively . They had to deal with local authorities who had their own agenda to fulfill . At the peace conference in Paris the diplomats had to reconcile these authorities with the competing demands of the nationalists who had turned to them for help during the war , the strategic or political desires of the Western allies themselves , and other agendas such as a desire to implement the spirit of the Fourteen Points . For example , in order to live up to the ideal of self - determination laid out in the Fourteen Points , Germans , whether Austrian or German , should be able to decide their own future and government . However , the French especially were concerned that an expanded Germany would be a huge security risk . Further complicating the situation , delegations such as the Czechs and Slovenians made strong claims on some German - speaking territories . The result was treaties that compromised many ideals , offended many allies , and set up an entirely new order in the area . Many people hoped that the new nation states would allow for a new era of prosperity and peace in the region , free from the bitter quarrelling between nationalities that had marked the preceding fifty years . This hope proved far too optimistic . Changes in territorial configuration after World War I included : Establishment of the Republic of German Austria and the Hungarian Democratic Republic , disavowing any continuity with the empire and exiling the Habsburg family in perpetuity . Borders of newly independent Hungary did not include two - thirds of the lands of the former Kingdom of Hungary , including areas where the ethnic Magyars were in a majority . The new republic of Austria maintained control over most of the predominantly German - controlled areas , but lost various other German majority lands in what was the Austrian Empire . Division of Austria - Hungary after World War I Bohemia , Moravia , Opava Silesia and the western part of the Duchy of Cieszyn , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia formed the new Czechoslovakia . Galicia , the eastern part of the Duchy of Cieszyn , northern County of Orava and northern Spisz were transferred to Poland . the Southern half of the County of Tyrol and Trieste were granted to Italy . Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia - Slavonia , Dalmatia , Slovenia , and Vojvodina were joined with Serbia to form the Kingdom of the Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , later Yugoslavia . Transylvania and Bukovina became parts of Romania . The Austro - Hungarian concession in Tianjin was ceded to the Republic of China . These changes were recognized in , but not caused by , the Treaty of Versailles . They were subsequently further elaborated in the Treaty of Saint - Germain and the Treaty of Trianon . The 1919 treaties generally included guarantees of minority rights , but there was no enforcement mechanism . The new states of eastern Europe mostly all had large ethnic minorities . Millions of Germans found themselves in the newly created countries as minorities . More than two million ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary in Slovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . Many of these national minorities found themselves in hostile situations because the modern governments were intent on defining the national character of the countries , often at the expense of the other nationalities . The interwar years were hard for religious minorities in the new states built around ethnic nationalism . The Jews were especially distrusted because of their minority religion and distinct subculture . This was a dramatic come - down from the days of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Although antisemitism had been widespread during Habsburg rule , Jews faced no official discrimination because they were , for the most part , ardent supporters of the multi-national state and the monarchy . The economic disruption of the war and the end of the Austro - Hungarian customs union created great hardship in many areas . Although many states were set up as democracies after the war , one by one , with the exception of Czechoslovakia , they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule . Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively . Later , when Germany rearmed , the nation states of south - central Europe were unable to resist its attacks , and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria - Hungary . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish War of Independence At the end of the war , the Allies occupied Constantinople ( İstanbul ) and the Ottoman government collapsed . The Treaty of Sèvres , a plan designed by the Allies to dismember the remaining Ottoman territories , was signed on 10 August 1920 , although it was never ratified by the Sultan . The occupation of Smyrna by Greece on 18 May 1919 triggered a nationalist movement to rescind the terms of the treaty . Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a successful Ottoman commander , rejected the terms enforced at Sèvres and under the guise of General Inspector of the Ottoman Army , left Istanbul for Samsun to organize the remaining Ottoman forces to resist the terms of the treaty . On the eastern front , the Turkish -- Armenian War and signing of the Treaty of Kars with the Russian S.F.S.R. took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia . On the western front , the growing strength of the Turkish nationalist forces led Greece , with the backing of Britain , to invade deep into Anatolia in an attempt to deal a blow to the revolutionaries . At the Battle of Dumlupınar , the Greek army was defeated and forced into retreat , leading to the burning of Smyrna and the withdrawal of Greece from Asia Minor . With the nationalists empowered , the army marched on to reclaim Istanbul , resulting in the Chanak Crisis in which the British Prime Minister , David Lloyd George , was forced to resign . After Turkish resistance gained control over Anatolia and Istanbul , the Sèvres treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which formally ended all hostilities and led to the creation of the modern Turkish Republic . As a result , Turkey became the only power of World War I to overturn the terms of its defeat , and negotiate with the Allies as an equal . Lausanne Treaty formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the Middle East , the cession of their territories on the Arabian Peninsula , and British sovereignty over Cyprus . The League of Nations granted Class A mandates for the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon and British Mandate of Mesopotamia and Palestine , the latter comprising two autonomous regions : Mandate Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire became a pivotal milestone in the creation of the modern Middle East , the result of which bore witness to the creation of new conflicts and hostilities in the region . Great Britain ( edit ) In Britain , funding the war had a severe economic cost . From being the world 's largest overseas investor , it became one of its biggest debtors with interest payments forming around 40 % of all government spending . Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920 , while the value of the Pound Sterling ( consumer expenditure ) fell by 61.2 % . Reparations in the form of free German coal depressed local industry , precipitating the 1926 General Strike . British private investments abroad were sold , raising £ 550 million . However , £ 250 million in new investment also took place during the war . The net financial loss was therefore approximately £ 300 million ; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928 . Material loss was `` slight '' : the most significant being 40 % of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats . Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war . The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that `` in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain '' but that the war `` crippled the British psychologically but in no other way '' . Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations . Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand , and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain , leading to the growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s . These battles were often decorated in propaganda in these nations as symbolic of their power during the war . Colonies such as the British Raj ( India ) and Nigeria also became increasingly assertive because of their participation in the war . The populations in these countries became increasingly aware of their own power and Britain 's fragility . Cartoon predicting the aftermath of the war by Henry J. Glintenkamp , first published in The Masses in 1914 In Ireland , the delay in finding a resolution to the home rule issue , partly caused by the war , as well as the 1916 Easter Rising and a failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland , increased support for separatist radicals . This led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919 . The creation of the Irish Free State that followed this conflict in effect represented a territorial loss for Britain that was all but equal to the loss sustained by Germany , ( and furthermore , compared to Germany , a much greater loss in terms of its ratio to the country 's prewar territory ) . Despite this , the Irish Free State remained a dominion within the British Empire . After World War I women gained the right to vote as , during the war , they had had to fill - in for what were previously categorised as `` men 's jobs '' , thus showing the government that women were not as weak and incompetent as they thought . Also , there were several significant developments in medicine and technology as the injured had to be cared for and there were several new illnesses that medicine had to deal with . United states ( edit ) While disillusioned by the war , it having not achieved the high ideals promised by President Woodrow Wilson , American commercial interests did finance Europe 's rebuilding and reparation efforts in Germany , at least until the onset of the Great Depression . American opinion on the propriety of providing aid to Germans and Austrians was split , as evidenced by an exchange of correspondence between Edgar Gott , an executive with The Boeing Company and Charles Osner , chairman of the Committee for the Relief of Destitute Women and Children in Germany and Austria . Gott argued that relief should first go to citizens of countries that had suffered at the hands of the Central Powers , while Osner made an appeal for a more universal application of humanitarian ideals . The American economic influence allowed the Great Depression to start a domino effect , pulling Europe in as well . France ( edit ) French cavalry entering Essen during the occupation of the Ruhr . Alsace - Lorraine returned to France , the region which had been ceded to Prussia in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . At the 1919 Peace Conference , Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau 's aim was to ensure that Germany would not seek revenge in the following years . To this purpose , the chief commander of the Allied forces , Marshal Ferdinand Foch , had demanded that for the future protection of France the Rhine river should now form the border between France and Germany . Based on history , he was convinced that Germany would again become a threat , and , on hearing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that had left Germany substantially intact , he observed that `` This is not Peace . It is an Armistice for twenty years . '' The destruction brought upon French territory was to be indemnified by the reparations negotiated at Versailles . This financial imperative dominated France 's foreign policy throughout the 1920s , leading to the 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr in order to force Germany to pay . However , Germany was unable to pay , and obtained support from the United States . Thus , the Dawes Plan was negotiated after Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré 's occupation of the Ruhr , and then the Young Plan in 1929 . Also extremely important in the War was the participation of French colonial troops , including the Senegalese tirailleurs , and troops from Indochina , North Africa , and Madagascar . When these soldiers returned to their homelands and continued to be treated as second class citizens , many became the nuclei of pro-independence groups . Furthermore , under the state of war declared during the hostilities , the French economy had been somewhat centralized in order to be able to shift into a `` war economy '' , leading to a first breach with classical liberalism . Finally , the socialists ' support of the National Union government ( including Alexandre Millerand 's nomination as Minister of War ) marked a shift towards the French Section of the Workers ' International 's ( SFIO ) turn towards social democracy and participation in `` bourgeois governments '' , although Léon Blum maintained a socialist rhetoric . Italy ( edit ) Residents of Fiume cheering D'Annunzio and his Legionari , September 1919 . At the time , Fiume had 22,488 ( 62 % of the population ) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants . In 1882 Italy joined with the German Empire and the Austro - Hungarian Empire to form the Triple Alliance . However , even if relations with Berlin became very friendly , the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal , as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste , parts of the Austro - Hungarian empire populated by Italians . During World War I Italy aligned with the Allies , instead of joining Germany and Austria . This could happen since the alliance formally had merely defensive prerogatives , while the Central Empires were the ones who started the offensive . With the Treaty of London , Britain secretly offered Italy Trentino and Tyrol as far as Brenner , Trieste and Istria , all the Dalmatian coast except Fiume , full ownership of Albanian Valona and a protectorate over Albania , Antalya in Turkey and a share of the Turkish and German colonial empire , in exchange for Italy siding against the Central Empires . After the victory , Vittorio Orlando , Italy 's President of the Council of Ministers , and Sidney Sonnino , its Foreign Minister , were sent as the Italian representatives to Paris with the aim of gaining the promised territories and as much other land as possible . In particular , there was an especially strong opinion about the status of Fiume , which they believed was rightly Italian due to Italian population , in agreement with Wilson 's Fourteen Points , the ninth of which read : `` A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality '' . Nevertheless , by the end of the war the Allies realized they had made contradictory agreements with other Nations , especially regarding Central Europe and the Middle - East . In the meetings of the `` Big Four '' , in which Orlando 's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English , the Great powers were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner , the Dalmatian port of Zara , the island of Lagosta and a couple of small German colonies . All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy 's imperial ambitions ; Wilson , in particular , was a staunch supporter of Yugoslav rights on Dalmatia against Italy and despite the Treaty of London which he did not recognize . As a result of this , Orlando left the conference in a rage . This simply favored Britain and France , which divided among themselves the former Ottoman and German territories in Africa . In Italy , the discontent was relevant : Irredentism ( see : irredentismo ) claimed Fiume and Dalmatia as Italian lands ; many felt the Country had taken part in a meaningless war without getting any serious benefits . This idea of a `` mutilated victory '' ( vittoria mutilata ) was the reason which led to the Impresa di Fiume ( `` Fiume Exploit '' ) . On September 12 , 1919 , the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio led around 2,600 troops from the Royal Italian Army ( the Granatieri di Sardegna ) , nationalists and irredentists , into a seizure of the city , forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied ( American , British and French ) occupying forces . The `` mutilated victory '' ( vittoria mutilata ) became an important part of Italian Fascism propaganda . China ( edit ) The Republic of China had been one of the Allies ; during the war , it had sent thousands of labourers to France . At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , the Chinese delegation called for an end to Western imperialistic institutions in China , but was rebuffed . China requested at least the formal restoration of its territory of Jiaozhou Bay , under German colonial control since 1898 . But the western Allies rejected China 's request , instead granting transfer to Japan of all of Germany 's pre-war territory and rights in China . Subsequently , China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles , instead signing a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921 . The Austro - Hungarian and German concessions in Tianjin were placed under the administration of the Chinese government ; in 1920 they occupied the Russian area as well . The western Allies ' substantial accession to Japan 's territorial ambitions at China 's expense led to the May Fourth Movement in China , a social and political movement that had profound influence over subsequent Chinese history . The May Fourth Movement is often cited as the birth of Chinese nationalism , and both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party consider the Movement to be an important period in their own histories . Japan ( edit ) Because of the treaty that Japan had signed with Great Britain in 1902 , Japan was one of the Allies during the war . With British assistance , Japanese forces attacked Germany 's territories in Shandong province in China , including the East Asian coaling base of the Imperial German navy . The German forces were defeated and surrendered to Japan in November 1914 . The Japanese navy also succeeded in seizing several of Germany 's island possessions in the Western Pacific : the Marianas , Carolines , and Marshall Islands . At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , Japan was granted all of Germany 's pre-war rights in Shandong province in China ( despite China also being one of the Allies during the war ) : outright possession of the territory of Jiaozhou Bay , and favorable commercial rights throughout the rest of the province , as well as a Mandate over the German Pacific island possessions that the Japanese navy had taken . Also , Japan was granted a permanent seat on the Council of the League of Nations . Nevertheless , the Western powers refused Japan 's request for the inclusion of a `` racial equality '' clause as part of the Treaty of Versailles . Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference . Weihai followed in 1930 . Territorial gains and losses ( edit ) A map with the post-war borders in red over the pre-war map of Europe . Note : this map does not show the Irish Free State . Nations that gained or regained territory or independence after World war I ( edit ) Note : Countries which only briefly gained independence are not taken up in this list . Australia : gained control of German New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru Austria : split from the Austro - Hungarian Empire Belgium : gained control of Eupen - Malmedy and the African territories of Ruanda - Urundi from the German Empire Czechoslovakia : split from the Austro - Hungarian Empire Danzig : semi-autonomous free city with independence from the German Empire Denmark : gained control of Nordschleswig after a referendum from the German Empire Estonia : independence from the Russian Empire Finland : independence from the Russian Empire France : gained Alsace - Lorraine as well as various African colonies from the German Empire , and Middle East territories from the Ottoman Empire . The African and Middle East gains were officially League of Nations Mandates . Greece : gained Western Thrace from Bulgaria Hungary : split from the Austro - Hungarian Empire Ireland : Irish Free State ( approximately five - sixths of the island ) gained independence from the United Kingdom ( but still part of the British Empire ) Italy : gained South Tyrol , Friuli peninsula , Fiume and Zadar from the Austro - Hungarian Empire Japan : gained Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong from China and the South Pacific Mandate ( both controlled by German Empire before the war ) Latvia : independence from the Russian Empire Lithuania : independence from the Russian Empire New Zealand : gained control of German Samoa Poland : recreated from parts of the Austro - Hungarian , German , and Russian Empires Romania : gained control of Transylvania from the Austro - Hungarian Empire , Dobruja from Bulgaria , and Bessarabia from the Russian Empire South Africa : gained control of South West Africa United Kingdom : gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle East Yugoslavia , as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia Nations that lost territory or independence after World War I ( edit ) Austria , as the successor state of Cisleithania and the Austro - Hungarian Empire Bulgaria : lost Western Thrace to Greece also lost a part of Eastern Macedonia to Serbia ( Yugoslavia ) China : temporarily lost Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong to the Empire of Japan Germany , as the successor state of the German Empire Hungary , as the successor state of Transleithania and the Austro - Hungarian Empire Montenegro declared union with Serbia and subsequently became incorporated into Yugoslavia Russian SFSR , as the successor state of the Russian Empire Turkey , as the successor state of the day Ottoman Empire United Kingdom : lost most of Ireland as the Irish Free State , Egypt in 1922 Social trauma ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2009 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The experiences of the war in the west are commonly assumed to have led to a sort of collective national trauma afterward for all of the participating countries . The optimism of 1900 was entirely gone and those who fought became what is known as `` the Lost Generation '' because they never fully recovered from their suffering . For the next few years , much of Europe mourned privately and publicly ; memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns . So many British men of marriageable age died or were injured that the students of one girls ' school were warned that only 10 % would marry . The 1921 United Kingdom Census found 19,803,022 women and 18,082,220 men in England and Wales , a difference of 1.72 million which newspapers called the `` Surplus Two Million '' . In the 1921 census there were 1,209 single women aged 25 to 29 for every 1,000 men . In 1931 50 % were still single , and 35 % of them did not marry while still able to bear children . As early as 1923 , Stanley Baldwin recognized a new strategic reality that faced Britain in a disarmament speech . Poison gas and the aerial bombing of civilians were new developments of the First World War . The British civilian population , for many centuries , had not had any serious reason to fear invasion . So the new threat of poison gas dropped from enemy bombers excited a grossly exaggerated view of the civilian deaths that would occur on the outbreak of any future war . Baldwin expressed this in his statement that `` The bomber will always get through . '' The traditional British policy of a balance of power in Europe no longer safeguarded the British home population . Out of this fear came appeasement . It is notable that neither Baldwin nor Neville Chamberlain fought in the war , but the anti-appeasers Antony Eden , Harold Macmillan and Winston Churchill did . One gruesome reminder of the sacrifices of the generation was the fact that this was one of the first times in conflict whereby more men died in battle than from disease , which was the main cause of deaths in most previous wars . The Russo - Japanese War was the first conflict where battle deaths outnumbered disease deaths , but it was fought on a much smaller scale between just two nations . This social trauma made itself manifest in many different ways . Some people were revolted by nationalism and what they believed it had caused , so they began to work toward a more internationalist world through organizations such as the League of Nations . Pacifism became increasingly popular . Others had the opposite reaction , feeling that only military strength could be relied upon for protection in a chaotic and inhumane world that did not respect hypothetical notions of civilization . Certainly a sense of disillusionment and cynicism became pronounced . Nihilism grew in popularity . Many people believed that the war heralded the end of the world as they had known it , including the collapse of capitalism and imperialism . Communist and socialist movements around the world drew strength from this theory , enjoying a level of popularity they had never known before . These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or particularly harshly affected by the war , such as central Europe , Russia and France . Artists such as Otto Dix , George Grosz , Ernst Barlach , and Käthe Kollwitz represented their experiences , or those of their society , in blunt paintings and sculpture . Similarly , authors such as Erich Maria Remarque wrote grim novels detailing their experiences . These works had a strong impact on society , causing a great deal of controversy and highlighting conflicting interpretations of the war . In Germany , nationalists including the Nazis believed that much of this work was degenerate and undermined the cohesion of society as well as dishonoring the dead . Iron harvest World War I ordnance left beside a field for disposal by the army in 2004 near Ypres in Belgium Remains of ammunition ( edit ) Main article : Iron harvest Throughout the areas where trenches and fighting lines were located , such as the Champagne region of France , quantities of unexploded ordnance have remained , some of which remains dangerous , continuing to cause injuries and occasional fatalities in the 21st century . Some are found by farmers ploughing their fields and have been called the iron harvest . Some of this ammunition contains toxic chemical products such as mustard gas . Cleanup of major battlefields is a continuing task with no end in sight for decades to come . Squads remove , defuse or destroy hundreds of tons of unexploded ammunition every year in Belgium , France , and Germany . Memorials ( edit ) The Menin Gate Memorial , in Ypres , Belgium War memorials ( edit ) Many towns in the participating countries have war memorials dedicated to local residents who lost their lives . Examples include : Australian War Memorial , Canberra , Australia Liberty Memorial , Kansas City , Missouri , United States District of Columbia War Memorial , Washington , DC , United States Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial The Cenotaph , London , United Kingdom Menin Gate Memorial , Ypres , Belgium Thiepval Memorial Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing at Passchendaele Verdun Memorial Museum Vimy Ridge Memorial , Vimy , France Gallipoli Memorial , Turkey Shrine of Remembrance , Melbourne , Australia Irish National War Memorial Gardens , Dublin , Ireland Island of Ireland Peace Park , Messines , Belgium National War Memorial , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada National War Memorial , St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada Kriegerdenkmal auf dem Neroberg , Wiesbaden , Hessen , Germany Sacrario militare di Redipuglia , Fogliano Redipuglia , Italy Mausoleum of Mărășești , Romania Tombs of unknown soldiers ( edit ) The Amar Jawan Jyoti ( the flame of the immortal warrior ) in Delhi , India Monument to the Unknown Hero , Belgrade , Serbia Amar Jawan Jyoti , New Delhi , India Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Arc de Triomphe , Paris , France The Tomb of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey , London , United Kingdom Tomb of the Unknowns , Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia , United States Tomba del milite ignoto , Rome , Italy Australian War Memorial , Canberra , Australia New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior , Wellington , New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , Syntagma Square , Athens , Greece Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , Bucharest , Romania See also ( edit ) World War I portal International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Interwar period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' german casualties ' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marks , Sally ( 1986 ) . `` 1918 and After : The Postwar Era '' . In Martel , Gordon . The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . Boston : Allen & Unwin . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 940084 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gläser ( 1998 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 388 -- 391 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Germany . Gesundheits - Amt . Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade . Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes , Dezember 1918 . ( Parallel English translation ) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade . Memorial of the German Board of Public Health , 27 December 1918 ( Berlin , Reichsdruckerei , ) The report notes on page 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimated based on the first half of 1918 . Jump up ^ `` The National Archives : The Blockade of Germany Jump up ^ ^ Connor , Steve , `` Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp '' , The Guardian ( UK ) , Saturday , 8 January 2000 . Accessed 2009 - 05 - 09 . Archived 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ NAP Jump up ^ Influenza Report Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/10/1005_051005_bird_flu.html Jump up ^ Mark Mazower , `` Minorities and the League of Nations in interwar Europe . '' Daedalus 126.2 ( 1997 ) : 47 - 63 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Table IV ( page 441 ) of The Economics of Inflation by Costantino Bresciani - Turroni , published 1937 . Jump up ^ Marsha L. Rozenblit ( 2004 ) . Reconstructing a National Identity : The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I. Oxford UP . p. 163 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Text of the Treaty of Kars Jump up ^ Countrystudies -- Turkey Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : Creating the Modern Middle East 1914 -- 1922 . New York : H. Holt . p. 565 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1976 ) . English History , 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821715 - 3 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1976 ) . English History , 1914 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821715 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Correlli ( 2002 ) . The Collapse of British Power . London : Pan . pp. 424 and 426 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 49181 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kuhlman , Erika A. , Of Little Comfort . 2012 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ But perhaps the major hindrance to Italy 's aims were the different opinions of Orlando and Sonnino : the first was decided to obtain Fiume and forsake Dalmatia , Sonnino did not mean to abandon Dalmatia and would have willingly left Fiume . This indecision proved fatal for Italy , which did not gain either of the territories . Jump up ^ ( Jackson , 1938 ) Jump up ^ Stephen G. Craft , `` John Bassett Moore , Robert Lansing , and the Shandong Question . '' Pacific Historical Review 66.2 ( 1997 ) : 231 - 249 . online ^ Jump up to : Cable , Amanda ( 2007 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Condemned to be virgins : The two million women robbed by the war '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Virginia ( 2008 ) . Singled Out : How Two Million British Women Survived Without Men After the First World War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 537822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kriegerdenkmal auf dem Neroberg Further reading ( edit ) Aldcroft , Derek Howard . Europe 's third world : the European periphery in the interwar years ( 2006 ) . Blom , Philipp . Fracture : Life and Culture in the West , 1918 - 1938 ( 2015 ) . Margaret MacMillan . Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2001 ) Kallis , Aristotle . `` When fascism became mainstream : the challenge of extremism in times of crisis . '' Fascism 4.1 ( 2015 ) : 1 - 24 . Mazower , Mark . Dark continent : Europe 's twentieth century ( 2009 ) . Mowat , C.L. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 12 : The Shifting Balance of World Forces , 1898 - 1945 ( 1968 ) online 25 chapters ; 845pp Overy , R.J. The Inter-War Crisis ( 2nd ed. 2016 ) excerpt Somervell , D.C. The Reign of King George V ( 1936 ) online 550pp ; wide ranging political , social and economic coverage of Britain , 1910 - 35 John Wheeler - Bennett The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 New York , H. Fertig , 1972 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aftermath of World War I . FirstWorldWar.com `` A multimedia history of World War I '' The war to end all wars on BBC site `` The Heritage of the Great War '' The British Army in the Great War World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_I&oldid=846437575 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War I World War I Aftermath of wars Interwar period 1918 1919 1920s Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2009 All articles needing style editing Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Čeština Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Norsk Română Русский Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	territorial changes after world war 1 led to the creation of new countries including	[]	[]
-8148507357874371149	Roswell, Georgia	Roswell , Georgia - wikipedia Roswell , Georgia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roswell , Georgia City Roswell City Hall Location in Fulton County and the state of Georgia Roswell Roswell Roswell Show map of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Show map of the US Show map of Metro Atlanta Show all Location of Roswell in Metro Atlanta Coordinates : 34 ° 01 ′ 19 '' N 84 ° 21 ′ 33 '' W / 34.02194 ° N 84.35917 ° W / 34.02194 ; - 84.35917 Coordinates : 34 ° 01 ′ 19 '' N 84 ° 21 ′ 33 '' W / 34.02194 ° N 84.35917 ° W / 34.02194 ; - 84.35917 Country United States State Georgia County Fulton Incorporated February 16 , 1854 Government Mayor Vacant Area Total 42.0 sq mi ( 108.8 km ) Land 40.7 sq mi ( 105.5 km ) Water 1.3 sq mi ( 3.3 km ) 3.1 % Elevation 1,180 ft ( 350 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 88,346 Estimate ( 2016 ) 94,598 Density 2,311 / sq mi ( 892.1 / km ) Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 30075 - 30077 Area code 770 / 678 / 404 FIPS code 13 - 67284 GNIS feature ID 0332929 Website www.roswellgov.com Roswell is a city in north Fulton County , Georgia , United States . At the 2010 census it had a population of 88,346 , and in 2014 the estimated population was 94,089 , making it Georgia 's seventh largest city . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Geographic features 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Tourism 4.1. 1 Parks and recreation 4.1. 2 Festivals and parades 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary schools 5.1. 1 Public schools 5.1. 2 Private schools 5.2 Public libraries 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Major highways 7 Notable people 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Vickery ( Big ) Creek Dam In 1830 , while on a trip to northern Georgia , Roswell King passed through the area of what is now Roswell and observed the great potential for building a cotton mill along Vickery Creek . Since the land nearby was also good for plantations , his idea was to put cotton processing near cotton production . Toward the middle of the 1830s , King returned to build a mill that would soon become the largest in north Georgia -- Roswell Mill . He brought with him 36 African slaves from his own coastal plantation , plus another 42 skilled carpenter slaves bought in Savannah to build the mills . The slaves built the mills , infrastructure , houses , mill worker apartments , and supporting buildings for the new town . The Africans brought their unique Geechee culture , language , and religious traditions from the coast to north Georgia . The old Roswell Presbyterian Church , built in 1839 King invited investors from the coast to join him at the new location . He was also joined by Barrington King , one of his sons , who succeeded his father in the manufacturing company . Archibald Smith was one of the planters who migrated there to establish a new plantation , also bringing enslaved African Americans from the coastal areas . Barrington Hall ( the home of Barrington King ) , Smith Plantation ( the home of Archibald Smith ) and Bulloch Hall ( the childhood home of President Theodore Roosevelt 's mother , Mittie Bulloch ) have been preserved and restored . They are now open to the public . According to the 1850 Slave Schedules , these three `` founding families '' , together with the next three largest planters , held 192 slaves , 51 % of the total 378 slaves held in Roswell District . Archibald Smith had a 300 - acre ( 1.2 km ) cotton plantation . According to the 1850 Census , Barrington King held 70 slaves . Half of these slaves were under the age of 10 . These slaves worked in Barrington 's household . Barrington King `` leased '' or `` rented '' some of his adult male slaves to the Roswell Manufacturing Company , but they did not work around the mill machinery . Bulloch Hall , built in 1839 . The Roswell area was part of Cobb County when first settled , and the county seat of Marietta was a four - hour ( one - way ) horseback ride to the west . Since Roswell residents desired a local government , they submitted a city charter for incorporation to the Georgia General Assembly . The charter was approved on February 16 , 1854 . By the time of the Civil War , the cotton mills employed more than 400 people , mostly women . Given settlement patterns in the Piedmont region , they were likely of Scots - Irish descent . As the mill increased in production , so did the number of people living in the area . Barrington Hall , built in 1842 Archibald Smith Plantation Home , built in 1845 During the Civil War , the city was captured by Union forces under the leadership of General Kenner Garrard . Under orders of General Sherman , Garrard shipped the mill workers north to prevent them from returning to work if the mills were rebuilt . This was a common tactic of Sherman to economically disrupt the South . The mill was burned , but the houses were left standing . The ruins of the mill and the 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) dam that was built for power still remain . Most of the town 's property was confiscated by Union forces . The leading families had left the town to go to safer places well before the Federal invasion , and arranged for their slaves to be taken away from advancing Federal troops , as was often the practice . Some slaves may have escaped to Union lines . After the war , Barrington King rebuilt the mills and resumed production . While many freedmen stayed in the area to work as paid labor on plantations or in town , others migrated to Fulton County and Atlanta for new opportunities . The South suffered an agricultural depression resulting from the effects of the war and labor changes . According to the census , the population of Cobb County decreased slightly from 14,242 in 1860 , to 13,814 in 1870 . The proportion of African - Americans decreased more , from 27 % to 23 % . During those years , nearby Fulton County more than doubled in population , from 14,427 to 33,336 . The effects of dramatic African - American migration can be seen by the increase in Fulton County from 20.5 % slave in 1860 to 45.7 % colored ( Black ) in 1870 . At the end of 1931 , the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression . The difficult economic conditions drove Milton County , Roswell 's neighboring county to the north ( note : much of what is now Roswell was part of Milton County already ) , to merge in its entirety with Fulton County , Roswell 's neighboring county to the south . To facilitate the merger , Roswell was ceded from Cobb County to become part of Fulton County . This became effective the 9th day of May in 1932 . Roswell filed all legal records , including vital statistics , real estate , and the results of torts with the county clerk of Cobb before this date ; with the county clerk of Fulton , after this date . Roswell is now one of the largest cities in the state ; its population has increased most steadily in the last 15 years . Jere Wood , a Republican , has served as mayor of Roswell since 1997 . See also : List of Mayors of Roswell , Georgia Geography ( edit ) Roswell is located in northern Fulton County at 34 ° 2 ′ 2 '' N 84 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 34.03389 ° N 84.34417 ° W / 34.03389 ; - 84.34417 ( 34.033896 , − 84.344028 ) . It is bordered to the north by Milton , to the northeast by Alpharetta , to the east by Johns Creek , to the southeast by Peachtree Corners in Gwinnett County , to the south by Sandy Springs , to the west by unincorporated land in Cobb County , and to the northwest by the city of Mountain Park and by unincorporated land in Cherokee County . The southern boundary of the city follows the Chattahoochee River . It is the most populous city in Georgia with less than 100,000 people . According to the United States Census Bureau , Roswell has a total area of 42.0 square miles ( 108.8 km ) , of which 40.7 square miles ( 105.5 km ) is land and 1.3 square miles ( 3.3 km ) , or 3.06 % , is water . Geographic features ( edit ) Big Creek Bull Sluice Lake Chattahoochee River Morgan Falls Dam Johns Creek Crooked Creek Audery Mill Creek Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Roswell , Georgia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F 49.2 53.4 62.4 71.5 78.4 84.9 87.4 86.9 81.3 71.7 62.3 52.7 70.2 Average low ° F 27.9 29.9 37.0 44.7 53.9 61.9 65.6 65.2 59.3 46.7 37.5 30.7 46.7 Average rainfall inches 4.9 4.9 6.0 4.2 4.3 3.8 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.7 52.3 Average high ° C 9.6 11.9 16.9 21.9 25.8 29.4 30.8 30.5 27.4 22.1 16.8 11.5 21.2 Average low ° C − 2.3 − 1.2 2.8 7.1 12.2 16.6 18.7 18.4 15.2 8.2 3.1 − 0.7 8.2 Average rainfall mm 124 124 152 107 109 97 114 102 97 91 94 119 1,328 Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 479 -- 1880 1,180 146.3 % 1890 1,138 − 3.6 % 1900 1,329 16.8 % 1910 1,158 − 12.9 % 1920 1,227 6.0 % 1930 1,432 16.7 % 1940 1,622 13.3 % 1950 2,123 30.9 % 1960 2,983 40.5 % 1970 5,430 82.0 % 1980 23,337 329.8 % 1990 47,923 105.4 % 2000 79,334 65.5 % 88,346 11.4 % Est. 2016 94,598 7.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of 2010 Roswell had a population of 88,346 . The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 74.7 % White , 11.7 % Black or African American , 4.0 % Asian , 0.3 % Native American , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 6.6 % from some other race and 2.5 % from two or more races. 16.6 % of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race ; a majority of them were of Mexican origin ( 11.5 % of the total population ) . As of the census of 2000 , there were 79,334 people , 30,207 households , and 20,933 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,086.5 people per square mile ( 805.7 / km2 ) . There were 31,300 housing units at an average density of 823.2 per square mile ( 317.9 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 81.51 % White , 8.54 % African American , 0.20 % Native American , 3.74 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 4.08 % from other races , and 1.90 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.61 % of the population . There were 30,207 households out of which 34.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 57.1 % were married couples living together , 8.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 30.7 % were non-families. 23.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 4.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07 . In the city , the population was spread out with 24.4 % under the age of 18 , 8.2 % from 18 to 24 , 35.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 7.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37.2 years . For every 100 females there were 100.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 98.0 males . According to a 2007 estimate , the median income for a household in the city was $73,469 , and the median income for a family was $103,698 . The average income for households was $106,219 and the average income for families was $123,481 . Males had a median income of $72,754 versus $45,979 for females . The per capita income for the city was $40,106 . About 3.2 % of families and 5.0 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.6 % of those under age 18 and 0.7 % of those age 65 or over . Household income ( 2010 ) Income Percent under $14,999 3.8 % $15,000 -- $34,999 3.7 % $35,000 -- $74,999 14.4 % $75,000 -- $99,999 17.9 % $100,000 -- $149,999 24.3 % $150,000 -- $199,999 6.9 % $200.000 + 11.0 % Household income ( 2010 ) Median $87,080 Per capita $43,286 Mean $117,088 Average family size 3.23 Average household size 2.70 Roswell median housing value Year Value 1990 $143,497 2000 $207,700 2005 $299,000 2000 population by age Age Percent Under 5 6.8 % 5 -- 9 7.9 % 10 -- 19 12.7 % 20 -- 29 9.8 % 30 -- 39 19.4 % 40 -- 49 17.2 % 50 -- 59 13.9 % 60 -- 69 5.5 % 70 and over 4.4 % Not known 2.4 % Median age 37.2 Population by gender ( 2006 ) Gender Percent Male 49.2 % Female 50.8 % Education Level Percent Less than high school 5.1 % High school graduate 12.8 % Associate degree 6.1 % Bachelor 's degree 40.3 % Graduate degree 18.8 % Race and ethnicity Ethnicity Percent American Indian , Eskimo , Aleut 0.9 % Asian 4.4 % Black 12.4 % White 73.9 % Other 6.3 % Hispanic 14.8 % CNN named Roswell # 76 for its list of the Top 100 Places to Live in the US in 2010 . Named One of the Top Three Cities in the Nation to Raise Your Family . Roswell was listed third in the book , Best Places to Raise Your Family , released by Frommer 's . On October 30 , 2006 , the City of Roswell was named the 18th Safest City in the United States by City Crime Rankings , an annual reference book of crime statistics and rankings published by Morgan Quitno Press . Roswell was selected from 371 cities in the Overall Safest 25 category. ( ( ) ) Economy ( edit ) The Consulate - General of Honduras in Atlanta is located at Suite 3 in 600 Houze Way in Roswell . The city 's largest employers are The Kimberly Clark Corporation , North Fulton Regional Hospital , Harry 's Farmers Market , and The City Of Roswell . A section of route 400 between Roswell and Atlanta is known as the high tech corridor , where many technology firms like Kimberly Clark have factories or offices . As of the 2006 census one third of Roswell 's 5.000 registered business were home based . The largest industries were retail , technology , food services , whole sale trade , and health care . Many Roswell residents work in nearby Atlanta . Businesses with their headquarters in Roswell including Snorg Tees , Tripwire Interactive , and Pharsalia Technologies . Roswell 's economy is large enough to recruit franchises from many popular Georgia business like Chick Fil A and Heel Sew Quik operate multiple locations in Roswell . In 2015 , Roswell was ranked 224 for economic growth among small American cities . Tourism ( edit ) Tourists visit the following notable places : Historic Roswell Visitors Center Archibald Smith Plantation Home Bulloch Hall Barrington Hall Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Chattahoochee Nature Center Faces Of War Memorial Primrose Cottage Teaching Museum North Atlanta Rowing Club Holly Hill Parks and Recreation ( edit ) Pond at East Roswell Park The Roswell Recreation and Parks department has 18 parks with 800 acres ( 3.2 km ) of active and passive parkland and facilities . The goals of the department are to promote a sense of community spirit and athleticism in the youth of Roswell partnering with many local middle and high schools to achieve its goals by lending practice fields and athletic coaches throughout the year . A branch of the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area , a component of the National Park System , is located in Roswell at Vickery Creek . Festivals and parades ( edit ) Roswell Memorial Day Ceremony -- the largest Memorial Day Ceremony in Georgia Roswell Roots : A Festival of Black History & Culture ( February ) Roswell Criterium Bicycle Race and Historic Roswell Kiwanis Kids Bike Safety Rodeo ( May ) Roswell Magnolia Storytelling Festival ( June ) Riverside Sounds Concert Series ( May -- October ) Roswell Youth Day Parade and Festival ( October ) Keep Roswell Beautiful Duck Race ( October ) Roswell Annual Fireworks Extravaganza July 4 Roswell Wine Festival ( first Sunday in October - Sunday , October 4 , 2015 ) Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) Roswell 's local public schools are part of the Fulton County School System . Charter schools : Amana Academy ( K -- 8 ) Elementary schools : Esther Jackson Elementary School Hembree Springs Elementary School Mimosa Elementary School Mountain Park Elementary School Northwood Elementary School Roswell North Elementary School Sweet Apple Elementary School Hillside Elementary School River Eves Elementary School Middle schools : Crabapple Middle School Elkins Pointe Middle School Holcomb Bridge Middle School High schools : Entrance to Roswell High School . The gymnasium ( aka the Stinger Dome ) is visible with its domed roof . Centennial High School Crossroads Second Chance North Alternative School Roswell High School Private schools ( edit ) Creative Montessori School Blessed Trinity Catholic High School Chrysalis Experiential Academy Cottage School Cross of Life Montessori School Eaton Academy Fellowship Christian School High Meadows School Queen of Angels Catholic School Village Montessori The Howard School ( North Campus ) St. Francis High School Jacob 's Ladder Neurodevelopmental School & Therapy Center * Regina Caeli Academy Public libraries ( edit ) Atlanta - Fulton Public Library System operates the Roswell Branch and the East Roswell Branch . Infrastructure ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) State Route 9 State Route 92 State Route 120 State Route 140 State Route 400 Notable people ( edit ) Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh Steeler and current NBC Sports announcer . Jay Busbee , American author / journalist , resides in Roswell . Emily Dolvin , aunt of Jimmy Carter ( the 39th U.S. President ) , lived in Roswell the majority of her life and was the inaugural chairwoman of the Roswell Historical Society . Jeff Foxworthy ( born September 6 , 1958 ) American stand - up comedian , actor , television and radio personality , author , and voice artist Karen Handel , former Georgia Secretary of State , resides in Roswell . Roswell King ( 1765 -- February 15 , 1844 ) American businessman , planter , and industrialist Landon Milbourne , basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League Jermaine Phillips ( born March 27 , 1979 ) Former American football safety in the National Football League . Tony Phillips , American professional baseball utility player who had an 18 - year Major League Baseball ( MLB ) career from 1982 to 1999 . Martha Bulloch Roosevelt , the mother of Theodore Roosevelt ( the 26th US President ) and grandmother of Eleanor Roosevelt , came from Roswell . Bulloch Hall was her home . Architect Neel Reid lived in Mimosa Hall and died there in 1926 . Two - time National League MVP , former Atlanta Braves baseball player Dale Murphy , lived in Roswell in the 1980s . In 2006 , Tom Price was re-elected to a second term in the United States House of Representatives to serve as the Congressman from the 6th congressional district of Georgia , the district that encompasses most of Roswell . Nap Rucker , left - handed pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Superbas / Dodgers / Robins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Darnell , Tim . `` Roswell mayor removed from office immediately '' . WXIA - TV . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Census Summary File 1 ( G001 ) , Roswell city , Georgia '' . American FactFinder . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ROSWELL , GEORGIA '' . weatherbase . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2010 general profile of demographic and housing characteristics of Roswell from the US Census Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` City of Roswell : Demographics '' . City of Roswell . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CNNMoney.com Best Places to Live Roswell Snapshot '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Bert ; Peter Sander ( May 8 , 2006 ) . Best Places to Raise Your Family : The Top 100 Affordable Communities in the U.S. Frommer 's ( 1st ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 74699 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Shumacher Sells Mittie 's in Historic Roswell '' . Atlanta Restaurant Real Estate Brokers . Jump up ^ `` Consulates '' . ' Georgia Department of Economic Development . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Roswell GA Top Employers '' . MBA Today . City Of Roswell Economic Development Division . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Business And Industry In Roswell GA '' . roswell.org . City Of Roswell . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Snorg Tees '' . Snorg Tees . Snorg Tees . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tripwire Interactive Official Linked In Page '' . linked in . Tripwire Interactive . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pharsalia Technologies acquired by Alteon '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Atlanta Business Chronicle . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chick Fil A Locations '' . Chick Fil A. Chick Fil A. Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heel Sew Quik Roswell GA Yelp '' . Yelp . Yelp . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Roof Atlanta / Roswell '' . Dr Roof Contact . Dr Roof . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Replacement Windows And Doors '' . Replacement Windows And Doors Atlanta . American Choice Windows And Doors . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Cities With Fastest Growing Economies '' . Wallet Hub . Wallet Hub . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Roswell Visitors Center '' . Georgia Department of Economic Development . Jump up ^ http://www.roswellwinefestival.com Jump up ^ `` Roswell Branch Atlanta - Fulton Public Library System . Retrieved on February 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vejnoska , Jill ( July 23 , 2006 ) . `` The Bus now living in Atlanta '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Bulloch Hall Website '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig , Robert M. ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Neel Reid ( 1885 - 1926 ) '' . Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Price '' . Tom Price . July 23 , 2006 . Retrieved April 10 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Sherron D. Lawson , A Guide to the Historic Textile Mill Town of Roswell , Georgia ( Roswell , Ga. : Roswell Historical Society , 1996 ) . Darlene M. Walsh , ed. ( 1994 ) ( 1985 ) . Roswell : A Pictorial History ( 2nd ed . ) . Roswell , Georgia : Roswell Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 9615854 - 2 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Atlanta portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roswell , Georgia . City of Roswell official website The New Georgia Encyclopedia entry for Roswell , Georgia Roswell Convention & Visitors Bureau : Brief History of Roswell Roswell Memorial Day Celebration Roswell Recreation and Parks Archibald Smith Plantation House Bulloch Hall 1850 US Census Slave Schedules , Cobb Co , Georgia Historical Census Browser , 1860 and 1870 US Census , Cobb Co. , Georgia and Fulton Co. , Georgia Historic Roswell Convention & Visitors Bureau History of Roswell , Georgia Chattahoochee Nature Center Roadside Georgia 's list of things to do in Roswell State of Georgia website info on Roswell Georgiainfo.com maps of Fulton County and surrounding area over the years Historic Roswell Square historical marker Roswell Presbyterian Church historical marker Roswell 's Distinguished Men historical marker Historic Districts in Metro Atlanta Clayton County Jonesboro Cobb County Acworth Acworth Collins Ave . Clarkdale Clarkdale Kennesaw Cherokee St . North Main St . Summers St . Marietta Church St. -- Cherokee St . North Marietta Washington Ave . Whitlock Ave . Coweta County Newnan Cole Town Greenville St. -- LaGrange St . Newnan Commercial Newnan Cotton Mill and Mill Village Northwest Newnan Residential Platinum Point Other Grantville Roscoe -- Dunaway Gardens Sargent Senoia DeKalb County Atlanta Candler Park Druid Hills ( Atlanta ) Inman Park -- Moreland Kirkwood Avondale Estates Brookhaven Oglethorpe University Decatur Clairemont MAK ( McDonough , Adams , King ) Ponce de Leon Court South Candler Street -- Agnes Scott College Winnona Park Druid Hills Emory Grove Emory University District University Park -- Emory Highlands -- Emory Estate Stone Mountain Douglas County Douglasville Fulton County Atlanta Adair Park Ansley Park Atkins Park Atlanta University Center Berkeley Park Brookhaven Brookwood Hills Cabbagetown Castleberry Hill Collier Heights Fairlie -- Poplar Fox Theatre Historic District Garden Hills Georgia Tech Grant Park Hotel Row Howell Interlocking Knight Park -- Howell Station Inman Park Inman Park -- Moreland King Plow / Railroad Historic District ( proposed ) Knox Apts. , Cauthorn House and Peachtree Rd . Apts . Lakewood Heights Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site Means St . Midtown Mozley Park Oakland City Peachtree Highlands -- Peachtree Park Pittsburgh Reynoldstown Southern Ry . North Ave . Yards Sunset Ave . ( proposed ) Sweet Auburn Techwood Homes Underground Atlanta Virginia - Highland Washington Park West End Whittier Mills Other College Park East Point Industrial District Fairburn Hapeville Roswell Gwinnett County Norcross Hall County Gainesville Brenau University Chicopee Mill and Village Gainesville Commercial Green Street Green St. -- Brenau Other Clermont Flowery Branch Gillsville Lula Newton County Covington Covington Covington Mills and Mill Village Floyd Street Other Newborn North Covington Oxford Porterdale Starrsville Rockdale County Conyers Commercial Residential Municipalities and communities of Fulton County , Georgia , United States County seat : Atlanta Cities Alpharetta Atlanta ‡ Chattahoochee Hills College Park ‡ East Point Fairburn Hapeville Johns Creek Milton Mountain Park ‡ Palmetto ‡ Roswell Sandy Springs South Fulton Union City Neighborhoods Campbellton Hopewell Red Oak Sandtown Serenbe Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Metro Atlanta ( hide ) Counties Barrow Bartow Butts Carroll Cherokee Clayton Cobb Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fayette Forsyth Fulton Gwinnett Hall Haralson Heard Henry Jasper Lamar Meriwether Newton Paulding Pickens Pike Rockdale Spalding Walton ( hide ) Major city Atlanta ( hide ) Municipalities and CDPs in Metro Atlanta 100k -- 250k Cumberland East Cobb Roswell Sandy Springs 25k -- 100k Alpharetta Brookhaven Duluth Douglasville Dunwoody East Point Gainesville Johns Creek Lawrenceville Mableton Marietta Milton Newnan Peachtree City Peachtree Corners Redan Smyrna Tucker 10k -- 25k Acworth Belvedere Park Buford Candler - McAfee Carrollton Cartersville Chamblee College Park Conyers Covington Decatur Doraville Druid Hills Fayetteville Forest Park Griffin Kennesaw Suwanee Lilburn Monroe Mountain Park North Decatur North Druid Hills Panthersville Powder Springs Riverdale Snellville Stockbridge Sugar Hill Union City Vinings Winder Woodstock ( hide ) Topics Architecture Arts Climate Crime Colleges and Universities Demographics Festivals Government Historic Districts History Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Public Schools Religion Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation ( Atlanta ) Transportation ( Metro Atlanta ) Georgia State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Seal of Georgia Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roswell,_Georgia&oldid=803524447 '' Categories : Roswell , Georgia Cities in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Cities in Fulton County , Georgia Populated places established in 1854 Cities in the Atlanta metropolitan area Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 01 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far is roswell ga from atlanta ga	[]	[]
-1453867871454707253	Goatee	Goatee - wikipedia Goatee Jump to : navigation , search Uncle Sam is generally depicted with a goatee . A goatee is a style of facial hair incorporating hair on a man 's chin but not his cheeks . The exact nature of the style has varied according to time and culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 In popular culture 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Until the late 20th century , the term goatee was used to refer solely to a beard formed by a tuft of hair on the chin -- as on the chin of a goat , hence the term ' goatee ' . By the 1990s , the word had become an umbrella term used to refer to any facial hair style incorporating hair on the chin but not the cheeks ; there is debate over whether this style is correctly called a goatee or a Van Dyke . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The style dates back to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , where the god Pan was traditionally depicted with one . When Christianity became the dominant religion and began coopting imagery from pagan myth , Satan was given the likeness of Pan , leading to Satan traditionally being depicted with a goatee in medieval and renaissance art . The goatee became popular again in the late 19th century , becoming one of the characterizing physical traits of the bohemians in Paris . In the U.S. , the style became popular around the time of the American Civil War . Numerous wartime figures from the era wore variations on the goatee . The goatee would not enjoy widespread popularity again until the 1940s , when it became a defining trait of the beatniks in post-World War II U.S. The style remained popular amongst the counter culture until the 1960s before falling out of favor again . In the 1990s , goatees with incorporated mustaches became fashionable for men across all socioeconomic classes and professions , and have remained popular into the 2010s . In popular culture ( edit ) In the media , goatees have often been used to designate an evil or morally questionable character ; the convention has most consistently been applied in media depicting evil twins , with a goatee often being the sole physical difference between the twins . Goatees have also been used to signify a character 's transformation from positive or neutral to evil . The use of goatees to designate evil characters has become enough of a trope that researchers from the University of Warwick conducted a study to assess the reasons for its prevalence . The study found that the human brain tends to perceive of downwards - facing triangles as inherently threatening ; brains tend to perceive of goatees as making the human face resemble a downwards - facing triangle , causing individuals to subconsciously perceive of those with goatees as inherently sinister or threatening . In media depicting members of counter-cultures , goatees have also been used to differentiate between average characters and those belonging to some subgroup . Examples include Bob Denver in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis , whose goatee serves to identify him as a beatnik ; Shaggy Rogers in Scooby Doo , Where Are You ? , who is , in part , identified as a hippie by his goatee ; and the DC Comics superhero Green Arrow , who was visually redesigned with such a beard in the late 1960s , inspiring writer Dennis O'Neil to re-imagine him as a politically active counter-culture hero . Gallery ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goatee . A Moai kavakava from Easter Island . Many statues from Easter Island have goatee beards . Painting of Pan by Arnold Böcklin ( 1864 -- 65 ) Henry M. Hoyt ( c. 1865 -- 80 ) Thomas Settle ( c. 1865 -- 80 ) William H. Hunt ( c. 1865 -- 80 ) Thomas Henry Carter ( 1909 ) Benjamin Disraeli ( 1878 ) See also ( edit ) Look up goatee in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Beard Moustache Sideburns Soul patch Vandyke beard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` goatee '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Howard , Rebecca ( 10 September 1992 ) . `` Year of the Goat : Goatee is kicking again '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Shrieves , Linda ( 12 November 1993 ) . `` Goatees , the new hair apparent '' . The Buffalo News . ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists Prove that a Goatee Makes you Look Evil '' . i09.com . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Goatees at Wikimedia Commons Human hair List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bald Bangs Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curly hair Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Hair crimping Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kinky hair Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag ( Shaggy hair ) Shape - Up Shimada Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Straight hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Shenandoah ( Chin curtain ) Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Hair cutting Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair ( Kinky hair ) Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Frizz Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goatee&oldid=839434668 '' Categories : Facial hair Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Svenska 粵語 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a goat on the chin of a man	[]	[]
-3156128485262838553	Languages of India	Languages of India - Wikipedia Languages of India Languages of India Language families of the Indian subcontinent ; Nihali , Kusunda , and Thai languages are not shown . Official languages Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Marathi Meitei Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu ( total : 23 , including 22 8th Schedule languages and additional official language , English ) Main foreign languages English -- 259,678 ( L1 + L2 speakers ) Portuguese French Sign languages Indo - Pakistani Sign Language Alipur Sign Language Naga Sign Language ( extinct ) Part of a series on the Culture of India History People Languages ( show ) Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Indian epic poetry Vedic mythology Buddhist mythology Cuisine Religion Art ( show ) Architecture Sculpture Painting Literature ( show ) Indian poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Theatre Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms India portal Languages spoken in India belong to several language families , the major ones being the Indo - Aryan languages spoken by 78.05 % of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64 % of Indians . Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31 % of the population belong to the Austroasiatic , Sino - Tibetan , Tai - Kadai , and a few other minor language families and isolates . India ( 780 ) has the world 's second highest number of languages , after Papua New Guinea ( 839 ) . Article 343 of the Indian constitution stated that the official language of the Union should become Hindi in Devanagari script instead of the extant English . But this was thought to be a violation of the constitution 's guarantee of federalism . Later , a constitutional amendment , The Official Languages Act , 1963 , allowed for the continuation of English in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it. . The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union were supposed to be the international form of Indian numerals , distinct from the numerals used in most English - speaking countries . Despite the misconceptions , Hindi is not the national language of India . The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language . The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages , which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition , status and official encouragement . In addition , the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada , Malayalam , Odia , Sanskrit , Tamil and Telugu . Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature . According to the Census of India of 2001 , India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages . However , figures from other sources vary , primarily due to differences in definition of the terms `` language '' and `` dialect '' . The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people . Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India : Persian and English . Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India . It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonisation . English continues to be an important language in India . It is used in higher education and in some areas of the Indian government . Hindi , the most commonly spoken language in India today , serves as the lingua franca across much of North and Central India . However , there have been anti-Hindi agitations in South India , most notably in the state of Tamil Nadu . Contents 1 History 2 Inventories 2.1 Census of India figures 3 Multilingualism 4 Language families 4.1 Indo - Aryan language family 4.2 Dravidian language family 4.3 Austroasiatic language family 4.4 Sino - Tibetan language family 4.5 Tai - Kadai language family 4.6 Great Andamanese language family 4.7 Language isolates 4.8 Influences 5 Official languages 5.1 Federal level 5.1. 1 Hindi 5.1. 2 English 5.2 Scheduled languages 6 Prominent languages of India 6.1 Bengali 6.2 Telugu 6.3 Marathi 6.4 Tamil 6.5 Urdu 6.6 Gujarati 6.7 Kannada 6.8 Malayalam 6.9 Odia 6.10 Punjabi 6.11 Assamese 6.12 Maithili 7 Classical languages of India 7.1 Benefits 8 Other local languages and dialects 8.1 Practical problems 9 Language conflicts 10 Writing systems 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Linguistic history of India The southern Indian languages are from the Dravidian family . The Dravidian languages are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent . Proto - Dravidian languages were spoken in India in the 4th millennium BCE and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE . The Dravidian languages are classified in four groups : North , Central ( Kolami -- Parji ) , South - Central ( Telugu -- Kui ) and South Dravidian ( Tamil - Kannada ) . The northern Indian languages from the Indo - Aryan branch of the Indo - European family evolved from Old Indic by way of the Middle Indic Prakrit languages and Apabhraṃśa of the Middle Ages . The Indo - Aryan languages developed and emerged in three stages -- Old Indo - Aryan ( 1500 BCE to 600 BCE ) , Middle Indo - Aryan stage ( 600 BCE and 1000 CE ) and New Indo - Aryan ( between 1000 CE and 1300 CE ) . The modern north Indian Indo - Aryan languages all evolved into distinct , recognisable languages in the New Indo - Aryan Age . Persian or Farsi was brought into India by the Ghaznavids and other Turko - Afghan dynasties as the court language . Culturally Persianized , they , in combination with the later Mughal dynasty ( of Turco - Mongol origin ) , influenced the art , history and literature of the region for more than 500 years , resulting in the Persianisation of many Indian tongues , mainly lexically . In 1837 , the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in Perso - Arabic script for administrative purposes , and the Hindi movement of the 19th Century replaced Persianised vocabulary with Sanskrit derivations and replaced or supplemented the use of Perso - Arabic script for administrative purposes with Devanagari . Each of the northern Indian languages had different influences . For example , Hindustani was strongly influenced by Sanskrit , Persian , and Arabic , leading to the emergence of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu as registers of the Hindustani language . Hindi and Urdu are two of India 's official languages . Inventories ( edit ) Main article : List of languages by number of native speakers in India The first official survey of language diversity in the Indian subcontinent was carried out by Sir George Abraham Grierson from 1898 to 1928 . Titled the Linguistic Survey of India , it reported a total of 179 languages and 544 dialects . However , the results were skewed due to ambiguities in distinguishing between `` dialect '' and `` language '' , use of untrained personnel and under - reporting of data from South India , as the former provinces of Burma and Madras , as well as the princely states of Cochin , Hyderabad , Mysore and Travancore were not included in the survey . Different sources give widely differing figures , primarily based on how the terms `` language '' and `` dialect '' are defined and grouped . Ethnologue , produced by the Christian evangelist organisation SIL International , lists 461 tongues for India ( out of 6,912 worldwide ) , 447 of which are living , while 14 are extinct . The 447 living languages are further subclassified in Ethnologue as follows : - Institutional -- 63 Developing -- 130 Vigorous -- 187 In trouble -- 54 Dying -- 13 The People 's Linguistic Survey of India , a privately owned research institution in India , has recorded over 66 different scripts and more than 780 languages in India during its nationwide survey , which the organisation claims to be the biggest linguistic survey in India . The People of India ( POI ) project of Anthropological Survey of India reported 325 languages which are used for in - group communication by 5,633 Indian communities . Census of India figures ( edit ) The Census of India records and publishes data with respect to the number of speakers for languages and dialects , but uses its own unique terminology , distinguishing between language and mother tongue . The mother tongues are grouped within each language . Many of the mother tongues so defined could be considered a language rather than a dialect by linguistic standards . This is especially so for many mother tongues with tens of millions of speakers that are officially grouped under the language Hindi . 1951 Census Separate figures for Hindi , Urdu , and Punjabi were not issued , due to the fact the returns were intentionally recorded incorrectly in states such as East Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Delhi , PEPSU , and Bilaspur . 1961 Census The 1961 census recognised 1,652 mother tongues spoken by 438,936,918 people , counting all declarations made by any individual at the time when the census was conducted . However , the declaring individuals often mixed names of languages with those of dialects , subdialects and dialect clusters or even castes , professions , religions , localities , regions , countries and nationalities . The list therefore includes languages with barely a few individual speakers as well as 530 unclassified mother tongues and more than 100 idioms that are non-native to India , including linguistically unspecific demonyms such as `` African '' , `` Canadian '' or `` Belgian '' . 1991 Census The 1991 census recognises 1,576 classified mother tongues . According to the 1991 census , 22 languages had more than a million native speakers , 50 had more than 100,000 and 114 had more than 10,000 native speakers . The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers ( out of a total of 838 million Indians in 1991 ) . 2001 Census According to the most recent census of 2001 , there are 1635 rationalised mother tongues , 234 identifiable mother tongues and 22 major languages . Of these , 29 languages have more than a million native speakers , 60 have more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers . There are a few languages like Kodava that do not have a script but have a group of native speakers in Coorg ( Kodagu ) . 2011 Census This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2018 ) The language - related data results of the 2011 Census have not yet been released by the Government of India . Multilingualism ( edit ) Main article : Multilingualism in India First , second , and third languages by number of speakers in India ( 2001 Census ) Language First language speakers First language speakers as a percentage of total population Second language speakers Third language speakers Total speakers Total speakers as a percentage of total population Hindi 422,048,642 41.03 98,207,180 31,160,696 551,416,518 53.60 English 226,449 0.02 86,125,221 38,993,066 125,344,736 12.18 Bengali 83,369,769 8.10 6,637,222 1,108,088 91,115,079 8.86 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19 9,723,626 1,266,019 84,992,501 8.26 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99 9,546,414 2,701,498 84,184,806 8.18 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91 4,992,253 956,335 66,742,402 6.49 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01 6,535,489 1,007,912 59,079,512 5.74 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69 11,455,287 1,396,428 50,775,726 4.94 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48 3,476,355 703,989 50,271,961 4.89 Odia 33,017,446 3.21 3,272,151 319,525 36,609,122 3.56 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21 499,188 195,885 33,761,465 3.28 Sanskrit 14,135 < 0.01 1,234,931 3,742,223 4,991,289 0.49 Language families ( edit ) Ethnolinguistically , the languages of South Asia , echoing the complex history and geography of the region , form a complex patchwork of language families , language phyla and isolates . The languages of India belong to several language families , the most important of which are : Indo - Aryan language family Dravidian language family Austroasiatic language family Sino - Tibetan language family Tai -- Kadai language family Great Andamanese languages Indo - Aryan language family ( edit ) Indo - Aryan language subgroups ( Urdu is included under Hindi ) The largest of the language families represented in India , in terms of speakers , is the Indo - Aryan language family , a branch of the Indo - Iranian family , itself the easternmost , extant subfamily of the Indo - European language family . This language family predominates , accounting for some 1035 million speakers , or over 76.5 of the population , as per 2018 estimate . The most widely spoken languages of this group are Hindi ( or more correctly , Hindustani , which includes Hindi and Urdu ) , Bengali , Konkani , Marathi , Gujarati , Punjabi , Kashmiri , Rajasthani , Sindhi , Assamese ( Asamiya ) , Maithili and Odia . Aside from the Indo - Aryan languages , other Indo - European languages are also spoken in India , the most prominent of which is English , as a lingua franca . Dravidian language family ( edit ) The second largest language family is the Dravidian language family , accounting for some 277 million speakers , or approximately 20.5 % as per 2018 estimate The Dravidian languages are spoken mainly in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in parts of northeastern Sri Lanka , Pakistan , Nepal and Bangladesh . The Dravidian languages with the most speakers are Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . Besides the mainstream population , Dravidian languages are also spoken by small scheduled tribe communities , such as the Oraon and Gond tribes . Only two Dravidian languages are exclusively spoken outside India , Brahui in Pakistan and Dhangar , a dialect of Kurukh , in Nepal . Austroasiatic language family ( edit ) Families with smaller numbers of speakers are Austroasiatic and numerous small Sino - Tibetan languages , with some 10 and 6 million speakers , respectively , together 3 % of the population . The Austroasiatic language family ( austro meaning South ) is the autochthonous language in South Asia and Southeast Asia , other language families having arrived by migration . Austroasiatic languages of mainland India are the Khasi and Munda languages , including Santhali . The languages of the Nicobar islands also form part of this language family . With the exceptions of Khasi and Santhali , all Austroasiatic languages on Indian territory are endangered . Sino - Tibetan language family ( edit ) The Sino - Tibetan language family are well represented in India . However , their interrelationships are not discernible , and the family has been described as `` a patch of leaves on the forest floor '' rather than with the conventional metaphor of a `` family tree '' . Sino - Tibetan languages are spoken across the Himalayas in the regions of Ladakh , Himachal Pradesh , Nepal , Sikkim , Bhutan , Arunachal Pradesh , and also in the Indian states of West Bengal , Assam ( hills and autonomous councils ) , Meghalaya , Nagaland , Manipur , Tripura and Mizoram . Sino - Tibetan languages spoken in India include the scheduled languages Meitei and Bodo , the non-scheduled languages of Karbi , Lepcha , and many varieties of several related Tibetic , West Himalayish , Tani , Brahmaputran , Angami -- Pochuri , Tangkhul , Zeme , Kukish language groups , amongst many others . Tai - Kadai language family ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ahom language , a Southwestern Tai language , had been once the dominant language of the Ahom Kingdom in modern - day Assam , but was later replaced by the Assamese language ( known as Kamrupi in ancient era which is the pre-form of the Kamrupi dialect of today ) . Nowadays , small Tai communities and their languages remain in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh together with Sino - Tibetans , e.g. Tai Phake , Tai Aiton and Tai Khamti , which are similar to the Shan language of Shan State , Myanmar ; the Dai language of Yunnan , China ; the Lao language of Laos ; the Thai language of Thailand ; and the Zhuang language in Guangxi , China . Great Andamanese language family ( edit ) The extinct and endangered languages of the Andaman Islands form a fifth Andamanese - , comprising two families , namely : the Great Andamanese , comprising a number of extinct languages apart from one highly endangered language with a dwindling number of speakers . the Ongan family of the southern Andaman Islands , comprising two extant languages , Önge and Jarawa , and one extinct language , Jangil . In addition , Sentinelese , an unattested language of the Andaman Islands , is generally considered to be related and part of the aerial group . Language isolates ( edit ) The only language found in the Indian mainland that is considered a language isolate is Nihali . The status of Nihali is ambiguous , having been considered as a distinct Austroasiatic language , as a dialect of Korku and also as being a `` thieves ' argot '' rather than a legitimate language . The other language isolates found in the rest of South Asia include Burushaski , a language spoken in Gilgit -- Baltistan ( administered by Pakistan ) , Kusunda ( in western Nepal ) and Vedda ( in Sri Lanka ) . The validity of the Great Andamanese language group as a language family has been questioned and it has been considered a language isolate by some authorities . In addition , a Bantu language , Sidi , was spoken until the mid-20th century in Gujarat . Influences ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The language families in India are not necessarily related to the various ethnic groups in India , specifically the Indo - Aryan and Dravidian people . The languages within each family have been influenced to a large extent by both families . Urdu has also had a significant influence on many of today 's Indian languages . Many North Indian languages have lost much of their Sanskritised base ( 50 % current vocabulary ) to a more Urdu - based form . In terms of the written script , most Indian languages , except the Tamil script , nearly perfectly accommodate the Sanskrit language . South Indian languages have adopted new letters to write various Indo - Aryan based words as well , and have added new letters to their native alphabets as the languages began to mix and influence each other . Though various Indo - Aryan and Dravidian languages may seem mutually exclusive when first heard , there is a much deeper underlying influence that both language families have had on each other down to a linguistic science . There is proof of the intermixing of Dravidian and Indo - Aryan languages through the pockets of Dravidian - based languages on remote areas of Pakistan , and interspersed areas of North India . In addition , there is a whole science regarding the tonal and cultural expression within the languages that are quite standard across India . Languages may have different vocabulary , but various hand and tonal gestures within two unrelated languages can still be common due to cultural amalgamations between invading people and the natives over time ; in this case , the Indo - Aryan peoples and the native Dravidian people . Official languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages with official status in India Federal level ( edit ) Prior to Independence , in British India , English was the sole language used for administrative purposes as well as for higher education purposes . In 1946 , the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India , specifically what should be the language in which the Constitution of India is written and the language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving of the epithet `` national '' . Members belonging to the northern parts of India insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial translation in English . This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on the grounds that English was much better to craft the nuanced prose on constitutional subjects . The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India where Hindi was not spoken natively . Eventually , a compromise was reached with Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union but for `` fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution , the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement '' . Article 343 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India states `` The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in Devanagari script . '' Unless Parliament decided otherwise , the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect , i.e. on 26 January 1965 . Main article : Hindi language Main article : Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu As the date for changeover approached , however , there was much alarm in the non Hindi - speaking areas of India , especially in Kerala , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Punjab , West Bengal , Karnataka , Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh . Accordingly , Jawaharlal Nehru ensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act , 1963 , which provided that English `` may '' still be used with Hindi for official purposes , even after 1965 . The wording of the text proved unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that `` may '' meant shall , politicians championing the cause of Hindi thought it implied exactly the opposite . In the event , as 1965 approached , India 's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi paramount with effect from 26 January 1965 . This led to widespread agitation , riots , self - immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu . The split of Congress politicians from the South from their party stance , the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the increasing threat to the country 's unity forced Shastri to concede . As a result , the proposal was dropped , and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language , and by each house of the Indian Parliament . The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language . Hindi ( edit ) The Hindi - belt , including Hindi - related languages such as Rajasthani and Bhojpuri . Hindi , written in Devanagari script , is the most prominent language spoken in the country . In the 2001 census , 422 million ( 422,048,642 ) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language . This figure not only included Hindi speakers of Hindustani , but also people who identify as native speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi , the Hindi belt . Hindi ( or Hindustani ) is the native language of most people living in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Chhattisgarh , Himachal Pradesh , Chandigarh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Haryana , and Rajasthan . `` Modern Standard Hindi '' , a standardised language is the official language of the Union of India . In addition , it is one of only two languages used for business in Parliament however the Rajya Sabha now allows all 22 official languages on the Eighth Schedule to be spoken. . Hindustani , evolved from khari boli , a prominent tongue of Mughal times , which itself evolved from Apabhraṃśa , an intermediary transition stage from Prakrit , from which the major North Indian Indo - Aryan languages have evolved . Varieties of Hindi spoken in India include Rajasthani , Braj Bhasha , Haryanvi , Bundeli , Kannauji , Hindustani , Awadhi , Bagheli , Bhojpuri , Magahi and Chhattisgarhi . By virtue of its being a lingua franca , Hindi has also developed regional dialects such as Bambaiya Hindi in Mumbai . In addition , a trade language , Andaman Creole Hindi has also developed in the Andaman Islands . In addition , by use in popular culture such as songs and films , Hindi also serves as a lingua franca across both North and Central India Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction , and as a second tongue in most states . English ( edit ) Main articles : English language and Indian English British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government , business and education . English , along with Hindi , is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament . Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a lingua franca over large parts of India , there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India , and English has emerged as a de facto lingua franca over much of India . Scheduled languages ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main languages of India and their relative size according to how many speakers each has . Until the Twenty - first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967 , the country recognised 14 official regional languages . The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy - First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi , Konkani , Meitei and Nepali , thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18 . The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India , as of 1 December 2007 , lists 22 languages , which are given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used . Language Family Assamese Indo - Aryan Bengali ( Bangla ) Indo - Aryan Bodo Sino - Tibetan Dogri Indo - Aryan Gujarati Indo - Aryan Hindi Indo - Aryan Kannada Dravidian Kashmiri Indo - Aryan Konkani Indo - Aryan Maithili Indo - Aryan Malayalam Dravidian Meitei Sino - Tibetan Marathi Indo - Aryan Nepali Indo - Aryan Odia Indo - Aryan Punjabi Indo - Aryan Sanskrit Indo - Aryan Santali Austroasiatic Sindhi Indo - Aryan Tamil Dravidian Telugu Dravidian Urdu Indo - Aryan The individual states , the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio - linguistic lines , can legislate their own official languages , depending on their linguistic demographics . The official languages chosen reflect the predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state . Certain states having a linguistically defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language , examples being Karnataka and Gujarat , which have Kannada and Gujarati as their sole official language respectively . Telangana , with a sizeable Urdu - speaking Muslim population , has two languages , Telugu and Urdu , as its official languages . Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages . Jammu and Kashmir uses Urdu , which is spoken by fewer than 1 % of the population . Meghalaya uses English spoken by 0.01 % of the population . This phenomenon has turned majority languages into `` minority languages '' in a functional sense . Lists of Official Languages of States and Union Territories of India In addition to states and union territories , India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to select their own official language -- a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has declared the Bodo language as official for the region , in addition to Assamese and English already in use . and Bengali in the Barak Valley , as its official languages . Prominent languages of India ( edit ) Bengali ( edit ) Main article : Bengali language Native to the Bengal region , comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal , Tripura and Barak Valley region of Assam . Bengali ( also spelt as Bangla : বাংলা ) is the fifth most spoken language in the world . After the partition of India ( 1947 ) , refugees from East Pakistan were settled in Tripura , and Jharkhand and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . There is also a large number of Bengali - speaking people in Maharashtra and Gujarat where they work as artisans in jewellery industries . Bengali developed from Abahatta , a derivative of Apabhramsha , itself derived from Magadhi Prakrit . The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali , also borrowings & reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with . Like most Indian languages , Bengali has a number of dialects . It exhibits diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language . Bengali language has developed a rich cultural base spanning art , music , literature and religion . There have been many movements in defence of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as the International Mother Language Day in commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 . Telugu ( edit ) Main article : Telugu language Telugu is the most widely spoken Dravidian language in India . Telugu is an official language in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , making it one of the few languages ( along with Hindi , Bengali , and Urdu ) with official status in more than one state . It is also spoken by a significant number of people in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Chhattisgarh , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Odisha , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people . It is one of six languages with classical status in India . Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India ( 74 million in the 2001 Census ) , fifteenth in the Ethnologue list of most - spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language . Marathi ( edit ) Main article : Marathi language Marathi is an Indo - Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language in Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India respectively , and is one of the official languages of India . There were 71 million speakers in 2001 and 73 million speakers in 2007 , ranking 19th in the list of most spoken languages . Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India . Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo - Aryan languages , dating from about 1200 AD ( Mukundraj 's Vivek Sindhu from the close of the 12th century ) . The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect . There are other related languages such as Khandeshi , Dangi , Vadvali and Samavedi . Malvani Konkani has been heavily influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi is one of several languages that descend from Maharashtri Prakrit . Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi . Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli . In Goa , Konkani is the sole official language ; however , Marathi may also be used for all official purposes . Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects . The primary influence of Prakrit , Maharashtri , Dravidian languages , Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable . At least 50 % of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit . Many scholars claim that Sanskrit has derived many words from Marathi . Marathi has also shared directions , vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages , and foreign languages such as Persian , Arabic , English and a little from Portuguese . Tamil ( edit ) Main article : Tamil language 15th - century anthology of Tamil religious poem dedicated to lord Ganesha Tamil ( also spelt as Thamizh : தமிழ் ) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu , Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka . It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Kerala , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Malaysia , Singapore , Mauritius and throughout the world . Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India ( 61 million in the 2001 Census ) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004 . Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world . It has been described as `` the only language of contemporary India which is recognisably continuous with a classical past . '' The two earliest manuscripts from India , acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005 , are in Tamil . Tamil is an official language of Tamil Nadu , Puducherry , Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Sri Lanka and Singapore . It is also recognized as minority language in Canada , Malaysia , Mauritius and South Africa . Urdu ( edit ) Main article : Urdu language After independence , Modern Standard Urdu , the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language of Pakistan . During British colonial times , a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was a must for officials . Hindustani was made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of administration . The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages . Urdu had 70 million speakers in India ( as per the Census of 2001 ) , and , along with Hindi , is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations . Gujarati ( edit ) Main article : Gujarati language Gujarati is an Indo - Aryan language . It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat . Gujarati is part of the greater Indo - European language family . Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati ( c. 1100 -- 1500 CE ) , the same source as that of Rajasthani . Gujarati is the chief language in the Indian state of Gujarat . It is also an official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli . According to the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , 4.5 % of population of India ( 1.21 billion according to 2011 census ) speaks Gujarati . This amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India . Kannada ( edit ) Main article : Kannada Kannada language is a Dravidian language which branched off from Kannada - Tamil sub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil . According to the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy , the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three linguistic phases : Old ( 450 -- 1200 CE ) , Middle ( 1200 -- 1700 CE ) and Modern ( 1700 -- present ) . The earliest written records are from the 5th century , and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript ( Kavirajamarga ) is from c. 850 . Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of India . Current estimates of the total number of epigraph present in Karnataka range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi , making Karnataka state `` one of the most densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world '' . According to Garg and Shipely , more than a thousand notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language . Malayalam ( edit ) Main article : Malayalam Malayalam ( / mæləˈjɑːləm / ; മലയാളം , Malayāḷam ( maləjaːɭəm ) ) has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry . It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people . Malayalam is also spoken in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka ; with some speakers in the Nilgiris , Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu , and the Dakshina Kannada and the Kodagu district of Karnataka . Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil ( Sen - Tamil ) in the 7th century . As Malayalam began to freely borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit , the Grantha alphabet was adopted for writing and came to be known as Arya Eluttu . This developed into the modern Malayalam script . Odia ( edit ) Main article : Odia language Odia ( formerly spelled Oriya ) is the only Indian classical language from Indo - Aryan group alongside Sanskrit . Odia is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Odisha and has over 40 million speakers . It was declared as a classical language of India in 2014 . Native speakers comprise 80 % of the population in Odisha . Odia is thought to have originated from Magadhi Prakrit similar to Ardha Magadhi , a language spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years ago . The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia ( 7th century -- 1200 ) , Early Middle Odia ( 1200 -- 1400 ) , Middle Odia ( 1400 -- 1700 ) , Late Middle Odia ( 1700 -- 1850 ) and Modern Odia ( 1850 till present day ) . The National Manuscripts Mission of India have found around 213,000 unearthed and preserved manuscripts written in Odia . Punjabi ( edit ) Main article : Punjabi language Punjabi , written in the Gurmukhi script in India , is one of the prominent languages of India with about 32 million speakers . In Pakistan it is spoken by over 80 million people and is written in the Shahmukhi alphabet . It is mainly spoken in Punjab but also in neighboring areas . It is an official language of Delhi and Punjab . Assamese ( edit ) Main article : Assamese language Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam and Brahmaputra Valley . It 's an Eastern Indo - Aryan language having more than 10 million speakers as per world estimates by Encarta . Maithili ( edit ) Main article : Maithili language Maithili ( / ˈmaɪtɪli / ; Maithilī ) is an Indo - Aryan language spoken in the Bihar and Jharkhand states of India . In Nepal , it is spoken in the eastern Terai , and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal . Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili . Less commonly , it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi . Today it is written in the Devanagari script . In 2003 , Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India , which allows it to be used in education , government , and other official contexts . Classical languages of India ( edit ) In 2004 , the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a `` Classical Language in India '' . In 2004 , the Tamil Nadu politician M Karunanidhi offered support to the Manmohan Singh Government on the condition that the Central government would declare Tamil as a Classical language . Over the next few years , several other languages were granted the Classical status , and similar demands have been made for other languages , including Marathi . Languages thus far declared to be Classical : Tamil ( in 2004 ) , Sanskrit ( in 2005 ) , Kannada ( in 2008 ) , Telugu ( in 2008 ) , Malayalam ( in 2013 ) , Odia ( in 2014 ) . In a 2006 press release , Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a `` Classical Language '' , High antiquity of its early texts / recorded history over a period of 1500 -- 2000 years ; a body of ancient literature / texts , which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers ; the literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community ; the classical language and literature being distinct from modern , there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots . The Government has been criticized for not including Pali as a classical language , as experts have argued that it fits all the above criteria . Benefits ( edit ) As per Government of India 's Resolution No. 2 - 16 / 2004 - US ( Akademies ) dated 1 November 2004 , the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a `` Classical Language '' are : Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded annually . A Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages is set up . The University Grants Commission will be requested to create , to start with at least in the Central Universities , a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages . Other local languages and dialects ( edit ) The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers . Most of them are dialects / variants grouped under Hindi . Languages No. of native speakers Bhojpuri 33,099,497 Rajasthani 18,355,613 Magadhi / Magahi 13,978,565 Chhattisgarhi 13,260,186 Haryanvi 7,997,192 Marwari 7,936,183 Malvi 5,565,167 Mewari 5,091,697 Khorth / Khotta 4,725,927 Bundeli 3,072,147 Bagheli 2,865,011 Pahari 2,832,825 Laman / Lambadi 2,707,562 Awadhi 2,529,308 Harauti 2,462,867 Garhwali 2,267,314 Nimadi 2,148,146 Sadan / Sadri 2,044,776 Kumauni 2,003,783 Dhundhari 1,871,130 Tulu 1,722,768 Surgujia 1,458,533 Bagri Rajasthani 1,434,123 Banjari 1,259,821 Nagpuria ( Varhadi ) 1,242,586 Surajpuri 1,217,019 Sylheti 3,612,653 Kangri 1,122,843 Practical Problems ( edit ) India has several languages in use ; choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all those whose `` mother tongue '' is different . However , all the boards of education across India recognise the need for training people to one common language . There are complaints that in North India , non-Hindi speakers have language trouble . Similarly , there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of language when travelling to South India . It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those who strongly believe in the chosen official language , and those who follow the thought that the chosen language ( s ) do not take into account everyone 's preferences . Local official language commissions have been established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction . Language conflicts ( edit ) Further information : Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu , Pure Tamil movement , and Gokak agitation There are conflicts over linguistic rights in India . The first major linguistic conflict , known as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu , took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of India . Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMK to power and leading to the ousting and nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu . Strong cultural pride based on language is also found in other Indian states such as Karnataka , Bengal , Punjab and Maharashtra . To express disapproval of the imposition of Hindi on its states ' people as a result of the central government , the government of Maharashtra made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions . The Government of India attempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns , coordinated by the Central Institute of Indian Languages , Mysore , a branch of the Department of Higher Education , Language Bureau , and the Ministry of Human Resource Development . Writing systems ( edit ) Main articles : Indic scripts and Nasta'liq script Most languages in India are written in Brahmi - derived scripts , such as Devanagari , Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Odia , Eastern Nagari - Assamese / Bengali , etc. , though Urdu is written in a script derived from Arabic , and a few minor languages such as Santali use independent scripts . Various Indian languages have their own scripts . Hindi , Marathi and Angika are languages written using the Devanagari script . Most major languages are written using a script specific to them , such as Assamese ( Asamiya ) with Asamiya , Bengali with Bengali , Punjabi with Gurmukhi , Odia with Odia script , Gujarati with Gujarati , etc . Urdu and sometimes Kashmiri , Saraiki and Sindhi are written in modified versions of the Perso - Arabic script . With this one exception , the scripts of Indian languages are native to India . Languages like Kodava that did n't have a script whereas Tulu which had a script adopted Kannada due to its readily available printing settings ; these languages have taken up the scripts of the local official languages as their own and are written in the Kannada script . Development of Odia script Tamil - Brahmi inscription in Jambaimalai . Silver coin issued during the reign of Rudra Singha with Assamese inscriptions . North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar . The Halmidi inscription , the oldest known inscription in the Kannada script and language . The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE period . An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh . See also ( edit ) India portal Languages portal List of endangered languages in India List of languages by number of native speakers in India National Translation Mission References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Language Act Government of India , Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology '' . meity.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Salzmann , Zdenek ; Stanlaw , James ; Adachi , Nobuko ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Language , Culture , and Society : An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology '' . Westview Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Official Language - The Union - Profile - Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archive.india.gov.in . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker 's strength - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . Jump up ^ `` Indo - Aryan languages '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hindi languages '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moseley , Christopher ( 10 March 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of the World 's Endangered Languages . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 79640 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Seven decades after Independence , many small languages in India face extinction threat '' . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Saeed ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` There 's no national language in India : Gujarat High Court '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Press Trust of India ( 25 January 2010 ) . `` Hindi , not a national language : Court '' . The Hindu . Ahmedabad . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution Archived 4 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Data 2001 : General Note '' . Census of India . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abidi , S.A.H. ; Gargesh , Ravinder ( 2008 ) . `` 4 . Persian in South Asia '' . In Kachru , Braj B. Language in South Asia . Kachru , Yamuna & Sridhar , S.N. Cambridge University Press . pp. 103 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78141 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Tej K and William C. Ritchie. ( 2006 ) Bilingualism in South Asia . In : Handbook of Bilingualism , pp. 780 - 807 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ `` Decline of Farsi language - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Nehru , Jawaharlal ; Gandhi , Mohandas ( 1937 ) . The question of language : Issue 6 of Congress political and economic studies . K.M. Ashraf . Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. ( August 1965 ) . The Riots in Tamilnad : Problems and Prospects of India 's Language Crisis . Asian Survey . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Avari , Burjor ( 2007 - 06 - 11 ) . India : The Ancient Past : A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200 . Routledge . ISBN 9781134251629 . Jump up ^ Andronov , Mikhail Sergeevich ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . ISBN 9783447044554 . Jump up ^ Krishnamurti , Bhadriraju ( 2003 ) . The Dravidian Languages . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521771110 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna ( 1 January 2006 ) . Hindi . London Oriental and African language library . John Benjamins Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 3812 - X . Jump up ^ Brass , Paul R. ( 2005 ) . Language , Religion and Politics in North India . iUniverse . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34394 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kulshreshtha , Manisha ; Mathur , Ramkumar ( 24 March 2012 ) . Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity : A Case Study . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 1137 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Nunley ; Severin M. Roberts ; George W. Wubrick ; Daniel L. Roy ( 1999 ) , The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 080180 - 1 , ... Hindustani is the basis for both languages ... ^ Jump up to : Aijazuddin Ahmad ( 2009 ) . Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent : A Critical Approach . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 123 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 568 - 1 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Naheed Saba ( 18 Sep 2013 ) . `` 2 . Multilingualism '' . Linguistic heterogeneity and multilinguality in India : a linguistic assessment of Indian language policies ( PDF ) . Aligarh : Aligarh Muslim University . pp. 61 -- 68 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , M. Paul ; Simons , Gary F. ; Fennig , Charles D. , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( Seventeenth edition ) : India '' . Dallas , Texas : SIL International . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( Seventeenth edition ) : Statistical Summaries . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Shiv Sahay ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` Language survey reveals diversity '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Paula ; Chaudhury , Sabyasachi Basu Ray ; Das , Samir Kumar ; Bishnu Adhikari ( 2005 ) . Internal Displacement in South Asia : The Relevance of the UN 's Guiding Principles . SAGE Publications . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3329 - 8 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Jyotirindra ( 1970 ) . Language Conflict and National Development : Group Politics and National Language Policy in India . Berkeley : University of California , Berkeley . Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies . p. 47 . ISBN 9780520015906 . ^ Jump up to : Mallikarjun , B. ( 5 August 2002 ) . `` Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census '' . Languages in India . M.S. Thirumalai . ISSN 1930 - 2940 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vijayanunni , M. ( 26 -- 29 August 1998 ) . `` Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991 Census '' ( PDF ) . 18th Population Census Conference . Honolulu , Hawaii , USA : Association of National Census and Statistics Directors of America , Asia , and the Pacific . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mallikarjun , B. ( 7 November 2001 ) . `` Languages of India according to 2001 Census '' . Languages in India . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Wischenbart , Ruediger ( 11 February 2013 ) . The Global EBook Market : Current Conditions & Future Projections . `` O'Reilly Media , Inc . '' . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 1999 - 1 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Schiffrin , Deborah ; Fina , Anna De ; Nylund , Anastasia ( 2010 ) . Telling Stories : Language , Narrative , and Social Life . Georgetown University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 1 - 58901 - 674 - 2 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sreevatsan , Ajai ( 10 August 2014 ) . `` Where are the Sanskrit speakers ? '' . The Hindu . Chennai . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India : Comparative speaker 's strength of Scheduled Languages - 1971 , 1981 , 1991 and 2001 '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sanskrit and English : there 's no competition '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census of India : India at a glance / Population '' . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiaspeak : English is our 2nd language '' . Times of India . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India : Languages '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indo - Aryan languages '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ West , Barbara A. ( 1 January 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . p. 713 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1913 - 7 . Jump up ^ Levinson , David ; Christensen , Karen ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Modern Asia : China - India relations to Hyogo . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31243 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ishtiaq , M. ( 1999 ) . Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India : A Geographical Study . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 9788120816176 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Memorandum of Settlement on Bodoland Territorial Council ( BTC ) Jump up ^ `` Language in South Asia '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Robbins Burling . `` On `` Kamarupan '' '' ( PDF ) . Sealang.net . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Niclas Burenhult . `` Deep linguistic prehistory with particular reference to Andamanese '' ( PDF ) . Working Papers . Lund University , Dept. of Linguistics ( 45 ) : 5 -- 24 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Gregory D.S. ( 2007 ) . The Munda Verb : Typological Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 018965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anderson , G.D.S. ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Austro - asiatic languages '' . In Brown , Keith ; Ogilvie , Sarah . Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World . Elsevier . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 087775 - 4 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Joseph ( 1971 ) . `` The Indo - Pacific hypothesis . '' Current trends in linguistics vol. 8 , ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok , 807.71 . The Hague : Mouton . Jump up ^ Abbi , Anvita ( 2006 ) . Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands . Germany : Lincom GmbH . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramachandra ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` 6 . Ideas of India ( section IX ) '' . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . pp. 117 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 54020 - 9 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India ( as of 1 December 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Constitution Of India . Ministry of Law & Justice . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Benedikter ( 2009 ) . Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India : An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India . LIT Verlag Münster . pp. 32 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 10231 - 7 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Languages Act , 1963 ( with amendments ) '' ( PDF ) . Indian Railways. 10 May 1963 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 - Compliance of Section 3 ( 3 ) of the Official Languages Act , 1963 '' ( PDF ) . Committee of Parliament on Official Language report . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hardgrave , Robert L. ( August 1965 ) . The Riots in Tamilnad : Problems and Prospects of India 's Language Crisis . Asian Survey . University of California Press . Jump up ^ `` The force of words '' . Time . 19 February 1965 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Forrester , Duncan B. ( Spring -- Summer 1966 ) , `` The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation , 1965 : Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India '' , Pacific Affairs , 39 ( 1 / 2 ) : 19 -- 36 , doi : 10.2307 / 2755179 ^ Jump up to : `` Statement 1 - Abstract of Speakers ' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2001 '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hindi ( 2005 ) . Keith Brown , ed . Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics ( 2 ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 08 - 044299 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Rajya Sabha MPs can now speak in any of 22 scheduled languages in the house '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Snoj , Jure. `` 20 maps of India that explain the country '' . Call Of Travel . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pandharipande , Rajeshwari ( 2002 ) , `` Minority Matters : Issues in Minority Languages in India '' ( PDF ) , International Journal on Multicultural Societies , 4 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of Settlement on Bodoland Territorial Council ( BTC ) '' . South Asia Terrorism Portal. 10 February 2003 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 10 September 2014 ) . `` Assam government withdraws Assamese as official language in Barak Valley , restores Bengali '' . DNA India . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Bengali Language at Cornell - Department of Asian Studies '' . Lrc.cornell.edu . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chu , Emily . `` UNESCO Dhaka Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 2001 Census of India # Language demographics Jump up ^ Stein , Burton ( November 1977 ) , `` Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country '' , The Journal of Asian Studies , 37 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 26 , doi : 10.2307 / 2053325 , JSTOR 2053325 Jump up ^ Steever , Sanford B . `` The Dravidian languages '' , First Published ( 1998 ) , pp. 6 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10023 - 2 Jump up ^ Kamil Zvelebil , The Smile of Murugan Leiden 1973 , p11 - 12 Jump up ^ The I.A.S. Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection , UNESCO , retrieved 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Saiva Manuscript in Pondicherry , UNESCO , retrieved 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Memory of the World Register : India , UNESCO , retrieved 13 September 2012 Jump up ^ Sandra Küng ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Translation from Gujarati to English and from English to Gujarati - Translation Services '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Zvelebil in H. Kloss & G.D. McConnell ; Constitutional languages , p. 240 , Presses Université Laval , 1 Jan 1989 , ISBN 2 - 7637 - 7186 - 6 Jump up ^ Steever , S.B. , The Dravidian Languages ( Routledge Language Family Descriptions ) , 1998 , p. 129 , London , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 10023 - 2 Jump up ^ Krishnamurti , Bhadriraju , The Dravidian Languages ( Cambridge Language Surveys ) , 2003 , p. 23 , Cambridge and London : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 77111 - 0 Jump up ^ H. Kloss & G.D. McConnell , Constitutional languages , p. 239 , Presses Université Laval , 1 Jan 1989 , ISBN 2 - 7637 - 7186 - 6 Jump up ^ Narasimhacharya R ; History of Kannada Literature , p. 2 , 1988 , Asian Educational Services , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 206 - 0303 - 6 Jump up ^ Sastri , Nilakanta K.A. ; A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar , 1955 , 2002 , India Branch of Oxford University Press , New Delhi , ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 Jump up ^ Das , Sisir Kumar ; A History of Indian Literature , 500 - 1399 : From Courtly to the Popular , pp. 140 - 141 , Sahitya Akademi , 2005 , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 260 - 2171 - 3 Jump up ^ R Zydenbos in Cushman S , Cavanagh C , Ramazani J , Rouzer P , The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : Fourth Edition , p. 767 , Princeton University Press , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15491 - 6 Jump up ^ Datta , Amaresh ; Encyclopaedia of Indian literature -- vol 2 , p. 1717 , 1988 , Sahitya Akademi , ISBN 81 - 260 - 1194 - 7 Jump up ^ Sheldon Pollock in Dehejia , Vidya ; The Body Adorned : Sacred and Profane in Indian Art , p. 5 , chapter : The body as Leitmotif , 2013 , Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14028 - 7 Jump up ^ Garg , Gaṅgā Rām ; Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World , Volume 1 , p. 68 , Concept Publishing Company , 1992 , New Delhi , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 374 - 0 Jump up ^ Shipley , Joseph T. ; Encyclopedia of Literature -- Vol I , p. 528 , 2007 , READ BOOKS , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0135 - 1 Jump up ^ Laurie Bauer , 2007 , The Linguistics Student 's Handbook , Edinburgh , p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` Dakshina Kannada District : Dakshin Kannada also called South Canara - coastal district of Karnataka state '' . Karnatakavision.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kodagu - Kerala association is ancient '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virajpet Kannada Sahitya Sammelan on January 19 '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 9 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Asher , R ; Kumari , T.C. ( 11 October 2013 ) . Malayalam . Taylor & Francis . p. xxiv . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 10084 - 0 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Epigraphy - Grantha Script Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology Jump up ^ Andronov , Mikhail Sergeevich . A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed views emerge as Orissa becomes Odisha '' . India Today . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , B.P. ( 2002 ) . Linguistic Survey of India : Orissa ( PDF ) . Kolkata , India : Language Division , Office of the Registrar General . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gopal Chandra Praharaj ( 1931 ) . `` Purnachandra bhasakosa '' ( PDF ) . Cbioc.eas.asu.edu . p. 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kumarl , Chethan ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Manuscript mission : Tibetan beats all but three Indian languages - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Common Languages of India - Popular Indian Language - Languages Spoken in India - Major Indian Languages '' . India-travel-agents.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maithili '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/prakash-javadekar-likely-to-call-meeting-of-experts-to-promote-maithili-script-1826774 Jump up ^ https://m.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-maithili-will-get-second-state-language-status-in-jharkhand-1835624.html Jump up ^ Sah , K.K. ( 2013 ) . `` Some perspectives on Maithili '' . Nepalese Linguistics ( 28 ) : 179 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Brass , P.R. ( 2005 ) . Language , Religion and Politics in North India . Lincoln : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 34394 - 5 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Yadava , Y.P. ( 2013 ) . Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal . Nepalese Linguistics 28 : 262 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Singh , P. , & Singh , A.N. ( 2011 ) . Finding Mithila between India 's Centre and Periphery . Journal of Indian Law & Society 2 : 147 -- 181 . Jump up ^ `` India sets up classical languages '' . BBC . 17 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Clara Lewis ( 16 April 2018 ) . `` Clamour grows for Marathi to be given classical language status '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Front Page : Tamil to be a classical language '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 18 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National : Sanskrit to be declared classical language '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 28 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Tourism and Culture , Government of India . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Classical ' status for Malayalam '' . Thiruvananthapuram , India : The Hindu . 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Odia gets classical language status '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` CLASSICAL LANGUAGE STATUS TO KANNADA '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 8 August 2006 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Singh , Binay ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Removal of Pali as UPSC subject draws criticism '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reviving classical languages - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com. 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classical Status to Oriya Language '' . Pib.nic.in ( Press release ) . 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Language and Globalization : Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois '' . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Prakash , A Surya ( 27 September 2007 ) . `` Indians are no less racial '' . The Pioneer . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magazine / Columns : Hindi against India '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 16 January 2005 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marathi a must in Maharashtra schools -- India News '' . IBNLive. 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` File : Indoarische Sprachen. png '' . Commons.wikipedia.org . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Indo - Aryan Languages '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kodava '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Languages of India Linguistic map of India with a detailed map of the Seven Sister States ( India ) at Muturzikin.com Languages and Scripts of India Diversity of Languages in India A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages Technology Development for Indian Languages , Government of India Languages of India Official languages Union - level Hindi English 8th schedule to the Constitution of India Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei ( Manipuri ) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Santali Tamil Telugu Urdu State - level only Garo Gurung Khasi Kokborok Lepcha Limbu Mangar Mizo Newari Rai Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang Major unofficial languages Over 1 million speakers Angika Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bhojpuri Bundeli Chhattisgarhi Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Ho Kangri Khandeshi Khortha Kumaoni Kurukh Lambadi Magahi Malvi Marwari Mewari Mundari Nimadi Rajasthani Sadri Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 -- 1 million speakers Adi Angami Ao Dimasa Halbi Karbi Kharia Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mishing Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou Major languages of South Asia Main articles Languages of India list by number of speakers scheduled Languages of Pakistan Languages of Bangladesh Languages of Bhutan Languages of the Maldives Languages of Nepal Languages of Sri Lanka Contemporary languages Austronesian Sri Lankan Creole Malay Dravidian Brahui Jeseri Kannada Malayalam Tamil Telugu Tulu Indo - Aryan Angika Assamese Bhojpuri Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Dhivehi Dogri Gujarati Hindi Hindko Kashmiri Konkani Kumaoni Magahi Mahal Maithili Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Saraiki Sindhi Sinhala Sylheti Rajasthani language Urdu Iranian Balochi Pashto Wakhi Isolates Great Andamanese Burushaski Nihali Kusunda Mon -- Khmer Khasi Nicobarese Munda Ho Korku Mundari Santali Sora Ongan Önge Jarawa Tibeto - Burman Ao Bodo Dzongkha Garo Hajong Meithei Mizo Nepal Bhasa Sikkimese Tenyidie Tibetan Tripuri European influence English Indian English Pakistani English Sri Lankan English French Portuguese Scripts Historical Indus ( Undeciphered ) Brahmi ( Abugida ) Kharosthi Brahmic Devanagari Bengali Gujarati Gurmukhī Malayalam Kannada Odia Ranjana Sinhala Tamil Telugu European Latin alphabet Arabic Arwi Nastaʿlīq Shahmukhi Arabi Malayalam Language activism Hela Havula Bengali Language Movement Sanskrit revival Pure Tamil movement Nepal Bhasa movement Punjabi Language Movement Urdu movement Languages of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&oldid=856309188 '' Categories : Languages of India Demographics of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 09 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the second most widely spoken language in south asia	[]	[]
-1973653194425321048	Feliz Navidad (song)	Feliz Navidad ( song ) - wikipedia Feliz Navidad ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Feliz Navidad ( disambiguation ) . `` Feliz Navidad '' Single by José Feliciano from the album Feliz Navidad Released 1970 Recorded 1970 Genre Latin pop Christmas Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) José Feliciano Audio sample file help `` Feliz Navidad '' ( ( feˈlis naβiˈðað ) ) is a macaronic Christmas song written in 1970 by the Puerto Rican singer and songwriter José Feliciano . With its simple Spanish chorus ( the traditional Christmas / New Year greeting , `` Feliz Navidad , próspero año y felicidad '' meaning `` Merry Christmas , a prosperous year and happiness '' ) and equally simple English verse `` I wan na wish you a Merry Christmas from the bottom of my heart '' , it has become a classic Christmas pop song in the United States , throughout the Spanish - speaking world and internationally . Feliciano 's 1970 recording of `` Feliz Navidad '' ( in which he plays both an acoustic guitar and a Puerto Rican cuatro ) is one of the most downloaded and aired Christmas songs in the United States and Canada . As of November 25 , 2016 , total sales of the digital track stand at 808,000 downloads according to Nielsen SoundScan , placing it eighth on the list of all - time best - selling Christmas / holiday digital singles in SoundScan history . It was also recognized by ASCAP as one of the top 25 most played and recorded Christmas songs around the world . The original José Feliciano version of the song first charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 more than two decades after it was first recorded reaching number 70 on the week ending January 10 , 1998 . The song later returned to the US Billboard Hot 100 on the chart dated the week of January 7 , 2017 reaching number 44 . On the popular 1970 recording by Feliciano , the drummer is Paulinho Magalhaes . The addition of the horns as a final touch was the idea of record producer Rick Jarrard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other notable recordings 2 Charts 3 References 4 Notes Other notable recordings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Feliz Navidad , '' like many Christmas songs , has been frequently covered . Notable artists who have recorded the song include Boney M , Michael Bublé featuring Thalía , Glee Cast , Il Volo featuring Belinda , Celine Dion , Clay Walker , David Hasselhoff , The Cheetah Girls , Billy T. James , Luciano Pavarotti , El Vez , Walk off the Earth , Indonesian female group 7icons , Garth Brooks , Chicago and Laura Pausini . Additionally , Charo performed the song in the Pee - wee 's Playhouse Christmas Special . `` Feliz Navidad '' was covered by Finnish symphonic metal artist Tarja Turunen in 2017 , for her Christmas album From Spirits and Ghosts ( Score for a Dark Christmas ) . On December 6 , 2017 , a music video was released for the solo version of the song . A special version was released as a single on December 8 , featuring Turunen 's musician friends Michael Monroe , Doro Pesch , Tony Kakko , Elize Ryd , Marko Saaresto , Timo Kotipelto , Simone Simons , Cristina Scabbia , Joe Lynn Turner , Floor Jansen , Hansi Kursch , and Sharon den Adel . The ensemble version was released as a benefit single and was aimed to earn profits for helping the Hurricane Irma victims at the Caribbean island of Barbuda . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 2018 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 US Billboard Hot 100 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Australia ( ARIA ) 99 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) 102 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 66 Ireland 54 Netherlands 30 Chart ( 1988 -- 2017 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 78 US Billboard Hot 100 44 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Feliz Navidad - José Feliciano - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Holiday Songs ? '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Tallies THE Top 25 Christmas Songs '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 : JANUARY 7 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` TARJA Releases Video For Solo Version Of ' Feliz Navidad ' '' . Blabbermouth.net. 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tarja Turunen Lines Up All - Star Cast for ' Feliz Navidad ' Cover '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jose Feliciano : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` José Feliciano Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- JOSÉ FELICIANO -- FELIZ NAVIDAD '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` José Feliciano -- Chart history '' Brasil Hot 100 Airplay for José Feliciano . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- José Feliciano -- Feliz Navidad '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart Jump up ^ http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Jos%E9+Feliciano&titel=Feliz+Navidad&cat=s Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feliz by itself is pronounced ( feˈliθ ) or ( feˈlis ) ; final d in Navidad is usually dropped : ( naβiˈða ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliz_Navidad_(song)&oldid=824109474 '' Categories : 1910 Fruitgum Company songs 1970 songs American Christmas songs Edel AG singles José Feliciano songs Multilingual songs RCA Records singles Spanish - language songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Brazil Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Italy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote i wanna wish you a merry christmas	[ "\"Feliz Navidad\" ([feˈlis naβiˈðað])[a] is a macaronic Christmas song written in 1970 by the Puerto Rican singer and songwriter José Feliciano.[1] With its simple Spanish chorus (the traditional Christmas/New Year greeting, \"Feliz Navidad, próspero año y felicidad\" meaning \"Merry Christmas, a prosperous year and happiness\") and equally simple English verse \"I wanna wish you a Merry Christmas from the bottom of my heart\", it has become a classic Christmas pop song in the United States, throughout the Spanish-speaking world and internationally." ]	[ "Puerto Rican singer and songwriter José Feliciano" ]
-8518595539743409537	Backward bending supply curve of labour	Backward bending supply curve of labour - wikipedia Backward bending supply curve of labour The labour supply curve shows how changes in real wage rates might affect the number of hours worked by employees . In economics , a backward - bending supply curve of labour , or backward - bending labour supply curve , is a graphical device showing a situation in which as real , or inflation - corrected , wages increase beyond a certain level , people will substitute leisure ( non-paid time ) for paid worktime and so higher wages lead to a decrease in the labour supply and so less labour - time being offered for sale . The `` labour - leisure '' tradeoff is the tradeoff faced by wage - earning human beings between the amount of time spent engaged in wage - paying work ( assumed to be unpleasant ) and satisfaction - generating unpaid time , which allows participation in `` leisure '' activities and the use of time to do necessary self - maintenance , such as sleep . The key to the tradeoff is a comparison between the wage received from each hour of working and the amount of satisfaction generated by the use of unpaid time . Such a comparison generally means that a higher wage entices people to spend more time working for pay ; the substitution effect implies a positively sloped labour supply curve . However , the backward - bending labour supply curve occurs when an even higher wage actually entices people to work less and consume more leisure or unpaid time . Contents 1 Overview 2 Assumptions 3 Caveat 4 Inverted S shaped supply curve 5 See also 6 References Overview ( edit ) As wages increase above the subsistence level ( discussed below ) , there are two considerations affecting a worker 's choice of how many hours to work per unit of time ( usually day , week , or month ) . The first is the substitution or incentive effect . With wages rising , the tradeoff between working an additional hour for pay and taking one extra hour of unpaid time changes in favor of working . Thus , more hours of labour - time will be offered at the higher wage than the lower one . The second and countervailing effect is that the hours worked at the old wage rate now all gain more income than before , creating an income effect , which encourages more leisure to be chosen because it is more affordable . Most economists assume that unpaid time ( or `` leisure '' ) is a normal good and so people want more of it as their incomes ( or wealth ) rise . Since a rising wage rate raises incomes , all else constant , the attraction of unpaid time rises , eventually neutralising the substitution effect and causing the backward bend . The graph shows that if real wages were to increase from W1 to W2 , the substitution effect for an individual worker outweighs the income effect ; therefore , the worker would be willing to increase hours worked for pay from L1 to L2 . However , if the real wage increased from W2 to W3 , the number of hours offered to work for pay would fall from L2 to L3 since the strength of the income effect now exceeds that of the substitution effect ; the utility to be gained from an extra hour of unpaid time is now greater than the utility to be gained from extra income that could be earned by working the extra hour . The above examines only the effect of changing wage rates on workers already subject to those rates ; only those individuals ' labour supply response was considered . The additional labour supplied by workers working in other sectors ( or unemployed ) , who are now more attracted to the jobs in the sector because it is paying higher wages , was nor considered . Thus , for a given market , the wage at which the labour supply curve bends backward may be higher than the wage at which a given worker 's curve bends back . On the other hand , for the aggregate labour market , a labour market without `` other sectors '' for workers , the original story of the backward - bending labour - supply curve applies except that some workers suffer from involuntary unemployment . Assumptions ( edit ) Workers choose their hours . There are no contractual obligations to work a certain number of hours . Workers are utility - maximising agents . Work provides a disutility , which must be compensated for by paying wages . Unpaid leisure time is a `` normal '' good . The labour market is competitive , and both firms and workers are price - takers . Caveat ( edit ) Higher pay for overtime hours can reduce or negate the effect of a backward bending labour supply curve , by increasing wages only for hours worked beyond a certain amount . Overtime maintains the substitution effect at a high labour supply . However , the income effect from the wages increasing on all the previous hours worked is eliminated . Thus , higher hourly overtime pay can cause workers to work more hours than if the higher rate is paid on all hours . Inverted S shaped supply curve ( edit ) At very low wage levels , near the subsistence level , the supply curve may also be curved backwards for a completely different reason . That effect creates an `` inverted S '' or `` backward S '' shape : a tail is added at the bottom of the labour - supply curve shown in the graph above with the quantity of labour - time supplied falling as wages rise . Then , because families face some minimum level of income needed to meet their subsistence requirements , lowering wages increases the amount of labour - time offered for sale . Similarly , a rise in wages can cause a decrease in the amount of labour - time offered for sale , and individuals take advantage of the higher wage to spend time on needed self - or family - maintenance activities . See also ( edit ) Motivation crowding theory Self - determination theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedman , Jack P. ( 2000 - 05 - 01 ) . Dictionary of Business Terms . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 1200 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://glossary.econguru.com/economic-term/labor-leisure+tradeoff Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Purnamita and Goldar , Bishwanath ( 2006 ) . `` Female Labour Supply in Rural India : An Econometric Analysis '' Indian Journal of Labor Economics , 49 ( 2 ) , 293 - 310 . Jump up ^ Sharif , Mohammed ( 2000 ) `` Inverted ' S ' -- The Complete Neoclassical Labour - Supply Function . '' International Labour Review , 139 ( 4 ) : 409 - 35 ; plus Dessing , Maryke ( 2002 ) `` Labor supply , the family and poverty : the S - Shaped Labor Supply Curve , '' Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , 49 ( 4 ) December : 433 -- 458 ; and ( 2008 ) `` The S - Shaped Labor Supply Schedule : Evidence from Industrialized Countries , '' Journal of Economic Studies , 35 ( 5 - 6 ) : 444 - 85 ; and Bendewald , Jennifer . Subsistence Theory in the U.S. Context : A CrossSectional Labor Supply Estimate . krishna Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour&oldid=853249430 '' Categories : Labour economics Economics curves Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 12 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	why supply curve of labour is backward bending	[ "In economics, a backward-bending supply curve of labour, or backward-bending labour supply curve, is a graphical device showing a situation in which as real, or inflation-corrected, wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute leisure (non-paid time) for paid worktime and so higher wages lead to a decrease in the labour supply and so less labour-time being offered for sale.[1] \n" ]	[ "a situation in which as real, or inflation-corrected, wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute leisure (non-paid time) for paid worktime and so higher wages lead to a decrease in the labour supply and so less labour-time being offered for sale" ]
-4564089395777674126	The Man Who Fell to Earth	The Man Who Fell to Earth - wikipedia The Man Who Fell to Earth This article is about the 1976 film by Nicolas Roeg . For other uses , see The Man Who Fell to Earth ( disambiguation ) . The Man Who Fell to Earth Original British theatrical release poster Directed by Nicolas Roeg Produced by Michael Deeley Barry Spikings Screenplay by Paul Mayersberg Based on The Man Who Fell to Earth by Walter Tevis Starring David Bowie Rip Torn Candy Clark Buck Henry Bernie Casey Music by John Phillips Stomu Yamashta Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Graeme Clifford Production company British Lion Films Distributed by British Lion Films Release date 18 March 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 18 ) Running time 138 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $1.5 million The Man Who Fell to Earth is a 1976 British science fiction film directed by Nicolas Roeg and written by Paul Mayersberg , based on Walter Tevis 's 1963 novel of the same name , about an extraterrestrial who crash lands on Earth seeking a way to ship water to his planet , which is suffering from a severe drought . The film maintains a strong cult following for its use of surreal imagery and the performance by David Bowie ( in his first starring film role ) as the alien Thomas Jerome Newton ; the film also stars Candy Clark , Buck Henry , and Hollywood veteran Rip Torn . The same novel was later remade as a less successful 1987 television adaptation . The film was produced by Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings , who reunited two years later to work on The Deer Hunter . Despite a mixed critical response upon release , the film is now considered an important work of science fiction cinema and one of the best films of Roeg 's career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Legacy 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas Jerome Newton is a humanoid alien who comes to Earth from a distant planet on a mission to take water back to his home planet , which is experiencing a catastrophic drought . Throughout the film are brief sequences of his wife and children back on his home planet , suffering , perhaps dying . Newton uses the advanced technology of his home planet to patent many inventions on Earth , and acquires tremendous wealth as the head of a technology - based conglomerate , World Enterprises Corporation , aided by leading patent attorney Oliver Farnsworth . His wealth is needed to construct a space vehicle with the intention of shipping water back to his home planet . While revisiting New Mexico , he meets Mary - Lou , a lonely , unloved , and simple girl who works as a maid , bell - hop , and elevator operator in a small hotel ; he tells her he is English . Mary - Lou introduces Newton to many customs of Earth , including church - going , alcohol , and sex . She and Newton live together in a house Newton has built close to where he first landed in New Mexico . Meanwhile , Dr. Nathan Bryce , a former womaniser and college professor , has landed a job as a fuel technician with World Enterprises and slowly becomes Newton 's confidant . Bryce senses Newton 's alienness and arranges a meeting with Newton at his home where he has hidden a special X-ray camera . When he steals a picture of Newton with the camera , it reveals Newton 's alien physiology . Newton 's appetite for alcohol and television ( he watches multiple televisions at once ) becomes crippling and he and Mary - Lou fight . Realizing that Bryce has learnt his secret , Newton reveals his alien form to Mary - Lou , and her resulting reaction is one of pure shock and horror . He leaves her . Newton completes the spaceship and attempts to take it on its maiden voyage amid intense press exposure . However , just before his scheduled take - off , he is seized and detained , apparently by the government and a rival company ; his business partner , Farnsworth , is murdered . The government , which has apparently been told by Bryce that Newton is an alien , holds him captive in a locked luxury apartment , constructed deep within a hotel . During his stay , they keep him sedated with alcohol ( to which he has become addicted ) and continuously subject him to rigorous medical tests -- notably one involving X-rays which causes the contact lenses he wears as part of his human disguise to permanently affix themselves to his eyes . Toward the end of his years of captivity , he is visited again by Mary - Lou , who is now much older and whose looks have been ravaged by alcohol and time . They have mock - violent , playful sex that involves firing a gun with blanks , and afterwards occupy their time drinking and playing table tennis . Mary - Lou declares that she no longer loves him , while he says that he does n't love her either . She leaves him . Eventually Newton discovers that his `` prison , '' now derelict , is unlocked , and he leaves . Unable to return home , a broken and alcoholic Newton creates a recording with alien messages , which he hopes will be broadcast via radio to his home planet . Bryce , who has since married Mary - Lou , buys a copy of the album and meets Newton at an outside restaurant in town . Newton is still rich and young looking despite the passage of many years . However , Newton has also fallen into depression and alcoholism and the film ends with an inebriated Newton passing out in his cafe chair . Cast ( edit ) David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton Rip Torn as Dr. Nathan Bryce Candy Clark as Mary - Lou Buck Henry as Oliver V. Farnsworth Bernie Casey as Mr. Peters Tony Mascia as Arthur Rick Riccardo as Trevor Adrienne Larussa as Helen Production ( edit ) Paramount Pictures had distributed Roeg 's previous film , Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) and agreed to pay $1.5 million for the US rights . Michael Deeley used this guarantee to raise finance to make the film . Filming began on 6 July 1975 . The film was primarily shot in New Mexico , with filming locations in Albuquerque , White Sands , Artesia and Fenton Lake . The film 's production had been scheduled to last eleven weeks , and throughout that time , the film crew ran into a variety of obstacles : Bowie was sidelined for a few days after drinking bad milk ; film cameras jammed up ; and for one scene shot in the desert , the movie crew had to contend with a group of Hells Angels who were camping nearby . Bowie , who was using cocaine during the movie 's production , was in a fragile state of mind when filming was underway , going so far as to state in 1983 that `` I 'm so pleased I made that ( film ) , but I did n't really know what was being made at all '' . He said of his performance : I just threw my real self into that movie as I was at that time . It was the first thing I 'd ever done . I was virtually ignorant of the established procedure ( of making movies ) , so I was going a lot on instinct , and my instinct was pretty dissipated . I just learned the lines for that day and did them the way I was feeling . It was n't that far off . I actually was feeling as alienated as that character was . It was a pretty natural performance ... a good exhibition of somebody literally falling apart in front of you . I was totally insecure with about 10 grams ( of cocaine ) a day in me . I was stoned out of my mind from beginning to end . Candy Clark , Bowie 's co-star remembers things differently : `` David vowed to Nic , ' No drug use , ' ' says Clark and he was a man of his word , `` clear as a bell , focused , friendly and professional and leading the team . You can see it clearly because of ( DP ) Tony Richmond 's brilliant cinematography . Look at David : his skin is luminescent . He 's gorgeous , angelic , heavenly . He was absolutely perfect as the man from another planet . '' She added that Roeg had hired `` an entirely British crew with him to New Mexico and I remember David was very happy about that . '' Bowie and Roeg had a good relationship on set . Bowie recalled in 1992 that `` we got on rather well . I think I was fulfilling what he needed from me for that role . I was n't disrupting ... I was n't disrupted . In fact , I was very eager to please . And amazingly enough , I was able to carry out everything I was asked to do . I was quite willing to stay up as long as anybody . '' Music ( edit ) Although Bowie was originally approached to provide the music , contractual wrangles during production caused him to withdraw from this aspect of the project . The music used in the film was coordinated by John Phillips , former leader of the pop group The Mamas & the Papas , with personal contributions from Phillips and Japanese percussionist - composer Stomu Yamash'ta , as well as some stock music . Phillips called in former Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor , to assist with developing ideas for the soundtrack . The music was recorded at CTS Lansdowne Recording Studios in London , England . Due to a creative and contractual dispute between Roeg and the studio , no official soundtrack was released for the film , even though the 1976 Pan Books paperback edition of the novel ( released to tie in with the film ) states on the back cover that the soundtrack is available on RCA Records . The soundtrack , derived from recently rediscovered masters , was eventually released on CD and LP in 2016 to coincide with the fortieth anniversary of the film 's premiere . The music by Yamash'ta had already appeared on his own albums , as noted below . Music crew Musical Directors : John Phillips , Derek Wadsworth Piano / Keyboards : Pete Kelly , John Taylor Guitars : Mick Taylor , Ricky Hitchcock , Richard Morcombe , Jim Sullivan Pedal Steel Guitar : B.J. Cole Bass : Dave Marquee Drums : Henry Spinetti Percussion : Frank Ricotti Music as listed on end credits Composed and recorded by Stomu Yamashta : `` Poker Dice '' ( from Floating Music ) `` 331⁄3 '' ( from Raindog ) `` Mandala '' ( from the Soundtrack from Man from the East ) `` Wind Words '' ( from Freedom is Frightening ) `` One Way '' ( from Floating Music ) `` Memory of Hiroshima '' ( from ' the ' Soundtrack from Man from the East ) Performed by John Phillips : `` Boys from the South '' `` Rhumba Boogie '' `` Bluegrass Breakdown '' `` Hello Mary - Lou '' ( featuring Mick Taylor ) Other music : `` Blueberry Hill '' -- Louis Armstrong `` Enfantillages Pittoresques '' -- Frank Glazer `` A Fool Such As I '' -- Hank Snow `` Make the World Go Away '' -- Jim Reeves `` Try to Remember '' -- The Kingston Trio `` Blue Bayou '' -- Roy Orbison `` Silent Night '' -- Robert Farnon `` True Love '' -- Bing Crosby `` Love Is Coming Back '' -- Genevieve Waite `` Stardust '' -- Artie Shaw `` Planets Suite , Op. 32 : Mars , Bringer of War & Venus , Bringer of Peace '' composed by Gustav Holst and performed by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra Special electronic and oceanic effects were done by Desmond Briscoe and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Release ( edit ) According to Michael Deeley , when Barry Diller of Paramount saw the finished film he refused to pay for it , claiming it was different from the film the studio wanted . British Lion sued Paramount and received a small settlement . The film obtained a small release in the United States through Cinema V in exchange for $850,000 and due to foreign sales the film 's budget was just recouped . The British Board of Film Censors passed the film uncut for adult UK audiences with an X rating . It was announced in the summer of 2016 that the film was in the process of being digitally remastered to 4K quality for its 40th anniversary ( which was reported to have begun before Bowie 's death ) . This remastered version premiered at BFI Southbank before being released in cinemas across the UK on 9 September of that year . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Since its original 1976 release , The Man Who Fell to Earth has achieved cult status . On film review site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has achieved an 83 % rating based on 48 reviews , the critical consensus stating : `` Filled with stunning imagery , The Man Who Fell to Earth is a calm , meditative film that profoundly explores our culture 's values and desires . '' Metacritic reports an 81 out of 100 rating based on 9 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . It was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival . David Bowie won the Saturn Award for Best Actor for his work in the film . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film 21⁄2 stars of four ; while he complimented parts of the film and the directing , he was dismissive of the plot , writing in his review that the film is `` so preposterous and posturing , so filled with gaps of logic and continuity , that if it were n't so solemn there 'd be the temptation to laugh aloud . '' When re-released in 2011 , Ebert gave the film three stars , stating that readers should `` consider this just a quiet protest vote against the way projects this ambitious are no longer possible in the mainstream movie industry . '' Richard Eder of The New York Times praised the film , writing , `` There are quite a few science - fiction movies scheduled to come out in the next year or so . We shall be lucky if even one or two are as absorbing and as beautiful as The Man Who Fell to Earth . '' Kim Newman of Empire gave the movie five stars out of five , describing the film as ' consistently disorientating and beguilingly beautiful . ' Legacy ( edit ) Its status as a cult classic has been echoed by critics , especially as it was a popular hit with Midnight movie audiences years after it was released . Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out believed its status as cult classic does it disservice , describing it as ' the most intellectually provocative genre film of the 1970s ' . The movie has been applauded for its experimental approach and compared to more recent sci fi films such as Under the Skin . Rolling Stone ranked it second on its 50 best sci fi movies of the 1970s , Timeout ranked it 35th on its 100 best sci - fi movies , it is 61st on the Online Film Critics Society list of `` greatest science fiction films of all time ''. Empire placed it 42nd on its list of 100 best British films . British Film Institute included it on its list of ' 50 late night classics ' demonstrating its popularity as a midnight movie . In popular culture ( edit ) In Philip K. Dick 's science fiction novel VALIS , fictionalised versions of Dick and K.W. Jeter become obsessed with Valis , a film starring musician Eric Lampton . Dick based the novel 's story on his and Jeter 's real obsession with The Man Who Fell to Earth ; Lampton is a fictionalised stand - in for Bowie . The music video to Guns N ' Roses 's 1987 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' was partially based on The Man Who Fell to Earth . The music video to Scott Weiland 's 1998 song `` Barbarella '' uses themes from The Man Who Fell to Earth . Dr. Manhattan 's apartment and Ozymandias ' Antarctic retreat in the 2009 film Watchmen were mainly based on the set of The Man Who Fell to Earth . The 2009 song `` ATX '' by Alberta Cross is based on Bowie 's character in The Man Who Fell to Earth . Michael Fassbender has said he used Bowie 's performance as an inspiration for the android David in Ridley Scott 's 2012 science fiction film Prometheus . In Bret Easton Ellis 's 2010 novel Imperial Bedrooms , the main character mentions that he is involved with writing the script for a remake of The Man Who Fell to Earth . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE MAN WHO FELL TO EARTH ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 13 February 1976 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Deeley , Blade Runners , Deer Hunters and Blowing the Bloody Doors Off : My Life in Cult Movies , Pegasus Books , 2009 p 116 - 127 Jump up ^ Fountain , Clarke . `` The Man Who Fell To Earth ( 1976 ) '' . All Movie . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . Turner Classic Movies . United States : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Tevis , Walter ( 1963 ) . The Man Who Fell to Earth . Robbinsdale , Minnesota : Fawcett Publications . ASIN B0007EK4QY . Jump up ^ Rozen , Leah ( 1 October 1976 ) . `` ' Man who Fell ' baffling '' . Daily Collegian . Penn State University . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Olly ( 9 July 2008 ) . `` Olly Blackburn meets Nic Roeg '' . Time Out London . Jump up ^ Edwards , Henry ( 21 March 1976 ) . `` Bowie 's Back But the Glitter 's Gone ; Bowie 's Back But the Glitter 's Gone '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Eder , Richard ( 6 June 1976 ) . `` ' Man Who Fell to Earth ' Is Beautiful Science Fiction '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : inducted in 1996 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fenton Lake State Park '' . NM State Parks . Jump up ^ `` Best - movie Oscar is film - office triumph '' . Santa Fe New Mexican . 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Fell To Earth '' . Bowiegoldenyears . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Loder , Kurt ( 12 May 1983 ) , `` Straight Time '' , Rolling Stone magazine , no . 395 , pp. 22 -- 28 , 81 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Virginia ( April 1992 ) , `` Bowie at the Bijou '' , Movieline , vol. 3 no . 7 , pp. 30 -- 36 , 80 , 83 , 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Clark , Candy , David Bowie 's ' Man Who Fell to Earth ' Co-Star on His ' Heavenly ' First Movie Role Jump up ^ `` Obituary : John Phillips '' . The Independent ( London , England ) . 20 March 2001 . He recorded with his new partner Genevieve Waite and provided the soundtrack for Nic Roeg 's 1976 cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth . Jump up ^ Campion , Chris ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Bowie and the missing soundtrack : the amazing story behind The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Earls , David Bowie 's ' The Man Who Fell To Earth ' soundtrack released for the first time in 40 years , '' NME , 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Campion , `` Bowie and the missing soundtrack : the amazing story behind The Man Who Fell to Earth , '' The Guardian , 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Kate . `` David Bowie 's `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' Returning to Theaters IndieWire `` . www.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Clarke . `` The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1976 ) '' . All Movie . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Man Who Fell to Earth at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Fell to Earth reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 23 July 1976 ) . `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Eder , Richard ( 29 May 1976 ) . `` Movie Review - The Man Who Fell to Earth - ' Man Who Fell to Earth ' Is Beautiful Science Fiction - NYTimes.com '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Fell To Earth Review '' . Empire . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Telotte , J.P ( 1991 ) . The Cult Film Experience : Beyond All Reason . University of Texas Press . pp. 104 , 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 76184 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Fell To Earth '' . Time Out . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` The Man Who Fell to Earth '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin review -- Jonathan Glazer 's singular vision '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Glazer Talks About His New Film `` Under The Skin '' `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Sci - Fi Movies of the 1970s '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best sci - fi movies '' . Time Out . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey Named the Greatest Sci - Fi Film of All Time By the Online Film Critics Society '' . Online Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2006 . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 best British films '' . Empire . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50 late - night classics '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEEING ' THE MAN WHO FELL TO EARTH ' WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST EXPERIENCES OF PHILIP K. DICK 'S LIFE '' . Dangerous Minds. 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Menconi , David . `` Music News Latest in Rock , Indie , Hip Hop and More '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Walk On The Weiland Side '' . MTV.com. 9 March 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ New in Entertainment ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Watchmen 's World Draws From Strangelove , Taxi Driver '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Prometheus Star Michael Fassbender on His Robotic Role and Why He Believes in Aliens TIME.com '' . Entertainment.time.com . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Bedrooms - Bret Easton Ellis - Google Books '' . Books.google.com. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Man Who Fell to Earth on IMDb The Man Who Fell to Earth at AllMovie The Man Who Fell to Earth in the British Film Institute 's `` Explore film ... '' database The Man Who Fell to Earth at the TCM Movie Database The Man Who Fell to Earth at Rotten Tomatoes The Man Who Fell to Earth at Metacritic Essay by Graham Fuller at the Criterion Collection Brows Held High 's take on the 1976 classic Films directed by Nicolas Roeg Performance ( 1970 ) Walkabout ( 1971 ) Glastonbury Fayre ( 1972 ) Do n't Look Now ( 1973 ) The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1976 ) Bad Timing ( 1980 ) Eureka ( 1983 ) Insignificance ( 1985 ) Aria ( 1987 , segment : `` Un ballo in maschera '' ) Castaway ( 1986 ) Track 29 ( 1988 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Cold Heaven ( 1991 ) Heart of Darkness ( 1993 ) Two Deaths ( 1995 ) Hotel Paradise ( 1995 ) Full Body Massage ( 1995 ) Samson and Delilah ( 1996 ) Puffball ( 2007 ) Walter Tevis Novels The Hustler ( 1959 ) The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1963 ) Mockingbird ( 1980 ) The Steps of the Sun ( 1983 ) The Queen 's Gambit ( 1983 ) The Color of Money ( 1984 ) Films The Hustler ( 1961 ) The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1976 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Man Who Fell to Earth ( 1987 ) Characters Minnesota Fats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth&oldid=844301214 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films British films 1970s drama films 1970s science fiction films British avant - garde and experimental films British drama films British science fiction films Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Nicolas Roeg Films set in New Mexico Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in New Mexico British Lion Films films David Bowie Murder in films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the man that fell to earth full movie	[]	[]
4881211072652424863	Ralph Macchio	Ralph Macchio - wikipedia Ralph Macchio Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For the comic - book editor , see Ralph Macchio ( comics ) . Ralph Macchio Macchio at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon Ralph George Macchio Jr . ( 1961 - 11 - 04 ) November 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Huntington , New York , U.S. Residence Southern California Occupation Actor Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Phyllis Fierro ( m . 1987 ) Children Julia , Daniel Ralph George Macchio Jr. ( / ˈmɑːtʃioʊ / ; born November 4 , 1961 ) is an American actor , known for his roles as Daniel LaRusso in The Karate Kid , Eugene Martone in Crossroads , Bill Gambini in My Cousin Vinny , and Johnny Cade in The Outsiders . Additionally , he competed on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 In popular culture 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Macchio was born in Huntington , New York . He is the son of Rosalie ( née DeSantis ) and Ralph Macchio , Sr. , who owned a ranch . His father is of half Greek and half Italian descent , and his mother is of Italian ancestry . In a 1980 screen test , Macchio stated his family is from Naples . Career ( edit ) Macchio at the Chiller Theatre Expo in New Jersey , October 2013 Macchio first appeared on American television commercials for products such as Bubble Yum and Dr Pepper . His on - screen debut was in the 1980 film Up the Academy , and his first major role was playing Jeremy Andretti in the television series Eight Is Enough . In 1983 , he appeared as Johnny Cade in The Outsiders alongside many young actors who had yet to become major stars , such as C. Thomas Howell , Tom Cruise , Emilio Estevez , Patrick Swayze , Rob Lowe , and Matt Dillon . In 1984 , Macchio became known internationally following the release of the first Karate Kid film . Playing high school senior Daniel LaRusso , Macchio was actually in his early twenties when the film was made . He continued this success with the film 's sequels , The Karate Kid Part II and The Karate Kid Part III . In the mid-1980s , Macchio 's face began appearing on the covers of many teen `` bubblegum '' magazines such as Tiger Beat , 16 , and Teen Beat . Macchio appeared in the 1986 film Crossroads , portraying music student Eugene Martone . In 1992 , he starred opposite Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei in the hit comedy My Cousin Vinny , playing William Gambini , who was wrongfully accused of murder while passing through a small Alabama town . In 1993 , Macchio portrayed Chris , the sexually confused best friend of Eric Stoltz 's character , in the indie film Naked in New York , along with such notable actors as Mary - Louise Parker , Jill Clayburgh , Kathleen Turner , and Tony Curtis . In 1996 , Macchio performed the lead role of J. Pierrepont Finch in the U.S. tour revival of the 1962 Tony Award - winning musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , and received positive reviews . Referring to his performance as a chorister in a high school production of the same musical , Macchio said , `` I was known as the ' Dancing Kid , ' not that I was all that great . But I had been dancing since the age of three , taking lessons at the June Claire School of Dance in Babylon , Long Island . '' Since the mid-1990s , Macchio 's film appearances have been occasional cameo or supporting roles , notably and recently A Good Night to Die and Beer League . Macchio in 2015 In 2005 Macchio played himself in the HBO series , Entourage . On May 1 , 2007 , Macchio played himself in an episode of the Starz series , Head Case . In 2008 , he appeared in a VitaminWater commercial that featured NASCAR driver Carl Edwards . Macchio was depicted as Edwards ' `` spiritual advisor '' and dressed in his Karate Kid clothes . Since October 2008 , he has appeared in several episodes of the ABC Network television series Ugly Betty as Archie Rodriguez , a local politician , with a semi-regular role as Hilda 's love interest on the show . As of November 2008 , Macchio was ranked No. 80 among VH1 's 100 Greatest Teen Stars . In June 2010 , Macchio appeared in Funny or Die 's online short , `` Wax On , F * ck Off '' , in which his loved ones stage an intervention to turn the former child star from a well - adjusted family man into an addict besieged with tabloid scandal , all in order to help his career . During the video Macchio reacts to seeing a poster for the 2010 Karate Kid remake . A recurring joke in the sketch is that Macchio is confused for an adolescent . The short was lauded by TV Guide 's Bruce Fretts , who referred to the video as `` sidesplitting '' and `` comic gold '' . On September 20 , 2010 , Macchio played the adult Carl Morelli in a staged reading of the Charles Messina play A Room of My Own presented by the Bleecker Street Theater Company . In February 2011 it was announced he would compete on ABC 's Dancing with the Stars . He was eliminated during the semi-finals , placing fourth in the overall competition . Macchio appeared in Canadian band Danko Jones ' music videos for `` Had Enough '' and `` I Think Bad Thoughts '' , also featuring Elijah Wood and Jena Malone . In April 2012 , Macchio was cast in the film Hitchcock , based on the non-fiction book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho , co-starring Anthony Hopkins , Helen Mirren , Jessica Biel and Toni Collette , and directed by Sacha Gervasi . Macchio portrays Psycho screenwriter Joseph Stefano . In April 2013 , Macchio appeared in the popular sitcom How I Met Your Mother in the episode entitled `` The Bro - Mitzvah '' . From February to March 2016 , Macchio co-stars with Mario Cantone in the Off - Broadway production A Room of My Own , after having read the play in 2010 and 2014 . On August 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Macchio will reprise his role as Daniel Larusso in a 30 - minute , 10 - part Karate Kid revival series for YouTube Red titled Cobra Kai that is set to debut in 2018 . He will also co-executive produce the series with William Zabka . The series is set 30 years after the events of the 1984 All Valley Karate Tournament and revolves around a down - and - out Johnny Lawrence who , seeking redemption , reopens the infamous Cobra Kai dojo . It reignites his rivalry with a now - successful Daniel Larusso , who has been struggling to maintain balance in his life without the guidance of his mentor , Mr. Miyagi . Personal life ( edit ) Macchio was introduced to his wife , Phyllis Fierro , by his grandmother when he was fifteen . They were married in 1987 and have two children , Julia ( born 1992 ) and Daniel ( born 1996 ) . Fierro is a nurse practitioner . At a celebration of the 30th anniversary of Karate Kid at the museum of the Japanese American in 2014 , Macchio said that the 1947 yellow Ford convertible his character Daniel receives from Miyagi in the first film is sitting in the garage at his home in southern California . In popular culture ( edit ) DJ Q - Ball of the Bloodhound Gang released a song on his MySpace called `` The Ralph Macchio Memoirs '' . Poetry slam artist Big Poppa E references Ralph Macchio in his performance poem The Wussy Boy Manifesto . Nerdcore artist MC Frontalot mentions him in his song , `` Braggadocio '' . Macchio was featured in a brief cameo at the end of the No More Kings video for `` Sweep the Leg '' . Macchio 's character in the Karate Kid film inspired the `` Daniel '' song by English singer Bat for Lashes ; the front cover of the single shows Bat for Lashes with Daniel LaRusso 's face painted on her back . The song `` Ralph Macchio '' by Norwegian singer Annie is about her crush on Macchio in her youth over a 1980s - themed pop track . In the TV series How I Met Your Mother , Barney Stinson asserts that Macchio 's character , Daniel LaRusso , in The Karate Kid is n't the real karate kid ; instead , it 's Johnny Lawrence , Daniel 's nemesis in the film . In the 8th - season episode The Bro Mitzvah , Macchio is invited to Barney 's bachelor party , although Barney is disappointed in the surprise , expecting actor William Zabka , the `` real Karate Kid '' . For the duration of the episode , the characters note the similarities between Barney and Macchio , by which Barney is disgusted . At the end of the night , the clown hired for the party 's entertainment reveals himself to be Zabka . In the Parks and Recreation episode `` The Master Plan '' , Andy Dwyer , unable to remember the proper name of Jean - Ralphio Saperstein , declares `` That Ralph Macchio guy 's a total douche '' after Jean - Ralphio flirts with April Ludgate . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1980 Up the Academy Chooch Bambalazi 1982 High Powder Eddie Television film 1982 Dangerous Company Denny Brody Television film The Outsiders Johnny Cade 1984 The Karate Kid Daniel LaRusso 1984 Teachers Eddie Pilikian 1984 The Three Wishes of Billy Grier Billy Grier Television film 1986 Crossroads Eugene Martone 1986 The Karate Kid Part II Daniel LaRusso Distant Thunder Jack Lambert The Karate Kid Part III Daniel LaRusso Too Much Sun Frank Jr . 1992 The Last P.O.W. : The Bobby Garwood Story Robert Garwood Television film 1992 My Cousin Vinny Bill Gambini Naked in New York Chris 1998 Dizzyland N / A Short film 1998 The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Timmy Brisby ( voice ) Direct - to - video film 2000 The Office Party Sean Short film 2000 Ca n't Be Heaven Hubbie Darling Popcorn Shrimp Cop # 2 Short film 2003 A Good Night to Die Donnie 2006 Beer League Maz 2009 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead Bobby Bianchi 2012 Hitchcock Joseph Stefano 2012 Holiday Spin Ruben Television film 2013 He 's Way More Famous Than You Himself 2014 A Little Game Tom 2015 Lost Cat Corona Dominic 2017 Psych : The Movie Nick Conforth Television film TBA A Dog and Pony Show Aaron Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1980 -- 1981 Eight Is Enough Jeremy Andretti Recurring role ( 19 episodes ) 1982 CBS Afternoon Playhouse Tony Barnett Episode : `` Journey to Survival '' 1999 The Outer Limits Dr. Neal Eberhardt Episode : `` The Other Side '' 2000 Chicken Soup for the Soul Max Episode : `` Letters to Suzie '' 2000 Twice in a Lifetime Officer Dan Payello / Phillip Barbosa Episode : `` My Blue Heaven '' 2005 Entourage Himself Episode : `` Aquamansion '' 2007 Head Case Himself Episode : `` Ralph Macchio and Liz Phair '' 2008 -- 2009 Ugly Betty Archie Rodriguez Recurring role ( 11 episodes ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent Louis Marciano Episode : `` Inhumane Society '' Psych Nick Conforth Episode : `` We 'd Like to Thank the Academy '' 2011 The Whole Truth Frankie Berlito Episode : `` Lost in Translation '' 2011 Dancing with the Stars Himself ( contestant ) Placed in fourth ( 17 episodes ) 2012 Happily Divorced Frankie Episodes : `` Two Guys , a Girl and a Pizza Place '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) 2013 Robot Chicken Daniel LaRusso , Gibby , Janitor ( voice ) Episode : `` Caffeine - Induced Aneurysm '' 2013 How I Met Your Mother Himself Episode : `` The Bro Mitzvah '' 2014 Psych Logan Phelps Episode : `` Remake A.K.A. Cloudy ... With a Chance of Improvement '' 2016 Comedy Central Roast of Rob Lowe Himself / roaster Television special 2017 The Deuce Officer Haddix Recurring role ( 5 episodes ) 2018 Cobra Kai Daniel LaRusso Continuation of The Karate Kid series Music videos Year Title Artist Role 2007 `` Sweep the Leg '' No More Kings Himself `` Had Enough '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian 2011 `` I Think Bad Thoughts '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian 2012 `` The Ballad of Danko Jones '' Danko Jones Dr. Lee Dorian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ J3158 - 2009 -- NY Senate Open Legislation -- Congratulating Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Macchio upon the occasion of their 50th Anniversary . New York State Senate . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Sr. , father of the actor best known for his recurring role as Daniel LaRusso in three Karate Kid movies ... Macchio operated a Western entertainment park -- the Wild West Ranch and Western Town in Lake George , NY - until closing it this year after a land ownership '' . Nl.newsbank.com ( October 5 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` American Gypsies : Q&A With Executive Producer Ralph Macchio '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Actually , I have a little Greek in the bloodstream as well ( my Dad is half Greek ) . Jump up ^ Q&A With Executive Producer Ralph Macchio Archived August 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... National Geographic Channel . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio and Phil Hartman screen test '' . Youtube . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Ralph Macchio Succeeds '' . Playbill. April 24 , 1996 . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rousuck , J. Wynn ( May 31 , 1996 ) . `` A cheery revival for ' How to Succeed ' Review : Grown - up Ralph Macchio charms as this updated ' 61 Pulitzer Prize musical opens a national tour here '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Teen Stars # 's 80 - 61 '' . vh1devas2000live.com . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wax On , F * ck Off with Ralph Macchio '' Funny or Die ; 2010 Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce . `` Cheers & Jeers '' ; TV Guide ; July 5 , 2010 ; Page 92 ^ Jump up to : Lenzi , Linda ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Photo Coverage : Cantone , Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ Chen , Joyce ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' semi-finals recap : Ralph Macchio , Karina Smirnoff knocked out of the running '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio , Elijah Wood Think Bad Thoughts in Indie Music Clip '' . The Wrap . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Macchio Plays ' Psycho ' Scribe Joe Stefano In ' Hitchcock ' '' . Deadline.com. April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Piepenburg , Erik ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` It 's O.K. With Ralph Macchio if You Call Him the Karate Kid '' . Theater . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Ralph Macchio and Mario Cantone Will Take Part in Reading of New Comedy A Room of My Own '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/karate-kid-tv-sequel-starring-ralph-macchio-and-william-zabka-a-go-at-youtube-red-exclusive/ar-AAppo5s?OCID=ansmsnnews11 ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Macchio 's 50th Birthday : From Karate Kid To Dancing Star '' . Huffington Post . January 4 , 2012 . slide 6 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Valle ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Whatever happened to Ralph Macchio ? '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Chi . `` The Karate Kid All Grown Up '' . People . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/archive/the-karate-kid-all-grown-up-vol-71-no-21/ Jump up ^ `` Mc Frontalot -- Braggadocio Lyrics '' . MC Frontalot . Nerdcore Fervor Conglomerated . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` William Zabka - Directed Music Video , ' Sweep the Leg , Johnny ' '' . moviefone . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Girl Grossout '' . 89.3 The Current Presents ( Minnesota Public Radio ) . January 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Natural wonder , Cbc.ca , May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Annie announces ' A&R ' EP will be released in August '' . NME . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' recap : The Barney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : Are We Having Fun Yet ? '' . New York . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Ralph Macchio on IMDb Ralph Macchio on Twitter VIAF : 90611565 LCCN : n85281518 ISNI : 0000 0000 8163 4531 GND : 142501530 SUDOC : 109086392 BNF : cb139370353 ( data ) BIBSYS : 98053869 BNE : XX891672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Macchio&oldid=818757978 '' Categories : 1961 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Greek descent American people of Italian descent Living people Male actors from New York ( state ) People from Huntington , New York People of Campanian descent Male actors of Italian descent Male actors of Greek descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old was the guy who played johnny in the outsiders	[ "\n\nRalph Macchio\n\n\n\nMacchio at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon\n\n\n\nBorn\nRalph George Macchio Jr.\n(1961-11-04) November 4, 1961 (age 56)\nHuntington, New York, U.S.\n\n\nResidence\nSouthern California\n\n\nOccupation\nActor\n\n\nYears active\n1980–present\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nPhyllis Fierro (m. 1987)\n\n\nChildren\nJulia, Daniel\n\n" ]	[ "56" ]
-6412640139054593744	List of average human height worldwide	List of average Human height worldwide - wikipedia List of average Human height worldwide Wikimedia list article Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region . The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured , surveyed , or considered . As with any statistical data , the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons : Some studies may allow subjects to self - report values . Generally speaking , self - reported height tends to be taller than its measured height , although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject 's height , age , gender and region . Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random , resulting in sampling bias . Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions . For instance , one survey shows there is 10.8 cm ( 4 ⁄ in ) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany . Under such circumstances , the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups . Different social groups can show different mean height . According to a study in France , executives and professionals are 2.6 cm ( 1 in ) taller , and university students are 2.55 cm ( 1 in ) taller than the national average . As this case shows , data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries . A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured , which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population . The height of persons can vary over the course of a day , due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement ( i.e. inversely correlated ) , or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time ( i.e. positively correlated ) . For example , one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres ( 0.61 in ) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day . Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies . Data is representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population . Note : Letters in grey indicate non-measured height . Country / Region Average male height Average female height Stature ratio ( male to female ) Sample population / age range Share of pop . over 18 covered Methodology Year Source Albania 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 649 f : 1,806 ) 23.5 % Measured 2008 -- 2009 Argentina N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 19 -- 49 60.4 % Measured 2004 -- 2005 Argentina 174.46 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.01 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Healthy , 18 ( N = m : 90 f : 97 , SD = m : 7.43 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.99 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.9 % Measured 1998 -- 2001 Armenia N / A 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,218 , SD = f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 48.6 % Self - reported 2005 Australia 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Australia 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 -- 24 12.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Austria 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 54.3 % Measured 2006 Austria 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 7.7 % Measured 2006 Austria 178.80 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A 1.07 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Austria 179.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 167.6 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 53 f : 69 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2001 Azerbaijan 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.04 16 + 106.5 % Measured 2005 Bahrain 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.2 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.07 19 + ( N = m : 1,120 f : 1,181 , SD = m : 9.0 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) f : 7.8 cm ( 3 in ) ) 97.7 % Measured 2002 Bahrain 171.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 1.9 % Measured 2009 Bangladesh N / A 150.6 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,368 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 56.2 % Self - reported 2007 Belgium 178.70 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Belgium 178.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 168.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.7 % Self - reported 2001 Benin N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,015 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.5 % Self - reported 2006 Bolivia N / A 151.8 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,302 , SD = f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.6 % Self - reported 2003 Bolivia 160.0 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 142.2 cm ( 4 ft 8 in ) 1.13 Aymara , 20 -- 29 N / A Measured 1970 Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 171.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Students at UBL , 19 -- 32 ( N = m : 178 f : 34 , SD = m : 7.11 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.56 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured 2014 Brazil 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + ( N = m : 62,037 f : 65,696 ) 100.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 8,299 f : 7,938 ) 13.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Urban 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 6,360 f : 6,305 ) 10.9 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Rural 170.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,939 f : 1,633 ) 2.1 % Measured 2009 Bulgaria 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.2 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 N / A N / A N / A Bulgaria -- Sofia 178.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 N / A N / A N / A Burkina Faso N / A 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,337 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.5 % Self - reported 2003 Cambodia N / A 152.4 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,081 , SD = f : 5.4 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.2 % Self - reported 2005 Cameroon -- Urban 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 15 + ( N = m : 3,746 f : 5,078 ) 53.6 % Measured 2003 Cameroon -- Urban 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.06 35 - 44 ( N = m : 558 f : 1,156 ) 8.7 % Measured 2003 Canada 175.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 94.7 % Measured 2007 -- 2009 Canada 176.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 25 -- 44 36.5 % Measured 2005 Central African Republic N / A 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,408 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 50.0 % Self - reported 1994 Chad N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.9 % Self - reported Chile 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 156.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 15 + 107.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.09 25 -- 44 41.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 15 -- 24 23.7 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 China , People 's Republic of 167.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2012 China , Mainland 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 19 2.1 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Dalian , Liaoning 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( Urban students ) 0.5 % Measured 2012 China , People 's Republic of -- Rural 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 157.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 17 1.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Beijing 174.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 21 0.2 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Sichuan 169.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 0.7 % Measured Colombia 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 22 ( N = m : 1,528,875 f : 1,468,110 ) 14.1 % Measured 2002 Colombia N / A 155.0 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 22,947 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.8 % Self - reported Comoros N / A 154.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 644 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Congo , Democratic Republic of the N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,727 , SD = f : 8.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.7 % Self - reported 2005 Congo , Republic of the N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,922 , SD = f : 8.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 55.7 % Self - reported 2007 Croatia 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 166.49 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 ( N = m : 358 f : 360 , SD = m : 6.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.6 % Measured 2006 -- 2008 Cuba -- Urban 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 15 + 79.2 % Measured 1999 Czech Republic 180.31 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.22 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 17 1.6 % Measured 2001 Denmark 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 20 ( N = m : 38,025 ) 5.3 % Measured 2012 Denmark 181.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Denmark 182.6 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.7 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 23 ( N = m : -- 20 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : NA f : 7.4 cm ( 3 in ) ) 1.6 % Self - reported 2001 Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.08 17 N / A Measured 2005 Dominican Republic 172.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,763 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.8 % Self - reported 2014 El Salvador N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 50.9 % Self - reported 2007 Egypt 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 845 f : 1,059 ) 16.6 % Measured 2008 Egypt N / A 159.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 13,813 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.2 % Self - reported 2008 Estonia 179.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 17 2.3 % Measured 2003 Ethiopia N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,868 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.8 % Self - reported 1997 Europe 177.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 17 -- 29 N / A Measured and Self - reported 2001 -- 2012 Finland 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m / f : 2,305 ) 19.0 % Measured 1994 Finland 180.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 − 25 ( N = m / f : 26,636 ) 9.2 % Measured 2010 -- 2011 Finland 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.4 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 France 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 70 ( N = m / f : 11,562 ) 85.9 % Measured 2003 -- 2004 France 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 + 96.6 % Measured 2001 France 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 17.5 % Measured 2001 France 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.3 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Gabon N / A 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,576 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.1 % Self - reported 2000 Gambia -- Rural 168.0 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 21 -- 49 ( N = m : 9,559 f : 13,160 , SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured 1950 -- 1974 Germany 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 ( N = m / f : 19,768 ) 94.3 % Measured 2007 Germany 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 29.2 % Measured 2007 Germany -- Urban 180.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 7.1 % Measured 2007 Germany 180.17 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.2 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Germany 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 25,112 f : 25,560 ) 100.0 % Self - reported 2009 Germany 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 -- 25 ( N = m : 2,501 f : 2,227 ) 11.3 % Self - reported 2009 Ghana N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,958 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2008 Ghana 169.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 14.7 % Measured 1987 -- 1989 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 18 -- 49 56.3 % Measured 2003 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 8.5 % Measured 2003 Greece 178.06 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 26 ( N = m : 3,982 , SD = m : 7.05 cm ( 3 in ) ) 13.7 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Greece 177.29 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Greece 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Guatemala N / A 147.3 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,773 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.3 % Self - reported 1998 Guinea N / A 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,563 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2005 Haiti N / A 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,932 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2005 Honduras N / A 152.0 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,219 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.3 % Self - reported 2005 Hong Kong 171.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 468 f : 453 , SD = m : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.4 % Measured 2006 Hong Kong 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 University students , 19 -- 20 ( N = m : 291 f : 200 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.2 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.6 % Measured 2005 Hungary 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Adults N / A Measured 2000s Hungary 177.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 1,080 , SD = m : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.7 % Measured 2005 India 164.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 ( N = m : 69,245 f : 118,796 ) 69.8 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Iceland 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 43.6 % Self - reported 2007 India -- Rural 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 152.1 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.06 17 + ( SD = m : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 72.1 % Measured 2007 India 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 152.6 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.09 20 3.0 % Predicted 2005 -- 2006 Indonesia 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) 1.07 50 + ( N = m : 2,041 f : 2,396 , Median = m : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) f : 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) ) 22.5 % Self - reported 1997 Iran 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 21 + ( N = m / f : 89,532 , SD = m : 8.05 cm ( 3 in ) f : 7.22 cm ( 3 in ) ) 88.1 % Measured 2005 Iran 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.09 21 -- 25 17.9 % Measured 2005 Iraq -- Baghdad 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 700 f : 800 , SD = m : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) f : 16.0 cm ( 6 ⁄ in ) ) 76.3 % Measured 1999 -- 2000 Ireland 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 20 -- 49 61.8 % Measured 2007 Ireland 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.10 20 -- 24 10.4 % Measured 2007 Ireland 176.60 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Ireland 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 21 ( N = m : 54 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.6 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.4 % Self - reported 2001 Israel 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 21 9.7 % Measured Italy 176.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 1.4 % Measured 1999 -- 2004 Italy 174.48 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.6 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Italy 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 167.8 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 106 f : 92 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.4 % Self - reported 2001 Ivory Coast 170.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.67 cm ( 2 in ) ) 14.6 % Measured 1985 -- 1987 Ivory Coast N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Jamaica 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 74 71.4 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Japan 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 47.2 % Measured 2005 Japan 172.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.70 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,708 f : 1,559 , SD = m : 5.42 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.30 cm ( 2 in ) ) 7.2 % Measured Japan 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 17 1.2 % Measured 2013 Jordan N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,484 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.6 % Self - reported 2007 Kazakhstan N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Self - reported 1999 Kenya 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) N / A N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Summary 2016 Kenya N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,856 , SD = f : 7.3 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.5 % Survey 2016 North Korea 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.9 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Defectors , 20 -- 39 ( N = m / f : 1,075 ) 46.4 % Measured 2005 South Korea 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 + ( N = m : 2,750 f : 2,445 , Median = m : 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.40 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 96.5 % Measured South Korea 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 378 f : 298 , Median = m : 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 160.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) , SD = m : 5.16 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.26 cm ( 2 in ) ) 8.0 % Measured South Korea 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 339,716 ) 3.8 % Measured 2016 South Korea -- Seoul 173.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 60,039 ) 0.8 % Measured 2016 Kosovo -- Prishtina 179.52 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.72 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A Conscripts , 18 - 20 ( N = m : 830 f : 793 , SD = m : 7.02 cm , f : 4.93 cm ) 63.0 % Measured 2017 Kyrgyzstan N / A 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,424 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.4 % Self - reported 1997 Lesotho N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,879 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Liberia N / A 157.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,281 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2006 Lithuania 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 197 SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 14.7 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Urban 178.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 91 SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Rural 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 106 SD = m : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania 181.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 2.1 % Measured 2001 Madagascar N / A 154.3 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,024 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.6 % Self - reported 2003 Malawi -- Urban 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 16 -- 60 ( N = m : 583 f : 315 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 9.4 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) ) 101.1 % Measured 2000 Malaysia 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 154.7 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Malay , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 749 f : 893 , Median = m : 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) f : 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) , SD = m : 6.46 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.04 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.7 % Measured Malaysia 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 Chinese , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 407 f : 453 , Median = m : 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) f : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.98 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.72 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.1 % Measured Malaysia 169.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 155.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.09 Indian , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 113 f : 140 , Median = m : 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) f : 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , SD = m : 5.84 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.18 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.2 % Measured Malaysia 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 Other indigenous , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 257 f : 380 , Median = m : 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) f : 152 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) , SD = m : 6.26 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.95 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured Mali -- Southern Mali 171.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Rural adults ( N = m : 121 f : 320 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured Malta 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.06 18 + 100.0 % Self - reported 2003 Malta 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 17.5 % Self - reported 2003 Mexico 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 65 62.0 % Measured 2014 Mexico -- Bajío 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Adults N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Central N / A 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 26 -- 39 N / A Measured N / A Moldova N / A 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,757 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 45.9 % Self - reported 2005 Mongolia 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 158 f : 181 ) 27.6 % Measured 2006 Montenegro 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UCG , 18 -- 37 ( N = m : 178 f : 107 , SD = m : 7.06 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.27 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.2 % Measured 2011 Morocco N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,334 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.7 % Self - reported 2003 Mozambique N / A 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,912 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.0 % Self - reported 2003 Namibia N / A 160.7 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,575 , SD = f : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 50.4 % Self - reported 2006 Nepal 163.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 150.8 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,280 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2006 Netherlands 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Caucasians , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 37 f : 52 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.7 % Measured 2003 Netherlands 182.70 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Netherlands 180.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 + 96.8 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 20 -- 30 16.9 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.8 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 21 ( N = m : 74 f : 50 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2009 New Zealand 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 56.9 % Measured 2007 New Zealand 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 24 9.1 % Measured 2007 Nicaragua N / A 153.7 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 54.1 % Self - reported 2001 Nigeria 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.04 18 -- 74 98.6 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Nigeria 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.04 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 139 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 33.2 % Measured 2011 Norway 180.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 18,297 ) 36.0 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Vest - Agder 181.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 770 ) 1.33 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Oslo 179.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 1,297 ) 4.78 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Finnmark 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 218 ) 0.54 % Measured 2011 Norway 179.63 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Norway 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 85 ( N = m : 1534 f : 1743 ) 93.6 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 182.4 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.09 20 -- 25 ( SD = m : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.5 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 181.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 26 -- 35 ( SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 17.0 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Peru 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 + 93.8 % Measured 2005 Philippines 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A N / A 18 + - Measured 1980 Poland 178.7 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 846 f : 1,126 ) 1.6 % Measured Portugal 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 696 ) 1.5 % Measured 2008 Portugal 172.30 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Portugal 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 161 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 50 56.7 % Self - reported 2001 Portugal 173.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 87 f : 106 , SD = m : 8.2 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.9 % Self - reported 2001 Qatar 170.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 1.9 % Measured 2005 Rwanda N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,202 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2005 Romania 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.10 N / A N / A Measured 2007 Russia 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 24 1.9 % Measured Samoa N / A 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) N / A 18 -- 28 ( N = f : 55 SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 32.6 % Measured Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 156.3 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 3.0 % Measured Senegal N / A 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,533 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2005 Serbia 182.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UNS , 18 -- 30 ( N = m : 318 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.74 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.88 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.7 % Measured 2012 Singapore 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Chinese students at TP , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 52 f : 49 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.3 % Measured 2003 Slovakia 179.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 2.0 % Measured Slovenia -- Ljubljana 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 19 0.2 % Measured 2011 South Africa 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.06 19 ( N = m : 121 f : 118 ) 3.6 % Measured 2003 Sri Lanka 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.4 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 1,768 f : 2,709 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 100.0 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Sri Lanka 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.0 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 312 f : 427 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 30.7 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Spain 173.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = m : 1,298 ) 88.2 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = f : 8,217 ) 83.5 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 34 ( N = m : 554 - 1,061 ) 26.8 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 18 -- 19 ( N = f : 656 ) 2.4 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 11.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Spain 174 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.07 20 -- 49 57.0 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 24 7.5 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.2 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 111 f : 94 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Swaziland N / A 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,612 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.0 % Self - reported 2006 Sweden 181.5 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 29 15.6 % Measured 2008 Sweden 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 8.0 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Sweden 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 74 86.3 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Switzerland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 ( N = m : 12,447 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) , SD = m : 6.52 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Measured 2009 Switzerland 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 74 88.8 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Taiwan 171.4 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 17 ( N = m : 200 f : 200 ) 1.7 % Measured 2011 Tanzania N / A 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,033 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported Thailand 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 STOU students , 15 -- 19 ( N = m : 839 f : 1,636 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.2 % Self - reported 2005 Togo N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,728 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Tonga 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 40 ( N = m : 241 f : 299 ) 1.5 % Measured 2001 Turkey 173.6 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 - 22 ( N = m : 322 f : 247 ) 8.3 % Measured 2007 Turkey -- Ankara 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.10 18 -- 59 ( N = m : 703 f : 512 , Median = m : 169.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 5.1 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey -- Ankara 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 390 f : 163 , Median = m : 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey N / A 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 54.5 % Self - reported 2003 Uganda N / A 159.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,666 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 2006 United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A United Kingdom -- England 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 3,154 f : 3,956 ) 103.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- England 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 415 f : 611 ) 17.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- Scotland 175.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 2,512 f : 3,180 , Median = m : 174.8 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 103.0 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Scotland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 286 f : 413 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 15.7 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Wales 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 16 + 103.2 % Self - reported 2009 United States 175.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 All Americans , 20 + ( N = m : 5,232 f : 5,547 , Median = m : 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 69 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States 176.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 All Americans , 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 937 f : 928 , Median = m : 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) f : 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) ) 13.9 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- African Americans 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 African Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 405 f : 418 , Median = m : 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 3.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Hispanic and Latino Americans 172.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Hispanic / Latino Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 385 f : 428 , Median = m : 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Mexican Americans 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Mexican Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 233 f : 247 , Median = m : 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 2.8 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Asian Americans 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Non-Hispanic Asians , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 260 f : 272 , Median = m : 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) ) 1.3 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Non-Hispanic whites 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165.0 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 Non-Hispanic White Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 715 f : 689 , Median = m : 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) ) 17.1 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 Uruguay 170 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 Adults ( N = m : 2,249 f : 2,114 ) N / A Measured Uzbekistan N / A 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,635 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.6 % Self - reported Vietnam 162.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 152.2 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) ) 15.9 % Measured 1992 -- 1993 Vietnam 165.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.2 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Students , 20 -- 25 ( N = m : 1,000 f : 1,000 , SD = m : 6.55 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.32 cm ( 2 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Zambia N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,091 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2007 Zimbabwe N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,746 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 47.3 % Self - reported 2005 Notes Jump up ^ In this case , data that are representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population are those that factor in over 50 % of the country or region 's population aged 18 or over . References Jump up ^ Arno J. Krul ; Hein A.M. Daanen ; Hyegjoo Choi ( 2010 ) . `` Self - reported and measured weight , height and body mass index ( BMI ) in Italy , the Netherlands and North America '' . European Journal of Public Health . 21 : 414 -- 419 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckp228 . Jump up ^ Lucca A , JMoura EC ( 2010 ) . `` Validity and reliability of self - reported weight , height and body mass index from telephone interviews '' . Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 26 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 22 . doi : 10.1590 / s0102 - 311x2010000100012 . PMID 20209215 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` Methodological Issues in Anthropometry : Self - reported versus Measured Height and Weight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008 . Data Collection : Challenges , Achievements and New Directions . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Alison ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 10 : Adult anthropometric measures , overweight and obesity '' . In Craig , Rachel ; Mindell , Jennifer . Health Survey for England -- 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Volume 1 : Health , social care and lifestyles . Health and Social Care Information Centre . p. 20 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie KÖRPERMASSE BUNDESLÄNDER & STÄDTE Archived 2012 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . 31 . Oktober 2007 Jump up ^ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20 -- 29 in this study . ^ Jump up to : Herpin , Nicolas ( 2003 ) . `` La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle '' ( PDF ) . Économie et Statistique. 361 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 90 . doi : 10.3406 / estat. 2003.7355 . Jump up ^ Buckler JM . `` Variations in height throughout the day '' . Arch Dis Child . 53 : 762 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 53.9. 762 . PMC 1545095 . PMID 568918 . ^ Jump up to : Population data from International Data Base Archived 2017 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Urban population from The world bank , World Bank . Jump up ^ Each data is calculated as of a data collection year of each survey . If data were taken in several years in a survey , the oldest avertable year would be chosen for the calculation . ^ Jump up to : Grasgruber P , et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend '' . Economics & Human Biology . 15 : 81 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2014.07. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Albania Demographic and Health Survey 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Statistics Institute of Public Health Tirana , Albania . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Documento de Resultados 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud ( in Spanish ) . Ministerio de Salud de Argentina . 2007 . p. 113 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ del Pino , Mariana ; Bay , Luisa ; Lejarraga , Horacio ; Kovalskys , Irina ; Berner , Enrique ; Herscovici , Cecile Rausch ( 2005 ) . `` Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años : las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes '' . Archivos argentinos de pediatría ( in Spanish ) . 103 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , S.V. ; Özaltin , Emre ; Finlay , Jocelyn E. ( 2011 ) . `` Height of Nations : A Socioeconomic Analysis of Cohort Differences and Patterns among Women in 54 Low - to Middle - Income Countries '' . Public Library of Science . 6 ( 4 ) : e18962 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Health Survey : First Results '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Society at a Glance 2009 : OECD Social Indicators '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy J. Hatton , Bernice E Bray , etc . Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men , 19th -- 20th Centuries ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jaume ( 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe : A Brief Note '' ( PDF ) . Economics and human biology . 5 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2007.02. 002 . PMID 17412655 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee , 2005 '' . Today.az. 2005 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY FOR ADULT BAHRAINIS AGED 19 YEARS AND ABOVE '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Health , Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gharib NM , Shah P ( 2009 ) . `` Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 29 ( supplement 4 ) : 258 -- 69 . PMC 2841452 . PMID 19584585 . ^ Jump up to : Bjelica D , et al. `` Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 18 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bogin , Barry ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Human Growth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 226 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56438 - 0 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UBL from University of Banja Luka 30 years of the University , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ Popović S , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine . 4 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística -- IBGE. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups . ^ Jump up to : `` Софиянци : високи , главно непушачи , средно дебели '' . Bnews.bg. 2010 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kamadjeu RM , Edwards R , Atanga JS , Kiawi EC , Unwin N , Mbanya JC ( 2006 ) . `` Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon : an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey '' . BMC Public Health . 6 : 228 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 6 - 228 . PMC 1579217 . PMID 16970806 . Jump up ^ Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor ; Janssen , Ian & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2011 ) . `` Bias in self - reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys : An update on correction equations for adult '' ( PDF ) . Health reports / Statistics Canada , Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada , Centre canadien d'information sur la sante. 22 ( 3 ) : 35 -- 45 . PMID 22106788 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capítulo V : Resultados '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . p. 82 ( in the PDF file , p. 342 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Growing is tied to big problems '' . The Standard . Sing Tao Newspaper Limited . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年国民体质监测公报 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 年大连身高数据 ( Height study on Dalian youths ) '' . 大连人平均身高 ( in Chinese ) . 2012 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Beijing 's population in 2010 from Beijing Shi General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 北京市 2010 年国民体质监测结果公报 Jump up ^ Sichuan 's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 2010 年四川省第三次国民体质监测公报 Archived 2014 - 04 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Meisel , Adolfo & Vega , Margarita . `` A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY : A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING , COLOMBIA 1910 -- 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics , Venice International University , Venice , Italy , July 8 -- 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jureša , Vesna ; Musil , Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak , Mirjana ( 2012 ) . `` Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years '' . Collegium Antropologicum. 36 ( supplement 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA '' . II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles , 2001 ( in Spanish ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba . 2008 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Vignerová , J. ; Brabec , M. ; Bláha , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth '' . Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun ; 4 ( 2 ) : 237 - 52 . Epub 2005 Dec 20 . Economics and Human Biology . Jump up ^ `` Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height '' ( PDF ) . Forsvarets rekruttering , Kingdom of Denmark . 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pineau JC , Delamarche P , Bozinovic S ( 2005 ) . `` ( Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps ) '' . Comptes Rendus Biologies ( in French ) . 328 ( 9 ) : 841 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2005.07. 004 . PMID 16168365 ... Note : Authors added + 1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth . Jump up ^ `` A century of trends in adult human height '' . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Demographic and Health Survey 2008 . Jump up ^ Lintsi M , Kaarma H ( 2006 ) . `` Growth of Estonian seventeen - year - old boys during the last two centuries '' . Economics and Human Biology . 4 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2005.05. 007 . PMID 15993666 . Jump up ^ In this study , the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations ' mean hegiht . Jump up ^ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm ( ⁄ in ) because of unfinished growth . ^ Jump up to : `` Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen , Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti '' ( PDF ) . National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Uudet kasvukäyrät '' . thl.fi. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration '' ( PDF ) . ifth.org. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mode & Couture '' ( PDF ) . Educatel une formation pour chaque projet . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sear , Rebecca . `` Size , body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia : a life history perspective '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ In this survey , the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock , being approximately 24 % of total German population . Jump up ^ Germany 's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12. 2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel - Format , Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Mikrozensus -- Fragen zur Gesundheit -- Körpermaße der Bevölkerung '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt , Wiesbaden. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Productive Benefits of Improving Health : Evidence from Low - Income Countries , T. Paul Schultz * '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Papadimitriou A , Fytanidis G , Douros K , Papadimitriou DT , Nicolaidou P , Fretzayas A ( 2008 ) . `` Greek young men grow taller '' . Acta Paediatrica. 97 ( 8 ) : 1105 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1651 - 2227.2008. 00855. x . PMID 18477057 . Jump up ^ So HK , Nelson EA , Li AM , Wong EM , Lau JT , Guldan GS , Mak KH , Wang Y , Fok TF , Sung RY ( 2008 ) . `` Secular changes in height , weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 8 : 320 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 8 - 320 . PMC 2572616 . PMID 18803873 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20 % in 2005 . Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education , Committee on Self - financing Post-secondary Education Jump up ^ Jones , Shirley F. ; Cooper , John A. ; Dransfield , Mark T. ( October 2005 ) . `` SINGLE MEASUREMENTS OF INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ARE NOT BETTER THAN FEV1 IN PREDICTING SYMPTOM SCORES IN COPD '' . Chest. 128 ( 4 ) : 247S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.3. 1297 . Jump up ^ Average height of men and women ( National Geographic , Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Mészáros Z , Mészáros J , Völgyi E , Sziva A , Pampakas P , Prókai A , Szmodis M ( 2008 ) . `` Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys : Differences between 1980 -- 2005 '' . Journal of physiological anthropology. 27 ( 5 ) : 241 -- 5 . doi : 10.2114 / jpa2. 27.241 . PMID 18838839 . Jump up ^ Mamidi , RS ; Kulkarni , B ; Singh , A ( 2011 ) . `` Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes '' . Food and nutrition bulletin. 32 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . PMID 21560461 . ^ Jump up to : Venkaiah K , Damayanti K , Nayak MU , Vijayaraghavan K ( 2002 ) . `` Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 11 ) : 1119 -- 25 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1601457 . PMID 12428178 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Family Life Survey , 1997 '' . Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Haghdoost , AA ; Mirzazadeh , A & Alikhani , S ( 2008 ) . `` Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Iranian J Publ Health . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tawfeek H ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad , Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Food and nutrition bulletin. 23 ( 4 ) : 402 -- 6 . PMID 16619749 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` נתוני גובה ממוצע '' . Health-pages.co.il. 2007 - 05 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cacciari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height , weight and BMI ( 2 to 20 yr ) '' . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation . 29 : 581 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03344156 . PMID 16957405 . ^ Jump up to : Okosun IS , Cooper RS , Rotimi CN , Osotimehin B , Forrester T ( 1998 ) . `` Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians , Jamaicans , and African - Americans '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 11 ) : 1836 -- 42 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.11. 1836 . PMID 9802730 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology . e-stat.go.jp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenyans becoming shorter : Study '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post unification discrimination potential '' . Yeolchae. 2006 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사이즈 코리아 남성 / 여성 연령대 별 표준 체형 지수 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 징병 검사 현황 -- 신장 분포 , 청별 '' . Korean Statistical Information Service . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ARIFI , Fitim et al. Stature and its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Kosovan Adults : National Survey . Int. J. Morphol . ( online ) . 2017 , vol. 35 , n. 3 , pp. 1161 - 1167 . ISSN 0717 - 9502 . ^ Jump up to : Note : In this study , the subjects ' height was measured twice . The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm . When they measured the same group after a year , the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm ^ Jump up to : `` Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics '' ( PDF ) . medicina.kmu.lt . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tutkuviene J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians '' . Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Bericht uber die biologisch - anthropologische Literatur. 63 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 44 . JSTOR 29542614 . PMID 15830586 . Jump up ^ Msamati BC , Igbigbi PS ( 2000 ) . `` Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians '' . East African Medical Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 8 . doi : 10.4314 / eamj. v77i7. 46663 . PMID 12862154 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio ( 1995 ) from Historical Overview of Malaysia 's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education , Hazri Jamil . ^ Jump up to : Lim TO , Ding LM , Zaki M , et al. ( March 2000 ) . `` Distribution of Body Weight , Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Med. J. Malaysia . 55 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 28 . PMID 11072496 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Katherine A. Dettwyler ( July 1992 ) . `` Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 321 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330880306 . PMID 1642319 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE ... '' News Release . National Statistics Office -- Malta. 2003 - 12 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Note : A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results : the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm ( 5 ' 4.9 `` ) compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm ( 5 ' 6.7 '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Admixture in Latin America : Geographic Structure , Phenotypic Diversity and Self - Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals '' table 1 , Plosgenetics , 25 September 2014 . Retrieved on 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Cuánto miden los mexicanos ? '' . Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 . WHO ( 2007 ) . ISBN 9992998040 Jump up ^ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.7 ) for male and 17.6 ( ± 0.6 ) for female . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014 , IndexMundi . ^ Jump up to : Deurenberg P , Bhaskaran K , Lian PL ( 2003 ) . `` Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index '' . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 5 . PMID 14505987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reported height , 20 years or older , Central Bureau of Statistics , 15 February 2012 '' . Statline.cbs.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schönbeck , Yvonne ; Talma , Henk ; Van Dommelen , Paula ; Bakker , Boudewijn ; Buitendijk , Simone E. ; Hirasing , Remy A. ; Van Buuren , Stef ( 2012 ) . `` The world 's tallest nation has stopped growing taller : The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009 '' . Pediatric Research . 73 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / pr. 2012.189 . PMID 23222908 . Jump up ^ Ter Goon D , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults '' ( PDF ) . Kinesiology. 43 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistisk årbok 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Norway . 2011 . p. 126 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge '' ( PDF ) . Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs . 2009 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales , Bioquímicos , Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional ( DEVAN ) , Instituto Nacional de Salud ( INS ) . 5 June 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/ Jump up ^ Kułaga Z , Litwin M , Tkaczyk M , Palczewska I , Zajączkowska M , Zwolińska D , Krynicki T , Wasilewska A , Moczulska A , Morawiec - Knysak A , Barwicka K , Grajda A , Gurzkowska B , Napieralska E , Pan H ( 2011 ) . `` Polish 2010 growth references for school - aged children and adolescents '' . European journal of pediatrics. 170 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 609 . doi : 10.1007 / s00431 - 010 - 1329 - x . PMC 3078309 . PMID 20972688 . Note : The values represent averages , not medians listed in the study . Jump up ^ Sardinha ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth : A study in a representative sample of 10 -- 18 - year - old children and adolescents '' . International Journal of Pediatric Obesity , Informa Healthcare . 6 : e124 -- 8 . doi : 10.3109 / 17477166.2010. 490263 . PMID 20919807 . Jump up ^ Bener A1 , Kamal AA. ( 2008 ) . `` Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6 -- 18 years '' . Journal of Health , Population and Nutrition. 23 ( supplement 3 ) : 250 -- 8 . PMID 16262022 . Jump up ^ Evenimente Sibiul 2007 Jump up ^ Brainerd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union : An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data '' ( PDF ) . William Davidson Institute Working Paper . Jump up ^ `` Body Size and Composition , Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women '' ( PDF ) . Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ El Mouzan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 30 ( supplement 3 ) : 203 -- 208 . doi : 10.4103 / 0256 - 4947.62833 . PMC 2886870 . PMID 20427936 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures , University of Novi Sad . Jump up ^ Popovic S , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Int. J. Morphol. 31 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 279 . doi : 10.4067 / S0717 - 95022013000100043 . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.6 ) . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic , UNI AGENTS . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014 , indexMundi . Jump up ^ Ševčíková , Ľ. ; Nováková , J. ; Hamade , J. and Tatara , M. ( 2004 ) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov ( Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years ) . In : Životné podmienky a zdravie ( Living conditions and health ) . Editor : Ľubica Ághová . Bratislava . Jump up ^ Ljubljana 's population in 2011 from UNdata , United Nations . Jump up ^ Starc G , Strel J. `` Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school - aged children and adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 17 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 100 . lastauthoramp = yes Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . doh.gov.za . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ranasinghe , Priyanga ; Jayawardana , M.A. Naveen A.A.D. ; Constantine , Godwin R. ; Sheriff , M.H. Rezvi ; Matthews , David R. ; Katulanda , Prasad ( 2010 ) . `` Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka '' . Economics and Human Biology . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 82 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) , and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 78.9 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Sanidad , Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) , the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 29 is 35 % and the one between 30 -- 49 is 32 % . Therefore the ratio between 18 -- 34 is between 35 -- 67 % . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) . 20minutos.es . `` El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46 , 7 % de ellos presenta un peso normal '' Jump up ^ `` Las tallas del hombre español medio '' . EL MUNDO. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 19 is 6.3 % . Jump up ^ `` Svenskarna längre och tyngre '' . Dagens Nyheter. 2008 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cavelaars , A.E.J.M. , Kunst , A.E. , Geurts , J.J.M. , Crialesi , R. , Grotvedt , L. , Helmert U. ( 2000 ) . `` Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio - economic groups : an overview of 10 European countries '' . Annals of Human Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460050044883 . PMID 10942348 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staub , Kaspar ; Rühli , Frank ; Woitek , Ulrich ; Pfister , Christian ( 2011 ) . `` The average height of 18 - and 19 - year - old conscripts ( N = 458,322 ) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009 , and the secular height trend since 1878 '' . Swiss Medical Weekly . doi : 10.4414 / smw. 2011.13238 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Survey explanation -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile : Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University , ICDE . Jump up ^ Jordan S , Lim L , Seubsman SA , Bain C , Sleigh A ( 2012 ) . `` Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of epidemiology and community health . 66 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 80 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2010.113043 . PMC 3230828 . PMID 20805198 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians : time to rethink the healthy weight ranges ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Obesity. 25 : 1806 -- 1814 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ijo. 0801822 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Iseri A. ; Arslan N. ( 2008 ) . `` Obesity in adults in Turkey : age and regional effects '' . European Journal of Public Health . 19 ( supplement 1 ) : 91 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckn107 . PMID 19091784 . ^ Jump up to : Ankara 's population in 2000 from Turkey : Provinces and Major Cities , CITY POPULATION . ^ Jump up to : Özer , Basak Koca ( 2008 ) . `` Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults '' . Anthropological Science . 116 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1537 / ase. 061213 . Jump up ^ Abdulrazzaq , Yousef M ; Moussa , Mohamed A ; Nagelkerke , Nicolaas ( 2008 ) . `` National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates '' . J Epidemiol. 18 ( 6 ) : 295 -- 303 . doi : 10.2188 / jea. JE2008037 . PMID 19075495 . ^ Jump up to : regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census , Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom , Office for National Statistics . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scottish Health Survey 2008 '' . Scotland.gov.uk. 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Welsh Health Survey 2009 , p. 58 '' ( PDF ) . Wales.gov.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : US Dept. of Health and Human Services ; et al. ( August 2016 ) . `` Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults : United States , 2011 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Health Statistics Reports . 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Cruzada por lo alto : los petisos denuncian dura discriminación '' ( in Spanish ) . El País. 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009 . Viet Nam : Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project ( HESDP ) , Asian Development Bank Jump up ^ Hung , Mai Van & Park , Sunyoung ( 2008 ) . `` The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students '' ( PDF ) . VNU Journal of Science , Natural Sciences and Technology . 24 : 50 -- 55 . External links A century of trends in adult human height by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration ( NCD - RisC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_average_human_height_worldwide&oldid=854656390 '' Categories : Size Statistics - related lists Human height Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Date and year CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with short description Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Deutsch Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	average height for 16 year old male in america	[]	[]
9135113762729017334	Food group	Food group - wikipedia Food group Jump to : navigation , search Grains , the largest food group in many nutrition guides , includes oats , barley and bread . Cookies , however , are categorized as sugar . Vegetables , the second largest food group in many nutrition guides , come in a wide variety of shapes , colors and sizes . A food group is a collection of foods that share similar nutritional properties or biological classifications . Nutrition guides typically divide foods into food groups and recommend daily servings of each group for a healthy diet . In the United States for instance , USDA has described food as being in from 4 to 11 different groups . Contents ( hide ) 1 The most common food groups 2 Uncommon food groups 3 See also 4 References The most common food groups ( edit ) Dairy , also called milk products and sometimes categorized with milk alternatives or meat , is typically a smaller category in nutrition guides . Examples of dairy products include milk , butter , ghee , yogurt , cheese , cream and ice cream , is typically a very small category in nutrition guides , if present at all , and is sometimes listed apart from other food groups . The categorization of dairy as a food group with recommended daily servings has been criticized by , for example , the Harvard School of Public Health . The HSPH points out that `` research has shown little benefit , and considerable potential for harm , of such high dairy intakes . Moderate consumption of milk or other dairy products -- one to two servings a day -- is fine , and likely has some benefits for children . But it 's not essential for adults , for a host of reasons . '' Fruits , sometimes categorized with vegetables , include apples , oranges , bananas , berries and lemons . Fruits contain carbohydrates , mostly in the form of sugar as well as important vitamins and minerals . Grains , beans and legumes , sometimes categorized as cereals , is often the largest category in nutrition guides . Examples include wheat , rice , oats , barley , bread and pasta . An example of beans would be baked beans and soy beans , while an example of legumes would be lentils and chickpeas . Grains are a good source of starch and are often categorized with other starchy food such as potatoes . Meat , sometimes labeled protein and occasionally inclusive of legumes and beans , eggs , meat analogues and / or dairy , is typically a medium - to smaller - sized category in nutrition guides . Examples include chicken , fish , turkey , pork and beef . Confections , also called sugary foods and sometimes categorized with fats and oils , is typically a very small category in nutrition guides , if present at all , and is sometimes listed apart from other food groups . Examples include candy , soft drinks , and chocolate . Vegetables , sometimes categorized with fruit and occasionally inclusive of legumes , is typically a large category second only to grains , or sometimes equal or superior to grains , in nutrition guides . Examples include spinach , carrots , onions , peppers , and broccoli . Water is treated in very different ways by different food guides . Some exclude the category , others list it separately from other food groups , and yet others make it the center or foundation of the guide . Water is sometimes categorized with tea , fruit juice , vegetable juice and even soup , and is typically recommended in plentiful amounts . Uncommon food groups ( edit ) The number of `` common '' food groups varies depending on who is defining them . Canada 's Food Guide , which has been in continual publication since 1942 and is the second most requested government document ( after the income tax form ) in Canada , recognizes only four official food groups , listing the remainder of foods as `` another '' . Some of these `` others '' include : Alcohol is listed apart from other food groups and recommended only for certain people in moderation by Harvard 's Healthy Eating Pyramid and the University of Michigan 's Healing Foods Pyramid , while Italy 's food pyramid includes a half - serving of wine and beer . See also ( edit ) Table of food nutrients References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestle , Marion ( 2013 ) ( 2002 ) . Food Politics : How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health . University of California Press . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27596 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating - Enjoy a Variety of Foods Every Day '' . Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The eatwell plate '' . National Health Service . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` USDA 's MyPlate '' . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Eating Plate & Healthy Eating Pyramid '' . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eine runde Sache : Der neue DGE - Ernährungskreis '' . Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung ( in German ) . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Healing Foods Pyramid TM 2010 '' . University of Michigan Health System . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for healthy , tasty eating and drinking for adults '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Society for Nutrition . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy Eating Pyramid '' . Harvard School of Public Health . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Piramide Alimentare Italiana '' . Istituto di Scienza dell'Alimentazione ( in Italian ) . Università di Roma . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_group&oldid=790724036 '' Categories : Nutrition Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Kreyòl ayisyen Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do legumes fall in the food pyramid	[]	[]
-8224503063183959536	Skoal (tobacco)	Skoal ( tobacco ) - wikipedia Skoal ( tobacco ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Skoal Type Private Industry Smokeless tobacco Founded 1934 Headquarters Stamford , Connecticut , United States Products Dipping tobacco , snus Website Skoal.com A can of Skoal Bandits Mint . Skoal is a brand of dipping tobacco , also known as moist snuff . Skoal is produced by the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company ( USSTC ) , which is a subsidiary of Altria . It is considered a higher - priced product within the dipping tobacco market . Skoal was first produced by USSTC in 1934 . `` Skoal '' is an Anglicisation of skål , a term used sometimes in Scandinavian regions to announce a toast of friendship , with connotations of well - wishing . Skoal Peach Pouches was controversially discontinued in the summer of 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nicotine level 1.1 Nicotine level rankings 1.2 Free nicotine level rankings 1.3 Mixed opinions on strength 2 Cuts and flavors 2.1 Discontinued 3 History 4 Popularity 5 Ready Cut controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Nicotine level ( edit ) A study conducted by scientists at R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company using both the nicotine levels and free nicotine Levels in common tobacco brands produced in 2006 generated the following ranked results : Rank / order Tobacco brand / variety NicotinelLevel ( mg per gram ) Timberwolf Long Cut Winter Green 14.1 Copenhagen Long Cut 13.9 Longhorn Long Cut Winter Green 13.8 Renegades Winter Green 13.4 5 Skoal Long Cut Straight 13.4 6 Skoal Fine Cut Original 13.3 7 Red Seal Fine Cut 13.2 8 Husky Fine Cut 12.9 9 Skoal Long Cut Mint 12.9 10 Skoal Long Cut Winter Green 12.8 11 Copenhagen Original 12.7 12 Skoal Long Cut Cherry 12.7 13 Kayak Long Cut Winter Green 11.9 14 Copenhagen Pouches 11.2 15 Grizzly Long Cut Winter Green 11.2 16 Kodiak Winter Green 10.7 17 Cooper Long Cut Winter Green 8.0 Advancements in measurement Using another measurement criteria known as the free nicotine level , a level which is generated mathematically using the nicotine levels and the pH level of the tobacco brand , the results are ranked on the chart below : Rank / order Tobacco brand / variety Free nicotine level ( mg per gram ) Kodiak Winter Green 8.2 Copenhagen Pouches 6.8 Grizzly Long Cut Winter Green 5.9 Longhorn Long Cut Winter Green 5.7 5 Copenhagen Long Cut 5.4 6 Timberwolf Long Cut Winter Green 5.2 7 Husky Fine Cut 4.8 8 Skoal Long Cut Straight 3.9 9 Skoal Fine Cut Original 3.9 10 Skoal Long Cut Mint 3.7 11 Copenhagen Original 3.2 12 Red Seal Fine Cut 3.1 13 Skoal Long Cut Winter Green 2.9 14 Renegades Winter Green 2.4 15 Kayak Long Cut Winter Green 2.3 16 Skoal Long Cut Cherry 1.7 17 Cooper Long Cut Winter Green 1.1 Nicotine level rankings ( edit ) The results of this 2006 study on traditional moist snuff 's most common varieties in terms of nicotine level only , show that Timberwolf Long Cut Winter Green , at 14.1 mg , is the highest , Copenhagen Long Cut , at 13.9 mg , is the second highest , and Longhorn 's Long Cut Winter Green , at 13.8 mg , is third highest . The study also shows Cooper 's Long Cut Winter Green , at 8.0 mg , is the lowest , Kodiak Long Cut Winter Green , at 10.7 mg , is second lowest , and Copenhagen Pouches and Grizzly Long Cut Wintergreen , both at 11.2 mg , tie for third last . Skoal ranking Skoal , with a long cut range of 12.7 mg ( tied for 11th strongest level , ( Skoal Long Cut Cherry ) ) , to a level of 13.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco ( tied for 4th strongest level , ( Skoal Long Cut Straight ) ) . Free nicotine level rankings ( edit ) However , in terms of the free nicotine level , it can be seen from the results that Kodiak Winter Green had the highest level at 8.2 mg , followed by Copenhagen Pouches at 6.8 mg , and Grizzly Long Cut Winter Green at 5.9 mg . The three lowest brands , were Cooper Long Cut Winter Green at 1.1 mg , Skoal Long Cut Cherry at 1.7 mg , and Kayak Long Cut Winter Green with a free nicotine level at 2.3 mg . Skoal ranking Skoal had a long cut free nicotine level range of 1.7 mg ( tied for 16th strongest level , ( Skoal Long Cut Cherry ) ) to 3.9 mg of free nicotine per gram of tobacco ( tied for 8th strongest level ( Skoal Long Cut Straight ) and ( Skoal Fine Cut Original ) ) . Mixed opinions on strength ( edit ) From these results , it can be seen that Skoal ranks among the upper average in most varieties of its dipping tobacco . However , in the nicotine level chart , a measurement designed to read how much nicotine one actually receives while using the product , Skoal 's varieties ranged from average ( 8th ) to poor ( 2nd to last ) depending on flavor and texture . Cuts and flavors ( edit ) A tin of Skoal X-tra Crisp Blend Long Cut . A can of Skoal X-TRA Mint Chill moist snuff , now discontinued . Skoal is packaged in a 1.2 oz plastic can with a metal lid and is available in three textures : fine cut , long cut and two different pouch sizes . Fine cut is more grain - like , while long cut is more string - like . Two pouch varieties of Skoal are also available , Bandits , which are small pouches , and standard size pouches . The tobacco is sealed in a teabag - like pouch , eliminating the problem of tobacco spreading through the mouth . They are also easier to remove , since the tobacco stays in the pouch throughout use . Skoal Bandits are smaller , 1 gram pouches . To compensate for the smaller portion of Bandits , tins of them contain 20 pouches , instead of the standard 15 . Skoal Original Fine Cut Wintergreen was originally sold in a fiberboard can with tin lid , just like Copenhagen , and was packaged in the plastic can with a tin lid . Skoal Long Cut has always been sold in a plastic can , and originally had a plastic lid as well . The product originally produced was only available in wintergreen flavor , but other flavors have been made available : Skoal Original Fine Cut Wintergreen Skoal Bandits Mint Skoal Bandits Wintergreen Skoal Long Cut Wintergreen Skoal Long Cut Straight Skoal Long Cut Mint Skoal Long Cut Classic Skoal Long Cut Cherry Skoal Long Cut Spearmint Skoal Long Cut Apple Blend Skoal Long Cut Berry Blend Skoal Long Cut Citrus Blend Skoal Long Cut Peach Blend Skoal Pouches Mint Skoal Pouches Straight Skoal Pouches Wintergreen Skoal Pouches Apple Skoal Pouches Citrus Skoal Pouches Berry Skoal Snus Mint Skoal Snus Smooth Mint Skoal X-tra Crisp Blend Long Cut / Pouches Skoal X-tra Mint Long Cut / Pouches Skoal X-tra Rich Blend Long Cut / Pouches Skoal X-tra Wintergreen Long Cut / Pouches Skoal X-tra was introduced in 2011 and has a bolder flavor and slightly more nicotine than regular Skoal . Skoal X-tra Crisp Blend and Rich Blend are two regular Skoal flavors fused together . Crisp Blend is a combination of Apple and Citrus , while Rich Blend is a combination of Cherry and Berry . Skoal ReadyCut was introduced in late 2012 . It is 15 pre-formed cubes of long cut tobacco which eliminate the need for packing the tin and are more convenient than traditional long cut . As of 2015 , it had largely been removed from most markets , with showings only in a few states and online . When Skoal Long Cut was introduced , the original four flavors were : Wintergreen Mint ( introduced in 1985 ) Straight Classic In 1993 , two new flavors added to the line - up : Cherry Spearmint Many more flavors and varieties were subsequently added . Discontinued ( edit ) Skoal Peach Pouches Skoal Dry Cinnamon Pouches Skoal Dry Menthol Pouches Skoal Dry Regular Pouches Skoal Fine Cut Straight Skoal Key Skoal Long Cut Edge Wintergreen Skoal Long Cut Frost Skoal Long Cut Vanilla Blend Skoal Snus Cinnamon Skoal Snus Citrus Blend Skoal Bandits Straight Skoal Bandits Classic Skoal Long Cut Select Blend ( was available in Ohio ) Skoal ReadyCut Mint Skoal ReadyCut Straight Skoal ReadyCut Wintergreen Skoal X-tra Mint Chill Long Cut and Pouches History ( edit ) A redesigned tin of Skoal X-TRA Long Cut Mint Blend . 1934 : Skoal was introduced as a wintergreen - flavored smokeless tobacco . 1983 : Skoal Bandits were released . 1984 : Skoal Long Cut was released nationwide . It was introduced in four flavors : Wintergreen , Mint , Straight and Classic . 1989 : Skoal Bandits were introduced to the UK , but banned by the government shortly afterwards amid widespread health concerns 2010 : Skoal pouches were released . 2011 : Skoal Snus was released . 2011 : Skoal Xtra was released in pouches and longcut . Early 2012 : Skoal ReadyCut was released in a limited area . ( Indiana , Florida , Kentucky and Virginia only ) Late 2012 : Skoal ReadyCut was available across the United States . 2013 : Skoal Xtra Mint Chill was released for trial in selected areas ( Texas , South Carolina and Virginia only ) 2013 : Skoal ReadyCut discontinued . Late 2015 : Skoal Xtra Mint Chill discontinued Mid-2016 : Re-introduction of Skoal Apple , Berry , and Citrus pouches Popularity ( edit ) IRI infoscan data for 2012 indicated that Skoal tobacco held a 22.5 % share of the US smokeless tobacco market . There have been several songs written about Skoal or containing references to Skoal such as `` The Grundy County Spitting Incident '' by Cledus T. Judd . Ready Cut controversy ( edit ) In late 2012 , Skoal introduced their `` ReadyCut '' line . Ready cut was essentially the same as their previous tobacco offerings , with the primary difference being in the way in which it was presented in the can . As opposed to pouches , or loose tobacco , Ready Cut was pressed into small bricks roughly one inch long , and half an inch square . The premise behind this was that a user could get their average `` pinch '' without the need to pack the can , or spend too much time digging the tobacco out . Furthermore , there would be less tobacco dropped , making the ready cut bricks cleaner . Shortly after its introduction , however , many users began to complain that the number of bricks in the can , did not equate the same amount of tobacco which the company claimed was packaged . ( Most cans have roughly one ounce of loose tobacco in them , while the average number of pouches per can is in the 15 to 20 range . ) Users noted that if the bricks were broken apart and pressed around to form the usual loose tobacco , the can itself seemed half full ; thus being less than the advertised one ounce . As a result of this , and the perceived stigma associated with pouch use by regular users , Ready Cut sales quickly dwindled , to a point that by the end of 2013 , Skoal had largely pulled Ready Cut from the market . See also ( edit ) Copenhagen ( tobacco ) Health issues related to smokeless tobacco Tobacco Dipping tobacco References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` R Street '' . R Street Institute . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UST Inc . History '' . U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . External links ( edit ) Official website Market information ( 1 ) ( hide ) Altria Philip Morris USA Basic Benson & Hedges Cambridge Chesterfield Lark L&M Marlboro Merit Parliament Virginia Slims U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Copenhagen Red Seal Skoal John Middleton Co . Black & Mild Prince Albert Ste . Michelle Wine Estates Chateau Ste . Michelle Stag 's Leap Wine Cellars ( 50 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skoal_(tobacco)&oldid=794459582 '' Categories : Tobacco brands Products introduced in 1934 Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 04 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much nicotine is in a tin of grizzly wintergreen	[]	[]
4295611936472356391	Max Carver	Max Carver - wikipedia Max Carver Jump to : navigation , search Max Carver Carver at San Diego Comic Con International in 2013 Robert Maxwell Martensen Jr ( 1988 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1988 ( age 29 ) San Francisco , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2008 -- present Relatives Charlie Carver ( twin brother ) Max Carver ( born Robert Maxwell Martensen Jr ; August 1 , 1988 ) is an American actor . He is known for his role as Preston Scavo in the ABC television series Desperate Housewives , and as Aiden on the MTV teen - horror drama Teen Wolf . He starred in the first season of the HBO series The Leftovers . His twin brother Charlie Carver portrayed the twin of his characters in all three shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Music videos 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Max Carver was born in San Francisco , California , on August 1 , 1988 . His identical twin brother Charles was born seven minutes earlier on July 31 . Before he began acting professionally , he was known as Max Martensen . His father was Robert Martensen , and his mother , Anne Carver , is a philanthropist and community activist . In 1992 , Anne and her new husband Denis Sutro moved the family to Calistoga in Napa Valley . He attended High School at St. Paul 's Boarding School in Concord , New Hampshire , from which he graduated in 2007 . In 2012 , he graduated from the University of Southern California with a bachelor 's degree in English . Career ( edit ) His acting debut was with his brother in the ABC television series , Desperate Housewives ; they played Preston and Porter Scavo , sons to Felicity Huffman and Doug Savant . He and his brother appeared in season 3 of MTV 's Teen Wolf as a pair of twin werewolves -- Max plays Aiden , and Charlie plays Ethan . They next appeared in the first season of HBO series The Leftovers . Carver has also acted separately from his brother . He has guest starred on shows such as The Office , Good Luck Charlie , Victorious , and Best Friends Forever . He had a cameo role in the 2014 comedy Mantervention , playing Lifeguard Joe . He made his principal film debut in 2014 in Ask Me Anything , co-starring with Britt Robertson , Justin Long , and Martin Sheen . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Cliffhanger Charlie Short film 2012 Haven 's Point Kevin Short film 2013 Dean Slater : Resident Advisor Pissed off guy 2014 Ask Me Anything Rory 2014 Mantervention Lifeguard Joe 2017 Fist Fight Daniel 2017 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Snout Post-Production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 -- 2012 Desperate Housewives Preston Scavo Recurring role ; 40 episodes 2009 The Office Eric Episode : `` Gossip '' Good Luck Charlie Brad Episode : `` Double Whammy '' 2012 Best Friends Forever Corey Episode : `` Single and Lovin ' It '' 2012 Victorious Evan Smith Episode : `` The Blonde Squad '' 2012 NTSF : SD : SUV : : Thad Episode : `` 16 Hop Street '' 2012 Halo 4 : Forward Unto Dawn Cadmon Lasky Web series ; 5 episodes 2013 The Cheating Pact Jordan Television film 2013 -- 2014 , 2015 Teen Wolf Aiden Recurring role ( season 3 ) , Guest role ( season 5 ) ; 20 episodes 2014 The Leftovers Adam Frost Main role ( season 1 ) ; 5 episodes 2014 Grand Theft Auto : Give Me Liberty Claude Television film 2015 Following , The The Following Reggie Episode : `` Home '' 2015 Filthy Preppy Teen $ Chaad Bishop Main role ; 8 episodes 2016 Cupcake Wars Himself Guest star 2017 Blooms Andrew Bloom Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Role Artist 2016 `` Rough Sweat '' Thomas White China Gold Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref 2008 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Desperate Housewives Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ California Birth Index 1905 - 1995 , Ancestry.com Jump up ^ Interview with Charlie and Max Carver Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Teen Wolf AddsDesperate Twins , Nick Cannon Signs New NBC Deal and More ! '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Leftovers Is Making All Of These Changes For Season 2 '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucarelli , Kristina ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Teen Wolf ' Twins Max And Charlie Carver Land Spots In HBO Pilot ' The Leftovers ' '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks ( Viacom ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie & Max Carver Join HBO 's ' Leftovers ' '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mantervention ' Official Site '' . Scatena & Rosner Films . December 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mantervention ' on IMDb '' . IMDb.com . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Mike ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` The 14th Annual SAG Award Nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Max Carver on IMDb Max Carver on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Carver&oldid=797086956 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people American male television actors Identical twin male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from San Francisco Twin people from the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 21 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	max and charlie carver cheaper by the dozen	[]	[]
5920125147594616765	FA Cup	FA Cup - wikipedia FA Cup Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see FA Cup ( disambiguation ) . FA Cup Organising body The Football Association Founded 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 ) Region England Wales Number of teams 737 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Qualifier for UEFA Europa League Domestic cup ( s ) FA Community Shield Current champions Chelsea ( 8th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Arsenal ( 13 titles ) Television broadcasters BBC BT Sport Website FA Cup 2017 -- 18 FA Cup The FA Cup , known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest national football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup . The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen . The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter - finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant - killing '' victory . Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Chelsea are the current holders , having beaten Manchester United 1 -- 0 in the 2018 final . Arsenal are the most successful club with 13 titles . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Competition format 3.1 Overview 3.2 Schedule 3.3 The draw 3.4 Tiebreaking 4 Qualification for subsequent competitions 4.1 European football 4.2 FA Community Shield 5 Venues 5.1 Competition rounds 5.2 Semi-finals 5.3 Final 5.4 Artificial turf 6 Trophy 6.1 Original design 6.1. 1 1871 original 6.1. 2 1895 replica 6.2 Current design 6.2. 1 1911 original 6.2. 2 1992 replica 6.2. 3 2014 replica 7 Medals 8 Sponsorship 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Final 9.1. 1 Team 9.1. 2 Individual 9.2 All rounds 10 Cup runs and giant killings 10.1 Early years 10.2 Non-league giant killings 10.3 Non-league cup runs 10.4 Giant killings between league clubs 11 Winners and finalists 11.1 Results by team 11.2 Consecutive winners 11.3 Winning managers 11.4 Doubles / Trebles 11.5 Outside England 11.6 Outside the top division 12 Media coverage 12.1 Domestic broadcasters 12.2 Overseas broadcasters 13 References 13.1 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the FA Cup Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup Final where Aston Villa defeated Newcastle United In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association ( the FA ) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then . On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C.W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' . The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 . After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 . Wanderers retained the trophy the following year . The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced . Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did not resume until 1919 -- 20 . The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium ( known at the time as the Empire Stadium ) . Due to the outbreak of World War II , the competition was not played between the 1938 -- 39 and 1945 -- 46 editions . Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard . Having previously featured replays , the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day , was introduced from 2000 onwards . Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time , the 2001 -- 2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . The final returned to Wembley in 2007 , followed by the semi-finals from 2008 . Eligibility ( edit ) The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria . All clubs in the top four levels ( the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League ) are automatically eligible . Clubs in the next six levels ( non-league football ) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season . Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season . All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium . It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances . Manchester United did not defend their title in 1999 -- 2000 , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship . The club stated that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles . The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side . The move benefited United as they received a two - week break and won the 1999 -- 2000 league title by an 18 - point margin , although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship . The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation . Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 ) , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay . In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association . In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time . The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years . In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long - standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season . In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 . The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then , with 759 clubs participating in 2010 -- 11 , a record 763 in 2011 -- 12 , 758 for 2012 -- 13 , 737 for 2013 -- 14 and 736 for 2014 -- 15 . By comparison , the other major English domestic cup , the League Cup , involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League . Competition format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May . A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages . There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw . Prior to the quarter - finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only . The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis . The next six rounds are the `` proper '' rounds where all clubs are in one draw . Schedule ( edit ) Entrants from the bottom two levels ( 9 and 10 ) begin the competition in the Extra Preliminary Round . Clubs from higher levels are then added in later rounds , as per the table below . The months in which rounds are played are traditional , with exact dates subject to each year 's calendar . Round New entrants at this round Month No of matches Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August 184 Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs 160 First Round Level 7 clubs September 116 Second Round Level 6 clubs 80 Third Round none October 40 Fourth Round Level 5 clubs 32 Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November 40 Second Round none December 20 Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January 32 Fourth Round none 16 Fifth Round February 8 Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides . The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections , but this practice was ended after the 1997 -- 98 competition . The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May . The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships . The draw ( edit ) The draws for the Extra-Preliminary , Preliminary , and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time . Thereafter , the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round , meaning that in the case of replays , clubs will often know their future opponents in advance . This season 2016 / 17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season 's later rounds . The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television , usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round . Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round , which is where the top - ranked teams are added to the draw . Tiebreaking ( edit ) In rounds up to and including the fifth round proper , fixtures resulting in a draw ( after normal time ) go to a replay , played at the venue of the away team , at a later date ; if that replay is still tied , the winner is settled by a period of extra time , and if still necessary , a penalty shootout . Since 2016 -- 17 , ties are settled on the day from the quarter - finals onwards , using extra time and penalties . Until 1990 -- 91 , further replays would be played until one team was victorious . Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game , but from 1991 -- 92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper . This led to penalty shoot - outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United . From 1980 -- 81 to 1998 -- 99 , the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw . If the score was still level after extra time , the match would go to a replay . Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999 -- 2000 , the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998 -- 99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 after extra time . The first game had ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final , between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians . The initial tie finished 1 -- 1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2 -- 0 in normal time . The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final , when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup , 2 -- 1 after extra time . The last quarter - final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground , 2 -- 1 . It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground . Qualification for subsequent competitions ( edit ) European Football ( edit ) The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly named the UEFA Cup ; from its launch in 1960 until 1998 , they entered the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup instead ) . This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight . In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead . FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage . Losing finalists , if they have n't qualified for Europe via the league , began earlier , at the play - off or third qualifying round stage . From the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League season , however , UEFA does not allow the runners - up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition . If the winner -- and until 2015 , the runner - up -- has already qualified for Europe through their league position ( with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998 ) , the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest - place team in the league who has not yet qualified . FA Community Shield ( edit ) The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season 's single - match FA Community Shield , the traditional season opener played against the previous season 's Premier League champions ( or the Premier League runners - up if the FA Cup winners also won the league -- the double ) . Venues ( edit ) Since 2007 the FA Cup Final has been held at Wembley Stadium , on the site of the previous stadium which hosted it from 1923 to 2000 . Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams . The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue -- the rebuilt Wembley Stadium ( since 2008 and 2007 respectively ) . Competition rounds ( edit ) In the matches for the twelve competition rounds , the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn -- simply the first team drawn out for each fixture . Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place , security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams . In the event of a draw , the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home . In the days when multiple replays were possible , the second replay ( and any further replays ) were played at neutral grounds . The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay . Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008 , one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final ( in 2007 ) . For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue . In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high - capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel . The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham ( 55 times ) , Hillsborough in Sheffield ( 34 times ) and Old Trafford in Manchester ( 23 times ) . The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final , between 1991 and 2000 ( the last held there ) , but not always for fixtures featuring London teams . In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium . In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium . This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final . In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out . A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals . Final ( edit ) The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 . The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales . Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 ( being originally named the Empire Stadium ) . One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals ( including five replays ) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea , held at Old Trafford in Manchester . In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final ( including 8 replays ) was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace . It was played 22 times at The Oval ( the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 ) . After The Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by four replays elsewhere . The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 ( the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium ) ; and the University of Oxford 's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final , in 1873 . The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London , as follows : Racecourse Ground , Derby ( 1886 ) Fallowfield Stadium , Manchester ( 1893 ) Goodison Park , Liverpool ( 1894 ) Burnden Park , Bolton ( 1901 replay ) Old Trafford , Manchester ( 1911 replay ) Goodison Park ( 1910 replay ) Bramall Lane , Sheffield ( 1912 replay ) Old Trafford ( 1915 ) Artificial turf ( edit ) The FA permitted artificial turf ( 3G ) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond . Under the 2015 -- 16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs . This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only -- if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch . Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2014 . Trophy ( edit ) The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup ; it is only loaned to the club by the FA , under the current ( 2015 -- 16 ) rules it must be returned by 1 March , or earlier if given seven days ' notice . Traditionally , the holders had the Cup until the following year 's presentation , although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals . King George V presents the FA Cup trophy to Tommy Boyle of Burnley F.C. , April 1914 The trophy comes in three parts -- the cup itself , plus a lid and a base . There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented . The original trophy , known as the `` little tin idol '' , was 18 inches high and made by Martin , Hall & Co . It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered , and so was replaced by an exact replica , used until 1910 . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners , Manchester United , made their own replica , leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright . This new , larger design was by Fattorini and Sons , and was used from 1911 . In order to preserve this original , from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica , although this had to be replaced after just over two decades , after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras . This third replica , first used in 2014 , was built heavier to withstand the increased handling . Of the four surviving trophies , only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership . The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony . This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner . During the final , the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game . The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup . Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box . At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch . The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London . Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock ( who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory ) . Portsmouth F.C. have the distinction of being the football club which has held the FA Cup trophy for the longest uninterrupted period - seven years . Portsmouth had defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 1 in the 1939 FA Cup Final and were awarded the trophy as 1938 - 1939 FA Cup Champions . But with the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , the regular Football League and FA Cup competitions for the 1939 - 40 season were cancelled for the duration of the war . Portsmouth 's manager Jack Tinn was rumoured to have kept the FA Cup trophy ' safe under his bed ' throughout the duration of the war , but this is an urban myth . Because the naval city of Portsmouth was a primary strategic military target for German Luftwaffe bombing , the FA Cup trophy was actually taken ten miles to the north of Portsmouth , to the nearby Hampshire village of Lovedean , and there it resided in a quaint thatched roof country pub called The Bird in Hand for the seven years of the war . After the conclusion of World War II , the FA Cup trophy was presented back to the Football Association by Portsmouth F.C. in time for the 1946 FA Cup Final . Original design ( edit ) 1871 original ( edit ) The first trophy , the ' little tin idol ' , was made by Martin , Hall & Co at a cost of £ 20 It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again . Despite a £ 10 reward for information , the crime was never solved . As it happened while it was in their care , the FA fined Villa £ 25 to pay for a replacement . Just over 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry ( Harry ) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 . He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper ( the crime pre-dated written police reports ) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed . Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half - crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison . He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars . Released in 1961 , he died in 1964 . 1895 replica ( edit ) The second FA Cup trophy , used between 1896 and 1910 . After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long - serving president Lord Kinnaird . Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 . It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £ 420,000 ( £ 478,400 including auction fees and taxes ) . The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia , surpassing the £ 254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997 . The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation . Accordingly , Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006 , where it went on immediate public display . It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester . In November 2012 , it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers , after they beat Wanderers 7 -- 1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final . Current design ( edit ) 1911 original ( edit ) The redesigned trophy first used in 1911 was larger at 61.5 cm ( 24.2 inches ) high , and was designed and manufactured by Fattorini 's of Bradford , coincidentally being won by Bradford City in its first outing . On the 27 March 2016 episode of the BBC television programme Antiques Roadshow , this trophy was valued at £ 1 million by expert Alastair Dickenson , although he suggested that , due to the design featuring depictions of grapes and vines , it may not have been specifically produced for the FA , but was instead an off - the - shelf design originally meant to be a wine or champagne cooler . A smaller , but otherwise identical , replica was also made by Fattorini , the North Wales Coast FA Cup trophy , and is contested annually by members of that regional Association . 1992 replica ( edit ) The current design of the FA Cup ( 1992 replica pictured ) The 1992 replica was made by Toye , Kenning and Spencer . A copy of this trophy was also produced , in case anything happened to the primary trophy . 2014 replica ( edit ) The 2014 replica was made by Thomas Lyte , handcrafted in sterling 925 silver over 250 hours . A weight increase to increase durability has taken it to 6.3 kilograms ( 14 lb ) . Medals ( edit ) Each club in the final receives 40 winners or runners - up medals to be distributed among players , staff , and officials . Sponsorship ( edit ) Pre-match ceremony of 2010 FA Cup Final showing sponsorship by E. ON See also : English football sponsorship Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored . However , to protect the identity of the competition , the sponsored name has always included ' The FA Cup ' in addition to the sponsor 's name , unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word ' cup ' is preceded by only the sponsor 's name . Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E. ON -- one - year extensions may be agreed . Emirates Airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ' The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ' The FA Cup in association with E. ON ' and ' The FA Cup with Budweiser ' . Period Sponsor Name 1871 / 72 -- 1993 / 94 No main sponsor The FA Cup 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 Littlewoods The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods 1998 / 99 -- 2001 / 02 AXA The AXA sponsored FA Cup ( 1998 -- 99 ) The FA Cup sponsored by AXA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2002 / 03 -- 2005 / 06 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 E. ON The FA Cup sponsored by E. ON 2011 / 12 -- 2013 / 14 Budweiser The FA Cup with Budweiser 2014 / 15 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2015 / 16 -- 2017 / 18 Emirates The Emirates FA Cup From August 2006 to 2013 , Umbro supplied match balls for all FA Cup matches . Since March 2013 , Nike has supplied the official match ball . Records and statistics ( edit ) See also : Football records in England Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 , joint record : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Manchester United ( 1909 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2016 , 2018 ) Most consecutive / uninterrupted years as FA Cup Champions : 7 , Portsmouth F.C. , ( 1939 - 1946 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , joint record : Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Manchester United ( 1957 , 1958 , 1976 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2007 , 2018 ) Individual ( edit ) Ian Rush , the former Liverpool striker and record goalscorer in FA Cup final history Ashley Cole won a record seven FA Cup Finals Most wins by player : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most wins by manager : 7 , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) , Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1874 -- 75 , 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) ( 2 in 1986 , 2 in 1989 , 1 in 1992 ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 1 each in 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days ( 2004 ) Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days ( 1983 ) Oldest player : Billy Hampson ( Newcastle United ) , 41 years and 257 days ( 1924 ) All rounds ( edit ) Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Highest attendance at Wembley : 126,047 ( official ) up to 300,000 ( estimate ) at the `` White Horse Final '' ( Bolton Wanderers v. West Ham United , 28 April 1923 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , November 6 / 9 / 15 / 17 / 20 / 22 1971 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , for : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 1st Qualifying Round , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( First Round , 1884 through Second round , replay , 1886 . Won two FA Cups . ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( Third Round Proper , 2009 through Fourth Round Proper , replay , 2013 . Won three FA Cups . ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , Preliminary Round , August 1995 ) Most career goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( for Notts County in 12 tournaments from 1877 -- 78 to 1888 -- 89 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 -- 88 . Preston outscored opponents 50 -- 5 over 7 matches , including `` Biggest win '' shown above . ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 11 -- 0 defeat of Margate , First Round Proper , 20 November 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , 3rd Qualifying Round , 10 October 1987 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , Preliminary Round , 3 September 2011 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years and 66 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , First Round Proper , 12 November 2011 ) Cup runs and giant killings ( edit ) The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition in what is known as a `` giant killing '' , is much anticipated by the public . Such upsets are considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , and the attention gained by giant - killing teams can be as great as that for winners of the cup . Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant - killing act in its history . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat , or where the giant - killer is a non-league club , i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League . One analysis of four years of FA Cup results showed that it was 99.85 per cent likely that at least one team would beat one from its next higher division in a given year . The probability drops to 48.8 per cent for a two - division gap , and 39.28 per cent for a three - division gap . Early years ( edit ) The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition . Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant - killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners - up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next strongest football league -- the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division ( as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . ) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League : Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 ( champions of the Football Alliance , a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division , which it formally became in 1892 -- Wednesday being let straight into the First Division ) , and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 ( in which years they were also Southern League champions , proving the strength of that league : again , they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time , but Southampton 's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division . ) Non-league giant killings ( edit ) The most recent examples of a non-league team ( Levels 5 to 10 ) beating a Level 1 opponent are National League side Lincoln City 's away victory over Premier League side Burnley in the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup and Conference Premier side Luton Town 's away victory over Level 1 Premier League 's Norwich City in the 2012 -- 13 Fourth Round Proper . Prior to that game , the last time a non-league side defeated a Level 1 club was in 1989 when Sutton United claimed a 2 -- 1 victory at home over Coventry City , who had won the FA Cup less than two years prior . In the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup , a non-league side achieved a Level 1 giant killing that was voted `` best FA Cup tie ever '' in a 2007 poll by The Observer newspaper . Non-league Hereford United was trailing First Division Newcastle United 0 -- 1 with less than seven minutes left in the Third Round Proper replay , when Hereford 's Ronnie Radford scored the equalizer -- a goal still shown regularly when FA Cup fixtures are broadcast . Hereford finished the shocking comeback by defeating Newcastle 2 -- 1 in the match . Some small clubs gain a reputation for being `` cup specialists '' after two or more giant killing feats within a few years . Yeovil Town holds the record for the most victories over league opposition as a non-league team , having recorded 20 wins through the years before it achieved promotion into The Football League . The record for a club which has never entered The Football League is held by Altrincham , with 17 wins against league teams . Non-league Cup runs ( edit ) See also : List of non-league clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 For non-league teams , reaching the Third Round Proper -- where all Level 1 sides now enter -- is considered a major achievement . In the 2008 -- 09 FA Cup , a record nine non-league teams achieved this feat . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , only nine non-league teams have reached the Fifth Round Proper ( final 16 ) since 1945 , and only Lincoln City have progressed to the Sixth Round ( final 8 ) , during the 2016 -- 17 edition of the tournament . Prior to Lincoln 's run , Kidderminster Harriers were the last team to reach the 5th round , in 1994 , where they had a chance to inflict a giant - killing of their own against a Premier League side . They were drawn at home against West Ham United in Round 5 but lost 0 - 1 in a close game at Aggborough . Chasetown , while playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest - ranked team to ever play in the Third Round Proper ( final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season ) . Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands ( a lower level within the Southern Football League ) , when they lost to Football League Championship ( Level 2 ) team Cardiff City , the eventual FA Cup runners - up that year . Their success earned the lowly organisation over £ 60,000 in prize money . Giant killings between League clubs ( edit ) In games between league sides , one of the most notable results was the 1992 victory by Wrexham , last in the previous season 's league , over reigning league champion Arsenal . Another similar shock was when Shrewsbury Town beat Everton 2 -- 1 in 2003 . Everton finished 7th in The Premier League and Shrewsbury Town were relegated to the Football Conference that same season . Winners and finalists ( edit ) Main article : FA Cup Final See also : List of FA Cup Finals Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 8 2018 20 Chelsea 8 1970 2018 5 2017 13 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . Consecutive winners ( edit ) Four clubs have won consecutive FA Cups on more than one occasion : Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 and 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 and 1890 , 1891 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 , 1962 and 1981 , 1982 ) and Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 and 2014 , 2015 ) . Winning managers ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup winning managers The record for most winner 's medals for a manager is held by Arsène Wenger , who has won seven titles with Arsenal ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Doubles / trebles ( edit ) Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End ( 1889 ) , Aston Villa ( 1897 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 ) , Arsenal ( 1971 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Liverpool ( 1986 ) , Manchester United ( 1994 , 1996 , 1999 ) and Chelsea ( 2010 ) . In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals . Liverpool ( in 2001 ) and Chelsea ( in 2007 ) have since repeated this feat . In 2012 , Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League . In 1998 -- 99 , Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble . Two years later , in 2000 -- 01 , Liverpool won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble . Outside England ( edit ) The FA Cup has only been won by a non-English team once . Cardiff City achieved this in 1927 when they beat Arsenal in the final at Wembley . They had previously made it to the final only to lose to Sheffield United in 1925 and lost another final to Portsmouth in 2008 . Cardiff City is also the only team to win the national cups of two different countries in the same season , having also won the Welsh Cup in 1927 . The Scottish team Queen 's Park reached and lost the final in both 1884 and 1885 . Outside the top Division ( edit ) Since the creation of the Football League in 1888 , the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division , and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight : Notts County ( 1894 ) ; Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 ) ; Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 1908 ) ; Barnsley ( 1912 ) ; West Bromwich Albion ( 1931 ) ; Sunderland ( 1973 ) , Southampton ( 1976 ) and West Ham United ( 1980 ) . With the exception of Tottenham , these clubs were all playing in the second tier ( the old Second Division ) -- Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908 , meaning they are the only non-League winners of the FA Cup since the League 's creation . Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners - up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton ( 1902 , then in the Southern League ) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers . Sunderland 's win in 1973 was considered a major upset , having beaten Leeds United who finished third in the top flight that season. , as was West Ham 's victory over Arsenal in 1980 as the Gunners were in their third successive FA Cup Final and were also the cup holders from the previous year as well as just having finished 4th in the First Division , whereas West Ham had ended the season 7th in Division 2 . This also marked the last time ( as of 2017 - 18 ) a team from outside the top division won the FA cup . Uniquely , in 2008 three of the four semi-finalists ( Barnsley , Cardiff City and West Bromwich ) were from outside the top division , although the eventual winner was the last remaining top - flight team , Portsmouth . West Bromwich ( 1931 ) are the only team to have won the FA Cup and earned promotion to the top flight in the same season ; whereas Wigan Athletic ( 2013 ) are the only team to have won the Cup and been relegated from the top flight in the same season . Media coverage ( edit ) Domestic broadcasters ( edit ) See also : English football on television The FA Cup Final is one of 10 events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio . The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 . The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full . The following season 's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC . When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television , during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off . Nowadays , this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all - day broadcasts from Wembley , but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off . The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988 , when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports . From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal . From 1997 to 2001 , ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day . From 2002 to 2008 , BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two . From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them . ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season , including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition , plus one semi-final exclusively live . The final is also shown live on ITV . Under the same 2008 contract , Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five , two quarter - finals , one semi-final and the final . The channel also broadcast ITV 's matches exclusively to Scotland , after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland , STV , decided not to broadcast FA Cup games . Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta 's deal to broadcast FA - sanctioned competitions and England internationals . As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009 -- 10 season with between three and four matches per round , all quarter finals , semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time . ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK . In October 2009 , The FA announced that ITV would show an additional match in the First and Second Rounds on ITV , with one replay match shown on ITV4 . One match and one replay match from the first two rounds will broadcast on The FA website for free , in a similar situation to the 2010 World Cup Qualifier between Ukraine and England . The 2009 -- 10 First Round match between Oldham Athletic and Leeds United was the first FA Cup match to be streamed online live . Many expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final . ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN ( who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D ) and ITV . Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season . BBC Radio 5 Live and Talksport provides radio coverage including several full live commentaries per round , with additional commentaries broadcast on BBC Local Radio . Until the 2008 -- 09 season , the BBC and Sky Sports shared television coverage , with the BBC showing three matches in the earlier rounds . Some analysts argued the decision to move away from the Sky and , in particular , the BBC undermined the FA Cup in the eyes of the public . The early rounds of the 2008 -- 09 competition were covered for the first time by ITV 's online service , ITV Local . The first match of the competition , between Wantage Town and Brading Town , was broadcast live online . Highlights of eight games of each round were broadcast as catch up on ITV Local . Since ITV Local closed , this coverage did not continue . ITV lost the rights to the FA Cup beginning with the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup , terrestrial rights will return to BBC Sport , with the final being shown on BBC One while BT Sport hold the pay TV rights . Under this deal , the BBC will show around the same number of games as ITV and still having the first pick for each round . Matches involving Welsh clubs are sometimes exclusively broadcast on Welsh language channel S4C , which is also available to view across the rest of the United Kingdom on satellite and cable television , and through the channel 's website . A similar arrangement is shared with BBC Cymru Wales from 2014 -- 15 , potentially giving the BBC an extra match per round . Overseas broadcasters ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup broadcasters The FA sells overseas rights separately from the domestic contract . Territory Current broadcaster ( s ) Former broadcaster ( s ) Australia First Round to the Semi-finals are broadcast exclusively by ESPN Australia ; final co-broadcast with SBS . Due to Australian anti-siphoning laws , the FA Cup Final is on a list of sporting events , that must first be offered to national television broadcasters and commercial free - to - air television broadcasters before rights can be acquired by a subscription television broadcaster . Africa Supersport , since 2015 -- 16 Albania Tring Sport , since 2009 -- 10 Belgium Eleven Sports Network , since 2015 -- 2016 Prime , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 Canada Sportsnet World , since 2011 -- 12 Setanta Sports , 2008 -- 09 -- 2010 -- 11 Denmark SBS Discovery Channel ( Kanal 5 , 6'eren , 7'eren ) , since 2012 -- 13 France beIN Sport , since 2012 -- 13 Canal+ , 2007 -- 08 , France Télévisions , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 India Sony Six & Sony ESPN , since 2012 -- 13 Italy Fox Sports , since 2013 -- 14 SKY Italia , 2003 -- 04 -- 2011 -- 12 , Mediaset Premium , 2012 -- 13 Netherlands FOX Sports , since 2010 -- 11 Russia Match TV , since 2015 -- 16 Spain Teledeporte , since 2016 -- 17 Movistar+ , 2008 -- 2012 Sweden TV10 , since 2013 -- 14 United States From 2012 -- 13 , Fox Sports will feature FA Cup games split between Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , Fox Soccer Plus and the broadcast Fox network , with the Final being on Fox . English football portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oldest football cup ' not for sale ' '' . BBC News . 2014 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rules of The FA Cup for season 2015 -- 16 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Complete Record of The FA Cup . p. 878 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 19 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : The greatest goal from the last 50 years voted by you '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's FA Cup catastrophe '' . BBC News . 27 July 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I regret Manchester United 's FA Cup pull - out : Fergie '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Tommy ( 29 October 1999 ) . `` United underline Cup withdrawal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Guernsey Press ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Lions in FA Cup '' . www.thisisguernsy.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` No Replays in the 2017 Emirates FA Cup Quarter - Finals '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Tarnished FA Cup needs a Manchester derby 's drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` No escape for 2012 FA Cup final from date clash with Premier League '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Hammers nail Fulham '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty shoot - out makes English FA Cup history '' . New Straits Press . Kuala Lumpur . 28 November 1991 . p. 44 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` FA Cup quarter - final replays to be scrapped from next season '' . Sky Sports . Sky UK . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who qualifies to play in Europe ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Premier League , 3 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Direct '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Magazine . October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Greg Dyke says semi-finals will stay at Wembley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football supporters hail FA Cup semi-final decision '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup semi-finals : should they be played at Wembley ? -- poll '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Wembley Stadium to open next year '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 3G pitches allowed in all rounds of FA Cup from 2014 -- 15 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial pitches given go - ahead for FA Cup qualifying rounds '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maidstone United 2 -- 1 Stevenage '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup reborn for 2014 final as new trophy is cast '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup given top Antiques Roadshow value of more than £ 1m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City boss buys FA Cup '' . BBC News . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmet Smith -- FA Cup engraver '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2007 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Up for the Cup ! Historic FA Cup on Display at Stoke Park '' . www.surreyfa.com . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug ( 1 June 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Dundurn . ISBN 9781770706132 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 4 October 2010 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys of Football : Presenting the most amazing football facts from the last 160 years . Octopus . p. 1878 . ISBN 9780600622543 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 29 May 2013 ) . The Victorian Football Miscellany . Superelastic . p. 63 . ISBN 9780956227058 . Jump up ^ http://www.lovedeanbirdinhand.co.uk/?BIHrequestID=4C55838218D9D39854D199BD64BA29 Jump up ^ `` The Trophies '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : Did this OAP really steal the famous FA Cup ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest FA Cup presented to museum '' . BBC . 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , H.R. `` North Wales Coast Football League history '' . Welsh Soccer Archive . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toye trophies page '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Mark . `` The history of the FA Cup trophy '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RULES OF THE FA CHALLENGE CUP COMPETITION '' . The Football Association . p. 25 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup get first title sponsor following deal with Emirates Airline '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.A. Cup Soccer Gets A Sponsor '' . The New York Times . 2 September 1994 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axa wins FA Cup '' . BBC News . 23 July 1998 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FA announces new Cup sponsorship '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NotFound '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser up for Cup in £ 8m a year deal '' . The Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The harder they fall '' . ESPN.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant - killing not a tall order in FA Cup '' . The Times . 8 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC Sport , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` It 'll never happen '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Twenty to tackle answers '' . 23 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Anna ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Non-league presence in third round of FA Cup breaks all - time record '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 8 '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 -- 1 Lincoln City '' . BBC News . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasetown 1 -- 3 Cardiff . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Shocks do happen '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FA face Setanta shortfall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup to be broadcast Free - to - Air '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Latics to face Leeds in Cup '' . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` ESPN secures rights to show FA Cup matches from next season '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's 3D coverage of 2011 FA Cup Final to be available on Sky 3D '' . Sky TV . London . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Group acquires ESPN 's UK and Ireland television channels business '' ( Press release ) . BT Group . 25 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The FA Cup online '' . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cup tie live online '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` BBC to show live matches from 2014 -- 15 season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4C to broadcast live coverage of Wrexham 's FA Cup clash '' . S4C . Sianel Pedwar Cymru. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrexham v Stevenage or Maidstone live on BBC Wales '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teledeporte emite la Emirates FA Cup '' . RTVE.es. 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` FOX to Broadcast FA Cup Final and Arsenal - Spurs FA Cup Match on Over-the - Air Network '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight / quarter - final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FA Cup . The FA Cup Archive -- England 's official Football Association site , all results with dates , including all qualifying rounds The official FA Cup website Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup -- manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies FA Cup going under the hammer -- BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy FA Supporters -- Independent FA Cup Supporters Club FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland UEFA members national football cups Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro USSR Yugoslavia Non-UEFA Vatican City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup&oldid=842334066 '' Categories : FA Cup Recurring sporting events established in 1871 Football cup competitions in England National association football cups 1871 establishments in England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does a team get for winning the fa cup	[]	[]
6180419294945727603	Partial fraction decomposition	Partial fraction decomposition - wikipedia Partial fraction decomposition Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In algebra , the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational function ( that is , a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both polynomials ) is the operation that consists in expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial ( possibly zero ) and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator . The importance of the partial fraction decomposition lies in the fact that it provides an algorithm for computing the antiderivative of a rational function . In symbols , one can use partial fraction expansion to change a rational fraction in the form f ( x ) g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) ) where f and g are polynomials , into an expression of the form ∑ j f j ( x ) g j ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( j ) ( \ frac ( f_ ( j ) ( x ) ) ( g_ ( j ) ( x ) ) ) ) where g ( x ) are polynomials that are factors of g ( x ) , and are in general of lower degree . Thus , the partial fraction decomposition may be seen as the inverse procedure of the more elementary operation of addition of rational fractions , which produces a single rational fraction with a numerator and denominator usually of high degree . The full decomposition pushes the reduction as far as it can go : in other words , the factorization of g is used as much as possible . Thus , the outcome of a full partial fraction expansion expresses that fraction as a sum of a polynomial and one of several fractions , such that : the denominator of each fraction is a power of an irreducible ( not factorable ) polynomial and the numerator is a polynomial of smaller degree than this irreducible polynomial . As factorization of polynomials may be difficult , a coarser decomposition is often preferred , which consists of replacing factorization by square - free factorization . This amounts to replace `` irreducible '' by `` square - free '' in the preceding description of the outcome . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic principles 2 Application to symbolic integration 3 Procedure 3.1 Illustration 3.2 Residue method 4 Over the reals 4.1 General result 5 Examples 5.1 Example 1 5.2 Example 2 5.3 Example 3 5.4 Example 4 ( residue method ) 5.5 Example 5 ( limit method ) 5.6 Example 6 ( integral ) 6 The role of the Taylor polynomial 6.1 Sketch of the proof 7 Fractions of integers 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Basic principles ( edit ) Assume a rational function R ( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle R ( x ) = ( \ tfrac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) ) in one indeterminate x has a denominator that factors as g ( x ) = P ( x ) ⋅ Q ( x ) ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) = P ( x ) \ cdot Q ( x ) ) over a field K ( we can take this to be real numbers , or complex numbers ) . Assume further that P and Q have no common factor . By Bézout 's identity for polynomials , there exist polynomials C ( x ) and D ( x ) such that C P + D Q = 1 ( \ displaystyle CP + DQ = 1 ) Thus 1 g ( x ) = C P + D Q P Q = C Q + D P ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( CP + DQ ) ( PQ ) ) = ( \ frac ( C ) ( Q ) ) + ( \ frac ( D ) ( P ) ) ) and hence R may be written as R = f ( x ) g ( x ) = D f ( x ) P + C f ( x ) Q , ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( Df ( x ) ) ( P ) ) + ( \ frac ( Cf ( x ) ) ( Q ) ) , ) where all numerators are polynomials . Using this idea inductively we can write R ( x ) as a sum with denominators powers of irreducible polynomials . To take this further , if required , write : G ( x ) F ( x ) n ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( G ( x ) ) ( F ( x ) ^ ( n ) ) ) ) as a sum with denominators powers of F and numerators of degree less than F , plus a possible extra polynomial . This can be done by the Euclidean algorithm , polynomial case . The result is the following theorem : Theorem -- Let f and g be nonzero polynomials over a field K. Write g as a product of powers of distinct irreducible polynomials : g = ∏ i = 1 k p i n i . ( \ displaystyle g = \ prod _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( n_ ( i ) ) . ) There are ( unique ) polynomials b and a with deg a < deg p such that f g = b + ∑ i = 1 k ∑ j = 1 n i a i j p i j . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( f ) ( g ) ) = b+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( a_ ( ij ) ) ( p_ ( i ) ^ ( j ) ) ) . ) If deg f < deg g , then b = 0 . Therefore , when the field K is the complex numbers , we can assume that each p has degree 1 ( by the fundamental theorem of algebra ) the numerators will be constant . When K is the real numbers , some of the p might be quadratic , so , in the partial fraction decomposition , a quotient of a linear polynomial by a power of a quadratic might occur . In the preceding theorem , one may replace `` distinct irreducible polynomials '' by `` pairwise coprime polynomials that are coprime with their derivative '' . For example , the p may be the factors of the square - free factorization of g . When K is the field of the rational numbers , as it is typically the case in computer algebra , this allows to replace factorization by greatest common divisor to compute the partial fraction decomposition . Application to symbolic integration ( edit ) For the purpose of symbolic integration , the preceding result may be refined into Theorem -- Let f and g be nonzero polynomials over a field K. Write g as a product of powers of pairwise coprime polynomials which have no multiple root in an algebraically closed field : g = ∏ i = 1 k p i n i . ( \ displaystyle g = \ prod _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) p_ ( i ) ^ ( n_ ( i ) ) . ) There are ( unique ) polynomials b and c with deg c < deg p such that f g = b + ∑ i = 1 k ∑ j = 2 n i ( c i j p i j − 1 ) ′ + ∑ i = 1 k c i 1 p i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( f ) ( g ) ) = b+ \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) \ sum _ ( j = 2 ) ^ ( n_ ( i ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( c_ ( ij ) ) ( p_ ( i ) ^ ( j - 1 ) ) ) \ right ) ' + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( k ) ( \ frac ( c_ ( i1 ) ) ( p_ ( i ) ) ) . ) where X ′ ( \ displaystyle X ' ) denotes the derivative of X . ( \ displaystyle X . ) This reduces the computation of the antiderivative of a rational function to the integration of the last sum , which is called the logarithmic part , because its antiderivative is a linear combination of logarithms . In fact , we have c i 1 p i = ∑ α j : p i ( α j ) = 0 c i 1 ( α j ) p i ′ ( α j ) 1 x − α j . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( c_ ( i1 ) ) ( p_ ( i ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( \ alpha _ ( j ) : p_ ( i ) ( \ alpha _ ( j ) ) = 0 ) ( \ frac ( c_ ( i1 ) ( \ alpha _ ( j ) ) ) ( p'_ ( i ) ( \ alpha _ ( j ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x - \ alpha _ ( j ) ) ) . ) There are various methods to compute above decomposition . The one that is the simplest to describe is probably the so - called Hermite 's method . As the degree of c is bounded by the degree of p , and the degree of b is the difference of the degrees of f and g ( if this difference is non negative ; otherwise , b = 0 ) , one may write these unknowns polynomials as polynomials with unknown coefficients . Reducing the two members of above formula to the same denominator and writing that the coefficients of each power of x are the same in the two numerators , one gets a system of linear equations which can be solved to obtain the desired values for the unknowns coefficients . Procedure ( edit ) Given two polynomials P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) ) and Q ( x ) = ( x − α 1 ) ( x − α 2 ) ⋯ ( x − α n ) ( \ displaystyle Q ( x ) = ( x - \ alpha _ ( 1 ) ) ( x - \ alpha _ ( 2 ) ) \ cdots ( x - \ alpha _ ( n ) ) ) , where the α are distinct constants and deg P < n , partial fractions are generally obtained by supposing that P ( x ) Q ( x ) = c 1 x − α 1 + c 2 x − α 2 + ⋯ + c n x − α n ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( c_ ( 1 ) ) ( x - \ alpha _ ( 1 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( c_ ( 2 ) ) ( x - \ alpha _ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( \ frac ( c_ ( n ) ) ( x - \ alpha _ ( n ) ) ) ) and solving for the c constants , by substitution , by equating the coefficients of terms involving the powers of x , or otherwise . ( This is a variant of the method of undetermined coefficients . ) A more direct computation , which is strongly related with Lagrange interpolation consists of writing P ( x ) Q ( x ) = ∑ i = 1 n P ( α i ) Q ′ ( α i ) 1 ( x − α i ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( P ( \ alpha _ ( i ) ) ) ( Q ' ( \ alpha _ ( i ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( x - \ alpha _ ( i ) ) ) ) ) where Q ′ ( \ displaystyle Q ' ) is the derivative of the polynomial Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) . This approach does not account for several other cases , but can be modified accordingly : If deg ⁡ P ⩾ deg ⁡ Q , ( \ displaystyle \ deg P \ geqslant \ deg Q , ) then it is necessary to perform the Euclidean division of P by Q , using polynomial long division , giving P ( x ) = E ( x ) Q ( x ) + R ( x ) with deg R < n . Dividing by Q ( x ) this gives P ( x ) Q ( x ) = E ( x ) + R ( x ) Q ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) = E ( x ) + ( \ frac ( R ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) , ) and then seek partial fractions for the remainder fraction ( which by definition satisfies deg R < deg Q ) . If Q ( x ) contains factors which are irreducible over the given field , then the numerator N ( x ) of each partial fraction with such a factor F ( x ) in the denominator must be sought as a polynomial with deg N < deg F , rather than as a constant . For example , take the following decomposition over R : x 2 + 1 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) = a x + 2 + b x − 1 + c x + d x 2 + x + 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ( ( x + 2 ) ( x-1 ) \ color ( Blue ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( x + 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( b ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ color ( OliveGreen ) cx + d ) ( \ color ( Blue ) x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) . ) Suppose Q ( x ) = ( x − α ) S ( x ) and S ( α ) ≠ 0 . Then Q ( x ) has a zero α of multiplicity r , and in the partial fraction decomposition , r of the partial fractions will involve the powers of ( x − α ) . For illustration , take S ( x ) = 1 to get the following decomposition : P ( x ) Q ( x ) = P ( x ) ( x − α ) r = c 1 x − α + c 2 ( x − α ) 2 + ⋯ + c r ( x − α ) r . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( ( x - \ alpha ) ^ ( r ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( c_ ( 1 ) ) ( x - \ alpha ) ) + ( \ frac ( c_ ( 2 ) ) ( ( x - \ alpha ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( \ frac ( c_ ( r ) ) ( ( x - \ alpha ) ^ ( r ) ) ) . ) Illustration ( edit ) In an example application of this procedure , ( 3x + 5 ) / ( 1 − 2x ) can be decomposed in the form 3 x + 5 ( 1 − 2 x ) 2 = A ( 1 − 2 x ) 2 + B ( 1 − 2 x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3x + 5 ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( B ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ) ) . ) Clearing denominators shows that 3x + 5 = A + B ( 1 − 2x ) . Expanding and equating the coefficients of powers of x gives 5 = A + B and 3x = − 2Bx Solving for A and B yields A = 13 / 2 and B = − 3 / 2 . Hence , 3 x + 5 ( 1 − 2 x ) 2 = 13 / 2 ( 1 − 2 x ) 2 + − 3 / 2 ( 1 − 2 x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 3x + 5 ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 13 / 2 ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( - 3 / 2 ) ( ( 1 - 2x ) ) ) . ) Residue method ( edit ) See also : Heaviside cover - up method Over the complex numbers , suppose f ( x ) is a rational proper fraction , and can be decomposed into f ( x ) = ∑ i ( a i 1 x − x i + a i 2 ( x − x i ) 2 + ⋯ + a i k i ( x − x i ) k i ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ sum _ ( i ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( a_ ( i1 ) ) ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( a_ ( i2 ) ) ( ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( \ frac ( a_ ( ik_ ( i ) ) ) ( ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ) ) \ right ) . ) Let g i j ( x ) = ( x − x i ) j − 1 f ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle g_ ( ij ) ( x ) = ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( j - 1 ) f ( x ) , ) then according to the uniqueness of Laurent series , a is the coefficient of the term ( x − x ) in the Laurent expansion of g ( x ) about the point x , i.e. , its residue a i j = Res ⁡ ( g i j , x i ) . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( ij ) = \ operatorname ( Res ) ( g_ ( ij ) , x_ ( i ) ) . ) This is given directly by the formula a i j = 1 ( k i − j ) ! lim x → x i d k i − j d x k i − j ( ( x − x i ) k i f ( x ) ) , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( ij ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( k_ ( i ) - j ) ! ) ) \ lim _ ( x \ to x_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( k_ ( i ) - j ) ) ( dx ^ ( k_ ( i ) - j ) ) ) \ left ( ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) f ( x ) \ right ) , ) or in the special case when x is a simple root , a i 1 = P ( x i ) Q ′ ( x i ) , ( \ displaystyle a_ ( i1 ) = ( \ frac ( P ( x_ ( i ) ) ) ( Q ' ( x_ ( i ) ) ) ) , ) when f ( x ) = P ( x ) Q ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( P ( x ) ) ( Q ( x ) ) ) . ) Over the reals ( edit ) Partial fractions are used in real - variable integral calculus to find real - valued antiderivatives of rational functions . Partial fraction decomposition of real rational functions is also used to find their Inverse Laplace transforms . For applications of partial fraction decomposition over the reals , see Application to symbolic integration , above Partial fractions in Laplace transforms General result ( edit ) Let f ( x ) be any rational function over the real numbers . In other words , suppose there exist real polynomials functions p ( x ) and q ( x ) ≠ 0 , such that f ( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( p ( x ) ) ( q ( x ) ) ) ) By dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the leading coefficient of q ( x ) , we may assume without loss of generality that q ( x ) is monic . By the fundamental theorem of algebra , we can write q ( x ) = ( x − a 1 ) j 1 ⋯ ( x − a m ) j m ( x 2 + b 1 x + c 1 ) k 1 ⋯ ( x 2 + b n x + c n ) k n ( \ displaystyle q ( x ) = ( x-a_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( j_ ( 1 ) ) \ cdots ( x-a_ ( m ) ) ^ ( j_ ( m ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + b_ ( 1 ) x + c_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( k_ ( 1 ) ) \ cdots ( x ^ ( 2 ) + b_ ( n ) x + c_ ( n ) ) ^ ( k_ ( n ) ) ) where a , ... , a , b , ... , b , c , ... , c are real numbers with b − 4c < 0 , and j , ... , j , k , ... , k are positive integers . The terms ( x − a ) are the linear factors of q ( x ) which correspond to real roots of q ( x ) , and the terms ( x + b x + c ) are the irreducible quadratic factors of q ( x ) which correspond to pairs of complex conjugate roots of q ( x ) . Then the partial fraction decomposition of f ( x ) is the following : f ( x ) = p ( x ) q ( x ) = P ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 m ∑ r = 1 j i A i r ( x − a i ) r + ∑ i = 1 n ∑ r = 1 k i B i r x + C i r ( x 2 + b i x + c i ) r ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( p ( x ) ) ( q ( x ) ) ) = P ( x ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( m ) \ sum _ ( r = 1 ) ^ ( j_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( A_ ( ir ) ) ( ( x-a_ ( i ) ) ^ ( r ) ) ) + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum _ ( r = 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( B_ ( ir ) x + C_ ( ir ) ) ( ( x ^ ( 2 ) + b_ ( i ) x + c_ ( i ) ) ^ ( r ) ) ) ) Here , P ( x ) is a ( possibly zero ) polynomial , and the A , B , and C are real constants . There are a number of ways the constants can be found . The most straightforward method is to multiply through by the common denominator q ( x ) . We then obtain an equation of polynomials whose left - hand side is simply p ( x ) and whose right - hand side has coefficients which are linear expressions of the constants A , B , and C. Since two polynomials are equal if and only if their corresponding coefficients are equal , we can equate the coefficients of like terms . In this way , a system of linear equations is obtained which always has a unique solution . This solution can be found using any of the standard methods of linear algebra . It can also be found with limits ( see Example 5 ) . Examples ( edit ) Example 1 ( edit ) f ( x ) = 1 x 2 + 2 x − 3 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 2x - 3 ) ) ) Here , the denominator splits into two distinct linear factors : q ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x − 3 = ( x + 3 ) ( x − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle q ( x ) = x ^ ( 2 ) + 2x - 3 = ( x + 3 ) ( x-1 ) ) so we have the partial fraction decomposition f ( x ) = 1 x 2 + 2 x − 3 = A x + 3 + B x − 1 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 2x - 3 ) ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( x + 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( B ) ( x-1 ) ) ) Multiplying through by the denominator on the left - hand side gives us the polynomial identity 1 = A ( x − 1 ) + B ( x + 3 ) ( \ displaystyle 1 = A ( x-1 ) + B ( x + 3 ) ) Substituting x = − 3 into this equation gives A = − 1 / 4 , and substituting x = 1 gives B = 1 / 4 , so that f ( x ) = 1 x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 1 4 ( − 1 x + 3 + 1 x − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 2x - 3 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( - 1 ) ( x + 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x-1 ) ) \ right ) ) Example 2 ( edit ) f ( x ) = x 3 + 16 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) + 16 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) + 8x ) ) ) After long - division , we have f ( x ) = 1 + 4 x 2 − 8 x + 16 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x = 1 + 4 x 2 − 8 x + 16 x ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = 1 + ( \ frac ( 4x ^ ( 2 ) - 8x + 16 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) + 8x ) ) = 1 + ( \ frac ( 4x ^ ( 2 ) - 8x + 16 ) ( x ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) ) ) ) The factor x − 4x + 8 is irreducible over the reals , as its discriminant ( − 4 ) − 4 × 8 = − 16 is negative . Thus the partial fraction decomposition over the reals has the shape 4 x 2 − 8 x + 16 x ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) = A x + B x + C x 2 − 4 x + 8 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 4x ^ ( 2 ) - 8x + 16 ) ( x ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( x ) ) + ( \ frac ( Bx + C ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) ) ) Multiplying through by x − 4x + 8x , we have the polynomial identity 4 x 2 − 8 x + 16 = A ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) + ( B x + C ) x ( \ displaystyle 4x ^ ( 2 ) - 8x + 16 = A ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) + ( Bx + C ) x ) Taking x = 0 , we see that 16 = 8A , so A = 2 . Comparing the x coefficients , we see that 4 = A + B = 2 + B , so B = 2 . Comparing linear coefficients , we see that − 8 = − 4A + C = − 8 + C , so C = 0 . Altogether , f ( x ) = 1 + 2 ( 1 x + x x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = 1 + 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) ) \ right ) ) If you wish , you can decompose it completely . In that case we must go over to the complex numbers . According to the fundamental theorem of algebra every complex polynomial of degree n has n ( complex ) roots ( some of which can be repeated ) , focusing on the second fraction we decompose it to : x x 2 − 4 x + 8 = D x − ( 2 + 2 i ) + E x − ( 2 − 2 i ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) - 4x + 8 ) ) = ( \ frac ( D ) ( x - ( 2 + 2i ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( E ) ( x - ( 2 - 2i ) ) ) ) Multiplying through by the denominator gives : x = D ( x − ( 2 − 2 i ) ) + E ( x − ( 2 + 2 i ) ) ( \ displaystyle x = D ( x - ( 2 - 2i ) ) + E ( x - ( 2 + 2i ) ) ) Equating the coefficients of x and the constant ( with respect to x ) coefficients of both sides of this equation , one gets a system of two linear equations in D and E , whose solution is D = 1 + i 2 i = 1 − i 2 , E = 1 − i − 2 i = 1 + i 2 . ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 1 + i ) ( 2i ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - i ) ( 2 ) ) , \ qquad E = ( \ frac ( 1 - i ) ( - 2i ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 + i ) ( 2 ) ) . ) Thus we have a complete decomposition : f ( x ) = x 3 + 16 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 8 x = 1 + 2 x + 1 − i x − ( 2 + 2 i ) + 1 + i x − ( 2 − 2 i ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) + 16 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 4x ^ ( 2 ) + 8x ) ) = 1 + ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( x ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 - i ) ( x - ( 2 + 2i ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 + i ) ( x - ( 2 - 2i ) ) ) ) One may also compute directly A , D and E with the residue method ( see also example 4 below ) . Example 3 ( edit ) This example illustrates almost all the `` tricks '' we might need to use , short of consulting a computer algebra system . f ( x ) = x 9 − 2 x 6 + 2 x 5 − 7 x 4 + 13 x 3 − 11 x 2 + 12 x − 4 x 7 − 3 x 6 + 5 x 5 − 7 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 3 x − 1 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 9 ) - 2x ^ ( 6 ) + 2x ^ ( 5 ) - 7x ^ ( 4 ) + 13x ^ ( 3 ) - 11x ^ ( 2 ) + 12x - 4 ) ( x ^ ( 7 ) - 3x ^ ( 6 ) + 5x ^ ( 5 ) - 7x ^ ( 4 ) + 7x ^ ( 3 ) - 5x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x - 1 ) ) ) After long - division and factoring the denominator , we have f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x + 4 + 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x ( x − 1 ) 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x + 4 + ( \ frac ( 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) + 5x ^ ( 4 ) - 3x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x ) ( ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) The partial fraction decomposition takes the form 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x ( x − 1 ) 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 = A x − 1 + B ( x − 1 ) 2 + C ( x − 1 ) 3 + D x + E x 2 + 1 + F x + G ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) + 5x ^ ( 4 ) - 3x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x ) ( ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( B ) ( ( x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( C ) ( ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( Dx + E ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( Fx + G ) ( ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Multiplying through by the denominator on the left - hand side we have the polynomial identity 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x = = A ( x − 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + B ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + C ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + ( D x + E ) ( x − 1 ) 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) + ( F x + G ) ( x − 1 ) 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) & + 5x ^ ( 4 ) - 3x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x = \ \ ( 4pt ) & = A ( x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + B ( x-1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + C ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( Dx + E ) ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) + ( Fx + G ) ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Now we use different values of x to compute the coefficients : ( 4 = 4 C x = 1 2 + 2 i = ( F i + G ) ( 2 + 2 i ) x = i 0 = A − B + C − E − G x = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) 4 = 4C&x = 1 \ \ 2 + 2i = ( Fi + G ) ( 2 + 2i ) &x = i \ \ 0 = A-B + C-E-G &x = 0 \ end ( cases ) ) ) Solving this we have : ( C = 1 F = 0 , G = 1 E = A − B ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) C = 1 \ \ F = 0 , G = 1 \ \ E = A-B \ end ( cases ) ) ) Using these values we can write : 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x = = A ( x − 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + B ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 + ( D x + ( A − B ) ) ( x − 1 ) 3 ( x 2 + 1 ) + ( x − 1 ) 3 = ( A + D ) x 6 + ( − A − 3 D ) x 5 + ( 2 B + 4 D + 1 ) x 4 + ( − 2 B − 4 D + 1 ) x 3 + ( − A + 2 B + 3 D − 1 ) x 2 + ( A − 2 B − D + 3 ) x ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) & + 5x ^ ( 4 ) - 3x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x = \ \ ( 4pt ) & = A ( x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + B ( x-1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( Dx+ ( A-B ) ) ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) + ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) \ \ ( 4pt ) & = ( A + D ) x ^ ( 6 ) + ( - A-3D ) x ^ ( 5 ) + ( 2B + 4D + 1 ) x ^ ( 4 ) + ( - 2B - 4D + 1 ) x ^ ( 3 ) + ( - A + 2B + 3D - 1 ) x ^ ( 2 ) + ( A-2B - D + 3 ) x \ end ( aligned ) ) ) We compare the coefficients of x and x on both side and we have : ( A + D = 2 − A − 3 D = − 4 ⇒ A = D = 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) A + D = 2 \ \ - A-3D = - 4 \ end ( cases ) ) \ quad \ Rightarrow \ quad A = D = 1 . ) Therefore : 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + 5 x 4 − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 3 x = 2 x 6 − 4 x 5 + ( 2 B + 5 ) x 4 + ( − 2 B − 3 ) x 3 + ( 2 B + 1 ) x 2 + ( − 2 B + 3 ) x ( \ displaystyle 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) + 5x ^ ( 4 ) - 3x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x = 2x ^ ( 6 ) - 4x ^ ( 5 ) + ( 2B + 5 ) x ^ ( 4 ) + ( - 2B - 3 ) x ^ ( 3 ) + ( 2B + 1 ) x ^ ( 2 ) + ( - 2B + 3 ) x ) which gives us B = 0 . Thus the partial fraction decomposition is given by : f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x + 4 + 1 ( x − 1 ) + 1 ( x − 1 ) 3 + x + 1 x 2 + 1 + 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = x ^ ( 2 ) + 3x + 4 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( x-1 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( x-1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( x + 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Alternatively , instead of expanding , one can obtain other linear dependences on the coefficients computing some derivatives at x = 1 , ı ( \ displaystyle x = 1 , \ imath ) in the above polynomial identity . ( To this end , recall that the derivative at x = a of ( x − a ) p ( x ) vanishes if m > 1 and is just p ( a ) for m = 1 . ) For instance the first derivative at x = 1 gives 2 ⋅ 6 − 4 ⋅ 5 + 5 ⋅ 4 − 3 ⋅ 3 + 2 + 3 = A ⋅ ( 0 + 0 ) + B ⋅ ( 4 + 0 ) + 8 + D ⋅ 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cdot 6 - 4 \ cdot 5 + 5 \ cdot 4 - 3 \ cdot 3 + 2 + 3 = A \ cdot ( 0 + 0 ) + B \ cdot ( 4 + 0 ) + 8 + D \ cdot 0 ) that is 8 = 4B + 8 so B = 0 . Example 4 ( residue method ) ( edit ) f ( z ) = z 2 − 5 ( z 2 − 1 ) ( z 2 + 1 ) = z 2 − 5 ( z + 1 ) ( z − 1 ) ( z + i ) ( z − i ) ( \ displaystyle f ( z ) = ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) - 5 ) ( ( z ^ ( 2 ) - 1 ) ( z ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 2 ) - 5 ) ( ( z + 1 ) ( z - 1 ) ( z + i ) ( z-i ) ) ) ) Thus , f ( z ) can be decomposed into rational functions whose denominators are z + 1 , z − 1 , z + i , z − i . Since each term is of power one , − 1 , 1 , − i and i are simple poles . Hence , the residues associated with each pole , given by P ( z i ) Q ′ ( z i ) = z i 2 − 5 4 z i 3 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ( z_ ( i ) ) ) ( Q ' ( z_ ( i ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( z_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) - 5 ) ( 4z_ ( i ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) , ) are 1 , − 1 , 3 i 2 , − 3 i 2 , ( \ displaystyle 1 , - 1 , ( \ tfrac ( 3i ) ( 2 ) ) , - ( \ tfrac ( 3i ) ( 2 ) ) , ) respectively , and f ( z ) = 1 z + 1 − 1 z − 1 + 3 i 2 1 z + i − 3 i 2 1 z − i . ( \ displaystyle f ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( z + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( z - 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 3i ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( z + i ) ) - ( \ frac ( 3i ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( z-i ) ) . ) Example 5 ( limit method ) ( edit ) Limits can be used to find a partial fraction decomposition . Consider the following example : 1 x 3 − 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 1 ) ) ) First , factor the denominator which determines the decomposition : 1 x 3 − 1 = 1 ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) = A x − 1 + B x + C x 2 + x + 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( x-1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( A ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( Bx + C ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) . ) Multiplying everything by x − 1 ( \ displaystyle x-1 ) , and taking the limit when x → 1 ( \ displaystyle x \ to 1 ) , we get lim x → 1 ( ( x − 1 ) ( A x − 1 + B x + C x 2 + x + 1 ) ) = lim x → 1 A + lim x → 1 ( x − 1 ) ( B x + C ) x 2 + x + 1 = A . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ) \ left ( ( x-1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( A ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( Bx + C ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) \ right ) \ right ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ) A+ \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ) ( \ frac ( ( x-1 ) ( Bx + C ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) = A . ) On the other hand lim x → 1 ( x − 1 ) ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) = lim x → 1 1 x 2 + x + 1 = 1 3 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ) ( \ frac ( ( x-1 ) ) ( ( x-1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 1 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) , ) and thus : A = 1 3 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Multiplying by x and taking the limit when x → ∞ ( \ displaystyle x \ to \ infty ) , we have lim x → ∞ x ( A x − 1 + B x + C x 2 + x + 1 ) = lim x → ∞ A x x − 1 + lim x → ∞ B x 2 + C x x 2 + x + 1 = A + B , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) x \ left ( ( \ frac ( A ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( Bx + C ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) \ right ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( Ax ) ( x-1 ) ) + \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( Bx ^ ( 2 ) + Cx ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) = A + B , ) and lim x → ∞ x ( x − 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( x ) ( ( x-1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) ) = 0 . ) This implies A + B = 0 and so B = − 1 3 ( \ displaystyle B = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) . For x = 0 , we get − 1 = − A + C , ( \ displaystyle - 1 = - A + C , ) and thus C = − 2 3 ( \ displaystyle C = - ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) . Putting everything together , we get the decomposition 1 x 3 − 1 = 1 3 ( 1 x − 1 + − x − 2 x 2 + x + 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) - 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x-1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( - x-2 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x + 1 ) ) \ right ) . ) Example 6 ( integral ) ( edit ) Suppose we have the indefinite integral : ∫ x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1 x 2 + x − 2 d x ( \ displaystyle \ int ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) + x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + x-2 ) ) \ , dx ) Before performing decomposition , it is obvious we must perform polynomial long division and factor the denominator . Doing this would result in : ∫ x 2 + 3 + − 3 x + 7 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) d x ( \ displaystyle \ int x ^ ( 2 ) + 3 + ( \ frac ( - 3x + 7 ) ( ( x + 2 ) ( x-1 ) ) ) \ , dx ) Upon this , we may now perform partial fraction decomposition . ∫ x 2 + 3 + − 3 x + 7 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 1 ) d x = ∫ x 2 + 3 + A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x − 1 ) d x ( \ displaystyle \ int x ^ ( 2 ) + 3 + ( \ frac ( - 3x + 7 ) ( ( x + 2 ) ( x-1 ) ) ) \ , dx = \ int x ^ ( 2 ) + 3 + ( \ frac ( A ) ( ( x + 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( B ) ( ( x-1 ) ) ) \ , dx ) so : A ( x − 1 ) + B ( x + 2 ) = − 3 x + 7 ( \ displaystyle A ( x-1 ) + B ( x + 2 ) = - 3x + 7 ) . Upon substituting our values , in this case , where x = 1 to solve for B and x = - 2 to solve for A , we will result in : A = − 13 3 , B = 4 3 ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( - 13 ) ( 3 ) ) \ , B = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) ) Plugging all of this back into our integral allows us to find the answer : ∫ x 2 + 3 + − 13 / 3 ( x + 2 ) + 4 / 3 ( x − 1 ) d x = x 3 3 + 3 x − 13 3 ln ⁡ ( x + 2 ) + 4 3 ln ⁡ ( x − 1 ) + C ( \ displaystyle \ int x ^ ( 2 ) + 3 + ( \ frac ( - 13 / 3 ) ( ( x + 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 / 3 ) ( ( x-1 ) ) ) \ , dx = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ + 3x - ( \ frac ( 13 ) ( 3 ) ) \ ln ( x + 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ ln ( x-1 ) + C ) The role of the Taylor polynomial ( edit ) The partial fraction decomposition of a rational function can be related to Taylor 's theorem as follows . Let P ( x ) , Q ( x ) , A 1 ( x ) , ... , A r ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) , Q ( x ) , A_ ( 1 ) ( x ) , \ ldots , A_ ( r ) ( x ) ) be real or complex polynomials assume that Q = ∏ j = 1 r ( x − λ j ) ν j , ( \ displaystyle Q = \ prod _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) ( x - \ lambda _ ( j ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( j ) ) , ) satisfies deg ⁡ A 1 < ν 1 , ... , deg ⁡ A r < ν r , and deg ⁡ ( P ) < deg ⁡ ( Q ) = ∑ j = 1 r ν j . ( \ displaystyle \ deg A_ ( 1 ) < \ nu _ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , \ deg A_ ( r ) < \ nu _ ( r ) , \ quad ( \ text ( and ) ) \ quad \ deg ( P ) < \ deg ( Q ) = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) \ nu _ ( j ) . ) Also define Q i = ∏ j ≠ i ( x − λ j ) ν j = Q ( x − λ i ) ν i , 1 ⩽ i ⩽ r . ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( i ) = \ prod _ ( j \ neq i ) ( x - \ lambda _ ( j ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( j ) ) = ( \ frac ( Q ) ( ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) ) , \ qquad 1 \ leqslant i \ leqslant r . ) Then we have P Q = ∑ j = 1 r A j ( x − λ j ) ν j ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ) ( Q ) ) = \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) ( \ frac ( A_ ( j ) ) ( ( x - \ lambda _ ( j ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( j ) ) ) ) ) if , and only if , each polynomial A i ( x ) ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ( x ) ) is the Taylor polynomial of P Q i ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( P ) ( Q_ ( i ) ) ) ) of order ν i − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( i ) - 1 ) at the point λ i ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( i ) ) : A i ( x ) : = ∑ k = 0 ν i − 1 1 k ! ( P Q i ) ( k ) ( λ i ) ( x − λ i ) k . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ( x ) : = \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) - 1 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ! ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( P ) ( Q_ ( i ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( ( k ) ) ( \ lambda _ ( i ) ) \ ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( k ) . ) Taylor 's theorem ( in the real or complex case ) then provides a proof of the existence and uniqueness of the partial fraction decomposition , and a characterization of the coefficients . Sketch of the proof ( edit ) The above partial fraction decomposition implies , for each 1 ≤ i ≤ r , a polynomial expansion P Q i = A i + O ( ( x − λ i ) ν i ) , for x → λ i , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ) ( Q_ ( i ) ) ) = A_ ( i ) + O ( ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) , \ qquad ( \ text ( for ) ) x \ to \ lambda _ ( i ) , ) so A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) is the Taylor polynomial of P Q i ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( P ) ( Q_ ( i ) ) ) ) , because of the unicity of the polynomial expansion of order ν i − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ nu _ ( i ) - 1 ) , and by assumption deg ⁡ A i < ν i ( \ displaystyle \ deg A_ ( i ) < \ nu _ ( i ) ) . Conversely , if the A i ( \ displaystyle A_ ( i ) ) are the Taylor polynomials , the above expansions at each λ i ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( i ) ) hold , therefore we also have P − Q i A i = O ( ( x − λ i ) ν i ) , for x → λ i , ( \ displaystyle P - Q_ ( i ) A_ ( i ) = O ( ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) , \ qquad ( \ text ( for ) ) x \ to \ lambda _ ( i ) , ) which implies that the polynomial P − Q i A i ( \ displaystyle P - Q_ ( i ) A_ ( i ) ) is divisible by ( x − λ i ) ν i . ( \ displaystyle ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) . ) For j ≠ i , Q j A j ( \ displaystyle j \ neq i , Q_ ( j ) A_ ( j ) ) is also divisible by ( x − λ i ) ν i ( \ displaystyle ( x - \ lambda _ ( i ) ) ^ ( \ nu _ ( i ) ) ) , so P − ∑ j = 1 r Q j A j ( \ displaystyle P - \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) Q_ ( j ) A_ ( j ) ) is divisible by Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) . Since deg ⁡ ( P − ∑ j = 1 r Q j A j ) < deg ⁡ ( Q ) ( \ displaystyle \ deg \ left ( P - \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) Q_ ( j ) A_ ( j ) \ right ) < \ deg ( Q ) ) we then have P − ∑ j = 1 r Q j A j = 0 , ( \ displaystyle P - \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( r ) Q_ ( j ) A_ ( j ) = 0 , ) and we find the partial fraction decomposition dividing by Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) . Fractions of integers ( edit ) The idea of partial fractions can be generalized to other integral domains , say the ring of integers where prime numbers take the role of irreducible denominators . For example : 1 18 = 1 2 − 1 3 − 1 3 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 18 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bluman , George W. ( 1984 ) . Problem Book for First Year Calculus . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 250 -- 251 . References ( edit ) Rao , K.R. ; Ahmed , N. ( 1968 ) . `` Recursive techniques for obtaining the partial fraction expansion of a rational function '' . IEEE Trans . Educ. 11 ( 2 ) . pp. 152 -- 154 . doi : 10.1109 / TE. 1968.4320370 . Henrici , Peter ( 1971 ) . `` An algorithm for the incomplete decomposition of a rational function into partial fractions '' . Z . Angew . Math . Phys. 22 ( 4 ) . pp. 751 -- 755 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01587772 . Chang , Feng - Cheng ( 1973 ) . `` Recursive formulas for the partial fraction expansion of a rational function with multiple poles '' . Proc. IEEE. 61 ( 8 ) . pp. 1139 -- 1140 . doi : 10.1109 / PROC. 1973.9216 . Kung , H.T. ; Tong , D.M. ( 1977 ) . `` Fast Algorithms for Partial Fraction Decomposition '' . SIAM Journal on Computing. 6 ( 3 ) : 582 . doi : 10.1137 / 0206042 . Eustice , Dan ; Klamkin , M.S. ( 1979 ) . `` On the coefficients of a partial fraction decomposition '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 86 ( 6 ) . pp. 478 -- 480 . JSTOR 2320421 . Mahoney , J.J. ; Sivazlian , B.D. ( 1983 ) . `` Partial fractions expansion : a review of computational methodology and efficiency '' . J. Comp . Appl . Math. 9 . pp. 247 -- 269 . doi : 10.1016 / 0377 - 0427 ( 83 ) 90018 - 3 . Miller , Charles D. ; Lial , Margaret L. ; Schneider , David I. ( 1990 ) . Fundamentals of College Algebra ( 3rd ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Educational Publishers , Inc . pp. 364 -- 370 . ISBN 0 - 673 - 38638 - 4 . Westreich , David ( 1991 ) . `` partial fraction expansion without derivative evaluation '' . IEEE Trans . Circ . Syst. 38 ( 6 ) . pp. 658 -- 660 . doi : 10.1109 / 31.81863 . Kudryavtsev , L.D. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Undetermined coefficients , method of '' , in Hazewinkel , Michiel , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Velleman , Daniel J. ( 2002 ) . `` Partial fractions , binomial coefficients and the integral of an odd power of sec theta '' . Am. Math . Monthly . 109 ( 8 ) . pp. 746 -- 749 . JSTOR 3072399 . Slota , Damian ; Witula , Roman ( 2005 ) . `` Three brick method of the partial fraction decomposition of some type of rational expression '' . Lect . Not . Computer Sci. 33516 . pp. 659 -- 662 . doi : 10.1007 / 11428862_89 . Kung , Sidney H. ( 2006 ) . `` Partial fraction decomposition by division '' . Coll . Math. J. 37 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 134 . JSTOR 27646303 . Witula , Roman ; Slota , Damian ( 2008 ) . `` Partial fractions decompositions of some rational functions '' . Appl . Math . Comput. 197 . pp. 328 -- 336 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amc. 2007.07. 048 . MR 2396331 . External links ( edit ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Partial Fraction Decomposition '' . MathWorld . Blake , Sam . `` Step - by - Step Partial Fractions '' . ( 1 ) Make partial fraction decompositions with Scilab . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partial_fraction_decomposition&oldid=812213748 '' Categories : Algebra Elementary algebra Partial fractions Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fractional expressions with separate fractions in the numerator denominator or both are	[]	[]
2267725379682769339	Debit Mastercard	Debit Mastercard - wikipedia Debit Mastercard Debit Mastercard Product type Debit card Owner Mastercard Country United States Related brands Maestro Markets Worldwide Website www.mastercard.com The Debit Mastercard is a debit card . It uses the same systems as the standard Mastercard credit card but does not use a line of credit to the customer , instead relying on funds that the customer has in their bank account . Contents 1 Algeria 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Baltic states 5 Canada 6 Germany 7 Greece 8 Netherlands 9 Philippines 10 United Kingdom 11 United States 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Algeria ( edit ) Several banks offer Credit and Debit Mastercard in Algeria ( Algeria Gulf Bank , Banque de Développement Local , Crédit Populaire Agricole ) . Argentina ( edit ) In 2011 , Banco de Córdoba started offering Mastercard Debit to its clients , as a direct competitor to the Visa Débito card . However , this would n't be a direct replacement of all Maestro cards in the Argentine market , since it will be analyzed with each bank . Australia ( edit ) As in the UK , in Australia the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc . The Debit Mastercard was first launched in Australia by Westpac in 2006 as an alternative card for the bank 's Cirrus cardholders . The Commonwealth Bank , ME Bank and Westpac are notable for being the only banks in Australia to issue a Debit Mastercard to any account holder age 16 and older , whereas other institutions require cardholders to be age 18 or older . Baltic states ( edit ) Swedbank has offered Debit Mastercard in Estonia since 2011 , Latvia and Lithuania since 2012 . Nordea has offered Debit Mastercard in Latvia since 2016 . SEB has offered Debit Mastercard and Visa Debit for years equally in the Baltic states , but since March / April 2014 SEB decided to prefer Debit Mastercard as their main debit card , still somewhat offering also Visa Debit Canada ( edit ) Debit Mastercard was launched in Canada in July 2016 with Bank of Montreal . Similar to most Canadian Visa Debit cards , BMO 's Debit Mastercard is co-branded with Interac and operates solely over that network for point - of - sale transactions in Canada , but uses the Mastercard network for Internet and international transactions . Germany ( edit ) Deutsche Bank , Commerzbank , Norisbank , Consors Finanz , MLP , netbank , KT Bank , O2 Banking , Fidor Bank and N26 offer Debit Mastercards to their customers . In Germany , the Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the national Girocard . Greece ( edit ) As of March 2015 , all four major Greek banks offer a contactless Debit Mastercard to their clients . Eurobank Ergasias is replacing its Maestro line of debit cards with a new Debit Mastercard . The National Bank of Greece ( NBG ) started replacing its Maestro debit card with a new Debit Mastercard in March 2015 . NBG is the last one of the four major Greek banks to offer a Debit Mastercard to its customers , and like Eurobank it only offers this debit card . The other two major Greek banks offer Debit Mastercard cards as well , but not exclusively . Piraeus Bank has added the option for a Mastercard Debit card alongside the Visa Debit ( formerly Visa Electron ) card that it had been offering in the past as the exclusive option . Also Alpha Bank offers Debit Mastercard and Debit Mastercard Contactless as one of three options for a debit card . It is not clear which debit card these two banks promote the most to customers that do not have a specific preference . Netherlands ( edit ) bunq bank issues a Debit Mastercard to its premium customers . Philippines ( edit ) Major banks like BDO , Metrobank , Security Bank , and PNB issue Debit Mastercard . The country 's largest bank , BDO is the first bank to roll out the first - ever Debit Mastercard with an EMV chip in the Philippines . This is for the enhancement of the security features and also for the safety and security of its cardholders . Debit Cards like Mastercard are also accepted in several Point of sales in the Philippines . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Debit Mastercard operates alongside Mastercard 's established Maestro debit card scheme , which previously were the only debit cards provided by Mastercard . However , almost all providers have switched to issuing Debit Mastercard instead , as the previous Maestro debit cards are not accepted as widely worldwide , unlike the Debit Mastercard which is accepted worldwide wherever Mastercard is accepted . Although , currently , the Maestro scheme still remains in place . Main issuers of Debit Mastercard are Clydesdale Bank ( incorporating Yorkshire Bank ) , Danske Bank , Virgin Money , Metro Bank , Starling Bank and Monzo Bank . The Debit Mastercard is a competitor to the Visa Debit cards provided by Visa Inc . United States ( edit ) In the United States , unlike Australia and the United Kingdom , three levels of Debit Mastercard are available : Standard , Enhanced , and World . In 2012 , there were four levels of Debit Mastercard available : Standard , Gold , Platinum and World . See also ( edit ) E-commerce credit card payment system Payment card Payment service provider Wire transfer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Debit Card - Mastercard '' . www.mastercard.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Aires , LAURA GARCÍA Buenos . `` Sin eliminar Maestro , MasterCard sale al mercado con una nueva tarjeta de débito '' . Jump up ^ `` Credit Card Debit Products MasterCard ® '' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office About Us MasterCard ® Australia '' . Mastercard.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Bank unveils youth Debit MasterCard - International Business Times '' . Au.ibtimes.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ westpac.com.au Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ `` SEB offers customers novel MasterCard debit card '' . SEB. 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lakson , Piret ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` SEB eelistab Visa asemel Mastercardi '' ( in Estonian ) . Tarbija24 ( Postimees ) . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banking Services - Online & Mobile Banking - BMO '' . www.bmo.com . Jump up ^ `` Debitkarte - Debit Mastercard '' . www.mastercard.de . Jump up ^ `` NEU : Debit MasterCard : Info und Vergleich zur Debitkarte 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Eurobank Ergasias - Debit Mastercard '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Debit MasterCard '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mastercard Debit '' . Piraeusbank.gr . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ALPHA BANK - bank cards '' . alphabank.gr . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . www.bunq.com . Jump up ^ `` Transact with the new EMV Debit Card '' . www.bdo.com.ph. 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard ® Debit Cards '' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Debit Cards MasterCard ® '' . Mastercard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( UK ) Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club Mastercard Debit Mastercard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron UnionPay Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Cabcharge Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services ( EPS ) Forbrugsforeningen Girocard Interac Isracard JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Carte Bleue Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch PIN Accounts Payment card number Card association Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current / checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge - off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debit_Mastercard&oldid=857107126 '' Categories : Debit cards Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is mastercard a debit card or credit card	[]	[]
-555412495079478422	Premier League records and statistics	Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia Premier League records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . Contents ( hide ) 1 League records 1.1 Titles 1.2 Wins 1.3 Defeats 1.4 Draws 1.5 Attendances 1.6 Goals 1.7 Points 2 Player records 2.1 Appearances 2.2 Goals 2.3 Assists 2.4 Goalkeepers 2.5 Disciplinary 2.6 Youngest goalscorers 3 Match records 3.1 Scorelines 4 All - time Premier League table 5 Managers 6 References League records ( edit ) Titles ( edit ) Most titles : 13 , Manchester United Most consecutive title wins : 3 Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) Biggest title - winning margin : 18 points , 1999 -- 2000 ; Manchester United ( 91 points ) over Arsenal ( 73 points ) Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 30 , Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) Defeats ( edit ) Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) Most defeats in total : 336 , Everton Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 & 2011 -- 12 ) Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 & 2003 -- 04 ) Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 & 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 & 2014 -- 15 ) Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 & 2007 -- 08 ) Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most draws in total : 277 , Everton Attendances ( edit ) Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) Goals ( edit ) Most goals scored in a season : 103 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Best goal difference in a season : 71 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) Most goals scored in total : 1,856 , Manchester United Most goals conceded in total : 1,231 , Tottenham Hotspur Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . Points ( edit ) Most points in a season : 95 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season while being relegated : 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) Player records ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most Premier League appearances : 652 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 12 February 2018 ) Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) Rank Name Goals Games Goals per game Playing position First goal Last goal Alan Shearer 260 441 0.59 Forward 1992 -- 93 2005 -- 06 Wayne Rooney 208 489 0.43 Forward 2002 -- 03 2017 -- 18 Andy Cole 187 414 0.45 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 Frank Lampard 177 609 0.29 Midfield 1997 -- 98 2014 -- 15 5 Thierry Henry 175 258 0.68 Forward 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 12 6 Robbie Fowler 163 379 0.43 Forward 1993 -- 94 2006 -- 07 7 Jermain Defoe 162 489 0.33 Forward 2001 -- 02 2017 -- 18 8 Michael Owen 150 326 0.46 Forward 1996 -- 97 2012 -- 13 9 Les Ferdinand 149 351 0.42 Forward 1992 -- 93 2004 -- 05 10 Teddy Sheringham 146 418 0.35 Forward 1992 -- 93 2006 -- 07 Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Further information : Premier League Golden Boot Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 31 , joint record : Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United , 2007 -- 08 ) Luis Suárez ( Liverpool , 2013 -- 14 ) Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 22 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : 20 - team league : Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) 22 - team league : Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) Assists ( edit ) Rank Player Assists Most assists ( career ) Ryan Giggs 162 Cesc Fàbregas 111 Wayne Rooney 103 Frank Lampard 102 5 Dennis Bergkamp 94 6 Steven Gerrard 92 7 David Beckham 80 8 James Milner 78 9 Teddy Sheringham 76 10 David Silva 75 Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) Goalkeepers ( edit ) Further information : Premier League Golden Glove Rank Player Clean sheets Most clean sheets ( career ) Petr Čech 200 David James 169 Mark Schwarzer 151 David Seaman 140 5 Nigel Martyn 137 6 Pepe Reina 134 7 Edwin van der Sar 132 Tim Howard Brad Friedel 10 Peter Schmeichel 128 Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards : 8 , joint record : Duncan Ferguson Patrick Vieira Richard Dunne Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . Player Date Team Age Opposition James Vaughan 10 April 2005 Everton 16 years , 270 days Crystal Palace James Milner 26 December 2002 Leeds United 16 years , 346 days Sunderland Wayne Rooney 19 October 2002 Everton 16 years , 351 days Arsenal Cesc Fàbregas 25 August 2004 Arsenal 17 years , 114 days Blackburn Rovers 5 Michael Owen 6 May 1997 Liverpool 17 years , 144 days Wimbledon 6 Andy Turner 5 September 1992 Tottenham 17 years , 166 days Everton 7 Federico Macheda 5 April 2009 Manchester United 17 years , 226 days Aston Villa 8 Raheem Sterling 20 October 2012 Liverpool 17 years , 317 days Reading 9 Mikael Forssell 20 February 1999 Chelsea 17 years , 342 days Nottingham Forest 10 Danny Cadamarteri 20 September 1997 Everton 17 years , 344 days Barnsley Match records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . Pos . Club Seasons Pld Win Draw Loss GF GA GD Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Relegated Avg Pts Best Pos . Manchester United 25 962 604 209 149 1856 847 1009 2021 13 5 80.84 Arsenal 25 962 525 247 190 1698 911 787 1822 6 5 7 72.88 Chelsea 25 962 516 241 205 1645 925 720 1789 5 71.56 Liverpool 25 962 478 243 241 1601 986 615 1677 5 6 67.08 5 Tottenham Hotspur 25 962 400 247 315 1406 1231 175 1447 57.88 6 Everton 25 962 349 277 336 1259 1207 52 1324 52.96 7 Aston Villa 24 924 316 275 333 1117 1186 − 69 1223 50.96 8 Newcastle United 22 844 322 217 305 1168 1140 28 1183 53.77 9 Manchester City 20 772 327 190 255 1173 925 248 1171 58.55 10 West Ham United 21 806 265 209 332 964 1146 − 182 1004 47.81 5 11 Blackburn Rovers 18 696 262 184 250 927 907 20 970 53.89 12 Southampton 18 696 222 187 287 855 966 − 111 853 47.39 6 13 Leeds United 12 468 189 125 154 641 573 68 692 57.67 14 Middlesbrough 15 574 165 169 240 648 794 − 146 661 44.01 7 15 Sunderland 16 608 153 159 296 612 904 − 292 618 38.63 7 16 Fulham 13 494 150 136 208 570 697 − 127 586 45.08 7 17 Bolton Wanderers 13 494 149 128 217 575 745 − 170 575 44.23 6 18 Leicester City 11 422 130 118 174 516 610 − 94 508 46.18 19 West Bromwich Albion 11 418 106 115 197 444 640 − 196 433 39.36 8 20 Stoke City 9 342 109 97 136 363 457 − 94 424 47.11 9 21 Coventry City 9 354 99 112 143 387 490 − 103 409 45.40 11 22 Sheffield Wednesday 8 316 101 89 126 409 453 − 44 392 49.00 7 23 Wimbledon 8 316 99 94 123 384 472 − 88 391 48.88 6 24 Charlton Athletic 8 304 93 82 129 342 442 − 100 361 45.13 7 25 Norwich City 8 316 89 92 135 365 510 − 145 359 44.88 26 Crystal Palace 8 312 86 78 148 329 456 − 127 336 42.00 10 27 Wigan Athletic 8 304 85 76 143 316 482 − 166 331 41.38 10 28 Queens Park Rangers 7 278 81 65 132 339 431 − 92 308 44.00 5 29 Birmingham City 7 266 73 82 111 273 360 − 87 301 43.00 9 30 Portsmouth 7 266 79 65 122 292 380 − 88 293 41.90 8 31 Swansea City 6 228 74 57 97 278 327 − 49 279 46.50 8 32 Derby County 7 266 68 70 128 271 420 − 149 274 39.10 8 33 Nottingham Forest 5 198 60 59 79 229 287 − 58 239 47.80 34 Ipswich Town 5 202 57 53 92 219 312 − 93 224 44.80 5 35 Hull City 5 190 41 48 101 181 323 − 142 171 34.20 16 36 Watford 152 34 35 83 144 254 − 110 137 34.25 13 37 Wolverhampton Wanderers 152 32 40 80 156 281 − 125 136 34.00 15 38 Sheffield United 122 32 36 54 128 168 − 40 132 44.00 14 39 Reading 114 32 23 59 136 186 − 50 119 39.67 8 40 Burnley 114 26 25 63 109 190 − 81 103 34.33 16 41 Oldham Athletic 84 22 23 39 105 142 − 37 89 44.50 19 42 Bournemouth 76 23 19 34 100 134 − 34 88 44.00 9 43 Bradford City 76 14 20 42 68 138 − 70 62 31.00 17 44 Blackpool 38 10 9 19 55 78 − 23 39 39.00 19 45 Barnsley 38 10 5 23 37 82 − 45 35 35.00 19 46 Cardiff City 38 7 9 22 32 74 − 42 30 30.00 20 47 Swindon Town 42 5 15 22 47 100 − 53 30 30.00 22 48 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 49 Huddersfield Town 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.00 League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 Premier League 2017 -- 18 EFL Championship 2017 -- 18 Football League One 2017 -- 18 Football League Two Defunct : by a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . Managers ( edit ) Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 200 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to present ) Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) References ( edit ) General `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` England - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top five title - winning margins in the Premier League '' . TouchLineTalk. 19 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City win Barclays Premier League title '' . Premier League . 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CHELSEA make it a record 30 PL win '' . Premier League . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brad friedel and other incredible premier league records '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Manchester City aim for perfect home record Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2011 - 2012 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wins , defeats and sequences '' . Chelsea FC . Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwich fail the ultimate road test '' . The Guardian . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City - Hull City Tigers Preview : Pellegrini 's men look to bounce back from shock defeat '' . goal.com. 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Henson , Mike ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Newcastle United 0 -- 1 Manchester City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The worst streaks in sport -- featuring QPR , Sunderland , Tampa Bay '' . Talksport. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football all time stats football league stats , Competitions stats & Player history stats '' . Statbunker.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Sam . `` Bolton 0 - 2 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Arsenal side Arsène Wenger created truly were the Invincibles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Group , Arsenal Media . `` ' The Invincibles ' go 49 games unbeaten '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Club Statistics , Team & Player Stats '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1995 - 1996 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1999 - 2000 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2010 - 2011 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1998 - 1999 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2003 - 2004 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2007 - 2008 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2004 - 2005 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2005 - 2006 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2006 - 2007 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2014 - 2015 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2008 - 2009 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Records - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2001 - 2002 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal in the Record Books '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League History , Records & Facts '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Olver , Tom ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Harry Kane talismanic as Tottenham sink Arsenal in front of record - breaking Wembley crowd '' . Metro . Jump up ^ `` Lowest ever premiership attendance ? -- Kgb Answers '' . Jump up ^ `` It was one man and his dog ' -- the day just 3,036 watched a Premier League match '' . Guardian . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea and Carlo Ancelotti are worthy winners of Premier League title '' . 9 May 2010 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Five Worst Premier League Teams in History : 5 - derby - county - 2007 - 2008 '' . 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ History . `` Swindon Town FC History '' . Jump up ^ How Aston Villa are on pace to take one of Derby 's unwanted records - StatsInsights Archived 24 April 2015 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : `` The Record Breakers - Part Four '' . Jump up ^ `` How to avoid relegation from the Premier League - A statistical analysis - Just Football '' . 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City Official Club News '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Table , Form Guide & Season Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Sequences - Club Records - History - Arsenal.com '' . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Vitalnetwork . `` Classic Match : 1997 Leeds 4 - 3 Derby - VitalFootball.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Seal , Brian . `` This Day In Football History : 9 September 1998 - And Everybody Says A Two - Goal Lead Is The Most Dangerous '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's amazing comeback '' . 29 September 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Wolves comeback stuns Leicester '' . 25 October 2003 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 - 4 Arsenal '' . 5 February 2011 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ryan . `` How Man Utd Can Break Chelsea 's All - Time Points Record '' . Jump up ^ `` 5 Lowest Ever Premier League Point Totals ( In The Noughties ) '' . Jump up ^ Stadium , Phil McNulty BBC chief football writer at Etihad . `` Manchester City 3 - 2 QPR '' . Jump up ^ `` hitrowz.com '' . Archived from the original on 22 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Site of the Premier League - Barclays Premier League News , Fixtures and Results Statistics Jump up ^ `` The Premier League 's 25 oldest players ever '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta : Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Sunday football - Live '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League as it happened '' . 3 October 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Brian Deane scores first ever Premier League goal '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Top Scorers -- Most Premier League Goals '' . Soccerlens. 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney has scored the most goals in the Premier League for Manchester United '' . 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest goal scorers Premier League '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League 's Top 10 Youngest Goalscorers '' . 29 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Vardy Streak Finally Ends as Riyad Mahrez Steals Show with Hat - Trick and Sends Leicester City to Top - beIN SPORTS '' . Beinsports - USA . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bajkowski , Simon ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Will Giggs continue his scoring streak ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Stats & Info '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez is on course for Premier League record as Liverpool eye Champions League spot '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Patrick . `` Suarez Ties Premier League Goals Record '' . Jump up ^ Ben Valentine ( 15 April 2018 ) . `` Salah beats Messi to 30 league goals and breaks Ronaldo 's Premier League record '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline ( 26 December 2017 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Arsenal Media . `` Van Persie equals Premier League record '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Phillips proved size is not an issue for great strikers '' . 28 April 2014 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Bandini , Paolo ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Who has scored the most hat - tricks in a single season ? '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bragg , James ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Players with the most Premier League hat - tricks : Rooney , Fowler , Shearer and more treble kings '' . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Blackburn '' . 27 November 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 9 - 1 Wigan '' . 22 November 2009 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The five fastest Premier League goals of all time - Navas misses the cut '' . Jump up ^ `` The biggest wins in the Premier League '' . 23 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers game '' . Sky Sports . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com Soccernet England : Alan Shearer '' . ^ Jump up to : `` hitrowz.com '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Premier League season in stats and facts '' . Jump up ^ Innes , Richard ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` The funniest tweets of disbelief as Sadio Mane scores three - minute hat - trick '' . Jump up ^ Gorman , Ken ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Cardiff 2 - 1 Norwich : Craig Bellamy becomes the first player to score for SEVEN different Premier League clubs '' . Jump up ^ `` Richard Dunne becomes first ever player to bring Premier League own goals into double figures - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ `` Martin Skrtel breaks own goal record with his fourth of season '' . Jump up ^ `` Brighton 's Lewis Dunk equals Premier League record for own goals in a season Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chappell , Gary ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Liverpool 's Luis Suarez makes history against Norwich City '' . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez sets record for goals scored in a month '' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Player Stats : Assists - All Seasons '' . Premier League . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker has Thierry Henry 's record of 20 assists in a season in his sights '' . Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil breaks Premier League assist record against Tottenham '' . Jump up ^ Premier League Records , PremierLeague.com Jump up ^ Southampton 8 Sunderland 0 : Dusan Tadic equals Premier League assist record as Saints decimate Black Cats , Evening Standard Jump up ^ `` Petr Cech Statistics -- 2004 / 05 '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schmeichel strike in vain '' . 20 October 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Charlton 3 - 2 Blackburn '' . 21 February 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 3 - 1 Watford '' . 17 March 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Sport , Arindam Rej BBC . `` Everton 1 - 2 Bolton '' . Jump up ^ `` Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begovic enters record books '' . Jump up ^ Bristow , Thomas ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Spurs broke a record at Stamford Bridge ... just not the one they wanted '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Premier League Statistics '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Barton : QPR captain banned for 12 matches by FA '' . BBC Sport. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 youngest Premier League goal scorers ever , including Rooney , Milner and Fabregas '' . TalkSport. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Here , Danger ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Thrashings in Premier League History '' . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39879805 Jump up ^ `` Top five : Highest scoring Premier League games ( 6 ) '' . 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson signs off with thriller as Manchester United draw 5 - 5 with West Brom '' . Jump up ^ `` Blackburn Rovers 3 - 4 Leeds - 14 / 09 / 97 '' . Jump up ^ `` Bradford in eight - goal thriller '' . 21 April 2000 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` PREMIER LEAGUE LIVE : Reading 3 Manchester United 4 - as it happened from the Madejski Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 4 - 5 Arsenal '' . 13 November 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 7 - 4 Reading '' . 29 September 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Bridge , Owen Phillips BBC Sport at Stamford . `` Chelsea 8 - 0 Aston Villa '' . Jump up ^ Sport , Gary Rose BBC . `` Manchester City 7 - 0 Norwich City '' . Jump up ^ Sport , Luke Reddy BBC . `` Southampton 8 - 0 Sunderland '' . Jump up ^ `` My Football Facts & Stats - Premier League - All - Time Table1992 - 93 to 2014 - 15 '' . Jump up ^ Middlesbrough deducted 3 points for failure to fulfill a fixture at Blackburn Rovers , on 21 December 1996 Jump up ^ Portsmouth deducted 9 points for entering administration in March 2010 Jump up ^ `` History and Honours of Wimbledon FC returned to Merton '' . Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Football Supporters ' Federation ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` MK Dons agree to return Wimbledon trophies to Merton - and sanction amendments to football statistics '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jermain Defoe , Harry Kane , Pep Guardiola win Premier League awards for December '' . Sky Sports . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Premier League Manager Statistics - Barrie 's View '' . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger becomes longest - serving Premier League manager '' . Sky Sports . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . ( hide ) Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=837244187 '' Categories : Premier League All - time football league tables Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Use British English from June 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Eesti Italiano 日本語 Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	defender with most goals in premier league 2016/17	[]	[]
-533932516189717154	Seismometer	Seismometer - wikipedia Seismometer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Japan Meteorological Agency Optical Electromagnetic Seismometer Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine Supershear Tsunami Earthquake swarm Causes Fault movement Volcanism Induced seismicity Characteristics Epicenter Hypocenter Shadow zone Seismic waves P - wave S - wave Measurement Seismometer Seismic magnitude scales Seismic intensity scales Prediction Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Forecasting Other topics Shear wave splitting Adams -- Williamson equation Flinn -- Engdahl regions Earthquake engineering Seismite Seismology Earth Sciences Portal Related topics A seismometer is an instrument that measures motion of the ground , caused by , for example , an earthquake , a volcanic eruption , or the use of explosives . Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth and to locate and measure the size of events like these . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basic principles 2 Nomenclature 3 History 3.1 Ancient era 3.2 Modern designs 4 Modern instruments 4.1 Teleseismometers 4.2 Strong - motion seismometers 4.3 Other forms 4.4 Interconnected seismometers 5 Recording 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Basic principles ( edit ) A simple seismometer , sensitive to up - down motions of the Earth , is like a weight hanging from a spring , both suspended from a frame that moves along with any motion detected . The relative motion between the weight ( called the mass ) and the frame provides a measurement of the vertical ground motion . A rotating drum is attached to the frame and a pen is attached to the weight , thus recording any ground motion in a seismogram . Any movement of the ground moves the frame . The mass tends not to move because of its inertia , and by measuring the movement between the frame and the mass , the motion of the ground can be determined . Early seismometers used optical levers or mechanical linkages to amplify the small motions involved , recording on soot - covered paper or photographic paper . Modern instruments use electronics . In some systems , the mass is held nearly motionless relative to the frame by an electronic negative feedback loop . The motion of the mass relative to the frame is measured , and the feedback loop applies a magnetic or electrostatic force to keep the mass nearly motionless . The voltage needed to produce this force is the output of the seismometer , which is recorded digitally . In other systems the weight is allowed to move , and its motion produces an electrical charge in a coil attached to the mass which voltage moves through the magnetic field of a magnet attached to the frame . This design is often used in a geophone , which is used in exploration for oil and gas . Seismic observatories usually have instruments measuring three axes : north - south ( y - axis ) , east - west ( x-axis ) , and vertical ( z - axis ) . If only one axis is measured , it is usually the vertical because it is less noisy and gives better records of some seismic waves . The foundation of a seismic station is critical . A professional station is sometimes mounted on bedrock . The best mountings may be in deep boreholes , which avoid thermal effects , ground noise and tilting from weather and tides . Other instruments are often mounted in insulated enclosures on small buried piers of unreinforced concrete . Reinforcing rods and aggregates would distort the pier as the temperature changes . A site is always surveyed for ground noise with a temporary installation before pouring the pier and laying conduit . Originally , European seismographs were placed in a particular area after a destructive earthquake . Today , they are spread to provide appropriate coverage ( in the case of weak - motion seismology ) or concentrated in high - risk regions ( strong - motion seismology ) . Nomenclature ( edit ) The word derives from the Greek σεισμός , seismós , a shaking or quake , from the verb σείω , seíō , to shake ; and μέτρον , métron , to measure , and was coined by David Milne - Home in 1841 , to describe an instrument designed by Scottish physicist James David Forbes . Seismograph is another Greek term from seismós and γράφω , gráphō , to draw . It is often used to mean seismometer , though it is more applicable to the older instruments in which the measuring and recording of ground motion were combined , than to modern systems , in which these functions are separated . Both types provide a continuous record of ground motion ; this record distinguishes them from seismoscopes , which merely indicate that motion has occurred , perhaps with some simple measure of how large it was . The technical discipline concerning such devices is called seismometry , a branch of seismology . The concept of measuring the `` shaking '' of something means that the word `` seismograph '' might be used in a more general sense . For example , a monitoring station that tracks changes in electromagnetic noise affecting amateur radio waves presents an rf seismograph . And Helioseismology studies the `` quakes '' on the Sun . History ( edit ) The first seismometer was made in China during the 2nd Century . The first Western description of the device comes from the French physicist and priest Jean de Hautefeuille in 1703 . The modern seismometer was developed in the 19th century . Ancient era ( edit ) Replica of Zhang Heng 's seismoscope Houfeng Didong Yi See also : List of Chinese inventions In AD 132 , Zhang Heng of China 's Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope ( by the definition above ) , which was called Houfeng Didong Yi ( translated as , `` instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth '' ) . The description we have , from the History of the Later Han Dynasty , says that it was a large bronze vessel , about 2 meters in diameter ; at eight points around the top were dragon 's heads holding bronze balls . When there was an earthquake , one of the mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base , making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake . On at least one occasion , probably at the time of a large earthquake in Gansu in AD 143 , the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt . The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks ; this is thought to refer to a pendulum , though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would open only one dragon 's mouth . The first earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly `` somewhere in the east . '' Days later , a rider from the east reported this earthquake . Modern designs ( edit ) An early special - purpose seismometer consisted of a large , stationary pendulum , with a stylus on the bottom . As the earth started to move , the heavy mass of the pendulum had the inertia to stay still within the frame . The result is that the stylus scratched a pattern corresponding with the Earth 's movement . This type of strong - motion seismometer recorded upon a smoked glass ( glass with carbon soot ) . While not sensitive enough to detect distant earthquakes , this instrument could indicate the direction of the pressure waves and thus help find the epicenter of a local quake . Such instruments were useful in the analysis of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Further analysis was performed in the 1980s , using these early recordings , enabling a more precise determination of the initial fault break location in Marin county and its subsequent progression , mostly to the south . Milne horizontal pendulum seismometer . One of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan . Exhibit in the National Museum of Nature and Science , Tokyo , Japan . By the 13th century , seismographic devices existed in the Maragheh observatory in Persia . French physicist and priest Jean de Hautefeuille built one in 1703 . After 1880 , most seismometers were descended from those developed by the team of John Milne , James Alfred Ewing and Thomas Gray , who worked as foreign - government advisors in Japan from 1880 to 1895 . These seismometers used damped horizontal pendulums . After World War II , these were adapted into the widely used Press - Ewing seismometer . Later , professional suites of instruments for the worldwide standard seismographic network had one set of instruments tuned to oscillate at fifteen seconds , and the other at ninety seconds , each set measuring in three directions . Amateurs or observatories with limited means tuned their smaller , less sensitive instruments to ten seconds . The basic damped horizontal pendulum seismometer swings like the gate of a fence . A heavy weight is mounted on the point of a long ( from 10 cm to several meters ) triangle , hinged at its vertical edge . As the ground moves , the weight stays unmoving , swinging the `` gate '' on the hinge . The advantage of a horizontal pendulum is that it achieves very low frequencies of oscillation in a compact instrument . The `` gate '' is slightly tilted , so the weight tends to slowly return to a central position . The pendulum is adjusted ( before the damping is installed ) to oscillate once per three seconds , or once per thirty seconds . The general - purpose instruments of small stations or amateurs usually oscillate once per ten seconds . A pan of oil is placed under the arm , and a small sheet of metal mounted on the underside of the arm drags in the oil to damp oscillations . The level of oil , position on the arm , and angle and size of sheet is adjusted until the damping is `` critical , '' that is , almost having oscillation . The hinge is very low friction , often torsion wires , so the only friction is the internal friction of the wire . Small seismographs with low proof masses are placed in a vacuum to reduce disturbances from air currents . Zollner described torsionally suspended horizontal pendulums as early as 1869 , but developed them for gravimetry rather than seismometry . Early seismometers had an arrangement of levers on jeweled bearings , to scratch smoked glass or paper . Later , mirrors reflected a light beam to a direct - recording plate or roll of photographic paper . Briefly , some designs returned to mechanical movements to save money . In mid-twentieth - century systems , the light was reflected to a pair of differential electronic photosensors called a photomultiplier . The voltage generated in the photomultiplier was used to drive galvanometers which had a small mirror mounted on the axis . The moving reflected light beam would strike the surface of the turning drum , which was covered with photo - sensitive paper . The expense of developing photo sensitive paper caused many seismic observatories to switch to ink or thermal - sensitive paper . Modern instruments ( edit ) CMG - 40T triaxial broadband seismometer Modern instruments use electronic sensors , amplifiers , and recording devices . Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies . Some seismometers can measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz ( 1 / 500 = 0.002 seconds per cycle , to 1 / 0.00118 = 850 seconds per cycle ) . The mechanical suspension for horizontal instruments remains the garden-gate described above . Vertical instruments use some kind of constant - force suspension , such as the LaCoste suspension . The LaCoste suspension uses a zero - length spring to provide a long period ( high sensitivity ) . Some modern instruments use a `` triaxial '' design , in which three identical motion sensors are set at the same angle to the vertical but 120 degrees apart on the horizontal . Vertical and horizontal motions can be computed from the outputs of the three sensors . Seismometers unavoidably introduce some distortion into the signals they measure , but professionally designed systems have carefully characterized frequency transforms . Modern sensitivities come in three broad ranges : geophones , 50 to 750 V / m ; local geologic seismographs , about 1,500 V / m ; and teleseismographs , used for world survey , about 20,000 V / m . Instruments come in three main varieties : short period , long period and broadband . The short and long period measure velocity and are very sensitive , however they ' clip ' the signal or go off - scale for ground motion that is strong enough to be felt by people . A 24 - bit analog - to - digital conversion channel is commonplace . Practical devices are linear to roughly one part per million . Delivered seismometers come with two styles of output : analog and digital . Analog seismographs require analog recording equipment , possibly including an analog - to - digital converter . The output of a digital seismograph can be simply input to a computer . It presents the data in a standard digital format ( often `` SE2 '' over Ethernet ) . Teleseismometers ( edit ) A low - frequency 3 - direction ocean - bottom seismometer ( cover removed ) . Two masses for x - and y - direction can be seen , the third one for z - direction is below . This model is a CMG - 40TOBS , manufactured by Güralp Systems Ltd and is part of the Monterey Accelerated Research System . The modern broadband seismograph can record a very broad range of frequencies . It consists of a small `` proof mass '' , confined by electrical forces , driven by sophisticated electronics . As the earth moves , the electronics attempt to hold the mass steady through a feedback circuit . The amount of force necessary to achieve this is then recorded . In most designs the electronics holds a mass motionless relative to the frame . This device is called a `` force balance accelerometer '' . It measures acceleration instead of velocity of ground movement . Basically , the distance between the mass and some part of the frame is measured very precisely , by a linear variable differential transformer . Some instruments use a linear variable differential capacitor . That measurement is then amplified by electronic amplifiers attached to parts of an electronic negative feedback loop . One of the amplified currents from the negative feedback loop drives a coil very like a loudspeaker , except that the coil is attached to the mass , and the magnet is mounted on the frame . The result is that the mass stays nearly motionless . Most instruments measure directly the ground motion using the distance sensor . The voltage generated in a sense coil on the mass by the magnet directly measures the instantaneous velocity of the ground . The current to the drive coil provides a sensitive , accurate measurement of the force between the mass and frame , thus measuring directly the ground 's acceleration ( using f = ma where f = force , m = mass , a = acceleration ) . One of the continuing problems with sensitive vertical seismographs is the buoyancy of their masses . The uneven changes in pressure caused by wind blowing on an open window can easily change the density of the air in a room enough to cause a vertical seismograph to show spurious signals . Therefore , most professional seismographs are sealed in rigid gas - tight enclosures . For example , this is why a common Streckeisen model has a thick glass base that must be glued to its pier without bubbles in the glue . It might seem logical to make the heavy magnet serve as a mass , but that subjects the seismograph to errors when the Earth 's magnetic field moves . This is also why seismograph 's moving parts are constructed from a material that interacts minimally with magnetic fields . A seismograph is also sensitive to changes in temperature so many instruments are constructed from low expansion materials such as nonmagnetic invar . The hinges on a seismograph are usually patented , and by the time the patent has expired , the design has been improved . The most successful public domain designs use thin foil hinges in a clamp . Another issue is that the transfer function of a seismograph must be accurately characterized , so that its frequency response is known . This is often the crucial difference between professional and amateur instruments . Most instruments are characterized on a variable frequency shaking table . Strong - motion seismometers ( edit ) Another type of seismometer is a digital strong - motion seismometer , or accelerograph . The data from such an instrument is essential to understand how an earthquake affects man - made structures , through earthquake engineering . The recordings of such instruments are crucial for the assessment of seismic hazard , through engineering seismology . A strong - motion seismometer measures acceleration . This can be mathematically integrated later to give velocity and position . Strong - motion seismometers are not as sensitive to ground motions as teleseismic instruments but they stay on scale during the strongest seismic shaking . Strong motion sensors are used for intensity meter applications . Other forms ( edit ) A Kinemetrics seismograph , formerly used by the United States Department of the Interior . Accelerographs and geophones are often heavy cylindrical magnets with a spring - mounted coil inside . As case moves , the coil tends to stay stationary , so the magnetic field cuts the wires , inducing current in the output wires . They receive frequencies from several hundred hertz down to 1 Hz . Some have electronic damping , a low - budget way to get some of the performance of the closed - loop wide - band geologic seismographs . Strain - beam accelerometers constructed as integrated circuits are too insensitive for geologic seismographs ( 2002 ) , but are widely used in geophones . Some other sensitive designs measure the current generated by the flow of a non-corrosive ionic fluid through an electret sponge or a conductive fluid through a magnetic field . Interconnected seismometers ( edit ) Seismometers spaced in an array can also be used to precisely locate , in three dimensions , the source of an earthquake , using the time it takes for seismic waves to propagate away from the hypocenter , the initiating point of fault rupture ( See also Earthquake location ) . Interconnected seismometers are also used , as part of the International Monitoring System to detect underground nuclear test explosions , as well as for Earthquake early warning systems . These seismometers are often used as part of a large scale governmental or scientific project , but some organizations such as the Quake - Catcher Network , can use residential size detectors built into computers to detect earthquakes as well . In reflection seismology , an array of seismometers image sub-surface features . The data are reduced to images using algorithms similar to tomography . The data reduction methods resemble those of computer - aided tomographic medical imaging X-ray machines ( CAT - scans ) , or imaging sonars . A worldwide array of seismometers can actually image the interior of the Earth in wave - speed and transmissivity . This type of system uses events such as earthquakes , impact events or nuclear explosions as wave sources . The first efforts at this method used manual data reduction from paper seismograph charts . Modern digital seismograph records are better adapted to direct computer use . With inexpensive seismometer designs and internet access , amateurs and small institutions have even formed a `` public seismograph network '' . Seismographic systems used for petroleum or other mineral exploration historically used an explosive and a wireline of geophones unrolled behind a truck . Now most short - range systems use `` thumpers '' that hit the ground , and some small commercial systems have such good digital signal processing that a few sledgehammer strikes provide enough signal for short - distance refractive surveys . Exotic cross or two - dimensional arrays of geophones are sometimes used to perform three - dimensional reflective imaging of subsurface features . Basic linear refractive geomapping software ( once a black art ) is available off - the - shelf , running on laptop computers , using strings as small as three geophones . Some systems now come in an 18 '' ( 0.5 m ) plastic field case with a computer , display and printer in the cover . Small seismic imaging systems are now sufficiently inexpensive to be used by civil engineers to survey foundation sites , locate bedrock , and find subsurface water . Recording ( edit ) Viewing of a Develocorder film Matsushiro Seismological Observatory Further information : Seismogram Today , the most common recorder is a computer with an analog - to - digital converter , a disk drive and an internet connection ; for amateurs , a PC with a sound card and associated software is adequate . Most systems record continuously , but some record only when a signal is detected , as shown by a short - term increase in the variation of the signal , compared to its long - term average ( which can vary slowly because of changes in seismic noise ) , also known as a STA / LTA trigger . Prior to the availability of digital processing of seismic data in the late 1970s , the records were done in a few different forms on different types of media . A `` Helicorder '' drum was a device used to record data into photographic paper or in the form of paper and ink . A `` Develocorder '' was a machine that record data from up to 20 channels into a 16 - mm film . The recorded film can be viewed by a machine . The reading and measuring from these types of media can be done by hand . After the digital processing has been used , the archives of the seismic data were recorded in magnetic tapes . Due to the deterioration of older magnetic tape medias , large number of waveforms from the archives are not recoverable . See also ( edit ) Accelerometer Galitzine , Boris Borisovich Geophone IRIS Consortium Lehmann , Inge Milne , John Oldham , Richard Dixon Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Plate tectonics Quake - Catcher Network Richter magnitude scale Seismogram References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blasting Seismographs '' . The World of Explosives . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Erhard Wielandt 's ' Seismic Sensors and their Calibration ' Archived 2010 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. - Current ( 2002 ) reference by a widely consulted expert . ^ Jump up to : Reitherman , Robert ( 2012 ) . Earthquakes and Engineers : an International History . Reston , VA : ASCE Press . pp. 122 -- 125 . ISBN 9780784410714 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ben - Menahem , A. ( 2009 ) . Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences , Volume 1 . Springer . p. 2657 . ISBN 9783540688310 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Richter , C.F. ( 1958 ) . Elementary Seismology . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ William H.K. Lee ; Paul Jennings ; Carl Kisslinger ; Hiroo Kanamori ( 27 September 2002 ) . International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology . Academic Press . pp. 283 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 048922 - 3 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The RF Seismograph '' . www.nsarc.ca . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Singing Sun '' . solar-center.stanford.edu . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sleeswyk AW , Sivin N ( 1983 ) . `` Dragons and toads : the Chinese seismoscope of BC . 132 '' . Chinese Science . 6 : 1 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Paper and Printing . Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08690 - 5 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . In the Southern Sung dynasty , gift money for bestowing upon officials by the imperial court was wrapped in paper envelopes ( chih pao ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1959 ) . Science and Civilization in China , Volume 3 : Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 626 -- 635 . Jump up ^ `` Physics of the Zero - Length Spring of Geoscience '' . physics.mercer.edu . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ A Biography of Lucien LaCoste , inventor of the zero - length spring Archived 2007 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Redwood City Public Seismic Network '' . psn.quake.net . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Kate ; Yu , Ellen . `` NEWS FLASH ! ! SCSN Earthquake Catalog Completed ! ! '' ( PDF ) . Seismological Laboratory , Caltech . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fogleman , Kent A. ; Lahr , John C. ; Stephens , Christopher D. ; Page , Robert A. ( June 1993 ) . Earthquake Locations Determined by the Southern Alaska Seismograph Network for October 1971 through May 1989 ( Report ) . USGS . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seismometers . The history of early seismometers The Lehman amateur seismograph , from Scientific American - not designed for calibrated measurement . Sean Morrisey 's professional design of an amateur teleseismograph Also see Keith Payea 's version Both accessed 2010 - 9 - 29 Morrissey was a professional seismographic instrument engineer . This superior design uses a zero - length spring to achieve a 60 - second period , active feedback and a uniquely convenient variable reluctance differential transducer , with parts scavenged from a hardware store . The frequency transform is carefully designed , unlike most amateur instruments . Morrisey is deceased , but the site remains up as a public service . SeisMac is a free tool for recent Macintosh laptop computers that implements a real - time three - axis seismograph . The Development Of Very - Broad - Band Seismography : Quanterra And The Iris Collaboration discusses the history of development of the primary technology in global earthquake research . Video of seismograph at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory -- on Flickr -- retrieved on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Seismoscope -- Research References 2012 Iris EDU -- How Does A Seismometer Work ? Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Active pixel sensor Angle -- sensitive pixel Back - illuminated sensor Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors GND : 4180766 - 2 NDL : 00574864 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismometer&oldid=832821092 '' Categories : 1880 introductions Chinese inventions Measuring instruments Seismology measurement Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who developed the first procedure used to measure the local size of an earthquake	[ "In AD 132, Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty invented the first seismoscope (by the definition above), which was called Houfeng Didong Yi (translated as, \"instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth\"). The description we have, from the History of the Later Han Dynasty, says that it was a large bronze vessel, about 2 meters in diameter; at eight points around the top were dragon's heads holding bronze balls. When there was an earthquake, one of the mouths would open and drop its ball into a bronze toad at the base, making a sound and supposedly showing the direction of the earthquake. On at least one occasion, probably at the time of a large earthquake in Gansu in AD 143, the seismoscope indicated an earthquake even though one was not felt. The available text says that inside the vessel was a central column that could move along eight tracks; this is thought to refer to a pendulum, though it is not known exactly how this was linked to a mechanism that would open only one dragon's mouth. The first earthquake recorded by this seismoscope was supposedly \"somewhere in the east.\" Days later, a rider from the east reported this earthquake.[9][11]" ]	[ "Zhang Heng of China's Han dynasty" ]
-1589050629340936336	Nitrogenous base	Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) . Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=854853273 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 07 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of bond joins the nitrogenous bases in dna	[ "In the biological sciences, nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA. A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides, which in turn build up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. These nitrogenous bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the \"twisted ladder\" or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides. Adenine is always paired with thymine, and guanine is always paired with cytosine. These are known as base pairs. Uracil is only present in RNA, replacing thymine. Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil. They have a single ring structure. Purines include adenine and guanine. They have a double ring structure.[3]\n" ]	[ "hydrogen bonds" ]
-8303428268695651617	PGA Championship	PGA Championship - Wikipedia PGA Championship This article is about the Championship held in the United States . For the European Tour Championship held at Wentworth Club , United Kingdom , see BMW PGA Championship . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PGA Championship Tournament information Location United States , varies Town and Country , Missouri in 2018 Established 1916 ; 102 years ago ( 1916 ) Course ( s ) Bellerive Country Club in 2018 Par 70 in 2018 Length 7,316 yd ( 6,690 m ) in 2018 Organized by PGA of America Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play ( 1958 -- present ) Match play ( 1916 -- 1957 ) Prize fund $ 11.0 million Month played May ( formerly August ) Tournament record score Aggregate 264 * Brooks Koepka ( 2018 ) * equals record for all majors To par − 20 * Jason Day ( 2015 ) * equals record for all majors Current champion Brooks Koepka 2018 PGA Championship The PGA Championship ( often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States ) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers ' Association of America . It is one of the four major championships in professional golf . It was formerly played in mid-August on the third weekend before Labor Day weekend , serving as the fourth and final major of the golf season . Beginning 2019 , the tournament will be played in May on the weekend before Memorial Day , as the season 's second major . It is an official money event on the PGA Tour , European Tour , and Japan Golf Tour , with a purse of $ 11 million for the 100th edition in 2018 . In line with the other majors , winning the PGA gains privileges that improve career security . PGA champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( Masters Tournament , U.S. Open , and The Open Championship ) and The Players Championship for the next five years , and are eligible for the PGA Championship for life . They receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and on the European Tour for the following seven seasons . The PGA is the only one of the four majors to be a tournament almost exclusively for professional players . The PGA Championship has been held at a large number of venues . Some of the early sites are now quite obscure , but in recent years , the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses . Contents 1 History 1.1 Format 1.2 Location 1.3 Promotion 2 Qualification 3 Winners 3.1 Stroke play era winners 3.2 Match play era winners 4 Match play era details 5 Summary by course , state and region 6 Records 7 Broadcasting 8 Future sites 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1894 , with 41 golf courses operating in the United States , two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized . One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island , and the other at St. Andrew 's Golf Club in New York . In addition , and at the same time as the amateur event , St. Andrew 's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers . None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf , causing considerable controversy among players and organizers . Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , which became the first formal golf organization in the country . After the formation of the USGA , golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance . In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America ( PGA ) was established in New York City . One month earlier , the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle . The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA ; consequently , golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl `` The Cradle of the PGA . '' The new organization 's first president was Robert White , one of Wykagyl 's best - known golf professionals . The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville , New York . The winner , Jim Barnes , received $500 and a diamond - studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker . The 2016 winner , Jimmy Walker , earned $1.8 million . The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy , which was also donated by Wanamaker , to keep for one year , and a smaller - sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy . Format ( edit ) Initially a match play event , the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December . Following World War II , the championship was mostly played in late May or late June , then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954 , with the finals played on Tuesday . As a match play event ( with a stroke play qualifier ) , it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days . The 1957 event lost money , and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play , starting in 1958 , with the standard 72 - hole format of 18 holes per day for four days , Thursday to Sunday . Network television broadcasters , preferring a large group of well - known contenders on the final day , pressured the PGA of America to make the format change . During the 1960s , the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times , making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors . In 1965 , the PGA was contested for the first time in August , and returned in 1969 , save for a one - year move to late February in 1971 , played in Florida . The 2016 event was moved to late July , two weeks after the Open Championship , to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August . Before the 2017 edition , it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend before Memorial Day , beginning in 2019 . The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year ; it had been moved from March to May in 2007 . The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics , as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses , as reasoning for the change . It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late - August . Location ( edit ) The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States ; only ten times has it ventured west . It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998 , at Sahalee east of Seattle . The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995 , at Riviera . The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco , the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century . ( The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings , all in suburban Denver ; these tournaments occurred in 1941 , 1967 , and 1985 . ) Through 2018 , the state of New York has hosted twelve times , followed by Ohio ( 11 ) and Pennsylvania ( 9 ) . Promotion ( edit ) The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan `` Glory 's Last Shot '' . In 2013 , the tagline had been dropped in favor of `` The Season 's Final Major '' , as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem while discussing the allowance of a one - week break in its schedule before the Ryder Cup . Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it , such as the PGA Tour 's FedEx Cup playoffs . PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS , adding that `` it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that , you know what , there 's just not much in that tag line and we do n't feel it 's doing much for the PGA Championship , so let 's not stick with it . Let 's think what else is out there . '' For a time , the tournament used the slogan `` This is Major '' as a replacement . Qualification ( edit ) The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high - profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs . This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship . It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete ( it is possible for amateurs to get into the field , although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships , or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor 's exemption ) , and the only one that reserves a large number of places , 20 of 156 , for club professionals . These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship , which is held in June . Since December 1968 , the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America . The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals , but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America , which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals . The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking , although it invariably invites all of the top 100 ( not just top 50 ) players who are not already qualified . List of qualification criteria as of 2018 : All former PGA Champions . Winners of the last five U.S. Opens . Winners of the last five Masters . Winners of the last five Open Championships . Winners of the last three The Players Championships . The current Senior PGA Champion . The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship . The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship . The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour ( starting one week before the previous year 's PGA Championship and ending two weeks before the current year 's PGA Championship ) . Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams , provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament . Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship ( does not include pro-am and team competitions , but does include alternate events ) . The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above . The total field is a maximum of 156 players . Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates ( those below 70th place in official money standings ) . Winners ( edit ) Main article : List of PGA Championship champions Stroke play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Venue Location of venue Score Winning margin Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Brooks Koepka United States Bellerive Country Club Town and Country , Missouri 264 ( − 16 ) 2 strokes Tiger Woods 1,980,000 2017 Justin Thomas United States Quail Hollow Club Charlotte , North Carolina 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Francesco Molinari Louis Oosthuizen Patrick Reed 1,890,000 2016 Jimmy Walker United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 266 ( − 14 ) 1 stroke Jason Day 1,800,000 2015 Jason Day Australia Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 268 ( − 20 ) 3 strokes Jordan Spieth 1,800,000 2014 Rory McIlroy ( 2 ) Northern Ireland Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 268 ( − 16 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,800,000 2013 Jason Dufner United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 270 ( − 10 ) 2 strokes Jim Furyk 1,445,000 2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina 275 ( − 13 ) 8 strokes David Lynn 1,445,000 2011 Keegan Bradley United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Johns Creek , Georgia 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jason Dufner 1,445,000 Martin Kaymer Germany Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Bubba Watson 1,350,000 2009 Yang Yong - eun South Korea Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 280 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2008 Pádraig Harrington Ireland Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 277 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Ben Curtis Sergio García 1,350,000 2007 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 1,260,000 2006 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States Medinah Country Club , Course No. 3 Medinah , Illinois 270 ( − 18 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 1,224,000 2005 Phil Mickelson United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , New Jersey 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn Steve Elkington 1,170,000 Vijay Singh ( 2 ) Fiji Whistling Straits , Straits Course Kohler , Wisconsin 280 ( − 8 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco Justin Leonard 1,125,000 2003 Shaun Micheel United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Chad Campbell 1,080,000 2002 Rich Beem United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , Minnesota 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Tiger Woods 990,000 2001 David Toms United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 265 ( − 15 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 936,000 2000 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 270 ( − 18 ) Playoff Bob May 900,000 1999 Tiger Woods United States Medinah Country Club , Course No. 3 Medinah , Illinois 277 ( − 11 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 630,000 1998 Vijay Singh Fiji Sahalee Country Club Sammamish , Washington 271 ( − 9 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 540,000 1997 Davis Love III United States Winged Foot Golf Club , West Course Mamaroneck , New York 269 ( − 11 ) 5 strokes Justin Leonard 470,000 Mark Brooks United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky 277 ( − 11 ) Playoff Kenny Perry 430,000 1995 Steve Elkington Australia Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 267 ( − 17 ) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 360,000 1994 Nick Price ( 2 ) Zimbabwe Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 269 ( − 11 ) 6 strokes Corey Pavin 310,000 1993 Paul Azinger United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 272 ( − 12 ) Playoff Greg Norman 300,000 1992 Nick Price Zimbabwe Bellerive Country Club St. Louis , Missouri 278 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes John Cook Nick Faldo Jim Gallagher , Jr . Gene Sauers 280,000 1991 John Daly United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel , Indiana 276 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Bruce Lietzke 230,000 1990 Wayne Grady Australia Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 282 ( − 6 ) 3 strokes Fred Couples 225,000 1989 Payne Stewart United States Kemper Lakes Golf Club Kildeer , Illinois 276 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean Mike Reid Curtis Strange 200,000 1988 Jeff Sluman United States Oak Tree Golf Club Edmond , Oklahoma 272 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Paul Azinger 160,000 Larry Nelson ( 2 ) United States PGA National Resort & Spa Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 287 ( − 1 ) Playoff Lanny Wadkins 150,000 1986 Bob Tway United States Inverness Club Toledo , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Greg Norman 145,000 1985 Hubert Green United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 278 ( − 6 ) 2 strokes Lee Trevino 125,000 1984 Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham , Alabama 273 ( − 15 ) 4 strokes Gary Player Lanny Wadkins 125,000 Hal Sutton United States Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades , California 274 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 100,000 1982 Raymond Floyd ( 2 ) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 272 ( − 8 ) 3 strokes Lanny Wadkins 65,000 1981 Larry Nelson United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course Duluth , Georgia 273 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 60,000 1980 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States Oak Hill Country Club , East Course Rochester , New York 274 ( − 6 ) 7 strokes Andy Bean 60,000 1979 David Graham Australia Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield , Michigan 272 ( − 8 ) Playoff Ben Crenshaw 60,000 1978 John Mahaffey United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 8 ) Playoff Jerry Pate Tom Watson 50,000 1977 Lanny Wadkins United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach , California 282 ( − 6 ) Playoff Gene Littler 45,000 1976 Dave Stockton ( 2 ) United States Congressional Country Club , Blue Course Bethesda , Maryland 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Raymond Floyd Don January 45,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 Lee Trevino United States Tanglewood Park , Championship Course Clemmons , North Carolina 276 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 45,000 1973 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood , Ohio 277 ( − 7 ) 4 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000 1972 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course Bloomfield Hills , Michigan 281 ( + 1 ) 2 strokes Tommy Aaron Jim Jamieson 45,000 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States PGA National Golf Club Palm Beach Gardens , Florida 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 40,000 1970 Dave Stockton United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma 279 ( − 1 ) 2 strokes Bob Murphy Arnold Palmer 40,000 1969 Raymond Floyd United States NCR Country Club , South Course Dayton , Ohio 276 ( − 8 ) 1 stroke Gary Player 35,000 1968 Julius Boros United States Pecan Valley Golf Club San Antonio , Texas 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Bob Charles Arnold Palmer 25,000 1967 Don January United States Columbine Country Club Columbine Valley , Colorado 281 ( − 7 ) Playoff Don Massengale 25,000 1966 Al Geiberger United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 280 ( E ) 4 strokes Dudley Wysong 25,000 1965 Dave Marr United States Laurel Valley Golf Club Ligonier , Pennsylvania 280 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1964 Bobby Nichols United States Columbus Country Club Columbus , Ohio 271 ( − 9 ) 3 strokes Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer 18,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States Dallas Athletic Club , Blue Course Dallas , Texas 279 ( − 5 ) 2 strokes Dave Ragan 13,000 1962 Gary Player South Africa Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania 278 ( − 2 ) 1 stroke Bob Goalby 13,000 1961 Jerry Barber United States Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 277 ( − 3 ) Playoff Don January 11,000 1960 Jay Hebert United States Firestone Country Club , South Course Akron , Ohio 281 ( + 1 ) 1 stroke Jim Ferrier 11,000 1959 Bob Rosburg United States Minneapolis Golf Club St. Louis Park , Minnesota 277 ( − 3 ) 1 stroke Jerry Barber Doug Sanders 8,250 1958 Dow Finsterwald United States Llanerch Country Club Havertown , Pennsylvania 276 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Billy Casper 5,500 Match play era winners ( edit ) Year Champion Country Runner - up Margin Venue Location of venue Winners share ( $ ) 1957 Lionel Hebert United States Dow Finsterwald 2 & 1 Miami Valley Golf Club Dayton , Ohio 8,000 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States Ted Kroll 3 & 2 Blue Hill Country Club Canton , Massachusetts 5,000 1955 Doug Ford United States Cary Middlecoff 4 & 3 Meadowbrook Country Club Detroit , Michigan 5,000 1954 Chick Harbert United States Walter Burkemo 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 5,000 1953 Walter Burkemo United States Felice Torza 2 & 1 Birmingham Country Club Birmingham , Michigan 5,000 1952 Jim Turnesa United States Chick Harbert 1 up Big Spring Country Club Louisville , Kentucky 3,500 1951 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States Walter Burkemo 7 & 6 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 3,500 1950 Chandler Harper United States Henry Williams , Jr . 4 & 3 Scioto Country Club Columbus , Ohio 3,500 1949 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States Johnny Palmer 3 & 2 Hermitage Country Club Richmond , Virginia 3,500 1948 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States Mike Turnesa 7 & 6 Norwood Hills Country Club St. Louis , Missouri 3,500 1947 Jim Ferrier Australia Chick Harbert 2 & 1 Plum Hollow Country Club Detroit , Michigan 3,500 1946 Ben Hogan United States Ed Oliver 6 & 4 Portland Golf Club Portland , Oregon 3,500 1945 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States Sam Byrd 4 & 3 Moraine Country Club Dayton , Ohio 3,750 1944 Bob Hamilton United States Byron Nelson 1 up Manito Golf and Country Club Spokane , Washington 3,500 1943 Not held due to World War II 1942 Sam Snead United States Jim Turnesa 2 & 1 Seaview Country Club Atlantic City , New Jersey 1,000 1941 Vic Ghezzi United States Byron Nelson 38 holes Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , Colorado 1,100 1940 Byron Nelson United States Sam Snead 1 up Hershey Country Club , West Course Hershey , Pennsylvania 1,100 1939 Henry Picard United States Byron Nelson 37 holes Pomonok Country Club Flushing , New York 1,100 1938 Paul Runyan ( 2 ) United States Sam Snead 8 & 7 The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Smithfield Township , Pennsylvania 1,100 1937 Denny Shute ( 2 ) United States Harold McSpaden 37 holes Pittsburgh Field Club O'Hara Township , Pennsylvania 1,000 1936 Denny Shute United States Jimmy Thomson 3 & 2 Pinehurst Resort , No. 2 Course Pinehurst , North Carolina 1,000 1935 Johnny Revolta United States Tommy Armour 5 & 4 Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 1,000 1934 Paul Runyan United States Craig Wood 38 holes The Park Country Club Williamsville , New York 1,000 1933 Gene Sarazen ( 3 ) United States Willie Goggin 5 & 4 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 1,000 1932 Olin Dutra United States Frank Walsh 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood , Minnesota 1,000 1931 Tom Creavy United States Denny Shute 2 & 1 Wannamoisett Country Club Rumford , Rhode Island 1,000 1930 Tommy Armour Scotland United States ^ Gene Sarazen 1 up Fresh Meadow Country Club Queens , New York 1929 Leo Diegel ( 2 ) United States Johnny Farrell 6 & 4 Hillcrest Country Club Los Angeles , California 1928 Leo Diegel United States Al Espinosa 6 & 5 Baltimore Country Club , East Course Timonium , Maryland 1927 Walter Hagen ( 5 ) United States Joe Turnesa 1 up Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas , Texas 1926 Walter Hagen ( 4 ) United States Leo Diegel 5 & 3 Salisbury Golf Club , Red Course East Meadow , New York 1925 Walter Hagen ( 3 ) United States Bill Mehlhorn 6 & 5 Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields , Illinois 1924 Walter Hagen ( 2 ) United States Jim Barnes 2 up French Lick Springs Resort , Hill Course French Lick , Indiana 1923 Gene Sarazen ( 2 ) United States Walter Hagen 38 holes Pelham Country Club Pelham Manor , New York 1922 Gene Sarazen United States Emmet French 4 & 3 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , Pennsylvania 500 1921 Walter Hagen United States Jim Barnes 3 & 2 Inwood Country Club Inwood , New York 500 1920 Jock Hutchison Scotland United States ^ J. Douglas Edgar 1 up Flossmoor Country Club Flossmoor , Illinois 500 1919 Jim Barnes ( 2 ) England Fred McLeod 6 & 5 Engineers Country Club Roslyn Harbor , New York 500 1918 Not held due to World War I 1917 1916 Jim Barnes England Jock Hutchison 1 up Siwanoy Country Club Eastchester , New York 500 ^ These players were British born , but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship , and they became U.S. citizens : Tommy Armour -- Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time . Jock Hutchison -- Born in Scotland . He became a U.S. citizen in 1920 . Match play era details ( edit ) The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era . All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table . Years Field size Qualification 18 hole rounds 1916 -- 21 32 sectional * 1922 64 sectional 1st two rounds 1923 64 sectional 1924 -- 34 32 36 hole qualifier 1935 -- 41 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1942 -- 45 32 36 hole qualifier 1946 -- 55 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds 1956 128 sectional 1st four rounds 1957 128 sectional 1st four rounds , consolation matches ( 3rd - 8th place ) * In 1921 , the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open . Summary by course , state and region ( edit ) Summary by course , state and region Course / State / Region Number State No . Region No . Blue Hill Country Club Total Massachusetts Wannamoisett Country Club Total Rhode Island Total New England Baltusrol Golf Club Seaview Country Club Total New Jersey Engineers Country Club Fresh Meadow Country Club Inwood Country Club Oak Hill Country Club Pelham Country Club Pomonok Country Club Salisbury Golf Club Siwanoy Country Club The Park Country Club Winged Foot Golf Club Total New York 12 Aronimink Golf Club Hershey Country Club Laurel Valley Golf Club Llanerch Country Club Oakmont Country Club Pittsburgh Field Club The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Total Pennsylvania 9 Total Mid-Atlantic 24 PGA National Golf Club PGA National Resort & Spa Total Florida Atlanta Athletic Club Total Georgia Baltimore Country Club Congressional Country Club Total Maryland Pinehurst Resort Quail Hollow Tanglewood Park Total North Carolina Kiawah Island Golf Resort Total South Carolina Hermitage Country Club Total Virginia Total South Atlantic 12 Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Total Alabama Big Spring Country Club Valhalla Golf Club Total Kentucky Total East South Central 6 Oak Tree Golf Club Southern Hills Country Club Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Total Oklahoma 6 Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas Athletic Club Pecan Valley Golf Club Total Texas Total West South Central 9 Flossmoor Country Club Kemper Lakes Golf Club Medinah Country Club Olympia Fields Country Club Total Illinois 6 Crooked Stick Golf Club French Lick Springs Resort Total Indiana Birmingham Country Club Meadowbrook Country Club Oakland Hills Country Club Plum Hollow Country Club Total Michigan 6 Canterbury Golf Club Columbus Country Club Firestone Country Club Inverness Club Miami Valley Golf Club Moraine Country Club NCR Country Club Scioto Country Club Total Ohio 11 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Whistling Straits Total Wisconsin Total East North Central 29 Hazeltine National Golf Club Keller Golf Course Minneapolis Golf Club Total Minnesota 5 Bellerive Country Club Norwood Hills Country Club Total Missouri Total West North Central 8 Cherry Hills Country Club Columbine Country Club Total Colorado Total Mountain Hillcrest Country Club Pebble Beach Golf Links Riviera Country Club Total California Portland Golf Club Total Oregon Manito Golf and Country Club Sahalee Country Club Total Washington Total Pacific 7 Records ( edit ) Most wins : 5 , Jack Nicklaus , Walter Hagen Most runner - up finishes : 4 , Jack Nicklaus Oldest winner : Julius Boros in 1968 ( 48 years , 142 days ) Youngest winner : Gene Sarazen in 1922 ( 20 years , 174 days ) Greatest winning margin in the match play era : Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938 Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era : 8 strokes , Rory McIlroy in 2012 Lowest absolute 72 - hole score : 264 , Brooks Koepka ( 69 - 63 - 66 - 66 ) , 2018 Lowest 72 - hole score in relation to par : − 20 , Jason Day ( 68 - 67 - 66 - 67 = 268 ) in 2015 This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship . Koepka 's 2018 score was − 16 . The 2018 site , Bellerive Country Club , played to par 70 , while the 2015 site , the Straits Course at Whistling Straits , played to par 72 . ( Bellerive played to par 71 when it hosted in 1992 , and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010 . ) Lowest 18 - hole score : 63 -- Bruce Crampton , 2nd round , 1975 ; Raymond Floyd , 1st , 1982 ; Gary Player , 2nd , 1984 ; Vijay Singh , 2nd , 1993 ; Michael Bradley , 1st , 1995 ; Brad Faxon , 4th , 1995 ; José María Olazábal , 3rd , 2000 ; Mark O'Meara , 2nd , 2001 ; Thomas Bjørn , 3rd , 2005 ; Tiger Woods , 2nd , 2007 ; Steve Stricker , 1st , 2011 ; Jason Dufner , 2nd , 2013 ; Hiroshi Iwata , 2nd , 2015 ; Robert Streb , 2nd , 2016 ; Brooks Koepka , 2nd , 2018 ; Charl Schwartzel , 2nd , 2018 . Most frequent venues : 4 PGA Championships : Southern Hills Country Club -- 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 . 3 PGA Championships : Atlanta Athletic Club , Highlands Course -- 1981 , 2001 , 2011 . 3 PGA Championships : Firestone Country Club , South Course -- 1960 , 1966 , 1975 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakland Hills Country Club , South Course -- 1972 , 1979 , 2008 . 3 PGA Championships : Oakmont Country Club -- 1922 , 1951 , 1978 . 3 PGA Championships : Oak Hill Country Club , East Course -- 1980 , 2003 , 2013 , ( 2023 Planned ) . 3 PGA Championships : Valhalla Golf Club -- 1996 , 2000 , 2014 , ( 2024 Planned ) . 3 PGA Championships : Whistling Straits , Straits Course -- 2004 , 2010 , 2015 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of PGA Championship broadcasters Under current contracts running through 2019 , the PGA Championship is televised in the United States by CBS -- which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds , and TNT -- which holds rights to broadcast early - round and weekend morning coverage . ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991 , when it moved to its current home of CBS . Future sites ( edit ) Year Edition Course Location Dates Hosted 2019 101st Bethpage State Park , Black Course Farmingdale , New York May 16 -- 19 Never 2020 102nd TPC Harding Park San Francisco , California May TBA Never 2021 103rd Kiawah Island Golf Resort , Ocean Course Kiawah Island , South Carolina May TBA 2012 2022 104th Trump National Golf Club Bedminster , New Jersey TBD Never 2023 105th Oak Hill Country Club Rochester , New York TBD 1980 , 2003 , 2013 2024 106th Valhalla Golf Club Louisville , Kentucky TBD 1996 , 2000 , 2014 2027 109th Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square , Pennsylvania TBD 1962 2028 110th Olympic Club San Francisco , California TBD Never 2029 111th Baltusrol Golf Club Springfield , New Jersey TBD 2005 , 2016 TBD TBD Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa , Oklahoma TBD 1970 , 1982 , 1994 , 2007 Source : See also ( edit ) Book : Men 's major professional golf championships Golf portal Golf in the United States Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The course has a Kohler postal address , but is located in the unincorporated community of Haven . ^ Jump up to : The club has a Rochester postal address , but is located in the adjacent town of Pittsford . ^ Jump up to : The club is in a portion of the postal area of Duluth that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club continues to be served by the Duluth post office , it now states its postal address as Johns Creek . ^ Jump up to : At that time , the club had a Louisville postal address , but was located in unincorporated Jefferson County . In 2003 , the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged , putting the club within the political boundaries of Louisville . ^ Jump up to : Pacific Palisades is a neighborhood in Los Angeles with its own postal identity . Jump up ^ The club has a St. Louis postal address , but is located in the suburb of Town and Country . Jump up ^ Most of the course lies within the hamlet of Old Bethpage , however Bethpage State Park has a Farmingdale postal address . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 ; by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pages 28 - 30 Jump up ^ Wykagyl , 1898 - 1998 by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban ; pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ `` History of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout at Shoal Creek '' . Times Daily . Florence , Alabama . August 16 , 1984 . p. 14A . Jump up ^ `` An overview of the event '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . 75th PGA Championship ( insert ) . August 8 , 1993 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Medal play in pro golf slated '' . Time - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . United Press . November 15 , 1957 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Barkow , Al ( 1974 ) . Golf 's Golden Grind : A History of the PGA Tour . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0151908851 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 PGA Championship moving to July to accommodate Olympics '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship is moving to May and players are on board '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.G.A. Championship Will Move from August to May in 2019 '' . The New York Times . Reuters . August 8 , 2017 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` The PGA Championship will be moving to May , sources say '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shackelford , Geoff ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` San Francisco 's Harding Park to host 2020 PGA Championship '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Future sites of the PGA Championship '' . PGA of America . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavner , Ryan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` PGA ditches Glory 's Last Shot at Tour 's request '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PGA explains new slogan , and why Oak Hill green speeds are a mystery '' . Golf.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wacker , Brian ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` The PGA 's decision to play lift , clean , and place is at odds with its own logic '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spander , Art . `` Meet Hiroshi Iwata , the Unknown Golfer Who Made History at the PGA Championship '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour golfers , PGA settle fuss over tourney control '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . December 14 , 1968 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pro golf struggle is settled ; PGA forms tourney group '' . Milwaukee Journal . December 14 , 1968 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Dispute in U.S. settled '' . Glasgow Herald . December 16 , 1968 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America - PGA Championships - history - total purses and first prize money '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PGA Media Guide Jump up ^ Haggar , Jeff ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` History of PGA Championship TV coverage ( 1958 - present ) '' . Classic TV Sports . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America , CBS Sports agree to long - term extension on broadcast rights '' . PGA of America . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PGA of America and Turner Sports Extend and Expand Media Agreements Through 2019 '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC gets U.S. Open golf '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1994 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( July 21 , 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TPC Harding Park to host three big events '' . PGA Tour . July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aronimink Golf Club will host KPMG Women 's PGA Championship in 2020 , PGA Championship in ' 27 '' . ESPN . November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Club to host PGA Championship in 2028 , Ryder Cup in 2032 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Hills Country Club to host Senior PGA , PGA Championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` PGA Championship Returning to Southern Hills by 2030 '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website PGA Media Guide Coverage on PGA Tour 's official site Coverage on the European Tour 's official site Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal PGA Championships 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National A Military Tribute at The Greenbrier John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Sicilian Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Sky Sports British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PGA_Championship&oldid=856186659 '' Categories : PGA Championship Men 's major golf championships Annual sporting events in the United States 1916 establishments in New York ( state ) Recurring sporting events established in 1916 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who are the club pros playing in the pga championship	[ "The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high-profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs. This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship. It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete (it is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June.\n" ]	[ "the top finishers in the club pro championship" ]
5406664182413964949	Telephone numbers in India	Telephone numbers in India - wikipedia Telephone numbers in India Jump to : navigation , search India telephone numbers Location of India Location Country India Continent Asia Regulator Department of Telecommunications Type Closed NSN length 10 Numbering plan National Numbering Plan - 2003 Last updated 13 April 2015 Access codes Country calling code + 91 International call prefix 00 Trunk prefix 0 A public call office ( PCO ) in Auroville , India Contents ( hide ) 1 Fixed line ( landline ) numbers 1.1 Landline operators 1.2 Format for dialing landline numbers 2 Mobile numbers 3 Short code 4 Telemarketing 5 References 6 External links Fixed line ( landline ) numbers ( edit ) Subscriber Trunk Dialling ( STD ) codes are assigned to each city / town / village , with the larger Metro cities having shorter area codes ( STD codes ) , which are from 2 to 8 digits long . For example , 11 - New Delhi , Delhi 22 - Mumbai , Maharashtra 33 - Kolkata , West Bengal 44 - Chennai , Tamil Nadu 20 - Pune , Maharashtra 40 - Hyderabad , Telangana 79 - Ahmedabad , Gujarat 80 - Bangalore , Karnataka Tier - 2 Cities in India have STD code with 3 digits . For example , 120 - Ghaziabad / Noida , Uttar Pradesh 124 - Gurgaon , Haryana 129 - Faridabad , Haryana 135 - Dehradun , Uttarakhand 141 - Jaipur , Rajasthan 161 - Ludhiana , Punjab 172 - Mohali , Punjab 175 - Patiala , Punjab 181 - Jalandhar , Punjab 231 - Kolhapur , Maharashtra 240 - Aurangabad , Maharashtra 260 - Valsad , Gujarat & Daman , India 261 - Surat , Gujarat 484 - Kochi , Kerala 512 - Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 522 - Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 532 - Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 542 - Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 551 - Gorakhpur , Uttar Pradesh 562 - Agra , Uttar Pradesh 581 - Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh 591 - Moradabad , Uttar Pradesh 612 - Patna , Bihar 641 - Bhagalpur , Bihar 657 - Jamshedpur , Jharkhand 870 - Warangal , Telangana 891 - Visakhapatnam , Andhra Pradesh Kanpur and Lucknow were the two cities between which the first STD call of the country was made . The total length of all phone numbers ( STD code and the phone number ) in India is constant at 10 digits , for example 7513200000 signifies a STD code i.e. 751 Gwalior & the phone number 3200000 . Land line numbers are at most 8 digits long ( usually in major metros ) . Landline operators ( edit ) Due to the availability of multiple operators offering fixed line services ( either over wire or wireless ) , there is an operator - code for each telephone number , which is the first digit in the phone number . These are BSNL / MTNL - Numbers start with a ' 2 ' Reliance Communications - Numbers start with a ' 3 ' Bharti Airtel - Numbers start with a ' 4 ' MTS India / HFCL - Numbers start with a ' 5 ' Tata Indicom - Numbers start with a ' 6 ' Datacom Solutions - Numbers start with a ' 7 ' Thus , a number formatted as 020 - 30303030 means a fixed - line Reliance number in Pune , while 011 - 20000198 is an MTNL fixed line in Delhi and 033 - 45229320 is a fixed - line Airtel number in Kolkata , and 07582 - 221434 is a BSNL number from Sagar , Madhya Pradesh . Format for dialing landline numbers ( edit ) No prefix is required to call from one landline to another in the same STD area . A prefix of `` 0 + STD code '' is required to dial from a landline phone in one STD code area to another . A prefix of `` 0 + STD code '' is required to dial from a mobile phone in India to any landline number , irrespective of STD area . For example , to dial a landline number in Indore , one would have to dial from a landline in Indore : the phone number from a landline in Mumbai : 0731 and then the phone number from any mobile phone in India : 0731 and then the phone number from outside India : Country Code 91 then 731 and then the phone number Before 10 March 2009 , as per Department of Telecommunications memorandum dated 9 February 2009 . there were some exceptions to this general rule for STD areas falling close to each other ( within a radius of 200 kilometre ) , where `` 0 '' can be replaced with `` 95 '' e.g. to dial Delhi from Gurgaon , one dials 9511 + landline number . Mobile numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mobile telephone numbering in India A typical mobile number in India is `` + 919398987070 '' . Where the first four digits indicate a operator 's code , while the remaining six digits are unique to the subscribers . However , with portability in place , the first four digits may not indicate a particular operator . Short code ( edit ) There are many companies in the Indian market who rent keywords , on a monthly basis , whose characters , on a typical mobile phone keypad , represent short codes . Short codes are five digits in length and have to start with the digit ' 5 ' like 58888 as of 2007 . Previously , they were four - digit in number and could be of any combination , like 8888 or 7827 . The current five digits can be extended by three digits further representing 3 additional characters . Messages sent to these Short Codes are commonly referred to as Premium Rate SMS Messages and cost from per message depending on the operator as well as the service and the company. p Telemarketing ( edit ) Telemarketers have been issued 10 - digit telephone numbers starting with 140 ( 140XXXXXXX ) by the Department of Telecommunications on TRAI 's request . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Numbering Plan -- a revised approach suggested by TRAI for achieving greater transparency and efficiency '' ( PDF ) . trai.gov.in . Telecom Regulatory Authority of India . March 2009 . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Local Phone Number Formats in India '' . IndiaCallingInfo.com . CallingGuides.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DoT Memorandum 10th Feb 09 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ TRAI for 10 - digit landline numbers to meet crunch Jump up ^ Trai fails to set deadline on pesky calls Jump up ^ ' Publishing tariff plans by telecom service providers mandatory ' External links ( edit ) Department of Telecommunications , Government of India Telecom Regulatory Authority of India India National Numbering Plan of 2003 Telephone numbers in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_India&oldid=834480751 '' Categories : Telephone numbers by country Telephone numbers in India India communications - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	indian mobile number with country code and area code	[]	[]
-4036113003619914799	Adidas Predator	Adidas Predator - wikipedia Adidas Predator Jump to : navigation , search Adidas Predator Absolute Indoor ( the 2006 version ) Adidas Predator are a range of football boots developed by German sportswear manufacturers Adidas based on a prototype concept from the Australian former footballer Craig Johnston . The common feature of the Predator range is the presence of rubber patches or strips on the top of the shoe , designed to increase friction between the boot and the ball . In late 2010 , Adidas designed the new `` Power - spine '' technology , which they claim improves shot power by reducing the amount the foot bends back as it kicks the ball . In 2014 , Hungarian inventor László Oroszi won a court case against Adidas in relation to the Predator Precision range , forcing Adidas to pay royalties on that range of the boot . The Predator line was discontinued by Adidas in May 2015 for Football but the Rugby union Predator line is still being made ( as of April 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 The concept 2 History of the Predator models 2.1 Original Predator 2.2 Rapier 2.3 Touch 2.4 Accelerator 2.5 Precision 2.6 Mania 2.7 Pulse 2.8 Absolute 2.9 PowerSwerve 2.10 Predator X 2.11 AdiPower Predator 2.11. 1 Adipower Predator SL 2.12 Predator Lethal Zones 3 See also 4 External links 5 References The concept ( edit ) Footballer Craig Johnston retired from the game in 1988 to return to his native Australia to help care for his seriously injured sister . Whilst coaching a group of schoolchildren in Australia , he came across the idea of using rubber instead of leather to build ridges on the top of a football boot to , theoretically , aid control of the ball . Johnston spent a lot of time and money developing prototypes and experimenting with designs . Those designs were rejected by various sports shoe manufacturers , including Adidas . He then persuaded German footballers Franz Beckenbauer , Karl - Heinz Rummenigge and Paul Breitner to be filmed whilst using his prototype football boots in snowy conditions . This was enough to convince Adidas to take up Johnston 's design , buying the rights with Johnston receiving a 2 % share of all sales . History of the Predator models ( edit ) There have been 12 different predator models , with a cheaper version without all the predator technology going by a different name . For example , the Predator Pulse 's budget variant was called the Pulsado . Predator ( 1994 ) Rapier ( 1995 ) Touch ( 1996 ) Accelerator ( 1998 ) Precision ( 2000 ) Mania ( 2002 ) Pulse ( 2004 ) Absolute ( 2006 ) ( Rugby Version Released 2007 ) PowerSwerve ( 2007 ) ( Rugby Version Released 2008 ) Predator X ( 2009 ) ( Rugby Versions - Predator RX ( 2009 ) ) AdiPower Predator ( 2011 ) Predator Kinetic SL ( Elite Version ) Predator LZ ( 2012 ) ( Rugby Versions - Predator Incurza ( 2012 ) Predator LZ 2 ( 2013 ) ( Rugby Version - Predator Incurza 2 ( 2013 ) ) Predator Instinct ( 2014 ) Predator Incurza 3 ( 2014 ) Predator Incurza 4 ( 2015 ) Predator Malice ( 2016 / 17 ) Crazyquick Malice ( 2016 Version ) The eponymous Predator elements have developed over time . The principle behind the project , however , involves attaching rubber strips to the forefoot that Adidas says increases the speed of the ball . The initial focus in Predator commercials was on shooting strength , but this gradually move more to the effect on ball spin and precision . The first Predators were also available without Predator elements under a different name . While the Predators were made of black kangaroo - leather with white stripes and red elements , the equivalent boots without Predator technology were black with white stripes and blue accents . The Precision equivalent , however , was black and white only , while the Supernova ( Predator Mania without the Predator elements ) was black with either silver or gold heel caps and stripes . David Beckham wore these boots for most of his career , as did Zinedine Zidane . Original Predator ( edit ) The original Adidas Predator was made of leather . It featured rubber ridges . It only came in a few colors , black with white stripes and red accents . This color scheme is now known as the main one for all predators . The first goal scored by a professional footballer using Predator boots in a top - level match was by John Collins for Celtic in April 1994 . He scored the opening goal in a 1 -- 1 draw at Ibrox Stadium against Rangers , direct from a free - kick on the edge of the penalty box . Rapier ( edit ) The Predator Rapiers ( named this as most footballers could kick with them on ) also were the first Adidas soccer boots available in different colors . Until then , Adidas soccer boots were made of black leather . The Rapier , however , was also ( as a limited series ) available in white and red , as were the next two models . Beginning with the Mania , Adidas started to produce its Predator boots in countless color variants . Moreover , one color was called David Beckham 's style . Touch ( edit ) The Predator Touch was different in many ways . It featured the Traxion ( trx ) studs , which were rectangular and anatomically placed . Before , studs had always been round . For professional players who preferred the old studs , Adidas produced special Predators with a different outsole . Accelerator ( edit ) The Predator Accelerator version was released in 1998 to coincide with the FIFA world cup held in France . This boot featured a re-engineered TRX ( traxion ) outsole , asymmetrical lacing , fore - footed rubber vamps sewn into the leather , and a `` feet you wear '' insole . It has been regarded as one of the best boots Adidas have produced to date . The boot was modelled by some of the greatest players such as Alessandro Del Piero , Zinedine Zidane and David Beckham . The Adidas Predator Accelerator came out in four different colourways : White / black Black / red / White Red / black Electricity yellow ( limited to a release of 999 pairs worldwide ) Two generations of this boot were produced : The ' 98 version can be distinguished by two red patches on the heel , whereas the ' 99 version does not have these red patches on the heel . Furthermore , the same model was released in the colours of black / blue but without the `` Predator '' elements . This was a slightly cheaper alternative to the Predator Accelerator . This version was simply called the Adidas Accelerator . Precision ( edit ) The Predator Precision introduced replaceable Traxion studs that were fitted by the tightening of a minute screw . These studs were available in various lengths that made the boot adjustable to ground conditions as is possible with the classic screw - in soft - ground studs . There were , however , some reliability problems , as the studs would come loose quite often , thus needing more constant maintenance than the classic screw - ins . In 2001 came a completely revised model which had a similar stripe configuration and colourway but the predator technology was revised and bore more of a resemblance to Predator Accelerators . Controversy arose over the boot 's ball - directing striped - line zone in 2002 when Hungarian football gear inventor László Oroszi launched a copyright lawsuit against Adidas . Oroszi had registered the patent in Hungary in 1996 , explaining that the striped zone at the tip of the shoe permitted footballers to shoot more accurately . Oroszi 's representative presented the patent to Adidas in 1998 , but Adidas declined the offer claiming that it did not fit into their concept for the then new Predator Precision shoes . Eventually in 2014 , the Hungarian Courts ruled that Adidas had incorporated Oroszi 's deisgn into their Predator Precision shoes and that he is entitled to compensation . Mania ( edit ) Adidas released the Predator Mania to coincide with the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan . They designed it with a `` Far Eastern '' style in mind , so it had sharp angular styling and came in various colour schemes in addition to the traditional black -- red design . These included the `` champagne '' , a champagne - white colour , and the `` champagne gold '' , a gold pearl - like white , although just stud background and heel cup was gold . These were worn by David Beckham , Alessandro Del Piero and Raúl . These were available in the XTRX Blades for soft ground use , which came with a stud key and could be loosened or tightened at the owners comfort and also the red firm ground blades for hard surfaces . These were not detachable and came fixated to the boot . A limited edition version was also released in `` Japan Blue '' and was worn by Alex of the Japan national team during the tournament . During the 2002 -- 03 playing season , they also released an all - red version with the Adidas stripes in silver . Problems with reliability of the XTRX Blades meant a revised version was released in late 2003 , which incorporated minor changes to the layout and design of the studs . In addition to this , with the revision , Adidas also released the boots with traditional screw in studs which were previously only available to professional players who had the boots custom designed by Adidas . Two new colours were released : `` lunar '' , which came out in March 2003 , and `` gun metal '' , which was released in time for the 2003 -- 04 playing season . The final revision of this boot came with the release of the HG ( Hard Ground ) sole , which was the same as the FG , except that the studs were black instead of red and were joined up and more robust with the boots intended to be used on third generation and synthetic surfaces . `` Blue Mania '' were only released in small numbers , primarily in the North American market , Japan and Korea ; they are rare in Europe . With the success of the Mania in 2002 , Adidas launched a budget version of the boot called the Manado . This featured all the key characteristics of the Mania boot but with small cosmetic differences . A cheaper young cow leather was used in comparison to the Mania 's kangaroo skin leather . There was also a difference in the size and length of the tongues on each boot , compared to the Mania and the achillies protector on the heel was not plastic . Differences in the studs and colouring of the under sole are also evident , although the differences can be hard to notice at a glance , the Manados are often mistaken for Manias even though the recommended retail price of the Manados was £ 60 , opposed to the £ 120 of the Manias . With the difference in leather and other features , the Predator Mania FG is intended as the peak of the Predator range . With the line discontinued in late 2003 , the boot has long been out of stock . Second - hand prices , however , for the boots still dwarf the original £ 120 recommended retail price . Pulse ( edit ) The Predator Pulse was introduced in late 2003 , before UEFA Euro 2004 . The first colour released was black and red ( original ) . This Predator is the first boot include what Adidas calls the Power Pulse System , and only Predator Pulse ca n't change to the original insole . Adidas introduced PowerPulse in the Predator Pulse in late 2003 , and continued with the Predator Absolute in November 2005 . Adidas claims the PowerPulse sockliner shifts the boot 's centre of gravity closer to the point of impact , which they say offers more powerful shots on goal . Most of absolute 's PowerPulse is 40g , however only Red version is 60g . A very limited edition of this boot was release called the David Beckham Ying Yang box set . Only 723 pairs of these were released and came in a wooden md glass display box with a small book . Retail price was £ 699 in the UK for this box set but it is now very sought after by collectors . Absolute ( edit ) The `` Predator Absolute '' introduced in mid-2006 , just before the 2006 World Cup in Germany . The first colour schemes were black / red , white / gold and blue / white . This Predator is the first with changeable PowerPulse sockliners which allows the exchange of the sockliner between the normal 40g and a lighter weight one , with no intentional weight added . Adidas made gold / white Absolute for Zinedine Zidane to celebrate his last international tournament . PowerSwerve ( edit ) With the Predator PowerSwerve in late 2007 , Adidas introduced a foam material they call Smartfoam . They claim it gives the Predator element more rebound power , swerve , and improved control through longer ball contact . Zinedine Zidane helped to develop the new Predator PowerSwerve boot . After ending his active career , he worked together with the Adidas innovation team ( a.i.t ) in the further evolution of the new boot . Scientific tests have shown that , in comparison to its predecessor , the Predator PowerSwerve can achieve up to eight percent more swerve and increase the power behind every shot by around three percent . The Dynamic PowerPulse technology in the sole of the boot and the special hi - tech foam in the forefoot upper material make these improvements possible . The PowerPulse element filled with tungsten powder , which shifts weight toward the point of impact , enables players to put more power behind every shot . Powerswerve Special is a rugby version of the series . It has a wider last in the boot and rugby hybrid studs . A pair of Adidas Predator X 's Predator X ( edit ) The Adidas `` Predator X '' shoes introduced in late 2009 have the Powerspine technology , the Predator element and a host of advancements from Adidas , all intended for better performance . Adidas developed a new upper material they call Taurus leather . The Adidas Predator X football boots are the first Predator to remove the tongue , which Adidas says improves performance . They claim it reduces the material between the ball and boot to give better ball feel , and that the new boot collar gives a more secure fit . Predator RX is a rugby version of the special , with a wider last and rugby specific predator vamp . Footballers such as David Beckham , Xavi , Robin van Persie , Michael Ballack , Raúl , Steven Gerrard , Dirk Kuyt , Kolo Touré , Edwin van der Sar , Petr Čech , Brad Friedel , Anderson and Eiður Guðjohnsen have all worn Adidas Predators . Zinedine Zidane tested and reviewed the newest version of the Predator range ( Predator X ) . Adidas released the Predator X in the traditional black / white / red colourway , with a contrasting white / brown / yellow colourway to accompany it . Later , Adidas released other colourways including the usual David Beckham designed white / red colourway , with a dragon design on the rubber Predator element ; also released were the blue / white / red . For the 2010 World Cup , Adidas released a black / sun colourway to follow on a colourway they used for all three of their boot styles ( F50 adiZero and adiPure ) , later came the white / sky / cyan and back / white / cyan colourways , followed by another David Beckham designed Collegiate Red / White colourway . For the winter of the 2010 -- 11 season , Adidas released the Predator X in two new colourways , electricity / black / poppy and black / Running - White / electricity ; David Beckham will also be getting another personalised colourway in white / blue . Steven Gerrard has been given the option of a Miadidas Predator which he personalised as black / gold / red . AdiPower Predator ( edit ) Adidas adiPower Predator White / Lilac Colorway Released in May 2011 , the Adidas adiPower Predator saw a shift in focus for the Predator range with the release of the new adiPower . The Powerspine technology has been retained , providing greater shooting power by minimizing energy loss . The Predator element on the instep of the boot has been split into two performance zones . The power zone incorporates 3D fins for power , while the silicon rubber Predator element provides swerve and ball control . The adiPower Predator now features the Sprint Frame outsole , originally created for the F50 , making it 25 % lighter than the Predator X . Real Madrid 's Kaká and Manchester United 's Nani wore the adiPower Predators . The adiPower , like other Adidas football boots released in 2011 , faced an increase in price , with RRP set as £ 155 in the UK and $200 in the United States . They weigh in at 7.8 ounces . AdiPower Predator SL ( edit ) The adidas Adipower Predator SL was released on 24 June 2011 as the lightest Predator yet , offered in a Black / Blue colorway at a retail price of $250 USD . This incarnation of the Predator used the revolutionary SprintSkin upper used in the popular F50 Adizero line and weighed just 211 grams . Predator lethal zones ( edit ) Released in May 2012 , but previously tested by professionals in blackout versions , the next Predators will be called the LZ due to the five `` lethal zones '' on the boots . Previously referred to as the D5 due to the same five zones being called deadly , Adidas changed the name in the build up to their release . In a change for the Predators , they will have a synthetic leather upper and these will be the first Predator boots with miCoach capability . The Predator LZ features that same SprintFrame and stud configuration that is found in several other ranges such as the adipure and F50 adiZero . The first zone is called `` first touch '' . It is on the front of the boot . It supposedly gives the wearer a good first touch . The second zone is called `` dribble '' . It is on the side of the boot and supposedly gives a better touch . The third is called `` drive '' . This is the classic predator zone in the striking part of the foot , used for long passes down the field and more powerful shots . The fourth is called `` pass '' . It is made up of extra foam with a bit of tacky material in the passing zone . The last one is called `` sweet spot '' . It is on the side of the big toe and is helpful for giving spin and chipping . In November 2012 , Adidas unveiled a new lightweight version of the Predator LZ , aptly named the Predator LZ SL . The boot still features Lethal Zones , miCoach technology and the same soleplate . It is in the upper material where they are differentiated . Rather than using the Hybrid S-L seen in the regular LZ , Adidas employ a thinner SprintSkin on the back end of the LZ SL . This boot weighed in at 7.3 oz . In May 2013 , Adidas officially released the updated version of the Predator LZ , named the Predator LZ II , and it was debuted by several players in Europe , including Napoli 's Pepe Reina ; Chelsea 's Fernando Torres , Oscar and Petr Čech ; Arsenal 's Aaron Ramsey , Mesut Özil and Per Mertesacker ; Real Madrid 's Ángel Di María and Xabi Alonso ; and Manchester United 's Juan Mata . First released in a Ray Green colourway , the next - generation Predator boasts new raised rubber lethal zones which add increased friction between your foot and the ball for ultimate control , touch , passing and shooting . Other features include the HybridTouch upper which is designed for optimal performance in all weather conditions and Traxion 2.0 stud configuration and SprintFrame soleplate . See also ( edit ) Adidas adiPure range of football boots . Adidas F50 range of football boots ; Adidas ' `` speed boot '' . Adidas Nitrocharge range of football boots ; Adidas ' `` energy boot '' . External links ( edit ) Official adidas Predator Page Reviews of Predator boots ( Joshua Vujovic at Soccer Reviews For You ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Complete History of the adidas Predator '' . Complex. 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Castelino , Keith ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` Craig Johnston -- The Inventor Who Became A Footballer '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football is changing and adidas is leading the way '' . Adidas news stream ( Press release ) . Adidas. 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sound of silence : Celtic went to Ibrox under - strength and without their fans but still snatched a point '' . Scotland on Sunday . 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Az Adidas lenyúlta Oroszi László találmányát '' . Origo ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungarian Inventor Wins Copyright Lawsuit '' . XpatLoop. 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Corinne ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` Adidas liable for patent infringement in Hungary '' . Lawdit Solicitors . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giày đá bóng adidas predator '' . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator Powerswerve '' . SoccerBible . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator PowerSwerve 2008 '' . SoccerBible . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator X White Review '' . SoccerCleats101. 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator adiPower '' . Footy-Boots.com . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas adiPower Predator - First Look ! '' . SoccerCleats101. 14 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nani in new adidas Predator D5 boots '' . FootballBoots.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Predator LZ '' . FootballBoots.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator LZ Review '' . SoccerCleats101 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Predator LZ SL Review '' . SoccerCleats101 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Green adidas Predator LZ II Debuted ! '' . FootballBoots.co.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Green adidas Predator LZ II Football Boots '' . FootballBoots.co.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adidas_Predator&oldid=774572733 '' Categories : Adidas brands Association football equipment Rugby union equipment Hidden categories : CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2017 , at 10 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the new adidas predators come out	[]	[]
4001267478194543181	Time in a Bottle	Time in a Bottle - wikipedia Time in a Bottle Jump to : navigation , search `` Time in a Bottle '' Single by Jim Croce from the album You Do n't Mess Around with Jim B - side `` Hard Time Losin ' Man '' Released November 1973 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Recorded 1972 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 30 Label ABC Songwriter ( s ) Jim Croce Producer ( s ) Terry Cashman , Tommy West Jim Croce singles chronology `` I Got a Name '' ( 1973 ) `` Time in a Bottle '' ( 1973 ) `` It Does n't Have to Be That Way '' ( 1973 ) `` I Got a Name '' ( 1973 ) `` Time in a Bottle '' ( 1973 ) `` It Does n't Have to Be That Way '' ( 1973 ) `` Time in a Bottle '' is a hit single by singer - songwriter Jim Croce . Croce wrote the lyrics after his wife Ingrid told him she was pregnant , in December 1970 . It appeared on his 1972 ABC debut album You Do n't Mess Around with Jim . ABC originally did not intend to release the song as a single ; but when Croce was killed in a plane crash in September 1973 , the song 's lyrics , dealing with mortality and the wish to have more time , had additional resonance . The song subsequently received a large amount of airplay as an album track and demand for a single release built . When it was eventually issued as a 7 `` , it became his second and final No. 1 hit . After the single had finished its two - week run at the top in early January 1974 , the album You Do n't Mess Around with Jim became No. 1 for five weeks . In 1977 , `` Time in a Bottle '' was used as the title for a compilation album of Croce 's love songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production and arrangement 2 In popular culture 3 Covers 4 Track listing 5 Chart performance 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Production and arrangement ( edit ) The arrangement features a harpsichord that producer Tommy West discovered had been left in the mixing studio : `` The night before we were going to mix , I was watching a horror movie on TV , and something must have lodged in my brain because when I walked into the studio the next day , I saw this harpsichord sitting in a corner and got an idea . A jingle company had used it on a session and in walked a couple of guys from SIR ( Studio Instruments Rental ) to haul it away . I asked them to take a lunch break and told Bruce to put a couple of mics on it . He was whining that it was out of tune , but I asked him to let me try something . I added two tracks of harpsichord , told the movers they could remove it , walked into Jerry 's office and asked if I could borrow the electric bass that was sitting on his couch , played that on just the second verse and the outro , and that was that ! Radio compression worked in our favor on that record . It made the harpsichord blend with the two guitars in an unusual way . But we thought this record would only be an album cut . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The song started receiving widespread airplay in September 1973 , after it was featured over the end credits of the ABC TV movie , She Lives ! , starring Desi Arnaz Jr. and Season Hubley . Maureen McCormick performed the song on a 1977 episode of the variety show The Brady Bunch Hour . This song was performed on a 1977 episode of The Muppet Show . The song has been played on episodes of the British TV series Heartbeat when a sad event ( such as a death of one of the main characters ) occurs . The song was sung by Leslie Chow ( Ken Jeong ) and Alan Garner ( Zach Galifinakis ) in an elevator in The Hangover Part II . The song was featured in X-Men : Days of Future Past in a slow - motion sequence showcasing the character Quicksilver . `` Time in a Bottle '' was used in The Last Man on Earth episode `` Dead Man Walking '' , during the funeral of a minor character named Gordon ( portrayed by Will Ferrell ) . The song was used for the funeral scene for Robert De Niro 's deceased wife in Dirty Grandpa ( 2016 ) . In 2016 , Apple released an iPhone 6s commercial called `` Timer '' featuring `` Time in a Bottle '' . The commercial also features Sesame Street 's Cookie Monster interacting with Siri . Covers ( edit ) `` Time in a Bottle '' has been covered many times since its original release : Danger Danger on Cockroach Roger Williams on The Best of the Beautiful Nana Mouskouri on Only Love Garth Brooks recorded the song before he was signed to a major label . It has appeared on bootleg releases . Glen Campbell on Love Songs Jerry Reed on Jerry Reed Sings Jim Croce Floyd Cramer on Just Me and My Piano The Ventures on The Ventures Play the Jim Croce Songbook Roger Whittaker on Evergreens Eddie Kendricks on For You Howard Keel on I Loved You So Lena Horne on Lena & Michel Michael English on Jim Croce : A Nashville Tribute Chris de Burgh on Footsteps 2 Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds on Playlist Rachael MacFarlane on Hayley Sings Sandra van Nieuwland on And More Ricardo Arjona on Animal Nocturno Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single ( ABC - 11405 ) `` Time in a Bottle '' -- 2 : 24 `` Hard Time Losin ' Man '' -- 2 : 23 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 -- 74 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Australian Top 100 Singles 60 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 24 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 36 Canadian RPM Top Singles 39 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification United States Gold ( RIAA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley . The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits , Billboard Books , 1999 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 7th edition , Billboard Books , 2000 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . The Billboard Book of Top Pop Albums 1955 - 1985 , Record Research Inc. , 1985 , p. 88 , 505 . Jump up ^ Eskow , Gary . `` Classic Tracks : Jim Croce 's `` Time in a Bottle '' `` . Mixonline . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070683/trivia?ref_=tt_trv_trv Jump up ^ `` YouTube : Maureen McCormick - Time in a Bottle '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichelson , Ted ( 2009 ) . Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of the Brady Bunch Variety Hour . ECW Press . p. 287 . ISBN 9781550228885 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Don ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Jim Croce hits Number 1 with ' Time in a Bottle ' Don ' ActioITV 's ckson on Majic 105.7 '' . WMJI . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Board , Josh ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : The Hangover Part II '' . SanDiego.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) . `` How Did They Film Quicksilver 's Amazing X-Men : Days Of Future Past Scene ? '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Apple enlists help of Cookie Monster to highlight ' Hey Siri ' in new iPhone 6s ad '' . Apple Insider . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Croce - Time In A Bottle / Hard Time Losin ' Man Jump up ^ Time in a Bottle Jump up ^ Australian Top 100 Singles - Week ending 27 October 1974 Jump up ^ Top Singles - Volume 20 , No. 23 , January 19 1974 Jump up ^ Adult Contemporary - Volume 20 , No. 23 , January 19 1974 Jump up ^ The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1974 Jump up ^ The RPM Year - End Charts : 1974 Jump up ^ Gold and Platinum Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Most Beautiful Girl '' by Charlie Rich US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 29 , 1973 Succeeded by `` The Joker '' by Steve Miller Band Preceded by `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' by Helen Reddy US Billboard Easy Listening number - one single December 29 , 1973 Succeeded by `` The Way We Were '' by Barbra Streisand Preceded by `` The Most Beautiful Girl '' by Charlie Rich Canadian RPM 100 number - one single January 12 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Seasons in the Sun '' by Terry Jacks Preceded by `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' by Helen Reddy US Cash Box number one single January 12 , 1974 Succeeded by `` The Joker '' by Steve Miller Band Preceded by `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' by Helen Reddy Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single January 19 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Seasons in the Sun '' by Terry Jacks ( hide ) Jim Croce Studio albums Facets Jim & Ingrid Croce You Do n't Mess Around with Jim Life and Times I Got a Name Live albums Jim Croce Live : The Final Tour Have You Heard : Jim Croce Live Compilation albums Photographs & Memories : His Greatest Hits The Faces I 've Been Time in a Bottle : Jim Croce 's Greatest Love Songs Down the Highway Home Recordings : Americana Tribute albums Jerry Reed Sings Jim Croce Jim Croce : A Nashville Tribute Songs `` You Do n't Mess Around with Jim '' `` Operator ( That 's Not the Way It Feels ) '' `` One Less Set of Footsteps '' `` Bad , Bad Leroy Brown '' `` I Got a Name '' `` Time in a Bottle '' `` It Does n't Have to Be That Way '' `` I 'll Have to Say I Love You in a Song '' `` Workin ' at the Car Wash Blues '' `` Chain Gang Medley '' `` Mississippi Lady '' `` Age '' Related articles Discography Ingrid Croce A.J. Croce Maury Muehleisen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_a_Bottle&oldid=811756229 '' Categories : 1973 singles Jim Croce songs Lena Horne songs Glen Campbell songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs released posthumously Songs written by Jim Croce Songs about death ABC Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song time in a bottle	[]	[]
-4782199048428791759	Exposure	Exposure - wikipedia Exposure Look up exposure in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Exposure or Exposures may refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Entertainment 1.1 Books and comics 1.2 Film and television 1.3 Music 1.4 Photography 2 Science and medicine 3 Other 4 See also Entertainment ( edit ) Books and comics ( edit ) Exposure ( Peet novel ) , a 2008 sports novel by Mal Peet Exposure ( Reichs novel ) , a 2014 novel in the Virals series by Kathy and Brendan Reichs Exposure , 2016 novel by Helen Dunmore Exposure , a webcomic from Red Giant Entertainment Film and television ( edit ) Exposure ( film ) , a 1932 American film Exposure ( U.S. TV series ) , a short film anthology series on Sci - Fi Channel from 2000 -- 2002 Exposure ( UK TV series ) , a current affairs strand on ITV which began in 2011 Exposure , another name for the 1991 movie A Grande Arte starring Peter Coyote `` Exposure '' ( The Unit ) , an episode of the television series The Unit `` Exposure '' ( Dark Angel ) , an episode of the television series Dark Angel Music ( edit ) Exposures -- In Retrospect and Denial , a 2004 compilation album by metal band Dark Tranquility Exposure ( Exposé album ) , 1987 Exposure ( Robert Fripp album ) , released in 1979 Exposure ( Gary Numan album ) , a compilation album , 2002 Exposure ( Esperanza Spalding album ) , 2017 `` Exposure '' , a song from Projector by Dark Tranquillity `` Exposure '' , a song from the self - titled 1978 album Peter Gabriel The Exposures , a pseudonym for German electronic musician Jan Jeline Photography ( edit ) Exposure ( photography ) , the quantity of light or other radiation reaching a photographic film Exposure value , a value given to all combinations of camera shutter speed and aperture that gives the same exposure Science and medicine ( edit ) In medicine , poor health or death due to lack of protection from extreme weather or dangerous substances , e.g. hypothermia and sunburn In biology , contact of an organism with a harmful agent , e.g. chemicals In geology , an occurrence of a rock at the Earth 's surface , an outcrop In physics ( in particular beam experiments or flux measurements ) , the product of the detector mass times the duration of the experiment , sometimes also multiplied by a measure of the intensity of the incoming flux Exposure assessment , in epidemiology and risk assessment Exposure therapy , a treatment method for anxiety disorders Mere - exposure effect , a psychological artefact Radiant exposure , the radiant energy received by a surface per unit area , or equivalently the irradiance of a surface integrated over time of irradiation Radiation exposure , a measure of the ionization of air due to ionizing radiation from photons , that is , gamma rays and X-rays Other ( edit ) Abandonment ( legal ) , multiple meanings in law Exposure ( heights ) , in climbing and hiking , a terrain likely to cause injury when falling Exposure ( magic ) , revealing magicians ' secrets Indecent exposure , the display of unclothed parts of the human body that is against local custom and law Infant exposure , a form of child abandonment Market exposure , a measure of the proportion of money invested in the same industry sector Publicity , an activity designed to rouse public interest and gain attention An insurance company 's potential to provide coverage under an insurance policy Potential for damages See also ( edit ) Double exposure ( disambiguation ) Expose ( disambiguation ) Northern Exposure ( disambiguation ) Time exposure ( disambiguation ) Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Exposure . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exposure&oldid=845672252 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Simple English Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 10 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	e x p o s u r e	[]	[]
-2954935012770112147	Friday the 13th (franchise)	Friday the 13th ( franchise ) - wikipedia Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Friday the 13th Cover of Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , a documentary book on the Friday the 13th franchise . Created by Victor Miller Original work Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Owner Paramount Pictures Warner Bros. Pictures Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) List of films Television series Friday the 13th : The Series ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films , a television show , novels , comic books , video games , and tie ‐ in merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees , who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff . Decades later , the lake is rumored to be `` cursed '' and is the setting for a series of mass murders . Jason is featured in all of the films , as either the killer or the motivation for the killings . The original film , created to cash in on the success of Halloween ( 1978 ) , was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham . The films have grossed over $464 million at the box - office worldwide . Frank Mancuso , Jr. , a producer of the films , also developed the television show Friday the 13th : The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives . The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting , but was created based on the idea of `` bad luck and curses '' , which the film series symbolized . While the franchise was owned by Paramount , four films were adapted into novels , with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors . When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema , Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films , in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series . Under New Line Cinema , thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published . Although the films were not popular with critics , Friday the 13th is considered one of the most successful media franchises in America -- not only for the success of the films , but also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated references to the series in popular culture . The franchise 's popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their own Friday the 13th films , fashioned replica Jason Voorhees costumes , and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th artwork . Jason 's hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in horror and popular culture . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Reception 1.5 Future 2 Television 3 Literature 3.1 Novels 3.2 Comic books 4 Documentaries 5 Video games 6 Merchandise 7 Impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Sean S. Cunningham Victor Miller Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) Steve Miner Ron Kurz Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) Martin Kitrosser and Carol Watson Frank Mancuso Jr . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Joseph Zito Barney Cohen Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser , David Cohen and Danny Steinmann Timothy Silver Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) Tom McLoughlin Tom McLoughlin Don Behrns Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) John Carl Buechler Manuel Fidello and Daryl Haney Iain Paterson Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) Rob Hedden Rob Hedden Randy Cheveldave Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) Adam Marcus Jay Huguely , Adam Marcus and Dean Lorey Sean S. Cunningham Jason X ( 2001 ) James Isaac Todd Farmer Noel Cunningham Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Marcus Nispel Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller Overview ( edit ) In the original Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Mrs. Pamela Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) stalks and murders the teenagers preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re ‐ opening . She is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after her son Jason ( Ari Lehman ) drowned in the lake due to the negligence of two staff members . The last counselor , Alice Hardy ( Adrienne King ) , fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a machete and decapitate her . In Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) , Jason ( Steve Daskewisz / Warrington Gillette ) is revealed to be alive and fully grown . After killing Alice Hardy , Jason returns to Crystal Lake to guard it from all intruders . Five years later , a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to set up a new camp , but Jason murders them . Ginny Field ( Amy Steel ) , the last counselor Jason attempts to kill , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . During the events of Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) removes the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris Higgins ' ( Dana Kimmell ) local homestead . Chris returns to her property with some friends , and Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , Jason leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues where Part III leaves off , with Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe . Upon arrival , Jason awakens to kill the coroner and a nurse before returning to Crystal Lake . A group of friends rent a house on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason 's rampage . After killing the teens , Jason seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) , who live next door . While distracted by Trish , Jason is attacked and ultimately killed by Tommy . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental health institution after the events of The Final Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) would return . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy has moved . Tommy , supervisor Pam ( Melanie Kinnaman ) , and a young boy named Reggie ( Shavar Ross ) manage to defeat Roy . They eventually learn that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients at the institution , triggering Roy to take on Jason 's likeness and kill everyone there . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) begins with Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) visiting Jason 's grave after being released from another mental institution . Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery acting as a lightning rod . Jason immediately heads back to Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new summer camp . Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that he tosses into the lake , where he leaves Jason to die . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is resurrected again , this time by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who is trying to resurrect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a child . Jason once again begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina . Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) by an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan , where he kills the ship 's crew and the majority of the students . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason chases Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) , the two remaining students , into the sewers . Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is flooded with toxic waste . In Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) , Jason , through an unexplained resurrection , is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake . The FBI sets up a sting that successfully kills Jason . Through possession , Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from one being to the next . It is revealed that he has a sister and a niece , and that he needs them to get his body back . Jason resurrects himself , but his niece , Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) , stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2001 ) takes place in the future , when Jason has again been inexplicably resurrected . A scientist , Rowan LaFontaine ( Lexa Doig ) , decides that cryonic suspension is the only method of stopping him , but Jason breaks free and kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be again imprisoned . Rowan manages to lure Jason into the cryo ‐ chamber , but he ruptures the tank and freezes both himself and Rowan . Over 400 years later , a team of students studying Earth discover Jason 's body and take it into space . Upon being thawed by the team , he proceeds to murder everyone aboard the spacecraft . He is seemingly killed , but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg version of himself . Finally , he is ejected into space and incinerated by Earth Two 's atmosphere , his mask falling to the bottom of a lake . The next Friday the 13th film , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) , was a crossover with A Nightmare on Elm Street . Set in the contemporary period , Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong enough to invade their dreams . Jason accomplishes this but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues both in the dream - world and at Crystal Lake . The outcome is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In 2009 , a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film series continuity was released . In this film , after witnessing his mother being beheaded at a young age , an adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . Jason subsequently kidnaps a young woman , Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , who resembles his mother at a young age . Six weeks after her disappearance , her brother , Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) , comes to look for her . The pair reunite and work together to seemingly kill Jason . Development ( edit ) Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety magazine . The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham , who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) . Cunningham , inspired by the success of John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) , wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking , visually stunning , and `` ( make ) you jump out of your seat '' . Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left , Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a `` roller coaster ride '' . The first film was meant to be `` a real scary movie '' , and at the same time make audiences laugh . The concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a title . A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title Victor Miller used while he drafted a script , but Cunningham believed in his `` Friday the 13th '' moniker and rushed to place an advertisement in International Variety . Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits , Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately . Cunningham commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his visual concept of the Friday the 13th logo , which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass . In the end , Cunningham believed there were `` no problems '' with the title , but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an issue : `` There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th : The Orphan . Moderately successful . But someone still threatened to sue . I do n't know whether Phil ( Scuderi ) paid them off , but it was finally resolved . '' Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980 , Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel and immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights . According to Paramount Pictures ' Chairman and CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. , `` We wanted it to be an event , where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode . '' Initial ideas for a sequel involved the Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinuous films , released once a year , and each would be a separate `` scary movie '' of its own right . Phil Scuderi -- a co ‐ owner of Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian and a producer of the original film -- insisted that the sequel must have Jason Voorhees , Pamela 's son , even though his appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to be a joke . Steve Miner , associate producer of the first film , believed in the idea , and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the director 's chair . The studio continued to generate sequels over the years , based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets . With every film repeating the same basic premise , the filmmakers came up with subtle adjustments so the audience would return . Changes involved the addition of a subtitle -- as opposed to just a number attached to the end -- like `` The Final Chapter '' and `` Jason Takes Manhattan '' , or filming the movie in 3 - D , as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III . The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable images in popular culture , that of Jason 's hockey mask . Producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good , after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies , because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series . Jason would not stay buried for long , as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film . Mancuso , Sr. stated , `` Quite simply , the public still wanted to see these films . So until they really stopped coming , why not continue to make more ? '' A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and how he battles his inner demons , hallucinations , and `` rages to kill '' after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter . This premise was not repeated , as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead . Jason Lives attempted to create a `` funnier , faster , and more action - packed ( ... ) Friday '' than had previously been done . The limited financial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive to create another sequel , The New Blood . The idea proposed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his realization that the films always ended with Jason battling the `` final girl '' . Haney decided that this final girl should have telekinetic powers , which led Producer Barbara Sachs to dub the film , Jason vs. Carrie . `` Okay , we 'll make Vancouver look like New York and we 'll do it that way . But they came back again with , ' You ca n't do the Brooklyn Bridge in Vancouver . You ca n't do Madison Square Garden in Vancouver . You ca n't do the Statue of Liberty in Vancouver . ' Pretty soon it was half New York , half on the boat . Then it was the last third in New York . It just kept getting whittled down and down . '' -- Rob Hedden ( writer / director ) on the deconstruction of Jason Takes Manhattan 's story Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film . New York City was selected as the main setting , with Jason spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat before reaching New York . The film was then subtitled Jason Takes Manhattan . Ultimately , the character spent the majority of the time on the cruise ship , as budget restrictions forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded . Vancouver had to substitute for the majority of the New York scenes . When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform successfully at the box office , Sean Cunningham decided that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason , as New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new , since Paramount had approached New Line about filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the licensing rights to Friday the 13th . At that time , both companies wanted the license to the other 's character so that they could control the making of the film . Negotiations on the project were never finalized , which led Paramount to make The New Blood . After Jason Takes Manhattan was released in 1989 , the rights reverted to Scuderi , Minasian , and Barsamianto , who sold them to New Line . Before Cunningham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason , Wes Craven returned to New Line to make New Nightmare . This effectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold , but allowed Cunningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Jason Goes to Hell . The ninth installment `` turned a healthy profit '' , though it was only intended to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to start a new series for New Line . Ultimately , the film series would go through another sequel before that would happen . Cunningham 's `` frustration '' with the delayed development of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in the minds of audiences . Based on Jason Takes Manhattan 's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake , the 10th film would put the titular character in space . The film suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter , President of Production Michael De Luca , when he resigned from his position . Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for two years before finally being released on April 26 , 2002 , and it would go on to become the lowest - grossing film in the franchise at the domestic box office . It also held the distinction of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at that time . After more than 15 years of off - and - on development , and approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from more than a dozen screenwriters , New Line finally produced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003 . One of the biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that managed to bring the two horror icons together . Potential stories varied widely , from Freddy having molested and drowned Jason as a child , to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the `` Fred Heads '' . Ultimately , screenwriting duo Damian Shannon and Mark Swift wrote a script that stayed true to both the established backstories of Freddy and Jason as well as to the continuity of the Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street films . In January 2007 , Platinum Dunes producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller outlined their intended goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life . New Line approached Fuller and Form to create a reboot , but because Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film , the reboot would not be able to use anything from the original . Paramount , who wanted to be included in the development of a reboot , approached the producers and gave them license to use anything from the original films , including the title . With Paramount on board , Fuller and Form decided they wanted to use pieces from the early films . Fuller said , `` I think there are moments we want to address , like how does the hockey mask happen . '' Shannon and Swift , writers of Freddy vs. Jason , were brought on to pen the script for the new film , with Marcus Nispel , director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003 , hired in November 2007 to direct . Music ( edit ) When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score for the 1980 film , the decision was made to play the music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audience into believing that the killer was around during moments that they were not supposed to be . Manfredini explains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliberate : `` There 's a scene where one of the girls ( ... ) is setting up the archery area ( ... ) One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her . It 's a huge scare , but if you notice , there 's no music . That was a choice . '' Manfredini also noted that when something was about to happen , the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit , which allowed the scare to become more effective . Friday the 13th theme Harry Manfredini 's theme , used to identify the presence of the killer in the Friday the 13th film series Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since Mrs. Voorhees , the killer in the original Friday the 13th , does not show up until the final reel of the film , Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence . Manfredini was inspired by the 1975 film Jaws , where the shark is not seen for the majority of the film , but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes and unseen . While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Penderecki music , which contained a chorus with `` striking pronunciations '' , Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th . He came up with the sound `` ki ki ki , ma ma ma '' , based on the line `` Kill her mommy ! '' , which Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel . The `` ki '' comes from `` kill '' , and the `` ma '' from `` mommy '' . To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film , Manfredini spoke the two words `` harshly , distinctly , and rhythmically into a microphone '' and ran them into an echo reverberation machine . Manfredini finished the original score after a few weeks and recorded it in a friend 's basement . Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is , with Keuper describing it as `` iconographic '' . Manfredini makes note of the mispronunciation of the sounds : `` Everybody thinks it 's cha , cha , cha . I 'm like , ' Cha , cha , cha ' ? What are you talking about ? '' When Manfredini returned for the first sequel , he had an easier time composing since he only needed to perfect what he had already created . Over the course of the sequels , Manfredini loosened the philosophy that the theme should be reserved just for the killer . Manfredini describes the style of the sequels as more of a `` setting ' em up and knocking ' em down '' approach , which meant that there were more `` McGuffins and red ‐ herrings '' that required the killer 's theme music be played to try to trick the audience . Manfredini explains , `` The original had the real myopic approach , and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as more conventional films . '' For Part 3 , Manfredini only returned to score the first and last reels of the film because he was busy with a Broadway production . Jack Tillar pieced together portions of the score from the first two films to fill the remaining time for Part 3 , while Michael Zagar composed an opening and closing theme . Manfredini and Zagar met at the latter 's apartment , where Zagar rescored the original opening theme using a disco beat . Manfredini returned for The Final Chapter , and although there were similar elements to the score , everything was newly recorded for the fourth Friday the 13th . When he began work on the score for A New Beginning , Manfredini created a theme just for the character of Tommy Jarvis . The idea was to suggest that there was `` madness afoot '' , which he believed helped to `` ' point the finger ' at various characters ( ... ) to suggest that things were not as you might expect '' . For Jason Lives , Tom McLoughlin instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to happen , `` but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves '' . McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter 's 1978 film Halloween , which would always follow any shock in the film with Carpenter 's `` Eeeeeeee ! '' sound . McLoughlin wanted something more subtle , with a `` Gothic '' resonance . Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes Manhattan because of prior film engagements , but his scores from previous films were reused . While Manfredini was working on Sean Cunningham 's DeepStar Six , Producer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin , who was scoring Friday the 13th : The Series , to finish composing the music to The New Blood . Manfredini 's original music only filled half the film . Mollin returned to fully score Jason Takes Manhattan , and worked with Steve Mizer to write an original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening credits . Manfredini would score the next two entries in the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason . The official reason for Manfredini 's replacement was because New Line wanted to take the series in a `` new direction '' , but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy vs. Jason was `` just the same thing '' . Reception ( edit ) The Friday the 13th films generally received negative reception from professional critics , in contrast to other slashers like Halloween . Critics disliked how the series favored high body counts over plot and character development and how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last . Nevertheless , the films were a financial success , prompting Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the box office appeal . When comparing Friday the 13th to the other top - grossing American slasher franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Halloween , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for the 2011 inflation , Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror franchise in the United States , with approximately $687.1 million . A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 million , with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely behind with $588.7 million . Then comes Halloween with $557.5 million , Saw with $457.4 million , Scream with $442.9 million , Psycho with $376.3 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with approximately $203 million . The financial success has extended to home release , with more than five million DVDs sold by 2005 . Title Release date ( United States ) Budget Box office ( USD ) Ref United States International Worldwide 1 . Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) May 9 , 1980 $550 K $39.76 million $20 million $59.75 million 2 . Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 $1.25 million $21.72 million N / A $21.72 million 3 . Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 May 13 , 1983 ( re-release ) $2.5 million $36.69 million N / A $36.69 million 4 . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 $2.6 million $32.98 million N / A $32.98 million 5 . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 $2.2 million $21.93 million N / A $21.93 million 6 . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 $3 million $19.47 million N / A $19.47 million 7 . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 $2.8 million $19.17 million N / A $19.17 million 8 . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 $5 million $14.34 million N / A $14.34 million 9 . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 $3 million $15.94 million N / A $15.94 million 10 . Jason X April 26 , 2002 $14 million $13.12 million $3.83 million $16.96 million 11 . Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 $25 million $82.62 million $32.29 million $114.9 million 12 . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) February 13 , 2009 $19 million $65 million $26.38 million $91.4 million Total $80.9 million $383.3 million $64.5 million $464.67 million Future ( edit ) Shortly after the 2009 reboot 's theatrical release , producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form expressed an interest in producing another Friday the 13th film , citing the enjoyment they had working on the reboot . On October 1 , 2009 , Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to release the Friday the 13th sequel on August 13 , 2010 . Subsequently , on December 10 , 2009 , Warner Bros. announced that it had pulled the sequel from the August 13 , 2010 release slot and listed its release as `` TBD '' ( to be determined ) . Warner Bros. also announced that Damian Shannon and Mark Swift were penning the sequel . On April 21 , 2010 , Fuller announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 remake was no longer in the works , declaring it , `` dead -- not happening '' . In a later interview , Fuller explained that the 2009 reboot was the result of a joint effort between Paramount and New Line Cinema , as both owned portions of the Friday the 13th franchise . With a down economy , both studios were limiting the films they produced each year , opting to produce films carrying lower risks and higher rewards . Accordingly , the companies put Friday the 13th Part 2 on hold in hopes that they would move forward with this next installment when the economy bounced back . Form explained that neither studio would walk away from the sequel 's production to allow the other to move forward as the primary producing house , each studio concerned that its players would look like `` idiots '' should the sequel perform well without its involvement . Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may be a 3 ‐ D film , should it ever again be green - lit for production by the studios . On February 1 , 2011 , Fuller announced via Twitter that Shannon and Smith had completed writing a script for the sequel . Fuller reported that he was ready to begin production , but that New Line Cinema was not . On June 5 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. had relinquished its film rights to the Friday the 13th series to Paramount as part of a deal that would allow Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar . One week later , Derek Mears revealed that Paramount was working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment `` as fast as possible . '' David Bruckner was set to direct the next installment of Friday the 13th . After altering the release date numerous times , Paramount set the film for a Friday , May 13 , 2016 release date . In March 2015 , it was announced that TV writer Nick Antosca would write the script . On October 20 , 2015 , The Wrap reported that Paramount pushed back the film 's release date to January 13 , 2017 . On December 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski was negotiating a deal to write a new script , but that Bruckner , who had purportedly left the project in 2015 , would no longer be directing . On May 31 , 2016 , Fuller revealed that the reboot would be an origin story for Jason , and his mother would be in the film . On August 8 , 2016 , Variety reported that Breck Eisner was in talks to direct the reboot . In September 2016 , Paramount pushed back the reboot 's release date from Friday , January 13 , 2017 to Friday , October 13 , 2017 . On January 27 , 2017 , it was reported that the reboot 's working title was Friday the 13th : Part 13 , Platinum Dunes was looking for someone to play a young Jason Voorhees , and production would begin in March 2017 , slated for a Friday , October 13 , 2017 release date . On February 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Paramount officially canceled the project due to the low box office grosses of Rings , and Paramount assigned the October 13 , 2017 release date to its upcoming film , Mother ! . On October 10 , 2017 , Shannon and Swift revealed the title of their proposed sequel , Friday The 13th : Camp Blood -- The Death of Jason Voorhees . The rights to the franchise are slated to revert to New Line / Warner Bros. in 2018 . However , Victor Miller , who wrote the original Friday the 13th screenplay , asserted that Horror Inc. derived its current copyright to the screenplay from Miller 's transfer of copyright to Horror Inc. 's predecessor - in - interest , the Manny Company . Miller sent a Notice of Termination to Horror Inc. on January 26 , 2016 , purportedly reclaiming his rights to the screenplay and the content contained therein through termination of the transfer of rights he had formerly made to the Manny Company . Original film producer Sean S. Cunningham claims that Miller wrote the screenplay for Friday the 13th as a work - made - for - hire for the Manny Company . Under copyright law , an employer is considered the statutory author and copyright holder if a work is made in the employee 's scope of employment . If , as Cunningham contends , Miller wrote the screenplay as the Manny Company 's employee , he never held a copyright to the screenplay to transfer or reclaim . A lawsuit seeking the parties ' declaration of rights is currently pending in a federal court in Connecticut . Television ( edit ) On September 28 , 1987 , Paramount began airing Friday the 13th : The Series , a television series that focuses on two cousins ' attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold from a shop they inherited from their uncle . The show starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey as Michelle Foster . It was created by Frank Mancuso , Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour , and the series ran for 72 episodes . Mancuso , Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the film series , but he utilized `` the idea of Friday the 13th , which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses '' . The creators wanted to tie ‐ in Jason 's trademark hockey mask to the series , but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own . Mancuso , Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from `` the new world that we were trying to create '' . The decision to name the show Friday the 13th over the original title was made because Mancuso , Jr. believed a `` Friday the 13th '' moniker would better help to sell the show to networks . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Friday the 13th : The Series initially aired in first - run syndication in a late - night spot ; the success of the series as a late - night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to primetime . Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode , the first season placed second in the male 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , just behind Paramount 's Star Trek : The Next Generation . In addition , the first season placed fifth in the female 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . In September 2003 , during a panel session at the Maniafest convention , Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibility of bringing Friday the 13th to television , with the series focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake area . On October 22 , 2005 , Cunningham discussed the potential series further . He explained that the idea was to call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles , and `` set ( it ) in a town with all this Jason history '' . The series would focus more on `` coming - of - age issues '' , in a similar style to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Dawson 's Creek , and Smallville , with Jason as more of a recurring `` background '' character . In April 2014 , it was announced that Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to produce an hour - long Friday the 13th television series . The series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal Lake , who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees , as well as discover new information about him and his family . On August 2015 , it was announced that the series was being developed by The CW . Steve Mitchell and Craig Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot , while Sean S. Cunningham , Randall Emmett , George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers . On August 2016 , the network announced that decided to not move forward with the series . The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained , `` We had better pilots . The bottom line is we felt we had stronger things to go with , and we did n't go forward with it . It was well - written , it was darker than we wanted it to be , and we did n't believe it had sustainability ... We did n't believe that it was a sustainable script , a sustainable series . It was a very good pilot , but not a sustainable series . '' Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) `` I could n't believe it . He started writing this book with low expectations , but a few pages in , he was already enjoying himself . He 'd found a way to tell the story in his own interesting way -- with his own imprint -- and he wrote the book in less than a week . Dad never wrote a book that he did n't like . '' -- David Avallone on his father 's experience writing Friday the 13th Part 3 Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels -- Friday the 13th 1 -- 3 , Jason Lives , Jason X , and Freddy vs. Jason -- with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice . The first novel was Michael Avallone 's 1982 adaptation of Friday the 13th Part 3 ; Avallone had previously adapted Beneath the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment . The author chose to use an alternate ending , one that was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the conclusion for his adaptation . In the alternate ending , Chris , who is in a canoe , hears her boyfriend Rick 's voice and immediately runs back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete and decapitates her . The next book was not published until 1986 , when Simon Hawke adapted Jason Lives . Hawke would also adapt the first three films into novels , and his adaptation of the original Friday the 13th was published in 1987 , with novelizations of Part 2 and 3 both being published in 1988 . Hawke 's first adaptation , Jason Lives , introduced the character of Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , who was supposed to appear in the film before being cut by the studio . The book explains how Elias has Jason 's body buried , instead of the planned cremation , after his death in The Final Chapter . In 1994 , four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . These stories focused on different people finding Jason 's mask and becoming possessed by his spirit , but the actual character did not appear in the novels . The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published in 1994 . The books are titled Mother 's Day , Jason 's Curse , The Carnival , and Road Trip . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X . After the release of the Jason X novel , Black Flame began publishing two series of novels . One set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set used the Friday the 13th moniker . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation . The first to be published was Jason X : The Experiment , which saw the government attempting to exploit Jason 's indestructibility to create an army of `` super soldiers '' . The second novel , Planet of the Beast , follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay alive when Jason awakens . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana , and the final novel , To the Third Power , is about the discovery of a Jason clone underneath a prison . The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth by the films . Instead , each novel developed the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . In Friday the 13th : Hell Lake , a recently executed serial killer , Wayne Sanchez , persuades Jason to help him escape back to the real world . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . The Jason Strain places Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts -- placed there by television executives running a reality game show -- while a scientist attempts to create an age - retarding `` super drug '' from Jason 's DNA . Instead , she creates a virus that reanimates the dead into zombies . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs , and she searches for Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . Comic Books ( edit ) Since New Line Cinema 's acquisition of the franchise , several Friday the 13th comic books have been published by Topps Comics , Avatar Press , and DC Comics imprint WildStorm . The first comic book release for the franchise was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes . Topps Comics published another series in 1995 , with Nancy A. Collins writing a three - issue , non ‐ canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 's Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface . The two initially become friends , with Leatherface adopting Jason into the former 's family . After a series of misunderstandings , Jason and Leatherface turn on each other . On May 13 , 2005 , New Line first exercised their rights to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they , along with Avatar comics , released a special issue of Friday the 13th . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller , the story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her brother can sell the property . The issue pre ‐ sold more than 17,500 copies . Avatar released a three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath in September 2005 . The series was written by Brian Pulido , illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , and revolves around a group of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason , who proceeds to kill them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar , titled Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 , Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic , a two - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . The series was written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer . The story takes place after the events of the film Jason X , where a salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason , a version of Jason with mechanical limbs , are drawn into a battle to the death . In June 2006 , a one - shot comic titled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . In the comic , Jason is captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization . Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , whom the Trent Organization is holding in their Crystal Lake headquarters . In December 2006 , WildStorm began publishing its own series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title . The first set was a six - issue miniseries that involves Jason 's return to Crystal Lake , a lone survivor 's tale of the murder of her friends by a monster , a new revelation about the evil surrounding Crystal Lake , and the truth of what Jason embodies . The miniseries pre ‐ sold approximately 60,318 copies altogether , with each issue pre ‐ selling 15,800 , 9,600 , 8,964 , 8,637 , 8,715 , and 8,602 copies , respectively . The trade paperback of the series , released in September 2007 , contained a foreword by musician Andrew W.K. . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , WildStorm published a two - part special titled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who is killed in the original film . The miniseries pre ‐ sold a combined 16,051 copies . `` I did about a 30 page treatment for the potential sequel , turned it in , and they all backed it . ( ... ) After some time passed and the Ash thing had gone away ( ... ) the New Line licensing guys started talking about doing it as a comic book . ( ... ) while I was at New Line ( ... ) I was trying to encourage it along as best I could , knowing ( the comic ) was the only way it was going to see the light of day . '' -- Jeff Katz on how the Freddy vs. Jason sequel became a comic WildStorm released another comic book special , titled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , consisting of two issues that were released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . The first issue of How I Spent My Summer Vacation pre ‐ sold approximately 7,837 copies . WildStorm released a six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason , titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two aforementioned killers and Ash from the Evil Dead film series . The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon , which is in the basement of the Voorhees home , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , but Ash , who is working at the local S ‐ Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it once and for all . The story , by Jeff Katz , was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development before the former film had been theatrically released . After meeting with executives , the negotiations ended and the story was shelved . Following the success of Freddy vs. Jason , the idea of including Ash was brought up again , but New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and Jason Craig to do the artwork . On January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , WildStorm released another two - issue miniseries , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , which was written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston , respectively . The series explores the history of Crystal Lake before Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived . Bad Land takes place in two time frames , the `` present day '' and 250 years before `` present day '' . It follows three hikers in the present and three fur trappers in the past , each of whom is snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake . Each group experiences similar events , suggesting that there is a connection between the two groups . A one - shot comic , titled Friday the 13th : Abuser and the Abused , written by Joshua Hale Fialkov with artwork by Andy B. , was released on April 30 , 2008 . The story involves a teenager named Maggie tricking her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake , where she plans to murder him , but she encounters Jason shortly after arriving at the camp . On June 24 , 2009 , the six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , began . Written by Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric , and illustrated by Jason Craig , the miniseries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason banding together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from the world of the Deadites by government operatives who had discovered the Necronomicon . Documentaries ( edit ) There have been two documentary books released chronicling the making of the Friday the 13th films . In February 2005 , FAB Press published their book containing interviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th series of films . David Grove , a film journalist who has written for Fangoria , Cinefantastique , and various other British magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th films , wrote the comprehensive book , Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Grove interviewed over 100 `` key personnel involved in making the films '' to collect `` detailed production histories of each of the 11 films '' , not including interviews with other film professionals like Wes Craven . Grove 's book also includes previously unseen production photos which were acquired from private collections . Eight months after the release of Grove 's book , Titan Books , in association with Sparkplug Press , released a detailed history on the Friday the 13th series . Peter M. Bracke released Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th on October 24 , 2005 . The book chronicles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy vs. Jason . Bracke spent three years researching the series and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and crew of each of the films . Bracke 's extensive work for the book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword . Crystal Lake Memories also includes images , storyboards , concept art , and publicity material that had not been released to the public . A private party was held on October 22 , 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk Hollywood for the book 's premiere . A documentary film , titled His Name Was Jason : 30 Years of Friday the 13th , was released in February 2009 . This film was directed by Daniel Farrands , who had also written the film Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers as well as a documentary on The Amityville Horror . The film was broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first week of February , and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3 , 2009 . The documentary is hosted by special make ‐ up effects artist Tom Savini , who interviews the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th films , asking them questions on the choices they made during filming . It also features interviews with journalists and other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series . In September 2013 , Farrands wrote and directed a second documentary film on the Friday franchise , this time directly inspired by Bracke 's book . Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th discusses each of the twelve films , from the original to the 2009 remake , as well as the television series . It is narrated by Corey Feldman , and also features interviews with key individuals in the franchise 's history . Farrands has suggested that his work on the well - received 2010 film , Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy , which documented the making of the Nightmare on Elm Street series , demonstrated the possibility for a documentary film that was more in depth and more comprehensive than his previous effort , His Name Was Jason . In making such a film , Farrands turned to Bracke 's book , which he had also worked on , and drew from its structure and content . Curious Goods : Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th : The Series by Alyse Wax , a retrospective focusing on the 1987 television series , was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media . Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Friday the 13th ( 1985 computer game ) , Friday the 13th ( 1989 video game ) , Friday the 13th : The Game , and Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle In May 1986 , Domark released a Friday the 13th game for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , and ZX Spectrum . The plot involved the player picking a `` sanctuary '' and attempting to persuade others to hide there . Jason is `` disguised as a friend '' until he decides to attack the player . Three years later , LJN published a game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 2007 , Xendex released their own Friday the 13th game for mobile phones . In the game , the player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake . While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer weekend , an `` unknown stalker '' begins murdering each of them . The player must discover the truth and escape the camp alive . Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new survival horror , multi-platform `` asymmetrical , co-operative and competitive multiplayer predator / prey horror experience '' is in development , with a tentative release date of October 2015 . This game was originally titled Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp , in which it was originally developed by IllFonic , but Gun Media joined and helped develop , in which they will publish the game . The game was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter , with BackerKit collecting US $ 271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and Kickstarter collecting US $823,704.20 from 12,128 backers , collecting a total of US $1,095,143.40 from an overall 28,237 backers , with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th : The Game . A developer panel for Gun Media and IllFonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with alpha footage and a list of kill animations . A mobile game available on iOS , Android and Steam Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle was released on January 20 , 2018 . Merchandise ( edit ) In addition to the films , television series , and various literature based on the Friday the 13th franchise , there are over 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 million in revenue . Over the years , the characters of Friday the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines . In 1988 , Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit of Jason Voorhees . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a second model kit based on Jason 's appearance in Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are no longer in production . In 1998 , as part of McFarlane Toys ' Movie Maniacs 1 collection , a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released . Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from the Movie Maniacs 1 collection , and the other two were Freddy Krueger and Leatherface . The following year , 6 in ( 150 mm ) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass display case were released by MacFarlane Toys . In 2002 , as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection , McFarlane released a model of Über - Jason from Jason X . McFarlane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable until November 2006 , when a 3 - dimensional movie poster was released . Since 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes , with more merchandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason . Apart from video games and toys , the series has also seen the release of its films ' soundtracks . In 1982 , Gramavision Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first three films . On September 27 , 2005 , BSX Records released a limited edition CD of Fred Mollin 's scores . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six films . Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell , each film in the series has had their musical score and soundtrack released for sale . Impact ( edit ) In December 2006 , IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh in the top 25 film franchises . Qualifications included : the franchise must have at least three films released before December 2006 ; the franchises must be either a commercial or artistic success ; and the franchise must have had some form of impact on popular culture . Three senior editors , the editor - in - chief , and IGN 's entertainment editorial manager judged the various film franchises . In commenting on Friday the 13th 's seventh - place ranking , the general consensus among the reviewers was that even though the Halloween franchise started the slasher genre , Friday the 13th became one of `` the most influential franchises of the 1980s '' and that its commercial success through 11 films , novelizations , comic books , and other collectables is proof of its legacy . ABC Online 's Arts and Entertainment reporter , Gary Kemble , makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture . Kemble points out that Jason 's mask , which was not adopted until the third film in the series , is one of the most widely recognizable images in popular culture . Talking with Brenna O'Brien , co ‐ founder of the Fridaythe13thfilms.com website , the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with the series that they have created films , latex body suits to emulate Jason 's appearance , and tattoos of Jason and the Friday the 13th moniker on their body . `` Everybody in the audience imitated hoot ‐ owls and hyenas . Another girl ( in the film ) went to her room and started to undress . Five guys sitting together ( in the theater ) started a chant : ' We want boobs ! ' '' -- Karnick believes that this excerpt from Ebert 's review of Friday the 13th Part 2 shows how critics have misunderstood the point the Friday the 13th films have tried to make . S.T. Karnick , editor of American Culture , wrote an article for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the reasons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons why the franchise has had such a strong influence . Karnick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recreate the same `` clever '' film that John Carpenter made in 1978 , but instead `` ( codified ) the formula '' of Halloween , and `` ( boiled ) it down to its essentials '' so that it could be copied by other filmmakers . In his assessment , Friday the 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not providing back ‐ stories for characters so that when the audience witnessed a character 's death , they are `` strangely unaffected '' . Instead , Friday the 13th focuses on the history and motivations of the killer , who would exact revenge not on the people directly responsible , but on innocent people -- a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Scream , I Know What You Did Last Summer , Saw , the Hannibal Lecter films , and the Halloween sequels . As Karnick sees it , `` these films spoke directly to fears of increasing crime and social dislocation ( and ) provided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it . '' In Karnick 's eyes , contemporary critics have failed to see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently branded the film series as `` both irresponsible ( for numbing audiences to violence ) and puritanical ( for showing the murders of sexually active teens ) '' . Quoting director John Carpenter , Karnick emphasized that `` teens thus dispatched became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the presence of a murderer '' . Pointing to Roger Ebert as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films ( Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part 2 , he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the victims and cheered during death scenes ) , Karnick explains that Ebert 's remarks show how the film series forces `` audiences to experience the very thing that motivates the murders : a lack of compassion '' . In closing , Karnick suggested that these films were not puritanical , but proved that audiences `` could be just as indifferent and callous as the characters in the films '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , David , pp. 189 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN : Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time : # 7 '' . IGN. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Kemble ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 - ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Marcus Nispel ( Director ) ( 2009 ) . Friday the 13th . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brack , Peter , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 98 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 173 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 238 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 267 -- 269 Jump up ^ Devin Faraci ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : Paging Tommy Jarvis '' . CHUD . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Duo pumps new blood into ' Friday the 13th ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Nispel scores a date with next ' Friday ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini '' . Slasherama . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pg. 39 Jump up ^ Victor Miller , Jay Keuper , Harry Manfredini ( 1980 ) . `` Return to Crystal Lake : Making of Friday the 13th '' Friday the 13th DVD ( Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : WB . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 70 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 118 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 142 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 165 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 189 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 211 Jump up ^ `` Harry Manfredini 's filmography '' . HarryManfredini.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lee ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Bloody Good Time 11.08. 07 : Horror History Lessons , Part 8 '' . 411mania . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Halfhill.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PR Web . 2005 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 314 -- 315 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) foreign box office '' . The - Numbers . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( June 15 , 2009 ) , Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller talk FRIDAY THE 13th Sequel , 3 - D , The Birds , BUTCHERHOUSE CHRONICLES , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 1 , 2009 ) , Warner Bros. Announces ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ' Release Date , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( December 10 , 2009 ) , Box Office Updates : ' Friday the 13th 2 ' Vanishes , ' Saw VII ' Locked Down , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 22 , 2010 ) , Friday the 13th Sequel `` Not Happening '' , Dread Central , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( April 26 , 2010 ) , Exclusive Interview : Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET -- Plus Updates on MONSTER SQUAD , OUIJA , FRIDAY THE 13th 2 , and the NIGHTMARE Blu - ray will Have a 6 - Minute Alternate Ending , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ McMahon , James ( February 1 , 2011 ) , ' Friday The 13th ' reboot sequel script completed , New Musical Express , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Masters , Kim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Gives Up ' Friday the 13th ' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan 's `` Interstellar '' `` . Hollywood Reporter ( published June 14 , 2013 ) . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 11 , 2013 ) , EXCLUSIVE : Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount For ' Friday The 13th ' Sequel ! ! ! , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hanley , Ken W. ( February 13 , 2015 ) , Deaditorial : Horror 's Perspective Problem , or How to Save the `` FRIDAY THE 13TH '' Franchise , Fangoria , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2015 ) , `` ' Friday The 13th ' & ' Paranormal Activity 6 ′ Pushed Back ; Paramount Dates ' Rings ' '' , Deadline Hollywood , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 25 , 2015 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Moves Forward at Paramount With ' Hannibal ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 20 , 2015 ) , Paramount Bumps New ' Friday the 13th ' Movie to 2017 , The Wrap , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ White , James ( December 3 , 2015 ) , Prisoners writer Aaron Guzikowski tackling the new Friday The 13th , Empire , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Troncoso , Guillermo ( May 31 , 2016 ) , Exclusive : New ' Friday the 13th ' Movie to Offer New Origin Story , The Reel World , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 8 , 2016 ) , `` ' Last Witch Hunter ' Director Eyes ' Friday the 13th ' Reboot at Paramount '' , Variety , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 23 , 2016 ) , Friday the 13th Reboot Delayed Until October 2017 , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( January 28 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Reboot Will Have a Young Jason , New Title Revealed ? , Movie Web , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 28 , 2017 ) , Friday The 13th , Part 13 Casting Twins For A Young Jason Voorhees , Pop Culture Now , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 27 , 2017 ) , ' Friday the 13th ' is Casting for a Spring Shoot , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( February 6 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Remake Is Canceled , Is Rings to Blame ? , Movie Web , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cotter , Padraig ( October 10 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Remake Writer Reveals Unmade Sequel Title , Screen Rant , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 13 , 2017 ) , We 're Passing the Longest Stretch of Time Between ' Friday the 13th ' Films EVER , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Horror Inc. v. Miller , 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 - SRU , at * 4 - 9 , ECF No. 1 ( D. Conn . Aug. 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 25 , 2016 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Rights at Stake in Lawsuit Over Horror Classic '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( June 13 , 2017 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Producer Points to Writers ' Union Membership in Bid to Retain Franchise Rights '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Docket Entries , Horror Inc. v. Miller ( 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 ) , Court Listener , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 171 Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( 1988 - 07 - 05 ) . `` TV Producers Discover New Path to Prime Time ( page 2 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peter H. ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' Box - Set News and More ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather '' . Slasherama. 2005 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Friday The 13th ' Scares Up Hourlong Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday The 13th TV Series In The Works At The CW '' . ComicBook.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` CW scraps plans for Little Women , Friday the 13th shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gove , David , pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Michael Avallone ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . United Kingdom : Star . ISBN 0 - 352 - 31249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 92 Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pg. 147 Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( 2003 - 07 - 29 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) . Jason X . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( 2005 - 06 - 07 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( 2005 - 11 - 29 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 09 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( 2005 - 10 - 25 ) . Friday the 13th : Hate Kill Repeat . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 271 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christa Faust ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) . Friday the 13th : The Jason Strain . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) . Friday the 13th : Carnival of Maniacs . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 380 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andy Mangels ( w ) , Cynthia Martin ( Issue # 1 & 2 ) and Bobby Rubio ( Issue # 3 ) ( a ) . Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 - 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` May 2005 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics # 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` December 2006 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` January 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` February 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` March 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` April 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` May 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ WK , Andrew . `` Friday the 13th Comic '' . andrewwk.com . Andrew W.K . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : Pamela 's tale '' . DC Comics . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` July 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` August 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash # 1 : Interview with Jeff Katz '' . Newsarama. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' . DC Comics . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` September 2007 comic sales chart '' . CBG Xtra . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs Jason vs Ash '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Bad Land # 1 '' . WildStorm . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Bad Land # 2 '' . WildStorm . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Marz on Friday the 13th : Bad Land '' . Newsarama. 2008 - 01 - 09 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Abuser and the Abused '' . Wildstorm.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : Nightmare Warriors '' . Wildstorm.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The definitive history of the world 's most popular horror film franchise ! '' . FAB Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Documentary Begins Shooting '' . ShockTillYouDrop. 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` His Name Was Jason ( DVD Review ) '' . Fangoria. 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Galluzzo , Rob . `` Exclusive : Dan Farrands Talks Crystal Lake Memories - The Movie '' . Fear Net . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Series gets its own retrospective book '' . joblo.com . Arrow in the Head . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th - 1986 game '' . Your Sinclair Rock ' n ' Roll Years . World of Spectrum ( 5 ) : 37 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th for the NES by LJN '' . AtariGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . Xendex.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Michael Briers ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Game Reaches Funding Goal , Licensed Horror Will Hit PS4 in 2016 '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - BackerKit '' . BackerKit . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenback , Randy . `` Friday the 13th : The Game by Randy Greenback - Gun Media - Kickstarter '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mozuch , Mo ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations For Jason Voorhees '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/friday-the-13th-killer-puzzle/id1297059370?mt=8 Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Maniacs III Monster Roster Growing '' . McFarlane.com. 1999 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason and Freddy in glass case '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Movie Poster : Friday the 13th '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 94 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred Mollin '' . BuySoundtrax.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Vs. Jason soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : S.T. Karnick ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Babes in the Woods : A franchise of fear '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . References ( edit ) Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal A Nightmare on Elm Street portal Film portal Horror fiction portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friday the 13th films . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Databases Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo Domark 's Friday the 13th ' at SpectrumComputing.co.uk Miscellaneous Fridaythe13thfilms.com Interview with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti -- Writers of Windstorm 's six - issue Friday the 13th comic Bloody Disgusting - `` 13 days of Friday the 13th '' -- A series of articles exploring the series Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback , developers of Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Mortal Kombat X Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th_(franchise)&oldid=854751605 '' Categories : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Horror films by series Zombies and revenants in popular culture American teen horror films American films American film series Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Film series introduced in 1980 Media franchises introduced in 1980 Paramount Pictures franchises New Line Cinema franchises Warner Bros. franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first friday the 13th made	[ "Friday the 13th\nCover of Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, a documentary book on the Friday the 13th franchise.Created by\nVictor MillerOriginal work\nFriday the 13th (1980)Owner\nParamount PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures\nPrint publicationsNovel(s)\nList of novelsComics\nList of comicsFilms and televisionFilm(s)\nList of filmsTelevision series\nFriday the 13th: The Series (1987–1990)GamesVideo game(s)\nList of video games" ]	[ "1980" ]
-4382545181250296112	List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks	List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks - wikipedia List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the longest team winning streaks or unbeaten streaks in Major League Baseball history . Streaks started at the end of one season are carried over into the following season . The lists below include streaks that consist entirely of regular - season games , streaks from the predecessor National Association ( 1871 -- 1875 ) , streaks of playoff games and World Series games , and streaks that include both regular - season and postseason games . The 1916 New York Giants hold the record for the longest unbeaten streak in MLB history at 26 , with a tie in - between the 14th and 15th win . The record for the longest winning streak by an American League team is held by the 2017 Cleveland Indians at 22 . The Chicago Cubs franchise has won 21 games twice , once in 1880 when they were the Chicago White Stockings and once in 1935 . The longest winning streak consisting only of playoff games stands at 12 consecutive wins , by the 1927 , 1928 and 1932 New York Yankees ( who swept the World Series all three seasons ) and tied by the 1998 -- 99 Yankees . For streaks that have included both regular and postseason games , the 1970 and 1971 Baltimore Orioles hold the top two positions with 17 and 16 consecutive victories , respectively . Several entries in the table are denoted as including ties . In the early days of baseball , a game that was postponed due to weather or darkness was replayed from the beginning ( instead of being resumed from that point ) , but all statistics from the game were counted . In official records , the game is unofficial but is listed as a tie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Game streaks 2.1 Regular season 2.1. 1 National Association 2.2 Postseason 2.3 World Series 2.4 Regular season and postseason 3 Series streaks 3.1 Postseason 4 See also 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes streaks that contain unofficial tie ( s ) not included in the win totals * * Denotes streaks that spanned over two seasons Denotes streaks that are currently in progress * Denotes season in which team won the World Series Game streaks ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) This list contains the top 30 streaks consisting entirely of regular - season games . Rank Games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 26 ^ New York Giants 1916 86 -- 66 000000001916 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 1916 4 -- 1 Brooklyn Robins 000000001916 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1916 3 -- 8 Boston Braves 22 Cleveland Indians 2017 102 -- 60 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2017 13 -- 6 Boston Red Sox 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 3 -- 4 Kansas City Royals 7000200000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 21 ^ Chicago White Stockings 1880 67 -- 17 000000001880 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1880 5 -- 4 Boston Braves 000000001880 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1880 0 -- 2 Cleveland Spiders 7000200000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 21 Chicago Cubs 1935 100 -- 54 000000001935 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1935 8 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001935 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1935 5 -- 7 ( 11 ) St. Louis Cardinals 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 St. Louis Maroons 1884 94 -- 19 000000001884 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1884 7 -- 2 Chicago / Pittsburgh 000000001884 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1884 1 -- 8 Boston Reds 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 Providence Grays 1884 84 -- 28 000000001884 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1884 4 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001884 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1884 0 -- 2 Buffalo Bisons 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 20 Oakland Athletics 2002 103 -- 59 000000002002 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2002 5 -- 4 Toronto Blue Jays 000000002002 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2002 0 -- 6 Minnesota Twins 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 19 ^ Chicago White Sox 1906 * 93 -- 58 000000001906 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1906 3 -- 0 Boston Americans 000000001906 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1906 4 -- 5 Washington Senators 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 19 New York Yankees 1947 * 97 -- 57 000000001947 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1947 3 -- 1 Washington Senators 000000001947 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 1947 0 -- 8 Detroit Tigers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 Chicago White Stockings 1885 87 -- 25 000000001885 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1885 6 -- 0 Detroit Wolverines 000000001885 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1885 0 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 ^ Boston Beaneaters 1891 87 -- 51 000000001891 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1891 7 -- 2 Chicago Colts 000000001891 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1891 3 -- 5 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 New York Giants 1904 106 -- 47 000000001904 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1904 4 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001904 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1904 5 -- 6 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 18 New York Yankees 1953 * 99 -- 52 000000001953 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1953 3 -- 1 Washington Senators 000000001953 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1953 1 -- 3 St. Louis Browns 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 St. Louis Browns 1885 79 -- 33 000000001885 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1885 12 -- 4 Louisville Colonels 000000001885 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1885 1 -- 7 Baltimore Orioles 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Boston Beaneaters 1897 93 -- 39 000000001897 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1897 25 -- 5 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001897 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 1897 4 -- 7 Brooklyn Bridegrooms 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 New York Giants 1907 82 -- 71 000000001907 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 1907 6 -- 3 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001907 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1907 4 -- 6 St. Louis Cardinals 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Washington Senators 1912 91 -- 61 000000001912 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1912 5 -- 0 Boston Red Sox 000000001912 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1912 1 -- 2 Philadelphia Athletics 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 New York Giants 1916 86 -- 66 000000001916 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1916 13 -- 5 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001916 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1916 1 -- 5 Philadelphia Phillies 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Philadelphia Athletics 1931 107 -- 45 000000001931 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1931 4 -- 1 Boston Red Sox 000000001931 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1931 2 -- 6 New York Yankees 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( tie ) 17 Pittsburgh Pirates * * 1937 1938 86 -- 68 86 -- 64 000000001937 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1937 8 -- 2 Cincinnati Reds 000000001938 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1938 3 -- 5 ( 10 ) Chicago Cubs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 St. Louis Maroons 1884 94 -- 19 000000001884 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1884 5 -- 4 Chicago / Pittsburgh 000000001884 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1884 2 -- 4 Washington Nationals 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 ^ Philadelphia Quakers 1887 75 -- 48 000000001887 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1887 8 -- 4 Indianapolis Hoosiers 000000001888 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1888 3 -- 4 Boston Beaneaters 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Philadelphia Phillies 1890 78 -- 53 000000001890 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1890 9 -- 4 Cincinnati Reds 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 4 -- 12 Chicago Colts 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Philadelphia Phillies 1892 87 -- 66 000000001892 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1892 7 -- 1 Cleveland Spiders 000000001892 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1892 1 -- 9 Boston Beaneaters 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 * 110 -- 42 000000001909 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1909 3 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds 000000001909 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1909 7 -- 8 New York Giants 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Giants 1912 103 -- 48 000000001912 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1912 6 -- 5 Boston Braves 000000001912 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1912 4 -- 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Yankees 1926 91 -- 63 000000001926 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1926 13 -- 9 Detroit Tigers 000000001926 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1926 1 -- 2 Philadelphia Athletics 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 New York Giants 1951 98 -- 59 000000001951 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1951 3 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 000000001951 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1951 0 -- 2 Pittsburgh Pirates 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Kansas City Royals 1977 102 -- 60 000000001977 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1977 5 -- 4 Texas Rangers 000000001977 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1977 1 -- 4 Seattle Mariners 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 ( tie ) 16 Milwaukee Brewers * * 1986 77 -- 84 91 -- 71 000000001986 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1986 4 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 000000001987 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1987 1 -- 7 Chicago White Sox National Association ( edit ) Rank Games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 26 ^ Boston Red Stockings 1875 71 -- 8 000000001875 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1875 6 -- 0 New Haven Elm Citys 000000001875 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1875 4 -- 5 St. Louis Brown Stockings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 18 Boston Red Stockings 1872 39 -- 8 000000001872 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1872 23 -- 3 Brooklyn Atlantics 000000001872 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1872 10 -- 17 Troy Trojans 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 15 Hartford Dark Blues * * 1874 1875 16 -- 37 54 -- 28 000000001874 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1874 10 -- 3 Philadelphia Whites 000000001875 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1875 5 -- 10 Boston Red Stockings 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( tie ) 15 Boston Red Stockings 1875 71 -- 8 000000001875 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1875 9 -- 4 Philadelphia Whites 000000001875 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1875 8 -- 9 Hartford Dark Blues Denotes season in which team won a pennant in the American Association Postseason ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason games . Rank Games Team Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 12 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 000000001927 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1927 5 -- 4 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001936 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1936 1 -- 6 New York Giants 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 12 New York Yankees 1998 -- 99 000000001998 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1998 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians 000000001999 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1999 1 -- 13 Boston Red Sox 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 11 Kansas City Royals 1985 , 2014 000000001985 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1985 6 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002014 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2014 1 -- 7 San Francisco Giants 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 New York Yankees 1937 -- 39 , 1941 000000001937 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1937 4 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001941 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1941 2 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 Oakland Athletics 1989 -- 90 000000001989 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1989 6 -- 5 Toronto Blue Jays 000000001990 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1990 0 -- 7 Cincinnati Reds 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 10 San Francisco Giants 2012 , 2014 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2012 5 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002014 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2014 1 -- 4 Washington Nationals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9 Boston Red Sox 2007 -- 08 000000002007 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2007 7 -- 1 Cleveland Indians 000000002008 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2008 4 -- 5 ( 12 ) Los Angeles Angels 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Cincinnati Reds 1975 -- 76 000000001975 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1975 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 000000001979 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1979 2 -- 5 ( 11 ) Pittsburgh Pirates 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Cincinnati Reds 1990 , 1995 000000001990 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1990 2 -- 1 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001995 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1995 1 -- 2 ( 11 ) Atlanta Braves 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Boston Red Sox 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 6 -- 4 ( 12 ) New York Yankees 000000002005 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2005 2 -- 14 Chicago White Sox 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( tie ) 8 Chicago White Sox 2005 000000002005 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2005 2 -- 1 Los Angeles Angels 000000002008 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2008 4 -- 6 Tampa Bay Rays World Series ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of World Series games . Rank Games Team Series Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 14 New York Yankees 1996 , 1998 -- 2000 000000001996 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1996 5 -- 2 Atlanta Braves 000000002000 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2000 2 -- 4 New York Mets 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 12 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 000000001927 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1927 13 -- 6 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000001936 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1936 1 -- 6 New York Giants 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 10 New York Yankees 1937 -- 39 , 1941 000000001937 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1937 3 -- 2 New York Giants 000000001941 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1941 2 -- 3 Brooklyn Dodgers 4 ( tie ) 9 Cincinnati Reds 1975 -- 76 , 1990 October 22 , 1975 4 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 4 ( tie ) 9 Boston Red Sox 2004 , 2007 , 2013 000000002004 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2004 8 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 000000002013 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2013 2 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 7 New York Yankees 1949 -- 50 000000001949 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1949 5 -- 2 Brooklyn Dodgers 000000001951 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1951 1 -- 5 New York Giants 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 7 San Francisco Giants 2010 , 2012 , 2014 000000002010 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2010 7 -- 1 Texas Rangers 000000002014 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2014 2 -- 7 Kansas City Royals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 Chicago Cubs 1907 -- 08 000000001907 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1907 6 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 000000001908 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1908 3 -- 8 Detroit Tigers 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 , 1988 000000001981 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1981 6 -- 0 New York Yankees 000000001988 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1988 1 -- 2 Oakland Athletics 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 6 New York Yankees 1978 , 1981 000000001978 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1978 3 -- 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 000000001981 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1981 4 -- 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Baltimore Orioles 1966 , 1969 000000001966 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1966 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 000000001969 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1969 1 -- 2 New York Mets 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Americans 1903 , 1912 000000001903 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1903 11 -- 2 Pittsburg Pirates 000000001912 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1912 6 -- 6 ( tie ) New York Giants 000000001912 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1912 1 -- 2 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Braves 1912 , 1914 000000001912 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1912 3 -- 1 Philadelphia Athletics 000000001915 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1915 1 -- 3 Philadelphia Phillies 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Boston Red Sox 1915 -- 16 000000001915 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1915 6 -- 5 Brooklyn Robins 000000001916 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1916 5 -- 6 Boston Red Sox 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 , 1963 000000001959 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1959 2 -- 1 Chicago White Sox 000000001965 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1965 2 -- 8 Minnesota Twins 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 5 New York Yankees 1943 , 1947 000000001943 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1943 10 -- 3 St. Louis Cardinals 000000001947 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1947 8 -- 9 Brooklyn Dodgers Regular season and postseason ( edit ) This list includes streaks that involve both regular season games and games which occurred in the postseason . Rank Total games Playoff games Team Season ( s ) Season record ( s ) Date Score Opponent Date Score Opponent Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 17 6 Baltimore Orioles 1970 108 -- 54 000000001970 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1970 7 -- 0 Cleveland Indians 000000001970 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1970 5 -- 6 Cincinnati Reds 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 16 5 Baltimore Orioles 1971 101 -- 57 000000001971 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1971 8 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 000000001971 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1971 1 -- 5 Pittsburgh Pirates 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12 New York Yankees 1927 1928 110 -- 44 101 -- 53 000000001927 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1927 7 -- 4 Philadelphia Athletics 000000001928 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1928 6 -- 7 Boston Red Sox 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1932 1933 107 -- 47 91 -- 59 000000001932 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1932 12 -- 6 Chicago Cubs 000000001933 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1933 4 -- 5 Washington Senators 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1998 114 -- 48 000000001998 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1998 10 -- 4 Cleveland Indians 000000001998 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1998 1 -- 4 ( 12 ) Cleveland Indians 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 Baltimore Orioles 91 -- 71 000000001974 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1974 7 -- 2 Boston Red Sox 000000001974 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1974 0 -- 5 Oakland Athletics 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 7 Cincinnati Reds 1976 1977 102 -- 60 88 -- 74 000000001976 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1976 11 -- 1 Atlanta Braves 000000001977 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1977 3 -- 6 San Diego Padres 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 Atlanta Braves 1998 106 -- 56 000000001998 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1998 5 -- 0 Arizona Diamondbacks 000000001998 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1998 2 -- 3 ( 10 ) San Diego Padres 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ( tie ) 10 7 Colorado Rockies 2007 90 -- 73 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2007 11 -- 1 Arizona Diamondbacks 000000002007 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2007 1 -- 13 Boston Red Sox 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 New York Giants ^ 1922 1923 93 -- 61 95 -- 58 000000001922 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1922 3 -- 0 Boston Braves 000000001923 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1923 2 -- 9 Boston Braves 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 Detroit Tigers 1984 1985 104 -- 58 84 -- 77 000000001984 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1984 5 -- 2 San Diego Padres 000000001985 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1985 0 -- 2 Milwaukee Brewers 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 San Francisco Giants 2002 95 -- 66 000000002002 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2002 5 -- 1 Milwaukee Brewers 000000002002 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2002 3 -- 7 Atlanta Braves 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 8 Chicago White Sox 2005 2006 99 -- 63 90 -- 72 000000002005 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2005 2 -- 1 Los Angeles Angels 000000002006 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2006 2 -- 8 Cleveland Indians 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 8 Kansas City Royals 2014 89 -- 73 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 6 -- 4 Chicago White Sox 000000002014 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2014 1 -- 7 San Francisco Giants 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 Chicago Cubs 2015 97 -- 65 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2015 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 000000002015 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2015 0 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( tie ) 9 6 Cleveland Indians 2016 94 -- 67 000000002016 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2016 7 -- 2 Kansas City Royals 000000002016 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2016 1 -- 5 Toronto Blue Jays Series streaks ( edit ) Postseason ( edit ) This list contains only the top 10 streaks consisting entirely of postseason series . For the purpose of this list , one - game wild card matchups , such as the 2012 Cardinals ' win , and the Giants ' wild card wins in 2014 and 2016 , are counted . Rank Series Team Beginning ( first victory ) End ( first defeat ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 11 New York Yankees 1998 -- 2001 1998 ALDS 3 -- 0 Texas Rangers 2001 WS 3 -- 4 Arizona Diamondbacks 7000200000000000000 ♠ 1 ( tie ) 11 San Francisco Giants 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 2010 NLDS 3 -- 1 Atlanta Braves 2016 NLDS 1 -- 3 Chicago Cubs 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 8 New York Yankees 1927 -- 28 , 1932 , 1936 -- 39 , 1941 1927 WS 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 1942 WS 1 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7 New York Yankees 1943 , 1947 , 1949 -- 53 1943 WS 4 -- 1 St. Louis Cardinals 1955 WS 3 -- 4 Brooklyn Dodgers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 6 Oakland Athletics 1972 -- 74 1972 ALCS 3 -- 2 Detroit Tigers 1975 ALCS 0 -- 3 Boston Red Sox 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 ( tie ) 6 Florida Marlins * 1997 , 2003 1997 NLDS 3 -- 0 San Francisco Giants 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Boston Red Sox 1903 , 1912 , 1915 -- 16 , 1918 1903 WS 5 -- 3 Pittsburgh Pirates 1946 WS 3 -- 4 St. Louis Cardinals 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Atlanta Braves 1995 -- 96 1995 NLDS 3 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 1996 WS 2 -- 4 New York Yankees 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Minnesota Twins 1987 , 1991 , 2002 1987 ALCS 4 -- 1 Detroit Tigers 2002 ALCS 1 -- 4 Anaheim Angels 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 -- 09 2008 NLDS 3 -- 1 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 WS 2 -- 4 New York Yankees 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( tie ) 5 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 -- 12 2011 NLDS 3 -- 2 Philadelphia Phillies 2012 NLCS 3 -- 4 San Francisco Giants See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball longest losing streaks 1869 - 1870 Cincinnati Red Stockings , an 84 - game winning streak including a 65 game perfect season . Moneyball ( 2011 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brisbee , Grant . `` The Indians ' winning streak needs to reach 26 to be a record '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Baseball-Reference.com -- Team Winning and Losing Streaks Analyzer MLB.com -- Longest winning streaks : A breakdown of the longest winning streaks in the history of every club Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_longest_winning_streaks&oldid=804951658 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 14 . About Wikipedia	what is the major league record for consecutive wins	[]	[]
597883210210937225	Argentina at the FIFA World Cup	Argentina at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia This is a record of Argentina 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world , having won two World Cups in 1978 and 1986 . Argentina has been runners up three times in 1930 , 1990 and 2014 . The team was present in all but four of the World Cups , being behind only Brazil , Italy and Germany in number of appearances . Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times , one less than Uruguay . Moreover , Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic football tournament . Prior to that , Argentina won two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions . On other levels of international competition , Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times . The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be won by Argentina . Contents 1 World Cup record 2 Winning World Cups 3 All matches 4 World Cup Finals 4.1 1930 v Uruguay 4.2 1978 v the Netherlands 4.3 1986 v West Germany 4.4 1990 v West Germany 4.5 2014 v Germany 5 Record by opponent 6 Head coaches 7 Against conferences 8 Against debutants 9 Record players 10 Top goalscorers 11 Goalscoring by tournament 12 Awards 12.1 Team 12.2 Individual 13 Records and statistics 13.1 Standing alone 13.2 Shared 14 Miscellaneous 15 Referees 16 External links 17 Notes 18 References World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup finals record FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GP D * GF GA 1930 Runners - up 2nd 5 0 18 9 Invited 1934 First round 9th 0 0 Qualified by opponent 's withdrawal 1938 Did not enter Withdrew due to hosting disagreement 1950 1954 Withdrew due to political decision 1958 Group stage 13th 0 5 10 0 10 1962 Group stage 10th 0 0 11 1966 Quarter - finals 5th 0 9 1970 Did not qualify 6 Second group stage 8th 6 9 12 0 9 1978 Champions 1st 7 5 15 Qualified as hosts 1982 Second group stage 11th 5 0 8 7 Qualified as defending champions 1986 Champions 1st 7 6 0 14 5 6 12 6 1990 Runners - up 2nd 7 3 * 5 Qualified as defending champions 1994 Round of 16 10th 0 8 6 8 9 10 1998 Quarter - finals 6th 5 1 * 10 16 8 6 23 13 2002 Group stage 18th 18 13 42 15 2006 Quarter - finals 6th 5 2 * 0 11 18 10 29 17 Quarter - finals 5th 5 0 10 6 18 8 6 23 20 2014 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 1 * 8 16 9 5 35 15 2018 Round of 16 16th 6 9 18 7 7 19 16 2022 To Be Determined 2026 Total 2 titles 17 / 21 81 43 15 23 137 93 136 75 36 25 235 127 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won . Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Winning World Cups ( edit ) Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer ( s ) 1978 César Luis Menotti Daniel Passarella Mario Kempes ( 2 ) , Daniel Bertoni 1986 Carlos Bilardo Diego Maradona José Luis Brown , Jorge Valdano , Jorge Burruchaga All matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Venue Scorers 1930 First round France 1 -- 0 Parque Central , Montevideo Monti Mexico 6 -- 3 Centenario , Montevideo Stábile ( 3 ) , Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Varallo Chile 3 -- 1 Centenario , Montevideo Stábile ( 2 ) , Evaristo Semifinals United States 6 -- 1 Centenario , Montevideo Monti , Scopelli , Stábile ( 2 ) , Peucelle ( 2 ) Final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Centenario , Montevideo Peucelle , Stábile 1934 Round of 16 Sweden 2 -- 3 Stadio Littoriale , Bologna Belis , Galateo 1958 Group Stage West Germany 1 -- 3 Malmö Stadion , Malmö Corbatta Northern Ireland 3 -- 1 Örjans Vall , Halmstad Corbatta , Menéndez , Avio Czechoslovakia 1 -- 6 Olympiastadion , Helsingborg Corbatta 1962 Group stage Bulgaria 1 -- 0 El Teniente , Rancagua Facundo England 1 -- 3 El Teniente , Rancagua Sanfilippo Hungary 0 -- 0 El Teniente , Rancagua 1966 Group stage Spain 2 -- 1 Villa Park , Birmingham Artime ( 2 ) West Germany 0 -- 0 Villa Park , Birmingham Switzerland 2 -- 0 Hillsborough , Sheffield Artime , Onega Quarter - finals England 0 -- 1 Wembley , London Group stage Poland 2 -- 3 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart Heredia , Babington Italy 1 -- 1 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart Houseman Haiti 4 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Yazalde ( 2 ) , Houseman , Ayala Second round Netherlands 0 -- 4 Parkstadion , Gelsenkirchen Brazil 1 -- 2 Niedersachsenstadion , Hanover Brindisi East Germany 1 -- 1 Parkstadion , Gelsenkirchen Houseman 1978 Group stage Hungary 2 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Luque , Bertoni France 2 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Passarella , Luque Italy 0 -- 1 Monumental , Buenos Aires Second round Poland 2 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Kempes ( 2 ) Brazil 0 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Peru 6 -- 0 Gigante de Arroyito , Rosario Kempes ( 2 ) , Tarantini , Luque ( 2 ) , Houseman Final Netherlands 3 -- 1 aet Monumental , Buenos Aires Kempes ( 2 ) , Bertoni 1982 Group stage Belgium 0 -- 1 Camp Nou , Barcelona Hungary 4 -- 1 José Rico Pérez , Alicante Bertoni , Maradona ( 2 ) , Ardiles El Salvador 2 -- 0 José Rico Pérez , Alicante Passarella , Bertoni Second round Italy 1 -- 2 Sarrià , Barcelona Passarella Brazil 1 -- 3 Sarrià , Barcelona Díaz 1986 Group stage South Korea 3 -- 1 Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Valdano ( 2 ) , Ruggeri Italy 1 -- 1 Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Maradona Bulgaria 2 -- 0 Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Valdano , Burruchaga Round of 16 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Pasculli Quarter - finals England 2 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Maradona ( 2 ) Semifinals Belgium 2 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Maradona ( 2 ) Final West Germany 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Brown , Valdano , Burruchaga 1990 Group stage Cameroon 0 -- 1 San Siro , Milan Soviet Union 2 -- 0 San Paolo , Naples Troglio , Burruchaga Romania 1 -- 1 San Paolo , Naples Monzón Round of 16 Brazil 1 -- 0 Stadio Delle Alpi , Turin Caniggia Quarter - finals Yugoslavia 0 -- 0 ( 3 - 2 ) pk Artemio Franchi , Florence Semifinals Italy 1 -- 1 ( 4 - 3 ) pk San Paolo , Naples Caniggia Final West Germany 0 -- 1 Olimpico , Rome 1994 Group stage Greece 4 -- 0 Foxboro Stadium , Foxborough Batistuta ( 3 ) , Maradona Nigeria 2 -- 1 Foxboro Stadium , Foxborough Caniggia Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Cotton Bowl , Dallas Round of 16 Romania 2 -- 3 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Batistuta , Balbo 1998 Group stage Japan 1 -- 0 Stadium Municipal , Toulouse Batistuta Jamaica 5 -- 0 Parc des Princes , Paris Ortega ( 2 ) , Batistuta ( 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 0 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Pineda Round of 16 England 2 -- 2 ( 4 - 3 ) pk Geoffroy - Guichard , Saint - Étienne Batistuta , Zanetti Quarter - finals Netherlands 1 -- 2 Vélodrome , Marseille López 2002 Group stage Nigeria 1 -- 0 Kashima , Ibaraki prefecture Batistuta England 0 -- 1 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo Sweden 1 -- 1 Miyagi , Rifu Crespo 2006 Group stage Ivory Coast 2 -- 1 Volksparkstadion , Hamburg Crespo , Saviola Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen Rodríguez ( 2 ) , Cambiasso , Crespo , Tévez , Messi Netherlands 0 -- 0 Waldstadion , Frankfurt Round of 16 Mexico 2 -- 1 aet Zentralstadion , Leipzig Crespo , Rodríguez Quarter - finals Germany 1 -- 1 ( 2 - 4 ) pk Olympiastadion , Berlin Ayala Group stage Nigeria 1 -- 0 Ellis Park , Johannesburg Heinze South Korea 4 -- 1 Soccer City , Johannesburg Park ( own goal ) , Higuaín ( 3 ) Greece 2 -- 0 Peter Mokaba , Polokwane Demichelis , Palermo Round of 16 Mexico 3 -- 1 Soccer City , Johannesburg Tévez ( 2 ) , Higuaín Quarter - finals Germany 0 -- 4 Green Point , Cape Town 2014 Group stage Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Kolašinac ( own goal ) , Messi Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Messi Nigeria 3 -- 2 Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Messi ( 2 ) , Rojo Round of 16 Switzerland 1 -- 0 aet Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Di María Quarter - finals Belgium 1 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasilia Higuaín Semifinals Netherlands 0 -- 0 ( 4 - 2 ) pk Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Final Germany 0 -- 1 aet Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro 2018 Group stage Iceland 1 -- 1 Spartak Stadium , Moscow Agüero Croatia 0 -- 3 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Nigeria 2 -- 1 Zenit Arena , Saint Petersburg Messi , Rojo Round of 16 France 3 -- 4 Kazan Arena , Kazan Di María , Mercado , Agüero World Cup finals ( edit ) 1930 v Uruguay ( edit ) The inaugural FIFA World Cup tournament culminated with Argentina facing hosts and current Olympic champions Uruguay . The match was turned twice : Argentina went into half - time with a 2 - 1 lead in spite of an early goal for Uruguay , but the hosts ultimately won 4 - 2 . Guillermo Stábile , one of Argentina 's scorers , became the tournament 's top striker with 8 goals total . 30 July 1930 ( 1930 - 07 - 30 ) 14 : 15 UYT ( UTC - 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Uruguay Argentina GK Enrique Ballestrero RB José Nasazzi ( c ) LB Ernesto Mascheroni RH José Andrade CH Lorenzo Fernández LH Álvaro Gestido OR Pablo Dorado IR Héctor Scarone CF Héctor Castro IL Pedro Cea OL Santos Iriarte Manager : Alberto Suppici GK Juan Botasso RB José Della Torre LB Fernando Paternoster RH Juan Evaristo CH Luis Monti LH Pedro Suárez OR Carlos Peucelle IR Francisco Varallo CF Guillermo Stábile IL Manuel Ferreira ( c ) OL Mario Evaristo Managers : Francisco Olazar Juan José Tramutola 1978 v the Netherlands ( edit ) Argentina hosted the 1978 edition of the World Cup and reached the final . The Netherlands had already played the previous final in West Germany 1974 - and also lost to the hosts . Diego Maradona was 17 years old at this point and already a star in his home country , but did not make the squad as coach César Luis Menotti felt he was too inexperienced to handle the pressure of this major tournament . The playmaker position was instead filled by Mario Kempes , who ended up becoming the first Argentinian to win the Golden Ball in addition to being the tournament 's top scorer with 6 goals . The Dutch side was missing a superstar of their own : Johann Cruyff did not join the 1978 World Cup squads due to the aftermath of a kidnapping attempt which occurred in 1977 . He only disclosed this information 30 years later . The closely contested match was influenced by a hostile atmosphere and ended with the Dutch players refusing to attend the award ceremony after Argentina grabbed the title in extra time . 25 June 1978 15 : 00 UTC − 3 Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Kempes 38 ' , 105 ' Bertoni 115 ' Report Nanninga 82 ' Estadio Monumental , Buenos Aires Attendance : 71,483 Referee : Sergio Gonella ( Italy ) Argentina Netherlands GK 5 Ubaldo Fillol RB 15 Jorge Olguín CB 7 Luis Galván CB 19 Daniel Passarella ( c ) LB 20 Alberto Tarantini DM 6 Américo Gallego CM Osvaldo Ardiles 40 ' 66 ' AM 10 Mario Kempes RW Daniel Bertoni LW 16 Oscar Alberto Ortiz 75 ' CF 14 Leopoldo Luque Substitutes : MF Norberto Alonso GK Héctor Baley MF 8 Rubén Galván MF 9 René Houseman 75 ' MF 12 Omar Larrosa 93 ' 66 ' Manager : César Luis Menotti GK 8 Jan Jongbloed SW 5 Ruud Krol ( c ) 15 ' RB 6 Wim Jansen 75 ' CB 22 Ernie Brandts LB Jan Poortvliet 96 ' RM 13 Johan Neeskens CM 9 Arie Haan LM 11 Willy van de Kerkhof RF 10 René van de Kerkhof CF 16 Johnny Rep 58 ' LF 12 Rob Rensenbrink Substitutes : DF Adrie van Kraay DF 17 Wim Rijsbergen FW 18 Dick Nanninga 58 ' GK 19 Pim Doesburg DF 20 Wim Suurbier 94 ' 75 ' Manager : Ernst Happel 1986 v West Germany ( edit ) Eight years after the victory on home soil , Argentina won the World Cup title for the second time . Diego Maradona was voted Best Player of the tournament after scoring five goals and assisting the decisive 3 - 2 by Jorge Burruchaga in the 84th minute of the final . The match was played in front of a record attendance of 114,600 people . 29 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Brown 23 ' Valdano 56 ' Burruchaga 84 ' Report Rummenigge 74 ' Völler 81 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,600 Referee : Romualdo Arppi Filho ( Brazil ) Argentina West Germany GK 18 Nery Pumpido 85 ' SW 5 José Luis Brown CB 9 José Luis Cuciuffo CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri RWB 14 Ricardo Giusti LWB 16 Julio Olarticoechea 77 ' DM Sergio Batista CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 90 ' CM 12 Héctor Enrique 81 ' SS 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 17 ' CF 11 Jorge Valdano Substitutions : MF 21 Marcelo Trobbiani 90 ' Manager : Carlos Bilardo GK Harald Schumacher SW 17 Ditmar Jakobs CB Karlheinz Förster CB Hans - Peter Briegel 62 ' RWB 14 Thomas Berthold LWB Andreas Brehme CM 6 Norbert Eder CM 8 Lothar Matthäus 21 ' AM 10 Felix Magath 62 ' CF 11 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge ( c ) CF 19 Klaus Allofs 46 ' Substitutions : FW 9 Rudi Völler 46 ' FW 20 Dieter Hoeneß 62 ' Manager : Franz Beckenbauer 1990 v West Germany ( edit ) In 1990 , Argentina faced West Germany in a repeat of the 1986 edition . Pedro Monzón became the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup final , but was later joined by team mate Gustavo Dezotti . The match was decided by a penalty kick in favour of Germany . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 UTC + 2 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) West Germany Argentina GK Bodo Illgner SW 5 Klaus Augenthaler CB 6 Guido Buchwald CB Jürgen Kohler RWB 14 Thomas Berthold 73 ' LWB Andreas Brehme CM 8 Thomas Häßler CM 10 Lothar Matthäus ( c ) CM 7 Pierre Littbarski CF 9 Rudi Völler 52 ' CF 18 Jürgen Klinsmann Substitutes : GK 12 Raimond Aumann DF Stefan Reuter 73 ' MF 15 Uwe Bein MF 20 Olaf Thon FW 13 Karl - Heinz Riedle Manager : Franz Beckenbauer GK 12 Sergio Goycochea SW 20 Juan Simón CB 18 José Serrizuela CB 19 Oscar Ruggeri 46 ' RWB José Basualdo LWB 17 Roberto Sensini DM 13 Néstor Lorenzo CM 7 Jorge Burruchaga 53 ' CM 21 Pedro Troglio 84 ' SS 10 Diego Maradona ( c ) 87 ' CF 9 Gustavo Dezotti 5 ' , 87 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Fabián Cancelarich DF 5 Edgardo Bauza DF 15 Pedro Monzón 65 ' 46 ' MF 6 Gabriel Calderón 53 ' FW Abel Balbo Manager : Carlos Bilardo 2014 v Germany ( edit ) In 2014 , Argentina reached the final for the fifth time and for a third time had to face the German team , making it the most `` common '' meeting for a final . In spite of a number of chances on both sides , regular time finished goalless . In the second half of extra time , substitute striker Mario Götze scored the decisive goal for Germany . 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Germany Argentina GK Manuel Neuer RB 16 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 20 Jérôme Boateng CB 5 Mats Hummels LB Benedikt Höwedes 34 ' CM 23 Christoph Kramer 31 ' CM 7 Bastian Schweinsteiger 29 ' RW 13 Thomas Müller AM 18 Toni Kroos LW 8 Mesut Özil 120 ' CF 11 Miroslav Klose 88 ' Substitutions : FW 9 André Schürrle 31 ' MF 19 Mario Götze 88 ' DF 17 Per Mertesacker 120 ' Manager : Joachim Löw GK Sergio Romero RB Pablo Zabaleta CB 15 Martín Demichelis CB Ezequiel Garay LB 16 Marcos Rojo CM 14 Javier Mascherano 64 ' CM 6 Lucas Biglia RW 8 Enzo Pérez 86 ' LW 22 Ezequiel Lavezzi 46 ' SS 10 Lionel Messi ( c ) CF 9 Gonzalo Higuaín 78 ' Substitutions : FW 20 Sergio Agüero 65 ' 46 ' FW 18 Rodrigo Palacio 78 ' MF 5 Fernando Gago 86 ' Manager : Alejandro Sabella Record by opponent ( edit ) Argentina has played a total of 81 FIFA World Cup games through 17 tournaments facing 36 rivals . Games that went on penalty kicks are shown as drawn . FIFA World Cup matches ( by team ) Opponent GF GA GD Confederation France 0 6 5 UEFA Mexico 0 0 11 5 6 CONCACAF Chile 0 0 CONMEBOL United States 0 0 6 5 CONCACAF Uruguay 0 - 1 CONMEBOL Sweden 0 - 1 UEFA Germany 7 5 12 - 7 UEFA Northern Ireland 0 0 UEFA Czechoslovakia 0 0 6 - 5 UEFA Bulgaria 0 UEFA England 5 5 8 - 3 UEFA Hungary 0 6 UEFA Spain 0 0 UEFA Switzerland 0 0 0 UEFA Poland 0 UEFA Italy 5 0 6 - 2 UEFA Haiti 0 0 CONCACAF Netherlands 5 7 - 3 UEFA Brazil 5 - 2 CONMEBOL East Germany * 0 0 0 UEFA Peru 0 0 6 0 6 CONMEBOL Belgium 0 UEFA El Salvador 0 0 0 CONCACAF South Korea 0 0 7 5 AFC Cameroon 0 0 0 - 1 CAF Soviet Union * 0 0 0 UEFA Romania 0 - 1 UEFA Serbia + 0 6 0 6 UEFA Greece 0 0 6 0 6 UEFA Nigeria 5 5 0 0 9 5 CAF Japan 0 0 0 AFC Jamaica 0 0 5 0 5 CONCACAF Croatia 0 - 2 UEFA Ivory Coast 0 0 CAF Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 UEFA Iran 0 0 0 AFC Iceland 0 0 0 UEFA Teams in bold denote world cup winners , teams in italics show teams which played it first match ever in a World Cup against Argentina . Teams with a * mark no longer exist . East Germany was annexed to Germany . Soviet Union now plays as Russia . + Played as Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Head coaches ( edit ) Through Argentinian team history , several coaches had trained it with different football styles from offensive to defensive tactics . There are two predominant ' football schools ' about world champions coaches César Menotti who propagates possession and well - look play and Carlos Bilardo who prioritize results and tactical order . These head coaches divides Argentine fans kindly . Other managers such as Marcelo Bielsa has got his own football style . In another way this list shows records in world cups and in qualifying stages excluding friendlies . By tournament At FIFA World Cup In qualification Total Coach Years W % pts % W % pts % W % pts % Olazar and Tramutola 1930 5 0 80 % 80 % Not played 5 0 80 % 80 % Felipe Pascucci 1934 0 0 0 % 0 % Not played 0 0 0 % 0 % Guillermo Stábile 1958 0 33.3 % 33.3 % 0 75 % 75 % 9 6 0 66.6 % 66.6 % 1962 He did not manage this Cup 0 0 100 % 100 % Juan Carlos Lorenzo 1962 33.3 % 50 % He did not manage these qualyfiers 7 42.9 % 57.1 % 1966 50 % 62.5 % José María Minella 1966 He did not manage this Cup 0 75 % 87.5 % 0 75 % 87.5 % Adolfo Pedernera 1970 Did not qualify 25 % 37.5 % 25 % 37.5 % Omar Sívori He did not manage this Cup 0 75 % 87.5 % 0 75 % 87.5 % Vladislao Cap 6 16.7 % 33.3 % He did not manage these qualyfiers 6 16.7 % 33.3 % César Menotti 1978 7 5 71.4 % 78.6 % Qualified as hosts 12 7 58.3 % 62.5 % 1982 5 0 40 % 40 % Qualified as defending champions Carlos Bilardo 1986 7 6 0 85.7 % 92.9 % 6 66.7 % 75 % 20 12 5 60 % 72.5 % 1990 7 28.6 % 50 % Qualified as defending champions Alfio Basile 1994 0 50 % 50 % 8 50 % 62.5 % 12 6 42.9 % 52.4 % He did not manage this Cup 10 40 % 53.3 % Daniel Passarella 1998 5 60 % 66.7 % 16 8 6 50 % 62.5 % 16 8 6 52.4 % 63.5 % Marcelo Bielsa 2002 33.3 % 44.4 % 18 13 72.2 % 79.6 % 18 13 66.7 % 74.6 % José Pekerman 2006 5 0 60 % 73.3 % 18 10 55.6 % 66.7 % 18 10 56.5 % 65.2 % Diego Maradona 5 0 80 % 80 % 8 0 50 % 50 % 13 8 0 5 61.5 % 61.2 % Alejandro Sabella 2014 7 5 71.4 % 76.2 % 16 9 5 56.3 % 66.7 % 23 14 6 60.9 % 69.6 % Gerardo Martino 2018 He did not manage this Cup 6 50 % 61.1 % 6 50 % 61.1 % Edgardo Bauza 2018 He did not manage this Cup 8 37.5 % 45.8 % 8 37.5 % 45.8 % Jorge Sampaoli 2018 25 % 33.3 % 0 25 % 50 % 8 25 % 41.7 % From 1994 towards , three points are given for a win . Previously were two . Against conferences ( edit ) FIFA delegates regional qualification and other organization affairs to continental conferences , so it divides into six differents of them grouped by geographical location . Argentina plays in CONMEBOL conference in South America . Due to World Cup rules that two times of same confederation can not play in the same group in first round except for UEFA , it commonly faces teams which plays outside its continent most recently from Africa and Asia . Argentine national has never played versus an Oceanian ( OFC ) squad . FIFA World Cup matches ( by conference ) Confederation GF GA GD % of pts % of wins UEFA 55 22 13 20 74 68 6 79 % 40 % CONMEBOL 8 15 10 5 54.16 % 50 % CONCACAF 7 7 0 0 28 7 21 100 % 100 % CAF 7 6 0 11 6 5 85.71 % 85.71 % AFC 0 0 9 7 100 % 100 % Against debutants ( edit ) ' Albiceleste ' has played against first - world - cup teams more than other , doing so 17 times , 7 of them being the first World Cup match ever . This list shows records versus those selections including all - debutants 1930 edition . Curiously Argentina 's debut was versus France that previously had played before . Opponent GF GA GD Debutants 7 5 13 6 7 Teams in 1st their WC 17 13 45 18 27 Sweden , Bulgaria , Greece , Japan , Ivory Coast , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Iceland played its first time against Argentina . France , Mexico , Chile , United States , Uruguay , Northern Ireland , Haiti , East Germany , Jamaica and Croatia played in its first world cup but after first game . Record players ( edit ) Diego Maradona has captained the team in 16 matches . His total of 21 matches is only beaten by three other players . No . Name Matches World Cups Diego Maradona 21 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Javier Mascherano 20 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Lionel Messi 19 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Mario Kempes 18 1974 , 1978 and 1982 5 Oscar Ruggeri 16 1986 , 1990 and 1994 6 Jorge Burruchaga 14 1986 and 1990 Gonzalo Higuaín 14 2010 , 2014 and 2018 9 Ubaldo Fillol 13 1974 , 1978 and 1982 Ángel Di María 13 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Name Goals World Cups Gabriel Batistuta 10 1994 ( 4 ) , 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 1 ) Guillermo Stábile 8 1930 Diego Maradona 8 1982 ( 2 ) , 1986 ( 5 ) and 1994 ( 1 ) Mario Kempes 6 1978 Lionel Messi 6 2006 ( 1 ) , 2014 ( 4 ) and 2018 ( 1 ) 6 Gonzalo Higuaín 5 2010 ( 4 ) and 2014 ( 1 ) 7 Seven players Goalscoring by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1930 Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) , Carlos Peucelle ( 3 ) , Luis Monti ( 2 ) , Adolfo Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Mario Evaristo , Alejandro Scopelli , Francisco Varallo 1934 Ernesto Belis , Alberto Galateo 1958 Omar Oreste Corbatta ( 3 ) , Ludovico Avio , Norberto Menéndez 1962 Héctor Facundo , José Sanfilippo 1966 Luis Artime ( 3 ) , Ermindo Onega René Houseman ( 3 ) , Héctor Yazalde ( 2 ) , Rubén Ayala , Carlos Babington , Miguel Ángel Brindisi , Ramón Heredia 1978 Mario Kempes ( 6 ) , Leopoldo Luque ( 4 ) , Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , René Houseman , Daniel Passarella , Alberto Tarantini 1982 Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , Diego Maradona ( 2 ) , Daniel Passarella ( 2 ) , Osvaldo Ardiles , Ramón Díaz 1986 Diego Maradona ( 5 ) , Jorge Valdano ( 4 ) , Jorge Burruchaga ( 2 ) , José Luis Brown , Pedro Pasculli , Oscar Ruggeri 1990 Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Jorge Burruchaga , Pedro Monzón , Pedro Troglio 1994 Gabriel Batistuta ( 4 ) , Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Abel Balbo , Diego Maradona 1998 Gabriel Batistuta ( 5 ) , Ariel Ortega ( 2 ) , Claudio López , Mauricio Pineda , Javier Zanetti 2002 Gabriel Batistuta , Hernán Crespo 2006 Hernán Crespo ( 3 ) , Maxi Rodríguez ( 3 ) , Roberto Ayala , Esteban Cambiasso , Lionel Messi , Javier Saviola , Carlos Tevez Gonzalo Higuaín ( 4 ) , Carlos Tevez ( 2 ) , Martin Demichelis , Gabriel Heinze , Martin Palermo , Own Goal 2014 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) , Ángel Di María , Gonzalo Higuaín , Marcos Rojo , Own Goal 2018 Sergio Agüero ( 2 ) , Lionel Messi , Marcos Rojo , Ángel Di María , Gabriel Mercado Awards ( edit ) Team ( edit ) World Champions 1978 World Champions 1986 2nd Place 1930 2nd Place 1990 2nd Place 2014 Fair Play Award 1978 Individual ( edit ) Golden Ball 1978 : Mario Kempes Golden Ball 1986 : Diego Maradona Golden Ball 2014 : Lionel Messi Silver Ball 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Bronze Ball 1990 : Diego Maradona Golden Boot 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Golden Boot 1978 : Mario Kempes Silver Boot 1986 : Diego Maradona Silver Boot 1998 : Gabriel Batistuta Silver Boot 2006 : Hernán Crespo Golden Glove 1978 : Ubaldo Fillol Golden Glove 1990 : Sergio Goycochea ( shared ) Man of the Match award 2014 : Lionel Messi José Pékerman won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy as a coach with Colombia in 2014 . Records and statistics ( edit ) Standing alone ( edit ) Most played final against the same team : 3 times versus Germany in 1986 , 1990 and 2014 . Most played against the same team in same stage : 5 times versus Nigeria in 1994 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 all in group stage . Last three of them make most times consecutive , too . All won by Argentina by one goal difference . Most played semifinals without losses : 5 times won in 1930 and 1986 while drawn in 1990 and 2014 . Although in 1978 there were n't semifinals , Argentina won second round group ahead Brazil which disputed 3rd place match against Italy . Even more , game against Brazil ended in a 0 - 0 draw . Most played penalty shoot - outs : 5 ( twice in 1990 , 1998 , 2006 and 2014 ) . Fewest goals for a finalist : 1990 . Youngest coach : Juan José Tramutola aged 27 years and 267 days in 1930 . Most hat - tricks scored in multiple editions : Gabriel Batistuta in 1994 against Greece and in 1998 against Jamaica . Shared ( edit ) Most played against the same team : 7 times versus Germany in 1958 , 1966 , 1986 , 1990 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . Shared with Germany vs Yugoslavia / Serbia and Brazil vs Sweden . Most won penalty shoot - outs : 4 times ( twice in 1990 , 1998 and 2014 ) . Shared with Germany . Most coached finals : 2 times by Carlos Bilardo in 1986 and 1990 . Shared with Italian Vittorio Pozzo ( 1934 - 1938 ) , German Helmut Schön ( 1966 - 1974 ) , Brazilian Mário Zagallo ( 1970 - 1998 ) and German Franz Beckenbauer who faced Bilardo in both two in 1986 and 1990 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Argentina 's game versus West Germany in 1958 featured a yellow jersey instead traditional 's light blue and white colors or blue as alternate . This was beacause both teams wear white jerseys creating confusing . As South American side forgot to bring an alternate one , they decided to borrow local team club 's Malmö . Germany won 3 - 1 . In 1978 France - Hungary match occurred something similar . Both teams arrived to the match with white jerseys , so France was forced to borrow Mar del Plata 's local club Kimberley . France wore striped green and white keeping traditional 's blue shorts and red socks winning 3 - 1 . That stadium José María Minella is the southernmost World Cup venue located at 38 ° 0 ′ 0 '' S 57 ° 33 ′ 0 '' W. Other than France vs. Hungary were played Italy vs. France , Italy vs. Hungary , Brazil vs. Sweden , Brazil vs. Spain and Brazil vs. Austria . Mar del Plata is on the south of Buenos Aires Province . In addition , Argentina played against Nigeria at Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg in 2018 making the most northernmost game along other six matches . Russian 's city is at 59 ° 58 ′ 22.63 '' N 30 ° 13 ′ 13.92 '' E . Referees ( edit ) As a major CONMEBOL member , Argentina has been represented by match officials in nearly every tournament . In 2006 , Horacio Elizondo refereed the final between France and Italy , where he sent off Zinedine Zidane after a headbutt to an opponent . In 2018 , Néstor Pitana did it when France played versus Croatia . They are also the only two who refereed the opening game in the same tournament . External links ( edit ) Official website , at the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino 's website FIFA world cup all - time table Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Argentina 's 100th WC goal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1934 Qualy '' . rsssf.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitdraw decisions '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario Ovación . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer and / or timing . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2008 ... Jump up ^ `` Football school of play '' . Diario Clarín . Jump up ^ `` record '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` Youngest coach '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` 27 years '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` hat - trick '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` two finals '' . fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Yellow '' . El Gráfico . Jump up ^ `` 1958 coin toss '' . En una baldosa . Jump up ^ `` Kimberley '' . pinimg.com . Jump up ^ `` France - Hungary '' . www.squadnumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` José María Minella '' . www.rsssf.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Zenit Arena `` '' . fifa.com . Argentina national football team squads Argentina squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup runners - up GK Bossio GK Botasso FW Cherro MF Chividini FW Demaría DF Della Torre MF J. Evaristo FW M. Evaristo FW Ferreira ( c ) MF Monti DF Muttis MF Orlandini DF Paternoster FW Perinetti FW Peucelle DF Piaggio FW Scopelli FW Spadaro FW Stábile MF Suárez FW Varallo MF Zumelzú Coach : Olazar & Tramutola Argentina squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup MF Albarracín DF Astudillo DF Belis DF Chimento FW Devincenzi GK Freschi FW Galateo GK Grippa FW Irañeta FW Izzeta MF López MF Lorenzo MF Nehin DF Pedevilla FW Pérez FW Rúa MF Urbieta Sosa FW Wilde Coach : Pascucci Argentina squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Carrizo 2 Dellacha ( c ) 3 Vairo 4 Lombardo 5 Rossi 6 Varacka 7 Corbatta 8 Prado 9 Menéndez 10 Rojas 11 Labruna 12 Musimessi 13 Pérez 14 Edwards 15 Acevedo 16 Mouriño 17 Ramos Delgado 18 Boggio 19 Avio 20 Infante 21 Sanfilippo 22 Cruz Coach : Stábile Argentina squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Ramos Delgado 3 Marzolini 4 Sainz 5 Sacchi 6 Páez 7 Facundo 8 Pando 9 Pagani 10 Sanfilippo 11 Belén 12 Domínguez 13 Rossi 14 Mariotti 15 Navarro ( c ) 16 Rattín 17 Albrecht 18 Cap 19 Sosa 20 Oleniak 21 Abeledo 22 González Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Irusta 3 Gatti 4 Perfumo 5 Varacka 6 Calics 7 Marzolini 8 Ferreiro 9 Simeone 10 Rattín ( c ) 11 Pastoriza 12 Albrecht 13 López 14 Chaldú 15 Solari 16 González 17 Sarnari 18 Rojas 19 Artime 20 Onega 21 Más 22 Tarabini Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Carnevali 2 Ayala 3 Babington 4 Balbuena 5 Bargas 6 Brindisi 7 Carrascosa 8 Chazarreta 9 Glaria 10 Heredia 11 Houseman 12 Fillol 13 Kempes 14 Perfumo ( c ) 15 Poy 16 Sá 17 Squeo 18 Telch 19 Togneri 20 Wolff 21 Santoro 22 Yazalde Coach : Cap Argentina squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Alonso 2 Ardiles 3 Baley 4 Bertoni 5 Fillol 6 Gallego 7 L. Galván 8 R. Galván 9 Houseman 10 Kempes 11 Killer 12 Larrosa 13 La Volpe 14 Luque 15 Olguín 16 Ortiz 17 Oviedo 18 Pagnanini 19 Passarella ( c ) 20 Tarantini 21 Valencia 22 Villa Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Ardiles 2 Baley 3 Barbas 4 Bertoni 5 Calderón 6 Díaz 7 Fillol 8 Galván 9 Gallego 10 Maradona 11 Kempes 12 Hernández 13 Olarticoechea 14 Olguín 15 Passarella ( c ) 16 Pumpido 17 Santamaría 18 Tarantini 19 Trossero 20 Valdano 21 Valencia 22 Van Tuyne Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Almirón 2 Batista 3 Bochini 4 Borghi 5 Brown 6 Passarella 7 Burruchaga 8 Clausen 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Valdano 12 Enrique 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Pumpido 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Trobbiani 22 Zelada Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pumpido ( Comizzo ) 2 Batista 3 Balbo 4 Basualdo 5 Bauza 6 Calderón 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Dezotti 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Fabbri 12 Goycochea 13 Lorenzo 14 Giusti 15 Monzón 16 Olarticoechea 17 Sensini 18 Serrizuela 19 Ruggeri 20 Simón 21 Troglio 22 Cancelarich Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Chamot 4 Sensini 5 Redondo 6 Ruggeri 7 Caniggia 8 Basualdo 9 Batistuta 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Medina Bello 12 Islas 13 Cáceres 14 Simeone 15 Borelli 16 Díaz 17 Ortega 18 Pérez 19 Balbo 20 Rodríguez 21 Mancuso 22 Scoponi Coach : Basile Argentina squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Roa 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Pineda 5 Almeyda 6 Sensini 7 C. López 8 Simeone ( c ) 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón 12 Burgos 13 Paz 14 Vivas 15 Astrada 16 Berti 17 Cavallero 18 Balbo 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Delgado 22 Zanetti Coach : Passarella Argentina squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Burgos 2 Ayala 3 Sorín 4 Pochettino 5 Almeyda 6 Samuel 7 C. López 8 Zanetti 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón ( c ) 12 Cavallero 13 Placente 14 Simeone 15 Husaín 16 Aimar 17 G. López 18 K. González 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Caniggia 22 Chamot 23 Bonano Coach : Bielsa Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M. Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853944561 '' Categories : Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 23 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did argentina last won the world cup	[ "This is a record of Argentina's results at the FIFA World Cup. Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world, having won two World Cups in 1978 and 1986. Argentina has been runners up three times in 1930, 1990 and 2014. The team was present in all but four of the World Cups, being behind only Brazil, Italy and Germany in number of appearances. Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times, one less than Uruguay. Moreover, Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the 2004 and 2008 Olympic football tournament. Prior to that, Argentina won two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions. On other levels of international competition, Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times. The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be won by Argentina.\n" ]	[ "1986" ]
843107967911176228	Topsoil	Topsoil - wikipedia Topsoil Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Surface runoff , a type of nonpoint source pollution , from a farm field in Iowa during a rain storm . Topsoil as well as farm fertilizers and other potential pollutants run off unprotected farm fields when heavy rains occur . Topsoil is the upper , outermost layer of soil , usually the top 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) . It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth 's biological soil activity occurs . Four elements constitute the composition of soil . Those elements are mineral particles , organic matter , water , and air . The volume of top soil consists of 50 to 80 percent of these particles which form the skeletal structure of most soils . This composition allows the soil to sustain its own weight , and other internal matter such as water and overlying landscape . Organic matter , another important element , varies on quantity on different soils . This provokes positive and negative effects or reactions on the soil . The strength of soil structure decreases with the presence of organic matter , creating weak bearing capacities . Organic matter condenses and or settles in different ways under certain conditions , such as roadbeds and foundations . The skeletal structure becomes affected once the soil is dewatered . The soil 's volume substantially decreases . It decomposes and suffers wind erosion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 Classification 3 Evaluation 4 Carbon to nitrogen ratio 5 Commercial application 6 Erosion 7 Conservation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Importance ( edit ) Plants generally concentrate their roots in and obtain most of their vital nutrients from this layer . Actual depth of the topsoil layer can be measured as the depth from the surface to the first densely packed soil layer known as subsoil . Classification ( edit ) In soil classification systems , topsoil is known as the `` O Horizon or A Horizon , '' therefore , it is the very top layer . Commercially available topsoil ( manufactured or naturally occurring ) in the United Kingdom should be classified to British Standard BS 3882 with the current version dated 2015 . The standard has several classifications of topsoil with the final classification requiring material to meet certain threshold criteria such as Nutrient Content , Extractable Phytotoxic Elements , Particle Size Distribution , Organic Matter Content , Carbon : Nitrogen ratio , Electrical Conductivity , Loss on Ignition , pH , Chemical and Physical Contamination . The topsoil should be sampled in accordance with the British Standard and European Norm BS EN 12579 : 2013 Soil improvers and growing media - Sampling . During construction of garden areas for housing plots the topsoil should be underlain by a layer of suitably certified subsoil that conforms to the British Standard BS 8601 : 2013 Specification for subsoil and requirements for use . It is always recommended that for construction projects that topsoil is placed in accordance with the DEFRA report Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites Evaluation ( edit ) When starting a gardening project , it is crucial to check whether or not the soil is satisfactory . Different types of plants vary in their nutrient needs and preferred soil conditions , many are strongly adapted to particular conditions . However , some general guidelines for `` desired levels of Topsoil nutrients '' have been made , broadly suitable for many plants . Category Desired Results pH Level 5.0 to 6.2 Phosphorus ( P-I ) Index of 50 Potassium ( K-I ) Index of 50 Calcium ( Ca % ) 40 - 60 % of Cation Exchange Capacity ( CEC ) Magnesium ( Mg % ) 8 - 10 % of CEC Base saturation ( BS % ) 35 - 80 % of CEC Manganese ( Mn - I ) Index > 25 Zinc ( Zn - I ) Index > 25 Copper ( Cu - I ) Index > 25 The two common types of Topsoil are Bulk and Bagged Topsoil . The following table illustrates major differences between the two . Topsoil Type HM % BS % pH P-I K-I Ca % Mg % Bulk 0.3 69 5.2 009 026 45 10 Bagged 0.7 78 5.8 166 + 178 56 12.3 Alternatively the British Standard relates to other working values : Category Desired Results pH Level 5.5 to 8.5 Phosphate ( PO4 ) 16 to 140 mg / L Potassium ( K ) 121 to 1500 mg / L Magnesium ( Mg ) 51 to 600 mg / L Nickel ( Ni ) from < 60 mg / kg Zinc ( Zn ) from < 200 mg / kg Copper ( Cu ) from < 100 mg / kg This is for a multipurpose grade and certain levels can alter with regard to soil pH . Other uses specified in the standard that allows for a variety of uses in different and specific scenarios includes : Acidic , Calcareous , Low Fertility , Low Fertility Acidic and Low Fertility Calcareous . These uses are limited to specific site scenarios and acceptance should be on a case by case basis for construction projects . Carbon to Nitrogen ratio ( edit ) Topsoil is the primary resource for plants to grow and crops to thrive and the main two parameters for this are Carbon and Nitrogen . The Carbon provides energy and Nitrogen is a tissue builder and plants require them in a range of ratios to enable suitable growth . An optimum figure for Topsoil in the UK is a ratio of less than 20 : 1 . This ensures that the soil has a suitable energy reserve as well as tissue building material to enable the plants to thrive . A sawdust typically has a carbonaceous base and this a high C : N ratio ( in the order of c. 400 : 1 ) while an Alfalfa Hay has a low carbonaceous content and can typically have a C : N ratio in the order of 12 : 1 . Commercial application ( edit ) A variety of soil mixtures are sold commercially as topsoil , usually for use in improving gardens and lawns , e.g. container gardens , potting soil and peat . Another important yet not commonly known use for topsoil is for proper surface grading near residential buildings such as homes . `` The ground around the home should slope down six inches for the first ten feet away from the home . This can often be done by adding topsoil ( not sand or gravel ) . '' Erosion ( edit ) A major environmental concern known as topsoil erosion occurs when the topsoil layer is blown or washed away . Without topsoil , little plant life is possible . The estimated annual costs of public and environmental health losses related to soil erosion exceed $45 billion . Conventional agriculture encourages the depletion of topsoil because the soil must be plowed and replanted each year . Sustainable techniques attempt to slow erosion through the use of cover crops in order to build organic matter in the soil . The United States alone loses almost 3 tons of topsoil per acre per year . This is of great ecological concern as one inch of topsoil can take between 500 and 1,000 years to form naturally . On current trends , the world has about 60 years of topsoil left . Conservation ( edit ) Because of its use in commercial application and due to the environmental concerns regarding erosion , it is important for consumers to accurately determine how much topsoil they need for a given project . Topsoil is mainly sold by the cubic yard in the United States . To calculate the amount of topsoil you will need , `` simply take your length ( in feet ) multiplied by your width ( in feet ) multiplied by your depth ( in feet so if you wanted 5 inches that would be 5 / 12 ) then divide the total by 27 . This will give you your cubic yards needed for the project . Ex : 10L x 10W x ( 5 / 12 ) = 41.66 / 27 = 1.54 cubic yards of topsoil needed . '' . See also ( edit ) Ecology portal Agricultural wastewater Desertfication Dust bowl Erosion control No - till farming Nonpoint source pollution Subsoil Sustainable agriculture Waterway degradation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marsh , William M. ( 2010 ) . Landscape planning : environmental applications ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 9780470570814 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , Soil Survey Division Staff ( 1993 ) . `` Soil Survey Manual . '' Archived 2007 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . USDA Handbook 18 . Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ BS 3882 : 2015 Specification for Topsoil Jump up ^ BS 8601 : 2013 Specification for subsoil and requirements for use . Jump up ^ DEFRA Construction Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soils on Construction Sites https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69308/pb13298-code-of-practice-090910.pdf ^ Jump up to : Topsoil . North Carolina Department of Agriculture ( July , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Percent humic matter is a measure of the portion of organic matter that has decomposed to form humic and fulvic acids . HM % represents the portion of organic matter that is chemically reactive . This value affects determinations of lime and herbicide rates . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Understanding the Carbon Nitrogen Ratio by Crow Miller ACRES http://sccd.org/carbon-nitrogen_ratio.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2007/02/20/Pimental_EnvironmentalEnergeticAndEconomicComparisonsOfOrganicAndConventionalFarmingSystems.pdf Jump up ^ `` Summary Report , 2007 Natural Resources Inventory '' . Natural Resources Conservation Services , U.S. Department of Agriculture . December 2009 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ James Smolka ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Eating Locally '' . Discover . Retrieved May 1 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues '' . Scientific American . December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What If the World 's Soil Runs Out ? '' . Time . December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Topsoil Delivery Topsoil Dirt Cheap ~ Topsoil Delivery '' . Topsoil Delivery . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . Further reading The lowdown on topsoil : It 's disappearing Mann , C ( 2008 ) . `` Our Good Earth '' . National Geographic Magazine . 214 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 107 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soil science . USDA Electronic Field Office Technical Guide - Detailed soil conservation guides tailored to individual states / counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topsoil&oldid=821788510 '' Categories : Soil Horticulture and gardening Soil improvers Lawn care Types of soil Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Čeština Deutsch 한국어 മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are two ways that nutrients are lost from the top layers of soil	[]	[]
8431194437060035679	Fatty acid synthesis	Fatty acid synthesis - wikipedia Fatty acid synthesis Jump to : navigation , search Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl - CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases . This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell . Most of the acetyl - CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway . The glycolytic pathway also provides the glycerol with which three fatty acids can combine ( by means of ester bonds ) to form triglycerides ( also known as `` triacylglycerols '' , to distinguish them from fatty `` acids '' - or simply as `` fat '' ) , the final product of the lipogenic process . When only two fatty acids combine with glycerol and the third alcohol group is phosphorylated with a group such as phosphatidylcholine , a phospholipid is formed . Phospholipids form the bulk of the lipid bilayers that make up cell membranes and surround the organelles within the cells ( e.g. the cell nucleus , mitochondria , endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi apparatus etc . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Straight - chain fatty acids 1.1 Saturated straight - chain fatty acids 1.2 Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids 1.3 Animals can not resynthesize carbohydrates from fatty acids 1.3. 1 Anaerobic desaturation 1.3. 2 Aerobic desaturation 2 Branched - chain fatty acids 2.1 Branch - chain fatty acid synthesizing system 2.2 Branch - chain fatty acid synthase 2.3 Omega - alicyclic fatty acids 2.4 Tuberculostearic acid synthesis 3 See also 4 Foot note 5 References 6 External links Straight - chain fatty acids ( edit ) Straight - chain fatty acids occur in two types : saturated and unsaturated . Saturated straight - chain fatty acids ( edit ) Synthesis of saturated fatty acids via Fatty Acid Synthase II in E. coli Much like β - oxidation , straight - chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below , until the 16 - carbon palmitic acid is produced . The diagrams presented show how fatty acids are synthesized in microorganisms and list the enzymes found in Escherichia coli . These reactions are performed by fatty acid synthase II ( FASII ) , which in general contain multiple enzymes that act as one complex . FASII is present in prokaryotes , plants , fungi , and parasites , as well as in mitochondria . In animals , as well as some fungi such as yeast , these same reactions occur on fatty acid synthase I ( FASI ) , a large dimeric protein that has all of the enzymatic activities required to create a fatty acid . FASI is less efficient than FASII ; however , it allows for the formation of more molecules , including `` medium - chain '' fatty acids via early chain termination . Once a 16 : 0 carbon fatty acid has been formed , it can undergo a number of modifications , resulting in desaturation and / or elongation . Elongation , starting with stearate ( 18 : 0 ) , is performed mainly in the ER by several membrane - bound enzymes . The enzymatic steps involved in the elongation process are principally the same as those carried out by FAS , but the four principal successive steps of the elongation are performed by individual proteins , which may be physically associated . Step Enzyme Reaction Description ( a ) Acetyl CoA : ACP transacylase Activates acetyl CoA for reaction with malonyl - ACP ( b ) Malonyl CoA : ACP transacylase Activates malonyl CoA for reaction with acetyl - ACP ( c ) 3 - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Reacts priming acetyl - ACP with chain - extending malonyl - ACP . ( d ) 3 - ketoacyl - ACP reductase Reduces the carbon 3 ketone to a hydroxyl group ( e ) 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Removes water ( f ) Enoyl - ACP reductase Reduces the C2 - C3 double bond . Abbreviations : ACP -- Acyl carrier protein , CoA -- Coenzyme A , NADP -- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate . Note that during fatty synthesis the reducing agent is NADPH , whereas NAD is the oxidizing agent in beta - oxidation ( the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl - CoA ) . This difference exemplifies a general principle that NADPH is consumed during biosynthetic reactions , whereas NADH is generated in energy - yielding reactions . ( Thus NADPH is also required for the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl - CoA ; while NADH is generated during glycolysis . ) The source of the NADPH is two-fold . When malate is oxidatively decarboxylated by `` NADP - linked malic enzyme '' to form pyruvate , CO and NADPH are formed . NADPH is also formed by the pentose phosphate pathway which converts glucose into ribose , which can be used in synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids , or it can be catabolized to pyruvate . Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids ( edit ) Main article : Citric acid cycle § Glycolytic end products are used in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids In humans , fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the liver and adipose tissue , as well as in the mammary glands during lactation . The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol . This occurs via the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl - CoA in the mitochondrion . However , this acetyl CoA needs to be transported into cytosol where the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol occurs . This can not occur directly . To obtain cytosolic acetyl - CoA , citrate ( produced by the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate ) is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol . There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl - CoA and oxaloacetate . The oxaloacetate can be used for gluconeogenesis ( in the liver ) , or it can be returned into mitochondrion as malate . The cytosolic acetyl - CoA is carboxylated by acetyl CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA , the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids . Animals can not resynthesize carbohydrates from fatty acids ( edit ) The main fuel stored in the bodies of animals is fat . The young adult human 's fat stores average between about 10 -- 20 kg , but varies greatly depending on age , gender , and individual disposition . By contrast the human body stores only about 400 g of glycogen , of which 300 g is locked inside the skeletal muscles and is unavailable to the body as a whole . The 100 g or so of glycogen stored in the liver is depleted within one day of starvation . Thereafter the glucose that is released into the blood by the liver for general use by the body tissues , has to be synthesized from the glucogenic amino acids and a few other gluconeogenic substrates , which do not include fatty acids . Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl - CoA by means of beta oxidation inside the mitochondria , whereas fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl - CoA outside the mitochondrion , in the cytosol . The two pathways are distinct , not only in where they occur , but also in the reactions that occur , and the substrates that are used . The two pathways are mutually inhibitory , preventing the acetyl - CoA produced by beta - oxidation from entering the synthetic pathway via the acetyl - CoA carboxylase reaction . It can also not be converted to pyruvate as the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction is irreversible . Instead it condenses with oxaloacetate , to enter the citric acid cycle . During each turn of the cycle , two carbon atoms leave the cycle as CO in the decarboxylation reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase . Thus each turn of the citric acid cycle oxidizes an acetyl - CoA unit while regenerating the oxaloacetate molecule with which the acetyl - CoA had originally combined to form citric acid . The decarboxylation reactions occur before malate is formed in the cycle . This is the only substance that can be removed from the mitochondrion to enter the gluconeogenic pathway to form glucose or glycogen in the liver or any other tissue . There can therefore be no net conversion of fatty acids into glucose . Only plants possess the enzymes to convert acetyl - CoA into oxaloacetate from which malate can be formed to ultimately be converted to glucose . Regulation Acetyl - CoA is formed into malonyl - CoA by acetyl - CoA carboxylase , at which point malonyl - CoA is destined to feed into the fatty acid synthesis pathway . Acetyl - CoA carboxylase is the point of regulation in saturated straight - chain fatty acid synthesis , and is subject to both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation . Regulation by phosphorylation occurs mostly in mammals , while allosteric regulation occurs in most organisms . Allosteric control occurs as feedback inhibition by palmitoyl - CoA and activation by citrate . When there are high levels of palmitoyl - CoA , the final product of saturated fatty acid synthesis , it allosterically inactivates acetyl - CoA carboxylase to prevent a build - up of fatty acids in cells . Citrate acts to activate acetyl - CoA carboxylase under high levels , because high levels indicate that there is enough acetyl - CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle and produce energy . High plasma levels of insulin in the blood plasma ( e.g. after meals ) cause the dephosphorylation of acetyl - CoA carboxylase , thus promoting the formation of malonyl - CoA from acetyl - CoA , and consequently the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids , while epinephrine and glucagon ( released into the blood during starvation and exercise ) cause the phosphorylation of this enzyme , inhibiting lipogenesis in favor of fatty acid oxidation via beta - oxidation . Anaerobic desaturation ( edit ) Many bacteria use the anaerobic pathway for synthesizing unsaturated fatty acids . This pathway does not utilize oxygen and is dependent on enzymes to insert the double bond before elongation utilizing the normal fatty acid synthesis machinery . In Escherichia coli , this pathway is well understood . Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids via anaerobic desaturation FabA is a β - hydroxydecanoyl - ACP dehydrase -- it is specific for the 10 - carbon saturated fatty acid synthesis intermediate ( β - hydroxydecanoyl - ACP ) . FabA catalyzes the dehydration of β - hydroxydecanoyl - ACP , causing the release of water and insertion of the double bond between C7 and C8 counting from the methyl end . This creates the trans - 2 - decenoyl intermediate . Either the trans - 2 - decenoyl intermediate can be shunted to the normal saturated fatty acid synthesis pathway by FabB , where the double bond will be hydrolyzed and the final product will be a saturated fatty acid , or FabA will catalyze the isomerization into the cis - 3 - decenoyl intermediate . FabB is a β - ketoacyl - ACP synthase that elongates and channels intermediates into the mainstream fatty acid synthesis pathway . When FabB reacts with the cis - decenoyl intermediate , the final product after elongation will be an unsaturated fatty acid . The two main unsaturated fatty acids made are Palmitoleoyl - ACP ( 16 : 1ω7 ) and cis - vaccenoyl - ACP ( 18 : 1ω7 ) . Most bacteria that undergo anaerobic desaturation contain homologues of FabA and FabB . Clostridia are the main exception ; they have a novel enzyme , yet to be identified , that catalyzes the formation of the cis double bond . Regulation This pathway undergoes transcriptional regulation by FadR and FabR . FadR is the more extensively studied protein and has been attributed bifunctional characteristics . It acts as an activator of fabA and fabB transcription and as a repressor for the β - oxidation regulon . In contrast , FabR acts as a repressor for the transcription of fabA and fabB . Aerobic desaturation ( edit ) Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids via aerobic desaturation Aerobic desaturation is the most widespread pathway for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids . It is utilized in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes . This pathway utilizes desaturases to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids from full - length saturated fatty acid substrates . All desaturases require oxygen and ultimately consume NADH even though desaturation is an oxidative process . Desaturases are specific for the double bond they induce in the substrate . In Bacillus subtilis , the desaturase , Δ - Des , is specific for inducing a cis - double bond at the Δ position . Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains one desaturase , Ole1p , which induces the cis - double bond at Δ . In mammals the aerobic desaturation is catalyzed by a complex of three membrane - bound enzymes ( NADH - cytochrome b reductase , cytochrome b , and a desaturase ) . These enzymes allow molecular oxygen , O , to interact with the saturated fatty acyl - CoA chain , forming a double bond and two molecules of water , H O. Two electrons come from NADH + H and two from the single bond in the fatty acid chain . These mammalian enzymes are , however , incapable of introducing double bonds at carbon atoms beyond C - 9 in the fatty acid chain. ( For the numbering of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid see Foot Note . ) Hence mammals can not synthesize linoleate or linolenate ( which have double bonds at the C - 12 ( = Δ ) , or the C - 12 and C - 15 ( = Δ and Δ ) positions , respectively , as well as at the Δ position ) , nor the polyunsaturated , 20 - carbon arachidonic acid that is derived from linoleate . These are all termed essential fatty acids , meaning that they are required by the organism , but can only be supplied via the diet . ( Arachidonic acid is the precursor the prostaglandins which fulfill a wide variety of functions as local hormones . ) Regulation In B. subtilis , this pathway is regulated by a two - component system : DesK and DesR . DesK is a membrane - associated kinase and DesR is a transcriptional regulator of the des gene . The regulation responds to temperature ; when there is a drop in temperature , this gene is upregulated . Unsaturated fatty acids increase the fluidity of the membrane and stabilize it under lower temperatures . DesK is the sensor protein that , when there is a decrease in temperature , will autophosphorylate . DesK - P will transfer its phosphoryl group to DesR . Two DesR - P proteins will dimerize and bind to the DNA promoters of the des gene and recruit RNA polymerase to begin transcription . Pseudomonas aeruginosa In general , both anaerobic and aerobic unsaturated fatty acid synthesis will not occur within the same system , however Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio ABE - 1 are exceptions . While P. aeruginosa undergoes primarily anaerobic desaturation , it also undergoes two aerobic pathways . One pathway utilizes a Δ - desaturase ( DesA ) that catalyzes a double bond formation in membrane lipids . Another pathway uses two proteins , DesC and DesB , together to act as a Δ - desaturase , which inserts a double bond into a saturated fatty acid - CoA molecule . This second pathway is regulated by repressor protein DesT . DesT is also a repressor of fabAB expression for anaerobic desaturation when in presence of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids . This functions to coordinate the expression of the two pathways within the organism . Branched - chain fatty acids ( edit ) Branched - chain fatty acids are usually saturated and are found in two distinct families : the iso - series and anteiso - series . It has been found that Actinomycetales contain unique branch - chain fatty acid synthesis mechanisms , including that which forms tuberculosteric acid . Branch - chain fatty acid synthesizing system ( edit ) Valine primer Leucine primer Isoleucine primer Synthetic pathways of the branched - chain fatty acid synthesizing system given differing primers The branched - chain fatty acid synthesizing system uses α - keto acids as primers . This system is distinct from the branched - chain fatty acid synthetase that utilizes short - chain acyl - CoA esters as primers . α - Keto acid primers are derived from the transamination and decarboxylation of valine , leucine , and isoleucine to form 2 - methylpropanyl - CoA , 3 - methylbutyryl - CoA , and 2 - Methylbutyryl - CoA , respectively . 2 - Methylpropanyl - CoA primers derived from valine are elongated to produce even - numbered iso - series fatty acids such as 14 - methyl - pentadecanoic ( isopalmitic ) acid , and 3 - methylbutyryl - CoA primers from leucine may be used to form odd - numbered iso - series fatty acids such as 13 - methyl - tetradecanoic acid . 2 - Methylbutyryl - CoA primers from isoleucine are elongated to form anteiso - series fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms such as 12 - Methyl tetradecanoic acid . Decarboxylation of the primer precursors occurs through the branched - chain α - keto acid decarboxylase ( BCKA ) enzyme . Elongation of the fatty acid follows the same biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli used to produce straight - chain fatty acids where malonyl - CoA is used as a chain extender . The major end products are 12 -- 17 carbon branched - chain fatty acids and their composition tends to be uniform and characteristic for many bacterial species . BCKA decarboxylase and relative activities of α - keto acid substrates The BCKA decarboxylase enzyme is composed of two subunits in a tetrameric structure ( A B ) and is essential for the synthesis of branched - chain fatty acids . It is responsible for the decarboxylation of α - keto acids formed by the transamination of valine , leucine , and isoleucine and produces the primers used for branched - chain fatty acid synthesis . The activity of this enzyme is much higher with branched - chain α - keto acid substrates than with straight - chain substrates , and in Bacillus species its specificity is highest for the isoleucine - derived α - keto - β - methylvaleric acid , followed by α - ketoisocaproate and α - ketoisovalerate . The enzyme 's high affinity toward branched - chain α - keto acids allows it to function as the primer donating system for branched - chain fatty acid synthetase . Substrate BCKA activity CO2 Produced ( nmol / min mg ) Km ( μM ) Vmax ( nmol / min mg ) - α - keto - β - methyl - valerate 100 % 19.7 < 1 17.8 α - Ketoisovalerate 63 % 12.4 < 1 13.3 α - Ketoisocaproate 38 % 7.4 < 1 5.6 Pyruvate 25 % 4.9 51.1 15.2 Factors affecting chain length and pattern distribution α - Keto acid primers are used to produce branched - chain fatty acids that , in general , are between 12 and 17 carbons in length . The proportions of these branched - chain fatty acids tend to be uniform and consistent among a particular bacterial species but may be altered due to changes in malonyl - CoA concentration , temperature , or heat - stable factors ( HSF ) present . All of these factors may affect chain length , and HSFs have been demonstrated to alter the specificity of BCKA decarboxylase for a particular α - keto acid substrate , thus shifting the ratio of branched - chain fatty acids produced . An increase in malonyl - CoA concentration has been shown to result in a larger proportion of C17 fatty acids produced , up until the optimal concentration ( ≈ 20μM ) of malonyl - CoA is reached . Decreased temperatures also tend to shift the fatty - acid distribution slightly toward C17 fatty - acids in Bacillus species . Branch - chain fatty acid synthase ( edit ) This system functions similarly to the branch - chain fatty acid synthesizing system , however it uses short - chain carboxylic acids as primers instead of alpha - keto acids . In general , this method is used by bacteria that do not have the ability to perform the branch - chain fatty acid system using alpha - keto primers . Typical short - chain primers include isovalerate , isobutyrate , and 2 - methyl butyrate . In general , the acids needed for these primers are taken up from the environment ; this is often seen in ruminal bacteria . The overall reaction is : Isobutyryl - CoA + 6 malonyl - CoA + 12 NADPH + 12H → Isopalmitic acid + 6 CO 12 NADP + 5 H O + 7 CoA The difference between ( straight - chain ) fatty acid synthase and branch - chain fatty acid synthase is substrate specificity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of acyl - CoA to acyl - ACP . Omega - alicyclic fatty acids ( edit ) Omega - alicyclic fatty acids typically contain an omega - terminal propyl or butyryl cyclic group and are some of the major membrane fatty acids found in several species of bacteria . The fatty acid synthetase used to produce omega - alicyclic fatty acids is also used to produce membrane branched - chain fatty acids . In bacteria with membranes composed mainly of omega - alicyclic fatty acids , the supply of cyclic carboxylic acid - CoA esters is much greater than that of branched - chain primers . The synthesis of cyclic primers is not well understood but it has been suggested that mechanism involves the conversion of sugars to shikimic acid which is then converted to cyclohexylcarboxylic acid - CoA esters that serve as primers for omega - alicyclic fatty acid synthesis Tuberculostearic acid synthesis ( edit ) Mechanism of the synthesis of Tuberculostearic acid Tuberculostearic acid ( - 10 - Methylstearic acid ) is a saturated fatty acid that is known to be produced by Mycobacterium spp. and two species of Streptomyces . It is formed from the precursor oleic acid ( a monounsaturated fatty acid ) . After oleic acid is esterified to a phospholipid , S - adenosyl - methionine donates a methyl group to the double bond of oleic acid . This methylation reaction forms the intermediate 10 - methylene - octadecanoyal . Successive reduction of the residue , with NADPH as a cofactor , results in 10 - methylstearic acid See also ( edit ) Fatty acid Essential fatty acid Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid synthase Foot Note ( edit ) Jump up ^ Numbering of carbon atoms The position of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid can be indicated from the COOH - ( or carboxy ) end , or from the - CH ( or methyl ) end . If indicated from the - COOH end , then the C - 1 , C - 2 , C - 3 , .... ( etc . ) notation is used ( blue numerals in the diagram on the right , where C - 1 is the -- COOH carbon ) . If the position is counted from the other , - CH , end then the position is indicated by the ω - n notation ( numerals in red , where ω - 1 refers to the methyl carbon ) . The positions of the double bonds in a fatty acid chain can , therefore , be indicated in two ways , using the C-n or the ω - n notation . Thus , in an 18 carbon fatty acid , a double bond between C - 12 ( or ω - 7 ) and C - 13 ( or ω - 6 ) is reported either as Δ if counted from the -- COOH end ( indicating only the `` beginning '' of the double bond ) , or as ω - 6 ( or omega - 6 ) if counting from the - CH end . The `` Δ '' is the Greek letter `` delta '' , which translates into `` D '' ( for Double bond ) in the Roman alphabet . Omega ( ω ) is the last letter in the Greek alphabet , and is therefore used to indicate the `` last '' carbon atom in the fatty acid chain . Since the ω - n notation is used almost exclusively to indicate the positions of the double bonds close to the - CH end in essential fatty acids , there is no necessity for an equivalent `` Δ '' - like notation - the use of the '' ω - n '' notation always refers to the position of a double bond . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dijkstra , Albert J. , R.J. Hamilton , and Wolf Hamm . `` Fatty Acid Biosynthesis . '' Trans Fatty Acids . Oxford : Blackwell Pub. , 2008 . 12 . Print . Jump up ^ `` MetaCyc pathway : superpathway of fatty acids biosynthesis ( E. coli ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Fatty Acids : Straight - chain Saturated , Structure , Occurrence and Biosynthesis . '' Lipid Library -- Lipid Chemistry , Biology , Technology and Analysis . Web . 30 Apr. 2011 . < http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/fa_sat/index.htm > . Jump up ^ `` MetaCyc pathway : stearate biosynthesis I ( animals ) '' . Jump up ^ `` MetaCyc pathway : very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis II '' . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 559 -- 565 , 614 -- 623 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ferre , P. ; F. Foufelle ( 2007 ) . `` SREBP - 1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis : Clinical Perspective '' . Hormone Research . 68 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 82 . doi : 10.1159 / 000100426 . PMID 17344645 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . this process is outlined graphically in page 73 ^ Jump up to : Voet , Donald ; Judith G. Voet ; Charlotte W. Pratt ( 2006 ) . Fundamentals of Biochemistry , 2nd Edition . John Wiley and Sons , Inc . pp. 547 , 556 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 21495 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sloan , A.W ; Koeslag , J.H. ; Bredell , G.A.G. ( 1973 ) . `` Body composition work capacity and work efficiency of active and inactive young men '' . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 32 : 17 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00422426 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 581 -- 602 , 613 , 775 -- 778 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . `` Fatty acid metabolism . '' . In : Biochemistry ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 603 -- 628 . ISBN 0 7167 2009 4 . Jump up ^ Diwan , Joyce J. `` Fatty Acid Synthesis . '' Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( RPI ) : : Architecture , Business , Engineering , IT , Humanities , Science . Web . 30 Apr. 2011 . < http://rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/fasynthesis.htm > . ^ Jump up to : Feng , Youjun , and John ECronan . `` Complex binding of the FabR repressor of bacterial unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis to its cognate promoters . '' Molecular microbiology 80.1 ( 2011 ) : 195 -- 218 . ^ Jump up to : Zhu , Lei , et al. `` Functions of the Clostridium acetobutylicium FabF and FabZ proteins in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis . '' BMC Microbiology 9 ( 2009 ) : 119 . Jump up ^ Wang , Haihong , and John ECronan . `` Functional replacement of the FabA and FabB proteins of Escherichia coli fatty acid synthesis by Enterococcus faecalis FabZ and FabF homologues . '' Journal of Biological Chemistry 279.33 ( 2004 ) : 34489 - 95 . ^ Jump up to : Mansilla , Mara C , and Diegode Mendoza . `` The Bacillus subtilis desaturase : a model to understand phospholipid modification and temperature sensing . '' Archives of Microbiology 183.4 ( 2005 ) : 229 - 35 . Jump up ^ Wada , M , N. Fukunaga , and S. Sasaki . `` Mechanism of biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas sp . strain E-3 , a psychrotrophic bacterium . '' Journal of Bacteriology 171.8 ( 1989 ) : 4267 - 71 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , Chitra , Charles ORock , and Yong - MeiZhang . `` DesT coordinates the expression of anaerobic and aerobic pathways for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . '' Journal of Bacteriology 192.1 ( 2010 ) : 280 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morita , N , et al. `` Both the anaerobic pathway and aerobic desaturation are involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in Vibrio sp . strain ABE - 1 . '' FEBS Letters 297.1 -- 2 ( 1992 ) : 9 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Zhu , Kun , et al . `` Two aerobic pathways for the formation of unsaturated fatty acids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . '' Molecular microbiology 60.2 ( 2006 ) : 260 - 73 . ^ Jump up to : Kaneda , Toshi . `` Iso - and Anteiso - Fatty Acids in Bacteria : Biosynthesis , Function , and Taxonomic Significance . '' Microbiological Reviews 55.2 ( 1991 ) : 288 -- 302 ^ Jump up to : `` Branched - chain Fatty Acids , Phytanic Acid , Tuberculostearic Acid Iso / anteiso - Fatty Acids . '' Lipid Library -- Lipid Chemistry , Biology , Technology and Analysis . Web . 1 May 2011 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 ... ^ Jump up to : Naik , Devaray N. , and Toshi Kaneda . `` Biosynthesis of Branched Long - chain Fatty Acids by Species of Bacillus : Relative Activity of Three α - keto Acid Substrates and Factors Affecting Chain Length . '' Can . J. Microbiol. 20 ( 1974 ) : 1701 -- 708 . ^ Jump up to : Oku , Hirosuke , and Toshi Kaneda . `` Biosynthesis of Branched - chain Fatty Acids in Bacillis Subtilis . '' The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263.34 ( 1988 ) : 18386 - 8396 . ^ Jump up to : Christie , William W. `` Fatty Acids : Natural Alicyclic Structures , Occurrence , and Biochemistry . '' The AOCS Lipid Library . 5 Apr. 2011 . Web . 24 Apr. 2011 . < `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . > . Jump up ^ Ratledge , Colin , and John Stanford . The Biology of the Mycobacteria . London : Academic , 1982 . Print . Jump up ^ Kubica , George P. , and Lawrence G. Wayne . The Mycobacteria : a Sourcebook . New York : Dekker , 1984 . Print . External links ( edit ) Overview at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Overview at Indiana State University Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism , triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes Synthesis Malonyl - CoA synthesis ATP citrate lyase Acetyl - CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis / Fatty acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Β - Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase Fatty acid desaturases Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 Triacyl glycerol Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB ) Enoyl - CoA hydratase MTP : HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Unsaturated Enoyl CoA isomerase 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase Odd chain Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Other Hydroxyacyl - Coenzyme A dehydrogenase To acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Aldehydes Long - chain - aldehyde dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatty_acid_synthesis&oldid=810662414 '' Categories : Metabolism Fatty acids Biosynthesis Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why are fatty acids important in the formation of new cells	[]	[]
3811369621732204438	Datura stramonium	Datura stramonium - wikipedia Datura stramonium This article is about the hallucinogenic `` loco weed '' . For the plant toxic to livestock , see Locoweed . Jimsonweed Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Asterids Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae Genus : Datura Species : D. stramonium Binomial name Datura stramonium L . Synonyms Synonymy ( show ) Datura bernhardii Lundstr . Datura bertolonii Parl . ex Guss . Datura cabanesii P. Fourn . Datura capensis Bernh . Datura ferocissima Cabanès & P. Fourn . Datura ferox Nees 1834 not L. 1756 Datura hybrida Ten . Datura inermis Juss . ex Jacq . Datura laevis L.f. Datura loricata Sieber ex Bernh . Datura lurida Salisb . Datura microcarpa Godr . Datura muricata Godr. 1873 not Bernh. 1818 nor Link 1821 Datura parviflora Salisb . Datura praecox Godr . Datura pseudostramonium Sieber ex Bernh . Datura tatula L . Datura wallichii Dunal Stramonium foetidum Scop . Stramonium laeve Moench Stramonium spinosum Lam . Stramonium tatula Moench Stramonium vulgare Moench Stramonium vulgatum Gaertn . Datura stramonium , known by the English names jimsonweed or devil 's snare , is a plant in the nightshade family . It is believed to have originated in Mexico , but has now become naturalized in many other regions . Other common names for D. stramonium include thornapple and moon flower , and it has the Spanish name toloache . Other names for the plant include hell 's bells , devil 's trumpet , devil 's weed , tolguacha , Jamestown weed , stinkweed , locoweed , pricklyburr , false castor oil plant , devil 's cucumber , and thornapple . Datura has been used in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms and as an analgesic during surgery or bonesetting . It is also a powerful hallucinogen and deliriant , which is used entheogenically for the intense visions it produces . However , the tropane alkaloids responsible for both the medicinal and hallucinogenic properties are fatally toxic in only slightly higher amounts than the medicinal dosage , and careless use often results in hospitalizations and deaths . Contents 1 Description 2 Range and habitat 3 Toxicity 4 Use in traditional medicine 5 Spiritual uses 6 Cultivation 7 Etymology 8 Fossil record 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Datura stramonium is a foul - smelling , erect , annual , freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 60 to 150 cm ( 2 to 5 ft ) tall . The root is long , thick , fibrous , and white . The stem is stout , erect , leafy , smooth , and pale yellow - green . The stem forks off repeatedly into branches , and each fork forms a leaf and a single , erect flower . The leaves are about 8 to 20 cm ( 3 -- 8 in ) long , smooth , toothed , soft , and irregularly undulated . The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green , and the bottom is a light green . The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste , which is imparted to extracts of the herb , and remains even after the leaves have been dried . Datura stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer . The fragrant flowers are trumpet - shaped , white to creamy or violet , and 6 to 9 cm ( 2 ⁄ -- 3 ⁄ in ) long , and grow on short stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork . The calyx is long and tubular , swollen at the bottom , and sharply angled , surmounted by five sharp teeth . The corolla , which is folded and only partially open , is white , funnel - shaped , and has prominent ribs . The flowers open at night , emitting a pleasant fragrance , and are fed upon by nocturnal moths . The egg - shaped seed capsule is 3 to 8 cm ( 1 -- 3 in ) in diameter and either covered with spines or bald . At maturity , it splits into four chambers , each with dozens of small , black seeds . Fruits and seeds -- MHNT Range and habitat ( edit ) Datura stramonium is native to North America , but was spread to the Old World early . It was scientifically described and named by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 , although it had been described a century earlier by botanists such as Nicholas Culpeper . Today , it grows wild in all the world 's warm and moderate regions , where it is found along roadsides and at dung - rich livestock enclosures . In Europe , it is found as a weed on wastelands and in garbage dumps . The seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their droppings . Its seeds can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed . The Royal Horticultural Society has advised worried gardeners to dig it up or have it otherwise removed , while wearing gloves to handle it . Toxicity ( edit ) All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine , hyoscyamine , and scopolamine , which are classified as deliriants , or anticholinergics . The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users , and many hospitalizations occur amongst recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects . The amount of toxins varies widely from plant to plant . As much as a 5 : 1 variation can be found between plants , and a given plant 's toxicity depends on its age , where it is growing , and the local weather conditions . Additionally , within a given datura plant , toxin concentration varies by part and even from leaf to leaf . When the plant is younger , the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is about 3 : 1 ; after flowering , this ratio is reversed , with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older . In traditional cultures , a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical to minimize harm . An individual datura seed contains about 0.1 mg of atropine , and the approximate fatal dose for adult humans is > 10 mg atropine or > 2 -- 4 mg scopolamine . Datura intoxication typically produces delirium , hallucination , hyperthermia , tachycardia , bizarre behavior , and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days . Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect . The onset of symptoms generally occurs around 30 to 60 minutes after ingesting the herb . These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours , but have been reported in some cases to last as long as two weeks . As with other cases of anticholinergic poisoning , intravenous physostigmine can be administered in severe cases as an antidote . Use in traditional medicine ( edit ) D. stramonium var . tatula , flower ( front ) In Ayurveda , datura has long been used for asthma symptoms . The active agent is atropine . The leaves are generally smoked either in a cigarette or a pipe . During the late 18th century , James Anderson , the English Physician General of the East India Company , learned of the practice and popularized it in Europe . John Gerard 's Herball ( 1597 ) states , ( T ) he juice of Thornapple , boiled with hog 's grease , cureth all inflammations whatsoever , all manner of burnings and scaldings , as well of fire , water , boiling lead , gunpowder , as that which comes by lightning and that in very short time , as myself have found in daily practice , to my great credit and profit . The Zuni people once used datura as an analgesic to render patients unconscious while broken bones were set . The Chinese also used it as a form of anesthesia during surgery . Spiritual Uses ( edit ) Datura seedpod , opening up to release seeds inside The ancient inhabitants of what is today central and southern California used to ingest the small black seeds of datura to `` commune with deities through visions '' . Across the Americas , other indigenous peoples such as the Algonquin , Navajo , Cherokee , Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie - Galante also used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties . In Ethiopia , some students and debtrawoch ( lay priests ) , use D. stramonium to `` open the mind '' to be more receptive to learning , and creative and imaginative thinking . In his book , The Serpent and the Rainbow , Wade Davis identified D. stramonium , called `` zombi cucumber '' in Haiti , as a central ingredient of the concoction vodou priests use to create zombies . The common name `` datura '' has its roots in India , where the plant is considered particularly sacred -- believed to be a favorite of Shiva in Shaivism . Cultivation ( edit ) Datura prefers rich , calcareous soil . Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil will increase the concentration of alkaloids present in the plant . Datura can be grown from seed , which is sown with several feet between plants . Datura is sensitive to frost , so should be sheltered during cold weather . The plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe , but still green . To harvest , the entire plant is cut down , the leaves are stripped from the plant , and everything is left to dry . When the fruits begin to burst open , the seeds are harvested . For intensive plantations , leaf yields of 1,100 to 1,700 kilograms per hectare ( 1,000 to 1,500 lb / acre ) and seed yields of 780 kg / ha ( 700 lb / acre ) are possible . Etymology ( edit ) The genus name is derived from the plant 's Hindi name धतूरा dhatūra , ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तूर dhattūra ' white thorn - apple ' . Stramonium is originally from Greek στρύχνος `` nightshade '' and μανιακός `` mad '' . In the United States , the plant is called `` jimsonweed '' , or more rarely `` Jamestown weed '' ; it got this name from the town of Jamestown , Virginia , where British soldiers consumed it while attempting to suppress Bacon 's Rebellion . They spent 11 days in altered mental states : The James - Town Weed ( which resembles the Thorny Apple of Peru , and I take to be the plant so call 'd ) is supposed to be one of the greatest coolers in the world . This being an early plant , was gather 'd very young for a boil 'd salad , by some of the soldiers sent thither to quell the rebellion of Bacon ( 1676 ) ; and some of them ate plentifully of it , the effect of which was a very pleasant comedy , for they turned natural fools upon it for several days : one would blow up a feather in the air ; another would dart straws at it with much fury ; and another , stark naked , was sitting up in a corner like a monkey , grinning and making mows ( grimaces ) at them ; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his companions , and sneer in their faces with a countenance more antic than any in a Dutch droll . In this frantic condition they were confined , lest they should , in their folly , destroy themselves -- though it was observed that all their actions were full of innocence and good nature . Indeed , they were not very cleanly ; for they would have wallowed in their own excrements , if they had not been prevented . A thousand such simple tricks they played , and after eleven days returned themselves again , not remembering anything that had passed . -- Robert Beverley , Jr. , The History and Present State of Virginia , Book II : Of the Natural Product and Conveniencies in Its Unimprov 'd State , Before the English Went Thither , 1705 Fossil record ( edit ) Fossil seeds like seeds of Datura stramonium have been found in Pliocene strata of Belarus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Plant List , Datura stramonium L . Jump up ^ `` Datura stramonium in Flora of China @ efloras.org '' . www.efloras.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Datura stramonium '' . Germplasm Resources Information Network ( GRIN ) . Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Biota of North America Program , 2014 county distribution map '' . bonap.net . Jump up ^ Australia , Atlas of Living . `` Datura stramonium : Common thornapple Atlas of Living Australia '' . bie.ala.org.au . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jimsonweed '' . University of Texas El Paso / Austin Cooperative Pharmacy Program & Paso del Norte Health Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Detailed Information : Jimsonweed '' . University of Texas El Paso / Austin Cooperative Pharmacy Program & Paso del Norte Health Foundation . Archived from the original on 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Joseph Henry Maiden ( 1920 ) . The Weeds of New South Wales . 1 . W.A. Gullick , Government printer . p. 76 . Thorn Apple or False Castor Oil Plant ) Jump up ^ `` Thorn - apple , Datura stramonium -- Flowers -- NatureGate '' . luontoportti.com . Jump up ^ Bunney , Sarah . Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs . Jump up ^ Stace , Clive ( 1997 ) . New Flora of the British Isles . Cambridge University Press . p. 532 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65315 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Henkel , Alice ( 1911 ) . `` Jimson weed '' . American Medicinal Leaves and Herbs . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Grieve , Maud ( 1971 ) . A Modern Herbal : The Medicinal , Culinary , Cosmetic and Economic Properties , Cultivation and Folk - lore of Herbs , Grasses , Fungi , Shrubs , & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses , Volume 2 . Dover Publications . p. 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22799 - 3 . Jump up ^ Grieve , Maud ( 1971 ) . A Modern Herbal : The Medicinal , Culinary , Cosmetic and Economic Properties , Cultivation and Folk - lore of Herbs , Grasses , Fungi , Shrubs , & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses , Volume 2 . Dover Publications . p. 805 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22799 - 3 . Jump up ^ Culpeper , Nicholas ( 1653 ) , Culpeper 's Complete Herbal , Slough : W Foulsham & Co Ltd , pp. 368 -- 369 , ISBN 0 - 572 - 00203 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Preissel , Ulrike & Hans - Georg Preissel ( 2002 ) . Brugmansia and Datura : Angel 's Trumpets and Thorn Apples . Firefly Books . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 1 - 55209 - 598 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Veblen , K.E. ( 2012 ) . `` Savanna glade hotspots : Plant community development and synergy with large herbivores '' . Journal of Arid Environments. 78 : 119 -- 127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2011.10. 016 . Jump up ^ Oudhia P. , Tripathi R.S. ( 1998 ). Allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium L ... Crop . Res. 16 ( 1 ) : 37 - 40 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Harry Potter plant devil 's snare turns up in Suffolk pensioner 's garden '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a devil in my garden ... '' Dawlish Newspapers . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ AJ Giannini , Drugs of Abuse -- Second Edition . Los Angeles , Practice Management Information Corporation , pp. 48 - 51 . ISBN 1 - 57066 - 053 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nellis , David W. ( 1997 ) . Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean . Pineapple Press . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 111 - 6 . Jump up ^ Arnett AM ( December 1995 ) . `` Jimson Weed ( Datura stramonium ) poisoning '' . Clinical Toxicology Review . 18 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Freye , Enno ( 21 September 2009 ) . Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine , Amphetamines , Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs . Springer Netherlands . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 2447 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pennachio , Marcello et al. ( 2010 ) . Uses and Abuses of Plant - Derived Smoke : Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen , Perfume , Incense , and Medicine . Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537001 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Goldfrank , Lewis R. ; Flommenbaum , Neil ( 2006 ) . Goldfrank 's Toxicologic Emergencies . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 677 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147914 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barceloux , Donald G. ( 2008 ) . `` Cascara '' . Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances : Foods , Fungi , Medicinal Herbs , Plants , and Venomous Animals . John Wiley & Sons . p. 1877 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 38276 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pennachio , Marcello et al. ( 2010 ) . Uses and Abuses of Plant - Derived Smoke : Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen , Perfume , Incense , and Medicine . Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537001 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Grieve , Maud ( 1971 ) . A Modern Herbal : The Medicinal , Culinary , Cosmetic and Economic Properties , Cultivation and Folk - lore of Herbs , Grasses , Fungi , Shrubs , & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses , Volume 2 . Jump up ^ Turner , Matt W. ( 2009 ) . Remarkable Plants of Texas : Uncommon Accounts of Our Common Natives . University of Texas Press . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71851 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nellis , David W. ( 1997 ) . Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean . Pineapple Press . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56164 - 111 - 6 . Jump up ^ Austin , Alfredo Lopez et al. ( 2005 ) . Mexico 's Indigenous Past . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3723 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Biaggioni , Italo et al. ( 2011 ) . Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System . Academic Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 386525 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pennachio , Marcello et al. ( 2010 ) . Uses and Abuses of Plant - Derived Smoke : Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen , Perfume , Incense , and Medicine . Oxford University Press . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537001 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Davis , Wade ( 1997 ) . The Serpent and the Rainbow : a Harvard scientist 's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo , zombis and magic . Simon & Schuster . p. . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Molvaer , Reidulf Knut ( 1995 ) . Socialization and Social Control in Ethiopia . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 03662 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clairvius Narcisse Jump up ^ Davis , Wade ( 1985 ) , The Serpent and the Rainbow , New York : Simon & Schuster Jump up ^ Chopra , I.C. ( 2006 ) . Indigenous Drugs of India . Academic Publishers . p. 143 . ISBN 9788185086804 . Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Monier ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English dictionary : etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo - European languages . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ `` Datura species '' . Plants Poisonous to Livestock . Cornell University Department of Animal Science . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Beverley , Robert . `` Book II : Of the Natural Product and Conveniencies in Its Unimprov 'd State , Before the English Went Thither '' . The History and Present State of Virginia , In Four Parts . University of North Carolina . p. 24 ( Book II ) . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Pliocene flora of Kholmech , south - eastern Belarus and it 's correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu . VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK -- Acta Palaeobot. 43 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 259 , 2003 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Datura stramonium . Wikispecies has information related to Datura stramonium USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile : Datura stramonium L . Datura stramonium at Liber Herbarum II Datura spp . at Erowid Datura stramonium Pictures and information Hallucinogens Psychedelics ( 5 - HT agonists ) Benzofurans 2C - B - FLY 2CBFly - NBOMe 5 - MeO - BFE 5 - MeO - DiBF Bromo - DragonFLY F - 2 F - 22 TFMFly Lyserg ‐ amides 1P - ETH - LAD 1P - LSD 2 - Butyllysergamide 3 - Pentyllysergamide AL - LAD ALD - 52 BU - LAD Diallyllysergamide Dimethyllysergamide Ergometrine ETH - LAD IP - LAD LAE - 32 LPD - 824 LSA LSD LSD - Pip LSH LSM - 775 LSZ Methylergometrine Methylisopropyllysergamide Methysergide MLD - 41 PARGY - LAD PRO-LAD Phenethyl ‐ amines 2C - x 2C - B 2C - B - AN 2C - Bn 2C - Bu 2C - C 2C - CN 2C - CP 2C - D 2C - E 2C - EF 2C - F 2C - G 2C - G - 1 2C - G - 2 2C - G - 3 2C - G - 4 2C - G - 5 2C - G - 6 2C - G-N 2C - H 2C - I 2C - iP 2C - N 2C - NH2 2C - O 2C - O - 4 2C - P 2C - Ph 2C - SE 2C - T 2C - T - 2 2C - T - 3 2C - T - 4 2C - T - 5 2C - T - 6 2C - T - 7 2C - T - 8 2C - T - 9 2C - T - 10 2C - T - 11 2C - T - 12 2C - T - 13 2C - T - 14 2C - T - 15 2C - T - 16 2C - T - 17 2C - T - 18 2C - T - 19 2C - T - 20 2C - T - 21 2C - T - 22 2C - T - 22.5 2C - T - 23 2C - T - 24 2C - T - 25 2C - T - 27 2C - T - 28 2C - T - 30 2C - T - 31 2C - T - 32 2C - T - 33 2C - TFE 2C - TFM 2C - YN 2C - V 25x - NBx 25x - NB3OMe 25B - NB3OMe 25C - NB3OMe 25D - NB3OMe 25E - NB3OMe 25H - NB3OMe 25I - NB3OMe 25N - NB3OMe 25P - NB3OMe 25T2 - NB3OMe 25T4 - NB3OMe 25T7 - NB3OMe 25TFM - NB3OMe 25x - NB4OMe 25B - NB4OMe 25C - NB4OMe 25D - NB4OMe 25E - NB4OMe 25H - NB4OMe 25I - NB4OMe 25N - NB4OMe 25P - NB4OMe 25T2 - NB4OMe 25T4 - NB4OMe 25T7 - NB4OMe 25TFM - NB4OMe 25x - NBF 25B - NBF 25C - NBF 25D - NBF 25E - NBF 25H - NBF 25I - NBF 25P - NBF 25T2 - NBF 25T7 - NBF 25TFM - NBF 25x - NBMD 25B - NBMD 25C - NBMD 25D - NBMD 25E - NBMD 25F - NBMD 25H - NBMD 25I - NBMD 25P - NBMD 25T2 - NBMD 25T7 - NBMD 25TFM - NBMD 25x - NBOH 25B - NBOH 25C - NBOH 25CN - NBOH 25D - NBOH 25E - NBOH 25F - NBOH 25H - NBOH 25I - NBOH 25P - NBOH 25T2 - NBOH 25T7 - NBOH 25TFM - NBOH 25x - NBOMe 25B - NBOMe 25C - NBOMe 25CN - NBOMe 25D - NBOMe 25E - NBOMe 25F - NBOMe 25G - NBOMe 25H - NBOMe 25I - NBOMe 25iP - NBOMe 25N - NBOMe 25P - NBOMe 25T2 - NBOMe 25T4 - NBOMe 25T7 - NBOMe 25TFM - NBOMe Atypical structures 25I - NB34MD 2CBCB - NBOMe 2CBFly - NBOMe NBOMe - mescaline 3C - x 3C - AL 3C - BZ 3C - DFE 3C - E 3C - P 4C - x 4C - B 4C - D 4C - T - 2 DOx DOT DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOiPR DOM DON DOPR DOTFM MEM HOT - x HOT - 2 HOT - 7 HOT - 17 MDxx DMMDA DMMDA - 2 Lophophine MDA MMDA MMDA - 2 MMDA - 3a MMDMA Mescaline ( subst . ) 2 - Bromomescaline 3 - TE 4 - TE 3 - TM 4 - TM Allylescaline Asymbescaline Buscaline Cyclopropylmescaline Difluoromescaline Difluoroescaline Escaline Fluoroproscaline Isobuscaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Thioproscaline Trifluoroescaline Trifluoromescaline TMAs TMA TMA - 2 TMA - 3 TMA - 4 TMA - 5 TMA - 6 Others 2C - B - BUTTERFLY 2C - B - DragonFLY 2CB - 5 - hemifly 2 - TOM 5 - TOET 5 - TOM 2CB - Ind 2CD - 5EtO BOB BOD βk - 2C - B βk - 2C - I DESOXY DMCPA DMBMPP DOB - FLY Fenfluramine Ganesha Macromerine MMA TCB - 2 TOMSO Piperazines BZP pFPP Tryptamines alpha - alkyltryptamines 4 , 5 - DHP - α - MT 5 - MeO - α - ET 5 - MeO - α - MT α - ET α - MT x - DALT ( Daltocin ) 4 - HO - DALT ( Daltacetin ) 4 - AcO - DALT 5 - MeO - DALT DALT x - DET ( Ethacetin ) 4 - AcO - DET ( Ethocin ) 4 - HO - DET 5 - MeO - DET ( T - 9 ) DET ( Ethocybin ) 4 - PO - DET x - DiPT ( Ipracetin ) 4 - AcO - DiPT ( Iprocin ) 4 - HO - DiPT 5 - MeO - DiPT DiPT x - DMT 4 , 5 - DHP - DMT 2 , N , N - TMT 4 - AcO - DMT 4 - HO - 5 - MeO - DMT 4 , N , N - TMT 4 - Propionyloxy - DMT 5 , 6 - diBr - DMT 5 - AcO - DMT 5 - Bromo - DMT 5 - MeO - 2 , N , N - TMT 5 - MeO - 4 , N , N - TMT 5 - MeO - α , N , N - TMT 5 - MeO - DMT 5 - N , N - TMT 7 , N , N - TMT α , N , N - TMT ( Bufotenin ) 5 - HO - DMT DMT Norbaeocystin ( Psilocin ) 4 - HO - DMT ( Psilocybin ) 4 - PO - DMT x - DPT ( Depracetin ) 4 - AcO - DPT ( Deprocin ) 4 - HO - DPT 5 - MeO - DPT ( The Light ) DPT Ibogaine - related 18 - MAC 18 - MC Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine ME - 18 - MC Noribogaine Tabernanthine Voacangine x - MET ( Metocin ) 4 - HO - MET ( Metocetin ) 4 - AcO - MET 5 - MeO - MET MET x - MiPT ( Mipracetin ) 4 - AcO - MiPT ( Miprocin ) 4 - HO - MiPT 5 - Me - MiPT ( Moxy ) 5 - MeO - MiPT MiPT Others 4 - HO - DBT 4 - HO - EPT 4 - HO - McPT ( Lucigenol ) 4 - HO - MPMI ( Meprocin ) 4 - HO - MPT 5 - MeO - EiPT 5 - MeO - MALT 5 - MeO - MPMI Aeruginascin Baeocystin DBT DCPT EiPT EPT MPT PiPT Others 5 - MeO - DiBF AL - 38022A ALPHA Dimemebfe Efavirenz Lorcaserin M - ALPHA RH - 34 Also empathogens in general ( e.g. : 5 - APB , 5 - MAPB , 6 - APB and other substituted benzofurans , MDAI , MDMA ) . Dissociatives ( NMDAR antagonists ) Arylcyclo ‐ hexylamines Ketamine - related 2 - Fluorodeschloroketamine Arketamine ( ( R ) - ketamine ) Deschloroketamine Ethketamine ( N - Ethylnorketamine ) Esketamine ( ( S ) - ketamine ) Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxmetamine Methoxyketamine Norketamine Tiletamine PCP - related 3 ' - HO - PCP 3 ' - MeO - PCE 3 ' - MeO - PCMo 3 ' - MeO - PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine ( PCDE ) Eticyclidine ( PCE ) Methoxydine ( 4 ' - MeO - PCP ) PCPr Phencyclidine ( PCP ) Rolicyclidine ( PCPy ) Tenocyclidine ( TCP ) Others BTCP Gacyclidine PRE-084 Diarylethylamines Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine Morphinans Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others 2 - EMSB 2 - MDP 8A - PDHQ Aptiganel Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Herkinorin Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel RB - 64 Remacemide Salvinorin A Selfotel Xenon Deliriants ( mAChR antagonists ) Atropine Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden BRN - 1484501 Brompheniramine BZ CAR - 226,086 CAR - 301,060 CAR - 302,196 CAR - 302,282 CAR - 302,368 CAR - 302,537 CAR - 302,668 Chloropyramine Chlorphenamine Clemastine CS - 27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicycloverine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA - 3167 EA - 3443 EA - 3580 EA - 3834 Elemicin Flavoxate Hyoscyamine JB - 318 JB - 336 Meclozine Mepyramine Myristicin Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN - 2299 Others Cannabinoids ( CB agonists ) Natural THC ( Dronabinol ) THCV Synthetic AM - x AM - 087 AM - 251 AM - 279 AM - 281 AM - 356 AM - 374 AM - 381 AM - 404 AM - 411 AM - 630 AM - 661 AM - 678 AM - 679 AM - 694 AM - 735 AM - 855 AM - 881 AM - 883 AM - 905 AM - 906 AM - 919 AM - 926 AM - 938 AM - 1116 AM - 1172 AM - 1220 AM - 1221 AM - 1235 AM - 1241 AM - 1248 AM - 1710 AM - 1714 AM - 1902 AM - 2201 AM - 2212 AM - 2213 AM - 2232 AM - 2233 AM - 2389 AM - 3102 AM - 4030 AM - 4054 AM - 4056 AM - 4113 AM - 6545 CP x CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 ( ± ) - CP 55,940 ( + ) - CP 55,940 ( - ) - CP 55,940 HU - x HU - 210 HU - 211 HU - 239 HU - 243 HU - 308 HU - 320 HU - 331 HU - 336 HU - 345 JWH - x JWH - 007 JWH - 015 JWH - 018 JWH - 019 JWH - 030 JWH - 047 JWH - 048 JWH - 051 JWH - 057 JWH - 073 JWH - 081 JWH - 098 JWH - 116 JWH - 120 JWH - 122 JWH - 133 JWH - 139 JWH - 147 JWH - 148 JWH - 149 JWH - 149 JWH - 161 JWH - 164 JWH - 166 JWH - 167 JWH - 171 JWH - 175 JWH - 176 JWH - 181 JWH - 182 JWH - 184 JWH - 185 JWH - 192 JWH - 193 JWH - 193 JWH - 194 JWH - 195 JWH - 196 JWH - 197 JWH - 198 JWH - 199 JWH - 200 JWH - 203 JWH - 205 JWH - 210 JWH - 210 JWH - 213 JWH - 220 JWH - 229 JWH - 234 JWH - 249 JWH - 250 JWH - 251 JWH - 253 JWH - 258 JWH - 300 JWH - 302 JWH - 307 JWH - 336 JWH - 350 JWH - 359 JWH - 387 JWH - 398 JWH - 424 Misc . designer cannabinoids 4 - HTMPIPO 5F - AB - FUPPYCA 5F - AB - PINACA 5F - ADB 5F - ADB - PINACA 5F - ADBICA 5F - AMB 5F - APINACA 5F - CUMYL - PINACA 5F - NNE1 5F - PB - 22 5F - SDB - 006 A-796,260 A-836,339 AB - 001 AB - 005 AB - CHFUPYCA AB - CHMINACA AB - FUBINACA AB - PINACA ADAMANTYL - THPINACA ADB - CHMINACA ADB - FUBINACA ADB - PINACA ADBICA ADSB - FUB - 187 AMB - FUBINACA APICA APINACA APP - FUBINACA CB - 13 CUMYL - PICA CUMYL - PINACA CUMYL - THPINACA DMHP EAM - 2201 FAB - 144 FDU - PB - 22 FUB - 144 FUB - APINACA FUB - JWH - 018 FUB - PB - 22 FUBIMINA JTE 7 - 31 JTE - 907 Levonantradol MDMB - CHMICA MDMB - CHMINACA MDMB - FUBINACA MEPIRAPIM MAM - 2201 MDA - 19 MN - 18 MN - 25 NESS - 0327 NESS - 040C5 Nabilone Nabitan NM - 2201 NNE1 Org 28611 Parahexyl PTI - 1 PTI - 2 PX - 1 PX - 2 PX - 3 QUCHIC QUPIC RCS - 4 RCS - 8 SDB - 005 SDB - 006 STS - 135 THC - O - acetate THC - O - phosphate THJ - 018 THJ - 2201 UR - 144 WIN 55,212 - 2 XLR - 11 D agonists Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin A Also indirect D agonists , such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( cocaine , methylphenidate ) , releasing agents ( amphetamine , methamphetamine ) , and precursors ( levodopa ) . GABA enhancers CI - 966 Eszopiclone Ibotenic acid Muscimol ( Amanita muscaria ) Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants ( Mixed MOA ) Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform κOR agonists 2 - EMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphan Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diprenorphine Enadoline Herkinorin Heroin HZ - 2 Ibogaine Ketazocine Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol LPK - 26 Metazocine Morphine Nalbuphine Nalmefene Nalorphine Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pentazocine Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50488 U-69,593 Xorphanol Others Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine Acetylcholine receptor modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators mAChRs Agonists 77 - LH - 28 - 1 AC - 42 AC - 260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150 ( S ) AF267B Alvameline AQRA - 741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD - 0034 CDD - 0078 CDD - 0097 CDD - 0098 CDD - 0102 Cevimeline Choline cis - Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine ( norclozapine ) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY - 593,039 L - 689,660 LY - 2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX - 267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD - 151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210 - 086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU - 0029767 VU - 0090157 VU - 0152099 VU - 0152100 VU - 0238429 WAY - 132,983 Xanomeline YM - 796 Antagonists 3 - Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4 - DAMP Aclidinium bromide ( + formoterol ) Abediterol AF - DX 250 AF - DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines ( first - generation ) ( e.g. , brompheniramine , buclizine , captodiame , chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) , cinnarizine , clemastine , cyproheptadine , dimenhydrinate , dimetindene , diphenhydramine , doxylamine , meclizine , mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) , mequitazine , perlapine , phenindamine , pheniramine , phenyltoloxamine , promethazine , propiomazine , triprolidine ) AQ - RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g. , clozapine , fluperlapine , olanzapine ( + fluoxetine ) , rilapine , quetiapine , tenilapine , zotepine ) Benactyzine Benzatropine ( benztropine ) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR - 226,086 CAR - 301,060 CAR - 302,196 CAR - 302,282 CAR - 302,368 CAR - 302,537 CAR - 302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS - 27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU - 5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine ( dicyclomine ) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran EA - 3167 EA - 3443 EA - 3580 EA - 3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine ( ethybenztropine ) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide ( + beclometasone / formoterol , + indacaterol ) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL - 031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide ( + salbutamol ) Isopropamide J - 104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N - Ethyl - 3 - piperidyl benzilate N - Methyl - 3 - piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide ( anisotropine methylbromide ) Orphenadrine Otenzepad ( AF - DX 116 ) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD - 102,807 PD - 0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine ( ethopropazine ) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine Revefenacin Rociverine RU - 47,213 SCH - 57,790 SCH - 72,788 SCH - 217,443 Scopolamine ( hyoscine ) Scopolamine butylbromide ( hyoscine butylbromide ) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIs ( e.g. , femoxetine , paroxetine ) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amoxapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine ) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ( + perphenazine ) , amitriptylinoxide , butriptyline , cidoxepin , clomipramine , desipramine , desmethyldesipramine , dibenzepin , dosulepin ( dothiepin ) , doxepin , imipramine , lofepramine , nitroxazepine , northiaden ( desmethyldosulepin ) , nortriptyline , protriptyline , quinupramine , trimipramine ) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine ( tripitramine ) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , chlorprothixene , cyamemazine ( cyamepromazine ) , loxapine , mesoridazine , thioridazine ) Umeclidinium bromide ( + vilanterol ) WIN - 2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists ( and PAMs ) 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ - 39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists ( and NAMs ) 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , α - cobratoxin , α - conotoxin , many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q30959 Wikispecies : Datura stramonium APDB : 153839 BioLib : 40775 Calflora : 2621 EoL : 581034 EPPO : DATST FloraBase : 6964 FoC : 200020520 GBIF : 2928751 GRIN : 13323 iNaturalist : 55854 IPNI : 314738 - 2 IRMNG : 10207659 ITIS : 30520 NBN : NBNSYS0000004044 NCBI : 4076 NZOR : 07737d60 - 9c55 - 4796 - a9df - 3b60ea74fd4b PalDat : Datura_stramonium PfaF : Datura stramonium Plant List : kew - 2757848 PLANTS : DAST POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 314738 - 2 Tropicos : 29600007 VASCAN : 9350 WOI : 1484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datura_stramonium&oldid=856186385 '' Categories : Datura Poisonous plants Deliriants Entheogens Herbal and fungal hallucinogens Medicinal plants of North America Native American religion Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine Ruderal species Invasive plant species Flora of Mexico Plants described in 1753 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Taxonbars with 20 + taxon IDs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Xitsonga 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you get high on jimson weed	[]	[]
-5332273872083729446	The Vampire Diaries (season 8)	The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Season 8 DVD Cover Starring Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Matt Davis Michael Malarkey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW Original release October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , an American supernatural drama , was renewed for an eighth season by The CW on March 11 , 2016 . On July 23 , 2016 , the CW announced that the upcoming season would be the series ' last and would consist of 16 episodes . The season premiered on October 21 , 2016 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Special appearance 1.5 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice King as Caroline Forbes Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Michael Malarkey as Lorenzo `` Enzo '' St. John Recurring ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Seline Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Allison Scagliotti as Georgie Dowling Nathalie Kelley as Sybil Lily Rose Mumford as Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman Tierney Mumford as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman Wolé Parks as Arcadius `` Cade '' Joel Gretsch as Peter Maxwell Sammi Hanratty as Violet Fell Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan Reece Odum as Karen Special guest ( edit ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Chris Wood as Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Special appearance ( edit ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers Marguerite MacIntyre as Liz Forbes David Anders as John Gilbert Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson Jaz Sinclair as Beatrice Bennett Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett Guest ( edit ) Aisha Duran as Virginia St. John Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson Alexandra Chando as Tara Evan Gamble as Henry Wattles Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson Melinda Clarke as Kelly Donovan Nina Dobrev as Katherine Pierce / Elena Gilbert Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 156 `` Hello Brother '' Michael A. Allowitz Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) T27. 13301 0.98 A humanity-less Damon and Enzo are on a killing spree as per the vault monster 's orders . Based on fresh leads , Stefan and Bonnie visit the slaughterhouse that Damon and Enzo now call home and try talking sense into them , but the duo are in no way even close to disobeying the vault monster . Alaric and his interns manage to delve deeper into the vault cave and discover ancient remains that have distinct Greek roots . Caroline has her hands full with finding clues and taking care of the kids along with the new nanny , Seline . On another side , Virginia St. John had escaped and gone straight for Seline . Caroline was right on time to save her kids , Seline and grill Virginia on spilling the beans about the vault monster but it was of no use , as Virginia bled to death . Bonnie was reminiscing about her and Enzo when she , along with Alaric , connected a similarity between a certain Greek story Enzo used to tell her and his current method of killing his victims . They all point towards Sirens or The Messengers of The Devil - a Greek myth according to which Fauns use mind control to lure their victims to their death . As the episode draws to a close , Damon and Enzo look on as the vault monster rises from the death pool with death gleaming in her eyes . 157 `` Today Will Be Different '' Pascal Verschooris Melinda Hsu Taylor October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) T27. 13302 0.90 The siren , Sybil can not figure out why Enzo wo n't fully submit to her and in an attempt to get in his head and find out what 's holding him back , she learns about Sarah Salvatore ; the last living Salvatore apart from Damon and Stefan . Sybil tasks Damon , who never knew about Sarah , to kill her . A list of victims named Sarah Nelson ( `` Nelson '' being Sarah 's assumed surname ) appears and Stefan , Caroline , and Bonnie go to the real Sarah 's apartment to protect her from Damon and Enzo , the former of who is knocked out by Sarah with vervain upon their arrival . Enzo tells Bonnie they will both be in danger if he does n't return to Sybil so Bonnie knocks him out and attempts to escape . Eventually , she must let him go but the two share a passionate kiss and he tells her he will never stop fighting for her . At Sarah 's apartment , Damon attempts to kill her but Stefan tells him who she is and begs him to let her go for Elena . Damon lets her go , but Sybil shows up at that moment and kills Sarah . She is upset that Damon is tied to Elena so she changes his memories of Elena to her . Now fully submitted to Sybil , Damon walks out with her . When Enzo returns to Sybil , she gets in his head and sees his kiss with Bonnie . Meanwhile Alaric and his co-worker Georgie discover an artifact with a symbol that Georgie has tattooed on herself that she saw in a hellish state of mind after a near - death experience . In the end , Caroline moves into the Salvatore residence with Stefan , where she discovers he has made a room for her and Alaric 's kids to stay and in the dresser drawer , an engagement ring . After making Stefan officially pop the question , Caroline accepts his proposal . 158 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' Michael Karasick Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) T27. 13303 0.94 Sybil realizes that both Damon and Enzo are tied to Bonnie and that she is main cause of whatever unwillingness to submit to her that either of them has left . Bonnie wants to put the search on Damon and Enzo on hold to help Caroline shop for a wedding dress but their day is ruined when Damon attacks . Caroline manages to save Bonnie but Sybil launches a new plan in which she forces Enzo and Damon to fight to death . Sybil introduces herself to Bonnie and Caroline and she tells Bonnie that she must choose between the two men . Bonnie , Caroline , and Stefan manage a head start to Damon and Enzo and try to keep the two from killing each other . However Damon eventually gains the upper hand just as Sybil arrives and Bonnie tells her that she chooses Enzo . However , Enzo being the more stubborn of the two , Sybil decides to instead force Enzo to shut off his humanity with Bonnie 's life as a threat ; when Enzo 's humanity is off , Sybil sends Damon to kill Bonnie anyway and Alaric saves her last second and the ensuing supernatural violence is witnessed by Georgie . Bonnie takes Enzo back to their cabin to work on restoring his humanity . Stefan , Alaric , and Caroline , have Sybil captured now with Damon out to fulfill her mysterious plans . 159 `` An Eternity of Misery '' Rob Hardy Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) T27. 13304 1.00 More than two thousand years ago , Sybil asks her `` sister '' , fellow siren , to tell her a happy story . Her sister tells her about Arcadius `` Cade '' , a man with psychic abilities that was killed for what he was . In his last breath , he used his powers to create a new world where his soul traveled upon his burning at the stake . In the present , Sybil tells Stefan that her boss wants him to know the full story of her and her sister . Sybil 's sister Seline , posing as the nanny of Alaric 's kids , forces Georgie to trap Alaric in the vault and makes Georgie look like the other siren . Sybil 's boss , revealed to be Cade who gave Seline and Sybil their immortality , tortures the souls of humans , considering them to be the most evil in the world . Seline kills Georgie and Georgie 's soul is sucked into what appears to be Hell , where Cade will torture her soul while Seline eats her body . Meanwhile Damon goes after an object that he is subconsciously aware that Sybil wants ; he ends up attacking and nearly killing a man , who is revealed as Matt Donovan 's father . Matt saves his father from Damon , afterward telling him about the existence of vampires . Damon tells Matt that he killed Tyler Lockwood . Matt finds Tyler 's body , confirming Damon killed him . 160 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' James Thompson Celine Geiger November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) T27. 13305 0.92 Matt informs the others of Tyler 's death and when he , Caroline , Stefan , and Alaric go to bury him , they are met by Damon . Matt learns that before Tyler died , he was looking for a siren named Seline with the now deceased Virginia . Seline babysits the twins on her day off and takes them to the carnival . They win a goldfish , which is dead , so Seline decides to explain the process of burial to the twins and tells them about Cade . Damon goes to Sybil wanting to be free of her mind control , which she denies him and is upset that he apparently had n't fully submitted to her . Damon meets Stefan at the carnival where he is knocked out by Caroline . Stefan puts Damon in his coffin to hide until they can defeat the sirens . When Georgie 's remain are discovered , the Armory is left alone and Sybil escapes , taking the tuning fork with her and then frees Damon from the coffin , who has decided not to feel and fully submit to her . Meanwhile Bonnie uses a magical candle from the Armory to keep Enzo inside the cabin and then lights the cabin aflame to use her impending to death to forcibly switch Enzo 's humanity back on . It works and Enzo and Bonnie meet up with the others at the carnival to say goodbye to Tyler . Caroline shows Matt pictures of the girls on her phone and Matt recognizes Seline as the siren . Alaric and Caroline rush to the house only to find Seline and the twins gone with a kids - drawing of Elizabeth , Josette , Seline , and Cade . 161 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' Paul Wesley Alan McElroy December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) T27. 13306 1.05 Damon and Sybil meet up with Seline and the twins at a diner . Seline reveals her plan to offer up Josette and Elizabeth to Cade for the freedom of her and Sybil 's souls . Sybil and Damon mysteriously tag along with her and the girls on the road where Alaric and Caroline desperately search for their daughters . Meanwhile Sybil decides to punish Enzo for escaping her by singing to him over the phone , thus putting herself in his subconscious where she tortures him . Stefan uses the predicament to speak to Sybil through Enzo to try and find Josette and Elizabeth . Damon , Sybil , Seline , Josette and Elizabeth arrive at a motel where they use magic to summon Cade . Sybil tells Stefan where she is on the condition he comes alone and promises him an offer he can not refuse . Stefan gives Alaric and Caroline a fake address and meet Sybil 's demand to go alone . At the motel , Cade is at first interested in Seline 's offer to have the twins become his slaves in about a decade or so until Sybil gives Cade her own offer of the Salvatore brothers instead . Damon , being Sybil 's slave agrees as does Stefan to return Caroline 's kids to her . The girls are reunited with Alaric and Caroline and the parents decide that Alaric must take the girls far away until the insanity of their lives is over . Stefan tells Caroline that he offered up his soul and that he was granted twenty - four more hours to be with her . Bonnie and Enzo may finally be free of Sybil , who leaves his subconscious after her meeting with Cade . Sybil reveals to Seline that because of her entrapment in the Armory 's vault for two centuries without any rescue attempts from her sister , her deal with Cade only frees her own soul and Seline will now go to hell because of her no longer serving Cade . Alaric and Matt attack Damon , because of the former 's belief that it is necessary to keep his kids safe and Alaric stakes him in the heart ; Damon desiccates and he is killed but will come back to life because of his new immortality deal with Cade . 162 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' Tanya Hamilton Shukree Hassan Tilghman December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) T27. 13307 0.98 On the night of Christmas Eve 1917 , the ripper Stefan drinks blood from a camp full of people . In the present , Stefan is determined to make the most out of his final day with Caroline over a Christmas Eve dinner . Unfortunately , Damon and Sybil crash the party and Damon stakes Stefan sending him to a meeting with Cade . Cade reveals that on that Christmas Eve a century ago , Seline had witnessed the murder Stefan inflicted on the camp of people and wanted to trade places with him , only to realize he was n't evil and she erased his memory of their meeting and his slaughter of the camp . However , Cade had decided way back then that Stefan was a perfect servant for him . Meanwhile , distraught over the ruined Christmas festivities , Caroline gives Damon a present that could alter his decision to kill someone that night . Bonnie and Enzo find Seline and ask her for the tuning fork to which she agrees to give them on the condition that she can remove the psychic powers she had planted inside of Josette and Elizabeth , hoping to redeem herself and not go to hell when she dies . When Damon and Sybil leave the party , Damon gives her Caroline 's present , not having known what it was . When he sees it is Elena 's old necklace , he rips out Sybil 's heart and leaves her to die . Stefan proposes a deal to Cade to turn off his humanity , so that he can feed Cade souls more rapidly in exchange for Cade shortening his contract to serving him for only a year as opposed to eternity . Cade agrees to the deal but makes it apparent that he doubts Stefan will want to leave him after serving him for a year . Caroline spends her last few hours with her daughters before Alaric takes them away to be safe and it is discovered that Bonnie and the twins also all receive splitting headaches when the tuning fork is used around them . In the end , Damon and Stefan drive out of Mystic Falls and Stefan turns off his humanity . 163 8 `` We Have History Together '' Ian Somerhalder Matthew D'Ambrosio January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) T27. 13308 0.95 Stefan decides that he wants Tara , a young doctor , to be Cade 's next meal . In his plot to find the darkness within her , he knocks up Damon on vervain and keeps him on bed rest in the hospital . Stefan learns that Tara 's parents were killed by a drunk driver and compels her into believing that Damon was the driver in an attempt to convince her to kill Damon . She eventually gives into her darkness so Stefan takes her to be fed on by Cade . Meanwhile in Mystic Falls , Caroline 's job sends her to her old high school where she discovers Sybil has used her siren ability to get herself a job as a teacher . Sybil uses her powers to make the class tie themselves to trees with one remaining student to set them ablaze unless Caroline retrieves an old bell for her for a mysterious reason . Matt is annoyed with his father for having abandon him and even more so when he discovers that he is the one that got rid of the bell by throwing it in the lake under Wickery Bridge , which is revealed to be because Matt 's family actually founded the town and made the bell , but it was taken over by the founding family . It is then revealed that the bell was discovered in 2009 , after Elena 's parents ' car went into the lake and is now in Caroline 's garage ; Caroline and Sybil go to retrieve it but Seline had taken it , leaving a note for Sybil to taunt her . Damon ca n't seem to rid himself of Elena 's necklace , even going after it after throwing it out the car window , showing that he has enough humanity to care about Elena . Sybil also creates doubt inside of Caroline about Stefan coming back from his ripper phase when his contract with Cade is up and even if he does , he could become a ripper again at any time . 164 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' Geoff Shotz Neil Reynolds & Penny Cox January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) T27. 13309 0.86 Damon has the bell striker so Sybil makes him return to Mystic Falls to give it to her . While Damon does return , he realizes he can tell Sybil no and ultimately denies her the striker and locks her up . Meanwhile Stefan turns Violet into vampire during the Miss Mystic Falls pageant and Caroline comforts her after returning her engagement ring to Stefan . Also , Seline is determined to assemble the bell herself and reveals it can kill sirens and that she wants to kill Sybil as a part of righting her past misdeeds and she teams up with Dorian to do so . Elsewhere , Enzo gives a vial of his blood to Bonnie in the form of a necklace , hoping she 'll become a vampire to be with him for eternity . However , with her life tied to Elena 's she is unsure of how it would affect her . In the end , Bonnie suggests that Enzo take the cure and Sybil , chained up by Damon , uses her powers to return Damon 's humanity to him , flooding him with guilt from his recent actions under the siren 's control . 165 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' Kellie Cyrus Brett Matthews January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) T27. 13310 0.94 Sybil has put Damon into a catatonic state , forcing Bonnie and Caroline to free her so that she will release him in exchange for the bell . However , Sybil realizes Damon 's mind is in an induced hellish state , put there by himself because of his guilt . Bonnie and Caroline go into his subconscious to speak with Damon and tell him they forgive him for everything . Meanwhile Stefan kills Violet and reveals that Cade is requiring more souls so he makes a deal to acquire the bell for Sybil so that Damon will be conscious again and do his share of killing . Afterward , Seline offers another deal , which involves Matt ringing the bell twelve times in order to release hell on earth and kill everyone in Mystic Falls . Stefan compels Matt into doing so and then goes to retrieve Damon after being told that the Damon 's need for forgiveness is about him . Once inside Damon 's head , Stefan realizes Damon needs to forgive Stefan for turning him into a vampire all those years ago , causing every terrible thing that has happened since . Damon wakes up and Stefan is chained and told by Caroline that she loves him and she will do whatever it takes to restore his humanity . Damon stops Matt at the eleventh ring , which stops hell from burning the town , but allows enough power for Cade to come to the real world . In the final scene , Cade meets Sybil and Seline at a diner , where after telling the sirens that he 'll take it from there , lights them on fire . 166 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' Carol Banker Melinda Hsu Taylor & Celine Geiger February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) T27. 13311 0.92 Cade frees Stefan from captivity and sends him on a mission . He then tells Damon that his work is n't cutting it and that by sundown he must either kill one hundred people or Caroline . Bonnie encourages Enzo to complete his bucket list before taking the cure ; once complete , they travel to a house she bought in New York where she is secretly keeping Elena . Caroline and Damon scheme to give the cure to Cade so that they can kill him and Bonnie reluctantly agrees to draw Elena 's blood and give them the dosage instead of Enzo . Cade later reveals that his mission for Stefan was also to kill a hundred people or Elena . Stefan chose the latter and so Damon races to New York to stop him . Stefan compels Bonnie 's realtor to sign the house over to herself and then invite him in so that he can get to Elena . Bonnie draws the blood from Elena and then gives it to Stefan after Stefan arrives at the house and kills Enzo . 167 12 `` What Are You ? '' Darren Genet Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) T27. 13312 1.11 Stefan is arrested following his transition back into a human . Caroline manages to compel the police of his innocence but it does n't erase the guilt inside of him . Bonnie is devastated about Enzo 's death and her mother , Abby , comes to her house to console her . The two discover that Enzo is trying to communicate with Bonnie and that when he died , Bonnie opened the door between hell and earth . She tries to pull Enzo from hell but Abby ultimately burns his body , knowing that he would just drag Bonnie down with him . Cade tells Damon that their contract is up because of Stefan no longer being a vampire and tells Damon that he will claim Stefan 's soul to take to hell at midnight if Damon does n't retrieve the Maxwell journal . Matt , Alaric , and Dorian attempt to discover why the journal is important and Matt sees events from 1790 where his ancestor Ethan and Bonnie 's ancestor Beatrice created the Maxwell bell and then encountered Seline and Sybil . The sirens forced Ethan to ring the bell twelve times and send hellfire to the town and he killed one hundred people . Beatrice trapped Seline and Sybil in the vault and Ethan wrote how to kill Cade in the Maxwell journal . In the present , Damon takes the journal and gives it to Cade , who burns it . Damon later tells Alaric that he is certain a certain artifact they have is how to kill the devil , having heard Sybil say it once . In the last scene , Damon and Alaric make plans to kill Cade and then Kai mysteriously walks in and says he has a better idea . 168 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' Tony Solomons Neil Reynolds February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) T27. 13313 0.99 It is revealed that when Matt rang the bell eleven times and Cade came to Mystic Falls , Kai was able to as well , but only halfway , so he enlists Damon and Alaric 's help to bring him back fully in exchange for him waking up Elena . Matt and Caroline learn that everyone Stefan ever compelled are now remembering things they 've forgotten . This includes Dorian , who abducts Stefan and explains that he now recalls Stefan murdering his family back when Stefan was being forced to work for Klaus . Dorian shoots Stefan , but then regrets it and tries to get him to a hospital . Cade comes to Stefan during an out of body state as a result of him dying and tells Stefan that Caroline would be better off without him . In the hospital , Stefan breaks up with Caroline and tells her that he is leaving Mystic Falls . Bonnie finds out that she has psychic powers and tries to contact Enzo . She does with Cade 's help and learns that like when Cade created hell , she created a place where Enzo 's spirit now resides . Alaric brings the girls to see Caroline and tells her that they have lost control of their powers . Cade learns Kai escaped from hell and Damon tries to convince him that he can only be fully redeemed and saved from Cade if he brings back Elena . They go to her casket where Kai stabs Damon , tells him that he does n't believe in redemption , and escapes with Elena while Damon falls to the floor , desiccating . 169 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' Pascal Verschooris Brett Matthews & Shukree Hassan Tilghman February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) T27. 13314 1.04 Enzo encourages Bonnie to forgive Stefan . Kai gives Elena to Cade and Cade keeps Damon from dying so as to use him to get the dagger that can kill the devil and deliver it to him in exchange for Elena . Damon keeps Stefan from leaving when telling him that Cade has Elena ; they go after Kai , who has the dagger , and get it from him as well as abducting him and trapping him in the Armory . Caroline goes to Kai for help with the twins ' uncontrollable siphoning to which Kai reveals that the Armory causes an outburst of witch siphoning powers and then uses that power to escape and go after the girls . Alaric rings the Maxwell bell to weaken Cade while Stefan goes to kill the devil ; however , Kai calls him and reveals his intentions to kill the twins and so Alaric must deal with that and since he is n't ringing the bell , Cade overpowers Stefan . Eventually , Alaric and Caroline defeat Kai and then Alaric reveals that he wants the two of them to run a school for kids like Josie and Elizabeth . Damon meets Cade and Stefan in the cave and Cade tries to force him to choose between the deaths of Elena or Stefan . Damon ends up choosing himself ; he kills himself but is rescued by Bonnie who fights Cade for his soul . While Cade and Bonnie 's psychic powers are battling , Stefan uses the dagger on Cade and kills him . A psychic blast from Cade 's death sends Damon 's soul back into his body ; Bonnie makes it clear that she has n't forgiven Stefan but he tells her that he wo n't give up on her forgiveness . Stefan also re-proposes to Caroline and she accepts . Bonnie traps Kai in another prison world and he tells her that when Cade died , the person given power over hell was Katherine ; Bonnie relays this information to Damon . 170 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' Chris Grismer Story by : Jen Vestuto & Melissa Marlette Teleplay by : Melinda Hsu Taylor March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) T27. 13315 1.14 Matt 's mother , Kelly returns to Mystic Falls claiming to want to be there for Matt , but it is soon revealed that she is working with Katherine and had been after having died two years ago . Damon concocts a plan to lure out Katherine by throwing the last minute wedding of Stefan and Caroline . Damon and Stefan also construct a dagger made from Katherine 's bones to kill her . Bonnie tells Caroline she ca n't be at the wedding of the man who killed Enzo , but Enzo encourages her to go for her best friend . At the wedding , Kelly slits Peter 's throat after a failed attempt to get the dagger from him . Everyone expects Katherine to interrupt the ceremony , but she does n't , so Stefan and Caroline say their vows and actually get married . During the reception , Bonnie goes with the twins to the Lockwood house ; Kelly interrupts Damon 's speech and reveals that the Lockwood house is going to catch fire because she started a gas leak . The fire starts with Bonnie and the girls in the house . However , Josie and Elizabeth are able to siphon Bonnie 's magic to save them and they all use their power to escape with Bonnie having to lose her connection to Enzo in the process . In the end , Kelly reveals that Katherine 's plan was to distract them with the housefire while a now resurrected Vicki Donovan has returned and begins ringing the Maxwell bell to bring hellfire to Mystic Falls ; as the bell rings , Bonnie falls to the ground , nose bleeding , and presumably dying . 171 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Julie Plec Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) T27. 13316 1.15 As Stefan and Caroline attempt to revive Bonnie , Bonnie enters the state between life and death and sees Elena . Enzo comes and tells Bonnie that it is n't her time and she returns to her body . Katherine finally reveals herself to the Salvatore brothers and even though Stefan stabs her with the dagger made from her bones , she comes back to Damon later , revealing that she can leave hell whenever she wants and that Cade had been under her control since her death . Vicki reveals that she wants to die from the hellfire so as not to return to hell , where she has been residing in a miserable existence . Vicki will ring the bell every five minutes until the end of the hour . Matt and the police evacuate the town . Alaric , Caroline , and the twins leave Mystic Falls when Bonnie comes up with a plan to use her magic to reverse the hellfire back into hell , destroying it and Katherine . Damon stays with Katherine in the tunnels under the Armory to make sure she is in hell when Bonnie does this ; Stefan comes forward to sacrifice himself instead , and Damon lets him . However , Stefan is able to override the compulsion because he had vervain in his system and then hurries back into the tunnels , where he injects a syringe filled with his blood into Damon , making him human and then dies while making sure Katherine is in hell while her body is destroyed . Stefan visits Elena in the state between life and death , tells her what happened , and then joins Lexi in the afterlife . Some time later , Bonnie breaks Elena 's sleeping curse and Elena reunites with her , Damon , Caroline , Matt and Alaric . The Salvatore boarding house is turned into a school for supernatural children by Caroline and Alaric with Jeremy and Dorian among the people running it and a donation from Klaus . Matt is awarded with a bench in his honour for saving the town that night and announces that he 'll run for Mayor . Bonnie decides that she wants to travel the world and live her spared life to the fullest . Vicki , Tyler , Liz , Jo , and Enzo are shown watching over the living . After having lived their long and happy life together , Elena reunites with her parents , John , and Jenna in her form of Peace at the Gilbert family home , while Damon reunites with Stefan at the Salvatore mansion , concluding the series . Production ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2016 . It was announced on July 23 , 2016 , that season 8 of The Vampire Diaries would be the series ' last . The season would contain 16 episodes . Filming for the season ended on February 8 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On January 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Nina Dobrev would return as Elena Gilbert in the series finale . At the end of the episode , `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' on February 24 , 2017 , it was revealed that Dobrev would reprise her role of Katherine Pierce as well . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hello Brother '' October 21 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.98 0.3 0.63 0.7 1.62 `` Today Will Be Different '' October 28 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.4 0.72 0.7 1.62 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' November 4 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.94 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.63 `` An Eternity of Misery '' November 11 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.73 0.7 1.72 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' November 18 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 N / A 0.7 N / A 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' December 2 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.05 0.4 0.72 0.8 1.78 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' December 9 , 2016 0.4 / 1 0.98 0.5 0.90 0.9 1.88 8 `` We Have History Together '' January 13 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' January 20 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.60 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' January 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' February 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` What Are You ? '' February 10 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.11 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' February 17 , 2017 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.74 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' February 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.04 0.4 0.69 0.8 1.74 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' March 3 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' March 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Renews ALL 11 Series For Next Season , Including Veterans ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : ' The Vampire Diaries ' to End With Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Fall Premiere Dates : Supergirl , The Flash , Arrow , TVD and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Explains Damon and Enzo 's Dark Finale Twist , Offers Hope for ' Steroline ' in Season 8 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Asadi , Abby ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Candice King Q&A -- Denver 's very own vampire next door '' . 303 Magazine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Plec on Instagram Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Casts Kristen Gutoskie ; Christina Moses Joins ' The Originals ' '' . DeadLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AfterBuzz TV ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Julie Plec ( The Vampire Diaries ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Casts Stitchers Star as Mysterious Season 8 Character '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Once , Grey 's , Walking Dead , Supernatural , Legends , Suits , TVD , Blindspot and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram photo by Lily Rose * Miley * Tierney Jul 19 , 2016 at 1 : 14pm UTC '' . instagram.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 803 ) `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Chris Wood returning as Kai '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Steven R. McQueen Returning as Jeremy for Series Finale '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niel , Dan ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Finale Comebacks : Nina Dobrev , Sara Canning , David Anders , Steven McQueen And More '' . iTech Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interview : we did just book `` Sheriff Forbes '' aka my best friend Marguerite McIntyre for a little cameo in the third episode . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : David Anders Hints at John Gilbert 's Series Finale Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tristin Mays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 808 ) `` We Have History Together '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Kelly Donovan returns ... for a wedding ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Spoilers : Nina Dobrev Return Already Planned Out by Producer '' . australianetworknews.com . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ninadobrev `` I know it 's Thursday , but this is not a TBT . # BackOnSet # TVDForever '' `` . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' Dr. Ken , ' ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & ' I Love Lucy ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise ' finale adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Malarkey on Twitter Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` The Vampire Diaries To End With Season 8 '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev To Return For Series Finale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_8)&oldid=806119391 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in the last season of vampire diaries	[ "\n\nThe Vampire Diaries (season 8)\n\n\n\nSeason 8 DVD Cover\n\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nPaul Wesley\nIan Somerhalder\nKat Graham\nCandice King\nZach Roerig\nMatt Davis\nMichael Malarkey\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n16\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nThe CW\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 21, 2016 (2016-10-21) – March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 7\n\n\n\n\nList of The Vampire Diaries episodes\n\n" ]	[ "16" ]
-6608101457772714864	How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)	How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) ( Redirected from Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) ) Jump to : navigation , search How the Grinch Stole Christmas Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Screenplay by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman Based on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Jim Carrey Jeffrey Tambor Christine Baranski Bill Irwin Molly Shannon Narrated by Anthony Hopkins Music by James Horner Cinematography Donald Peterman Edited by Dan Hanley Mike Hill Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) November 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes 118 minutes ( Extended Version ) Country United States Language English Budget $123 million Box office $345.1 million How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( full title : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ; also promoted theatrically as The Grinch ) is a 2000 American Christmas comedy film directed by Ron Howard and written by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman based on the 1957 story of the same name by Dr. Seuss . The film was released by Universal Pictures on November 17 , 2000 . It was the first Dr. Seuss book to be adapted into a full - length feature film . Because the film is based on a children 's picture book , many additions were made to the storyline to bring it up to feature - length , including some information about the backstory of the title character and reworking the story 's minor character Cindy Lou Who as a main character . Most of the rhymes that were used in the book were also used in the film , though some of the lines were to some degree changed , and several new rhymes were put in . The film also borrowed some music and character elements ( such as the Grinch 's green skin tone ) that originated in the 1966 animated TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! . The film was produced by Howard and Brian Grazer , and starring Jim Carrey , Jeffrey Tambor , Christine Baranski , Bill Irwin , Molly Shannon , Josh Ryan Evans ( in his final theatrical role ) , and introducing Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who . The film received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success , spending four weeks at # 1 in the United States and grossing $260 million in the United States and over $345 million worldwide , becoming the second highest - grossing holiday film of all time , with Home Alone being the first . It won the Academy Award for Best Makeup , and was also nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Inside the magical snowflake , the people in Whoville enjoy celebrating Christmas with much happiness and joy , except the Grinch , who hatefully resents Christmas and the Whos . He occasionally pulls dangerous and harmful practical jokes on them with vengeance . As a result , no one likes or cares for the Grinch . Meanwhile , six - year - old Cindy Lou believes everyone is missing the point about Christmas by being more concerned about the gifts and festivities . After her two brothers are scared off by the Grinch when they trespass on his domain , and she herself has a face - to - face encounter with the Grinch at the post office , in which he reluctantly saves her life , Cindy Lou becomes interested in his history . She then asks everyone what they know about him , and soon discovers that he has a tragic past . The Grinch actually arrived in Whoville by mistake when he was a baby , and was adopted by two elderly sisters . Although he showed some sadistic tendencies as a child , he was rather timid and not cruel as he would become . He was bullied by his classmates ( particularly by Augustus May Who , who grew up to be Mayor of Whoville ) because of his appearance , with the exception of Martha May Whovier , whom both the Grinch and May Who had feeling for . One Christmas season , when he was eight , the Grinch made a gift for Martha , but attempted to shave his face after being made fun of for having a `` beard '' , cutting himself by accident . When his classmates saw his face covered with shaving tape the next morning , led by Augustus they ridiculed him . He lost his temper , trashed the classroom , and ran away to live on Mount Crumpit , a mountain north of Whoville . Cindy Lou , touched by this story , decides to make the Grinch the main participant of the Whobilation , much to the great displeasure of Mayor May Who , who reluctantly agrees after pressure from the townspeople , who have been warmed by Cindy Lou 's generous spirit . When Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit and offers an invitation to the Grinch , he turns her down . He gradually changes his mind due to the promise of an award , the presence of Martha at the celebration and the chance to upset the Mayor . Just as the Grinch is enjoying himself , May Who gives him an electric shaver as a present , reminding him of his awful humiliation at school . May Who then asks Martha to marry him , promising her a new car in return . In response , the Grinch berates the Whos , and criticizes Christmas , claiming that the holiday is only about gifts that they will just dispose of later , in the hopes of making them too ashamed to celebrate the holiday . The Grinch then goes on to ruin the party by burning the Christmas tree with a makeshift flamethrower , but his actions prove to be fruitless as the Whos have a spare tree , which the Grinch sees them erect before he leaves . May Who then harshly scolds Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch , making her feel ashamed . The Grinch , knowing that his attack has failed to remove the Whos ' Christmas spirit , instead concocts a plan to steal all of their presents while they are sleeping . Creating a Santa suit and sleigh with his own dog Max as a `` reindeer '' , the Grinch arrives at Whoville , stealing all of the Whos ' Christmas gifts . He is almost discovered by Cindy Lou , but lies to her in order to get away . On Christmas morning , the Whos discover the Grinch 's scheme , and May Who blames Cindy Lou for the whole disaster . However , her father , Lou Lou Who , the Whoville postmaster , finally stands up to him , and reminds everyone that they still have Christmas spirit , and that the principal meaning of Christmas is to spend it with family and friends . The people accept his fate and begin to sing . Hoping that the change of mood would inspire the Grinch , Cindy Lou goes to Mount Crumpit to find him . The Grinch reveals that he intends to push the stolen gifts off the top of the mountain after he hears the Whos crying . However , instead of crying , he hears the joyful singing of the Whos . Infuriated over the failure of his plan , the Grinch has an epiphany about what Christmas is really about : not material gifts , but spending time with loved ones , an insight that profoundly touches him , and causes his heart to grow to three times its original size . When the sleigh full of stolen gifts begins to go over the edge of the cliff , the Grinch desperately tries to save them to no avail . However , when he realizes that Cindy Lou has come to wish him a merry Christmas and is in danger of falling off the cliff with the sleigh , the Grinch finds enough strength to lift the sleigh , the gifts and Cindy Lou to safety . After a long descent down Mount Crumpit , the Grinch returns to Whoville with Max , Cindy and the gifts . He confesses to the burglary , tearfully apologizes for his actions towards the Whos and surrenders himself to the police as they arrive , but the Whos reconcile with him , much to May Who 's dismay . Martha turns down May Who 's proposal and decides that she would rather stay with the Grinch instead . The redeemed Grinch ( along with Max ) starts a new life with the Whos , commemorating the Christmas feast with them in his cave . Cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as The Grinch , a misanthropic green creature who despises Christmas and the Whos of Whoville . It is revealed in his origin story that he started to hate Christmas after his school classmates humiliated him when he tried to shave his face . Before Jim Carrey was cast to play the Grinch , Jack Nicholson and Eddie Murphy were briefly considered . Josh Ryan Evans as an 8 - year - old Grinch ; his humiliation at school by May Who is what drives him into a hatred of Christmas . Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who , a young Who who thinks the Christmas spirit in Whoville is lost . ( In this version , she is six years old , whereas in the book in 1957 and TV special in 1966 by Chuck Jones she was `` no more than two '' ) . Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who , Whoville 's rude , arrogant , judgmental , and greedy mayor . He is revealed to be a school bully who picked on the young Grinch over his shaved face , which is what motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas in the first place . He also denounces the Grinch every chance he gets and wants to have a Grinch-less Christmas . Ben Bookbinder as an 8 - year - old Augustus May Who ; he tormented the young Grinch , which then motivated the Grinch to hate Christmas . Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier , The Grinch 's lifelong crush and the romantic interest of Mayor Who . She ultimately rejects the Mayor and chooses the Grinch . Landry Allbright as an 8 - year - old Martha May Whovier . She shows compassion towards the young Grinch . Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who , Cindy Lou 's father and the postman of Whoville . Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who , Cindy Lou 's mother and a rival to Martha May in a house - lighting contest . Kelley as Max , who is The Grinch 's pet dog and only companion on Mt . Crumpit . It is unknown how or when The Grinch got him . Frank Welker as the voice of Max Clint Howard as Whobris , the mayor 's sycophantic aide . Reid Kirchenbauer as an 8 - year - old Whobris . Mindy Sterling as Clarnella Who , one of the Grinch 's childhood caretakers . Rachel Winfree as Rose Who , one of the Grinch 's childhood caretakers . Jeremy Howard and T.J. Thyne as Drew Lou and Stu Lou Who , troublesome sons of Lou and Betty , and brothers to Cindy Lou . Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan , the chief of police . Lacey Kohl and Nadja Pionilla as Christina Whoterberry and Junie , Drew and Stu 's girlfriends . Mary Stein as Miss Rue Who , the school teacher . Bryce Dallas Howard as surprised Who . Anthony Hopkins as The Narrator . Production ( edit ) Ron Howard is the film 's director and producer . Before his death in 1991 , Dr. Seuss had refused offers to sell the film rights to his books . However , his widow , Audrey Geisel , agreed to several merchandising deals , including clothing lines , accessories , and CDs . In July 1998 , Geisel 's agents announced via letter she would auction the film rights of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . In order to pitch their ideas to Geisel , the suitors ultimately had to be willing to pay $5 million for the material , and hand over 4 percent of the box - office gross , 50 percent of the merchandising revenue and music - related material , and 70 percent of the income from book tie - ins . The letter also stated that `` any actor submitted for the Grinch must be of comparable stature to Jack Nicholson , Jim Carrey , Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman . '' Additionally , it was stipulated that the estate would not consider a director or writer who had n't earned at least $1 million on a previous picture . 20th Century Fox pitched its version with director Tom Shadyac and producers Dave Phillips and John Davis in attendance , in which Jack Nicholson was in mind to play the Grinch . Additionally , the Farrelly brothers and John Hughes pitched their separate versions . Universal Pictures held its pitch presentation with Brian Grazer and Gary Ross in attendance , but Geisel refused such offer . Grazer then enlisted his producing partner Ron Howard to help with the negotiations . At the time , Howard was developing a film adaptation of The Sea Wolf , and did not express interest in Grinch , but Grazer talked Howard into traveling to Geisel 's residence for the pitch meeting . While studying the book , Howard became interested in the character , Cindy Lou Who , and pitched a film in which she would have a larger role , as well as a materialistic representation of the Whos and an expanded backstory of the Grinch . On September 16 , 1998 , it was announced that Howard would direct and co-produce a live - action adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas with Jim Carrey attached to star . It was also reported that Universal Pictures , who had acquired the distribution rights , paid $9 million for the film rights for an adaptation of Grinch and Oh , the Places You 'll Go to Audrey Geisel . Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman wrote the final screenplay following eight drafts , but Geisel also had veto power over the script . She objected to several jokes and sexual innuendos in the screenplay , some including about one family who did not have a Christmas tree or presents jokingly called the `` Who - steins '' and the placement of a stuffed trophy of the Cat in the Hat on the Grinch 's wall . Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer did an uncredited rewrite of the script . The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000 . Dr. Seuss ' wife , Audrey , visited the set in October 1999 . Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel . During a break in filming , Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife . Despite this , none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him . Jim Carrey 's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair , which was dyed green , and sewed onto a spandex suit . The first application of the makeup took eight hours , after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer , wanting to quit the film . The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process . The process was later refined so that it took only three hours in the morning getting in , and one hour in the evening to get out . In total , Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make - up , and became a `` Zen Master '' while sitting in the make - up chair . Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Kids Today '' -- Jim Carrey and Taylor Momsen * `` Grinch 2000 '' -- Busta Rhymes and Jim Carrey `` Green Christmas '' -- Barenaked Ladies `` Christmas of Love '' -- Little Isidore and the Inquisitors `` Lonely Christmas Eve '' -- Ben Folds `` Grinch Schedule '' -- Jim Carrey * `` Better Do It Right '' -- Smash Mouth `` Whoville Medley '' ( Perfect Christmas Night / Grinch ) -- Trans - Siberian Orchestra `` Reindeer '' -- Jim Carrey * `` Christmas Is Going to the Dogs '' -- The Eels `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' -- Jim Carrey `` Christmas Means More '' -- Anthony Hopkins and Jim Carrey * `` You Do n't Have to Be Alone '' -- * NSYNC `` Where Are You , Christmas ? '' -- Faith Hill `` The Shape of Things to Come '' -- James Horner `` Memories of a Green Childhood '' -- James Horner + `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' -- James Horner and Taylor Momsen `` Stealing Christmas '' -- Anthony Hopkins , James Horner , Jim Carrey , and Taylor Momsen ~ `` The Big Heist '' -- James Horner + `` Does Cindy Lou Really Ruin Christmas ? '' -- James Horner + `` A Change of Heart '' -- James Horner + `` The Sleigh of Presents '' -- James Horner + `` He Carves the Roast Beast '' -- James Horner ^ Legend : * Dialogue + Instrumental ~ Includes Narration and Dialogue ^ Includes `` Welcome Christmas '' Release ( edit ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas grossed $260.0 million domestically and $85.1 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $345.1 million , becoming the sixth highest - grossing film of 2000 . In the United States , The Grinch opened at number - one on its opening day , making $15.6 million , with a weekend gross of $55.0 million , for an average of $17,615 from 3,127 theaters . The film still holds the record for the highest opening weekend for a Christmas - themed film . In its second weekend , the film grossed $52.1 million , dropping only 5.1 % , settling a new record for highest - grossing second weekend for any film . The film stayed at the top of the box office for four weekends , until it was overtaken by What Women Want in mid-December . The Grinch closed on April 30 , 2001 , after five months , with a final gross of $260,044,825 . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 48.1 million tickets in North America . The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 20 , 2001 . The extended version on VHS and DVD is released on October 29 , 2002 . The network TV version was premiered in November 30 , 2003 . A Blu - ray / DVD combo pack was released on October 13 , 2009 . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 53 % ; the critical consensus reads , `` Jim Carrey shines as the Grinch . Unfortunately , it 's not enough to save this movie . You 'd be better off watching the TV cartoon . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars , referring to it as `` a dank , eerie , weird movie about a sour creature '' and said , `` There should be ... a jollier production design and a brighter look overall ... It 's just not much fun . '' Ebert observed that Carrey `` works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie , to small avail . '' Nevertheless , he decided that `` adults may appreciate Carrey 's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort . '' Paul Clinton of CNN declared that Carrey `` was born to play this role '' and noted that `` Carrey carries nearly every scene . In fact , if he 's not in the scene , there is no scene . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly began his review of the film analyzing the Grinch 's `` mischievously divided , now - I 'm - calm / now - I 'm - a-raving - sarcastic - PSYCH - o ! personality '' and summed up Carrey 's Grinch as `` a slobby , self - loathing elitist ruled by the secret fear that he 's always being left out of things . '' Gleiberman expressed surprise at `` how affecting Carrey makes the Grinch 's ultimate big - hearted turnaround , as Carrey the actor sneaks up on Carrey the wild - man dervish . In whichever mode , he carreys ( sic ) the movie . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey , whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957 . '' However , he wondered why Carrey `` made himself sound like Sean Connery '' and warned that the character 's intensity may frighten small children . James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey 's `` off - the - wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask , except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him . Carrey 's Grinch is a combination of Seuss ' creation and Carrey 's personality , with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus ( Bond meets Magoo ! ) than it does Karloff . '' He concluded that Carrey `` brings animation to the live action , and , surrounded by glittering , fantastical sets and computer - spun special effects , Carrey enables Ron Howard 's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread . '' Some reviews were more middling . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon , in a generally negative review of the film , wrote , `` Carrey pulls off an admirable impersonation of an animated figure ... It 's fine as mimicry goes -- but mimicry is n't the best playground for comic genius . Should n't we be asking more of a man who 's very likely the most gifted comic actor of his generation ? '' She concluded that in spite of `` a few terrific ad - libs ( ... ) his jokes come off as nothing more than a desperate effort to inject some offbeat humor into an otherwise numbingly unhip , nonsensical and just plain dull story . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote , `` Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations , vocal pitches and delivery styles , his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S 's recalling Bogart . His antic gesturing and face - making hit the mark at times , but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot . Furthermore , his free - flowing tirades , full of catch - all allusions and references , are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens . '' Awards ( edit ) Despite receiving mixed reviews , the film was still able to be nominated for as well as win several awards . It garnered three Academy Award nominations , including Best Costume Design ( Rita Ryack ) and Best Art Direction ( Michael Corenblith and Merideth Boswell ) , and nominees Rick Baker and Gail Rowell - Ryan won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . At the Golden Globes , Carrey was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , losing the award to George Clooney for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? . It also won the Blimp Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actor at the 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards . The film won a Saturn Award for Best Music and a Saturn Award for Best Make - Up . However , it was also nominated for two 2000 Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Screenplay , but lost to Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 and Battlefield Earth respectively . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Christmas portal 2000s portal Grinch The Grinch ( video game ) List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Arts & Media '' . Guinness World Records 2007 . Guinness World Records Limited . 2006 . p. 182 ( UK edition ) . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 11 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicholson as The Grinch ? It Almost Happened ... '' ScreenCrush . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Eddie Murphy '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal purchases rights for 2 Dr. Seuss characters '' . Deseret News . September 17 , 1998 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( November 11 , 2000 ) . `` Seuss on the Loose '' . Time . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrey Plays The Grinch '' . Empire . September 17 , 1998 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grinch 's Gatekeeper '' . Newsweek . November 11 , 2000 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( November 7 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' Widow Objected To Elements In Early Scripts for the Grinch '' . IGN . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scribner , Sarah ( November 11 , 2000 ) . `` Grinch Doctor '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` U , Imagine clinch ' Grinch ' pic deal '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( September 16 , 1998 ) . `` Seuss Rights Sold for Up to $9 Million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Mark ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` Mrs. Seuss : Whoville Is Not Poo - ville '' . E ! News . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ; Abramowitz , Rachel ( 4 December 2005 ) . `` Credit ascribed , denied '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Anthony ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jim Carrey tells of make - up ' torture ' during The Grinch '' . Times of Malta . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Clinton ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Review : Steal away to see the latest ' Grinch ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Stack ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` How Effects Stole ' Christmas ' / Supercharged ' Grinch ' stays true to Seuss but amps up Carrey 's character '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . ReelViews . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Salon.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( November 16 , 2000 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas - Film Reviews '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Official website How the Grinch Stole Christmas on IMDb How the Grinch Stole Christmas at the TCM Movie Database How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Box Office Mojo How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers VIAF : 180610703 LCCN : n00024693 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas_(2000_film)&oldid=817995746 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films American films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American Christmas films American fantasy - comedy films Films scored by James Horner Films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films directed by Ron Howard Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Brian Grazer Films produced by Ron Howard Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Imagine Entertainment films Santa Claus in film Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the grinch with jim carrey made	[ "The film was shot between September 1999 and January 2000. Dr. Seuss' wife, Audrey, visited the set in October 1999. Much of the Whoville set was constructed on the backlot of Universal Studios behind the Bates Motel. During a break in filming, Jim Carrey scared tourists on the Studio Tour by running out of the motel in a dress and brandishing a knife.[citation needed] Despite this, none of the Universal employees and tourists on the tour recognized him. Jim Carrey's Grinch suit was covered in yak hair, which was dyed green, and sewed onto a spandex suit. The first application of the makeup took eight hours, after which a frustrated Carrey kicked a hole in the wall of his trailer, wanting to quit the film. The production brought in CIA operative who instructed agents how to endure extreme torture techniques to coach Carrey to remain calm during the process.[15] The process was later refined so that it took only three hours in the morning getting in, and one hour in the evening to get out. In total, Carrey spent 92 days in the Grinch make-up, and became a \"Zen Master\" while sitting in the make-up chair." ]	[ "between September 1999 and January 2000" ]
3668873468409180311	Ground state	Ground state - wikipedia Ground state Jump to : navigation , search For articles related to the ground state , see Quantum vacuum ( disambiguation ) . Energy levels for an electron in an atom : ground state and excited states . After absorbing energy , an electron may jump from the ground state to a higher energy excited state . The ground state of a quantum mechanical system is its lowest - energy state ; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero - point energy of the system . An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state . In the quantum field theory , the ground state is usually called the vacuum state or the vacuum . If more than one ground state exists , they are said to be degenerate . Many systems have degenerate ground states . Degeneracy occurs whenever there exists a unitary operator which acts non-trivially on a ground state and commutes with the Hamiltonian of the system . According to the third law of thermodynamics , a system at absolute zero temperature exists in its ground state ; thus , its entropy is determined by the degeneracy of the ground state . Many systems , such as a perfect crystal lattice , have a unique ground state and therefore have zero entropy at absolute zero . It is also possible for the highest excited state to have absolute zero temperature for systems that exhibit negative temperature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ground state has no nodes in one - dimension 2 Examples 3 Notes 4 Bibliography Ground state has no nodes in one - dimension ( edit ) In one - dimension , the ground state of the Schrödinger equation can be proven to have no nodes . Consider the average energy of a state with a node at x = 0 ; i.e. , ψ ( 0 ) = 0 . The average energy in this state would be : ⟨ ψ H ψ ⟩ = ∫ d x ( − ħ 2 2 m ψ ∗ d 2 ψ d x 2 + V ( x ) ψ ( x ) 2 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ left \ langle \ psi H \ psi \ right \ rangle = \ int dx \ ; \ left ( - ( \ frac ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) \ psi ^ ( * ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + V ( x ) \ psi ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ~ , ) where V ( x ) is the potential . Now , consider a small interval around x = 0 ( \ displaystyle x = 0 ) ; i.e. , x ∈ ( − ε , ε ) ( \ displaystyle x \ in ( - \ epsilon , \ epsilon ) ) . Take a new ( deformed ) wave function ψ ' ( x ) to be defined as ψ ′ ( x ) = ψ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi ' ( x ) = \ psi ( x ) ) , for x < − ε ( \ displaystyle x < - \ epsilon ) ; and ψ ′ ( x ) = − ψ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi ' ( x ) = - \ psi ( x ) ) , for x > ε ( \ displaystyle x > \ epsilon ) ; and constant for x ∈ ( − ε , ε ) ( \ displaystyle x \ in ( - \ epsilon , \ epsilon ) ) . If ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) is small enough , this is always possible to do , so that ψ ' ( x ) is continuous . Assuming ψ ( x ) ≈ − c x ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( x ) \ approx - cx ) around x = 0 ( \ displaystyle x = 0 ) , one may write ψ ′ ( x ) = N ( ψ ( x ) x > ε c ε x ≤ ε ( \ displaystyle \ psi ' ( x ) = N \ left \ ( ( \ begin ( array ) ( ll ) \ psi ( x ) & x > \ epsilon \ \ c \ epsilon & x \ leq \ epsilon \ end ( array ) ) \ right . ) where N = 1 1 + 4 3 c 2 ε 3 ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ) ) is the norm . Note that the kinetic energy density d ψ ′ d x 2 < d ψ d x 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ frac ( d \ psi ' ) ( dx ) ) \ right ^ ( 2 ) < \ left ( \ frac ( d \ psi ) ( dx ) ) \ right ^ ( 2 ) ) everywhere because of the normalization . More significantly , the average kinetic energy is lowered by O ( ε ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ epsilon ) ) by the deformation to ψ ' . Now , consider the potential energy . For definiteness , let us choose V ( x ) ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle V ( x ) \ geq 0 ) . Then it is clear that , outside the interval x ∈ ( − ε , ε ) ( \ displaystyle x \ in ( - \ epsilon , \ epsilon ) ) , the potential energy density is smaller for the ψ ' because ψ ′ < ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi ' < \ psi ) there . On the other hand , in the interval x ∈ ( − ε , ε ) ( \ displaystyle x \ in ( - \ epsilon , \ epsilon ) ) we have V avg ε ′ = ∫ − ε ε d x V ( x ) ψ ′ 2 = ε 2 c 2 1 + 4 3 c 2 ε 3 ∫ − ε ε V ( x ) ≃ 2 ε 3 c 2 V ( 0 ) + ⋯ , ( \ displaystyle ( V_ ( \ text ( avg ) ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) ) ' = \ int _ ( - \ epsilon ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) dx \ ; V ( x ) \ psi ' ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ int _ ( - \ epsilon ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) V ( x ) \ simeq 2 \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) c ^ ( 2 ) V ( 0 ) + \ cdots , ) which is holds to order ε 3 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) ) . However , the contribution to the potential energy from this region for the state with a node , ψ , is V avg ε = ∫ − ε ε d x V ( x ) ψ 2 = c 2 ∫ − ε ε d x x 2 V ( x ) ≃ 2 3 ε 3 c 2 V ( 0 ) + ⋯ , ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( avg ) ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) = \ int _ ( - \ epsilon ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) dx \ ; V ( x ) \ psi ^ ( 2 ) = c ^ ( 2 ) \ int _ ( - \ epsilon ) ^ ( \ epsilon ) dx \ ; x ^ ( 2 ) V ( x ) \ simeq ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) c ^ ( 2 ) V ( 0 ) + \ cdots , ) lower , but still of the same lower order O ( ε 3 ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ epsilon ^ ( 3 ) ) ) as for the deformed state ψ ' , and subdominant to the lowering of the average kinetic energy . Therefore , the potential energy is unchanged up to order ε 2 ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) , if we deform the state with a node ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi ) into a state without a node ψ ' , and the change can be ignored . We can therefore remove all nodes and reduce the energy by O ( ε ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ epsilon ) ) , which implies that ψ ' can not be the ground state : the ground - state wave function can not have a node . This completes the proof . ( The average energy may then be further lowered by eliminating undulations , to the variational absolute minimum . ) Examples ( edit ) Initial wave functions for the first four states of a one - dimensional particle in a box The wave function of the ground state of a particle in a one - dimensional well is a half - period sine wave which goes to zero at the two edges of the well . The energy of the particle is given by h 2 n 2 8 m L 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( h ^ ( 2 ) n ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 8mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , where h is the Planck constant , m is the mass of the particle , n is the energy state ( n = 1 corresponds to the ground - state energy ) , and L is the width of the well . The wave function of the ground state of a hydrogen atom is a spherically - symmetric distribution centred on the nucleus , which is largest at the center and reduces exponentially at larger distances . The electron is most likely to be found at a distance from the nucleus equal to the Bohr radius . This function is known as the 1s atomic orbital . For hydrogen ( H ) , an electron in the ground state has energy 3017782103997768000 ♠ − 13.6 eV , relative to the ionization threshold . In other words , 13.6 eV is the energy input required for the electron to no longer be bound to the atom . The exact definition of one second of time since 1997 has been the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium - 133 atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See for example , Cohen , M. ( 1956 ) . `` Appendix A : Proof of non-degeneracy of the ground state '' . The energy spectrum of the excitations in liquid helium ( PDF ) ( Ph. D . ) . California Institute of Technology . Published as Feynman , R.P. ; Cohen , Michael ( 1956 ) . `` Energy Spectrum of the Excitations in Liquid Helium '' . Physical Review . 102 ( 5 ) : 1189 . Bibcode : 1956PhRv ... 102.1189 F . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 102.1189 . Jump up ^ `` Unit of time ( second ) '' . SI Brochure . International Bureau of Weights and Measures . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 22 . Bibliography ( edit ) Feynman , Richard ; Leighton , Robert ; Sands , Matthew ( 1965 ) . `` see section 2 - 5 for energy levels , 19 for the hydrogen atom '' . The Feynman Lectures on Physics. 3 . ( hide ) Quantum mechanics Background Introduction History timeline Glossary Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Fundamentals Bra -- ket notation Casimir effect Complementarity Density matrix Energy level ground state excited state degenerate levels Vacuum state Zero - point energy QED vacuum QCD vacuum Hamiltonian Operator Quantum coherence Quantum decoherence Measurement Quantum Quantum realm Quantum system Quantum state Quantum number Quantum entanglement Quantum superposition Quantum nonlocality Quantum tunnelling Quantum levitation Quantum fluctuation Quantum annealing Quantum foam Quantum noise Heisenberg uncertainty principle Photon entanglement Spontaneous parametric down - conversion Von Neumann entropy Spin Scattering theory Symmetry in quantum mechanics Symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Wave propagation Quantum interference Wave function Wave function collapse Wave -- particle duality Matter wave Qubit Qutrit Observable Probability distribution Formulations Formulations Heisenberg Interaction Matrix mechanics Schrödinger Path integral formulation Phase space Equations Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations Interpretations Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden variables Many - worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Transactional Cosmological Experiments Afshar Bell 's inequality Cold Atom Laboratory Davisson -- Germer Delayed choice quantum eraser Double - slit Franck -- Hertz experiment Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach - Zehnder inter . Elitzur -- Vaidman Popper Quantum eraser Schrödinger 's cat Quantum suicide and immortality Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed choice Science Quantum Bayesianism Quantum biology Quantum calculus Quantum chemistry Quantum chaos Quantum cognition Quantum cosmology Quantum differential calculus Quantum dynamics Quantum evolution Quantum geometry Quantum group Quantum measurement problem Quantum mind Quantum probability Quantum stochastic calculus Quantum spacetime Technology Quantum algorithms Quantum amplifier Quantum cellular automata Quantum finite automata Quantum electronics Quantum logic gates Quantum clock Quantum channel Quantum bus Quantum circuit Phase qubit Matrix isolation Quantum dot Quantum dot display Quantum dot solar cell Quantum dot cellular automaton Quantum dot single - photon source Quantum dot laser Quantum complexity theory Quantum computing Timeline Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Quantum error correction Quantum imaging Quantum image processing Quantum information Quantum key distribution Quantum machine Quantum machine learning Quantum metamaterial Quantum metrology Quantum network Quantum neural network Quantum optics Quantum programming Quantum sensors Quantum simulator Quantum teleportation Quantum levitation Time travel Extensions Quantum statistical mechanics Relativistic quantum mechanics Fractional quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Axiomatic quantum field theory Quantum field theory in curved spacetime Thermal quantum field theory Topological quantum field theory Local quantum field theory Conformal field theory Two - dimensional conformal field theory Liouville field theory History Quantum gravity Portal : Physics Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ground_state&oldid=805910818 '' Categories : Quantum mechanics Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does ground state and excited state mean	[]	[]
-6899528647811384858	Say You Won't Let Go	Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his first hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . Controversy arose when similarities to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' were found , yet the Script ultimately decided not to pursue legal action . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . In 2017 , the song has sold almost 1,244,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 6 × Platinum 240,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum ~ 1,244,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 48 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for James Arthur . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 443 '' . auspOp. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 6 October 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Sun Comes Up '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Related articles The X Factor series 9 finalists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=806326758 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 07 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote song say you won't let go	[ "\"Say You Won't Let Go\" is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur. The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge (2016).[1] The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart, a position it maintained for three weeks. Outside the United Kingdom, the single has topped the charts in Australia, New Zealand, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland. It also became his first hit in the US, peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100." ]	[ "James Arthur" ]
-6259586312634762633	Uptown Saturday Night	Uptown Saturday Night - wikipedia Uptown Saturday Night For the Camp Lo album , see Uptown Saturday Night ( album ) . Uptown Saturday Night Theatrical release poster by Jack Rickard Directed by Sidney Poitier Produced by Melville Tucker Written by Richard Wesley Starring Sidney Poitier Bill Cosby Harry Belafonte Edited by Pembroke J. Herring Production company First Artists Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date July 26 , 1974 ( 1974 - 07 - 26 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million ( approx . ) Box office $6.7 million ( rentals ) Uptown Saturday Night is a 1974 American action comedy crime film written by Richard Wesley and directed by and starring Sidney Poitier , with Bill Cosby and Harry Belafonte co-starring . Cosby and Poitier teamed up again for Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) and A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) . Although their characters have different names in each film , the three films are considered to be a trilogy . Uptown Saturday Night premiered June 15 , 1974 at the Criterion Theatre in New York , and opened to positive reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Themes 5 Reception 6 Television pilot 7 Sequels 8 Soundtrack 9 Remake 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) While enjoying themselves at Madame Zenobia 's club on Saturday Night , Steve Jackson ( Poitier ) and Wardell Franklin ( Cosby ) are held up by robbers who raid the club , taking Steve 's wallet as a result . Upon realizing that a winning lottery ticket worth $50,000 is in the wallet , they set out to find the crooks themselves . Determined to retrieve the ticket , they search for it using the help of gangster Geechie Dan Beauford ( Belafonte ) , who wants to defeat his rival Silky Slim ( Lockhart ) . Using their wit , perseverance , and fearlessness , Steve and Wardell devise a plan to get the ticket using the help of both gangsters , in the hopes that it will pay off for them . Cast ( edit ) Main cast Sir Sidney Poitier as Steve Jackson , a steel mill worker and tamed family man . He is confident and flirtatious , and he will often take up challenges posed by his best friend Wardell . His wallet was stolen by Silky Slim at Madame Zenobia , which contained the lottery ticket . Bill Cosby as Wardell Franklin , a taxi driver and Steve 's best friend . He has a carefree attitude , and will often act impulsively when presented with thrilling and exciting situations . He persuades Steve to go to Madame Zenobia 's , and later to visit Sharp Eye Washington . Harry Belafonte as Geechie Dan Beauford , a short - tempered gangster . Although he is tough and stubborn , he is also easily persuaded when money is involved . His rival is Silky Slim . Calvin Lockhart as Silky Slim , a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan . Driven by money , he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia 's estate and steal cash and jewelry , including Steve 's wallet . Like his rival , he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money . Supporting cast Flip Wilson as The Reverend Richard Pryor as Sharp Eye Washington Rosalind Cash as Sarah Jackson Roscoe Lee Browne as Congressman Dudley Lincoln Paula Kelly as Leggy Peggy / Mrs. Lincoln Lee Chamberlin as Madame Zenobia Johnny Sekka as Geechie 's Henchman Lincoln Kilpatrick as Slim 's Henchman # 1 Don Marshall as Slim 's Henchman # 2 Ketty Lester as Irma Franklin Harold Nicholas as Little Seymour Paul Harris as Police Officer Background ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night was made by Warner Bros. in the midst of the blaxploitation film era . Movies such as Cleopatra Jones and the Shaft series had been released by the same company . Poitier had reached the height of his career during the 1960s . He and Harry Belafonte were considered to be the biggest black male entertainers of the time period . Poitier became the first African - American man to win an Academy Award for his role in Lilies of the Field . He also starred in In the Heat of the Night , which won Oscar awards for Best Picture and Best Director . Throughout his career , Poitier was frustrated with how Hollywood was trying to portray the black man in film and television . This was one of the things that led him to direct films during the blaxploitation era . His first directed film was Buck and the Preacher , where he starred with Belafonte . Poitier then directed Uptown Saturday Night and its sequels , Let 's Do It Again and A Piece of the Action . Themes ( edit ) Race The characters in the film , while different in their motives and demeanor , all have a sophisticated and classy appearance in the black community ( with the exception of Sharp Eye Washington ) . Poitier made it a point to represent black actors on screen in an elegant way , which contrasted the image of Blacks that were often thought of in Hollywood . During his career , he refused a role if the character had negative stereotypes , and chose to play characters who were `` dignified , proud , and ethical '' . African - American men in the film carried themselves in a poised , calm manner in all situations . This is most notable with Steve Jackson , who is well - mannered and cautious . Critics have noted on Poitier 's pattern of his characters . `` In all his films , ( Poitier ) was educated and intelligent . He spoke proper English , dressed conservatively , and had the best of table manners . '' Double - consciousness is briefly portrayed in the film , particularly with Congressman Lincoln and Leggy Peggy . While running for re-election , Congressman Lincoln dresses and sets his office in a conservative manner to appeal to the white majority in order to keep his power . When informed that his guests are black , he immediately switches to an Afrocentric presence by reversing his painting and putting on clothes with African fabric . It is also shown shortly after when his wife Leggy Peggy enters the conversation between him , Steve , and Wardell . She begins to use vernacular dialect toward Steve and Wardell , to which Congressman Lincoln states his disapproval in a condescending manner . The monologue that follows reflects double - consciousness in the form of tokenism , where she expresses her frustration of representing herself in a setting of the majority . Sexuality The film was filmed during the blaxploitation era , where women 's sexuality in movies was known to be liberated . Coffy was released in theaters in the same year , where the title character was defined by her appearance . Although Uptown Saturday Night did not show female characters as explicitly as Coffy , they were shown in a sexually - suggestive manner . Particularly , sexual liberation was present when Steve and Wardell arrived at Madame Zenobia 's party . Women were very playful with the men , and their evening gowns showed a fair amount of skin . Another example lies at the beginning of the film , with the interaction of Steve and Sarah Jackson , his wife . While the two of them are reminiscing in the kitchen about when they first met , Steve keeps referencing her butt , to which she responds `` Do n't you men ever think about something else besides behinds ? '' This reinforces physical attraction being the primary source of attraction in regards to the female . In spite of this , both Steve and Wardell treat their wives with respect , which highlights a positive message of equality within their marriages . Symbolism In the film , the lottery ticket is a symbol of economic prosperity for African - Americans . The decisions that Steve makes on trying to get his ticket back -- from hiring a con - artist without doing a background check , to hanging on top of Silky Slim 's car in an effort to get his briefcase -- reflect a greater meaning of self - determination for economic freedom . The same symbolism is represented in diamonds . When Silky Slim robs the estate and tells Madame Zenobia to hand over her diamond necklace , her reaction displays a loss of power and confidence , rather than fear itself . It also explains why rivals Geechie Dan and Silky Slim briefly work together toward the end of the movie . These elements convey a message that above all else , economic freedom is imperative to a greater life . Reception ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night grossed $7,400,000 in the U.S. , surpassing its production cost of $2,500,000 . It was on the list of top 50 highest grossing films at # 3 , just three months after its release . The film received mixed - to - positive reviews upon release . Vincent Canby of the New York Times wrote `` Uptown Saturday Night is essentially a put - on , but it 's so full of good humor and , when the humor goes flat , of such high spirits that it reduces movie criticism to the status of a most nonessential craft '' . Paul D. Zimmermann of Newsweek magazine writes `` Poitier is not an inventive comic talent - he is erratic behind the camera and amiable but not funny in front of it . When the funny set pieces stop , the film sputters - but not before delivering a carnival of fine comic characters . '' From Variety : `` Actor Poitier also dampens the proceedings with a bland , comically mistimed performance that suffers greatly in comparison to Cosby 's fast - living rendition of his carefree buddy . '' Walter Burrell of Essence magazine stated `` one walks away a bit dissatisfied ... One is left with the feeling these great talents could have sued a vehicle more suited to their abilities . '' Television pilot ( edit ) Shortly after the film 's release , NBC commissioned a pilot for a sitcom version of Uptown Saturday Night , starring Cleavon Little and Adam Wade , playing the respective roles played by Cosby and Poitier in the film . The pilot did not sell , though it was seen on NBC during the summer of 1979 as part of Comedy Theater , one of many showcases featuring unsold pilots . Sequels ( edit ) Although indirect , the sequels are Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) , and A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) . They also garnered mixed reviews from critics , partly due to the fall of the blaxploitation era . Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) was written by Richard Wesley and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier . The first sequel to Uptown Saturday Night features Poitier and Cosby again on the same screen as Clyde Williams ( Poitier ) and Billy Foster ( Cosby ) . Many members of the previous film return and play different roles , including Lee Chamberlin and Calvin Lockhart . The film relies primarily on slapstick comedy , compared to Uptown Saturday Night which had verbal wit comedy . The film was met with mostly negative reviews . Stephen Klain of the Independent Film Journal wrote `` As he did in the previous film , Poitier had given himself relatively little to do as an actor , preferring to let the camera linger on Cosby , who lets all stops out . '' Richard Eder of The New York Times stated `` The movie 's main strength is Bill Cosby , who looks like a starved sheep in wolf 's clothing , as is shifty and woebegone at the same time . '' In spite of reviews , it grossed $11,800,800 in North America , surpassing Uptown Saturday Night in revenue . A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) was written by Charlies Blackwill and directed by Sir Sidney Poitier . The third of a trilogy of action films directed by Poitier , he and Bill Cosby return as Manny Durrell and Dave Anderson . Like its predecessor , it primarily uses slapstick comedy . It gained fairly positive reviews from critics . David Ansen of Newsweek magazine wrote `` Corny and hip , cynical and sentimental , formulaic and funky , A Piece of the Action may have a medicinal intent , but it goes down like ice cream soda . '' It grossed $6,700,000 domestically . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music for Uptown Saturday Night was written by composers Tom Scott and Morgan Ames . It was produced and arranged by Van McCoy . It was released in late 1974 , with a duration time of 6 minutes and 23 seconds . The opening song is very upbeat , with themes of self - preservation and happiness . The recurring song throughout the film and credits convey self - determination , a motive that reflects the Black Power movement , with the lyrics `` I got ta hold on '' . Remake ( edit ) In 2002 , it was announced that Will Smith and his production company , Overbrook Entertainment , had secured the rights to the trilogy for remakes to star Smith and to be distributed by Warner Bros. Smith stated that he hoped to get Eddie Murphy , Martin Lawrence and other famous African - American stars to be in the films . In 2012 , it was reported that Adam McKay will direct the remake , based on a script by Just Go with It screenwriter Tim Dowling , with Smith and Denzel Washington in the leads . There have been no updates since early 2014 , when Nicholas Stoller was re-writing the screenplay , with McKay , Smith and Washington still attached . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1974 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 44 Jump up ^ `` Uptown Saturday Night '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ . Los Angeles Sentinel . June 20 , 1974 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Novotny ( 2008 ) . Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s : Blackness and Genre . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415960975 . Jump up ^ Fain , Kimberly ( 2015 ) . Black Hollywood : From Butlers to Superheroes , the Changing Role of African - American Men in the Movies . Santa Barbera , CA : Praeger . ISBN 9781440831904 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 2001 ) . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies , and Bucks . New York , NY : Continuum . ISBN 082641267X . Jump up ^ . Atlanta Daily World . September 27 , 1974 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ Uptown Saturday Night ( 1979 ) ( TV ) Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ Parrish , James Robert ( 1989 ) . Black Action Films : Critiques , Cast , and Credits for 235 theatrical and made - for - television releases . McFarland . ISBN 0899504566 . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Saturday Night '' . soundtrackcollector.com . Jump up ^ VH1.com : Will Smith : Will Smith Secures Rights To Sidney Poitier / Bill Cosby Flicks - Rhapsody Music Downloads Jump up ^ Uptown Saturday Night ( 1974 ) - News Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Adam McKay Signing On To Direct ' Uptown Saturday Night ' Remake ; Will Smith , Denzel Washington Eyed To Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( 2014 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Nicholas Stoller Talks Adam McKay 's UPTOWN SATURDAY NIGHT Remake with Will Smith and Denzel Washington '' . Complex Media Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Uptown Saturday Night on IMDb Uptown Saturday Night at AllMovie Uptown Saturday Night at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Sidney Poitier Buck and the Preacher ( 1972 ) A Warm December ( 1973 ) Uptown Saturday Night ( 1974 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1975 ) A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) Stir Crazy ( 1980 ) Hanky Panky ( 1982 ) Fast Forward ( 1985 ) Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uptown_Saturday_Night&oldid=841760103 '' Categories : 1974 films English - language films 1970s comedy films American films American buddy films American comedy films American independent films Blaxploitation films Films directed by Sidney Poitier First Artists films Gambling films Parody films African - American films Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played silky slim in uptown saturday night	[ "Calvin Lockhart as Silky Slim, a lead gangster and rival of Geechie Dan. Driven by money, he and his crew rob everyone at Madame Zenobia's estate and steal cash and jewelry, including Steve's wallet. Like his rival, he is also persuaded in situations where he is promised money." ]	[ "Calvin Lockhart" ]
2677875745764607428	Trolls (film)	Trolls ( film ) - Wikipedia Trolls ( film ) Not to be confused with Troll ( film ) . Trolls Theatrical release poster Directed by Mike Mitchell Produced by Gina Shay Screenplay by Jonathan Aibel Glenn Berger Story by Erica Rivinoja Based on Troll dolls by Thomas Dam Starring Anna Kendrick Justin Timberlake Zooey Deschanel Russell Brand James Corden Gwen Stefani Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Yong Duk Jhun Edited by Nick Fletcher Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) ( BFI London Film Festival ) November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $346.8 million Trolls is a 2016 American computer - animated musical film based on the Troll dolls created by Thomas Dam . The film was directed by Mike Mitchell and co-directed by Walt Dohrn , written by Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger and based on a story by Erica Rivinoja . The film features the voices of Anna Kendrick , Justin Timberlake , Zooey Deschanel , Russell Brand , James Corden and Gwen Stefani . The film follows two trolls who go on a quest to save their village from destruction by the Bergens , creatures who eat trolls . The 33rd animated feature film produced by DreamWorks Animation , the film premiered on October 8 , 2016 , at the BFI London Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed $346 million worldwide against its $125 million budget and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . A sequel , Trolls World Tour , is scheduled to be released on April 17 , 2020 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Franchise 7.1 Trolls World Tour ( 2020 sequel ) 7.2 Television special 7.3 Animated series 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The Trolls are small creatures who live in an almost perpetual state of happiness , singing , dancing and hugging all day . However , they are discovered by the Bergens , large miserable creatures , who can feel happy only after eating a Troll . The Bergens imprison the trolls and eat them every year on a special occasion , called Trollstice . The Trolls , led by their king , King Peppy , with his baby daughter , Princess Poppy , escape through underground tunnels on the day of Trollstice , when Prince Gristle Jr. was going to eat his first Troll . Enraged , Gristle Jr. 's father King Gristle Sr. banishes his Chef who was in charge of the Trollstice preparation . 20 years later , ( at the age of 20 ) Poppy throws a big party to celebrate the Trolls ' escape , despite the fears and warnings of the gray troll , Branch , that loud parties will attract the Bergens . A Zen troll named Creek arrives and tells Branch to start being happy instead of being grumpy ; Branch refuses . At the party , Branch 's fears come true , when Chef sees the fireworks and kidnaps Guy Diamond , Biggie with Mr. Dinkles , Fuzzbert , Smidge , Satin with Chenille , D.J. Suki , Cooper , and Creek ( which Poppy tried to rescue ) . Chef , then takes the kidnapped Trolls back to Bergen Town , while secretly plotting to overthrow its monarchy in revenge for her banishment . Alone inside the bunker , Branch looks at a bunch of homemade party invitations , indicating that he appreciates Poppy 's offers of friendship and internally would like to have fun with the rest of the trolls . Meanwhile , Poppy goes on a rescue mission alone , as no other troll is willing to venture to Bergen Town , including Branch . But later on , when Poppy gets into trouble , she is saved by Branch , who thinks she will not make it if she goes alone . Once inside the Bergen king 's castle , Poppy and Branch witness Creek apparently get eaten by Gristle Jr. ( who is now king ) , but Poppy remains hopeful that Creek survived . Poppy and Branch find the rest of the captured Trolls being guarded by a scullery maid named Bridget . Poppy discovers that Bridget is secretly in love with King Gristle Jr. and offers to help her get a date with the king while trying to confirm if Creek is alive . While setting Bridget up for the date , Branch refuses to sing and triggers an argument with Poppy , revealing that , as a child , his grandmother was captured and got killed while trying to save him , because his singing compromised his location to Chef . Branch 's guilt and shame over his grandmother 's death caused his color to turn from blue to gray . After Poppy comforts him with a hug , Branch decides to help Bridget and the trolls , though he still refuses to sing . Bridget , disguised under the name of ' Lady Glitter Sparkles ' gets her date with Gristle Jr. at a roller rink and arcade restaurant and Gristle Jr. asks her to be his `` plus one '' at Trollstice . Poppy notices Creek being held captive inside the jewel adorning the king 's mantle . Having helped Bridget , the Trolls attempt to rescue Creek from Gristle 's room and steal his jewel but discover that it is empty . The Trolls are then captured by Chef and are shocked to discover that Creek sold them out to the Bergens to spare himself from being eaten . Creek lures out every troll from Troll village and they are captured by Chef and the other Bergen cooks . With all the Trolls captured and soon to be eaten , a heartbroken Poppy becomes sad after she had been betrayed by her friend , loses hope as she and all the other Trolls turn gray . Branch sings `` True Colors '' for the princess to cheer her up , and also confesses his affection for her . Poppy , after regaining her colors , returns Branch 's feelings , and they both end up restoring all the trolls ' colors including Branch 's . Bridget saves the trolls , willing to sacrifice herself . Poppy wishes to return the favor , and with Branch and her friends , shows the Bergens that Bridget was Lady Glitter Sparkles and that they too , can find happiness within themselves . Chef refuses to accept the peace and tries to kill the Trolls , but is knocked into a serving cart that is sent rolling out of Bergen Town . Chef is set on fire with Creek , who was still in her pouch . Both species celebrate , bringing new life to the town and renewing the life of the troll tree . Poppy is then declared queen of the Trolls , and Poppy and Branch share a hug . In a mid-credits scene , Chef and Creek 's cart stops rolling . Chef prepares to eat Creek herself , but they soon find out they are on top of a monster , who opens his mouth and eats them . Cast ( edit ) Anna Kendrick and Justin Timberlake at the film 's preview at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival Anna Kendrick as Poppy , the princess and later queen of the Trolls Iris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy . Justin Timberlake as Branch , a paranoid , disgruntled Troll survivalist Liam Henry voices a younger Branch . Zooey Deschanel as Bridget , a kind - hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to Chef and has feelings for Gristle . Christopher Mintz - Plasse as Prince Gristle , the prince ( later king ) of the Bergens . He is Bridget 's love interest . Christine Baranski as Chef , a mean - spirited Bergen chef who is in charge of Troll preparation . Russell Brand as Creek , a Troll with a positive personality and zen - like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and double - crosser willing to sell out all the Trolls just so he wo n't be eaten . Gwen Stefani as DJ Suki , the Trolls ' resident disc jockey . James Corden as Biggie , a chubby , friendly Troll . Jeffrey Tambor as King Peppy , the king of the Trolls and Poppy 's father . Ron Funches as Cooper , a giraffe - like Troll that walks on all fours . Icona Pop as Satin and Chenille , twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion . Kunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond , a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto - Tuned voice who is always naked . John Cleese as King Gristle Sr. , Gristle 's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film . Walt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles , Biggie 's pet worm . Dohrn also voices Smidge , Fuzzbert , Cloud Guy , Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen # 2 . GloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff , an elderly Troll and Branch 's late grandmother who was taken by a Bergen while saving Branch . In the UK version , newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version , Dami Im voices the character . Meg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop , a dancing Troll . Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version . Ricky Dillon as Aspen Heitz , a Troll skitterboarder . Kandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust , a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town . Quvenzhané Wallis as Harper , a Troll artist who paints with her hair . Mike Mitchell as Darius , Vinny the Phone , Captain Starfunkle , Spider , Wedgie Bergen # 1 , Chad , Card Grace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf , one of the trolls . Carrie Hope Fletcher voices the character in the UK version . Curtis Stone as Todd , a royal guard that works for the Bergen Royal Family . Rhys Darby as Bibbly , a Bergen shopkeeper of the Bib Store . Production ( edit ) Director Mike Mitchell and co-director Walt Dohrn presented footage from the film at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International DreamWorks announced plans for a film based on the Troll toyline as early as 2010 . This version was to be written by Adam Wilson and his wife Melanie . By 2012 , Chloë Grace Moretz had already been cast in the female lead role and Jason Schwartzman was reported to have been offered the male lead . In September 2012 , 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the film with the working title Trolls would be released on June 5 , 2015 , with Anand Tucker set to direct the film , written by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes . By April 2013 , DreamWorks Animation had acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things . Having `` big plans for the franchise , '' DreamWorks Animation became the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights , except for Scandinavia , where Dam Things remains the licensor . In May 2013 , the film was pushed back for a year to November 4 , 2016 . The same month , DreamWorks Animation announced that Mike Mitchell and Erica Rivinoja has been hired as a director and screenplay writer to `` reimagine '' the film as a musical comedy , which will present the origin of the Trolls ' colorful hair . On June 16 , 2014 , Anna Kendrick joined the cast to voice Poppy , a princess . On September 15 , 2015 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Justin Timberlake will voice a character named Branch . Timberlake previously worked with DreamWorks Animation as the voice of Arthur `` Artie '' Pendragon in Shrek the Third in 2007 . The full cast announced their respective roles via announcements on Twitter on January 6 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Trolls ( soundtrack ) Justin Timberlake served as an executive producer for the film 's music and released the original song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' on May 6 , 2016 . The song reached No. 1 in the official charts of 17 countries , including the United States and Canada . Timberlake along with the film cast , with guest appearances from Earth , Wind & Fire and Ariana Grande , contributed to the soundtrack . The soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and the Australian Recording Industry Association . Release ( edit ) The film 's opening premiere opened at the BFI London Film Festival Event on October 8 , 2016 as a special BFI presentation , and was theatrically released on November 4 , 2016 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox . Home Media ( edit ) Trolls was released on Digital HD on January 24 , 2017 , and on DVD and Blu - ray on February 7 , 2017 . The film topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Trolls grossed $153.7 million in the US and Canada and $193.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $346.8 million , against a budget of $125 million . In the United States and Canada , Trolls was released alongside the releases of Doctor Strange and Hacksaw Ridge , and was projected to gross $35 -- 40 million from 4,060 theaters in its opening weekend . On its first day , the film grossed $12.3 million ( including $900,000 made from Thursday night previews ) . It went on to open to $46.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Doctor Strange . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 148 reviews ; the average rating is 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Trolls brings its instantly recognizable characters to the big screen in a colorful adventure that , while geared toward the younger set , is n't without rewards for parents . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 80 % overall positive score . Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and said , `` Ultimately , the ' get happy ' moral of the story , while trite compared to something like Inside Out , is sufficiently sweet enough for its audience . Did you expect more from a piece of candy ? '' Bill Zwecker of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and said , `` You simply will walk out -- or perhaps dance out -- of the theater feeling very happy yourself . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times said , `` Exuberant , busy and sometimes funny , DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls is determined to amuse . '' The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` an admittedly vibrant - looking but awfully recognizable animated musical comedy concoction . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film `` combines the barely - there characterization and irritating cutesiness of The Smurfs with the hideous character design and awful pop covers of Strange Magic . '' Betsy Bozdech of Common Sense Media gave the movie 4 stars . She said , `` Make no mistake : Kids are going to love this movie . Trolls is cute , it 's colorful , it has tons of catchy songs , and the messages are positive and easy to understand ( happiness is inside everyone , if you know where / how to find it , and you should n't have to change who you are to get someone to like you ) . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Original Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated American Music Awards November 19 , 2017 Top Soundtrack Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Tim Lamb and Craig Kellman Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Kendal Cronkhite and Tim Lamb Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Claire Morrissey Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Zooey Deschanel Nominated Billboard Music Awards May 21 , 2017 Top Soundtrack / Cast Album Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Trolls Nominated Best Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Original Song Nominated Grammy Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Song Written for Visual Media Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 16 , 2017 Best Song / Recording Created for a Film Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 6 , 2016 Hollywood Song Award `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song Written for an Animated Film `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Won Best Soundtrack From a Movie Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Justin Timberlake Nominated iHeartRadio Music Awards March 5 , 2017 Best Song from a Movie `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Trolls Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick Nominated Favorite Frenemies Nominated Favorite Soundtrack Trolls : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Satellite Awards February 19 , 2017 Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Trolls Nominated Best Original Song `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Trolls Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 18 , 2016 Best Soundtrack Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Nominated Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' by Justin Timberlake Nominated World Soundtrack Awards October 18 , 2017 Best Original Song written directly for a Film `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' -- Max Martin , Shellback and Justin Timberlake Nominated Regarding music award shows , only film - related categories are included on this list . Franchise ( edit ) DreamWorks Trolls : The Experience was the first of multiple properties mobile pop - up attractions Feld Entertainment and Universal Brand Development had agreed to develop in April 2018 . The pop - up attraction opening in New York City on October 22 , 2018 . Trolls World Tour ( 2020 sequel ) ( edit ) On February 28 , 2017 , Universal Pictures , the studio 's new distributor and parent company since 2016 , and DreamWorks Animation announced that a sequel titled Trolls 2 would be released on April 10 , 2020 , with Kendrick and Timberlake reprising their roles of Poppy and Branch . On October 4 , 2017 , the release date for the sequel was moved up to February 14 , 2020 , as Fast & Furious 9 took its original April 10 , 2020 slot . Along with the new release date , it was announced that Dohrn will be returning to direct and Shay will return to produce the sequel . On December 6 , 2017 , the film was pushed back to an April 17 , 2020 release . In May 2018 , it was confirmed that Sam Rockwell , Chance the Rapper , Anthony Ramos , Karan Soni , Flula Borg , and Jamie Dornan joined the cast . Corden , Icona Pop , Funches , and Nayyar will also reprise their roles . A new title for the sequel , Trolls World Tour , was announced in June 2018 . Television special ( edit ) Main article : Trolls Holiday Trolls Holiday is a half - hour television special that aired on November 24 , 2017 on NBC . Set after the film , Poppy realizes that the Bergens have no holidays to celebrate . She enlists Branch and their friends ( the Snack Pack ) to show their best friend Bridget and other Bergens the importance of holidays . Most of the original cast ( including Kendrick , Timberlake , Deschanel , Mintz - Plasse , Corden , Funches , Nayyar and Dohrn ) all reprise their roles from the film . The likely - Christmas Special is also directed by Crawford and written by Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener with music by Jeff Morrow . Its soundtrack album that features seven songs was released on October 27 , 2017 . It is now available on Netflix and on DVD by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . The bonus features of the DVD also include one episode of Spirit Riding Free and two of Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh . Animated series ( edit ) Main article : Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! A 26 - episode animated series based on the film , entitled Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! that airs on Netflix premiered on January 19 , 2018 . The show stars Amanda Leighton as Poppy , Skylar Astin as Branch , and Funches who is reprising his role as Cooper . Notes ( edit ) ^ In 2018 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred to Universal Pictures via its acquisition of DreamWorks Animation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christophe Beck to Score DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Rechtshaffen ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trolls ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' is expected to draw a massive audience for Disney 's Marvel Studios '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Trolls ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BFI London Film Festival - Trolls '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Timberlake To Add His Voice To DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ; Miller , Julie ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` What Happened When Justin Timberlake , Anna Kendrick , and Trolls Came to Cannes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel , Jeffrey Tambor Join DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brand , Russel ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Creek ! # DreamWorksTrolls # LetYourHairUp '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stefani , Gwen ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet DJ Suki ! # DreamWorksTrolls # RockinTroll '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corden , James ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Biggie ! # DreamWorksTrolls # TheySeeMeTrollin '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Funches , Ronald ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember Trolls ? ! They 're back ! In Ron form . # DreamWorksTrolls '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Icona Pop ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet the Fashionistas ! # DreamWorksTrolls # TwiceAsNice '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nayyar , Kunal ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Hair we go ! Meet Guy Diamond ! # DreamWorksTrolls # ShineBrightLikeGuyDiamond '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls Official Website '' . DreamWorks . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhole , Aneeta ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's an honour to voice Timberlake 's Grandma ' : Eurovision finalist Dami Im will make her film debut in the new DreamWorks animation Trolls '' . DMG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Carrie . `` Voicing A Troll '' . YouTube . Carrie Hope Fletcher . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation Plans Good Luck Trolls Film '' . Coming Soon.net . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Schwartzman In ' Trolls ' Mode ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Acquires IP For Trolls With Plans To Take Iconic Dolls ' Brand ( And Hair ) To New Heights '' . DreamWorks Animation. April 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Moves B.O.O. Release Up to June 5 , 2015 and TROLLS to November 4 , 2016 ; Fox Dates ANUBIS and FERDINAND '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Comedy Director Mike Mitchell And Emmy Award Winning Writer Erica Rivinoja Bring DreamWorks ' Trolls To The Big Screen '' . DreamWorks Animation . May 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Kendrick to Voice DreamWorks Animation 's Trolls '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Announces a Cast of Trolls '' . BCDB Blog . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Delivers Delightful Single ' Ca n't Stop The Feeling ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Talks ' Trolls ' Soundtrack and New Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Trolls '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aria Albums Chart '' . January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` DWA 's ' Trolls ' Brings the Happy Home on Disc & Digital '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Trolls ' Tops Disc Sales Charts Variety , Retrieved February 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ ' Trolls ' Trumps ' Arrival ' to Remain No. 1 on Disc Sales Charts Variety , Retrieved February 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Strange ' To Give Booster Shot To Sleepy Fall Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Resuscitates Fall Box Office With $81 M To $83 M+ Opening -- Saturday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ; Press , The Associated . `` Review : ' Trolls ' is big - hearted sensory overload '' . Jump up ^ `` Delightful ' Trolls ' achieves maximum smiles per hour '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : The ' Trolls ' Embark on a High - Haired Rescue Mission '' . The New York Times . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Trolls ' London Review : Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick Are Floppin ' to Oldies '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bozdech , Betsy . `` Trolls Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Is the Full List of 2017 AMAs Nominations '' . Billboard . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drake , The Chainsmokers Lead Nominees for the 2017 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2017 : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' Justin Timberlake Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Be Honored at Hollywood Film Awards '' . Hollywood Film Awards . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Alexandra ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Feld develop Trolls interactive attraction '' . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications Ltd . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gross , Arlene ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` New ' DreamWorks Trolls ' event coming to NYC '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Universal DreamWorks Animation Announces ' Trolls 2 ' ; Sets for April 10 , 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 9 ' Drives To Easter Weekend 2020 ; DreamWorks Animation 's ' Trolls 2 ' Eyes Valentine 's Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sam Rockwell , Chance The Rapper Join DreamWorks ' ' Trolls 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Trolls Light Up Animation Race With Holiday Special '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trolls Holiday '' . NBC . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Frozen , Trolls getting new TV specials '' . Den Of Geek ! . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TROLLS Holiday '' . Amazon . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Trolls Everywhere : NBCUniversal Aims to Use Parent Comcast 's Reach to Spawn a Franchise '' . Fox Business . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake , Anna Kendrick Set for NBC Animated Musical Special DREAMWORKS TROLLS HOLIDAY '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trolls : The Beat Goes On Netflix series gets first image '' . Toonbarn.com . October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Trolls ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trolls ( film ) . Official website Dreamworks Trolls Party Trolls on IMDb Trolls at The Big Cartoon DataBase Trolls at Box Office Mojo Trolls at Rotten Tomatoes Trolls at Metacritic Trolls at AllMovie Trolls Animated Trollz ( 2005 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( 2018 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) Video games Trolls ( 1992 ) Super Troll Islands ( 1994 ) DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( since 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Films directed by Mike Mitchell Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Surviving Christmas ( 2004 ) Sky High ( 2005 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Lego Movie 2 : The Second Part ( 2019 ) Cartoon portal Animation portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trolls_(film)&oldid=856882094 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films Trolls ( film ) 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical comedy films 20th Century Fox animated films American 3D films American children 's animated fantasy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films American films Animated comedy films Animated musical films Films about trolls Films based on toys Jukebox musical films DreamWorks Animation animated films Films scored by Christophe Beck Films directed by Mike Mitchell Justin Timberlake Hidden categories : Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of the cloud in trolls	[ "Anna Kendrick as Poppy, the princess and later queen of the Trolls\nIris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy.\nJustin Timberlake as Branch, a paranoid, disgruntled Troll survivalist\nLiam Henry voices a younger Branch.\nZooey Deschanel as Bridget, a kind-hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to Chef and has feelings for Gristle.[11]\nChristopher Mintz-Plasse as Prince Gristle, the prince (later king) of the Bergens. He is Bridget's love interest.[11]\nChristine Baranski as Chef, a mean-spirited Bergen chef who is in charge of Troll preparation.[11]\nRussell Brand as Creek, a Troll with a positive personality and zen-like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and double-crosser willing to sell out all the Trolls just so he won't be eaten.[11][12]\nGwen Stefani as DJ Suki, the Trolls' resident disc jockey.[11][13]\nJames Corden as Biggie, a chubby, friendly Troll.[11][14]\nJeffrey Tambor as King Peppy, the king of the Trolls and Poppy's father.[11]\nRon Funches as Cooper, a giraffe-like Troll that walks on all fours.[11][15]\nIcona Pop as Satin and Chenille, twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion.[11][16]\nKunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond, a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto-Tuned voice who is always naked.[11][17]\nJohn Cleese as King Gristle Sr., Gristle's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film.[11]\nWalt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles, Biggie's pet worm.[11]\nDohrn also voices Smidge, Fuzzbert, Cloud Guy, Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen #2.\nGloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff, an elderly Troll and Branch's late grandmother who was taken by a Bergen while saving Branch.[18] In the UK version, newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version, Dami Im voices the character.[19]\nMeg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop, a dancing Troll.[18] Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version.\nRicky Dillon as Aspen Heitz, a Troll skitterboarder.[18]\nKandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust, a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town.[18]\nQuvenzhané Wallis as Harper, a Troll artist who paints with her hair.[11]\nMike Mitchell as Darius, Vinny the Phone, Captain Starfunkle, Spider, Wedgie Bergen #1, Chad, Card\nGrace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf, one of the trolls. Carrie Hope Fletcher voices the character in the UK version.[20]\nCurtis Stone as Todd, a royal guard that works for the Bergen Royal Family.\nRhys Darby as Bibbly, a Bergen shopkeeper of the Bib Store." ]	[ "Walt Dohrn" ]
9162638361208669333	Age of marriage in the United States	Age of Marriage in the United states - wikipedia Age of Marriage in the United states Jump to : navigation , search General age of marriage ( without parental or court approval or other exceptions taken into account ) 18 19 21 Unlike most Western countries , half of the U.S. states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage . While in most U.S. states , individuals age 18 have the ability to marry ( with two exceptions -- Nebraska ( 19 ) and Mississippi ( 21 ) ) , all states allow minors to marry in certain circumstances , such as parental consent , judicial consent , pregnancy , or a combination of these situations . Most states allow parties aged 16 and 17 to marry with parental consent alone . In most states , children under 16 can be married too . In the 25 states which have an absolute minimum age set by statute , this age varies between 13 and 17 , while in 25 states there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met . Although in such states there is no set minimum age by statute , the traditional common law minimum age is 14 for boys and 12 for girls - ages which have been confirmed by case law in some states . Over the past 15 years , more than 200,000 minors married in US , and in Tennessee girls as young as 10 were married in 2001 . State Minimum age Notes Statutory age when all exceptions are taken into account General age Alabama 16 18 Alaska 14 18 Arizona none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Arkansas none 18 California none 18 No minimum age with approval of a superior court judge and parental consent . Colorado none 18 No minimum age with judicial approval and parental consent . Connecticut 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 16 with parental and judicial consent . Delaware none 18 District of Columbia 16 18 Florida none 18 No minimum age in case of pregnancy Georgia 16 18 Hawaii 15 18 15 with parental or judicial consent . Idaho none 18 Illinois 16 18 Indiana 15 18 15 in the case of pregnancy with both parental and judicial consent . Iowa 16 18 Kansas 15 18 Kentucky none 18 Louisiana none 18 Maine none 18 Maryland 15 18 Massachusetts none 18 Consent can be just judicial , but is normally both parental and judicial . In the absence of any statutory minimum age , one opinion is that the traditional minimum common law marriageable age of 12 for girls and 14 for boys may still be in effect . Michigan none 18 16 with parental consent Minnesota 16 18 Mississippi none 21 females 15 -- 21 and males 17 -- 21 can marry with parental consent alone Missouri none 18 Parental consent required for ages 15 -- 17 . Judicial consent required below age 15 . Montana 16 18 Nebraska 17 19 Nevada none 18 New Hampshire 13 for females , 14 for males 18 In cases of `` special cause '' with parental consent and court permission . New Jersey none 18 16 with parental consent and in case of pregnancy . New Mexico none 18 New York 17 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 17 with parental and judicial consent . North Carolina 14 18 North Dakota 14 18 14 With parental consent Ohio none 18 18 for males regardless of parental consent . 16 for females with parental consent , 18 for females without parental consent . Oklahoma none 18 Oregon 17 18 Consenting parent or guardian must accompany the applicant when applying for the marriage license . Pennsylvania none 18 Under 16 years of age if a Judge of the Orphans Court `` decides that it is to the best interest of the applicant and authorizes the issuance of the license . '' Rhode Island none 18 South Carolina 16 18 South Dakota 16 18 Tennessee none 18 Texas 16 18 Since 2017 , the minimum age is 18 , however emancipated minors aged 16 -- 17 have an exemption to legally marry . Utah 15 18 15 with court approval and parental consent . Vermont 16 18 Virginia 16 18 In 2016 , VA made 18 the minimum age ; and 16 with court approval in special cases Washington none 18 May be waived by superior court judge . West Virginia none 18 No minimum with both parental and judicial consent Wisconsin 16 18 Wyoming none 18 See also ( edit ) Child marriage in the United States Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Parental consent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in 2017 , Connecticut and Texas became the 24th and 25th states to set a minimum age ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding State Statutes on Minimum Marriage Age and Exceptions '' . Tahirih Justice Center . November 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/200000-children-married-us-15-years-child-marriage-child-brides-new-jersey-chris-christie-a7830266.html Jump up ^ `` Section 30 - 1 - 4 : Minimum age for contracting marriage '' . Code of Alabama . Alabama Legislature. 1975 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . A person under the age of 16 years is incapable of contracting marriage . ^ Jump up to : `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 25 - 102 . Consent required for marriage of minors '' . Arizona Revised Statutes . Arizona State Legislature . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Persons under eighteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of such person . Persons under sixteen years of age shall not marry without the consent of the parent or guardian having custody of that person and the approval of any superior court judge in the state . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Age Requirements Laws '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk and Recorder : Marriage & Recording / License Information / Marriage of Minors '' . City and County of Denver . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ C.R.S. Colorado Revised Statutes 14 - 2 - 106 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=HB05442&which_year=2017 Jump up ^ `` Marriage Laws of the Fifty States , District of Columbia and Puerto Rico '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` IC 31 - 11 - 1 : ARTICLE 11 . FAMILY LAW : MARRIAGE '' . Indiana Code 2016 . Indiana General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nonage minors ; authorization of marriage '' , General Laws : Chapter 207 , Section 25 , Massachusetts General Court , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 Jump up ^ Richards , Victoria ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Child marriage chart reveals girls can wed at 12 in some parts of the US - as lawmakers battle to raise age to 16 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Meg ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Child Brides '' . Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Section 551.103 : MARRIAGE LICENSE ( EXCERPT ) , Act 128 of 1887 '' . Michigan Legislature. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 93 - DOMESTIC RELATIONS , Chapter 1 - MARRIAGE § 93 - 1 - 5 - Conditions precedent to issuance of license ; penalty for noncompliance '' . 2013 Mississippi Code . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every male who is at least seventeen ( 17 ) years old and every female who is at least fifteen ( 15 ) years old shall be capable in law of contracting marriage . Jump up ^ `` TITLE XLIII : DOMESTIC RELATIONS , CHAPTER 457 : MARRIAGES , Age : Section 457 : 4 '' . New Hampshire General Court . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/20/us-new-york-governor-signs-anti-child-marriage-law `` Human Rights Watch : NY State Marriage Laws Update 2016 / 2017 '' . Human Rights Watch . Human Rights Watch . June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio 's Marriage Laws '' . Ohio State Bar Association . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Title 23 : CHAPTER 13 , MARRIAGE LICENSE '' . Pennsylvania General Assembly . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=SB1705 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Marriage Licenses '' . Courts of Utah . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Why 13 - year - olds can no longer marry in Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Anjali ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` America 's child marriage crisis : Virginia law tackles continuing issue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 26.04. 010 Marriage contract -- Void marriages '' . Revised Code of Washington . Washington State Legislature. 2016 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Every marriage entered into in which either person has not attained the age of seventeen years is void except where this section has been waived by a superior court judge of the county in which one of the parties resides on a showing of necessity . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_marriage_in_the_United_States&oldid=822672405 '' Categories : Adolescence in the United States Law - related lists Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States Minimum ages Sex laws Statutory law Youth rights in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 20 : 45 . About Wikipedia	what state has the lowest age for marriage	[]	[]
841220327507817912	The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)	The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released October 12 , 1993 October 24 , 2006 ( Reissue ) Genre Soundtrack Length 61 : 09 33 : 26 ( disc 2 ) 39 : 13 ( disc 2 Best Buy edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman The Nightmare Before Christmas chronology The Nightmare Before Christmas : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1993 ) Nightmare Revisited ( 2008 ) Nightmare Revisited 2008 Danny Elfman chronology Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Batman Returns 1992 The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas1993 Black Beauty ( 1994 ) Black Beauty 1994 Re-release cover 2006 Reissue Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman . It was released on October 12 , 1993 , by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop - motion animated musical dark fantasy film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Composed by Danny Elfman , the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score . The album peaked at # 98 on the US Billboard 200 . For the film 's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3 - D , a special edition of the soundtrack was released , a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film 's songs by Fall Out Boy , Panic ! at the Disco , Marilyn Manson , Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge . Four original demo tracks ( six on the Best Buy exclusive ) by Elfman were also included . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 2006 reissue bonus disc 2 Personnel 2.1 Performers 2.2 Additional performers 2.3 Musicians 2.4 Technical 2.5 Bonus Content 3 Foreign Language Versions 4 References Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture ( score ) '' 1 : 48 2 . `` Opening '' Patrick Stewart 0 : 57 3 . `` This Is Halloween '' The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 16 4 . `` Jack 's Lament '' Danny Elfman 3 : 14 5 . `` Doctor Finklestein / In the Forest ( score ) '' 2 : 36 6 . `` What 's This ? '' Danny Elfman 2 : 59 7 . `` Town Meeting Song '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 56 8 . `` Jack and Sally Montage ( score ) '' 5 : 17 9 . `` Jack 's Obsession '' Danny Elfman , Halloween Cast 2 : 46 10 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Paul Reubens , Catherine O'Hara , Danny Elfman 3 : 02 11 . `` Making Christmas '' Danny Elfman , The Citizens of Halloween Town 3 : 57 12 . `` Nabbed ( score ) '' 3 : 04 13 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' Ken Page , Ed Ivory 3 : 17 14 . `` Sally 's Song '' Catherine O'Hara 1 : 47 15 . `` Christmas Eve Montage ( score ) '' 4 : 43 16 . `` Poor Jack '' Danny Elfman 2 : 31 17 . `` To the Rescue ( score ) '' 3 : 38 18 . `` Finale / Reprise '' Danny Elfman , Catherine O'Hara , The Citizens of Halloween Town 2 : 44 19 . `` Closing '' Patrick Stewart 1 : 26 20 . `` End Title ( score ) '' 5 : 05 On some versions of the CD , `` End Title '' is two tracks ( 20 and 21 ) with lengths of 1 : 10 and 3 : 55 respectively . In this case , track 21 is considered a `` hidden track '' but features the same music as the 20 - track release , which keeps `` End Title '' as one track . 2006 reissue bonus disc ( edit ) All tracks written by Danny Elfman . No . Title Contributing artist Length 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Marilyn Manson 3 : 22 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Fiona Apple 3 : 20 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Fall Out Boy 3 : 00 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' She Wants Revenge 5 : 09 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Panic ! at the Disco 3 : 36 6 . `` Making Christmas '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 5 : 34 7 . `` Oogie Boogie 's Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 15 8 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 51 9 . `` This Is Halloween '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 19 ( show ) Best Buy exclusive bonus tracks No . Title Contributing artist Length 10 . `` Town Meeting Song '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 2 : 47 11 . `` What 's This ? '' ( Demo ) Danny Elfman 3 : 00 The `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' and `` This Is Halloween '' demos are reversed in the track listing on the backside of the album cover and in the album booklet . Personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from the 2006 edition of the soundtrack 's liner notes . Performers ( edit ) Danny Elfman -- principal artist ( Jack Skellington , Barrell ) , vocals Catherine O'Hara -- principal artist ( Sally , Shock ) , vocals Glenn Shadix -- principal artist ( Mayor ) , vocals Ken Page -- principal artist ( Oogie Boogie ) , vocals Paul Reubens -- principal artist ( Lock ) , vocals Ed Ivory -- principal artist ( Santa ) , vocals Additional performers ( edit ) Sherwood Ball -- background vocals Debi Durst -- background vocals Randy Crenshaw -- background vocals Kerry Katz -- background vocals Susan McBride -- background vocals Bobbi Page -- background vocals Greg Proops - background vocals Carmen Twillie -- background vocals Glenn Walters -- background vocals Musicians ( edit ) Steve Bartek -- musical director , song orchestration Mark McKenzie -- score orchestration Chris Boardman -- song conductor J.A.C. Redford -- score conductor Mark Mann -- additional orchestration Technical ( edit ) Danny Elfman -- producer Bob Badami -- associate producer , music editor Richard Kraft -- associate producer Bill Jackson -- vocal recording engineer Bobby Fernandez -- song recording engineer Shawn Murphy -- song and score recording engineer , audio mixing Sharone Rice -- assistant engineer Bill Easystone -- assistant engineer Mike Piersante -- assistant engineer Andy Bass -- assistant engineer Dave Collins -- digital editing , mastering engineer Letitia Rogers -- assistant music editor Bobbi Page -- vocal contractor Patti Zimmitti -- orchestra contractor Marc Mann -- music preparation Joel Franklin -- music copyist Megan Cavallari -- demo assistant Gary Adler -- art director Bonus Content ( edit ) 1 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced and Mixed by Marilyn Manson and Tim Skold 2 . `` Sally 's Song '' Produced by Mike Elizondo Mixed by Adam Hawkins Engineered by Adam Hawkins @ Phantom Studio , Westlake Village , CA Assistant Engineer : Erin J. Funk - Dublan Keyboards : Zac Rae Upright Bass : Mike Elizondo Drums : Charley Drayton Strings : The Section Quartet - Eric Gorfain , Daphne Chen , Leah Katz , Richard Dodd String Arrangement by Eric Gorfain Project Coordinator : Jolie Levine 3 . `` What 's This ? '' Produced and Mixed by Neal Avron Recorded by Neal Avron and Erich Talaba Pro Tools Engineer : Matt Green Assistant Engineer : Zeph Sowers Recorded at The Pass Studios , Los Angeles , CA Mixed at Paramount Studios , Hollywood , CA Mix Assistant : George Gumbs 4 . `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' Produced by KoRn 5 . `` This Is Halloween '' Produced by Panic ! At the Disco and Rob Mathes Vocals Arranged by Ryan Ross and Brendon Urie Recorded by Panic ! At the Disco at Ryan 's house Las Vegas , NV Orchestra Arranged and Conducted by Rob Mathes Recorded by Mark Mandelhaum , assisted by Alex Venguer at Legacy Recording Studio , New York , NY Concertmaster and Orchestra Contractor : Sandra Park Music Copyist : Mike and Lori Casteel Mixed by Chris Shaw at Avatar Studios , New York , NY 6 - 11 . Demos All Demo Vocals Performed by Danny Elfman Synth Demo Tracks Arranged , Orchestrated and Performed by Danny Elfman Recorded by Bill Jackson Mixed by Noah Snyder Produced by Danny Elfman and Tim Burton A&R : Dani Markman Business affairs : Jeff Lowy Mastered by Pat Sullivan at Bernie Grundman Mastering , Hollywood , CA Creative Direction : Steve Gerdes Album Design : Greg Ross for Orabor Foreign language versions ( edit ) There are several foreign - language versions of the soundtrack , each features tracks sung by vocalists in their native language as well as original score tracks by Danny Elfman . French , L'Étrange Noël de Monsieur Jack Jack - Olivier Constantin Sally - Nina Morato Oogie Boogie - Richard Darbois Santa Claus ( Père Noël ) - Henri Poirier German , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Alexander Goebel Sally - Nina Hagen Oogie Boogie - Ron Williams Santa Claus - Manfred Lichtenfeld Italian , Nightmare Before Christmas Jack - Renato Zero Sally - Marjorie Biondo Oogie Boogie ( Bau - Bau ) - Andrea Surdi Santa Claus ( Babbo Natale ) - Silvio Spaccesi Japanese , ナイトメアー・ビフォア・クリスマス Jack ( ジャック ) - Masachika Ichimura ( 市村正親 ) Sally ( サリー ) - Yuko Doi ( 土居裕子 ) Oogie Boogie ( ブギー ) - Kobayashi Atom ( 小林アトム ) Santa Claus ( サンタクロース ) - Tomoaki Nagae ( 永江智明 ) Castilian Spanish , Pesadilla Antes De Navidad Jack - Tony Cruz Sally - María Caneda Oogie Boogie - Jesús Castejón Santa Claus - Julio Núñez Latin American Spanish , El extraño mundo de Jack Jack - Sergio Zaldivar Sally - Gabriela Vega Oogie Boogie - Rubén Cerda Santa Claus - José Lavat Russian , Кошмар перед Рождеством Jack ( Джек ) - Aleksej Kortnyev ( Алексей Кортнев ) Sally ( Салли ) - Tutta Larsen ( Тутта Ларсен ) Oogie Boogie ( Бугимэн ) - Nikolai Fomenko ( Николай Фоменко ) Santa Claus ( Санта - Клаус ) - Sergej Mazayev ( Сергей Мазаев ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Charts and awards for The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Panic , Marilyn Manson Add To New ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Soundtrack '' . MTV News . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas_(soundtrack)&oldid=841860710 '' Categories : 1993 soundtracks Danny Elfman soundtracks Albums produced by Danny Elfman Disney film soundtracks Disney animation soundtracks The Nightmare Before Christmas Walt Disney Records soundtracks Halloween albums Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 15 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the music for nightmare before christmas	[ "The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman. It was released on October 12, 1993, by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film The Nightmare Before Christmas. Composed by Danny Elfman, the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score. The album peaked at #98 on the US Billboard 200.[2] For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's songs by Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Marilyn Manson, Fiona Apple and She Wants Revenge. Four original demo tracks (six on the Best Buy exclusive) by Elfman were also included.[3]" ]	[ "American composer Danny Elfman" ]
-3713007870521425442	English honorifics	English honorifics - wikipedia English honorifics hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) English grammar Grammatical case Grammatical conjugation Grammatical mood Grammatical aspect Grammatical voice Grammatical number Grammatical person Periphrasis Adjectives Adverbs English articles Definiteness Specificity Clauses ( in English ) Predicate Copula ( linguistics ) Argument ( linguistics ) Adjunct Collocation ( in English ) Negation Double negatives Intensive word form Modifier Expletive Intensifier Augmentative Diminutive ( in Australian English ) Interrogative word Interrogative Frequentative Causative Complementizer Demonstrative Determiners Determiner English prefix Prefix Suffix Compounds Portmanteau Conditionals Conjunctions English phonology Vowel length Great Vowel Shift English honorifics Style ( manner of address ) Gender Idiom ( in English ) Interjections Inversion Nouns Noun class Pronouns Phrases Plurals Possessives Prepositions Hypocorism Abbreviations Acronyms Comma Hyphen English orthography Verbs Auxiliaries , contractions Irregular verbs Modal verbs deduction habits and past facts Passive voice Phrasal verbs Subjunctive Verb usage Grammar disputes In the English language , an English honorific is a form of address indicating respect . These can be titles prefixing a person 's name , e.g. : Mr , Mrs , Miss , Ms , Sir , Dr , Lady or Lord , or titles or positions that can appear as a form of address without the person 's name , as in Mr President , General , Captain , Father , Doctor or Earl . Many forms of honorifics are for members of the nobility , clergy , or royalty , mostly in countries that are monarchies . These include `` Your Majesty '' , `` Your Royal Highness '' or simply `` Your Highness '' , which are used to address certain members of royalty , or `` My lord / lady '' to address a peer other than a Duke , who is referred to as `` Your Grace '' . Contents 1 Common titles 2 Formal titles 3 Academic and professional titles 4 Religious titles 4.1 Christianity 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Islam 5 See also 6 References Common titles ( edit ) Master : ( / ˈmɑːstər / or / ˈmæstər / ) for boys or young men and as a title for the heir apparent of a Scottish baron or viscount . It may also be used as a professional title , e.g. for the master of a college or the master of a merchant ship . Mr : ( / ˈmɪstər / ) for men , regardless of marital status , who do not have another professional or academic title . The variant Mister , with the same pronunciation , is sometimes used to give jocular or offensive emphasis , or to address a man whose name is unknown . `` Mr '' is used with the name of some offices to address a man who is the office - holder , e.g. `` Mr President '' ; `` Mr Speaker '' , see `` Madam '' below for the equivalent usage for women . Miss : ( / mɪs / ) for girls , unmarried women and ( in the UK ) married women who continue to use their maiden name ( although `` Ms '' is often preferred for the last two ) . In the UK , it has traditionally been used in schools to address female teachers , regardless of marital status . It is also used , without a name , to address girls or young women and ( in the UK ) to address female shop assistants and wait staff . Mrs : ( / ˈmɪsɪz / in the UK , / ˈmɪsəz / or / ˈmɪsəs / in the US generally , or / ˈmɪzəz / or / ˈmɪzəs / in the southern US ) for married women who do not have another professional or academic title . The variant Missus ( / ˈmɪsəz / ) is used in the UK to address a woman whose name is unknown . Ms : ( / mɪz / or / məz / ) for women , regardless of marital status or when marital status is unknown . Mx : ( / mɪks / or / məks / ) a gender - neutral honorific for those who do not wish to specify their gender or do not consider themselves male or female . M : another gender - neutral honorific for those who do not wish to specify their gender or do not consider themselves male or female . Formal titles ( edit ) Sir : for men , formally if they have a British knighthood or if they are a baronet ( used with first name or full name , never surname alone ) or generally ( used on its own ) as a term of general respect or flattery , when it is equivalent in meaning to `` Madam '' for women ( see below ) . Also traditionally used to address male teachers in British schools . Gentleman : Originally a social rank , standing below an esquire and above a yeoman . The term can now refer to any man of good , courteous conduct . It is only generally used as an honorific form of address in the plural ( `` gentlemen '' if referring to a group of men , or as part of `` ladies and gentlemen '' if referring to a mixed group ) , with `` sir '' ( or `` ladies and sir '' ) being used for the singular . Sire : a term of address for a male monarch , previously could be used for a person in a position of authority in general or a lord . Mistress is an archaic form of address for a woman , equivalent to Mrs. Used on its own , it was used to address the female head of a household . The titles Mrs , Miss and Ms are abbreviations derived from Mistress . Madam or Ma'am ( / mæm / in General American and either / mæm / , / mɑːm / , or / məm / in Received Pronunciation . ) : for women , a term of general respect or flattery . Originally used only to a woman of rank or authority . May also refer to a female pimp . Equivalent to `` Sir '' ( see above ) . All of `` Sir '' , `` Madam '' , and `` Ma'am '' are commonly used by workers performing a service for the beneficiary of the service , e.g. `` May I take your coat , Ma'am ? '' `` Madam '' is used with the name of an office to address a woman who is the office - holder , e.g. `` Madam President '' . Dame : for women who have been honoured with a British knighthood in their own right . Women married to knighted individuals , but not knighted in their own right , are commonly referred to as `` Lady '' . Lord : for male barons , viscounts , earls , and marquesses , as well as some of their children . In some countries judges , especially those of higher rank , are referred to as lords , ladies or lordship / ladyship . ( Style : Lordship or My Lord ) . Lady : for female peers with the rank of baroness , viscountess , countess , and marchioness , or the wives of men who hold the equivalent titles . By courtesy the title is often also used for wives of Knights and Baronets . ( Style : Your Ladyship or My Lady ) . As a plural , it may be used as an honorific for women generally ( `` ladies '' if referring to a group of women , or as part of `` ladies and gentlemen '' if referring to a mixed group ) ; `` madam '' ( or `` madam and gentlemen '' ) is used in the singular . Esq : ( / ɪˈskwaɪər / ) ( abbreviation of `` esquire '' ) in the UK used postnominally in written addresses for any adult male if no pre-nominal honorific ( Mr , Dr , etc . ) is used . In the United States it is used in the same manner for lawyers irrespective of sex ; usage of `` esquire '' by a person not licensed to practice in a jurisdiction may be used as evidence of unauthorized practice of law in some cases . May be punctuated `` esq '' or `` esq . '' following practice for other post-nominals . Excellency , also Excellence , a title of honor given to certain high officials , as governors , ambassadors , royalty , nobility , and Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops , ( preceded by his , your , etc . ) . Her / His Honour : Used for judges , mayors and magistrates in some countries . ( Style : Your Honour ) The Honourable or The Honorable ( abbreviated to The Hon. , Hon. or formerly The Hon'ble , used for certain officials , members of congress , parliament , presidents , and judges ( Style : My Lord / Lady or Your Lordship / Your Ladyship , Mr. / Madam Ambassador , Your Honor ) The Right Honourable ( or The Right Honorable in American spelling , although the title is not used in the US ) : used in the UK ( sometimes abbreviated Rt Hon ) for members of the Privy Council ( high government officials , senior judges , archbishops , etc . ) and , formally , for peers below the rank of Marquess ( normally abbreviated to simply `` The '' ) . The Most Honourable : for marquesses and marchionesses ( and , as a group the Most Honourable Order of the Bath and Her Majesty 's Most Honourable Privy Council ) . Academic and professional titles ( edit ) Dr : ( / ˈdɒktər / ) ( abbreviation for Doctor ) for the holder of a doctoral degree ( e.g. PhD , DPhil , MD , or DO in many countries ) and for medical practitioners , dentists and veterinary surgeons ( including as a courtesy title in countries where these professionals do not normally hold doctoral degrees ) , although in some countries it is normal to address surgeons as `` Mr '' , `` Ms '' , etc . The informal abbreviation `` doc '' ( / dɒk / ) is sometimes used . UK citizens who hold doctoral degrees or are registered medical practitioners may have the title `` Doctor '' recorded in their passports . Professor : ( / prəˈfɛsər / ) ( informally abbreviated to `` prof '' ( / prɒf / ) ) for a person who holds the academic rank of professor in a university or other institution . In the UK this is a senior academic position and the title is always used in preference to `` Dr '' , while in the US it refers to tenured or tenure - track academic staff and the title `` Dr '' is often preferred . Professors may have their title recorded in UK passports . QC : postnominally in written addresses for a judge or barrister who has been made a Queen 's Counsel ( King 's Counsel ( KC ) during the reign of a king ) . QCs may have this title recorded in UK passports . Eur Ing : for engineers registered as European Engineers with the European Federation of National Engineering Associations . European engineers may have this title recorded in UK passports . Chancellor : for the chancellor of a university . Vice-Chancellor : for the vice-chancellor of a university . At the University of Cambridge , `` The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor '' is used formally . At the University of Oxford , `` The Reverend the Vice-Chancellor '' is used formally and the salutation is `` Dear Mr Vice-Chancellor '' rather than `` Dear Vice-Chancellor '' . Principal , President , Master , Warden , Dean , Regent , Rector , Provost , Director , or Chief Executive : as appropriate for heads of colleges at the universities of Cambridge , Durham , London and Oxford , heads of the constituent universities of the National University of Ireland , and the head of Trinity College Dublin . Note titles sometimes double up , e.g. `` Vice-Chancellor and Warden '' at Durham University or `` Provost and President '' at University College London Religious titles ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) His Holiness ( abbreviation HH ) , oral address Your Holiness , or Holy Father -- the Pope and the Pope Emeritus , the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia , Patriarch of Peć and the Serbs , Catholicos of All Armenians , Catholicos - Patriarch of All Georgia , Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church , Malankara Orthodox Catholicos and some other Christian Patriarchs . His All Holiness ( abbreviation HAH ) , oral address Your All Holiness -- the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . His Beatitude or The Most Blessed , oral address Your Beatitude -- Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic patriarchs , Macedonian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Major Archbishop of Kyiv - Halych . His Excellency ( abbreviation HE ) , salutation Most Reverend Excellency or Your Excellency -- Latin patriarchs and Papal nuncios . His Most Eminent Highness ( abbreviation HMEH ) , oral address Your Most Eminent Highness -- The Prince and Grand Master of Sovereign Military Order of Malta . His Eminence ( abbreviation HE ) , oral address Your Eminence -- Roman Catholic cardinals and Eastern Orthodox metropolitans and archbishops who are not the First Hierarch of an autocephalous church . Most Reverend Eminence -- Roman Catholic cardinals ( not used in English - speaking countries ) . The Most Reverend ( abbreviation The Most Rev or The Most Revd ) Eastern Orthodox metropolitans and archbishops who are not the First Hierarch of an autocephalous church , Roman Catholic archbishops and bishops in Ireland , and the US , the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath , the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States of America , and Marthoma Metropolitans His Grace , oral address Your Grace -- Roman Catholic archbishops in Commonwealth countries , and Marthoma Metropolitans His Grace or The Right Reverend ( abbreviation The Rt Rev or The Rt Revd ) , oral address Your Grace -- Eastern Orthodox bishops . His Lordship or The Right Reverend ( abbreviation The Rt Rev ) , oral address My Lord -- Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops in Commonwealth countries . The Reverend : ( abbreviation `` The Rev '' or `` The Revd '' ) used generally for members of the Christian clergy regardless of affiliation , but especially in Catholic and Protestant denominations . Unlike ' Father ' ( see below ) may be applied to both priests and deacons . Except in the US , `` The Reverend '' is used either with first name and surname or with a second title and surname , e.g. `` The Revd James Smith '' or `` The Revd Fr Smith '' , but not `` The Revd Smith '' . Fr : ( Father ) for priests in Catholic and Eastern Christianity , as well as some Anglican or Episcopalian groups . Unlike ' Reverend ' ( outside of the US ) , may be used with either first name , surname or both . Pr : ( Pastor ) used generally for members of the Christian clergy regardless of affiliation , but especially in Protestant denominations . Equivalent to ' Reverend ' ( see above ) . Br : ( Brother ) for men generally in some religious organizations ; in the Catholic Church and Eastern churches , for male members of religious orders or communities , who are not Priests . Sr : ( Sister ) Nun or other religious sister in the Catholic Church ; for women generally in some religious organizations , such as the Mormons . Sometimes informally abbreviated as ' Sis ' . Elder : Elder used generally for male missionaries of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and for members of the adult leadership known as the general authorities . Although most all male adults of the LDS church are Elders , the title is reserved for the prior mentioned groups . Elder is also used as a title for members of a ruling church body in a Presbyterian polity . They may be either appointed by a more powerful body like a session or elected by the congregation , but both are ordained for the purpose of governing a church . Judaism ( edit ) Rabbi : ( Rabbi ) In Judaism , a rabbi / ˈræbaɪ / is an ordained religious officiant or a teacher of Torah . This title derives from the Hebrew word רַבִּי ‬ rabi ( ˈʁabi ) , meaning `` My Master '' ( irregular plural רבנים rabanim ( ʁabaˈnim ) ) , which is the way a student would address a master of Torah . The word `` master '' רב rav ( ˈʁav ) literally means `` great one '' . Islam ( edit ) Imām : for Islamic clergymen , especially the ones who lead prayers and deliver sermons . Shaykh : umbrella term used for those qualified in various fields of knowledge of Islam , ( Informally , Bearing no relation to the religion , and in addition to its religious title , it 's occasionally used as an honorary term to refer to a wealthy person or a person with authority or from the dynasty lineage synonymous with the title `` Prince '' ) . Muftī : males qualified in Islamic jurisprudence with ability to pass legal verdicts . Hāfiz or Hāfizah : respectively males and females who have memorised the entire Qur'an ( literally ' protector ' ) . Qārī : males who are qualified in the multiple ways of reading the Qur'an ( literally ' reciter ' ) . Mawlānā : used in some cultures for those who have completed Dars un-Nizām to qualify as a scholar ( literally ' our leader ' ) . Hājī ( / ˈhædʒiː / ) : used by Muslims who have completed the hajj pilgrimage . Sayyid and Sayyidah : respectively males and females accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons , Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali , sons of Muhammad 's daughter Fatimah and his son - in - law Ali ( Ali ibn Abi Talib ) . Sharif : used for descendants of Hasan . See also ( edit ) Indian honorifics Canadian honorifics Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom French honorifics German honorifics Style ( manner of address ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honorific '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Master '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mr '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mr '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mister '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Paton ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Stop calling teachers ' Miss ' or ' Sir ' , pupils are told '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Mrs '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Missus '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ms '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ms '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Gender - Neutral Honorific : Mx : Words We 're Watching '' . Merriam - Webster , . September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mx '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mx '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gender neutral titles - Nonbinary Wiki '' . nonbinary.miraheze.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Judith Martin ( 15 November 1990 ) . Miss Manners ' Guide for the Turn - of - the - Millennium . Simon & Schuster . p. 52 . ISBN 9780671722289 . Jump up ^ `` Mistress '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ma'am - definition of ma'am in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Esquire '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lord Norton of Louth ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` The Right Honourable Lord ... '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Politics '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Honourable '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doc '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Observations in Passports '' . HM Passport Office : passports policy . HM Passport Office . 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Hartley . `` Dr Who or Professor Who ? On Academic Email Etiquette '' . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professor '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academics '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ECCLESIASTICAL FORMS OF ADDRESS FOR CATHOLICS RECOGNIZED IN THE UNITED STATES '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ William Saunders . `` How to Address Church Officials '' . Catholic Education Resource Center . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HE '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Albert Battandier ( 1907 ) . Ecclesiastical Addresses . Catholic Encyclopedia . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religion '' . Debrett 's . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Priesthood '' . lds.org . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haji '' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Engseng ( 2006 ) . The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93869 - 4 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Honorifics by language Canadian Chinese English French German Hokkien Indian Italian Japanese Korean Sinhala Slavic Tamil Thai English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_honorifics&oldid=850034807 '' Categories : Honorifics British honours system Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you call mr mrs ms etc	[ "In the English language, an English honorific is a form of address indicating respect. These can be titles prefixing a person's name, e.g.: Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Sir, Dr, Lady or Lord, or titles or positions that can appear as a form of address without the person's name, as in Mr President, General, Captain, Father, Doctor or Earl.[1]\n" ]	[ "honorific" ]
-5101621495331107647	Climate of the United Kingdom	Climate of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Climate of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Köppen climate types of the UK The United Kingdom straddles the higher mid-latitudes between 49 ° and 61 ° N. It is on the western seaboard of Afro - Eurasia , the world 's largest land mass . Since the UK is always in or close to the path of the polar front jet stream , frequent changes in pressure and unsettled weather are typical . Many types of weather can be experienced in a single day . In general the climate of the UK is cool and often cloudy , and hot temperatures are infrequent . The climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate , or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system , a classification it shares with most of north - west Europe . Regional climates are influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and latitude . Northern Ireland , Wales and western parts of England and Scotland , being closest to the Atlantic Ocean , are generally the mildest , wettest and windiest regions of the UK , and temperature ranges here are seldom extreme . Eastern areas are drier , cooler , less windy and also experience the greatest daily and seasonal temperature variations . Northern areas are generally cooler , wetter and have slightly larger temperature ranges than southern areas . The UK is mostly under the influence of the maritime polar air mass from the north - west . Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland are the most exposed to the maritime polar air mass which brings cool moist air ; the east of Scotland and north - east England are more exposed to the continental polar air mass which brings cold dry air . South and south - east of England are the least exposed to Polar air masses from the north - west , and on occasion see continental tropical air mass from the south , which brings warm dry air in the summer . If the air masses are strong enough in their respective areas during the summer , there can sometimes be a large difference in temperature between the far north of Scotland ( including the Islands ) and south - east of England -- often a difference of 10 -- 15 ° C ( 18 - 27 ° F ) but sometimes of as much as 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) or more . In the height of summer the Northern Isles could have temperatures around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and areas around London could reach 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Northern Ireland 3 Scotland 4 Wales 5 Seasons 5.1 Spring 5.2 Summer 5.3 Autumn 5.4 Winter 6 Sunshine and cloud 7 Atlantic Ocean 8 Winds 9 Rainfall 10 Temperature 11 Severe weather 12 Tornadoes 13 Climate history 14 Monthly temperature extremes 15 Climate change 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links England ( edit ) Köppen climate types in England England generally has higher maximum & minimum temperatures than the other areas of the UK , though Wales has higher minima from November to February , and Northern Ireland has higher maxima from December to February . England is also sunnier throughout the year , but unlike Wales , Northern Ireland & Scotland , the sunniest month is July , totalling 193.5 hours . It rains on fewer days in every month throughout the year than the rest of the UK , and rainfall totals are less in every month , with the driest month , May , averaging 58.4 mm ( 2.30 in ) . The climate of south - west England displays a seasonal temperature variation , although it is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom . Gales are less common in England compared to Scotland ; however on some occasions there can be strong winds , and rarely , the remains of Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms . Some events such as the Great Storm of 1987 occurred near to the UK and caused damage in England . The prevailing wind direction for England is from the south - west . ( hide ) England weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 3.9 ( 39.0 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 7.2 ( 44.5 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) Sunshine hours 54.2 74.3 107.6 155.2 190.6 182.6 193.5 182.5 137.2 103.1 64.5 47.3 1492.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 82.9 ( 3.3 ) 60.3 ( 2.4 ) 64.0 ( 2.5 ) 58.7 ( 2.3 ) 58.4 ( 2.3 ) 61.8 ( 2.4 ) 62.6 ( 2.5 ) 69.3 ( 2.7 ) 69.7 ( 2.7 ) 91.7 ( 3.6 ) 88.2 ( 3.5 ) 87.2 ( 3.4 ) 854.8 ( 33.7 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 13.2 10.4 11.5 10.4 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.9 12.6 13.1 12.7 132.8 Source : Met Office ( 1981 -- 2010 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for England Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 26.1 ( − 15 ) − 20.6 ( − 5.1 ) − 21.1 ( − 6 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) − 2.0 ( 28.4 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 10.6 ( 12.9 ) − 15.5 ( 4.1 ) − 25.2 ( − 13.4 ) − 26.1 ( − 15 ) Source : The Met Office Climate data from selected English weather stations ( hide ) Climate data for Sheffield Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 13.1 ( 55.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 7.0 ( 44.6 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 2.6 ( 36.7 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 86.5 ( 3.406 ) 63.4 ( 2.496 ) 67.9 ( 2.673 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 55.5 ( 2.185 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 51.0 ( 2.008 ) 63.5 ( 2.5 ) 64.3 ( 2.531 ) 73.9 ( 2.909 ) 77.7 ( 3.059 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 824.7 ( 32.469 ) Source : The Met Office ( hide ) Climate data for Birmingham Elmdon , 99m asl , 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1901 -- ( sunshine 1961 -- 1990 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) − 13.7 ( 7.3 ) − 11.6 ( 11.1 ) − 6.6 ( 20.1 ) − 3.8 ( 25.2 ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.2 ( 36 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 6.8 ( 19.8 ) − 8.9 ( 16 ) − 18.5 ( − 1.3 ) − 20.8 ( − 5.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 73.2 ( 2.882 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 55.8 ( 2.197 ) 61.9 ( 2.437 ) 61.3 ( 2.413 ) 65.6 ( 2.583 ) 63.8 ( 2.512 ) 66.7 ( 2.626 ) 68.1 ( 2.681 ) 82.7 ( 3.256 ) 74.8 ( 2.945 ) 79.7 ( 3.138 ) 805 ( 31.69 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 49.7 60.0 101.5 129.2 178.0 186.2 181.0 166.8 134.3 97.2 64.2 46.9 1,395 Source # 1 : Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute Source # 2 : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( hide ) Climate data for Manchester ( MAN ) , elevation : 69 m or 226 ft , 1981 - 2010 normals , extremes 1958 - 2004 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 28.4 ( 83.1 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) Mean maximum ° C ( ° F ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 28.7 ( 83.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 17.6 ( 63.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 7.7 ( 45.9 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 10.3 ( 50.5 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) Mean minimum ° C ( ° F ) − 4.8 ( 23.4 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 0.9 ( 30.4 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 4.6 ( 40.3 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 5.7 ( 21.7 ) − 7.4 ( 18.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 12.0 ( 10.4 ) − 13.1 ( 8.4 ) − 9.7 ( 14.5 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) − 7.5 ( 18.5 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) − 13.5 ( 7.7 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 72.3 ( 2.846 ) 51.4 ( 2.024 ) 61.2 ( 2.409 ) 54.0 ( 2.126 ) 56.8 ( 2.236 ) 66.1 ( 2.602 ) 63.9 ( 2.516 ) 77.0 ( 3.031 ) 71.5 ( 2.815 ) 92.5 ( 3.642 ) 81.5 ( 3.209 ) 80.7 ( 3.177 ) 828.8 ( 32.63 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 13.1 9.7 12.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 10.9 12.0 11.1 13.6 14.1 13.5 142.9 Average snowy days 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Average relative humidity ( % ) 87 86 85 85 85 87 88 89 89 89 88 87 88 Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.5 73.9 99.0 146.9 188.3 172.5 179.7 166.3 131.2 99.3 59.5 47.1 1,416.2 Source # 1 : Met Office NOAA ( relative humidity and snow days 1961 - 1990 ) Source # 2 : KNMI ( hide ) Climate data for Shanklin , Isle of Wight 1981 -- 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.1 ( 46.6 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.2 ( 64.8 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 13.87 ( 56.95 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.4 ( 56.1 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 7.86 ( 46.13 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 90.8 ( 3.575 ) 65.5 ( 2.579 ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 53.4 ( 2.102 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 46.3 ( 1.823 ) 47.1 ( 1.854 ) 54.6 ( 2.15 ) 70.5 ( 2.776 ) 115.0 ( 4.528 ) 108.6 ( 4.276 ) 101.0 ( 3.976 ) 870.9 ( 34.288 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 9.8 10.4 9.1 8.2 7.6 6.9 7.4 8.9 12.7 12.7 12.9 119.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.8 132.9 201.4 241.1 247.7 262.3 240.9 173.1 122.3 82.6 60.7 1,923 Source : Met Office ( hide ) Climate data for Bognor Regis 7m asl , 1981 - 2010 , extremes 1960 - Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 14.1 ( 57.37 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 11.7 ( 53.1 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 3.6 ( 38.5 ) 7.93 ( 46.26 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 76.2 ( 3 ) 49.6 ( 1.953 ) 56.1 ( 2.209 ) 46.8 ( 1.843 ) 44.4 ( 1.748 ) 44.0 ( 1.732 ) 44.9 ( 1.768 ) 51.3 ( 2.02 ) 58.9 ( 2.319 ) 91.9 ( 3.618 ) 83.4 ( 3.283 ) 81.8 ( 3.22 ) 729.3 ( 28.713 ) Average rainy days 12.5 9.0 9.7 8.8 7.6 7.3 6.5 7.3 8.3 11.2 11.6 11.7 111.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 75.4 94.6 130.9 198.6 233.0 237.9 252.5 236.7 174.1 131.9 88.5 66.7 1,920.8 Source : Met Office ( 1 ) ( hide ) Climate data for Bournemouth Hurn 10m asl , 1981 -- 2010 , Extremes 1960 -- Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 8.7 ( 47.7 ) 14.76 ( 58.56 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 5.96 ( 42.73 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 86.9 ( 3.421 ) 62.5 ( 2.461 ) 64.7 ( 2.547 ) 53.9 ( 2.122 ) 49.5 ( 1.949 ) 51.6 ( 2.031 ) 47.8 ( 1.882 ) 51.8 ( 2.039 ) 65.3 ( 2.571 ) 100.7 ( 3.965 ) 100.5 ( 3.957 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 835.2 ( 32.882 ) Average rainy days 12.8 9.6 10.8 9.1 8.8 7.7 7.9 7.3 9.0 12.6 12.5 12.3 120.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.5 84.5 121.4 185.1 218.5 229.5 232.0 214.6 159.1 115.2 80.1 60.3 1,766.8 Source : Met Office Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : Climate of Ireland Northern Ireland is warmer than Scotland throughout the year . Maximum temperatures are milder than in Wales from December to April , and milder than in England from December to February , but Northern Ireland is cooler during the rest of the year . Sunshine totals in every month are more than those of Scotland , but less than those of the rest of Great Britain . Northern Ireland is drier and has fewer rainy days than Scotland throughout the year , except in May , when it rains on more days . Northern Ireland is also drier than Wales in every month , yet it rains on more days . The rainiest month is January , when 17.8 days have more than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) of rain on average . ( hide ) Northern Ireland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 8.9 ( 48.0 ) 11.1 ( 52.0 ) 14.2 ( 57.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.1 ( 64.6 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 12.5 ( 54.5 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 12.2 ( 54.0 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 2.3 ( 36.1 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 6.1 ( 43.0 ) 3.1 ( 37.6 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) Sunshine hours 41.0 60.1 90.0 140.8 175.9 150.9 139.6 138.0 113.1 85.5 52.8 31.9 1219.7 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 119.1 ( 4.7 ) 86.5 ( 3.4 ) 93.4 ( 3.7 ) 70.6 ( 2.8 ) 68.1 ( 2.7 ) 72.1 ( 2.8 ) 73.2 ( 2.9 ) 90.8 ( 3.6 ) 94.4 ( 3.7 ) 114.5 ( 4.5 ) 110.5 ( 4.4 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 1111.6 ( 43.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.8 14.1 16.4 12.4 12.6 12.4 13.1 13.9 14.4 16.4 16.7 16.9 177.0 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Northern Ireland Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 28.0 ( 82.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 17.5 ( 0.5 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 14.8 ( 5.4 ) − 8.5 ( 16.7 ) − 6.5 ( 20.3 ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 7.2 ( 19 ) − 12.2 ( 10 ) − 18.7 ( − 1.7 ) − 18.7 ( − 1.7 ) Source : The Met Office Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Scotland Scotland has the coolest weather of any country in the United Kingdom throughout the year ( with the climate at altitude varying into Cfc ) , with average minimum temperatures in January of − 0.2 ° C ( 31.6 ° F ) . Scotland is also the wettest country in every month , apart from May , June and December , when Wales is wetter . The wettest month is January , with 170.5 mm ( 6.71 in ) on average . Scotland is also the cloudiest country throughout the year , apart from June and July , when Northern Ireland is . Scotland 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 171 5 0 123 5 0 139 7 86 9 79 13 5 85 15 7 92 17 9 107 17 9 140 14 7 163 11 5 166 7 170 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.7 41 32 4.9 41 32 5.5 44 34 3.4 49 36 3.1 55 40 3.4 59 45 3.6 62 49 4.2 62 49 5.5 57 45 6.4 51 41 6.5 45 36 6.7 42 33 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( hide ) Scotland weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 5.0 ( 41.0 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 13.9 ( 57.0 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 5.7 ( 42.3 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) - 0.2 ( 31.6 ) - 0.1 ( 31.8 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 7.2 ( 45.0 ) 4.9 ( 40.8 ) 2.0 ( 35.6 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) Sunshine hours 30.8 58.1 87.6 128.2 173.2 153.2 145.0 137.5 104.4 74.5 43.2 24.7 1160.4 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 170.5 ( 6.7 ) 123.4 ( 4.9 ) 138.5 ( 5.5 ) 86.2 ( 3.4 ) 79.0 ( 3.1 ) 85.1 ( 3.4 ) 92.1 ( 3.6 ) 107.4 ( 4.2 ) 139.7 ( 5.5 ) 162.6 ( 6.4 ) 165.9 ( 6.5 ) 169.6 ( 6.7 ) 1520.1 ( 59.8 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 18.6 14.8 17.3 13.0 12.2 12.7 13.3 14.1 15.9 17.7 17.9 18.2 185.8 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Scotland Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 23.6 ( 74.5 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 30.9 ( 87.6 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 32.9 ( 91.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 13.3 ( 8.1 ) − 7.7 ( 18.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 11.7 ( 10.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) Source : The Met Office Aberdeen Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 75 6 0 54 6 0 61 8 59 10 55 13 5 56 16 8 59 18 10 62 18 10 73 15 8 84 12 5 84 8 79 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Meteo France ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 43 32 2.1 43 32 2.4 46 34 2.3 50 37 2.2 55 41 2.2 61 46 2.3 64 50 2.4 64 50 2.9 59 46 3.3 54 41 3.3 46 36 3.1 43 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Edinburgh Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 67 7 47 7 51 9 40 11 48 14 6 61 17 9 65 19 11 60 19 11 63 16 9 75 13 6 62 9 60 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 2.6 45 34 1.9 45 34 48 36 1.6 52 39 1.9 57 43 2.4 63 48 2.6 66 52 2.4 66 52 2.5 61 48 55 43 2.4 48 37 2.4 45 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Glasgow Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 148 7 104 7 112 9 63 11 67 14 7 66 16 10 73 19 12 92 19 11 112 16 9 143 12 6 126 9 135 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.8 45 34 4.1 45 34 4.4 48 37 2.5 52 39 2.6 57 45 2.6 61 50 2.9 66 54 3.6 66 52 4.4 61 48 5.6 54 43 5 48 39 5.3 45 34 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Lerwick Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 142 5 120 5 124 6 70 8 53 10 5 58 12 7 66 14 10 83 14 10 106 12 8 141 10 6 146 7 142 6 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Source : Met Office ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 5.6 41 34 4.7 41 34 4.9 43 36 2.8 46 37 2.1 50 41 2.3 54 45 2.6 57 50 3.3 57 50 4.2 54 46 5.6 50 43 5.7 45 39 5.6 43 36 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Wales ( edit ) Wales has warmer temperatures throughout the year than Scotland , and has milder winter minima than England , but cooler winter maxima than Northern Ireland . Wales is wetter throughout the year than Northern Ireland and England , but has fewer rainy days than Northern Ireland ; meaning that rainfall tends to be more intense . Wales is also drier than Scotland in every month apart from May , June and December , and there are fewer days with rain than in Scotland . Sunshine totals throughout the year are more than that of Scotland and Northern Ireland , but less than that of neighbouring England . May is the sunniest month , averaging 186.8 hours . Wales 1971 - 2000 Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 158 7 114 7 119 9 86 11 81 15 6 86 17 9 78 19 11 106 19 11 124 16 9 153 13 7 157 9 173 7 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm ( show ) Imperial conversion J J J O 6.2 44 34 4.5 44 34 4.7 47 36 3.4 52 38 3.2 58 43 3.4 62 47 3.1 66 52 4.2 66 51 4.9 61 48 6 55 44 6.2 49 39 6.8 45 36 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( hide ) Wales weather averages Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average maximum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 12.8 ( 55.0 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.3 ( 54.1 ) Average minimum temperature ° C ( ° F ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 1.1 ( 34.0 ) 2.4 ( 36.3 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 3.7 ( 38.7 ) 2.2 ( 36.0 ) 5.5 ( 41.9 ) Sunshine hours 42.8 63.4 94.2 148.0 186.8 167.0 181.8 168.7 125.8 90.4 54.9 35.4 1359.3 Rainfall mm ( inches ) 158.4 ( 6.2 ) 113.8 ( 4.5 ) 118.5 ( 4.7 ) 85.7 ( 3.4 ) 80.6 ( 3.2 ) 86.0 ( 3.4 ) 78.3 ( 3.1 ) 105.8 ( 4.2 ) 123.8 ( 4.9 ) 152.9 ( 6.0 ) 156.6 ( 6.2 ) 173.1 ( 6.8 ) 1433.5 ( 56.4 ) Rainfall ≥ 1 mm days 17.4 13.4 15.1 11.7 11.5 11.4 10.3 12.2 13.0 15.8 16.7 17.1 165.5 Source : Met Office ( 1971 -- 2000 averages ) ( hide ) Climate data for Wales Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 29.2 ( 84.6 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 20.0 ( − 4 ) − 21.7 ( − 7.1 ) − 11.2 ( 11.8 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 4.0 ( 24.8 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) − 2.8 ( 27 ) − 5.5 ( 22.1 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 18.0 ( − 0.4 ) − 22.7 ( − 8.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) Source : The Met Office Seasons ( edit ) Spring ( edit ) Spring is the period from March to May . Spring is generally a calm , cool season , particularly because the Atlantic has lost much of its heat throughout the autumn and winter . As the sun rises higher in the sky and the days get longer , temperatures slowly rise , but the solar effect is mitigated somewhat by the effect of the cool ocean waters and westerly winds that blow across them . There is a fair chance of snow earlier in the season when temperatures are colder - often in March . Some of the country 's heaviest snowfalls of recent years have happened in the first half of March , and snow showers can occur infrequently until mid-April . They have been known to develop as late as mid-May over some areas of the country , such as in 2013 when snow was recorded on 14 May over parts of Staffordshire , Herefordshire and Wales . Snow was also recorded at lower levels in early June 1975 . More recently , there was a disruptive snow event between 26 and 29 April 2016 across much of Northern England and Scotland , which was unusually the only significant snow event of the winter 2015 / 16 . Snow , frost and ice can be disruptive and damaging to flowering plants , particularly later in the spring . Early spring can be quite cold , and occasionally the lowest temperatures of the year can occur in March , as it did at Heathrow Airport on 5 March 2001 , 4 March 2006 and 8 March 2011 . Temperatures below freezing are not unusual in March , even in the south of the UK . On the other hand , high temperatures above 30 ° C are generally rare but can occur on occasion ; most recently on 25 May 2012 . It was even hotter on 27 May 2005 , when 31.9 ° C was recorded in London . Rarely , the hottest day of the year can be in spring . As stated below , 27 May was the hottest day of the year in 2012 in most parts of the UK . In Aberdaron , the hottest day of 2011 was very early on in the year on 21 April . Temperatures in March seldom reach 20 ° C , as they did in 1990 , 1993 , 2012 and 2017 , and this temperature is usually reached for the first time in April or May . Throughout spring , there can be very dramatic temperature swings between day night . On 9 April 2017 , night - time temperatures fell to just 3 ° C at Northolt , but 25 ° C was reached in the afternoon . Warmth in Spring depends almost entirely on the strength of the sun , and can trigger thunderstorms and downpours . Mean temperatures in Spring are markedly influenced by latitude . Most of Scotland and the mountains of Wales and northern England are the coolest areas of the UK , with average temperatures ranging from − 0.6 to 5.8 ° C ( 30.9 to 42.4 ° F ) . The southern half of England experiences the warmest spring temperatures of between 8.8 and 10.3 ° C ( 47.8 and 50.5 ° F ) . Summer ( edit ) Summer lasts from June to August and is the warmest and usually the sunniest season . Rainfall totals can have a wide local variation due to localised thundershowers . These thundershowers mainly occur in southern , eastern , and central England and are less frequent and severe in the north and west . Climatic differences at this time of year are more influenced by latitude and proximity to the ocean . Temperatures are the highest in southern and central areas and lowest in the north . Hot weather above 27 ° C in most places and in most years occurs on multiple days per year , but more frequently in London and south - east England and less so in parts of Scotland . The record maximum is 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) recorded in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 . Autumn ( edit ) Autumn in the United Kingdom lasts from September to November . The season is notorious for being unsettled -- as cool polar air moves southwards following the sun , it meets the warm air of the tropics and produces an area of great disturbance along which the country lies . This combined with the warm ocean due to heating throughout the spring and summer , produces the unsettled weather of autumn . In addition , when the air is particularly cold temperatures on land may be colder than the ocean , resulting in significant amounts of condensation and clouds which bring rain to the country . Atlantic depressions during this time can become intense and winds of hurricane force ( greater than 119 km / h or 74 mph ) can be recorded . Western areas , being closest to the Atlantic , experience these severe conditions to a significantly greater extent than eastern areas . As such , autumn , particularly the latter part , is often the stormiest time of the year . One particularly intense depression was the Great Storm of 1987 . A very severe storm affected the UK on 27 October 2002 which , at Mumbles head near Swansea , recorded maximum sustained wind speeds of over 123 km / h , equivalent to a category 1 hurricane . The autumn of 2013 was also littered with severe storms , including the St. Jude 's Storm on 28 October 2013 . Autumn can also be a cold season at times - in recent years , very low temperatures and heavy snowfall have been recorded during November 1985 , November 1993 & November 2010 , which set a new record low of - 18.0 ° C in Wales on 28 November 2010 . At Northolt , the coldest temperature of the year 2016 was set on 30 November . Snow also fell rather widely across the UK on 28 & 29 October 2008 , causing traffic problems where it settled on the M4 . Even further south , low temperatures can be recorded , with temperatures well below freezing as far south as Heathrow Airport between 29 & 31 October 1997 - for context , the low of 30 October 1997 recorded was lower than any recorded at this station in March , November or December 1997 and even the following January 1998 - only the low temperatures on 2 & 4 February 1998 prevented it from being the lowest temperature of the winter at this station . The first frosts of the winter are usually recorded between October & December , but they are quite unusual in September except on high ground when the surrounding ocean is at or near its warmest . It is not particularly unusual for September to be warmer than June , as it was in 1999 . However , the United Kingdom sometimes experiences an ' Indian Summer ' , where temperatures particularly by night can be very mild and rarely fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Such events are aided by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean and seas being at their warmest , keeping the country in warm air , despite the relatively weak sun . Examples of this were in 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2011 and 2016 where September saw above average temperatures which felt more like a continuation of summer than autumn . Autumns since 2000 have generally been very mild with notable extremes of precipitation ; the UK has seen some of its wettest and driest autumns since the millennium. 2011 and 2016 were notable as many areas of the country recorded their highest temperatures of the year in September and October ( for example , 28.2 ° C at Hawarden on 1 October , 26.3 ° C at St. Athan on 2 October 2011 and the UK 's highest temperature of 2016 on 13 September with 34.4 ° C at Gravesend ) . Coastal areas in the southern half of England have on average the warmest autumns , with mean temperatures of 10.7 to 13.0 ° C ( 51.3 to 55.4 ° F ) . Mountainous areas of Wales and northern England , and almost all of Scotland , experience mean temperatures between 1.7 and 7.5 ° C ( 35.1 and 45.5 ° F ) . Hardiness zones in the British Isles . Based on the USDA system and used to indicate growing conditions for plants . Winter ( edit ) Winter in the UK is defined as lasting from December to February . The season is generally cool , wet , windy , and cloudy . Temperatures at night rarely drop below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and in the day rarely rise above 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . Precipitation is plentiful throughout the season , though snow is relatively infrequent despite the country 's high latitude : The only areas with significant snowfall are the Scottish Highlands and the Pennines , where at higher elevations a colder climate determines the vegetation , mainly temperate coniferous forest , although deforestation has severely decreased forest area . For a majority of the landmass snow is possible but not frequent , apart from the higher altitudes , where snow can lie 1 -- 5 months or even beyond 6 months . Towards the later part of the season the weather usually stabilises with less wind , less precipitation and lower temperatures . This change is particularly pronounced near the coasts mainly because the Atlantic ocean is often at its coldest during this time after being cooled throughout the autumn and the winter . The early part of winter however is often unsettled and stormy ; often the wettest and windiest time of the year . Snow cover on The Saddle in the Scottish Highlands Snow falls intermittently and mainly affects northern and eastern areas , high ground in Wales and especially the mountains of Scotland , where there is often enough snow lying to permit skiing at some of the five Scottish ski resorts . These resorts usually operate between December and April , depending on the snowfall . Frequently in the mountains potent depressions may move in from the north in the form of ' polar lows ' , introducing heavy snow and often blizzard - like conditions to parts of the United Kingdom , particularly Scotland . Blizzards have become rarer in the 21st century , although much of England was affected by one on 30 January 2003 . During periods of light winds and high pressure frost and fog can become a problem and can pose a major hazard for drivers on the roads . Mean winter temperatures in the UK are most influenced by proximity to the sea . The coldest areas are the mountains of Wales and northern England , and inland areas of Scotland , averaging − 3.6 to 2.3 ° C ( 25.5 to 36.1 ° F ) . Coastal areas , particularly those in the south and west , experience the mildest winters , on average 5 to 8.7 ° C ( 41.0 to 47.7 ° F ) . Hardiness zones in the UK are high , ranging from zone 7 in the Scottish Highlands , the Pennines and Snowdonia , to zone 10 on the Isles of Scilly . Most of the UK lies in zones 8 or 9 . In zone 7 , the average lowest temperature each year is between − 17.7 and − 12.3 ° C ( 0.1 and 9.9 ° F ) , and in zone 10 , this figure is between − 1.1 and 4.4 ° C ( 30.0 and 39.9 ° F ) . Snow in the UK falls almost every year , but in small quantities . The UK can suffer extreme winters like 1684 , 1740 , 1795 ( when London received its record lowest temperature of − 21.1 ° C ( − 6.0 ° F ) ) , 1947 and 1963 . In 1963 it snowed on Boxing Day , and snow lasted in most areas until 6 March , with blizzards through February , which had significant and documented effects on the FA Cup - Wrexham were forced to play on sand for one tie . In modern times snow has generally become rarer , but the UK can still get heavy falls , such as in 1978 / 79 , 1981 / 82 , 1986 / 87 and 1990 / 91 . The winter of 2008 / 09 produced the heaviest snowfall since 1991 between 1 and 3 February , and the winter of 2009 - 10 was even more severe , with many parts of the United Kingdom experiencing the coldest and snowiest winters since 1978 / 79 ; temperatures plummeted to − 22.3 ° C ( − 8.1 ° F ) at Altnaharra , Sutherland -- close to the − 22.9 ° C ( − 9.2 ° F ) recorded at the southernmost part of the globe in the same period . The lowest temperature ever recorded in the UK was − 27.2 ° C ( − 17.0 ° F ) which was recorded on 10 January 1982 and 11 February 1895 in Braemar , Scotland and on 30 December 1995 in Altnaharra , Scotland . December 2010 was the coldest December in 120 years ; the CET ( Central England Temperature ) was - 0.7 ° C ; it was the coldest month since February 1986 , and the coldest December since 1890 . Many places had heavy snowfall and extreme cold , temperatures regularly fell below − 10.0 ° C ( 14.0 ° F ) ) across many areas . However , the cold subsided after Christmas Day , 2010 . November 2010 saw an extremely severe cold snap , with lows of − 18.0 ° C ( − 0.4 ° F ) ) in Llysdinam on 28 November . The month saw temperatures below average , despite what was actually a very mild first half . Spring 2013 was also notoriously cold : March 2013 was the coldest month of the winter ( and indeed 2013 as a whole ) , which is quite striking given that December 2012 , January and February 2013 were all also below average in terms of temperature . The following winter was the opposite - in many places , only on 11 and 12 January was any snow recorded ( some places having no snow at all ) , and the entire country was battered by a series of severe depressions and storms . The St Jude 's Day storm first affected the UK on 26 October 2013 , and many places saw no respite until a high swept across the country on 2 March 2014 . Parts of the Somerset levels remained under water for most of the winter and well into spring . Record - equalling gusts of 142 mph were recorded off the north coast of Scotland on 5 December 2013 , with notably severe storms also recorded on 2 November 2013 , 24 December 2013 , 3 January 2014 and 14 February 2014 . In the 1990s and 2000s , most of the winters were milder and usually wetter than average with daytime temperatures going below freezing a rare occurrence . In fact , the winter of 1995 / 1996 was the only one which was defined as below average in terms of the UK as a whole , although February 1991 saw heavy snowfall & January 1997 was cold in the South . The winters of 2008 / 09 , 2009 / 10 and 2010 / 11 have however seen a different pattern with these three winters being defined as below or well below average with large snowfall amounts widespread and very low temperatures ; this was the first time three consecutive cold winters in the UK have occurred since the 1960s . Since the winter of 2012 / 2013 , winters have been mild ( exceptionally so in 2013 / 2014 and 2015 / 2016 ) , although exceptionally wet . The winter of 2014 / 2015 was an oddity , in that it was generally quiet and sunny . December 2014 & January 2015 were a little milder than the average , February 2015 was close to normal . The winter of 2016 / 17 was very nearly a very cold winter owing to the presence and position of high pressure , although ultimately only November 2016 was cold widely as a whole . Early December 2016 was cool and January 2017 was cold in the south - east , with much of the rest of England and Wales near the 1961 - 1990 average . At Northolt , the average minimum for January 2017 was below freezing for the first time since December 2010 . December 2015 became the wettest calendar month ever recorded in the United Kingdom , with January 2016 becoming the second wettest . In these months , some northern and western parts had 2 to 4 times as much rainfall as normal . December 2015 was also the warmest December averaged over the whole UK , and had the highest positive anomaly for any month in the Central England temperature series which began in 1659 ( CET was 9.7 ° C , this is warmer than even any March ) . Most areas of southern England had average monthly temperatures 5 - 6 ° C above normal . Some plants flowered that would normally do so in the Spring or even Summer . Hardly any stations in Wales and Southern England recorded any air frosts and temperatures were often comparable to those of April or May . The maximum recorded temperature was 17.2 ° C at Teignmouth in Devon and Plockton and Achnagart in the highlands of Scotland on 16th . The lowest daily mean temperature during December 2015 at Heathrow Airport was still 8.2 ° C on 9 December , comparable to the average daily high for the calendar month . Remarkably , December 2015 did not break any national records for high temperatures , just failing to reach the maximum England temperature of 17.7 ° C recorded on 2 December 1985 in Chivenor , Devon and on 11 December 1994 in Penkridge , Staffordshire . Despite the warmth , it was the dullest December since 1989 . Sunshine and cloud ( edit ) A sunny spring day The average total annual sunshine in the United Kingdom is 1339.7 hours , which is just under 30 % of the maximum possible ( The maximum hours of sunshine possible in one year is approximately 4476 hours ) . Generally the United Kingdom sees frequent cloudy skies due to its high latitude and oceanic controlled climate . The lowest sunshine hours are found in northern parts of the country and the highest in the southern parts and southern coast of England . The counties of Dorset , Hampshire , Sussex and Kent are the sunniest areas , which have annual average totals of around 1,750 hours of sunshine per year . Northern , western and mountainous areas are generally the cloudiest areas of the UK , with some mountainous areas receiving fewer than 1,000 hours of sunshine a year . An overcast day in Plymouth , south - west England Valley areas such as the South Wales Valleys , due to their north - south orientation , receive less sunshine than lowland areas because the mountains on either side of the valley obscure the sun in the early morning and late evening . This is noticeable in winter where there are only a few hours of sunshine . The mountains of Wales , northern England and Scotland can be especially cloudy with extensive mist and fog . Near the coast , sea fog may develop in the spring and early summer . Radiation fog may develop over inland areas of Great Britain and can persist for hours or even days in the winter and can pose a major hazard for drivers and aircraft . On occasions blocking anticyclones ( high pressure systems ) may move over the United Kingdom , which can persist for weeks or even months . The subsided , dry air often results in clear skies and few clouds , bringing frosty nights in winter and warm days in the summer . Average hours of sunshine in winter range from 38 -- 108 hours in some mountainous areas and western Scotland , up to 217 hours in the south and east of England ; while average hours of sunshine in summer range from 294 -- 420 hours in northern Scotland and Northern Ireland , to 600 -- 760 hours in southern English coastal counties . The most sunshine recorded in one month was 383.9 hours at Eastbourne ( East Sussex ) in July 1911 . Atlantic ocean ( edit ) One of the greatest influences on the climate of the UK is the Atlantic Ocean and especially the Gulf Stream , which carries warm water up from lower latitudes and modifies the high latitude air masses that pass across the UK . This thermohaline circulation has a powerful moderating and warming effect on the country 's climate . This warm water current warms the climate to such a great extent that if the current did not exist then temperatures in winter would be about 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) lower than they are today and similar to eastern Russia or Canada near the same latitude . The current allows England to have vineyards at the same latitude that Canada has polar bears . These warm ocean currents also bring substantial amounts of humidity which contributes to the notoriously wet climate that western parts of the UK experience . The extent of the Gulf Stream 's contribution to the actual temperature in western Europe is a matter of dispute . It has been argued that atmospheric waves that bring warm air northwards contribute to the warmer temperatures than thermohaline circulation . Winds ( edit ) Further information : List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe The high latitude and proximity to a large ocean to the west means that the United Kingdom experiences strong winds . The prevailing wind is from the south - west , but it may blow from any direction for sustained periods of time . Winds are strongest near westerly facing coasts and exposed headlands . Gales -- which are defined as winds with speeds of 51 to 101 km / h ( 32 to 63 mph ) -- are strongly associated with the passage of deep depressions across the country . The Hebrides experience on average 35 days of gale a year ( a day where there are gale - force winds ) while inland areas in England and Wales receive fewer than 5 days of gale a year . Areas of high elevation tend to have higher wind speeds than low elevations , and Great Dun Fell in Cumbria ( at 857 m or 2,812 ft ) averaged 114 days of gale a year during the period 1963 to 1976 . The highest gust recorded at a low level in England was 191 km / h ( 119 mph ) at Gwennap Head in Cornwall on 15 December 1979 , and a 115 mph gust was also recorded at Shoreham - By - Sea on 16 October 1987 . A disputed 122 mph gust was recorded on 16 October 1987 at Gorleston in Norfolk during the Great Storm of 1987 . In Scotland , Fraserburgh in Aberdeenshire recorded 229 km / h ( 142 mph ) on 13 February 1989 , which was equalled during Cyclone Xaver on 5 December 2013 . Wales ' highest wind speed gust of 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) was set at Rhoose , Vale of Glamorgan on 28 October 1989 . Especially potent storm systems typically affect the UK during autumn and winter , with the winters of 1989 / 1990 and 2013 / 2014 particularly notable for the frequency and potency of storm systems . An unofficial gust of 194 mph was recorded on the Shetland Isles during the New Year 's Day Storm on 1 January 1992 , and an equal unofficial 194 mph wind gust is claimed to have been set in the Cairngorm Mountains on 19 December 2008 . Barometric pressure plays a role in storm systems . For the United Kingdom , record figures for barometric pressure recordings are : Highest - 1053.6 mb ( Aberdeen , 31 January 1902 ) Lowest - 925.6 mb ( Ochtertyre , 26 January 1884 ) Notably a low pressure storm system affected the UK with a central pressure of 914.0 mb on 10 January 1993 , however this figure is not recorded over the UK but out in the Atlantic , despite the system affecting the UK . Rainfall ( edit ) Rainfall amounts can vary greatly across the United Kingdom and generally the further west and the higher the elevation , the greater the rainfall . The mountains of Wales , Scotland , the Pennines in Northern England and the moors of South West England are the wettest parts of the country , and in some of these places as much as 4,577 millimetres ( 180.2 in ) of rain can fall annually , making these locations some of the wettest in Europe . The wettest spot in the United Kingdom is Crib Goch , in Snowdonia , which has averaged 4,473 millimetres ( 176.1 in ) rain a year over the past 30 years . Most rainfall in the United Kingdom comes from North Atlantic depressions which roll into the country throughout the year from the west or southwest and are particularly frequent and intense in the autumn and winter . They can on occasions bring prolonged periods of heavy rain , and flooding is quite common . Parts of England are surprisingly dry , which is contrary to the stereotypical view -- London receives just below 650 millimetres ( 25.6 in ) per annum , which is less than Rome , Sydney , or New York City . In East Anglia it typically rains on about 113 days per year . Most of the south , south - east and East Anglia receive less than 700 millimetres ( 27.6 in ) of rain per year . The English counties of Essex , Cambridgeshire - as well as parts of North Yorkshire , the East Riding of Yorkshire , Suffolk and Norfolk - are amongst the driest in the UK , with an average annual rainfall of around 600 millimetres ( 23.6 in ) . This is due to a mild rainshadow effect , due to mountainous parts of the South West , Wales and Cumbria blocking the moist airflow across the country to the east . In some years rainfall totals in Essex and South Suffolk can be below 450 millimetres ( 17.7 in ) ( especially areas around Colchester , Clacton and Ipswich ) - less than the average annual rainfall in Jerusalem , Beirut and even some semi-arid parts of the world . Parts of the United Kingdom have had drought problems in recent years , particularly in 2004 - 2006 . Fires broke out in some areas , even across the normally damp higher ground of north - west England and Wales . The landscape in much of England and east Wales became very parched , even near the coast ; water restrictions were in place in some areas . July 2006 was the hottest month on record for the United Kingdom and much of Europe , however England has had warmer spells of 31 days which did not coincide with a calendar month -- in 1976 and 1995 . As well as low rainfall , drought problems were made worse by the fact that the driest parts of England also have the highest population density , and therefore highest water consumption . The drought problems ended in the period from October 2006 to January 2007 , which had well above average rainfall . December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in the United Kingdom . The average rainfall for the month was almost doubled . Temperature ( edit ) Generally the United Kingdom has cool to mild winters and warm summers with moderate variation in temperature throughout the year . In England the average annual temperature varies from 8.5 ° C ( 47.3 ° F ) in the north to 11 ° C ( 51.8 ° F ) in the south , but over the higher ground this can be several degrees lower . This small variation in temperature is to a large extent due to the moderating effect the Atlantic ocean has -- water has a much greater specific heat capacity than air and tends to heat and cool slowly throughout the year . This has a warming influence on coastal areas in winter and a cooling influence in summer . The ocean is at its coldest in February or early March , thus around coastal areas February is often the coldest month , but inland there is little to choose between February and January as the coldest . Temperatures tend to drop lowest on late winter nights inland , in the presence of high pressure , clear skies , light winds and when there is snow on the ground . On occasions , cold polar or continental air can be drawn in over the United Kingdom to bring very cold weather . The floors of inland valleys away from warming influence of the sea can be particularly cold as cold , dense air drains into them . A temperature of − 26.1 ° C ( − 15.0 ° F ) was recorded under such conditions at Edgmond in Shropshire on 10 January 1982 , the coldest temperature recorded in England and Wales . The following day the coldest maximum temperature in England , at − 11.3 ° C ( 11.7 ° F ) , was recorded at the same site . On average the warmest winter temperatures occur on the south and west coasts , however , warm temperatures occasionally occur due to a foehn wind warming up downwind after the crossing the mountains . Temperatures in these areas can rise to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in winter on rare occasions This is a particularly notable event in northern Scotland , mainly Aberdeenshire , where these high temperatures can occur in midwinter when the sun only reaches about 10 ° above the horizon . July is on average the warmest month , and the highest temperatures tend to occur away from the Atlantic in southern , eastern and central England , where summer temperatures can rise above 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . It soared to 38.5 ° C ( 101.3 ° F ) in Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 : the highest temperature ever recorded in the United Kingdom . Absolute temperature ranges Country Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date England 38.5 101.3 Faversham , Kent on 10 August 2003 − 26.1 − 15.0 Edgmond , near Newport , Shropshire on 10 January 1982 Wales 35.2 95.4 Hawarden Bridge , Flintshire on 2 August 1990 − 23.3 − 9.9 Rhayader , Radnorshire on 21 January 1940 Scotland 32.9 91.2 Greycrook , Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003 − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 Altnaharra , Sutherland on 30 December 1995 Northern Ireland 30.8 87.4 Knockarevan , near Belleek , County Fermanagh on 30 June 1976 Belfast on 12 July 1983 − 18.6 − 1.5 Castlederg , County Tyrone on 23 December 2010 Severe weather ( edit ) While the United Kingdom is not particularly noted for extreme weather , it does sometimes occur , and events such as floods and drought may be experienced . The summer of 1976 , for example , experienced temperatures as high as 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages . Extended periods of extreme weather , such as the droughts of 1975 -- 1976 , summer 2006 , and spring 2012 , the long hot summers of 1911 , 1976 , 2003 and 2006 , and the winters of 1946 -- 1947 , 1962 -- 1963 , 2009 -- 2010 , and 2010 -- 2011 are often caused by blocking anti-cyclones which can persist for several days , weeks , or even months . In winter they can bring long periods of cold dry weather and in summer long periods of hot dry weather . Hurricane Gordon 's path There have also been occurrences of severe flash floods caused by intense rainfall ; the most severe was the Lynmouth disaster of 1952 in which 34 people died and 38 houses and buildings were completely destroyed . In the summer of 2004 , a severe flash flood devastated the town of Boscastle in Cornwall . However , the worst floods in the United Kingdom in modern times occurred in the North Sea flood of 1953 . A powerful storm from the Atlantic moved around Scotland and down the east coast of England . As it moved south it produced a storm surge which was magnified as the North Sea became narrower further south . By the time the storm affected south - east England and the Netherlands , the surge had reached the height of 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) . Over 300 people were killed by the floods in eastern England . Thunderstorms are most common in southern and eastern England , and least common in the north and west . In London , thunderstorms occur on average 14 -- 19 days a year , while in most of Northern Ireland and the west of Scotland thunderstorms occur on around 3 days a year . Occasionally , thunderstorms can be severe and produce large hailstones as seen in Ottery St Mary , Devon in October 2008 , where drifts reached 1.8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) . Strong winds occur mainly in the autumn and winter months associated with low pressure systems and Scotland experiences hurricane - force winds in most winters . The Gale of January 1976 , Great Storm of 1987 ( 23 fatalities ) and the Burns ' Day storm of 1990 ( 97 fatalities ) are particularly severe examples ; Scotland saw winds of 142 mph during Cyclone Xaver in 2013 . The most rain recorded to fall on a single day was 279 mm at Martinstown ( Dorset ) on 18 July 1955 , but also 243 mm fell at Bruton , Somerset on 28 June 1917 . Heavy rain also fell between 20 and 25 June in 2007 ; some areas experienced a month 's rainfall in one day . Four people died in the flooding and over £ 1.5 billion of damage to businesses and properties was caused . Tropical cyclones themselves do not affect the UK due to the seas being too cold -- they need temperatures above 26.5 ° C ( 79.7 ° F ) to remain active . The waters near the UK , the Atlantic Ocean , only have temperatures of 2 to 18 ° C ( 36 to 64 ° F ) , so any tropical cyclone that does come anywhere near the UK has said to have undergone a process called extratropical transition . This now means it is an extratropical cyclone , which the UK frequently experiences . The Great Storm of 1987 was a very deep depression which formed in the Bay of Biscay , which also contained the remnants of Hurricane Floyd . Hurricane Lili of 1996 and Hurricane Gordon of 2006 both crossed the UK as strong extratropical cyclones with tropical storm - force winds , causing transport closures , power - cuts and flooding in Northern Ireland , Scotland and South West England . In 2011 , the remnants of Hurricane Katia passed over northwestern Scotland with winds near 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Tornadoes ( edit ) It is internationally recognised that the United Kingdom has a higher incidence of tornadoes , measured by unit area of land , than any other country in the world . Dr T. Theodore Fujita ( inventor of the Fujita scale ) , an American meteorologist , was the first to recognise the UK as the top site for tornadoes in 1973 . The United Kingdom has at least 33 tornadoes per year , more than any other country in the world relative to its land area . Although most tornadoes are weak , there are occasional destructive events , for example , the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006 . Both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury . The largest ever recorded was thought to have been an F4 , again in London in 1091 . The most deadly occurred on 28 December 1879 . All 74 lives were lost when a passenger train plunged from the Tay Bridge ( Tayside ) into the Tay Estuary , when the middle section of the bridge collapsed . Although the bridge was poorly constructed and had already been weakened in earlier gales ( including the pre-existing winds at the time of the tragedy ) , the ultimate failure is believed to have been caused by two or three waterspouts which were sighted close to the bridge immediately before the accident . A tornado also developed in London on 3 July 2007 . The UK also holds the title for the highest known ' outbreak ' of tornadoes outside of the United States . The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe . On 23 November 1981 , 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours . Excepting Derbyshire , every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado , while Norfolk was hit by at least 13 . Very fortunately most tornadoes were short - lived and also weak ( the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale ) and no deaths occurred . Southern England between the Isle of Wight and Beachy Head has been recognised as a ' hotspot ' for tornadoes and waterspouts . The area ( known as ' The Isle of Wight and South Coast Anomaly ' ) has seen significant activity and is thought to be due to the shedding of vortices , downwind of the Isle of Wight , under certain weather conditions . Climate history ( edit ) The climate of the United Kingdom has not always been the way it is today . During some periods it was much warmer and in others it was much colder . The last glacial period was a period of extreme cold weather that lasted for tens of thousands of years and ended about 10,000 years ago . During this period the temperature was so low that much of the surrounding ocean froze and a great ice sheet extended over all of the United Kingdom except the south of England ( connected to mainland Europe via the dry English Channel ) and southern coastal areas of Wales . The cold period from the 16th to the mid-19th centuries is known as the Little Ice Age . The temperature records in England are continuous back to the mid 17th century . The Central England temperature ( CET ) record is the oldest in the world , and is a compound source of cross-correlated records from several locations in central England . Precipitation records date back to the eighteenth century and the modern England and Wales Precipitation series begins in 1766 . A detailed narrative account of the weather of every year from 1913 to 1942 , with photographs of plants taken on the same day in each of those years , may be found in Willis ( 1944 ) . As with many parts of the world , over the last century the United Kingdom has reported a warming trend in temperatures . While some of this may be due to a recovery from the cooler period of climate mid 20th century ( particularly the 1960s ) the last 20 years has nonetheless seen an unprecedented level of warm weather . This rise in temperatures is illustrated by the most recent dataset ( 1981 -- 2010 ) for Belfast and Cambridge Botanical Gardens , and the same data 50 years previous ( 1931 -- 1960 ) . ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 14.9 ( 58.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 12.6 ( 54.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 12.3 ( 54.13 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 1.5 ( 34.7 ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 4.1 ( 39.4 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 5.8 ( 42.45 ) Source : Stadtklima ( hide ) Climate data for Belfast , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 16.3 ( 61.3 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 12.66 ( 54.78 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 2.9 ( 37.2 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.9 ( 44.4 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 6.05 ( 42.88 ) Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Belfast between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.1 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C + 0.7 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.4 C + 0.36 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.3 C + 0.2 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.7 C + 0.4 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.3 C + 0.1 C - 0.1 C - 0.8 C + 0.25 C Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute As the above tables show , all months except December at Belfast exhibit warming when both maximum and minimum temperatures are taken into account . ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1931 - 1960 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 17.2 ( 63 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 14.22 ( 57.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) 1.6 ( 34.9 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 11.5 ( 52.7 ) 9.5 ( 49.1 ) 6.1 ( 43 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 5.57 ( 42.03 ) Source : Stadtklima ( hide ) Climate data for Cambridge , 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 7.5 ( 45.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 14.74 ( 58.53 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 7.3 ( 45.1 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 6.23 ( 43.21 ) Source : Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ( hide ) Climate data for Change in monthly mean temperatures at Cambridge between 1931 - 1960 and 1981 - 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) + 1.2 C + 0.7 C + 0.6 C + 0.1 C + 0.3 C - 0.1 C + 0.9 C + 0.8 C + 0.3 C + 0.6 C + 0.6 C + 0.3 C + 0.52 C Average low ° C ( ° F ) + 0.8 C + 0.6 C + 1.4 C + 0.5 C + 0.8 C + 0.5 C + 0.6 C + 0.7 C + 0.5 C + 1.1 C + 0.4 C + 0.0 C + 0.66 C Source : Stadtklima Again , a similar warming trend is shown for the South East of England , albeit slightly more pronounced with no month recording a fall in overall mean temperatures . Monthly temperature Extremes ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for United Kingdom Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.6 ( 78.1 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 29.9 ( 85.8 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 6.6 ( 43.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 14.7 ( 58.5 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 12.8 ( 55 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 6.0 ( 42.8 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 6.2 ( 43.2 ) 3.3 ( 37.9 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 5.3 ( 41.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 22.8 ( − 9 ) − 15.0 ( 5 ) − 9.4 ( 15.1 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 2.5 ( 27.5 ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 11.7 ( 10.9 ) − 23.3 ( − 9.9 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) − 27.2 ( − 17 ) Source : Met Office Absolute temperature ranges Month Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F Location and date ° C ° F Location and date January 18.3 64.9 Aber , Gwynedd ( 27 Jan 1958 ) Aber , Gwynedd ( 10 Jan 1971 ) Aboyne , Aberdeenshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) Inchmarlo , Kincardineshire ( 26 Jan 2003 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 10 Jan 1982 ) February 19.7 67.5 Greenwich Observatory , London ( 13 Feb 1998 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 11 Feb 1895 ) March 25.6 78.1 Mepal , Cambridgeshire ( 29 Mar 1968 ) − 22.8 − 9.0 Logie Coldstone , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Mar 1958 ) April 29.4 84.9 Camden Square , London ( 16 Apr 1949 ) − 15.0 5.0 Newton Rigg , Cumbria ( 2 Apr 1917 ) May 32.8 91.0 Camden Square , London ( 22 May 1922 ) Horsham , West Sussex ( 29 May 1944 ) Tunbridge Wells , Kent ( 29 May 1944 ) Regent 's Park , London ( 29 May 1944 ) − 9.4 15.1 Lynford , Norfolk ( 4 May 1941 ) Lynford , Norfolk ( 11 May 1941 ) Fort Augustus , Highland ( 15 May 1941 ) June 35.6 96.1 Camden Square , London ( 29 Jun 1957 ) Southampton Mayflower Park ( 28 Jun 1976 ) − 5.6 21.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 9 Jun 1955 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 1 Jun 1962 ) Santon Downham , Norfolk ( 3 Jun 1962 ) July 36.7 98.1 Heathrow , London ( 1 Jul 2015 ) − 2.5 27.5 Lagganlia , Highland ( 15 Jul 1977 ) August 38.5 101.3 Brogdale , Faversham , Kent ( 10 Aug 2003 ) − 4.5 23.9 Lagganlia , Highland ( 21 Aug 1973 ) September 35.6 96.1 Bawtry , Hesley Hall , South Yorkshire ( 2 Sep 1906 ) − 6.7 19.9 Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 26 Sep 1942 ) October 29.9 85.8 Gravesend , Kent ( 1 Oct 2011 ) − 11.7 10.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 25 Oct 1859 ) Dalwhinnie , Highland ( 28 Oct 1948 ) November 22.4 72.3 Trawsgoed , Ceredigion ( 1 Nov 2015 ) − 23.3 − 9.9 Braemar , Aberdeenshire ( 14 Nov 1919 ) December 18.3 64.9 Achnashellach , Highland ( 2 Dec 1948 ) − 27.2 − 17.0 Altnaharra , Highland ( 30 Dec 1995 ) A disputed temperature of 42 ° C was set at an airfield in Wisley , Surrey on 18 July 2006 . It has been suggested that the reading for this temperature should in fact have been 32 ° C. It is worth noting that the Met Office expected temperatures to surpass the August 2003 record during the July 2006 heatwave , and it is still speculated that both heatwaves did set higher temperatures than those officially recorded . Climate change ( edit ) Main article : Climate change in the United Kingdom Central estimates produced by the Met Office predict average annual temperature to increase by 2 ° C ( 4 ° F ) and the warmest summer day to increase by 3 ° C ( 6 ° F ) by the 2050s . Average winter rainfall is also likely to increase and most areas will see a slight decrease in annual rainfall . According to the Met Office , in the UK , the decade from 2000 - 2009 was the warmest since instrumental record dating started in 1850 . See also ( edit ) England portal Air pollution in the United Kingdom Climate of Scotland Climate of south - west England European windstorm Geography of the United Kingdom List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom Record UK daily rainfall amounts UK Meteorological Office 2005 United Kingdom snow events Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In accordance with World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) recommendations , the Met Office maintains long - term averages of the UK climate , based on standard 30 - year periods . The latest 30 - year period is for1981 - 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Updated world map of the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification '' . Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. 11 : 1633 -- 1644 . doi : 10.5194 / hess - 11 - 1633 - 2007 . ISSN 1027 - 5606 . ( direct : Final Revised Paper ) ^ Jump up to : `` England averages '' . Met Office . 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester 1981 - 2010 Averages '' . Met Office . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1971 -- 2000 & Extremes '' . KNMI . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham 1961 -- 1990 & Extremes '' . NOAA . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Ringway 1961 - 1990 '' . NOAA . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester ringway extreme values '' . KNMI . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester ringway 1981 - 2010 mean extreme values '' . KNMI . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shanklin Climatic Averages 1981 - 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurn Climatic Averages 1981 -- 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` N Ireland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Meteo France . `` METEO % % % par Météo - France - Prévisions météo du monde gratuites à 10 jours '' . Jump up ^ `` Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh climate '' . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wales 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . 2001 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Spring Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 2 -- Thunderstorms '' ( PDF ) . Met Office UK . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Temperature Summer Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 9 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/aug03maxtemps.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/10-2002/ws-36090.html Jump up ^ http://www.london-weather.eu/article.138.html Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` UK weather returns to normal after record - breaking heatwave '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/13/uks-hottest-september-day-since-1949-32c-heathrow ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Autumn Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mean Temperature Winter Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zone Map for Europe '' . GardenWeb. 1999 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones -- Details '' . United States National Arboretum. 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2016/january Jump up ^ http://www.trevorharley.com/trevorharley/weather_web_pages/british_weather_in_december.htm Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35228779 ^ Jump up to : http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2015/december Jump up ^ `` UK 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Met Office : English Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Winter Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Duration Summer Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Seager , Richard ( 2006 ) . `` The Source of Europe 's Mild Climate '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 4 ) : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.60. 334 . Jump up ^ Rhines , P.B. and Häkkinen , S. Is the Oceanic Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Irrelevant to the Climate in Europe ? Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . OSAF Newsletter , September 2003 Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4141762/Highlands-mountain-claims-strongest-UK-wind.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rainfall Amount ( mm ) Annual Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ross ( 28 October 2006 ) . `` The wetter , the better '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Philip , Catherine ( 28 July 2005 ) . `` 40 die as one year 's rain falls in a day '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor of London Environment '' . Mayor of London . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` East Anglia 1971 -- 2000 averages '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ McKie , Robin ( 15 October 2006 ) . `` Official : this summer is the longest , hottest ever '' . London : The Observer . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Carrington , Damian . `` December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded in UK '' . Jump up ^ `` December 2015 breaks records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office : Scottish Climate '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UK climate - Extremes - Met Office '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy T. Lennard ; Neil MacDonald ; Janet Hooke . `` Analysis of drought characteristics for improved understanding of a water resource system '' ( PDF ) . IAHS . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of Thunder Annual Average '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hailstorm sparks ' absolute chaos ' '' . BBC News . 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly storm and tidal surge batter northern Europe '' . BBC News . 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey J.E. Rodda , Max A. Little , Rose G. Wood , Nina MacDougall , Patrick E. McSharry ( 2009 ) . A digital archive of extreme rainfalls in the British Isles from 1866 to 1968 based on British Rainfall Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Weather 64 ( 3 ) : 71 - 75 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . The coastal temperature network and ferry route programme : long - term temperature and salinity observations , A.E. Joyce , Cefas . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes '' . The BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.torro.org.uk/site/tfaq.php Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/nature/newsid_9001000/9001614.stm Jump up ^ Nikolai Dotzek . `` An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tornado Climatology '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.torro.org.uk/site/whirlwind_info.php ^ Jump up to : Doe , Robert K. ( 2016 ) . Extreme Weather : Forty Years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation ( TORRO ) . Chichester : Wiley . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 95109 - 5 . Jump up ^ Willis , J.H. , ( 1944 ) Weatherwise , London , George Allen and Unwin . Jump up ^ `` Belfast 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belfast 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cambridge 1931 - 60 '' . Stadtklima . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge 1981 - 2010 '' . KNMI . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Records '' . Met Office . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UKCP Map '' . The Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updates to our decadal forecast '' . The Met Office . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Met Office Climate of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Weather events in the United Kingdom Climate of the United Kingdom Drought in the United Kingdom Avalanches Lewes 1836 Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009 Coldwaves Winter 1683 -- 84 Great Frost of 1709 Winter 1894 -- 95 Winter 1946 -- 47 Winter 1962 -- 63 Winter 1981 -- 82 January -- March 1987 Winter 1990 -- 91 October 2008 February 2009 Winter 2009 -- 10 Winter 2010 -- 11 February 2012 March -- April 2013 February -- March 2018 Flash floods Louth 1920 Lynmouth 1952 Chew Stoke 1968 Glasgow 2002 Boscastle 2004 Morpeth 2008 Floods Holmfirth 1738 , 1777 , 1944 Thames 1928 Thames 1947 South England 1968 United Kingdom 2000 United Kingdom 2007 Sheffield 2009 United Kingdom 2009 United Kingdom 2012 United Kingdom 2013 -- 14 Somerset Levels 2013 -- 14 United Kingdom 2015 -- 16 United Kingdom 2016 Heat waves Droughts `` Great Stink '' 1858 Summer 1906 Summer 1911 Summer 1955 Summer 1976 August 1990 Summer 1995 August 1997 2003 June - July 2006 Spring 2011 Autumn 2011 March 2012 July 2013 June 2017 Storm surges South England 1287 North Sea 1287 Bristol Channel 1607 1928 Thames flood North Sea 1953 North Sea 1976 North Sea 1978 North Sea 2007 Irish Sea & North Sea 2013 Thunderstorms Widecombe - in - the - Moor 1638 Tornadoes London 1091 Great Malvern 1761 Birmingham 2005 London 2006 West Midlands and Wales 2011 Windstorms December 1703 November 1824 August 1848 October 1859 February 1871 December 1879 October 1881 January 1968 January 1976 October 1987 January 1990 December 1998 January 2007 December 2011 January 2012 October 2013 December 2013 Christmas 2013 New Year 2014 February 2014 Windstorm seasons 2015 -- 16 Abigail Desmond Eva 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Ophelia Snow events January 1881 April 1981 Early March 2013 Late March 2013 Other Great Smog of Winter 1952 Disputed tsunami Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=834500355 '' Categories : Climate of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from November 2006 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español עברית Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the 4 climatic zones of the uk	[]	[]
6359398107093987463	Remo D'Souza	Remo D'Souza - Wikipedia Remo D'Souza Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Remo D'Souza Ramesh Gopi Nair ( 1974 - 04 - 02 ) 2 April 1974 ( age 43 ) Bangalore , Karnataka , India Nationality Indian Occupation Choreographer , Film Director , Film Actor Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lizelle D'Souza Children Druv Gabriel Parent ( s ) K. Gopi Madhvi Laxmi Remo D'Souza ( birth name Ramesh Gopi Nair , born 2 April 1974 ) is an Indian dancer , choreographer , actor and film director . He was a judge in the show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa with the Indian actress Madhuri Dixit and the director Karan Johar . He was the `` super judge '' on the prime time dance show Dance Plus , on Star Plus , along with team captains Dharmesh Yelande , Shakti Mohan , and Punit Pathak . Currently he is appearing as a judge on the reality show Dance Champions opposite Terence lewis . His first movie as a director , F.A.L.T.U , was a moderate success at the box office . He made India 's first 3D dance movie , ABCD - AnyBody Can Dance , with contestants from season 1 and season 2 of Dance India Dance ( Dharmesh Yelande , Punit Pathak , Salman Yusuff Khan , Bhavna , Prince and others ) , Prabhu Deva and Lauren Gottlieb . His next directorial venture , ABCD 2 , was released in June 2015 . It starred Varun Dhawan , Shraddha Kapoor , and Prabhu Deva in lead roles , with Lauren Gottlieb , Punit Pathak , Raghav Juyal , and Dharmesh Yelande in supporting roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Awards 3 Filmography 3.1 As director 3.2 As Producer 3.3 As actor 3.4 As choreographer 3.5 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Remo hails from Olavakkode , Palakkad , Kerala , and was born on April 2 , 1974 in Bangalore to K. Gopi , a cook in the Indian Air Force , and Madhvi Laxmi . He has an elder brother , Ganesh Gopi , and 4 sisters . He did his schooling at the Air Force School , Jamnagar , Gujarat . During his school days , he was an athlete and won prizes in the 100 meter race . He is married to Lizelle , an Anglo - Indian from Mumbai . Lizelle is a costume designer who has designed costumes for many television shows . They have two sons , Druv and Gabriel . Currently he is residing , with his family , in Andheri West , Mumbai . Awards ( edit ) Won Vijay Awards for Best Find of the Year for the film Enthiran - 2011 Screen Awards for Best Choreographer for the song `` Badtameez Dil '' in the film Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani - 2013 Zee Cine Awards for Best Choreography for the song `` Badtameez Dil '' in the film Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani - 2014 IIFA Awards for Best Choreography for the song `` Badtameez Dil '' in the film Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani - 2014 Star Guild Awards for Best Choreography for the song `` Badtameez Dil '' in the film Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani - 2014 Renault Star Guild Awards for Best Choreographer for `` Badtameez Dil '' and `` Balam Pichkari '' - 2014 . Stardust Awards for Best Choreographer for the film ABCD2 - 2015 BIG Entertainment Awards for Most Entertaining Social Film for the film ABCD2 - 2015 Screen Awards for Best Choreographer for the song `` Sunn Saathiya '' in the film ABCD2 - 2016 Star Guild Awards for Best Choreography in the film Bajirao Mastani - 2016 63rd National Film Awards for Best Choreography for the song `` Deewani Mastani '' in Bajirao Mastani - 2016 . Nominations Golden Petal Awards for Best Non-Fiction Judge for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa - 2013 Star Parivaar Awards for Favourite Naya Sadasya - Male for Dance Plus - 2016 Filmography ( edit ) As director ( edit ) Year Film Language Notes 2011 F.A.L.T.U Hindi 2013 ABCD : Any Body Can Dance Hindi 2015 ABCD 2 Hindi 2016 A Flying Jatt Hindi 2018 Race 3 Hindi As Producer ( edit ) DOA Death of Amar ( 2014 ) Nawabzaade ( 2017 ) As actor ( edit ) Aflatoon ( 1997 ) Meenaxi : A Tale of Three Cities ( 2004 ) as Kunal Kapoor 's friend ABCD : Any Body Can Dance ( 2013 ) Entertainment ( 2014 ) ABCD : Any Body Can Dance 2 ( 2015 ) As choreographer ( edit ) 1995 Bollywood Dreams 2000 Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar 2001 Tum Bin 2001 Ehsaas : The Feeling 2002 Pitaah 2002 Aankhen 2002 Chhal 2002 Road 2002 Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai ? 2002 Kaante 2002 Saathiya 2003 Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai 2003 Stumped 2003 Qayamat : City Under Threat 2003 Janasheen 2003 Mumbai Matinee 2003 Tehzeeb 2003 Wrong Number 2003 Chameli 2004 Meenaxi : A Tale of Three Cities 2004 Bardaasht 2004 Asambhav 2004 Dhoom 2004 Popcorn Khao ! Mast Ho Jao 2004 Daag - Shades of Love 2005 Shabd 2005 Lucky : No Time for Love 2005 Naam Gum Jayega 2005 Waqt : The Race Against Time 2005 Jo Bole So Nihaal 2005 Chocolate 2005 Koi Aap Sa 2005 Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena 2005 Apaharan 2006 Aksar 2006 Fight Club - Members Only 2006 36 China Town 2006 Ankahee 2006 Alag : He Is Different ... He Is Alone ... 2006 Bas Ek Pal 2006 Anthony Kaun Hai ? 2006 Jaane Hoga Kya 2006 Dil Diya Hai 2006 Pyaar Ke Side Effects 2006 Rocky - The Rebel 2006 Hota Hai Dil Pyaar Mein Paagal 2006 Apna Sapna Money Money 2006 Aryan 2006 Tom Dick And Harry 2007 Marigold 2007 Just Married 2007 Delhii Heights 2007 Good Boy , Bad Boy 2007 The Train 2007 MP3 - Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar 2007 Awarapan 2007 Cash 2007 Darling 2007 Chhodon Naa Yaar 2007 Speed 2007 Main Rony Aur Jony 2008 Mithya 2008 Bhoothnath 2008 De Taali 2008 Mission Istaanbul 2008 Ugly Aur Pagli 2008 Rock On ! ! 2008 Hijack 2008 Kidnap 2008 Sorry Bhai ! 2008 Maharathi 2009 The Stoneman Murders 2009 Kal Kissne Dekha 2009 London Dreams 2009 Mr. Fraud 2010 Enthiran 2011 Patiala House 2011 F.A.L.T.U 2011 Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2011 Kucch Luv Jaisaa 2011 Bbuddah ... Hoga Terra Baap 2011 Stand By 2011 Love Breakups Zindagi 2011 Loot 2012 Student of the Year 2013 ABCD : Any Body Can Dance 2013 Zila Ghaziabad 2013 Aurangzeb 2013 Besharam 2013 Krrish 3 2013 Gori Tere Pyaar Mein 2013 Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani 2014 Dedh Ishqiya 2014 2 States 2014 Jai Ho 2014 Entertainment 2014 O Teri 2014 Familywala 2015 Tevar 2015 ABCD 2 2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan 2015 Bajirao Mastani 2015 Dilwale 2016 A Flying Jatt Television ( edit ) Dance India Dance ( season 1 ) with Geeta Kapoor & Terrence Lewis Dance India Dance ( season 2 ) with Geeta Kapoor & Terrence Lewis Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4 with Madhuri Dixit & Malaika Arora Khan Dance India Dance Doubles as a guest judge Dance Ke Superstars with Shiamak Davar Dance India Dance ( season 3 ) with Geeta Kapoor & Terrence Lewis Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5 with Madhuri Dixit & Karan Johar Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe as a guest judge Nach Baliye 5 as a guest judge Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 with Madhuri Dixit & Karan Johar Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 with Madhuri Dixit & Karan Johar Dance Plus , Season 1 ( 2015 ) Dance Plus , Season 2 ( 2016 ) Dance Plus , Season 3 ( 2017 ) Dance Champions ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do you know Remo D'Souza's real name ? '' . The Times of India . Asian News International . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' ABCD 2 ′ : Varun Dhawan plays Suresh from Fictitious Dance Academy '' . The Indian Express . 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shraddha Kapoor injures herself while dancing for ABCD 2 '' . The Times of India . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Asian Paints ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) , Har Ghar Kucch Kehta Hai - Ninth Episode Remo D'Souza , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Sahadevan , Sonup ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` I have won many awards but National Award means everything to me : Remo D'Souza '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judges , Hosts , Contestants : Dance Plus 2015 '' . Dance Plus TV Show . 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Remo D'Souza . ( hide ) Dance India Dance Hosts Current Jay Bhanushali ( 2009 -- present ) Former Saumya Tandon ( 2009 - 2012 ) Manish Paul ( 2010 - 2011 ) Shweta Salve ( 2011 ) Karan Wahi ( 2015 - Dance Moms ) Judges Current Geeta Kapoor ( 2009 -- present ) Mudassar Khan ( 2013 - present ) Ahmad Khan ( 2014 - present ) Former Terence Lewis ( 2009 - 2010 , 2012 ) Remo D'Souza ( 2009 - 2010 , 2012 ) Farah Khan ( 2010 ) Shiamak Davar ( 2011 ) Sandip Soparrkar ( 2010 ) Marzi Pestonji ( 2011 - present ) Rajeev Surti ( 2011 ) Shruti Merchant ( 2013 ) Grand Masters Mithun Chakraborty ( 2009 - present ) Choreographers / Skippers Current Remo D'Souza Geeta Kapoor Terence Lewis Former Mayuresh Wadkar Dharmesh Yelande Vrushali Chavan Jai Kumar Nair Amrita Moitra Raghav Juyal Prince R. Gupta Neerav Bavlecha Kruti Mahesh Winners Salman Yusuff Khan Shakti Mohan Jeetumoni Kalita Rajasmita Kar Faisal Khan Shyam Yadav Other contestants Dharmesh Yelande Raghav Juyal Binny Sharma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remo_D%27Souza&oldid=816254974 '' Categories : Indian choreographers 1974 births Living people Indian male dancers Popping dancers Dance India Dance Dancers from Karnataka Artists from Bangalore Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Hidden categories : Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English BLP articles lacking sources from February 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	download badtameez dil mp3 song of yeh jawani hai deewani	[]	[]
1350596944301089611	Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain	Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain - wikipedia Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain Jump to : navigation , search See also : Sub-Roman Britain This article is part of the series : Anglo - Saxon Society and Culture People Settlement Women Language Language Literature Runes Material culture Architecture Art Burial Coins Dress Glass Weaponry Power and organization Charters Monarchs and kingdoms Military organisation Warfare Religion Christianity Paganism The Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain describes the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano - British to Germanic . The Germanic - speakers in Britain , themselves of diverse origins , eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo - Saxons . This process occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries , following the end of Roman power in Britain around the year 410 . The settlement was followed by the establishment of Anglo - Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain , later followed by the rest of modern England . The available evidence includes the scanty contemporary and near - contemporary written record , and archaeological and genetic information . The few literary sources tell of hostility between incomers and natives . They describe violence , destruction , massacre and the flight of the Romano - British population . Moreover , there is little clear evidence for the influence of British Celtic or British Latin on Old English . These factors have suggested a very large - scale invasion by various Germanic peoples . In this view , held by the majority of historians until the mid to late twentieth century , much of what is now England was cleared of its prior inhabitants . If this traditional viewpoint were to be correct , the genes of the later English people would have been overwhelmingly inherited from Germanic migrants . However , another view , probably the most widely held today , is that the migrants were relatively few , centred on a warrior elite . This hypothesis suggests that the incomers , having achieved a position of political and social dominance , initiated a process of acculturation by the natives to their language and material culture . Archaeologists have found that settlement patterns and land - use show no clear break with the Romano - British past , though there are marked changes in material culture . This view predicts that the ancestry of the people of Anglo - Saxon and modern England would be largely derived from the native Romano - British . The uncertain results of genetic studies tend to support this prediction . Even so , if these incomers established themselves as a social elite , this could have allowed them enhanced reproductive success ( the so - called ' Apartheid Theory ' ) . In this case , the prevalent genes of later Anglo - Saxon England could have been largely derived from moderate numbers of Germanic migrants . This theory , originating in a population genetics study , has proven controversial , and has been critically received by a number of scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Historical evidence 2.1 Early sources 2.2 Gildas ' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 2.3 Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 2.4 Tribal Hideage 2.5 Anglo - Saxon Chronicle 3 Linguistic evidence 3.1 The evidence 3.2 The debate 3.3 Current research 3.4 Elite personal names 4 Archaeological evidence 4.1 Understanding the Roman legacy 4.2 Settler evidence 4.3 Tribal characteristics 4.4 Reuse of earlier monuments 4.5 Landscape archaeology 4.6 Distribution of settlements 4.7 Cemetery evidence 5 Molecular evidence 5.1 Y - chromosome evidence 5.2 Ancient DNA , rare mutations and whole genome sequencing 5.3 Isotope analysis 6 Migration and acculturation theories 6.1 Estimating continental migrants ' numbers 6.2 `` Saxon '' political ascendancy in Britain 6.3 ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples ' fate in the south - east 7 Aspects of the success of the Anglo - Saxon settlement 7.1 Anglo - Saxon political formation 7.2 Rural freedoms and kinship groups 7.3 Material culture 7.4 Culture of belief 7.5 Language and literature 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 11.1 General 11.2 Archaeology 11.3 History Background ( edit ) Britain , 383 -- 410 By 400 , the Roman provinces in Britain ( all the territory to the south of Hadrian 's Wall ) were a peripheral part of the Roman Empire , occasionally lost to rebellion or invasion , but until then always eventually recovered . That cycle of loss and recapture collapsed over the next decade . Eventually around 410 , although Roman power remained a force to be reckoned with for a further three generations across much of Gaul , Britain slipped beyond direct imperial control into a phase which has generally been termed `` sub-Roman '' . The history of this period has traditionally been a narrative of decline and fall . However , evidence from Verulamium suggests that urban - type rebuilding , featuring piped water , was continuing late on in the 5th century , if not beyond . At Silchester , there are signs of sub-Roman occupation down to around 500 , and at Wroxeter new Roman baths have been identified as Roman - type . The writing of Patrick and Gildas ( see below ) demonstrates the survival in Britain of Latin literacy and Roman education , learning and law within elite society and Christianity , throughout the bulk of the 5th and 6th centuries . There are also signs in Gildas ' works that the economy was thriving without Roman taxation , as he complains of luxuria and self - indulgence . This is the 5th century Britain into which the Anglo - Saxons appear . Historical evidence ( edit ) Surveying the historical sources for signs of the Anglo - Saxon settlement , and the people , assumes that the words Angles , Saxons or Anglo - Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources . Assigning ethnic labels such as `` Anglo - Saxon '' is fraught with difficulties and the term itself only began to be used in the 8th century to distinguish `` Germanic '' groups in Britain from those on the continent ( Old Saxony in present - day Northern Germany ) . Early sources ( edit ) The Chronica Gallica of 452 records for the year 441 : `` The British provinces , which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes , are reduced to Saxon rule . '' The Chronicle was written some distance from Britain . There is uncertainty about precise dates for fifth - century events especially before 446 . This , however , does not undermine the position of the Gallic Chronicles as a very important contemporary source , which suggests that Bede 's later date for ' the arrival of the Saxons ' was mistaken . In the Chronicle , Britain is grouped with four other Roman territories which came under ' Germanic ' dominion around the same time , the list being intended as an explanation of the end of the Roman empire in the west . The four share a similar history , as they were all given into the `` power of the barbarians '' by Roman authority : three were deliberately settled with German federates and though the Vandals took Africa by force their dominion was confirmed by treaty . Procopius states that Britain was settled by three races : the Angiloi , Frisones , and Britons , each ruled by its own king . Each race was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks , who planted them in unpopulated regions of its territory . Writing in the mid-sixth century , he also states that after the overthrow of Constantine III in 411 , `` the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain , but it remained from that time under tyrants . '' Gildas ' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( edit ) In Gildas ' work of the 6th century ( perhaps 510 -- 530 ) , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , a religious tract on the state of Britain , the Saxons were enemies originally from overseas , who brought well - deserved judgement upon the local kings or ' tyrants ' . The sequence of events in Gildas is interesting : After an appeal to Aëtius ( the Groans of the Britons ) the Britons were gripped by famine while suffering attacks from the Picts and Scoti ; some fought back successfully , leading to a period of peace . Peace led to luxuria and self - indulgence . A renewed attack was threatened by the Picts and Scoti , and this led to a council , where it was proposed and agreed that land in the east would be given to the Saxons on the basis of a treaty , a foedus , by which the Saxons would defend the Britons in exchange for food supplies . This type of arrangement was unexceptional in a Late Roman context ; Franks had been settled as foederati on imperial territory in northern Gaul ( Toxandria ) in the 4th century , and the Visigoths were settled in Gallia Aquitania early in the 5th century . The Saxon foederati first complained that their monthly supplies were inadequate . Then they threatened to break the treaty , which they did , spreading the onslaught `` from sea to sea '' . This war , which Higham called the `` War of the Saxon Federates '' , ended some 20 -- 30 years later , shortly after the siege at Mons Badonicus , and some 40 years before Gildas was born . There was a peace with the Saxons who returned to their eastern home , which Gildas called a lugubre divortium barbarorum -- a grievous divorce from the barbarians . The `` divorce settlement '' , Higham in particular has argued , was an improved treaty from the British viewpoint . This included the ability to extract tribute from the people in the east ( i.e. the Saxons ) who were under the leadership of the person Gildas called pater diabolus . Gildas used the correct late Roman term for the Saxons , foederati , people who came to Britain under a well - used treaty system . This kind of treaty had been used elsewhere to bring people into the Roman Empire to move along the roads or rivers and work alongside the army . Gildas called them Saxons , which was probably the common British term for the settlers . Interestingly Gildas ' use of the word Patria , when used in relation to the Saxons and Picts , gave the impression that some Saxons could by then be regarded as native to Britannia . Britain for Gildas was the whole island ; ethnicity and language were not his issue , he was concerned with the leaders ' faith and actions . The historical details are , as Snyder had it : `` by - products from his recounting of royal - sins '' . There is a strong tradition of Christian writers who were concerned with the moral qualities of leadership and Gildas joined these . He used apocalyptic language : for example the Saxons were `` villains '' , `` enemies '' , led by a Devil - father . Yet Gildas had lived through , in his own words , an age of `` external peace '' , and it is this peace that brought with it the tyrannis -- `` unjust rule '' . Gildas ' remarks reflected his continuing concern regarding the vulnerability of his countrymen and their disregard and in - fighting : for example , `` it was always true of this people ( as it is now ) that it was weak in beating off the weapons of the enemy but strong in putting up with civil war and the burden of sin . '' However , after the War of the Saxon Federates , if there were acts of genocide , mass exodus or mass slavery , Gildas did not seem to know about them . Gildas , in discussing the holy shrines , mentioned that the spiritual life of Britain had suffered , because the partition ( divortium ) , of the country , which was preventing the citizens ( cives ) from worshipping at the shrines of the martyrs . Control had been ceded to the Saxons , even control of access to such shrines . The church was now ' tributary ' , her sons had ' embraced dung ' and the nobility had lost their authority to govern . Gildas described the corruption of the elite : `` Britain has kings but they are tyrants ; she has judges but they are wicked '' . This passage provides a glimpse into the world of Gildas , he continued : `` they plunder and terrorise the innocent , they defend and protect the guilty and thieving , they have many wives , whores and adulteresses , swear false oaths , tell lies , reward thieves , sit with murderous men , despise the humble , their commanders are ' enemies of God ' '' ; the list is long . Interestingly , oath breaking and the absence of just judgements for ordinary people were mentioned a number of times . British leadership , everywhere , was immoral and the cause of the `` ruin of Britain '' . Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( edit ) Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede . The Saint Petersburg Bede ( Saint Petersburg , National Library of Russia , lat . Q. v. I. 18 ) , a near - contemporary version of the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Gildas and other sources were used by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , written around 731 . Bede identifies the migrants as Angles , Saxons and Jutes , reporting ( Bk I , Ch 15 ) that the Saxons came from Old Saxony ( Northern Germany ) and the Angles from ' Anglia ' , which lay between the homelands of the Saxons and Jutes . Anglia is reasonably taken to be the old Schleswig - Holstein Province ( straddling the modern Danish - German border ) , and containing the modern Angeln . Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes , and the coast between the Elbe and Weser rivers ( modern German state of Lower Saxony ) is the Saxon area of origin . Crucially , Bede seems to identify three phases of settlement : an exploration phase , when mercenaries came to protect the resident population ; a migration phase , which was substantial , as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted ; and an establishment phase , in which Anglo - Saxons started to control areas , implied in Bede 's statement about the origins of the tribes . This analysis of Bede has led to a re-evaluation , in terms of continuity and change , of Bede 's `` Northumbrian '' view of history and how this view was projected back into the account of the latter two phases of settlement ; and a possible overhaul of the traditional chronological framework . The concept of Bretwalda originates in Bede 's comment on who held the Imperium of Britain . From this concept , historians have inferred a formal institution of overlordship south of the Humber . Whether such an institution existed is uncertain , but Simon Keynes argues that the idea is not an invented concept . The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo - Saxon elite families . Whether the majority were early settlers , descendant from settlers , or especially after the exploration stage , were Roman - British leaders who adopted Anglo - Saxon culture is unclear , but the balance of opinion is that most were migrants . Notable gaps include : no - one from the East or West Midlands is represented in the list of Bretwaldas , and there is some uncertainty about the dates of these leaders . Bede 's view of Britons is partly responsible for the picture of them as the downtrodden subjects of Anglo - Saxon oppression . This has been used by linguists and archaeologists who have produced genocidal , slavery and bloody invasion settlement theories . Bede 's derogatory depiction of the Britons is influenced by what he had read in Gildas , which had also sought to understand God 's will . For Gildas , the Saxons represented God 's scourge , and he saw the horrors of the Saxon as God 's retribution for the sins of his people . Bede focused on this point and extended Gildas ' vision by portraying the pagan Anglo - Saxons not as God 's scourge against the reprobate Britons , but rather as the agents of Britain 's redemption . Therefore , the ghastly scenario that Gildas feared is calmly explained away by Bede : any rough treatment was necessary , and ordained by God , because the Britons had lost God 's favour , and incurred his wrath . Bede is not using ethnicity in the same manner as a modern reader . Windy McKinney observes , `` Bede 's use of ( ethnic terminology ) was much more mutable : tied to the expression of tradition and religious ideas , to the loyalty of a people to authority , and subject to change as history continued to unfold . Therefore , it is a moot point whether all of those whom Bede encompassed under the term Angli were racially Germanic '' . Indeed , Bede himself may not have been an ethnically ' pure ' Angle . Tribal Hideage ( edit ) The Tribal Hideage is a list of 35 tribes that was compiled in Anglo - Saxon England some time between the 7th and 9th centuries . The inclusion of the ' Elmet - dwellers ' suggests to Simon Keynes that the Tribal Hideage was compiled in the early 670s , during the reign of King Wulfhere , since Elmet seems to have reverted thereafter to Northumbrian control . It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories and assigns a number of hides to each one . A hide was an amount of land sufficient to support a household . The list of tribes is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom , some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars . The document is problematic , but extremely important for historians as it provides a glimpse into the relationship between people , land and the tribes and groups into which they had organised themselves . The individual units in the list developed from the settlement areas of tribal groups , some of which are as little as 300 hides . The names are difficult to locate : places like East wixna and Sweord ora . What it reveals is that micro-identity of tribe and family is important from the start . The list is evidence for more complex settlement than the single political entity of the other historical sources . Anglo - Saxon Chronicle ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle is an historical record of events in Anglo - Saxon England which was kept from the late 9th to the mid-12th century . The Chronicle is a collection of annals that were still being updated in some cases more than 600 years after the events they describe . They contain various entries that seem to add to the breadth of the historical evidence and provide good evidence for a migration , the Anglo - Saxon elites and various significant historical events . The earliest events described in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle were transcribed centuries after they had occurred . Barbara Yorke , Patrick Sims - Williams and David Dumville among others have highlighted how a number of features of the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle for the 5th and early 6th centuries clearly contradict the idea that they contain a reliable year - by - year record . Stuart Laycock has suggested that there may be information from the early period that can be used on the basis that : the obvious glosses and fictions should be rejected ( such as the information about Porta and Portsmouth ) ; the kernel behind some entries might contain a truth ( such as the sequence of the events associated with Ælle of Sussex ) ; and whilst the dates are uncertain , Laycock believes some of the 6th century events may describe real situations . However presenting evidence for the Anglo - Saxon settlement from a chronicle such as the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle is uncertain and relies heavily on the present view of which entries are acceptable truth . As Dumville points out about the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle : `` medieval historiography has assumptions different from our own , particularly in terms of distinctions between fiction and non-fiction '' . Linguistic evidence ( edit ) Kenneth Jackson 's map showing British river names of Celtic etymology , thought to be a good indicator of the spread of Old English . Area I , where Celtic names are rare and confined to large and medium - sized rivers , shows English - language dominance to c. 500 -- 550 ; Area II to c. 600 ; Area III , where even many small streams have Brittonic names to c. 700 . In Area IV , Brittonic remained the dominant language ' till at least the Norman Conquest ' and river names are overwhelmingly Celtic . Main article : Celtic language - death in England Explaining linguistic change , and particularly the rise of Old English , is crucial in any account of the Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain . The modern consensus is that the spread of English can be explained by a fairly small number of Germanic - speaking immigrants becoming politically dominant , in a context where Latin had lost its usefulness and prestige due to the collapse of the Roman economy and administration . The evidence ( edit ) Map of place - names between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees : in green , names likely containing Brittonic elements ; in red and orange , names likely containing the Old English elements - ham and - ingaham respectively . Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills . All linguistic evidence from Roman Britain suggests that most inhabitants spoke British Celtic and / or British Latin . However , by the eighth century , when extensive evidence for the post-Roman language situation is next available , it is clear that the dominant language in what is now eastern and southern England was Old English , whose West Germanic predecessors were spoken in what is now the Netherlands and northern Germany . Old English then continued spreading westwards and northwards in the ensuing centuries . This development is strikingly different from , for example , post-Roman Gaul , Iberia , or North Africa , where Germanic - speaking invaders gradually switched to local languages . Old English shows little obvious influence from Celtic or spoken Latin : there are for example vanishingly few English words of Brittonic origin . Moreover , except in Cornwall , the vast majority of place - names in England are easily etymologised as Old English ( or Old Norse , due to later Viking influence ) , demonstrating the dominance of English across post-Roman England . Intensive research in recent decades on Celtic toponymy has shown that more names in England and southern Scotland have Brittonic , or occasionally Latin , etymologies than was once thought , but even so , it is clear that Brittonic and Latin place - names in the eastern half of England are extremely rare , and although they are noticeably more common in the western half , they are still a tiny minority ─ 2 % in Cheshire , for example . The debate ( edit ) Into the later twentieth century , scholars ' usual explanation for the lack of Celtic influence on English , supported by uncritical readings of the accounts of Gildas and Bede , was that Old English became dominant primarily because Germanic - speaking invaders killed , chased away , and / or enslaved the previous inhabitants of the areas that they settled . In recent decades , a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation , and Peter Schrijver has said that ' to a large extent , it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios ' about demographic change in late Roman Britain . But the consensus among experts today , influenced by research in contact linguistics , is that political dominance by a fairly small number of Old English - speakers could have driven large numbers of Britons to adopt Old English while leaving little detectable trace of this language - shift . The collapse of Britain 's Roman economy and administrative structures seems to have left Britons living in a technologically similar society to their Anglo - Saxon neighbours , making it unlikely that Anglo - Saxons would need to borrow words for unfamiliar concepts . If Old English became the most prestigious language in a particular region , speakers of other languages may have found it advantageous to become bilingual and , over a few generations , stop speaking the less prestigious languages ( in this case British Celtic and / or British Latin ) . This account , which demands only small numbers of politically dominant Germanic - speaking migrants to Britain , has become ' the standard explanation ' for the gradual death of Celtic and spoken Latin in post-Roman Britain . Likewise , scholars have posited various mechanisms other than massive demographic change by which pre-migration Celtic place - names could have been lost . Scholars have stressed that Welsh and Cornish place - names from the Roman period seem no more likely to survive than English ones : ' clearly name loss was a Romano - British phenomenon , not just one associated with Anglo - Saxon incomers ' . Other explanations for the replacement of Roman period place - names include adaptation of Celtic names such that they now seem to come from Old English ; a more gradual loss of Celtic names than was once assumed ; and new names being coined ( in the newly dominant English language ) because instability of settlements and land - tenure . Current research ( edit ) Extensive research is ongoing on whether British Celtic did exert subtle substrate influence on the phonology , morphology , and syntax of Old English ( as well as on whether British Latin - speakers influenced the Brittonic languages , perhaps as they fled westwards from Anglo - Saxon domination into highland areas of Britain ) . These arguments have not yet , however , become consensus views . Thus a recent synthesis concludes that ' the evidence for Celtic influence on Old English is somewhat sparse , which only means that it remains elusive , not that it did not exist ' . Debate continues within a framework assuming that many Brittonic - speakers shifted to English , for example over whether at least some Germanic - speaking peasant - class immigrants must have been involved to bring about the language - shift ; what legal or social structures ( such as enslavement or apartheid - like customs ) might have promoted the high status of English ; and precisely how slowly Brittonic ( and British Latin ) disappeared in different regions . An idiosyncratic view that has won extensive popular attention is Stephen Oppenheimer 's suggestion that the lack of Celtic influence on English is because the ancestor of English was already widely spoken in Britain by the Belgae before the end of the Roman period . However , Oppenheimer 's ideas have not been found helpful in explaining the known facts : there is no evidence for a well established Germanic language in Britain before the fifth century , and Oppenheimer 's idea contradicts the extensive evidence for the use of Celtic and Latin . Elite personal names ( edit ) The name of the Bretwalda Ceawlin , rendered ' ceaulin ' , as it appears in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle ( C - text ) While many studies admit that a substantial survival of native British people from lower social strata is probable , with these people becoming anglicised over time due to the action of `` elite dominance '' mechanisms , there is also evidence for the survival of British elites and their anglicisation . An Anglo - Saxon elite could be formed in two ways : from an incoming chieftain and his war band from northern Germania taking over an area of Britain , or through a native British chieftain and his war band adopting Anglo - Saxon culture and language . The incidence of British Celtic personal names in the royal genealogies of a number of `` Anglo - Saxon '' dynasties is very suggestive of the latter process . The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic , an undoubtedly Celtic name identical to Ceretic , the name given to two British kings , and ultimately derived from the Brittonic * Caraticos . This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton , and that his dynasty became anglicised over time . A number of Cerdic 's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names , including the ' Bretwalda ' Ceawlin . The last occurrence of a British name in this dynasty being that of King Caedwalla , who died as late as 689 . The British name Caedbaed is found in the pedigree of the kings of Lindsey , which argues for the survival of British elites in this area also . In the Mercian royal pedigree , the name of King Penda and the names of other kings have more obvious Brittonic than German etymologies , though they do not correspond to known Welsh personal names . Bede , in his major work , charts the careers of four upper - class brothers in the English Church , he refers to them as being Northumbrian , and therefore `` English '' . However , the names of Saint Chad of Mercia ( a prominent bishop ) and his brothers Cedd ( also a bishop ) , Cynibil and Caelin ( a variant spelling of Ceawlin ) are British rather than Anglo - Saxon . A good case can be made for southern Britain ( especially Wessex , Kent , Essex and parts of Southern East Anglia ) , at least , having been taken over by dynasties having some Germanic ancestry or connections , but also having origins in , or intermarrying with , native British elites . Archaeological evidence ( edit ) An Anglo - Frisian funerary urn excavated from the Snape ship burial in East Anglia . Item is located in Aldeburgh Moot Hall Museum Archaeologists seeking to understand evidence for migration and / or acculturation must first get to grips with early Anglo - Saxon archaeology as an `` Archaeology of Identity '' . Guarding against considering one aspect of archaeology in isolation , this concept ensures that different topics are considered together , that previously were considered separately , such as : gender , age , ethnicity , religion and status . The task of interpretation has been hampered by the lack of works of archaeological synthesis for the Anglo - Saxon period in general , and the early period in particular . This is changing , with new works of synthesis and chronology , in particular the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill , which has opened up the possible synthesis with continental material culture and , most interestingly , has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than AD 450 , with a significant number of items now in phases before this historically set date . Understanding the Roman legacy ( edit ) Archaeological evidence for the emergence of both a native British identity and the appearance of a Germanic culture in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries must consider first the period at the end of Roman rule . The collapse of Roman material culture some time in the early 5th century left a gap in the archaeological record that was quite rapidly filled by the intrusive Anglo - Saxon material culture , while the native culture became archaeologically close to invisible -- although recent hoards and metal - detector finds show that coin use and imports did not stop abruptly at AD 410 . The archaeology of the Roman military systems within Britain is well known but is not well understood : for example , whether the `` Saxon Shore '' was defensive or to facilitate the passage of goods . Andrew Pearson suggests that the `` Saxon Shore Forts '' and other coastal installations played a more significant economic and logistical role than is often appreciated , and that the tradition of Saxon and other continental piracy , based on the name of these forts , is probably a myth . The archaeology of late Roman ( and sub-Roman ) Britain has been mainly focused on the elite rather than the peasant and slave : their villas , houses , mosaics , furniture , fittings and silver plate . This group had a strict code on how their wealth was to be displayed , and this provides a wealth of material culture , from which `` Britons '' are identified . There was a large gap between richest and poorest ; the trappings of the latter have been the focus of less archaeological study . However the archaeology of the peasant from the 4th and 5th centuries is dominated by `` ladder '' field systems or enclosures , associated with extended families , and in the South and East of England the extensive use of timber - built buildings and farmsteads shows a lower level of engagement with Roman building methods than is shown by the houses of the numerically much smaller elite . Settler evidence ( edit ) Romano - British or Anglo - Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo - Saxon cemetery , early 5th century , using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo - Saxon clients Confirmation of the use of Anglo - Saxons as foederati or federate troops has been seen as coming from burials of Anglo - Saxons wearing military equipment of a type issued to late Roman forces , which have been found both in late Roman contexts , such as the Roman cemeteries of Winchester and Colchester , and in purely ' Anglo - Saxon ' rural cemeteries like Mucking ( Essex ) , though this was at a settlement used by the Romano - British . The distribution of the earliest Anglo - Saxon sites and place names in close proximity to Roman settlements and roads has been interpreted as showing that initial Anglo - Saxon settlements were being controlled by the Romano - British . Catherine Hills suggests it is not necessary to see all the early settlers as federate troops , and that this interpretation has been used rather too readily by some archaeologists . A variety of relationships could have existed between Romano - British and incoming Anglo - Saxons . The broader archaeological picture suggests that no one model will explain all the Anglo - Saxon settlements in Britain and that there was considerable regional variation . Settlement density varied within southern and eastern England . Norfolk has more large Anglo - Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk ; eastern Yorkshire ( the nucleus of the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Deira ) far more than the rest of Northumbria . The settlers were not all of the same type . Some were indeed warriors who were buried equipped with their weapons , but we should not assume that all of these were invited guests who were to guard Romano - British communities . Possibly some , like the later Viking settlers , may have begun as piratical raiders who later seized land and made permanent settlements . Other settlers seem to have been much humbler people who had few if any weapons and suffered from malnutrition . These were characterised by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes as Germanic ' boat people ' , refugees from crowded settlements on the North Sea which deteriorating climatic conditions would have made untenable . Tribal characteristics ( edit ) Frankish glass ' claw beaker ' 5th - 6th century , excavated in Kent Catherine Hills points out that it is too easy to consider Anglo - Saxon archaeology solely as a study of ethnology and to fail to consider that identity is `` less related to an overall Anglo - Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe , Christian or pagan , elite or peasant '' . `` Anglo - Saxons '' or `` Britons '' were no more homogeneous than nationalities are today , and they would have exhibited diverse characteristics : male / female , old / young , rich / poor , farmer / warrior -- or even Gildas ' patria ( fellow citizens ) , cives ( indigenous people ) and hostes ( enemies ) -- as well as a diversity associated with language . Beyond these , in the early Anglo - Saxon period , identity was local : although people would have known their neighbours , it may have been important to indicate tribal loyalty with details of clothing and especially fasteners . It is also unlikely that people would have thought of themselves as Anglo - Saxon : instead they were part of a tribe or region , descendants of a patron or followers of a leader . It is this identity that archaeological evidence seeks to understand and determine , considering how it might support separate identity groups , or identities that were inter-connected . Part of a well - furnished pagan period mixed inhumation and cremation cemetery was excavated at Alwalton near Peterborough . Twenty - eight urned and two unurned cremations dating from between the 5th and 6th centuries , and 34 inhumations , dating from between the late 5th and early 7th centuries , were uncovered . Both cremations and inhumations were provided with pyre or grave goods , and some of the burials were richly furnished . The excavation found evidence for a mixture of practices and symbolic clothing ; these reflected local differences that appeared to be associated with tribal or family loyalty . This use of clothing in particular was very symbolic , and distinct differences within groups in the cemetery could be found . Reuse of earlier monuments ( edit ) The evidence for monument reuse in the early Anglo - Saxon period reveals a number of significant aspects of the practice . Ancient monuments were one of the most important factors determining the placing of the dead in the early Anglo - Saxon landscape . Anglo - Saxon secondary activity on prehistoric and Roman sites was traditionally explained in practical terms . These explanations , in the view of Howard Williams , failed to account for the numbers and types of monuments and graves ( from villas to barrows ) reused . Anglo - Saxon barrow burials started in the late 6th century and continued into the early 8th century . Prehistoric barrows , in particular , have been seen as physical expressions of land claims and links to the ancestors , and John Shephard has extended this interpretation to Anglo - Saxon tumuli . Eva Thäte has emphasised the continental origins of monument reuse in post-Roman England , Howard Williams has suggested that the main purpose of this custom was to give sense to a landscape that the immigrants did not find empty . In the 7th and 8th centuries , monument reuse became so widespread that it strongly suggests the deliberate location of burials of the elite next to visible monuments of the pre-Saxon past , but with ' ordinary ' burial grounds of this phase also frequently being located next to prehistoric barrows . The relative increase of this kind of spatial association from the 5th / 6th centuries to the 7th / 8th centuries is conspicuous . Williams ' analysis of two well - documented samples shows an increase from 32 % to 50 % of Anglo - Saxon burial sites in the Upper Thames region , and from 47 % to 71 % of Anglo - Saxon cemeteries excavated since 1945 . Härke suggests that one of the contexts for the increasing reuse of monuments may be `` the adoption by the natives of the material culture of the dominant immigrants '' . Landscape Archaeology ( edit ) The Anglo - Saxons did not settle in an abandoned landscape on which they imposed new types of settlement and farming , as was once believed . By the late 4th century the English rural landscape was largely cleared , generally occupied by dispersed farms and hamlets , each surrounded by its own fields but often sharing other resources in common ( called `` infield - outfield cultivation '' ) . Such fields , whether of prehistoric or Roman origin , fall into two very general types , found both separately and together : irregular layouts , in which one field after another had been added to an arable hub over many centuries ; and regular rectilinear layouts , often roughly following the local topography , that had resulted from the large - scale division of considerable areas of land . Such stability was reversed within a few decades of the 5th century , as early `` Anglo - Saxon '' farmers , affected both by the collapse of Roman Britain and a climatic deterioration which reached its peak probably around 500 , concentrated on subsistence , converting to pasture large areas of previously ploughed land . However , there is little evidence of abandoned arable land . Evidence across southern and central England increasingly shows the persistence of prehistoric and Roman field layouts into and , in some cases throughout , the Anglo - Saxon period , whether or not such fields were continuously ploughed . Landscapes at Yarnton , Oxfordshire , and Mucking , Essex , remained unchanged throughout the 5th century , while at Barton Court , Oxfordshire , the ' grid of ditched paddocks or closes ' of a Roman villa estate formed a general framework for the Anglo - Saxon settlement there . Similar evidence has been found at Sutton Courtenay , Berkshire . The Romano - British fields at Church Down in Chalton and Catherington , both in Hampshire , Bow Brickhill , Buckinghamshire , and Havering , Essex , were all ploughed as late as the 7th century . Susan Oosthuizen has taken this further and establishes evidence that aspects of the `` collective organisation of arable cultivation appear to find an echo in fields of pre-historic and Roman Britain '' . In particular : the open field systems , shared between a number of cultivators , but cropped individually ; the link between arable holdings and rights to common pasture land ; in structures of governance and the duty to pay some of the surplus to the local overlord , whether in rent or duty . Together these reveal that kinship ties and social relations were continuous across the 5th and 6th centuries , with no evidence of the uniformity or destruction , imposed by lords , the savage action of invaders or system collapse . This has implications on how later developments are considered , such as the developments in the 7th and 8th centuries . Landscape studies draw upon a variety of topographical , archaeological and written sources . There are major problems in trying to relate Anglo - Saxon charter boundaries to those of Roman estates for which there are no written records , and by the end of the Anglo - Saxon period there had been major changes to the organisation of the landscape which can obscure earlier arrangements . Interpretation is also hindered by uncertainty about late Roman administrative arrangements . Nevertheless , studies carried out throughout the country , in `` British '' as well as `` Anglo - Saxon '' areas , have found examples of continuity of territorial boundaries where , for instance , Roman villa estate boundaries seem to have been identical with those of medieval estates , as delineated in early charters , though settlement sites within the defined territory might shift . What we see in these examples is probably continuity of the estate or territory as a unit of administration rather than one of exploitation . Although the upper level of Roman administration based on towns seems to have disappeared during the 5th century , a subsidiary system based on subdivisions of the countryside may have continued . The basis of the internal organisation of both the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms and those of their Celtic neighbours was a large rural territory which contained a number of subsidiary settlements dependent upon a central residence which the Anglo - Saxons called a villa in Latin and a tūn in Old English . These developments suggest that the basic infrastructure of the early Anglo - Saxon local administration ( or the settlement of early kings or earls ) was inherited from late Roman or Sub-Roman Britain . Distribution of settlements ( edit ) There are a number of difficulties in recognising early Anglo - Saxon settlements as migrant settlers . This in part is because most early rural Anglo - Saxon sites have yielded few finds other than pottery and bone . The use of aerial photography does not yield easily identifiable settlements , partly due to the dispersed nature of many of these settlements . The distribution of known settlements also remains elusive with few settlements found in the West Midlands or North - West . Even in Kent , an area of rich early Anglo - Saxon archaeology , the number of excavated settlements is fewer than expected . However , in contrast the counties of Northamptonshire , Oxfordshire , Suffolk and Cambridgeshire are relative rich in early settlements . These have revealed a tendency for early Anglo - Saxon settlements to be on the light soils associated with river terraces . Many of the inland settlements are on rivers that had been major navigation routes during the Roman era . These sites , such as Dorchester on Thames on the upper Thames , were readily accessible by the shallow - draught , clinker - built boats used by the Anglo - Saxons . The same is true of the settlements along the rivers Ouse , Trent , Witham , Nene and along the marshy lower Thames . Less well - known due to a dearth of physical evidence but attested by surviving place names , there were Jutish settlements on the Isle of Wight and the nearby southern coast of Hampshire . A number of Anglo - Saxon settlements are located near or at Roman - era towns , but the question of simultaneous town occupation by the Romano - Britons and a nearby Anglo - Saxon settlement ( i.e. , suggesting a relationship ) is not confirmed . At Roman Caistor - by - Norwich , for example , recent analysis suggests that the cemetery post-dates the town 's virtual abandonment . Cemetery evidence ( edit ) Early cemeteries of possible Settler origin The earliest cemeteries that can be classified as Anglo - Saxon are found in widely separate regions and are dated to the early 5th century . The exception is in Kent , where the density of cemeteries and artifacts suggest either an exceptionally heavy Anglo - Saxon settlement , or continued settlement beginning at an early date , or both . By the late 5th century there were additional Anglo - Saxon cemeteries , some of them adjacent to earlier ones , but with a large expansion in other areas , and now including the southern coast of Sussex . Up to the year 2000 , roughly 10,000 early ' Anglo - Saxon ' cremations and inhumations had been found , exhibiting a large degree of diversity in styles and types of mortuary ritual . This is consistent with evidence for many micro cultures and local practice . Cemetery evidence is still dominated by the material culture : finds of clothes , jewellery , weapons , pots and personal items ; but physical and molecular evidence from skeletons , bones and teeth are increasingly important . Considering the early cemeteries of Kent , most relevant finds come from furnished graves with distinctive links to the Continent . However , there are some unique items , these include pots and urns and especially brooches , an important element of female dress that functioned as a fastener , rather like a modern safety pin . The style of brooches ( called Quoits ) , is unique to southern England in the fifth century AD , with the greatest concentration of such items occurring in Kent . Seiichi Suzuki defines the style through an analysis of its design organisation , and , by comparing it with near - contemporary styles in Britain and on the continent , identifying those features which make it unique . He suggests that the quoit brooch style was made and remade as part of the process of construction of new group identities during the political uncertainties of the time , and sets the development of the style in the context of the socio - cultural dynamics of an emergent post-Roman society . The brooch shows that culture was not just transposed from the continent , but from an early phase a new `` Anglo - Saxon '' culture was being developed . Women 's fashions ( tracht , native costumes not thought to have been trade goods ) , have been used to distinguish and identify settlers , supplemented by other finds that can be related to specific regions of the Continent . A large number of Frankish artifacts have been found in Kent , and these are largely interpreted to be a reflection of trade and commerce rather than early migration . Yorke ( Wessex in the Early Middle Ages , 1995 ) , for example , only allows that some Frankish settlement is possible . Frankish sea raiding was recorded as early as 260 and became common for the next century , but their raids on Britain ended c. 367 as Frankish interest turned southward and was thereafter focused on the control and occupation of northern Gaul and Germania . The presence of artifacts that are identifiably North Germanic along the coastal areas between the Humber Estuary and East Anglia indicates that Scandinavians migrated to Britain . However , this does not suggest that they arrived at the same time as the Angles : they may have arrived almost a century later , and their status and influence upon arrival is uncertain . In particular , regarding a significant Swedish influence in association with the Sutton Hoo ship and a Swedish origin for the East Anglian Wuffinga dynasty , both possibilities are now considered uncertain . The process of mixing and assimilation of immigrant and native populations is virtually impossible to elucidate with material culture , but the skeletal evidence may shed some light on it . The 7th / 8th - century average stature of male individuals in Anglo - Saxon cemeteries dropped by 15 mm ( 5⁄8 in ) compared with the 5th / 6th - century average . This development is most marked in Wessex where the average dropped by 24 mm ( 1 in ) . This drop is not easily explained by environmental changes ; there is no evidence for a change in diet in the 7th / 8th centuries , nor is there any evidence of a further influx of immigrants at this time . Given the lower average stature of Britons , the most likely explanation would be a gradual Saxonisation or Anglicisation of the material culture of native enclaves , an increasing assimilation of native populations into Anglo - Saxon communities , and increasing intermarriage between immigrants and natives within Anglo - Saxon populations . Skeletal material from the Late Roman and Early Anglo - Saxon period from Hampshire was directly compared . It was concluded that the physical type represented in urban Roman burials , was not annihilated nor did it die - out , but it continued to be well represented in subsequent burials of Anglo - Saxon date . At Stretton - on - Fosse II ( Warwickshire ) , located on the western fringes of the early Anglo - Saxon settlement area , the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82 % , well above the average in southern England . Cemetery II , the Anglo - Saxon burial site , is immediately adjacent to two Romano - British cemeteries , Stretton - on - Fosse I and III , the latter only 60 metres away from Anglo - Saxon burials . Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques ( unusual in the transition from the Romano - British to the Anglo - Saxon periods ) , and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo - Saxon burials . At the same time , the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano - British cemeteries . Taken together , the observations suggest the influx of a group of males , probably most or all of them Germanic , who took control of the local community and married native women . It is not easy to confirm such cases of ' warband ' settlement in the absence of detailed skeletal , and other complementary , information , but assuming that such cases are indicated by very high proportions of weapon burials , this type of settlement was much less frequent than the kin group model . Nick Higham outlines the main questions : `` It is fairly clear that most Anglo - Saxon cemeteries are unrepresentative of the whole population , and particularly the whole age range . This was , therefore , a community which made decisions about the disposal of the dead based upon various factors , but at those we can barely guess . Was the inclusion of some but not all individuals subject to political control , or cultural screening ? Was this a mark of ethnicity or did it represent a particular kinship , real or constructed , or the adherents of a particular cult ? Was it status specific , with the rural proletariat -- who would have been the vast majority of the population -- perhaps excluded ? So are many of these cemeteries associated with specific , high - status households and weighted particularly towards adult members ? We do not know , but the commitment of particular parts of the community to an imported and in some senses ' Germanic ' , cremation ritual does seem to have been considerable , and is something which requires explanation . '' Molecular evidence ( edit ) Various forms of molecular evidence have been employed to provide evidence for the Anglo - Saxon settlement . Y - chromosome evidence ( edit ) The inheritance of DNA is a complex process that varies between male and female individuals ; consequently this allows the study of separate female and male lineages using mitochondrial DNA and Y - chromosome DNA respectively . Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA for short ) and Y - chromosome DNA differ from the DNA of diploid nuclear chromosomes in that they are not formed from the combination of both parents ' genes . Rather , males inherit the Y - chromosome directly from their fathers , and both sexes inherit mtDNA directly from their mothers . Consequently , they preserve a genetic record from individual to individual that is altered only through mutation . Map of Y - chromosome distribution from data derived from `` Y chromosome evidence for Anglo - Saxon mass migration '' by Weale et al. ( 2002 ) ( 1 ) An examination of Y - chromosome variation , sampled in an east -- west transect across England and Wales , was compared with similar samples taken in Friesland and Norway . Friesland was selected for the study due to it being regarded as a source location for Anglo - Saxon migrants , and because of the similarities between Old English and Frisian . Samples from Norway were also compared , as this is a source of the later Viking migrations . It found that in England 50 % to 100 % of paternal genetic inheritance was derived from incomers originating in the Germanic coastlands of the North Sea . Research published in 2003 on Y - chromosome marker variation , taken from a larger sample population and from more sites throughout Britain , came to a different conclusion . This study suggested that in most of England , continental ( North German and Danish ) paternal genetic input varied between 20 % and 40 % , with York forming an outlier at about 60 % . Southern England , including Kent , had markedly lower frequencies of non-indigenous Y - chromosome markers than eastern England , where Danish Viking settlement is attested . However , the study could not distinguish between North German and Danish populations , thus the relative proportions of genetic input derived from the Anglo - Saxon settlements and later Danish Viking colonisation could not be ascertained . Historical evidence suggests that following the Anglo - Saxon transition , people of indigenous ethnicity were at an economic and legal disadvantage compared to those having Anglo - Saxon ethnicity . This has led to the development of the `` apartheid - like social structure '' theory to explain this high contribution to the modern gene pool , where the proportion of settlers would be smaller . This view has been challenged by JE Pattison , who suggested that the Y - chromosome evidence could still support the idea of a small settlement of people without the apartheid - like structures . In addition , there is no reliable method for dating the influx of genetic material into Britain from the Continent ; and the genetic similarities between people on either side of the North Sea may reflect a cumulative process of population movement , possibly beginning well before the historically attested formation of the Anglo - Saxons or the invasions of the Vikings . The ' apartheid theory ' has received a considerable body of critical comment , especially the genetic studies from which it derives its rationale . Problems with the design of Weale 's study and the level of historical naivete evidenced by some population genetics studies have been particularly highlighted . Stephen Oppenheimer reviewed the Weale and Capelli studies and suggested that correlations of gene frequency mean nothing without a knowledge of the genetic prehistory of the regions in question . His criticism of these studies is that they generated models based on the historical evidence of Gildas and Procopius , and then selected methodologies to test against these populations . Weale 's transect spotlights that Belgium is further west in the genetic map than North Walsham , Asbourne and Friesland . In Oppenheimer 's view , this is evidence that the Belgae and other continental people -- and hence continental genetic markers indistinguishable from those ascribed to Anglo - Saxons -- arrived earlier and were already strong in the 5th century in particular regions or areas . Oppenheimer , basing his research on the Weale and Capelli studies , maintains that none of the invasions since the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles , and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping . He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France , from 90 % in Wales to 66 % in East Anglia . Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo - Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow -- one up the Atlantic coast , the other from neighbouring areas of Continental Europe -- which occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum . Bryan Sykes , a former geneticist at Oxford University , came to fairly similar conclusions as Oppenheimer , which he set forth in his 2006 book called Blood of the Isles : Exploring the Genetic Roots of our Tribal History , published in the United States and Canada as Saxons , Vikings and Celts : The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland . Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence . However , Y - chromosome evidence relies on the archaeological and historical evidence for interpretation , and there is a danger of creating a circular argument . Therefore , scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted . Ancient DNA , rare mutations and whole genome sequencing ( edit ) In 2016 , through the investigation of burials using ancient DNA techniques , researchers found evidence of intermarriage in the earliest phase of Anglo - Saxon settlement . The highest status grave of the burials investigated , as evidenced by the associated goods , was that of a female of local , British , origins . By studying rare mutations and employing whole genome sequencing , it was claimed that the continental and insular origins of the ancient remains could be discriminated , and it was calculated that 25 -- 40 % of the ancestry of modern Britons is attributable to continental ' Anglo - Saxon ' origins . The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain is both interesting and surprising . Whilst the population of eastern England is given a 38 % ' Anglo - Saxon ' ancestry , both Wales and Scotland -- regions not having a historically attested Germanic influx of continental origins -- are given the relatively high figure of 30 % of the same ancestry . Isotope analysis ( edit ) Isotope analysis has begun to be employed to help answer the uncertainties regarding Anglo - Saxon migration ; this can indicate whether a buried individual had always lived in the area he was buried in . However , the number of studies is small . Strontium data in a 5th -- 7th - century cemetery in West Heslerston implied the presence of two groups : one of `` local '' and one of `` nonlocal '' origin . Although the study suggested that they could not define the limits of local variation and identify immigrants with confidence , they could give a useful account of the issues . Oxygen and strontium isotope data in an early Anglo - Saxon cemetery at Wally Corner , Berinsfield in the Upper Thames Valley , Oxfordshire , found only 5.3 % of the sample originating from continental Europe , supporting the hypothesis of acculturation . Furthermore , they found that there was no change in this pattern over time , except amongst some females . Another isotopic method has been employed to investigate whether protein sources in human diets in the early Anglo - Saxon varied with geographic location , or with respect to age or sex . This would provide evidence for social advantage . The results suggest that protein sources varied little according to geographic location and that terrestrial foods dominated at all locations . Migration and acculturation theories ( edit ) Possible routes of Anglo - Saxon migration in the 5th / 6th centuries Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo - Saxon settlement . These questions include : How many migrants were there ? When did the `` Saxons '' gain political ascendency ? What happened to the ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples in the south - east of Britain ? The Anglo - Saxons were a mix of invaders , migrants and acculturated indigenous people . The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo - Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry . The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal , with scholars embracing the evidence for both migration and acculturation . Heinrich Härke explains the nature of this agreement : `` It is now widely accepted that the Anglo - Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent , but the outcome of insular interactions and changes . But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms '' . Estimating continental migrants ' numbers ( edit ) Knowing the number of migrants who came from the continent provides a context from which scholars can build an interpretation framework and understanding of the events of the 5th and 6th centuries . Robert Hedges in discussing this point observes that `` archaeological evidence only addresses these issues indirectly '' The traditional methodology used by archaeology to estimate the number of migrants starts with a figure for the population in Britain in the 3rd and 4th centuries . This is usually estimated at between 2 and 4 million . From this figure it is estimated that the population of Southern and Eastern England is 1 million . Within 200 years the settlement density has been established as an Anglo - Saxon village every 2 -- 5 km , in the areas where evidence has been gathered . Given that these settlements are typically of around 50 people , this implies an Anglo - Saxon population in Southern and Eastern England of 250,000 . This estimate is hardly certain , but does provide a ratio of 1 to 4 , between those with a settler background and those with an insular background . The number of migrants therefore depends on the variable of population increase , if the population rose by 1 per cent per year ( which is slightly less than the present world population ) this would suggest a population of 30,000 migrants . However , if the population rose by 2 percent per year ( which is similar to India in the last 20 years ) this would suggest a population of 5,000 migrants . This number is confirmed by the archaeological evidence . The excavations at Spong Hill , for example , revealed over 2,000 cremations and inhumations in what is a very large early cemetery . However , when the period of use is taken into account ( over 200 years ) and its size , it is presumed to be a major cemetery for the entire area and not just one village , it does point to a smaller rather than large number of original immigrants of 20,000 . Heinrich Härke concluded that `` most of the biological and cultural evidence points to a minority immigration on the scale of 10 to 20 % of the native population . The immigration itself was not a single ' invasion ' , but rather a series of intrusions and immigrations over a considerable period , differing from region to region , and changing over time even within regions . The total immigrant population may have numbered somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 over about a century , but the geographical variations in numbers , and in social and ethnic composition , should have led to a variety of settlement processes . '' Generally , the problems associated with seeking estimates for the population before AD 1089 were set out by Mark Thomas , Michael Stumpf and Heinrich Härke . They suggest that `` Incidental reports of numbers of immigrants are notoriously unreliable , and absolute numbers of immigrants before the Norman period can only be calculated as a proportion of the estimated overall population . '' However , there is a discrepancy between , on the one hand , archaeological and some historical ideas about the scale of the Anglo - Saxon immigration , and on the other , estimates of the genetic contribution of the Anglo - Saxon immigrants to the modern English gene pool ( see `` Molecular evidence '' above ) . Mark Thomas , Michael Stumpf and Heinrich Härke created a statistical study of the two groups : those who held the `` Migrant '' Y chromosome and those that did n't . They examined the effect of differential reproductive success between those groups , coupled with limited intermarriage between the groups , on the spread of the genetic variant to discover whether the levels of migration needed to meet a 50 % contribution to the modern gene pool . What they found is the genetic pool can rise from less than 5 % to more than 50 % in as little as 200 years with the addition of a slight increase in reproduction advantage of 1.8 ( meaning a ratio 51.8 to 50 ) and restricting the amount of female ( migrant genes ) and male ( indigenous genes ) inter-breeding to at most 10 % . `` Saxon '' political ascendancy in Britain ( edit ) Areas which are the most probable areas for Settler communities A re-evaluation of the traditional picture of decay and dissolution Post-Roman Britain has occurred , with sub-Roman Britain being thought rather more a part of the Late Antique world of western Europe than was customary a half century ago . As part of this re-evaluation some suggest that sub-Roman Britain , in its entirety , retained a significant political , economic and military momentum across the fifth century and even the bulk of the sixth . This in large part stems from attempts to develop visions of British success against the incoming Anglo - Saxons , as suggested by the Chronicles which were written in the ninth and mid-tenth century . However , recent scholarship has contested the extent to which either can be credited with any level of historicity regarding the decades around AD 500 . The representation of long - lasting British triumphs against the Saxons appears in large parts of the Chronicles , but stem ultimately from Gildas 's brief and frustratingly elusive reference to a British victory at Mons Badonicus -- Mount Badon ( see historical evidence above ) . Nick Higham suggests , that the war between Britons and Saxons seems to have ended in some sort of compromise , which conceded a very considerable sphere of influence within Britain to the incomers . According to Higham ; The most developed vision of a ' big ' sub-Roman Britain , with control over its own political and military destiny for well over a century , is that of Kenneth Dark , who has argued that Britain should not be divided during the fifth , and even the bulk of the sixth , century into ' British ' and ' Anglo - Saxon ' cultural and / or political provinces , but should be thought of as a generally ' British ' whole . His thesis , in brief , is to postulate not just survival but continuing cultural , political and military power for the sub-Roman elite , both in the far west ( where this view is comparatively uncontroversial ) but also in the east , where it has to be imagined alongside incoming settlements . He postulates the sub-Roman community to have been the dominant force in insular affairs right up to c. 570 . Kenneth Dark 's argument for continuing British military and political power in the east rests on the very uneven distribution of Anglo - Saxon cemeteries and the proposition that large gaps in that distribution necessarily represent strong British polities which excluded Anglo - Saxon settlers by force . Cremation cemeteries in eastern Britain north of the Thames begin during the second quarter of the fifth century , backed up by new archaeological phases before 450 ( see Archaeological evidence above ) . The chronology of this `` adventus '' of cremations is supported by the Gallic Chronicle of 452 , which states that wide parts of Britain fell under Saxon rule in 441 . However , this did not result in many Brittonic words entering Old English . It seems therefore that no large - scale interaction occurred between incoming `` Germanic '' communities and numerous indigenous Brittonic speakers of equivalent social rank . If such interaction had been widespread , then we might have expected far greater language borrowing both in terms of structure and vocabulary ( see linguistic evidence above ) . ' Romano - Brittonic ' peoples ' fate in the south - East ( edit ) The most extreme estimation for the size of the Anglo - Saxon settlement suggests that some 80 % of the resident population of Britain were not Anglo - Saxon . Given that , explanation has been sought to account for the change in culture of the Britons to one where by the 8th Century the majority of people in southern Britain saw themselves as heirs to the Anglo - Saxon culture . Whilst the developments were rather complicated , there are two competing theories . One theory , first set out by Edward Augustus Freeman , suggests that the Anglo Saxons and the Britons were competing cultures , and that through invasion , extermination , slavery , and forced resettlement the Anglo - Saxons defeated the Britons and consequently their culture and language prevailed . This view has influenced much of the linguistic , scholarly and popular perceptions of the process of anglicisation in Britain . It remains the starting point and ' default position ' , to which other hypotheses are compared in modern reviews of the evidence . Widespread extermination and displacement of the native peoples of Britain is still considered a viable possibility by certain scholars . Our best contemporary source , Gildas , certainly suggests that just such a change of populations did take place . However , Freeman 's ideas did not go unchallenged , even as they were being propounded . In particular , the essayist Grant Allen believed in a strong Celtic contribution to Englishness . Another theory has challenged this view and started to examine evidence that the majority of Anglo Saxons were Brittonic in origin . The major evidence comes firstly from the figures , taking a fairly high Anglo - Saxon figure ( 200,000 ) and a low Brittonic one ( 800,000 ) , Britons are likely to have outnumbered Anglo - Saxons by at least four to one . The interpretation of such figures is that while `` culturally , the later Anglo - Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British , ... their genetic , biological make - up is none the less likely to have been substantially , indeed predominantly , British '' . Two processes leading to Anglo - Saxonisation have been proposed . One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia , North Africa and parts of the Islamic world ; where a politically and socially powerful minority culture becomes , over a rather short period , adopted by a settled majority . A process usually termed ' elite dominance ' . The second process is explained through incentives , such as the Wergild outlined in the law code of Ine of Wessex which produced an incentive to become Anglo - Saxon or at least English speaking . The wergild of an Englishman was set at a value twice that of a Briton of similar wealth . However , some Britons could be very prosperous and own five hides of land , which gave thegn - like status , with a wergild of 600 shillings . Ine set down requirements to prove guilt or innocence , both for his English subjects and for his British subjects , who were termed ' foreigners / wealas ' ( ' Welshmen ' ) . The binary ethnic distinction that appears in Ine 's Laws seems to be between ' Englisc / English ( ' us ' ) and ' Wylisc / Welsh ' ( ' them ' ) . Since Ine 's people self - identified as Saxons ( West Saxons ) this very early use of the word ' English ' ( unless it is a later introduction into the text ) suggests that it was the use of a particular language , already recognised as a single language , and already called ' English ' , that was the crucial determinant in ethnic identity . This implies that in the early Anglo - Saxon period it was language use that was the key determination of ethnicity , and not whether you had `` Germanic '' ancestors . Whatever the case , a continuity of ' sub-Roman ' Britons can not be doubted , as evidenced , for example , by the sheer number of burials which already date to the late 5th and early 6th centuries - otherwise impossible to maintain by even the largest ' migration ' estimates . In addition to the ' highland Tyrants ' in the west , the case has been made by persistence of a ' native ' , post-Roman , polity of sorts south of the Thames during much of the fifth century - evidenced by the oppositional deposition of Quoit Brooch Style artefacts in inhumation burials south of the Thames versus ' Scandinavian ' artefacts ( such as ' square headed brooches ' ) within predominantly cremation burial settings dominate north of the Thames ( i.e. in `` Anglian '' areas ) . However , a take - over by continental migrants can not be denied , as evidenced by an abrupt end of Quoit Broch style artefacts and inundation of exotic artefacts of a `` Jutish ' character in the final decade or two of the fifth century . Thus Ken Dark 's notion of a long chronology of a surviving , even dominant `` sub-Roman '' Britain finds little support . Moreover , Halsall argues that ' Britons ' are scarcely if at all visible in the archaeological record of lowland England by the 6th century and beyond , not because of any bizarre notions of ethnic cleansing or ' apartheid ' , but simply because , by then , everyone was an ' Anglo - Saxon ' , whatever their geographic origin . Aspects of the success of the Anglo - Saxon settlement ( edit ) The reasons for the success of Anglo - Saxon settlements remains uncertain . Helena Hamerow has made an observation that in Anglo - Saxon society `` local and extended kin groups remained ... the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo - Saxon period '' . `` Local and extended kin groups '' is one of a number of possible reasons for success ; along with societal advantages , freedom and the relationship to an elite , that allowed the Anglo - Saxons ' culture and language to flourish in the fifth and sixth centuries . Anglo - Saxon political formation ( edit ) Nick Higham is convinced that the success of the Anglo - Saxon elite in gaining an early compromise shortly after the Battle of Badon is a key to the success of the culture . This produced a political ascendancy across the south and east of Britain , which in turn required some structure to be successful . The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo - Saxon elite families and a clear unitary oversight . Whether the majority of these leaders were early settlers , descendant from settlers , or especially after the exploration stage they were Roman - British leaders who adopted Anglo - Saxon culture is unclear . The balance of opinion is that most were migrants , although it should n't be assumed they were all Germanic ( see Elite personal names evidence ) . There is agreement : that these were small in number and proportion , yet large enough in power and influence to ensure `` Anglo - Saxon '' acculturation in the lowlands of Britain . Most historians believe these elites were those named by Bede , the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle and others , although there is discussion regarding their floruit dates . Importantly , whatever their origin or when they flourished , they established their claim to lordship through their links to extended kin ties . As Helen Peake jokingly points out `` they all just happened to be related back to Woden '' . The Tribal Hidage is evidence of the existence of numerous smaller provinces , meaning that southern and eastern Britain may have lost any macro-political cohesion in the fifth and sixth centuries and fragmented into many small autonomous units , though late Roman administrative organisation of the countryside may have helped dictate their boundaries . By the end of the sixth century the leaders of these communities were styling themselves kings , with the majority of the larger kingdoms based on the south or east coasts . They include the provinces of the Jutes of Hampshire and Wight , the South Saxons , Kent , the East Saxons , East Angles , Lindsey and ( north of the Humber ) Deira and Bernicia . Several of these kingdoms may have their foundation the former Roman civitas and this has been argued as particularly likely for the provinces of Kent , Lindsey , Deira and Bernicia , all of whose names derive from Romano - British tribal or district names . The southern and east coasts were , of course , the areas settled first and in greatest numbers by the settlers and so presumably were the earliest to pass from Romano - British to Anglo - Saxon control . Once established they had the advantage of easy communication with continental territories in Europe via the North Sea or the Channel . The east and south coast provinces may never have fragmented to the extent of some areas inland and by the end of the sixth century they were already beginning to expand by annexing smaller neighbours . Barbara Yorke suggests that such aggressiveness must have encouraged areas which did not already possess military protection in the form of kings and their armies to acquire their own war - leaders or protection alliances . By the time of the Tribal Hidage there were also two large ' inland ' kingdoms , those of the Mercians and West Saxons , whose spectacular growth we can trace in par in our sources for the seventh century , but it is not clear how far this expansion had proceeded by the end of the sixth century . What Bede seems to imply in his Bretwalda list of the elite is the ability to extract tribute and overawe and / or protect communities , which may well have been relatively short - lived in any one instance , but ostensibly `` Anglo - Saxon '' dynasties variously replaced one another in this role in a discontinuous but influential and potent roll call of warrior elites , with very few interruptions from other `` British '' warlords . The success of this elite was felt beyond their geography , to include neighbouring British territories in the centre and west of what later became England , and even the far west of the island . Again , Bede was very clear that English imperium could on occasion encompass British and English kingships alike , and that Britons and Angles marched to war together in the early seventh century , under both British and English kings . It is Bede who provides the most vivid picture of a late sixth - and early seventh - century Anglian warlord in action , in the person of Æthelfrith of Northumbria , King of Bernicia ( a kingdom with a non-English name ) , who rapidly built up a personal ' empire ' by military victories over the Britons of the North , the Scots of Dalriada , the Angles of Deira and the Britons of north - eastern Wales , only ultimately to experience disaster at the hands of Rædwald of East Anglia . Rural freedoms and kinship groups ( edit ) Where arable cultivation continued in early Anglo - Saxon England , there seems to have been considerable continuity with the Roman period in both field layout and arable practices , although we do not know whether there were also changes to patterns of tenure or the regulation of cultivation . The greatest perceptible alterations in land usage between about 400 and 600 are therefore in the proportions of the land of each community that lay under grass or the plough , rather than in changes to the layout or management of arable fields . The Anglo - Saxons settled in small groups covering a handful of widely dispersed local communities . These farms were for the most part mobile . This mobility , which was typical across much of Northern Europe took two forms : the gradual shifting of the settlement within its boundaries or the complete location of the settlement altogether . These shifting settlements ( called Wandersiedlungen or `` wandering settlements '' ) were a common feature since the Bronze Age . Why farms became abandoned and then relocated is much debated . However it is suggested that this might be related to the death of a patron of the family or the desire to move to better farmlands . These farms are often falsely supposed to be `` peasant farms '' . However , a ceorl , who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo - Saxon society , was not a peasant but an arms - owning male with access to law , support of a kindred and the wergild , situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land . It is the ceorl that we should associate with the standard 8 -- 10m x 4 -- 5m post-hole building of the early Anglo - Saxon period , grouped with others of the same kin group . Each such household head had a number of less - free dependants . The success of the rural world in the 5th and 6th centuries , according to the landscape archaeology , was due to three factors : the continuity with the past , with no evidence of up - rooting in the landscape ; farmer 's freedom and rights over lands , with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord , who provided only slight lordly input ; and the common outfield arable land ( of an outfield - infield system ) that provided the ability to build kinship and group cultural ties . Material culture ( edit ) The origins of the timber building tradition seen in early Anglo - Saxon England has generated a lot of debate which has mirrored a wider debate about the cultural affinities of Anglo - Saxon material culture . A type of Anglo - Saxon building called a Grubenhaus Philip Rahtz asserted that buildings seen in West Stow and Mucking had late Roman origins . Archaeologist Philip Dixon noted the striking similarity between Anglo - Saxon timber halls and Romano - British rural houses . The Anglo - Saxons did not import the ' long - house ' , the traditional dwelling of the continental Germanic peoples , to Britain . Instead they upheld a local vernacular British building tradition dating back to the late first century . This has been interpreted as evidence of the endurance of kinship and household structures from the Roman into the Anglo - Saxon period . However , this has been considered too neat an explanation for all the evidence . Anne and Gary Marshall summarise the situation : `` One of the main problems in Anglo - Saxon archaeology has been to account for the apparent uniqueness of the English timber structures of the period . These structures seem to bear little resemblance either to earlier Romano - British or to continental models . In essence , the problem is that the hybrid Anglo - Saxon style seems to appear full - blown with no examples of development from the two potentially ancestral traditions ... The consensus of the published work was that the Anglo - Saxon building style was predominantly home - grown . '' For Bryan Ward - Perkins the answer is found in the success of the Anglo - Saxon culture and highlights the micro-diversity and larger cohesion that produced a dynamic force in comparison to the Brittonic culture From beads and quoits to clothes and houses , there is something unique happening in the early Anglo - Saxon period . The material culture evidence shows that people adopted and adapted styles based on set roles and styles . John Hines , commenting on the diversity of nearly a thousand glass beads and many different clothes clasps from Lakenheath , states that these reveal a `` society where people relied on others to fulfill a role '' and `` what they had around them was making a statement '' , not one about the individual , but about `` identity between small groups not within small groups '' . Julian Richards commenting on this and other evidence suggests : `` ( The Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain ) was more complex than a mass invasion bringing fully formed lifestyles and beliefs . The early Anglo - Saxon , just like today 's migrants , were probably riding different cultural identities . They brought from their homelands the traditions of their ancestors . But they would have been trying to work out not only who they were , but who they wanted to be ... and forge an identity for those who followed . '' Looking beyond simplistic ' homeland ' scenarios , and explaining the observations that ' Anglo - Saxon ' houses and other aspects of material culture do not find exact matches in the ' Germanic homelands ' in Europe , Halsall explains the changes within the context of a larger ' North Sea interaction zone ' , including lowland England , Northern Gaul and northern Germany . These areas experienced marked social and cultural changes in the wake of Roman collapse -- experienced not only within the former Roman provinces ( Gaul , Britain ) but also in Barbaricum itself . All three areas experienced changes in social structure , settlement patterns and ways of expressing identities , as well as tensions which created push and pull factors for migrations in , perhaps , multiple directions . Culture of belief ( edit ) The study of pagan religious practice in the early Anglo - Saxon period is difficult . Most of the texts that may contain relevant information are not contemporary , but written later by Christian writers who tended to have a hostile attitude to pre-Christian beliefs , and who may have distorted their portrayal of them . Much of the information used to reconstruct Anglo - Saxon paganism comes from later Scandinavian and Icelandic texts and there is a debate about how relevant these are . The study of pagan Anglo - Saxon beliefs has often been approached with reference to Roman or even Greek typologies and categories . Archaeologists therefore use such terms as gods , myths , temples , sanctuaries , priests , magic and cults . Charlotte Behr argues that this provides a worldview of Anglo - Saxon practice culture which is unhelpful . Peter Brown employed a new method of looking at the belief systems of the fifth to seventh centuries , by arguing for a model of religion which was typified by a pick and choose approach . The period was exceptional because there was no orthodoxy or institutions to control or hinder the people . This freedom of culture is seen also in the Roman - British community and is very evident in the complaints of Gildas . One Anglo - Saxon cultural practice that is better understood are the burial customs , due in part to archaeological excavations at various sites including Sutton Hoo , Spong Hill , Prittlewell , Snape and Walkington Wold , and the existence of around 1,200 pagan ( or non-Christian ) cemeteries . There was no set form of burial , with cremation being preferred in the north and inhumation in the south , although both forms were found throughout England , sometimes in the same cemeteries . When cremation did take place , the ashes were usually placed within an urn and then buried , sometimes along with grave goods . According to archaeologist Dave Wilson , `` the usual orientation for an inhumation in a pagan Anglo - Saxon cemetery was west -- east , with the head to the west , although there were often deviations from this . '' Indicative of possible religious belief , grave goods were common amongst inhumation burials as well as cremations ; free Anglo - Saxon men were buried with at least one weapon in the pagan tradition , often a seax , but sometimes also with a spear , sword or shield , or a combination of these . There are also a number of recorded cases of parts of animals being buried within such graves . Most common amongst these was body parts belonging to either goats or sheep , although parts of oxen were also relatively common , and there are also isolated cases of goose , crab apples , duck eggs and hazelnuts being buried in graves . It is widely thought therefore that such items constituted a food source for the deceased . In some cases , animal skulls , particularly oxen but also pig , were buried in human graves , a practice that was also found earlier in Roman Britain . There is also evidence for the continuation of Christianity in south and east Britain . The Christian shrine at St Albans and its martyr cult survived throughout the period ( see Gildas above ) . There are references in Anglo - Saxon poetry , including Beowulf , that show some interaction between pagan and Christian practices and values . While there is little scholarly focus on this subject , there is enough evidence from Gildas and elsewhere that it is safe to assume some continuing - perhaps more free - form of Christianity survived . Richard Whinder states `` ( The Church 's pre-Augustine ) characteristics place it in continuity with the rest of the Christian Church in Europe at that time and , indeed , in continuity with the Catholic faith ... today . '' The complexity of belief , indicated by various pieces of evidence , is disturbing to those looking for easy categories . The extent to which belief was discursive and free during the settlement period suggests a lack of proscription , indeed , this might be a characteristic of Anglo - Saxon cultural success . Language and literature ( edit ) Little is known about the everyday spoken language of people living in the migration period . Old English is a contact language and it is hard to reconstruct the pidgin used in this period from the written language found in the West Saxon literature of some 400 years later . Two general theories are proposed regarding why people changed their language to Old English ( or an early form of such ) : either a person or household changed so as to serve an elite , or a person or household changed through choice as it provided some advantage economically or legally . According to Nick Higham , the adoption of the language -- as well as the material culture and traditions -- of an Anglo - Saxon elite , `` by large numbers of the local people seeking to improve their status within the social structure , and undertaking for this purpose rigorous acculturation '' , is the key to understanding the Anglo - Saxon from Romano - British transition . The progressive nature of this language acquisition , and the ' retrospective reworking ' of kinship ties to the dominant group led , ultimately , to the `` myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain '' . The final few lines of the poem The Battle of Brunanburh , a tenth century Anglo - Saxon poem that celebrates a victory of Æthelstan , the first king of all the English , give a poetic voice to the English conception of their origins . Old English Modern English ... Engle and Seaxe upp becomon , ofer brad brimu Britene sohton , wlance wig - smithas , Wealas ofercomon , eorlas ar - hwaete eard begeaton . ... Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea . Britain they sought , Proud war - smiths who overcame the Welsh , glorious warriors they took hold of the land . This ' heroic tradition ' of conquering incomers is consistent with the conviction of Bede , and later Anglo - Saxon historians , that the ancestral origin of the English was not the result of any assimilation with the native British , but was derived solely from the Germanic migrants of the post-Roman period . It also explains the enduring appeal of poems and heroic stories such as Beowulf , Wulf and Eadwacer and Judith , well into the Christian period . The success of the language is the most obvious result of the settlement period . This language was not just the language of acculturation , but through the stories , poetry and oral traditions became the agency of change . Nick Higham has provided this summary of the processes : `` As Bede later implied , language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England . In circumstances where freedom at law , acceptance with the kindred , access to patronage , and the use of possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent , then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value . '' See also ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England portal England portal Medieval Britain portal Middle Ages portal Wales portal Scotland portal Anglo - Saxon England Timeline of conflict in Anglo - Saxon Britain History of England Romano - British culture Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A sample of this discussion can be seen on the television series Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain , particularly the discussion between Francis Pryor and Heinrich Härke . Jump up ^ Based on Jones & Mattingly 's Atlas of Roman Britain ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 , 1990 , reprinted 2007 ) ; Mattingly 's Imperial Possession ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 , 2006 ) ; Higham 's Rome , Britain , and the Anglo - Saxons ( ISBN 1 - 85264 - 022 - 7 , 1992 ) ; Frere 's Britannia ( ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 , 1987 ) ; and Snyder 's An Age of Tyrants ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 ) -- the sources are cited in the image legend -- Locations of towns ( fortified and unfortified ) are given on p. 156 , with tribal civitates and coloniae specified on p. 154 , of Atlas of Roman Britain . Specification of the Romanised regions of Britain are also from the Atlas , p. 151 . The `` Departure Dates '' are found in the cited sources , and are generally known . The Pictish , Saxon , and Scoti raids are found in the cited sources , as is the date of the Irish settlements in Wales . Frere suggests ( p. 355 ) that it was the Irish who sacked Wroxeter c. 383 . The locations of the Irish settlements is from the locations of inscription stones given in File : Britain. Deisi. Laigin. jpg as of 2010 - 10 - 11 , which cites its sources of information . Jump up ^ Throughout this article Anglo - Saxon is used for Saxon , Angles , Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made ; `` Anglo - Saxon '' is used when specifically the culture is meant rather than any ethnicity . However all these terms are interchangeable used by scholars Jump up ^ By the waning years of the Roman Empire , Britain was earning a special reputation as a `` province fertile with tyrants '' . These tyrants dominate the historical accounts of the 5th and 6th centuries and the work tells us much about the transition from magisterial to monarchical power in Britain . Jump up ^ The phrase which mentions 40 years has been subject of much scholarly discussion . See Battle of Badon for more details . Jump up ^ From patrius ( `` of or pertaining to a father '' ) , from pater ( `` father '' ) , and cognate with Ancient Greek πατριά ( patria , `` generation , ancestry , descent , tribe , family '' ) and πατρίς ( patris , `` place of one 's ancestors '' ) Jump up ^ The sudden and drastic change from Romano - Britainto Anglo - Saxon Britain was once widely accepted as providing clear evidence for a mass migration from continental Europe and the near - complete replacement of the indigenous population in England Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The area of Lothian in modern Scotland was also anglicised in this period , following the conquest of the British ' kingdom ' of Manau Gododdin . It formed part of the Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Northumbria , only becoming a part of Scotland as late as 1018 , when a recent Scottish annexation was recognised by the English . See : Fry , P.S. and Mitchison , R. ( 1985 ) The History of Scotland , Routledge , p. 48 Jump up ^ Channel 4 2004 , Episode 3 Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain . Jump up ^ Brugmann , B. Migration and Endogenous Change in The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) , Hamerow , H. , Hinton , D.A. and Crawford , S. ( eds . ) , OUP Oxford , pp. 30 - 45 Jump up ^ Heinrich Härke , ' Anglo - Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis ' , Medieval Archaeology , 55 ( 2011 ) , 1 -- 28 . Jump up ^ P. Salway , Roman Britain ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 1981 ) , pp. 295 -- 311 , 318 , 322 , 349 , 356 , 380 , 401 -- 5 Jump up ^ S.S. Frere , Verulamium Excavations , II ( London , Society of Antiquaries , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ M.G. Fulford , ' Excavations on the sites of the amphitheatre and forum - basilica at Silchester , Hampshire : an interim report ' , Antiquaries Journal , 65 , 1985 , pp. 39 -- 81 ; Fulford , Guide to the Silchester excavations : the Forum basilica 1982 -- 4 ( Reading , Department of Archaeology , University of Reading , 1985 ) ; Fulford , The Silchester amphitheatre : excavations of 1979 -- 85 ( London , Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ P. Barker et al. , The Baths Basilica , Wroxeter : Excavations 1966 -- 90 ( London , English Heritage Archaeological Reports 8 , 1997 ) . The general point of urban decline is made by A. Woolf , ' The Britons ' , in Regna and Gentes : The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World , eds H. - W. Goetz , J. Jarnut and W. Pohl ( Leiden , Brill , 2003 ) , pp. 362 -- 3 Jump up ^ A.B.E. Hood ( ed. and trans . ) , St. Patrick : His Writings and Muirchu 's Life ( Chichester , Phillimore , 1978 ) ; M. Winterbottom ( ed. and trans . ) , Gildas : The Ruin of Britain and other works ( Chichester , Phillimore , 1978 ) . Neither text is securely dated but both are clearly post-Roman and Patrick at least is generally assumed to be a 5th - century author . For the dating of Gildas , see variously D.N. Dumville ' The Chronology of De Excidio Britanniae , Book I ' , in Gildas : New Approaches , eds M. Lapidge and D.N. Dumville ( Woodbridge , Boydell and Brewer , 1984 ) , pp. 61 -- 84 ; N.J. Higham , The English Conquest : Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century ( Manchester , Manchester University Press , 1994 ) , pp. 118 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Higham & Ryan 2013 : 7 `` The Anglo - Saxon World '' ^ Jump up to : Jones & Casey 1988 : 367 -- 98 `` The Gallic Chronicle Restored : a Chronology for the Anglo - Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain '' Jump up ^ Miller , Molly ( 1978 ) : The Last British Entry in the ' Gallic Chronicles ' , in : Britannia 9 , pp. 315 -- 318 . Jump up ^ Ian Wood , ' The end of Roman Britain : Continental evidence and parallels ' , p19 , In : Lapidge , M. and Dumville , D. ( eds . ) . Gildas : New Approaches . Woodbridge , Boydell. 1984 Jump up ^ Procopius , History of the Wars , III. 2.38 Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Winterbottom , M. ( 1978 ) , De Excidio britanniae , Chichester The standard modern edition and translation . ^ Jump up to : Higham , Nick . `` From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England : Debating the Insular Dark Ages . '' History Compass 2.1 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Heather , Peter J. , and P.J. Heather . Goths and Romans , 332 - 489 . Clarendon Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : Chapter 5 , Age of Tyrants Jump up ^ Daniell , Christopher . `` The geographical perspective of Gildas . '' Britannia 25 ( 1994 ) : 213 - 217 . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 85 Jump up ^ De Excidio XXI , 1 , Winterbottom , Gildas , p. 24 . Jump up ^ De Excidio I , 5 , Winterbottom , Gildas , pp. 13 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Winterbottom , M. ( 1978 ) , De Excidio britanniae , Chichester The standard modern edition and translation . Chapter 27 Jump up ^ Giles 1843a : 72 -- 73 , Bede 's Ecclesiastical History , Bk I , Ch 15 . Jump up ^ Brugmann , B.I.R.T.E. `` Migration and endogenous change . '' The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) : 30 - 45 . Jump up ^ Giles 1843a : 72 -- 73 , Bede 's Ecclesiastical History , Bk 2 , Ch 5 . ^ Jump up to : Keynes , Simon . `` England , 700 - 900 . '' The New Cambridge Medieval History 2 ( 1995 ) : 18 - 42 . Jump up ^ See Coates 2007 for such a view which is made to fit with Bede Jump up ^ McKinney , Windy A. `` Creating a gens Anglorum : Social and Ethnic Identity in Anglo - Saxon England through the Lens of Bede 's Historia Ecclesiastica . '' ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas Higham , The Kingdom of Northumbria : AD 350 - 1100 . Stroud : Alan Sutton Publishing , Inc. , 1993 . p75 Jump up ^ Davies , Wendy & Hayo Vierck - The Contexts of the Tribal Hidage : Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns , Frühmittelalterliche Studien 8 , 1974 Jump up ^ Dumville , D.N. ( 1986 ) ' The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List : manuscripts and texts ' , in Anglia 104 , 1 - 32 ^ Jump up to : Laycock , Stuart . Britannia - The Failed State : Tribal Conflict and the End of Roman Britain . History Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kooper , Erik , ed . The Medieval Chronicle II : Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle , Driebergen / Utrecht 16 -- 21 July 1999 . Vol. 144 . Rodopi , 2002 . p167 Jump up ^ Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson , Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages , First to Twelfth Century A.D. , Edinburgh University Publications , Language and Literature , 4 ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , 1953 ) , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Map by Alaric Hall , first published here as part of Bethany Fox , ' The P - Celtic Place - Names of North - East England and South - East Scotland ' , The Heroic Age , 10 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Hans Frede Nielsen , The Continental Backgrounds of English and its Insular Development until 1154 ( Odense , 1998 ) , pp. 77 -- 9 ; Peter Trudgill , New - Dialect Formation : The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes ( Edinburgh , 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , ' Why did the Anglo - Saxons ' , 258 , suggested that the successful native resistance of local , militarised tribal societies to the invaders may perhaps account for the fact of the slow progress of Anglo - Saxonisation as opposed to the sweeping conquest of Gaul by the Franks . Jump up ^ Chris Wickham , Framing the Early Middle Ages : Europe and the Mediterranean 400 - 800 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , p. 311 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hills C.M. ( 2013 ) . Anglo - Saxon Migrations . The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration . Wiley - Blackwell . DOI : 10.1002 / 9781444351071. wbeghm029 . Jump up ^ Kastovsky , Dieter , ' Semantics and Vocabulary ' , in The Cambridge History of the English Language , Volume 1 : The Beginnings to 1066 , ed. by Richard M. Hogg ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 290 -- 408 ( pp. 301 -- 20 ) . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Townend , ' Contacts and Conflicts : Latin , Norse , and French ' , in The Oxford History of English , ed. by Lynda Mugglestone , rev . edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 ( pp. 78 -- 80 ) . Jump up ^ A. Wollmann , ' Lateinisch - Altenglische Lehnbeziehungen im 5 . und 6 . Jahrhundert ' , in Britain 400 -- 600 , ed. by A. Bammesberger and A. Wollmann , Anglistische Forschungen , 205 ( Heidelberg : Winter , 1990 ) , pp. 373 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ E.g. Richard Coates and Andrew Breeze , Celtic Voices , English Places : Studies of the Celtic impact on place - names in Britain ( Stamford : Tyas , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ D. Hooke , ' The Anglo - Saxons in England in the seventh and eighth centuries : aspects of location in space ' , in The Anglo - Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century : an Ethnographic Perspective , ed. by J. Hines ( Woodbridge : Boydell , 1997 ) , 64 -- 99 ( p. 68 ) . Jump up ^ O.J. Padel. 2007 . `` Place - names and the Saxon conquest of Devon and Cornwall . '' In Britons in Anglo - Saxon England ( Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo - Saxon Studies 7 ) , N. Higham ( ed . ) , 215 -- 230 . Woodbridge : Boydell . Jump up ^ R. Coates . 2007 . `` Invisible Britons : The view from linguistics . '' In Britons in Anglo - Saxon England ( Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo - Saxon Studies 7 ) , N. Higham ( ed . ) , 172 -- 191 . Woodbridge : Boydell . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , quoting p. 16 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Kastovsky , Dieter , ' Semantics and Vocabulary ' , in The Cambridge History of the English Language , Volume 1 : The Beginnings to 1066 , ed. by Richard M. Hogg ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 290 -- 408 ( pp. 317 -- 18 ) . Jump up ^ Chris Wickham , The Inheritance of Rome : A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 ( London : Allen Lane , 2009 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Quoting Matthew Townend , ' Contacts and Conflicts : Latin , Norse , and French ' , in The Oxford History of English , ed. by Lynda Mugglestone , rev . edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 ( p. 80 ) . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 102 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Pryor 2005 Pryor , Francis . Britain AD : A Quest for Arthur , England and the Anglo - Saxons . HarperCollins UK , 2009 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Quoting Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 112 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Higham and Ryan ( 2013 ) , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. 1980 . `` The survival of Romano - British toponymy . '' Nomina 4 : 27 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Carole Hough. 2004 . The ( non ? ) - survival of Romano - British toponymy . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 105 : 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bethany Fox , ' The P - Celtic Place - Names of North - East England and South - East Scotland ' , The Heroic Age , 10 ( 2007 ) , § 23 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' A gente Anglorum appellatur : The Evidence of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo - Saxon Period ' , in Words in Dictionaries and History : Essays in Honour of R.W. McConchie , ed. by Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily , Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice , 14 ( Amsterdam : Benjamins , 2011 ) , pp. 219 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Barrie Cox , ' The Place - Names of the Earliest English Records ' , Journal of the English Place - Name Society , 8 ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 12 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Alaric Hall , ' The Instability of Place - names in Anglo - Saxon England and Early Medieval Wales , and the Loss of Roman Toponymy ' , in Sense of Place in Anglo - Saxon England , ed. by Richard Jones and Sarah Semple ( Donington : Tyas , 2012 ) , pp. 101 -- 29 ( pp. 108 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas J. Higham and Martin J. Ryan , The Anglo - Saxon World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2013 ) , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Filppula , Markku , and Juhani Klemola , eds. 2009 . Re-evaluating the Celtic Hypothesis . Special issue of English Language and Linguistics 13.2 . Jump up ^ The Celtic Roots of English , ed. by Markku Filppula , Juhani Klemola and Heli Pitkänen , Studies in Languages , 37 ( Joensuu : University of Joensuu , Faculty of Humanities , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Hildegard L.C. Von Tristram ( ed . ) , The Celtic Englishes , Anglistische Forschungen 247 , 286 , 324 , 3 vols ( Heidelberg : Winter , 1997 -- 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , pp. 12 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Poussa , Patricia . 1990 . ' A Contact - Universals Origin for Periphrastic Do , with Special Consideration of OE - Celtic Contact ' . In Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics , ed . Sylvia Adamson , Vivien Law , Nigel Vincent , and Susan Wright , 407 -- 34 . Amsterdam : Benjamins . Jump up ^ Paul Russell , ' Latin and British in Roman and Post-Roman Britain : methodology and morphology ' , Transactions of the Royal Philological Society , 109.2 ( July 2011 ) , 138 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Peter Schrijver , Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages , Routledge Studies in Linguistics , 13 ( New York : Routledge , 2014 ) , pp. 31 -- 91 . Jump up ^ D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Quoting D. Gary Miller , External Influences on English : From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2012 ) , pp. 35 -- 40 ( p. 39 ) . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . The Origins of the British : A Genetic Detective Story : Constable and Robinson , London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 158 - 7 . Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' A gente Anglorum appellatur : The Evidence of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo - Saxon Period ' , in Words in Dictionaries and History : Essays in Honour of R.W. McConchie , ed. by Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily , Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice , 14 ( Amsterdam : Benjamins , 2011 ) , pp. 219 -- 31 ( pp. 220 -- 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Myres , J.N.L. ( 1989 ) The English Settlements . Oxford University Press , pp. 146 -- 147 Jump up ^ Parsons , D. ( 1997 ) British * Caraticos , Old English Cerdic , Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies , 33 , pp , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Koch , J.T. , ( 2006 ) Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 , pp. 392 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , B. , Why did the Anglo - Saxons not become more British ? The English Historical Review 115.462 ( June 2000 ) : p513 . Jump up ^ Yorke , B. ( 1990 ) , Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England , London : Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 027 - 8 pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Basset , S. ( ed . ) ( 1989 ) The Origins of Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms , Leicester University Press Jump up ^ Koch , J.T. , ( 2006 ) Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Higham and Ryan ( 2013 ) , pp. 143 , 178 Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History of the English People , Book 3 , chapter 23 Jump up ^ Koch , J.T. , ( 2006 ) Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 , p. 360 Jump up ^ Higham and Ryan ( 2013 ) , p. 143 Jump up ^ Catherine Hills ( 2003 ) Origins of the English , Duckworth , pp. 55 , 105 Jump up ^ Díaz - Andreu , Margarita , and Sam Lucy . Archaeology of Identity . Routledge , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hills , C. ; Lucy , S. ( 2013 ) . Spong Hill IX : Chronology and Synthesis . Cambridge : : McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902937 - 62 - 5 . Jump up ^ Esmonde Cleary , S 1993 , ' Approaches to the differences between late Romano - British and early Anglo - Saxon archaeology ' , Anglo - Saxon Stud Archaeol Hist 6 , 57 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Härke , H 2007a , ' Invisible Britons , Gallo - Romans and Russians : perspectives on culture change ' , in Higham ( ed ) , 57 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Also see Cool , HEM 2000 , ' The parts left over : material culture into the 5th century ' , in T Wilmott and P Wilson ( eds ) , The Late Roman Transition in the North , Brit Archaeol Rep Brit Ser 299 , 47 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Pearson , A.F. `` Barbarian piracy and the Saxon Shore : a reappraisal . '' Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24.1 ( 2005 ) : 73 - 88 . Jump up ^ Creary . S `` The Ending ( s ) of Roman Britain '' , The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) : 3 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hingley , Rural Settlements in Roman Britain 1989 Jump up ^ Jones , MU 1980 : ' Mucking and Early Saxon rural settlement in Essex . ' Buckley ( ed ) 1980 , 82 -- 6 Jump up ^ Myres , JNL 1986 : The Anglo - Saxon Settlements . Oxford Jump up ^ Hills , C 1979 : ' The archaeology of Anglo - Saxon England in the pagan period : a review . ' Anglo - Saxon England 8 , 297 -- 329 ^ Jump up to : Yorke , Barbara . Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo - Saxon England . Routledge , 2002 . Jump up ^ Arnold , C. 1988a : An Archaeology of the Early Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms . London Jump up ^ Hawkes , S Chadwick 1982 : ' Anglo - Saxon Kent c 425 -- 725 . ' Archaeology in Kent to AD 1500 . ed PE Leach , London Jump up ^ Hills , Catherine . `` Overview : Anglo - Saxon identity . '' The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) : 4 Jump up ^ Hills , Catherine . `` Overview : Anglo - Saxon identity . '' The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology ( 2011 ) : 3 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Nicholas . `` The formation of the Mercian Kingdom '' , The Origins of Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms ( 1989 ) : 159 - 170 . Jump up ^ Gibson , C. 2007 . Minerva : an early Anglo - Saxon mixed - rite cemetery in Alwalton , Cambridgeshire . In Semple , S. and Williams , H. ( eds . ) , Early Medieval Mortuary Practices : Anglo - Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History , 14 , 238 -- 350 . Oxford : Oxford University School of Archaeology . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Howard . `` Ancient Landscapes and the Dead : The Reuse of Prehistoric and Roman Monuments as Early Anglo - Saxon Burial Sites . '' ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Shephard , J 1979 , ' The social identity of the individual in isolated barrows and barrow cemeteries in Anglo - Saxon England ' , in BC Burnham and J Kingsbury ( eds ) , Space , Hierarchy and Society , Brit Archaeol Rep Int Ser 59 , 47 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Thäte , E 1996 , ' Alte Denkmäler und frühgeschichtliche Bestattungen : Ein sächsisch - angelsächsischer Totenbrauch und seine Kontinuität ' , Archäol Inf 19 , 105 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Härke , Heinrich ( 2011 ) . `` Anglo - Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis '' . Medieval Archaeology. 55 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1179 / 174581711X13103897378311 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Christopher . Village and farmstead : a history of rural settlement in England . G. Philip , 1983 : 83 -- 106 Jump up ^ Hammerow , H. Early Medieval Settlements : The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North - West Europe , 400 -- 900 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hamerow et al. 2007 : ' Anglo - Saxon settlement near Drayton Road , SuttonCourtenay , Berkshire ' . Archaeological Journal 164 : p115 Jump up ^ Gaimster , M. and Bradley , J. 2003 , ' Medieval Britain and Ireland , 2002 ' . Medieval Archaeology 47 : p242 Jump up ^ Everitt , A 1986 : Continuity and Colonization . The Evolution of Kentish Settlement . Leicester : pp 69 -- 92 Jump up ^ Oosthuizen , Susan . Tradition and Transformation in Anglo - Saxon England : Archaeology , Common Rights and Landscape . Bloomsbury Academic , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall , D 1988 : ' The late Saxon countryside : villages and their fields . ' Hooke ( ed ) 1988 , 99 -- 122 Jump up ^ Rodwell , WJ and Rodwell , KA 1985 : Rivenhall : Investigations of a Villa , Church and Village , 1950 -- 1977 . Jump up ^ Rippon , Stephen , et al . `` The Fields of Britannia : Continuity and Discontinuity in the Pays and Regions of Roman Britain . '' Landscapes 14.1 ( 2013 ) : 33 - 53 . Jump up ^ Foard , G 1985 : ' The administrative organization of Northamptonshire in the Saxon period . ' Anglo - Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 4 , 185 -- 222 Jump up ^ Wareham , Andrew . Lords and communities in early medieval East Anglia . Boydell Press , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hamerow , Helena , David A. Hinton , and Sally Crawford , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology . OUP Oxford , 2011 . p 119 -- 124 Jump up ^ Jones 1990 : 199 , An Atlas of Roman Britain . The major inland navigation routes are shown . Jump up ^ Zaluckyj 2001 : 13 , Mercia , `` Mercia : The Beginnings '' , by Sarah Zaluckyj . Zaluckyj states that the Angles travelled up river valleys , specifically mentioning the Trent and Nene . Jump up ^ Russo 1998 : 71 , Town Origins and Development in Early England . Jump up ^ Jones 1990 : 317 , An Atlas of Roman Britain Jump up ^ Jones 1990 : 318 , An Atlas of Roman Britain Jump up ^ Lucy , Sam . The Anglo - Saxon way of death : burial rites in early England . Sutton Publishing , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Suzuki , Seiichi . The quoit brooch style and Anglo - Saxon settlement : a casting and recasting of cultural identity symbols . Boydell & Brewer , 2000 . Jump up ^ Yorke 2006 : 57 , The Conversion of Britain c. 600 -- 800 . Jump up ^ Yorke 1995 : 43 , Wessex in the Early Middle Ages . Jump up ^ Haywood 1999 : 47 , Dark Age Naval Power . Jump up ^ Haywood 1999 : 111 , Dark Age Naval Power . Jump up ^ Yorke 1995 : 31 , Wessex in the Early Middle Ages . Jump up ^ Jones 1990 : 308 -- 309 , Atlas of Roman Britain . Jump up ^ Yorke 1990 : 61 , Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England , `` The East Angles '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown 2001 : 151 , Mercia , `` The Archaeology of Mercia '' , by Martin Welch . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 86 , The Britons , `` Britons and Saxons '' . Snyder says that they arrived in the late 5th century . Jump up ^ Kirby 2000 : 16 , The Earliest English Kings . Jump up ^ Härke , H 1992a , Angelsächsische Waffengräber des 5 . bis 7 . Jahrhunderts , Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalters Beiheft 6 . Jump up ^ Pace Stuckert , CM 1980 , Roman to Saxon : population biology and archaeology . Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Forty - Fifth Annual Meeting 1 -- 3 May 1980 , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 4 -- 5 , who worked with a significantly smaller sample and less refined dating ; her unpublished work was quoted by Arnold , CJ 1984 , Roman Britain to Saxon England , London : Croom Helm. , 129 -- 30 , to support the continuity argument . Jump up ^ Arnold , CJ 1984 , Roman Britain to Saxon England , London : Croom Helm. , 130 Jump up ^ Ford , WJ 2002 , ' The Romano - British and Anglo - Saxon settlement and cemeteries at Stretton on - Fosse , Warwickshire ' , Trans Birmingham Warwickshire Archaeol Soc 106 , 1 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Renfrew , C. & Bahn , P. 2008 . Archaeology : Theories , Methods and Practice . London : Thames & Hudson p. 464 Jump up ^ Weale , M.E et al. ( 2003 ) Y chromosome evidence for Anglo - Saxon mass migration , Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 , 7 , pp. 1008 -- 1021 Jump up ^ Capelli , C. et al. ( 2003 ) AY chromosome census of the British Isles . Curr. Biol. 13 , 979 -- 984 . ( doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 03 ) 00373 - 7 ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Mark G. , Michael PH Stumpf , and Heinrich Härke . `` Evidence for an apartheid - like social structure in early Anglo - Saxon England . '' Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 273.1601 ( 2006 ) : 2651 -- 2657 . Jump up ^ Pattison , John E. `` Is it necessary to assume an apartheid - like social structure in Early Anglo - Saxon England ? . '' Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 275.1650 ( 2008 ) : 2423 -- 2429 . Jump up ^ Hills , C. ( 2003 ) Origins of the English , Duckworth , London . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3191 - 8 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Higham , C. 2008 . Wither Archaeogenetics ? A view from the trenches . In Simulations , Genetics and Human Prehistory -- a focus on islands . S. Matsumura , P. Forster , and C. Renfrew , eds . Cambridge , UK : McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research , 183 -- 187 . Published by : Wayne State University Press Jump up ^ Green , T , ( 2012 ) Britons and Anglo - Saxons : Lincolnshire AD 400 - 650 , History of Lincolnshire Committee , Lincoln ( critique of Weale on pp. 124 - 125 ) Jump up ^ Pattison J.E. ( 2011 ) Integration Versus Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain : A Response to Thomas et al. ( 2008 ) , Human Biology 83 ( 6 ) : 715 - 733 Jump up ^ Woolf , A. ( 2007 ) . Apartheid and economics in Anglo - Saxon England . In : Britons in Anglo - Saxon England . N.J. Higham , ed . Woodridge , UK : Boydell & Brewer , 115 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Hills , C. ( 2009 ) . ' Anglo - Saxon DNA ? ' , in Sayer & Williams , eds , ' ' Mortuary Practices and Social Identities in the Middle Ages . ' ' , University of Exeter Press , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` English DNA ' one - third ' Anglo - Saxon - BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schiffels , S. et al. ( 2016 ) Iron Age and Anglo - Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history , Nature Communications 7 , Article number : 10408 doi : 10.1038 / ncomms10408 Jump up ^ Montgomery , Janet , et al. `` Continuity or colonization in Anglo - Saxon England ? Isotope evidence for mobility , subsistence practice , and status at West Heslerton . '' American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126.2 ( 2005 ) : 123 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Susan S. , et al. `` Anglo - Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield , Oxfordshire , UK . '' Journal of Archaeological Science 42 ( 2014 ) : 81 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Mays , S. , and N. Beavan . `` An investigation of diet in early Anglo - Saxon England using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen . '' Journal of Archaeological Science 39.4 ( 2012 ) : 867 -- 874 . Jump up ^ In the abstract for : Härke , Heinrich . `` Anglo - Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis . '' Medieval Archaeology 55.1 ( 2011 ) : 1 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hedges , Robert ( 2011 ) . `` Anglo - Saxon migration and the molecular evidence '' . In Hamerow , Helena ; Hinton , David A. ; Crawford , Sally . The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . pp. 81 -- 83 . ISBN 9780199212149 . Jump up ^ Millet , Martin . `` The Romanization of Britain . '' An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Hamerow , Helena . `` The earliest Anglo - Saxon kingdoms . '' The New Cambridge Medieval History 1 ( 2005 ) : 263 - 90 . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill , North Elmham . Norfolk Archaeological Unit , 1995 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Mark G. , Michael PH Stumpf , and Heinrich Härke . `` Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain : a response to Pattison . '' Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 275.1650 ( 2008 ) : 2419 -- 2421 . Jump up ^ A.S. Esmonde Cleary , ' The Roman to medieval transition ' , in Britons and Romans : advancing an archaeological agenda , eds S. James and M. Millett ( York , Council for British Archaeology Research Report 125 , 2001 ) , pp. 90 -- 7 . Jump up ^ D.N. Dumville , ' Sub-Roman Britain : History and legend ' , History , 62 , 1977 , pp. 173 -- 92 ; Dumville , ' The historical value of the Historia Brittonum ' , Arthurian Literature , 6 , 1986 , pp. 1 -- 26 Jump up ^ Higham , Nick ( January 2004 ) . `` From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England : Debating the Insular Dark Ages '' . History Compass. 2 ( 1 ) : * * . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2004. 00085. x . Jump up ^ Dark , K. , Civitas to Kingdom : British Political Continuity 300 -- 80 ( London , Leicester University Press , 1994 ) p 97 -- 104 Jump up ^ J. Hines , ' Philology , Archaeology and the Adventus Saxonum vel Anglorum ' , in Britain 400 -- 600 : Language and History , eds A. Bammesberger and A. Wollman ( Heidelberg , Carl Winter , 1990 ) , pp. 17 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Freeman , E.A. ( 1869 ) Old English History for Children , MacMillan , London , pp. 7 , 27 - 28 Jump up ^ Grimmer , M. ( 2007 ) Invasion , Settlement or Political Conquest : Changing Representations of the Arrival of the Anglo - Saxons in Britain , Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association , 3 ( 1 ) pp. 169 - 186 . Jump up ^ Ausenda , G. ( 1997 ) Current issues and future directions in the study of the early Anglo - Saxon period , in Hines , J. ( ed . ) The Anglo - Saxons from Migration Period to the Eighth Century , Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology , pp. 411 - 450 Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , Bryan . `` Why did the Anglo - Saxons not become more British ? . '' The English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : page 523 ^ Jump up to : Ward - Perkins , Bryan . `` Why did the Anglo - Saxons not become more British ? . '' The English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : 513 - 533 . Jump up ^ Lavelle , R. ( 2010 ) Alfred 's Wars : Sources and Interpretations of Anglo - Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age , Boydell & Brewer p. 85 Jump up ^ Attenborough . The laws of Ine and Alfred . pp. 35 -- 61 Jump up ^ Suzuki ( 2000 , pp. 114 -- 121 ) Jump up ^ Higham ( 2004 , p. 4 ) Jump up ^ Haslsall ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Hamerow , Helena . Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford University Press , 2012. p166 Jump up ^ Higham Nicholas J. `` From Tribal Chieftains to Christian Kings . '' The Anglo - Saxon World ( 2013 ) : 126 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Barbara . `` The vocabulary of Anglo - Saxon overlordship . '' Anglo - Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History . BAR British Series 92 ( 1981 ) : 171 - 200 . Jump up ^ Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain , Programme 2 - Three part Channel 4 series . 2004 ^ Jump up to : Davies , Wendy , and Hayo Vierck . `` The contexts of Tribal Hidage : social aggregates and settlement patterns . '' Issues 44 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Bede , Historia Ecclesiastica , II , 5 . Jump up ^ As in his remarks on Edwin 's imperium : Historia Ecclesiastica , II , 5 , 9 . Jump up ^ As in his remarks concerning Cædwallon and Penda , Historia Ecclesiastica , II , 20 . Jump up ^ Bede , Historia Ecclesiastica , I , 34 ; II , 12 . Jump up ^ Hamerow , H. `` Early medieval settlement . '' The archaeology of rural communities in north - west Europe ( 2002 ) : 400 - 900 . Jump up ^ Wickham 2009 : 157 , The Inheritance of Rome . Jump up ^ Hamerow , Helena . Early medieval settlements : the archaeology of rural communities in North - West Europe 400 - 900 . Oxford University Press on Demand , 2004 . p105 Jump up ^ Higham , Nicholas J. An English Empire : Bede , the Britons , and the Early Anglo - Saxon Kings . Vol 2 p244 Jump up ^ Rahtz , Philip . `` Buildings and rural settlement . '' The Archaeology of Anglo - Saxon England 44 ( 1976 ) : p 56 Jump up ^ Hodges , R. ( 1989 ) The Anglo - Saxon Achievement ' Duckwoth , London . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2130 - 0 , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Dixon , Philip . `` How Saxon is the Saxon house ? '' Structural reconstruction . Oxford ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Marshall , Anne , and Garry Marshall . `` A survey and analysis of the buildings of Early and Middle Anglo - Saxon England . '' Medieval Archaeology 35 ( 1991 ) : 29 Jump up ^ John Hines : `` Stories from the Dark Earth : Meet the Ancestors Revisited '' Episode 4 BBC 2013 Jump up ^ Julian Richards : `` Stories from the Dark Earth : Meet the Ancestors Revisited '' Episode 4 BBC 2013 Jump up ^ Halsall ( 2011 , p. 35 ) Jump up ^ Behr , Charlotte . Review `` Signals of Belief in Early England : Anglo - Saxon Paganism Revisited , edited by Martin Carver , Alex Sanmark & Sarah Semple , 2010 . Oxford : Oxbow Books ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 395 - 4 '' . in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21.02 ( 2011 ) : 315 - 316 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter . The Rise of Western Christendom . Oxford , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Hutton 1991 . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1992 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1992 . pp. 98 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Whinder , R , Christianity in Britain before St Augustine Catholic History Society 2008 Jump up ^ Killie , Kristin. `` Old English -- Late British language contact and the English progressive . '' Language Contact and Development Around the North Sea 321 ( 2012 ) : p119 Jump up ^ Higham , N. 1992 . Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons . Guildford : Seaby p 229 -- 230 Jump up ^ `` Old - English poem The Battle of Brunanburh along with translations and background information = http://loki.stockton.edu/~kinsellt/litresources/brun/brun2.html#astext '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Higham , Nicholas J. , and Martin J. Ryan . The Anglo - Saxon World . Yale University Press , 2013 . References ( edit ) General ( edit ) Channel 4 ( 2004 ) , Britain AD : King Arthur 's Britain Hamerow , Helena ; Hinton , David A. ; Crawford , Sally , eds. ( 2011 ) , The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology. , Oxford : OUP , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921214 - 9 Higham , Nicholas J. ; Ryan , Martin J. ( 2013 ) , The Anglo - Saxon World , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12534 - 4 Hills , Catherine ( 2003 ) , Origins of the English , London : Duckworth , ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3191 - 8 Koch , John T. ( 2006 ) , Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , Santa Barbara and Oxford : ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 Pryor , Francis ( 2005 ) , Britain AD : A Quest for Arthur , England and the Anglo - Saxons , London : Harper Perennial ( published 2001 ) , p. 320 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 718187 - 2 Archaeology ( edit ) Behr , Charlotte ( 2010 ) , Review of Signals of Belief in Early England Anglo - Saxon England 21 ( 2 ) ( Cambridge University Press ) , Cambridge Martin Millett ( 11 June 1992 ) , The Romanization of Britain : An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42864 - 4 Brugmann , Birte ( 2011 ) , Migration and endogenous change : The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology. , Oxford : OUP , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921214 - 9 Dixon , Philip ( 1982 ) , How Saxon is the Saxon house , in Structural Reconstruction . Approaches to the interpretation of the excavated remains of buildings , British Archaeological Reports British Series 110 , Oxford Marshall , Anne ; Marshall , Garry ( 1991 ) , A survey and analysis of the buildings of Early and Middle Anglo - Saxon England . '' Medieval Archaeology 35 , Medieval Archaeology 35 Halsall , Guy ( 2011 ) , `` Archaeology and Migration : Rethinking the debate '' , in Rica Annaert ; Tinne Jacobs ; Ingrid In ' t Ven ; Steffi Coppens , The very beginning of Europe ? Cultural and Social Dimensions of Early - Medieval Migration and Colonisation ( 5th - 8th century ) , Flanders Heritage Agency , p. 29 -- 40 , ISBN 978 90 7523 034 5 Halsall , Guy ( 2006 ) , `` Movers and Shakers : Barbarians and the Fall of Rome '' , in Noble , Thomas , From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms , Psychology Press , ISBN 9780415327428 Hamerow , Helena ( 1993 ) , Buildings and rural settlement , in The Archaeology of Anglo - Saxon England 44 Helena Hamerow ( 2002 ) , Early Medieval Settlements : The Archaeology of Rural Communities in Northwest Europe , 400 - 900 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924697 - 7 Hamerow , Helena. ; Hinton , David A. ; Crawford , Sally. , eds. ( 2011 ) , The Oxford Handbook of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology. , Oxford : OUP , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921214 - 9 Helena Hamerow ( 5 July 2012 ) , Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo - Saxon England , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920325 - 3 Nick Higham ( 2004 ) , `` From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England : Debating the Insular Dark Ages '' , History Compass , 2 Richard Hodges ( 1 January 1989 ) , The Anglo - Saxon Achievement : Archaeology & the Beginnings of English Society , Duckworth , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7156 - 2130 - 1 Hughes , S.S. ; Millard , A.R. ; Lucy , S.J. ; Chenery , C.A. ; Evans , J.A. ; Nowell , G. ; Pearson , D.G. ( 2014 ) , Anglo - Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield , Oxfordshire , UK. , in Journal of Archaeological Science , 42 , pp. 81 -- 92 Jantina , Helena Looijenga ( 1997 ) , Runes around the North Sea and on the continent AD 150 - 700 , Groningen University : SSG Uitg. , ISBN 978 - 90 - 6781 - 014 - 2 Rahtz , Philip ( 1976 ) , Excavations at Mucking , Volume 2 : The Anglo - Saxon Settlement , in Archaeological Report - Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission For England 21 Myres , John ( 1989 ) , The English Settlements , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 282235 - 2 Suzuki , Seiichi ( 2000 ) , The quoit brooch style and Anglo - Saxon settlement : a casting and recasting of cultural identity symbols. , Woodbridge , Eng . & Rochester N.Y. : Boydell & Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 749 - 8 Williams , H. ( 2002 ) , Remains of Pagan Saxondom , in Sam Lucy ; Andrew J. Reynolds , eds. , Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales , Society for Medieval Archaeology , ISBN 978 - 1 - 902653 - 65 - 5 History ( edit ) Bazelmans , Jos ( 2009 ) , `` The early - medieval use of ethnic names from classical antiquity : The case of the Frisians '' , in Derks , Ton ; Roymans , Nico , Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity : The Role of Power and Tradition , Amsterdam : Amsterdam University , pp. 321 -- 337 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 078 - 9 Brown , Michelle P. ; Farr , Carol A. , eds. ( 2001 ) , Mercia : An Anglo - Saxon Kingdom in Europe , Leicester : Leicester University Press , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7765 - 8 Charles - Edwards , Thomas , ed. ( 2003 ) , After Rome , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924982 - 4 Dornier , Ann , ed. ( 1977 ) , Mercian Studies , Leicester : Leicester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1148 - 4 Elton , Charles Isaac ( 1882 ) , Origins of English History , London : Bernard Quaritch Frere , Sheppard Sunderland ( 1987 ) , Britannia : A History of Roman Britain ( 3rd , revised ed . ) , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 Giles , John Allen , ed. ( 1841 ) , `` The Works of Gildas '' , The Works of Gildas and Nennius , London : James Bohn Giles , John Allen , ed. ( 1843a ) , `` Ecclesiastical History , Books I , II and III '' , The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede , II , London : Whittaker and Co. ( published 1843 ) Giles , John Allen , ed. ( 1843b ) , `` Ecclesiastical History , Books IV and V '' , The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede , III , London : Whittaker and Co. ( published 1843 ) Härke , Heinrich ( 2003 ) , `` Population replacement or acculturation ? An archaeological perspective on population and migration in post-Roman Britain . '' , Celtic - Englishes , Carl Winter Verlag , III ( Winter ) : 13 -- 28 , retrieved 18 January 2014 Haywood , John ( 1999 ) , Dark Age Naval Power : Frankish & Anglo - Saxon Seafaring Activity ( revised ed . ) , Frithgarth : Anglo - Saxon Books , ISBN 1 - 898281 - 43 - 2 Higham , Nicholas ( 1992 ) , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , London : B.A. Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 022 - 7 Higham , Nicholas ( 1993 ) , The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350 -- 1100 , Phoenix Mill : Alan Sutton Publishing , ISBN 0 - 86299 - 730 - 5 Jones , Barri ; Mattingly , David ( 1990 ) , An Atlas of Roman Britain , Cambridge : Blackwell Publishers ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 Jones , Michael E. ; Casey , John ( 1988 ) , `` The Gallic Chronicle Restored : a Chronology for the Anglo - Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain '' , Britannia , The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , XIX ( November ) : 367 -- 98 , doi : 10.2307 / 526206 , retrieved 6 January 2014 Kirby , D.P. ( 2000 ) , The Earliest English Kings ( Revised ed . ) , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 24211 - 8 Laing , Lloyd ; Laing , Jennifer ( 1990 ) , Celtic Britain and Ireland , c. 200 -- 800 , New York : St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 04767 - 3 McGrail , Seàn , ed. ( 1988 ) , Maritime Celts , Frisians and Saxons , London : Council for British Archaeology ( published 1990 ) , pp. 1 -- 16 , ISBN 0 - 906780 - 93 - 4 Mattingly , David ( 2006 ) , An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire , London : Penguin Books ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 Pryor , Francis ( 2004 ) , Britain AD , London : Harper Perennial ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 00 - 718187 - 6 Russo , Daniel G. ( 1998 ) , Town Origins and Development in Early England , c. 400 -- 950 A.D. , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30079 - 0 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 1998 ) , An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600 , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) , The Britons , Malden : Blackwell Publishing ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 Wickham , Chris ( 2005 ) , Framing the Early Middle Ages : Europe and the Mediterranean , 400 -- 800 , Oxford : Oxford University Press ( published 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921296 - 5 Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) , `` Kings Without States : Britain and Ireland , 400 -- 800 '' , The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages , 400 -- 1000 , London : Penguin Books ( published 2010 ) , pp. 150 -- 169 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 Wood , Ian ( 1984 ) , `` The end of Roman Britain : Continental evidence and parallels '' , in Lapidge , M. , Gildas : New Approaches , Woodbridge : Boydell , p. 19 Wood , Ian ( 1988 ) , `` The Channel from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD '' , in McGrail , Seàn , Maritime Celts , Frisians and Saxons , London : Council for British Archaeology ( published 1990 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 , ISBN 0 - 906780 - 93 - 4 Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) , Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England , B.A. Seaby , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16639 - X Yorke , Barbara ( 1995 ) , Wessex in the Early Middle Ages , London : Leicester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1856 - X Yorke , Barbara ( 2006 ) , Robbins , Keith , ed. , The Conversion of Britain : Religion , Politics and Society in Britain c. 600 -- 800 , Harlow : Pearson Education Limited , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 77292 - 2 Zaluckyj , Sarah , ed. ( 2001 ) , Mercia : The Anglo - Saxon Kingdom of Central England , Little Logaston : Logaston , ISBN 1 - 873827 - 62 - 8 European Middle Ages by region Medieval histories of current political units Western and Northern Europe Corsica Denmark England ( Early , High , Late ) France Germany Ireland ( 400 -- 800 , 800 -- 1169 , 1169 -- 1536 ) Italy Scotland ( Early , High , Late ) Spain Sweden Wales ( Early , High , Late ) Central , Eastern Europe and Near East Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech lands Georgia Greece ( Byzantine and Ottoman ) Hungary ( High Medieval Kingdom and Late Medieval Kingdom ) Poland Romania Serbia Anatolia ( Byzantine , Seljuq - Rum and Ottoman ) Medieval territories Western and Northern Europe Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire ( Kingdom of Bohemia , Kingdom of Italy , Swiss Confederacy ) Papal States Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Burgundy ( Burgundian Netherlands ) Kingdom of Aragon Portugal ( County and Kingdom of Portugal ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Lordship of Ireland al - Andalus ( Caliphate of Córdoba , Taifa , Almoravids ) Hereditary Kingdom of Norway Central , Eastern Europe and Near East Byzantine Empire Bulgarian Empire ( First Empire , Second Empire ) Croatia ( Dalmatia , Pannonia , Kingdom of Croatia ) Crusader states ( Cyprus , Jerusalem ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Kingdom of Bosnia , Duchy of Saint Sava ) Ukraine ( Kievan Rus ' , Kingdom of Rus ' , Principality of Chernigov ) Russia ( Rus ' Khaganate , Novgorod Republic , Ryazan , Moscow ) Serbia ( Principality , Grand Principality , Kingdom , Empire , Lordship , Despotate ) England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Scotland articles List of topics History Timeline Prehistoric Roman times Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Kingdom High Middle Ages Davidian Revolution Wars of Independence Late Middle Ages Renaissance Early modern Reformation Colonisation of the Americas Glorious Revolution 1707 Acts of Union Jacobitism Enlightenment Lowland Clearances Highland Clearances Industrial Revolution Romanticism Modern Geography Anglo - Scottish border Central Belt Climate Fauna Flora Geology Highlands Islands Lochs Lowlands Mountains and hills Protected areas Waterfalls Politics Government Politics Devolution Elections First Minister Government Human rights LGBT rights Independence Local government Military Monarchs Parliament Political parties Republicanism Scotland Office Secretary of State Nationalism Unionism Law Advocate General Courts Crown Office Lord Advocate Lord President Procurator fiscal Solicitor General Sheriff principal College of Justice Udal law Economy Agriculture Bank of Scotland Charities Companies Fishing Harris Tweed Housing Media North Sea oil Power stations Renewable energy Royal Bank of Scotland Tourism Transport Whisky Silicon Glen Unemployment Society Culture Architecture Art Clans Cuisine Education Hogmanay Identity Inventions and discoveries Literature Museums Music Oldest buildings Performing arts Prostitution Royal National Mòd Sport Surnames Symbols anthem coat of arms flags Tartan unicorn World Heritage Sites Demographics Languages Highland English Scottish English Scottish Gaelic Scots British Sign Language People ( list ) Actors Artists Inventors Musicians Scientists Writers Religion Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Christmas Church of Scotland General Assembly Moderators Roman Catholicism Scottish Episcopal Church Baptist Union Hinduism Islam Judaism Sikhism Outline Category Portal Wales articles History Prehistory Roman Era Anglo - Welsh Wars Early Middle Ages Kingdom of Gwynedd Kingdom of Powys Deheubarth Medieval Welsh law Norman invasion Edwardian conquest Late Middle Ages Statute of Rhuddlan Glyndŵr Rising Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Geography Geology Islands Lakes Mountains and hills Protected areas Rivers Politics Assembly Elections First Minister Political parties Welsh nationalism Welsh Office Secretary of State Modern Welsh law Women 's suffrage Economy Agriculture ( Sheep farming ) Companies Power stations Tourism Transport Society Demographics Education Languages Welsh history Welsh English Welsh people Culture Art Eisteddfod Gorsedd Literature in Welsh / in English Media Museums Castles Scheduled Monuments Music Theatre Sport Athletics Bando Boxing Cnapan Cricket Football national team Golf Horse racing Pêl - Law Rugby league national team Rugby union Men 's team Men 's 7s team Women 's team Women 's 7s team Religion 1904 -- 1905 Welsh Revival Bahá'ís Buddhism Christianity Church in Wales Saint David Hinduism Islam in Wales Judaism Presbyterian Church of Wales Welsh Methodist revival Mormonism Neo-Druidism Sikhism Symbols Anthem Flags national Prince of Wales 's feathers Royal Badge Welsh Dragon Outline Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain&oldid=825055569 '' Categories : Anglo - Saxon England Medieval England Medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Migration Period Invasions of England 5th century in England 6th century in England 7th century in England Anglo - Saxon society Conflict in Anglo - Saxon England Sub-Roman Britain 5th century in Great Britain 6th century in Great Britain 7th century in Great Britain Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Pages using web citations with no URL Use British English from January 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the anglo saxons invade britain and why	[]	[]
-4800203261160125982	United States Coast Guard	United States Coast Guard - wikipedia United States Coast Guard Jump to : navigation , search Branch of the United States Armed Forces United States Coast Guard Emblem of the United States Coast Guard Founded January 28 , 1915 ; 103 years ago ( 1915 - 01 - 28 ) Country United States of America Type Coast guard Role Defense operations , maritime law enforcement , and search and rescue Size Total workforce of 87,569 Part of Department of Homeland Security Headquarters Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Nickname ( s ) `` Coasties '' , `` The Guard '' , Motto ( s ) Semper Paratus ( English : Always ready ) Colors CG Red , CG Blue , White March `` Semper Paratus '' Play ( help info ) Anniversaries 4 August Engagements See list ( show ) Quasi-War War of 1812 Seminole Wars Mexican -- American War American Civil War Spanish -- American War World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of Grenada Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Inherent Resolve Decorations See list ( show ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Coast Guard ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Navy ) Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award Coast Guard Unit Commendation Navy Unit Commendation Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Navy ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Commandant ADM Paul F. Zukunft Vice Commandant ADM Charles W. Ray Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden Insignia Standard Ensign Seal Mark Guidon Pennant The United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country 's seven uniformed services . The Coast Guard is a maritime , military , multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission ( with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters ) and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its mission set . It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime , and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy by the U.S. President at any time , or by the U.S. Congress during times of war . This has happened twice , in 1917 , during World War I , and in 1941 , during World War II . Created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine , it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States . As Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine , whose original purpose was collecting customs duties in the nation 's seaports . By the 1860s , the service was known as the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse . The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life - Saving Service on 28 January 1915 , under the U.S. Department of the Treasury . As one of the country 's five armed services , the Coast Guard has been involved in every U.S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan . The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty , 7,000 reservists , 31,000 auxiliarists , and 8,577 full - time civilian employees , for a total workforce of 87,569 . The Coast Guard maintains an extensive fleet of 243 coastal and ocean - going patrol ships , tenders , tugs and icebreakers called `` Cutters '' , and 1650 smaller boats , as well as an extensive aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed - wing aircraft . While the U.S. Coast Guard is the smallest of the U.S. military service branches , in terms of size , the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world 's 12th largest naval force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 1.1 Role 1.2 Missions 1.2. 1 Non-homeland security missions 1.2. 2 Homeland security missions 1.3 Search and Rescue 1.4 National Response Center 1.5 Authority as an armed service 1.6 Authority as a law enforcement agency 2 A typical day 3 History 4 Organization 4.1 Districts and units 4.2 Shore establishments 5 Personnel 5.1 Commissioned officers 5.2 Warrant officers 5.3 Enlisted personnel 5.4 Training 5.4. 1 Officer training 5.4. 2 Recruit training 5.4. 3 Service schools 5.5 Civilian personnel 6 Equipment 6.1 Cutters 6.2 Boats 6.3 Aircraft 6.4 Weapons 6.4. 1 Naval guns 6.4. 2 Small arms and light weapons 7 Symbols 7.1 Core values 7.2 The Guardian Ethos 7.3 The Coast Guard Ethos 7.4 Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman 7.5 `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' 7.6 Coast Guard Ensign 7.7 Coast Guard Standard 7.8 Service Mark ( `` Racing Stripe '' ) 8 Uniforms 9 Coast Guard Reserve 9.1 Women in the Coast Guard 10 Coast Guard Auxiliary 11 Deployable Operations Group 12 Medals and honors 13 Notable Coast Guardsmen 14 Organizations 14.1 Coast Guard Aviation Association 14.2 Coast Guard CW Operators Association 14.3 USCG Chief Petty Officers Association 14.4 USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association ( CWOA ) 15 In popular culture 15.1 In film 15.2 On television 16 See also 16.1 Coast Guard 16.2 Related agencies 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Mission ( edit ) Main article : Missions of the United States Coast Guard Role ( edit ) A boatswain 's mate watches from the side port door as Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf 's Over-The - Horizon small boat departs to receive personnel from Coast Guard Cutter Chandeleur in 2008 . The Coast Guard has roles in maritime homeland security , maritime law enforcement ( MLE ) , maritime patrol , search and rescue ( SAR ) , marine environmental protection ( MEP ) , and the maintenance of river , intracoastal and offshore aids to navigation ( ATON ) . With a decentralized organization and much responsibility placed on even the most junior personnel , the Coast Guard is frequently lauded for its quick responsiveness and adaptability in a broad range of emergencies . In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina , the author wrote , `` the Coast Guard 's most valuable contribution to ( a military effort when catastrophe hits ) may be as a model of flexibility , and most of all , spirit . '' Wil Milam , a rescue swimmer from Alaska told the magazine , `` In the Navy , it was all about the mission . Practicing for war , training for war . In the Coast Guard , it was , take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself . '' Missions ( edit ) A Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technician assisting with the rescue of a pregnant woman during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . This is a demonstration of warning shots fired at a non-compliant boat by a USCG HITRON MH - 65C and its M240 machine gun . The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles , which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions . The three roles are : Maritime safety Maritime security Maritime stewardship The eleven statutory missions as defined by law are divided into homeland security missions and non-homeland security missions : Non-homeland security missions ( edit ) Ice operations , including the International Ice Patrol Living marine resources ( fisheries law enforcement ) Marine environmental protection Marine safety Aids to navigation Search and rescue Homeland security missions ( edit ) Defense readiness Maritime law enforcement Migrant interdiction Ports , waterways and coastal security ( PWCS ) Drug interdiction Search and rescue ( edit ) Search and Rescue Program Logo of the United States Coast Guard . See National Search and Rescue Committee See Joint Rescue Coordination Centers While the U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue ( CG - SAR ) ( 2 ) is not the oldest search and rescue organization in the world it is one of the Coast Guard 's best - known operations . The National Search and Rescue Plan designates the Coast Guard as the federal agency responsible for maritime SAR operations , and the United States Air Force as the federal agency responsible for inland SAR . Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort , and have responsibility for both military and civilian search and rescue . The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators . Previously located on Governors Island , New York , the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown , Virginia . National Response Center ( edit ) Operated by the Coast Guard , the National Response Center ( NRC ) is the sole U.S. Government point of contact for reporting all oil , chemical , radiological , and biological spills into the environment anywhere in the United States and its territories . In addition to gathering and distributing spill / incident information for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team , the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria . The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports . Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan . The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement ( MISLE ) database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution and safety incidents in the nation 's ports . Authority as an armed service ( edit ) Members of the U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team ( MSRT ) hook and climb onto a target showing the skills needed to complete a variety of missions dealing with anti-terrorism , protecting local maritime assets , and harbor and inshore security patrols as well as detecting , stopping , and arresting submerged divers , using the Underwater Port Security System . The five uniformed services that make up the U.S. Armed Forces are defined in Title 10 of the U.S. Code : The term `` armed forces '' means the Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard . The Coast Guard is further defined by Title 14 of the United States Code : The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security , except when operating as a service in the Navy . Coast Guard organization and operation is as set forth in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations . On 25 November 2002 , the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush , designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year , on 1 March 2003 . The U.S. Coast Guard reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security . However , under 14 U.S.C. § 3 as amended by section 211 of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006 , upon the declaration of war and when Congress so directs in the declaration , or when the President directs , the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Defense as a service in the Department of the Navy . As members of the military , Coast Guardsmen on active and reserve service are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and receive the same pay and allowances as members of the same pay grades in the other uniformed services . The service has participated in every major U.S. conflict from 1790 through today , including landing troops on D - Day and on the Pacific Islands in World War II , in extensive patrols and shore bombardment during the Vietnam War , and multiple roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom . Maritime interception operations , coastal security , transportation security , and law enforcement detachments have been its major roles in recent conflicts in Iraq . USS Vandegrift ( FFG 48 ) and USCGC Mellon ( WHEC - 717 ) cruising side by side in the Java Sea ( May 28 , 2010 ) . On 17 October 2007 , the Coast Guard joined with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raised the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war . This new strategy charted a course for the Navy , Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises , man - made or natural , from occurring , or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States . During the launch of the new U.S. maritime strategy at the International Seapower Symposium at the U.S. Naval War College in 2007 , Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Thad Allen said the new maritime strategy reinforced the time - honored missions the service has carried out in the United States since 1790 . `` It reinforces the Coast Guard maritime strategy of safety , security and stewardship , and it reflects not only the global reach of our maritime services but the need to integrate and synchronize and act with our coalition and international partners to not only win wars ... but to prevent wars , '' Allen said . Authority as a law enforcement agency ( edit ) A member of USCG Law Enforcement Detachment ( LEDET ) 106 performs a security sweep aboard a tanker ship in the North Persian Gulf in July 2007 . Coast Guardmen stands guard over more than 40,000 pounds of cocaine worth an estimated $500 million being offloaded from the Cutter Sherman , April 23 , 2007 . The drugs were seized in three separate busts near Central America . The offload included approximately 38,000 pounds of cocaine seized in the largest cocaine bust in maritime history . Title 14 USC , section 2 authorizes the Coast Guard to enforce U.S. federal laws . This authority is further defined in 14 U.S.C. § 89 , which gives law enforcement powers to all Coast Guard commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers . Unlike the other branches of the United States Armed Forces , which are prevented from acting in a law enforcement capacity by 18 U.S.C. § 1385 , the Posse Comitatus Act , and Department of Defense policy , the Coast Guard is exempt from and not subject to the restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act . Further law enforcement authority is given by 14 U.S.C. § 143 and 9 U.S.C. § 1401 , which empower U.S. Coast Guard active and reserve commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers as federal customs officers . This places them under 19 U.S.C. § 1589a , which grants customs officers general federal law enforcement authority , including the authority to : ( 1 ) carry a firearm ; ( 2 ) execute and serve any order , warrant , subpoena , summons , or other process issued under the authority of the United States ; ( 3 ) make an arrest without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the officer 's presence or for a felony , cognizable under the laws of the United States committed outside the officer 's presence if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony ; and ( 4 ) perform any other law enforcement duty that the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate . -- 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers The U.S. Government Accountability Office Report to the House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary on its 2006 Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities , identified the Coast Guard as one of 104 federal components that employed law enforcement officers . The report also included a summary table of the authorities of the Coast Guard 's 192 special agents and 3,780 maritime law enforcement boarding officers . Coast Guardsmen have the legal authority to carry their service - issued firearms on and off base . This is rarely done in practice , however ; at many Coast Guard stations , commanders prefer to have all service - issued weapons in armories when not in use . Still , one court has held that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified law enforcement officers authorized to carry personal firearms off - duty for self - defense . A typical day ( edit ) Coast Guardmen prepare to transport a portable pump to the 112 - foot grounded fishing vessel Mar - Gun , March 7 , 2009 . United States Coast Guard sailors in 2010 patrolling the Falcon Lake reservoir of the Rio Grande border crossing for river pirates and Mexican cartel drug smugglers in the ongoing conflict known as the Mexican Drug War The Coast Guard occasionally publishes a list of statistics that summarizes their activities . Based on 2013 statistics , on an average day the United States Coast Guard will : Conduct 109 search and rescue cases Save 10 lives Assist 192 people in distress Protect US $ 2.8 million in property Seize 169 pounds ( 77 kg ) of marijuana and 306 pounds ( 139 kg ) of cocaine with a street value of US $ 9.5 million Process 238 mariner licenses and documents Investigate 6 vessel casualties involving collisions or groundings Have underway small boats for 396 sorties / missions Fly 164 aircraft missions logging 324 hours Board 144 vessels of law enforcement interest Interdict and rescue 14 illegal immigrants at sea Open 8 new cases for marine violation of federal statutes Board 100 large vessels for port safety checks Conduct 20 commercial fishing vessel safety exams Respond to 20 oil or hazardous chemical spills totaling 2,800 US gal ( 11,000 l ) Service 135 aids to navigation Monitor the transit of 2,509 commercial ships through U.S. ports Conduct 377 vessel safety checks Teach boating safety courses to 550 boaters History ( edit ) Marine Corps Privates First Class William A. McCoy and Ralph L. Plunkett holding a sign thanking the Coast Guard after the Battle of Guam in 1944 . Main article : History of the United States Coast Guard The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs ( an important source of revenue for the new nation ) , which eventually evolved into the United States Revenue Cutter Service . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten cutters , which it did on 4 August 1790 ( now celebrated as the Coast Guard 's official birthday ) . Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798 , these `` revenue cutters '' were the only naval force of the early United States . As such , the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties , including combating piracy , rescuing mariners in distress , ferrying government officials , and even carrying mail . `` First Fleet '' is a term occasionally used as an informal reference to the Coast Guard , although there is no indication that the United States has ever officially used this designation with reference either to the Coast Guard or any element of the Navy . The informal appellation honors the fact that between 1790 and 1798 , there was no United States Navy and the cutters that were the predecessors of the Coast Guard were the only warships protecting the coast , trade , and maritime interests of the new republic . The modern Coast Guard was created in 1915 , when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life - Saving Service . In 1939 , the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard 's purview . In 1942 , the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard . In 1967 , the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation , an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Gun crew on board USCGC Point Comfort ( WPB - 82317 ) firing 81mm mortar during bombardment of suspected Viet Cong staging area one mile behind An Thoi. ( August 1965 ) In times of war , the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy . This arrangement has a broad historical basis , as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , and the American Civil War , in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter . The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II . United States Coast Guard Squadron One unit patch of the Vietnam War era USCGC Duane ( WHEC - 33 ) shelling targets in Vietnam in 1967 , where they played an active role in Operation Market Time . Coast Guard Squadron One , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy , it was assigned duties in Operation Market Time . Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment . The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970 . Twenty - six Point - class cutters with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the South China Sea into South Vietnam by Viet Cong and North Vietnam junk and trawler operators . The squadron also provided 81mm mortar naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during Operation Sealords . Coast Guard Squadron Three , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1967 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy and based in Pearl Harbor . It consisted of five USCG High Endurance Cutters operating on revolving six month deployments . A total of 35 High Endurance Cutters took part in operations from May 1967 to December 1971 , most notably using their 5 '' guns to provide naval gunfire support missions . Often units within the Coast Guard operate under Department of the Navy operational control while other Coast Guard units remain under the Department of Homeland Security . USCG Districts Organization ( edit ) Main article : Organization of the United States Coast Guard The new Department of Homeland Security headquarters complex is on the grounds of the former St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Anacostia section of Southeast Washington , across the Anacostia River from former Coast Guard headquarters . The fiscal year 2016 budget request for the US Coast Guard was $ 9.96 billion . Districts and units ( edit ) The Coast Guard 's current district organization is divided into 9 districts . Their designations , district office and area of responsibility are as follows : U.S. Coast Guard Districts District Area District Office Area of Responsibility First District Atlantic Boston , Massachusetts New England states , eastern New York , and northern New Jersey Fifth District Atlantic Portsmouth , Virginia Pennsylvania , southern New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina Seventh District Atlantic Miami , Florida South Carolina , Georgia , eastern Florida , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands Eighth District Atlantic New Orleans , Louisiana Western Rivers of the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico Ninth District Atlantic Cleveland , Ohio Great Lakes Eleventh District Pacific Alameda , California California , Arizona , Nevada , and Utah Thirteenth District Pacific Seattle , Washington Oregon , Washington , Idaho and Montana Fourteenth District Pacific Honolulu , Hawaii Hawaii and Pacific territories Seventeenth District Pacific Juneau , Alaska Alaska Shore establishments ( edit ) Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building in St. Elizabeths West Campus . Shore establishment commands exist to support and facilitate the mission of the sea and air assets and Coastal Defense . U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters is located in Southeast Washington , DC . Other shore establishments are Coast Guard Sectors ( which may include Coast Guard Bases ) , Coast Guard Stations , Coast Guard Air Stations , and the United States Coast Guard Yard . Training centers include the United States Coast Guard Academy , Training Center Petaluma , Training Center Cape May , Coast Guard Aviation Technical Training Center , Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile , and Training Center Yorktown . Personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty . The formal name for a uniformed member of the Coast Guard is `` Coast Guardsman '' , irrespective of gender . `` Coastie '' is an informal term commonly used to refer to current or former Coast Guard personnel . In 2008 , the term `` Guardian '' was introduced as an alternative but was later dropped . Admiral Robert J. Papp , Jr. stated that it was his belief that no Commandant had the authority to change what members of the Coast Guard are called as the term Coast Guardsman is found in Title 14 USC which established the Coast Guard in 1915 . `` Team Coast Guard '' refers to the four components of the Coast Guard as a whole : Regular , Reserve , Auxiliary , and Coast Guard civilian employees . Commissioned officers ( edit ) Commissioned officers in the Coast Guard hold pay grades ranging from O - 1 to O - 10 and have the same rank structure as the Navy . Officers holding the rank of ensign ( O - 1 ) through lieutenant commander ( O - 4 ) are considered junior officers , commanders ( O - 5 ) and captains ( O - 6 ) are considered senior officers , and rear admirals ( O - 7 ) through admirals ( O - 10 ) are considered flag officers . The Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard are the only members of the Coast Guard authorized to hold the rank of admiral . The Coast Guard does not have medical officers or chaplains of its own . Instead , chaplains from the U.S. Navy , as well as officers from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are assigned to the Coast Guard to perform chaplain - related functions and medical - related functions , respectively . These officers wear Coast Guard uniforms but replace the Coast Guard insignia with that of their own service . The Navy and Coast Guard share identical officer rank insignia , except that Coast Guard officers wear a gold Coast Guard Shield in lieu of a line star or staff corps officer insignia . Commissioned Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Ensign ( ENS ) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) ( LTJG ) Lieutenant ( LT ) Lieutenant Commander ( LCDR ) Commander ( CDR ) Captain ( CAPT ) Rear Admiral ( lower half ) ( RDML ) Rear Admiral ( RADM ) Vice Admiral ( VADM ) Admiral ( ADM ) O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 Warrant officers ( edit ) Highly qualified enlisted personnel in pay grades E-6 through E-9 with a minimum of eight years experience can compete each year for appointment as warrant officers ( WO ) . Successful candidates are chosen by a board and then commissioned as chief warrant officers ( CWO - 2 ) in one of sixteen specialties . Over time , chief warrant officers may be promoted to CWO - 3 and CWO - 4 . The ranks of warrant officer ( WO - 1 ) and chief warrant officer ( CWO - 5 ) are not currently used in the Coast Guard . Chief warrant officers may also compete for the Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant Program . If selected , the warrant officer will be promoted to lieutenant ( O - 3E ) . The `` E '' designates over four years active duty service as a warrant officer or enlisted member and entitles the member to a higher rate of pay than other lieutenants . Warrant Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 4 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 Enlisted personnel ( edit ) Enlisted members of the Coast Guard have pay grades from E-1 to E-9 and also follow the same rank structure as the Navy . Enlisted members in pay grades of E-4 and higher are considered petty officers and follow career development paths very similar to those of Navy petty officers . Petty officers in pay grade E-7 and higher are chief petty officers and must attend the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy , or an equivalent Department of Defense school , in order to be advanced to pay grade E-8 . The basic themes of the school are : Professionalism Leadership Communications Systems thinking and lifelong learning Enlisted rank insignia is also nearly identical to Navy enlisted insignia . The Coast Guard shield replacing the petty officer 's eagle on collar and cap devices for petty officers or enlisted rating insignia for seamen qualified as a `` designated striker '' . Group Rate marks ( stripes ) for junior enlisted members ( E-3 and below ) also follow Navy convention with white for seaman , red for fireman , and green for the airman . In a departure from the Navy conventions , all petty officers E-6 and below wear red chevrons and all chief petty officers wear gold Non-commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Note : Crossed anchors in the graphics indicate a rating of Boatswain 's Mate Petty Officer Third Class ( PO3 ) Petty Officer Second Class ( PO2 ) Petty Officer First Class ( PO1 ) Chief Petty Officer ( CPO ) Senior Chief Petty Officer ( SCPO ) Master Chief Petty Officer ( MCPO ) Command Master Chief Petty Officer ( CMC ) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Reserve Force or Area / DCO / DCMS Command Master Chief Petty Officer Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard ( MCPOCG ) E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-9 with special pay Enlisted grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Seaman Recruit ( SR ) Seaman Apprentice ( SA ) Seaman ( SN ) E-1 E-2 E-3 Training ( edit ) Officer training ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four - year service academy located in New London , Connecticut . Approximately 200 cadets graduate each year , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard . Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty . Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation , either as Deck Watch Officers ( DWOs ) or as Engineer Officers in Training ( EOITs ) . Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector , District , or Area headquarters units . In addition to the Academy , prospective officers , who already hold a college degree , may enter the Coast Guard through Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) , also located at the Coast Guard Academy . OCS is a 17 - week course of instruction that prepares candidates to serve effectively as officers in the Coast Guard . In addition to indoctrinating students into a military lifestyle , OCS provides a wide range of highly technical information necessary to perform the duties of a Coast Guard officer . Graduates of OCS are usually commissioned as ensigns , but some with advanced graduate degrees may enter as lieutenants ( junior grade ) or lieutenants . Graduating OCS officers entering active duty are required to serve a minimum of three years , while graduating reserve officers are required to serve four years . Graduates may be assigned to a cutter , flight training , a staff job , or an operations ashore billet . OCS is the primary channel through which the Coast Guard enlisted grades ascend to the commissioned officer corps . Lawyers , engineers , intelligence officers , military aviators holding commissions in other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces requesting interservice transfers to the Coast Guard , graduates of maritime academies , and certain other individuals may also receive an officer 's commission in the Coast Guard through the Direct Commission Officer ( DCO ) program . Depending on the specific program and the background of the individual , the course is three , four or five weeks long . The first week of the five - week course is an indoctrination week . The DCO program is designed to commission officers with highly specialized professional training or certain kinds of previous military experience . Unlike the other military services , the Coast Guard does not have a Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) program . Recruit training ( edit ) Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May , New Jersey . New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts , vaccinations , uniform issue , and other necessary entrance procedures . During this initial processing period , the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders . These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company . The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches . When the initial processing is complete , the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training . There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders . The balance of the eight - week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills . An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard 's core values is an important part of the training . The current nine Recruit Training Objectives are : Self - discipline Military skills Marksmanship Vocational skills and academics Military bearing Physical fitness and wellness Water survival and swim qualifications Esprit de corps Core values ( Honor , Respect , and Devotion to Duty ) Service schools ( edit ) Following graduation from recruit training , most members are sent to their first unit while they await orders to attend advanced training in Class `` A '' Schools . At `` A '' schools , Coast Guard enlisted personnel are trained in their chosen rating ; rating is a Coast Guard and Navy term for enlisted skills synonymous with the Army 's and Marine Corps ' military occupation codes ( MOS ) and Air Force 's Air Force Specialty Code ( AFSC ) . Members who earned high ASVAB scores or who were otherwise guaranteed an `` A '' School of choice while enlisting may go directly to their `` A '' School upon graduation from Boot Camp . Civilian personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard employs over 8,577 civilians in over two hundred different job types including Coast Guard Investigative Service special agents , lawyers , engineers , technicians , administrative personnel , tradesmen , and federal firefighters . Civilian employees work at various levels in the Coast Guard to support its various missions . Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Cutters ( edit ) USCGC Bertholf , the first Legend - class maritime security cutter . USCGC Raymond Evans ( WPC - 1110 ) , the tenth Sentinel - class Fast Response Cutter . USCGC Sea Dog and USCGC Sea Dragon Marine Protector - class patrol boats The Coast Guard operates 243 Cutters , defined as any vessel more than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , that has a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew . Polar - class icebreaker ( WAGB ) : There are three WAGB 's used for icebreaking and research though only two , the heavy 399 - foot ( 122 m ) Polar Star and the newer medium class 420 - foot ( 130 m ) Healy , are active . Polar Sea is located in Seattle , Washington but is not currently in active service . The icebreakers are being replaced with new heavy icebreakers under the Polar icebreaker program . National Security Cutter ( WMSL ) : These are a new class of 418 - foot ( 127 m ) military defense , maritime ship , also known as the Legend - class cutter . At 418 ft. these are the largest USCG military cutters in active service . One - for - one Legend - class ships are replacing individually decommissioned 1960s Hamilton - class high endurance cutters . A total of eight were authorized and budgeted ; as of 2015 three are in service , and three are under construction . In 2016 a ninth National Security Cutter was authorized by Congress . High Endurance Cutter ( WHEC ) : These are 12 378 - foot ( 115 m ) Hamilton - class cutters commissioned in the late 1960s . Missions include law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . These aged cutters are individually being decommissioned and replaced by the new 418 ft . National Security Cutters . Medium Endurance Cutter ( WMEC ) : These are mostly the 210 - foot ( 64 m ) Reliance class , and the 270 - foot ( 82 m ) Famous class cutters , although the 283 - foot ( 86 m ) Alex Haley also falls into this category . Primary missions are law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . USCGC Mackinaw : A 240 - foot ( 73 m ) heavy icebreaker built for operations on the Great Lakes . USCGC Eagle : A 295 - foot ( 90 m ) sailing barque used as a training ship for Coast Guard Academy cadets and Coast Guard officer candidates . She was originally built in Germany as Horst Wessel , and was seized by the United States as a prize of war in 1945 . Seagoing Buoy Tender ( WLB ) : These 225 - foot ( 69 m ) ships are used to maintain aids to navigation and also assist with law enforcement and search and rescue . Coastal Buoy Tender ( WLM ) : The 175 - foot ( 53 m ) Keeper - class coastal buoy tenders are used to maintain coastal aids to navigation . Sentinel class cutter ( WPC ) : The 154 - foot ( 47 m ) Sentinel class was previously known as the `` Fast Response Cutter '' class and is used for search and rescue work and law enforcement . Bay - class icebreaking tug ( WTGB ) : 140 - foot ( 43 m ) icebreakers used primarily for domestic icebreaking missions . Other missions include search and rescue , law enforcement , and aids to navigation maintenance . Patrol Boats ( WPB ) : There are two classes of WPBs currently in service ; the 110 - foot ( 34 m ) Island - class patrol boats and the 87 - foot ( 27 m ) Marine Protector - class patrol boats Boats ( edit ) A U.S. Coast Guard 45 - foot ( 14 m ) Response Boat Medium ( RB - M ) A U.S. Coast Guard 25 - foot ( 8 m ) Defender Class Response Boat -- Small ( RS - B ) A U.S. Coast Guard 23 - foot ( 7 m ) Short Range Prosecutor ( SRB ) The Coast Guard operates about 1,650 boats , defined as any vessel less than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , which generally operate near shore and on inland waterways . The Coast Guard boat fleet includes : Motor Life Boat ( MLB ) : The Coast Guard 's 47 - foot ( 14 m ) primary heavy - weather boat used for search and rescue as well as law enforcement and homeland security . Response Boat -- Medium ( RB - M ) : A new multi-mission 45 - foot ( 14 m ) vessel intended to replace the 41 - foot ( 12 m ) utility boat . 170 planned Special Purpose Craft -- Near Shore Lifeboat : Only 2 built . Shallow draft , 42 - foot ( 13 m ) lifeboat substituted for the 47 - foot ( 14 m ) Motor Life Boat , based at Chatham , Massachusetts Long Range Interceptor ( LRI ) : A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high - speed launch that can be launched from the stern ramps of the larger Deepwater cutters . Aids to Navigation Boats ( TANB / BUSL / ANB / ANB ) : Various designs ranging from 26 to 55 feet ( 7.9 to 16.8 m ) used to maintain aids to navigation . Special Purpose Craft -- Law Enforcement ( SPC - LE ) : Intended to operate in support of specialized law enforcement missions , utilizing three 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) Mercury Marine engines . The SPC - LE is 33 feet ( 10 m ) long and capable of speeds in excess of 50 knots ( 93 km / h ; 58 mph ) and operations more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from shore . Response Boat -- Small ( RB - S ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high - speed boat , for a variety of missions , including search and rescue , port security and law enforcement duties . Transportable Port Security Boat ( TPSB ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) well - armed boat used by Port Security Units for force protection . SPC - SW Special Purpose Craft , Shallow - water : 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) Over-the - Horizon ( OTH ) boat : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat used by medium and high endurance cutters and specialized units . Short Range Prosecutor ( SRP ) : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat that can be launched from a stern launching ramp on the National Security Cutters . Aircraft ( edit ) MH - 65C Dolphin in flight . HH - 60J Jayhawk rescue demonstration . Coast Guard HC - 144A Ocean Sentry ( CASA CN - 235 - 300 MP Persuader ) . The Coast Guard operates approximately 201 fixed and rotary wing aircraft from 24 Coast Guard Air Stations throughout the contiguous United States , Alaska , Hawaii , and Puerto Rico . Most of these air stations are tenant activities at civilian airports , several of which are former Air Force Bases and Naval Air Stations , although several are also independent military facilities . Coast Guard Air Stations are also located on active Naval Air Stations , Air National Guard bases , and Army Air Fields . Coast Guard aviators receive Primary ( fixed - wing ) and Advanced ( fixed or rotary - wing ) flight training with their Navy and Marine Corps counterparts at NAS Whiting Field , Florida , and NAS Corpus Christi , Texas , and are considered Naval Aviators . After receiving Naval Aviator Wings , Coast Guard pilots , with the exception of those slated to fly the HC - 130 , report to U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center , Mobile , Alabama to receive 6 -- 12 weeks of specialized training in the Coast Guard fleet aircraft they will operate . HC - 130 pilots report to Little Rock AFB , Arkansas , for joint C - 130 training under the auspices of the 314th Airlift Wing of the U.S. Air Force . Fixed - wing aircraft operate from Air Stations on long - duration missions . Helicopters operate from Air Stations and can deploy on a number of different cutters . Helicopters can rescue people or intercept vessels smuggling migrants or narcotics . Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the Coast Guard has developed a more prominent role in national security and now has armed helicopters operating in high - risk areas for the purpose of maritime law enforcement and anti-terrorism . The Coast Guard is now developing an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) program that will utilize the MQ - 9 Reaper platform for homeland security and search / rescue operations . To support this endeavor , the Coast Guard has partnered with the Navy and U.S. Customs and Border Protection to study existing / emerging unmanned aerial system ( UAS ) capabilities within their respective organizations . As these systems mature , research and operational experience gleaned from this joint effort will enable the Coast Guard to develop its own cutter and land - based UAS capabilities . Fixed - wing aircraft : Lockheed HC - 130H Hercules Lockheed HC - 130J Super Hercules Alenia C - 27J Spartan CASA HC - 144A Ocean Sentry Rotary - wing aircraft : Sikorsky HH / MH - 60 J / T Jayhawk Aérospatiale MH - 65 C / D / E Dolphin Fixed - wing VIP transport aircraft assigned to CGAS Washington D.C : VC - 37A Long Range Command and Control Aircraft ( 2 airframes as of December 2011 : CG - 01 , S / N 653 and CG - 02 , S / N 638 ) Weapons ( edit ) USCGC Gallatin test firing its Oto Melara 76 mm gun USCGC Bertholf test firing its MK110 57mm gun The SIG P229R - DAK is the standard sidearm of the U.S. Coast Guard . Naval guns ( edit ) Most Coast Guard Cutters have one or more Naval gun systems installed . Including : The Oto Melara 76 mm a radar - guided computer controlled gun system that is used on both Medium and High Endurance Cutters . The 3 inch gun 's high rate of fire and availability of specialized ammunition make it multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , ground support and short - range anti-missile defense . The MK 110 57mm gun a radar - guided computer controlled variant of the Bofors 57 mm gun . It is used on the Legend - class cutter , also known as the National Security Cutter ( NSC ) . It 's a multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , and short - range anti-missile defense . The stealth mount has a reduced radar profile . Also , the gun has a small radar mounted on the gun barrel to measure muzzle velocity for fire control purposes and can change ammunition types instantly due to a dual - feed system . It can also be operated / fired manually using a joystick and video camera ( mounted on gun ) . The Mk 38 Mod 0 weapons system consists of an M242 Bushmaster 25mm chain gun and the Mk 88 Mod 0 machine gun mount . A manned system , it 's gyro - stabilization compensates for the pitching deck . It provides ships with defensive and offensive gunfire capability for the engagement of a variety of surface targets . Designed primarily as a close - range defensive measure , it provides protection against patrol boats , floating mines , and various shore - based targets . The Mk 38 Mod 2 weapons system is a remotely operated Mk 38 with an Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder , FLIR , a more reliable feeding system , all of which enhance the weapon systems capabilities and accuracy . The Phalanx CIWS ( pronounced `` sea - whiz '' ) is a close - in weapon system for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles . it can also be used against a variety of surface targets . Consisting of a radar - guided 20 mm 6 - barreled M61 Vulcan cannon mounted on a swiveling base . It 's used on the Coast Guards High Endurance Cutters . This system can operate autonomously against airborne threats or may be manually operated with the use of Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder and FLIR systems against surface targets . The Sea PROTECTOR MK50 is a remotely controlled gyro - stabilized M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun . The sight package includes a daylight video camera , a thermal camera and an eye - safe laser rangefinder operated by a joystick . It is also furnished with a fully integrated fire control system that provides ballistic correction . The Mk50s are used on only four Marine Protector - class Cutters , the USCGC Sea Fox , USCGC Sea Devil , USCGC Sea Dragon and USCGC Sea Dog . Small arms and light weapons ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard uses a wide variety of small arms and light weapons . Handguns , shotguns , and rifles are used to arm boat crew and boarding team members and machine guns are mounted aboard cutters , boats , and helicopters . Common small arms and light weapons arms include : SIG Sauer P229R DAK . 40 S&W pistol Remington M870P 12 gauge shotgun M16A2 rifle M4 carbine M14 Tactical rifle FN M240 machine gun M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun Mk 19 40mm grenade launcher Barrett M107 . 50 - caliber rifle is used by marksmen from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron and Law Enforcement Detachments to disable the engines on fleeing boats . Symbols ( edit ) Core values ( edit ) The Coast Guard , like the other armed services of the United States , has a set of core values that serve as basic ethical guidelines for all Coast Guard active duty , reservists , auxiliarists , and civilians . The Coast Guard Core Values are : Honor : Integrity is our standard . We demonstrate uncompromising ethical conduct and moral behavior in all of our personal actions . We are loyal and accountable to the public trust . Respect : We value our diverse workforce . We treat each other with fairness , dignity , and compassion . We encourage individual opportunity and growth . We encourage creativity through empowerment . We work as a team . Devotion to Duty : We are professionals , military and civilian , who seek responsibility , accept accountability , and are committed to the successful achievement of our organizational goals . We exist to serve . We serve with pride . -- Coast Guard Core Values The Guardian Ethos ( edit ) In 2008 , the Coast Guard introduced the Guardian Ethos . As the Commandant , Admiral Allen noted in a message to all members of the Coast Guard : ( The Ethos ) `` defines the essence of the Coast Guard , '' and is the `` contract the Coast Guard and its members make with the nation and its citizens . '' The Coast Guard Ethos ( edit ) In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . This changed the line in the Guardian Ethos `` I am a Guardian . '' to become `` I am a Coast Guardsman . '' The Ethos is : I am a Coast Guardsman . I serve the people of the United States . I will protect them . I will defend them . I will save them . I am their shield . For them I am Semper Paratus . I live the Coast Guard core values . I am proud to be a Coast Guardsman . We are the United States Coast Guard . -- The Coast Guard Ethos Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman ( edit ) Main article : Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman The `` Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' was written by Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet , who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard from 1932 to 1936 . I am proud to be a United States Coast Guardsman . I revere that long line of expert seamen who by their devotion to duty and sacrifice of self have made it possible for me to be a member of a service honored and respected , in peace and in war , throughout the world . I never , by word or deed , will bring reproach upon the fair name of my service , nor permit others to do so unchallenged . I will cheerfully and willingly obey all lawful orders . I will always be on time to relieve , and shall endeavor to do more , rather than less , than my share . I will always be at my station , alert and attending to my duties . I shall , so far as I am able , bring to my seniors solutions , not problems . I shall live joyously , but always with due regard for the rights and privileges of others . I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live . I shall sell life dearly to an enemy of my country , but give it freely to rescue those in peril . With God 's help , I shall endeavor to be one of His noblest Works ... A UNITED STATES COAST GUARDSMAN . -- Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' ( edit ) This unofficial motto of the Coast Guard dates to an 1899 United States Lifesaving Service regulation , which states in part : `` In attempting a rescue , ... he will not desist from his efforts until by actual trial , the impossibility of effecting a rescue is demonstrated . The statement of the keeper that he did not try to use the boat because the sea or surf was too heavy will not be accepted , unless attempts to launch it were actually made and failed . '' Coast Guard ensign ( edit ) Ensign of the United States Coast Guard Former Coast Guard Ensign , used from 1915 to 1953 . The Coast Guard Ensign ( flag ) was first flown by the Revenue Cutter Service in 1799 to distinguish revenue cutters from merchant ships . A 1 August 1799 order issued by Secretary of the Treasury , Oliver Wolcott , Jr. specified that the Ensign would be `` sixteen perpendicular stripes ( for the number of states in the United States at the time ) , alternate red and white , the union of the ensign to be the arms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field . '' This ensign became familiar in American waters and served as the sign of authority for the Revenue Cutter Service until the early 20th century . The ensign was originally intended to be flown only on revenue cutters and boats connected with the Customs Service but over the years it was found flying atop custom houses as well , and the practice became a requirement in 1874 . On 7 June 1910 , President William Howard Taft issued an Executive Order adding an emblem to ( or `` defacing '' ) the ensign flown by the Revenue cutters to distinguish it from what is now called the Customs Ensign flown from the custom houses . The emblem was changed to the official seal of the Coast Guard in 1927 . The purpose of the ensign is to allow ship captains to easily recognize those vessels having legal authority to stop and board them . It is flown only as a symbol of law enforcement authority and is never carried as a parade standard . Coast Guard standard ( edit ) Parade Standard of the U.S. Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Standard is used in parades and carries the battle honors of the Coast Guard . It was derived from the jack of the Coast Guard ensign which was flown by revenue cutters . The emblem is a blue eagle from the coat of arms of the United States on a white field . Above the eagle are the words `` UNITED STATES COAST GUARD '' below the eagle is the motto , `` SEMPER PARATUS '' and the inscription `` 1790 . '' Service Mark ( `` Racing stripe '' ) ( edit ) Service Mark ( also known as Racing Stripe ) . The racing stripe is borne by Coast Guard cutters , aircraft , and many boats . First used and placed into official usage as of April 6 , 1967 , it consists of a narrow blue stripe , a narrow white stripe between , and a broad CG red bar with the Coast Guard shield centered . Red - hulled icebreaker cutters and most HH - 65 / MH - 65 helicopters ( i.e. , those with a red fuselage ) bear a narrow blue stripe , a narrow empty stripe the color of the fuselage ( an implied red stripe ) , and broad white bar , with the Coast Guard shield centered . Conversely , black - hulled cutters ( such as buoy tenders and inland construction tenders ) use the standard racing stripe . Auxiliary vessels maintained by the Coast Guard also carry the Racing Stripe , but in inverted colors ( i.e. , broad blue stripe with narrow white and CG red stripes ) and the Auxiliary shield . The Racing Stripe , officially known as the Service Mark , was designed in 1964 by the industrial design office of Raymond Loewy Associates to give the Coast Guard a distinctive , modern image . Loewy had designed the colors for the Air Force One fleet for Jackie Kennedy . President Kennedy was so impressed with his work , he suggested that the entire Federal Government needed his make - over and suggested that he start with the Coast Guard . The stripes are canted at a 64 degree angle , coincidentally the year the Racing Stripe was designed . Similar Racing Stripe designs have been adopted for the use of other coast guards and maritime authorities and many other law enforcement and rescue agencies . Uniforms ( edit ) Photo showing a variety of Coast Guard uniforms . From Left : Service Dress White , Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue , Winter Dress Blue , Camouflage Utility Uniform , Operational Dress Uniform Coast Guardsmen in 2013 wearing ODUs . Prior to 1974 , Coast Guard personnel wore essentially the same uniforms as the Navy ( although some unique uniform items did exist ) with distinctive Coast Guard insignia . These were minor , primarily consisting of distinctive cap devices for officers and chief petty officers , incorporation of the Coast Guard shield in lieu of line or staff corps insignia for officers , and different buttons on dress uniforms . In 1974 , the current Coast Guard Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform was introduced for wear by both officers and enlisted personnel ; the transition was completed during 1974 . The uniform consists of a blue four - pocket single breasted jacket and trousers , a light - blue button - up shirt with a pointed collar , two front button - flap pockets , and shoulder loops , along with a tie of the same shade as the jacket are worn with the uniform . Either the garrison cap or combination cap may be worn . Officer and enlisted rank insignia are sewn onto the jacket sleeve in the same manner as Navy uniforms . A Coast Guard warrant officer ( left ) and officer ( right ) wearing Full Dress Whites . The Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform may be worn year - round for business within the Coast Guard and for social occasions where the civilian equivalent is coat and tie . The slightly more formal Service Dress Blue `` Alpha '' variant substitutes a white shirt for the blue , and mandates the combination cap . Enlisted personnel do not wear collar devices with the white shirt . Full Dress Blue is essentially the same as Service Dress Blue `` Alpha , '' except that it is worn with a full - size medals instead of ribbons . Additionally , a sword may be prescribed for officers , and white gloves may be required . A white belt may be worn for honor guards . The Tropical Blue uniform , worn in warm weather , omits the jacket and tie , and features a short - sleeved , light blue shirt ( identical to that worn by the U.S. Air Force ) with rank insignia on shoulder boards for officers , and pin - on collar insignia for petty officers . The Tropical Blue uniform may be worn year - round for general office wear and for visits between commands . It may be worn in lieu of the SDB uniform , but not to functions where civilian dress is coat and tie . Despite the transition to distinctive `` Bender 's blues '' uniforms in the 1970s , some Navy - style dress uniforms were retained . The Service Dress White and Full Dress White `` choker '' uniforms for officers are identical to those worn by U.S. Navy officers ( aside from service - specific buttons , insignia and sword design ) . These are typically used for formal parade and change - of - command ceremonies . For similar occasions the enlisted members wear Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue or Full Dress Blue . The mess dress uniforms worn for formal ( black tie ) evening ceremonies are also identical to those of the Navy , aside from Coast Guard - specific insignia . As in the Navy , these uniforms are required for officers , but optional for enlisted members . Due to the expense of these uniforms and the fact that they are rarely called - for , few junior enlisted members purchase them . The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band in New York during the 2010 St. Patrick 's Day Parade . The current working uniform of the Coast Guard is the Operational Dress Uniform ( ODU ) . The ODU may be worn year - round primarily as a field utility and watchstanding uniform , but may also be worn in an office environment where appropriate . The ODU is similar to the Battle Dress Uniform of other armed services , both in function and style . However , the ODU is in a solid dark blue with no camouflage pattern and does not have lower pockets on the blouse . The first generation ODU , in service from 2004 to 2012 , was worn tucked in . The second generation ODU is worn untucked and has black Coast Guard insignia embroidered on the left shirt pocket as well as the side pockets of the trousers . The ODU is worn with composite - toed boots in most circumstances , but low - cut brown boat shoes may be prescribed for certain vessel boarding operations . A standard baseball - style ball cap is worn , embroidered in gold block lettering with `` U.S. Coast Guard . '' Units may also additionally authorize ball caps with the unit name embroidered for wear while on the unit . A foul weather parka is the outerwear worn with the ODU . The ODU 's success and practicality as a working uniform has led the U.S. Public Health Service and the NOAA Corps to adopt ODU variants as standard working uniforms . Some Navy personnel also advocated adoption of the ODU as a standard shipboard uniform for the Navy , rather than the unpopular Navy Working Uniform Type I . Coast Guard personnel serving in expeditionary combat units such as Port Security Units or Law Enforcement Detachments , and Coast Guard personnel deployed overseas ( e.g. PATFORSWA ) wear the Navy Working Uniform Type III with distinctive Coast Guard insignia , and generally follow Navy Uniform Regulations . Coast Guard cadets wearing Full Dress Blue ( B ) uniform . All Coast Guardsmen wear the combination cap with all uniforms except the ODU and CUU . Company commanders ( the Coast Guard 's equivalent of drill sergeants ) at Training Center Cape May wear the traditional Smokey Bear - style campaign hat . The Coast Guard Pipe Band , a special musical unit composed of active , reserve and auxiliary members , wears a modified form of highland dress , including kilt and sporran . It is , along with the Band of the Air Force Reserve Pipe Band , one of only two kilted units in the United States military , excluding those maintained by state defense forces and service academies . The band 's kilt is patterned in the official U.S. Coast Guard tartan , which is registered with the Scottish Register of Tartans and based on the Hamilton tartan ( in honor of the founder of the Revenue - Marine , Alexander Hamilton ) . Cadets at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy wear standard Coast Guard uniforms , but also wear two different styles of parade dress uniforms , similar to those worn by Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy . Full Dress Blue ( B ) consists of black blouses with banded collars and double rows of buttons , worn with matching black trousers and a white peaked hat . Full Dress Blue ( A ) substitutes white trousers in lieu of black . Coast Guard Reserve ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Reserve SPARS recruiting poster during World War II Main article : United States Coast Guard Reserve The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve military force of the Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Reserve was founded on 19 February 1941 . The Coast Guard has 8700 reservists who normally drill two days a month and an additional 12 days of active duty each year , although many perform additional drill and active duty periods , to include those mobilized to extended active duty . Coast Guard reservists possess the same training and qualifications as their active duty counterparts , and as such , can be found augmenting active duty Coast Guard units every day . During the Vietnam War and shortly thereafter , the Coast Guard considered abandoning the reserve program , but the force was instead reoriented into force augmentation , where its principal focus was not just reserve operations , but to add to the readiness and mission execution of every - day active duty personnel . Since 11 September 2001 , reservists have been activated and served on tours of active duty , to include deployments to the Persian Gulf and also as parts of Department of Defense combatant commands such as the U.S. Northern and Central Commands . Coast Guard Port Security Units are entirely staffed with reservists , except for five to seven active duty personnel . Additionally , most of the staffing the Coast Guard provides to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command are reservists . The Reserve is managed by the Director of Reserve and Military Personnel Directorate , Rear Admiral Kurt B. Hinrichs , USCGR . Women in the Coast Guard ( edit ) Main article : Women in the United States Coast Guard In 1918 , twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard . Later , United States Coast Guard Women 's Reserve ( SPARS ) was created on 23 November 1942 with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . The name is a contraction of the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus , meaning `` Always Ready '' in Latin . The name also refers to a spar in nautical usage . Like the other women 's reserves such as the Women 's Army Corps and the WAVES , it was created to free men from stateside service in order to fight overseas . Its first director was Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who is credited with creating the name for the organization . The cutter USCGC Spar is named for the SPARS . Coast Guard Auxiliary ( edit ) Badge of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Main article : United States Coast Guard Auxiliary The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed volunteer component of the Coast Guard , established on 23 June 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve , it was re-designated as the Auxiliary on 19 February 1941 . It works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions . Auxiliarists are subject to direction from the Commandant of the Coast Guard making them unique among all federal volunteers ( e.g. Air Force 's Civil Air Patrol and FBI 's InfraGard ) ; they are not a separate organization , but an integral part of the Coast Guard . There are approximately 31,000 active Auxiliarists . The Coast Guard has assigned primary responsibility for many recreational boating safety tasks to the Auxiliary , including public boating safety education and voluntary Vessel Safety Checks ( formerly called Courtesy Examinations ) . Additionally , Auxiliarists use their own vessels boats and aircraft ( once registered as Coast Guard facilities ) to conduct safety patrols , aid in search and rescue missions , and perform other tasks on behalf of the Coast Guard . Prior to 1997 , Auxiliarists were largely limited to activities supporting recreational boating safety . In 1997 , however , new legislation authorized the Auxiliary to participate in any and all Coast Guard missions except direct military and direct law enforcement . Auxiliarists may directly augment active duty Coast Guard personnel in non-combat , non-law enforcement roles ( e.g. radio communications watch stander , interpreter , cook , etc . ) and may assist active duty personnel in inspecting commercial vessels and maintaining aids - to - navigation . Auxiliarists may support the law enforcement and homeland security missions of the Coast Guard but may not directly participate ( make arrests , etc . ) , and Auxiliarists are not permitted to carry a weapon while serving in any Auxiliary capacity . Deployable operations Group ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group Main article : Deployable Operations Group The Deployable Operations Group ( DOG ) was a Coast Guard command established in July 2007 . The DOG established a single command authority to rapidly provide the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security , Department of Defense , Department of Justice and other interagency operational commanders adaptive force packages drawn from the Coast Guard 's deployable specialized force units . The DOG was disestablished on 22 April 2013 and its deployable specialized forces ( DSF ) units were placed under the control of the Atlantic and Pacific Area Commanders . The planning for the unit began after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , and culminated with its formation on 20 July 2007 . Its missions included maritime law enforcement , anti-terrorism , port security , pollution response , and diving operations . There were over 25 specialized units within the Deployable Operations Group including the Maritime Security Response Team , Maritime Safety and Security Teams , Law Enforcement Detachments , Port Security Units , the National Strike Force , and Regional Dive Lockers . The DOG also managed Coast Guard personnel assigned to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command and was involved in the selection of Coast Guard candidates to attend Navy BUD / S and serve with Navy SEAL Teams . Medals and honors ( edit ) Main article : Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard See also : Awards and decorations of the United States military One Coast Guardsman , Douglas Albert Munro , has earned the Medal of Honor , the highest military award of the United States . Fifty five Coast Guardsmen have earned the Navy Cross and numerous men and women have earned the Distinguished Flying Cross . The highest peacetime decoration awarded within the Coast Guard is the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal ; prior to the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security , the highest peacetime decoration was the Department of Transportation Distinguished Service Medal . The highest unit award available is the Presidential Unit Citation . In wartime , members of the Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version of the Medal of Honor . A Coast Guard Medal of Honor is authorized but has not yet been developed or issued . In May 2006 , at the Change of Command ceremony when Admiral Thad Allen took over as Commandant , President George W. Bush awarded the entire Coast Guard , including the Coast Guard Auxiliary , the Coast Guard Presidential Unit Citation with hurricane device , for its efforts during and after Hurricane Katrina and Tropical Storm Rita . Notable Coast Guardsmen ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. Coast Guard people Numerous celebrities have served in the Coast Guard including tennis player Jack Kramer , golfer Arnold Palmer , All Star baseball player Sid Gordon , boxer Jack Dempsey ; musicians Kai Winding , Rudy Vallee , Derroll Adams , and Tom Waits ; actors Buddy Ebsen , Sid Caesar , Victor Mature , Richard Cromwell , Alan Hale , Jr. , William Hopper , Beau Bridges , Jeff Bridges , Cesar Romero ; author Alex Haley ; and Senator Claiborne Pell . Vice Admiral Thad Allen in 2005 was named Principal Federal Officer to oversee recovery efforts in the Gulf Region after Hurricane Katrina . After promotion to Admiral , on the eve of his retirement as Commandant , Allen again received national visibility after being named National Incident Commander overseeing the response efforts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Former Coast Guard officers have been appointed to numerous civilian government offices . After retiring as Commandant of the Coast Guard in 2002 , Admiral James Loy went on to serve as administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and later as Deputy Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security . After their respective Coast Guard careers , Carlton Skinner served as the first Civilian Governor of Guam ; G. William Miller , 65th Secretary of the Treasury , and retired Vice Admiral Harvey E. Johnson , Jr. served as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) under President George W. Bush . Rear Admiral Stephen W. Rochon was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as the Director of the Executive Residence and White House Chief Usher , beginning service on 12 March 2007 , and continued to serve in the same capacity under President Barack Obama . Two Coast Guard aviators , Commander Bruce E. Melnick and Captain Daniel C. Burbank , have served as NASA astronauts . Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously , and is the only Coast Guardsman to ever receive this honor . Organizations ( edit ) Coast Guard Aviation Association ( edit ) Those who have piloted or flown in Coast Guard aircraft under official flight orders may join the Coast Guard Aviation Association which was formerly known as the `` Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl '' ( `` Flying Since the World was Flat '' ) . The Ancient Albatross Award is presented to the active duty USCG member who qualified as an aviator earlier than any other person who is still serving . Separate enlisted and officer awards are given . Coast Guard CW operators Association ( edit ) The Coast Guard CW Operators Association ( CGCWOA ) is a membership organization comprising primarily former members of the United States Coast Guard who held the enlisted rating of Radioman ( RM ) or Telecommunications Specialist ( TC ) , and who employed International Morse Code ( CW ) in their routine communications duties on Coast Guard cutters and at shore stations . USCG Chief petty officers Association ( edit ) Members of this organization unite to assist members and dependents in need , assist with Coast Guard recruiting efforts , support the aims and goals of the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Academy , keep informed on Coast Guard matters , and assemble for social amenities ; and include Chief , Senior Chief , and Master Chief Petty Officers , active , reserve and retired . Membership is also open to all Chief Warrant Officers and Officers who have served as a Chief Petty Officer . USCG Chief warrant and warrant officers Association ( CWOA ) ( edit ) Established in 1929 , the Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association , United States Coast Guard ( CWOA ) represents Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers ( active , reserve and retired ) to the Congress , White House and the Department of Homeland Security . Additionally , the association communicates with the Coast Guard leadership on matters of concern to Coast Guard chief warrant officers . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) The US Coast Guard maintains a Motion Picture and Television Office ( MOPIC ) in Hollywood , California , along with its sister services at the Department of Defense dedicated to enhancing public awareness and understanding of the Coast Guard , its people , and its missions through a cooperative effort with the entertainment industry . In film ( edit ) Fighting Coast Guard ( 1951 ) , depicts Coast Guard trained to help win WWII . The Boatniks ( 1970 ) , is a light - hearted depiction of a Coast Guard unit tasked with supervising recreational boaters on the California coast . The Island ( 1980 ) , latter - day Caribbean pirates capture the ( fictional ) cutter USCGC New Hope . Filming was done on USCGC Dauntless . Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) , depicts counter-drug helicopters from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron ( HITRON ) . The Guardian ( 2006 ) , depicts the Aviation Survival Technician ( AST ) program . Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) , starring Dwayne Johnson and Mark Wahlberg , depicted the Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group in action . The Finest Hours ( 2016 ) , A film portraying the rescue of the crew of SS Pendleton by coxswain Bernard C. Webber and the three other crewmen of Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500 . On television ( edit ) The Coast Guard has been featured in several television series , including : Coast Guard was a syndicated television series that aired for three seasons from 1995 to 1997 in the United States as well as overseas , where it was called Sea Rescue . The series followed Coast Guard personnel as they performed their missions . Coast Guard Alaska : Search and Rescue , a series on The Weather Channel that features a Coast Guard search - and - rescue unit based in Kodiak , Alaska . Several series have spun off the original to focus on units based in Cape Disappointment and Florida . Deadliest Catch , works extensively with Base Kodiak , who cooperates with the film crew to insure safety and has been featured in several rescues . Doll & Em features an CG ANT team member and the Point Vicente Light as the lighthouse Doll & Em escape to do their writing in the Season 2 opener . Hawaii Five - 0 , features several episodes in which the Five - 0 team worked with Station Honolulu and Air Station Barbers Point . NCIS , Diane Neal portrays Abigail Borin , CGIS Special Agent in Charge featured in several episodes of both NCIS and NCIS : New Orleans . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal United States Coast Guard portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Coast Guard ( edit ) AMVER Badges of the United States Coast Guard Chaplain of the Coast Guard Coast Guard Day Code of Federal Regulations , Title 33 Joint Maritime Training Center List of United States Coast Guard cutters Maritime Law Enforcement Academy MARSEC National Data Buoy Center National Ice Center Naval militia North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum Patrol Forces Southwest Asia SPARS U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence U.S. Coast Guard Legal Division United States Coast Guard Air Stations United States Coast Guard Police United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center United States Coast Guard Stations Women in the United States Coast Guard Related agencies ( edit ) List of United States federal law enforcement agencies National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) U.S. Maritime Administration U.S. Merchant Marine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Revenue Marine occurred on August 4 , 1790 ; 227 years ago ( 1790 - 08 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ Although the U.S. Navy lists its founding as 1775 with the formation of the Continental Navy , that service was disbanded in 1785 and the modern U.S. Navy in its present form was founded in 1794 . Jump up ^ The term Coast Guardsman is the official term used by the U.S. Coast Guard to refer to a member regardless of the person 's gender . In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of the Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When was the Coast Guard ( and its forerunners ) established and what is its organizational history ? '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Coast Guard > Our Organization > Workforce '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : William R. Benedetto ( February 2006 ) . Sailing Into the Abyss : A True Story of Extreme Heroism on the High Seas . Kensington Publishing Corporation . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2646 - 1 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Its sailors go by a handful of names , including coasties , shallow - water sailors , hooligans , rum - runners , the Guard , and , now , the Home Security guys . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 2 . UNITED STATES COAST GUARD EMBLEM '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard . April 2011 . pp. 2 -- 2 . COMDTINST M5200. 14A . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 101 ( a ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 1 November 1941 : President Roosevelt 's Executive Order 8929 transferred the Coast Guard to Navy Department control . In compliance with Executive Order 9666 , the Coast Guard returned to Treasury Department control . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 6 April 1917 : With the declaration of war against Germany the Coast Guard was transferred by Executive Order to the control of the Navy Department . Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert Irwin ( 1987 ) . Guardians of the Sea , History of the United States Coast Guard , 1915 to the Present . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 720 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard at War '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ LaRouche , Monique ( 2012 ) . `` The Coast Guard RAIDs Afghanistan '' . Reservist . U.S. Coast Guard . LXI ( 1 ) : 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operational_Assets '' . www.overview.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` Happy 225th Birthday to the United States Coast Guard ! `` Coast Guard Auxiliary Live '' . live.cgaux.org . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Organization and Administration , Chapter One '' . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ The Coast Guard Gets It Right Amanda Ripley . TIME. 23 October 2005 . Jump up ^ 6 U.S.C. § 468 Jump up ^ `` USCG Office of Search & Rescue ( CG - SAR ) '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Search and Rescue Plan ( USA ) 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Uscg.mil. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Search And Rescue Committee '' . U.S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG National Response Center '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan '' . epa.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 USC § 101 . Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . ( a ) ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 1 . Establishment of Coast Guard '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . 2003 - Administrative control of the Coast Guard transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation , where it had served since 1 April 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Act of 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 25 November 2002 . Jump up ^ Baldinelli , D.C. ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard 's Assignment to the Department of Homeland Security : Entering Uncharted Waters or Just a Course Correction ? '' . United States Coast Guard . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . On November 25 , 2002 , President George Bush signed the Homeland Security Act , which called for the largest reorganization in the U.S. government since the formation of the Department of Defense . The reorganization plan will bring together twenty - two agencies or parts of agencies from other departments such as Justice , Commerce , Health and Human Services , etc. , under the control of the Department of Homeland Security ... One of those agencies affected was the United States Coast Guard , which will be transferred from the Department of Transportation . ^ Jump up to : Garamone , Jim ( 17 October 2007 ) . `` Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy '' . Navy News Service . American Forces Press Service . NNS071017 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 2 . Primary duties '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 89 . Law enforcement '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 1385 . Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 143 . Treasury Department '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1401. ( i ) Officer of the customs ; customs officer '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Law Enforcement Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities '' ( PDF ) . Government Accounting Office . December 2006 . GAO - 07 - 121 . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement Survey Table '' . Government Accounting Office . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People v. Booth , ___ N.Y.S. 2d ___ , 2008 WL 2247068 , 2008 N.Y. Slip . Op. 28206 ( N.Y. Co. Ct. 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ 2013 U.S. Coast Guard Facts Archived 2014 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr. ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` The legacy of Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro '' . Coast Guard Compass . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( 23 October 2005 ) . `` How the Coast Guard Gets it Right '' . Time . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Numbered Fleets '' . Federation of American Scientists . 28 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Light Stations '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE COAST GUARD IN VIETNAM '' . www.jacksjoint.com . Jump up ^ Cacas , Max ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` DHS marks new milestone with St. E 's campus groundbreaking '' . WFED . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FY_2016_DHS_Budget_in_Brief.pdf Jump up ^ Leavitt , Michael P. `` Coast Guardsman , Not Guardian '' ( PDF ) . Flotilla 23 - 1 Annapolis , MD . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 41 . Grades and ratings '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 37 USC § 201 . Pay grades : assignment to ; general rules '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 , Section 201 Jump up ^ `` Required Uniforms '' . USCG Uniform Distribution Center . 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Civilian Careers '' . United States Coast Guard . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Regulations , Chapter 10 -- Classification and Status of Coast Guard Vessels '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . COMDINSTM 5000.3 B . Jump up ^ `` 420 - foot Icebreaker ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 399 - foot Polar Class Icebreakers ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Lt. Gov. calls for US icebreakers '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . 30 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northrop Grumman to Supply Polar Ice Breaker Navigation Support for U.S. Coast Guard '' . 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Barque Eagle ( WIX - 327 ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCGC Eagle '' . Lots of Honor. 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 140 - foot Icebreaking Tug ( WTGB ) - Bay Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 110 - foot Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Island Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 87 - foot Coastal Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Marine Protector Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham Boats '' . Station Chatham. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130H : Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130J : Super Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 144A : Ocean Sentry '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH - 60J Sea Hawk / `` Jayhawk '' `` . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH / MH - 65C : Dolphin '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C - 37A : Gulfstream V '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crew - Served Weapon , MK - 19 , 40mm Machine Gun Course ( MK - 19 ) '' . www.forcecom.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Core Values '' . United States Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard and Homeland Security '' . United States Army Combined Arms Center . July 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages. 30 November 2011 . ALCOAST 554 / 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Ethos '' , U.S. Coast Guard Posture Statement ( PDF ) , United States Coast Guard , February 2008 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Harry G. Hamlet 1932 - 1936 '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamlet , Harry G. ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - What is the origin of the saying `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back '' ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard Ensign '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ Saba , Anne ( January 2000 ) . `` Tradition , Service , Honor : The Customs Ensign '' . U.S. Customs Today . Archived from the original on 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . As it was intended in 1799 , the ensign is displayed as a mark of authority for boardings , examinations and seizures of vessels for the purpose of enforcing the laws of the United States . The ensign is never carried as a parade or ceremony standard . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Coatings and Color manual '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 1973 . CG - 263 . Jump up ^ Thiesen , William H. , PhD ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The History of the ' Racing Stripe ' Emblem and Brand '' ( PDF ) . Sea History ( 139 ) . Jump up ^ `` Coatings And Color Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 11 March 2005 . COMDTINST M10360. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When did the Coast Guard adopt the `` slash '' for its cutters , boats , and aircraft ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 18 February 2009 . COMDTINST M1020. 6F . ^ Jump up to : `` Honoring Our Profession - Uniform Guidance and Results of Uniform Board No. 44 '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages . ALCOAST 291 / 11 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Scotland , National Records of . `` Tartan Details - The Scottish Register of Tartans '' . Jump up ^ `` Cadet Life : Cadet Uniforms '' . cga.edu . U.S. Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC PART II -- Coast Guard Reserve and Auxiliary '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Chronology '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Coast Guard Reserve '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women & the US Coast Guard '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr . `` US Coast Guard Auxiliary Policy Statement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CG Auxiliary Vessel Examiner Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 20 August 1996 . COMDTINST M16796. 2E . Jump up ^ `` 33 CFR § 5.31 Power and authority '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deployable Operations Group disbanded '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Expects New Deployable Group Operating By Next Summer '' ( PDF ) . Senior Coast Guard Leadership . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM1c Douglas Albert Munro '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , James E. , Jr. ; Rehill , Anne Collier ( 1997 ) . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in America 's Sea Services . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 293 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 937 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Albatross Award '' . Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chidlow , Nora L. `` The Bird That Continues to Fly : A History of the Ancient Albatross Award '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard CW Operators Association '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ `` USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ USCG Department of Public Affairs . `` U.S. Coast Guard Motion Picture & Television Office ( CG - 0922M ) '' . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Commander Judd , Ralph , USCG ( ret ) . `` The Coast Guard In Film '' . USCG : Frequently Asked Questions . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard '' . Film . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Episodes 1995 , TV Show '' . TV Guide online . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard ( 1995 -- 1997 ) TV Series - Reality - TV '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks , James ( November 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kodiak Coast Guardsmen cheer their debut on national TV '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Channel Greenlights New Original Series `` Coast Guard Florida , '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Coast Guard Pacific Northwest will be focus of new Weather Channel series '' . Coast Guard All Hands . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` A Large Audience for ' Catch ' Episode About Captain 's Stroke '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Deadliest Catch ' shows Coast Guard rescue on the Wizard '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Doll & Em , series 2 , episode 1 , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Powa Maka Moana '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo'o ' olelo Pu '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` CGIS returns to NCIS '' . Coast Guard Compass . Further reading ( edit ) Dolbow , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Coast Guardsman 's Manual ( 10th ed . ) . Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , Maryland . ISBN 978 - 1591142188 . Coast Guard : Observations on Progress Made and Challenges Faced in Developing and Implementing a Common Operational Picture : Testimony before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation , Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Coast Guard . U.S. Coast Guard Website About U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard Magazine Coast Guard manuals online Coast Guard Flags USCG Homeport Website Women & the U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard in the Federal Register Reports on the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General ' A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower ' U.S. Coast Guard Videos Coast Guard Personnel Locator All Comprehensive Security Plans for Mid and High Value Homes How to join the U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Website Coast Guard Channel Coast Guard News Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Reports regarding the U.S. Coast Guard Greg Trauthwein ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` USCG ... Past , Present & Future '' . Maritime Reporter and Marine News magazines online . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . US Coast Guard Networked Group on LinkedIn America 's Waterway Watch United States Coast Guard at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 January 1997 ) United States Coast Guard Portal : United States Coast Guard Category : United States Coast Guard Leadership Secretary of Homeland Security Commandant of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Organization Missions Reserve Intelligence Investigative Service Legal Division Police Deployable Operations Group Areas Districts Sectors Stations Air Stations Radio stations Shipbuilding Yard National Ice Center Research & Development Center Coast Guard Auxiliary Personnel and training Personnel Officer ranks Enlisted rates Ratings Coast Guard Academy Training Center Cape May Training Center Petaluma Training Center Yorktown Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Joint Maritime Training Center Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl Chaplain of the Coast Guard Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Cutters List of cutters Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Equipment History and traditions History Coast Guard Act Coast Guard City Life - Saving Service Revenue Cutter Service Lighthouse Service Steamboat Inspection Service Bureau of Navigation `` Semper Paratus '' Flag Ensign Racing Stripe United States Coast Guard Band United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard United States Coast Guard Pipe Band Fleet Week Coast Guard service numbers Coast Guardsman 's Creed United States Coast Guard Cutters Coast Guard Bears Battles and operations Quasi-War War of 1812 West Indies Anti-Piracy Operations Capture of the Bravo Ingham Incident Amistad Incident Great Lakes Patrol Mexican -- American War American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Pig Point Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Portland Harbor Overland Relief Expedition Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay Battle of Cárdenas Ice Patrol World War I 1st Battle of the Atlantic Great Mississippi Flood Rum Patrol World War II 2nd Battle of the Atlantic Battle of Guam Operation Overlord Korean War Vietnam War Coast Guard Squadron One Operation Market Time Operation Sealords Action of 1 March 1968 Persian Gulf War War on Terrorism Afghanistan War Iraq War Operation Enduring Freedom HOA Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary of Homeland Security Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard NATO Maritime Forces Maritime forces Albanian Naval Force Belgian Maritime Component Bulgarian Navy Royal Canadian Navy Croatian Navy Royal Danish Navy Danish Naval Home Guard Estonian Navy French Navy French Maritime Gendarmerie German Navy Hellenic Navy Icelandic Coast Guard Italian Navy Latvian Naval Forces Lithuanian Naval Force Montenegrin Navy Royal Netherlands Navy Royal Norwegian Navy Norwegian Home Guard Naval Component Polish Navy Portuguese Navy Romanian Naval Forces Slovenian Navy Spanish Navy Spanish Royal Guard `` Oceanic Sea '' Composite Company Turkish Naval Forces Turkish Coast Guard Command Royal Navy United States Navy United States Coast Guard Land forces maritime component Hungarian Ground Forces United States Army Transportation Corps Air forces maritime component United States Air Force maritime forces NATO Air Forces Air forces Albanian Air Force Belgian Air Component Bulgarian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Croatian Air Force and Air Defence Czech Air Force Royal Danish Air Force Danish Air Force Home Guard Estonian Air Force French Air Force French Air Gendarmerie German Air Force German Cyber and Information Space Command Hellenic Air Force Hungarian Air Force Italian Air Force Latvian Air Force Lithuanian Air Force Lithuanian Special Operations Force Air Force Special Operations Element Montenegrin Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force Royal Norwegian Air Force Norwegian Cyber Defence Force Polish Air Force Portuguese Air Force Romanian Air Force Slovak Air Force Slovenian Air Force and Air Defence Spanish Air Force Spanish Royal Guard `` Plus Ultra '' Squadron Turkish Air Force Royal Air Force United States Air Force Maritime forces aviation Bulgarian Naval Aviation French Naval Aviation German Naval Aviation Navy Aviation Command Icelandic Coast Guard Aeronautical Division Italian Navy Aviation Italian Coast Guard Air Service Netherlands Naval Aviation Service Polish Naval Aviation Brigade Portuguese Naval Aviation Romanian Naval Forces Aviation Spanish Naval Air Arm Turkish Naval Forces Aviation Command Turkish Coast Guard Aviation Command Fleet Air Arm United States Marine Corps Aviation United States Naval Air Forces United States Coast Guard Aviation Land forces aviation French Army Light Aviation National Gendarmerie Aviation German Army Aviation Corps Hellenic Army Aviation Italian Army Aviation Command Aerial Service of the Carabinieri Corps Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces , Aviation Unit Polish Land Forces Aviation Spanish Army Airmobile Force Turkish Land Forces Aviation Command Turkish Gendarmerie Aviation Command Army Air Corps United States Army Aviation Branch Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States Department of Commerce Office of Export Enforcement National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries : Office for Law Enforcement Department of Defense Defense Criminal Investigative Service Department of Defense police Defense Logistics Agency Police Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( Pentagon Police ) National Security Agency Police Army Department Intelligence and Security Command Criminal Investigation Command US Army Military Police Corps Department of the Army Police Army Department Police Corrections Command Navy Department Naval Criminal Investigative Service Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division Master - at - Arms Marine Corps Police Naval Academy Police Air Force Department Office of Special Investigations Security Forces Air Force Police Department of Health and Human Services United States Food and Drug Administration ( Office of Criminal Investigations ) National Institutes of Health Police Department of Homeland Security Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers United States Citizenship and Immigration Services United States Coast Guard Investigative Service Coast Guard Police Customs and Border Protection Federal Protective Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Secret Service Transportation Security Administration Office of Law Enforcement / Federal Air Marshal Service Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs Police Bureau of Land Management : Office of Law Enforcement Hoover Dam Police National Park Service Rangers United States Park Police Fish and Wildlife Service : Office of Law Enforcement National Wildlife Refuge System : Division of Refuge Law Enforcement Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI Police Federal Bureau of Prisons United States Marshals Service Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security Diplomatic Security Service Office of Foreign Missions Department of Transportation United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety Department of the Treasury Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division United States Mint Police U.S. Forest Service : Law Enforcement and Investigations USDA Department of Veterans Affairs Police Office of Secure Transportation DOE United States Congress Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives Sergeant at Arms of the Senate United States Capitol Police Government Printing Office Police Judicial branch U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System Marshal of the United States Supreme Court ( Supreme Court Police ) Other federal law enforcement agencies Amtrak Police Central Intelligence Agency Security Protective Service Environmental Protection Agency Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Federal Reserve Police National Zoological Park Police Postal Inspection Service ( U.S. Postal Police ) Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Coast guards Africa Egypt Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia ( PSDKP Bakamla Sea and Coast Guard ) Japan Malaysia Maldives Pakistan ( Coast Guard MSA ) Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan United Arab Emirates Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Croatia Cyprus France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Isle of Man Italy Jersey Netherlands ( Caribbean ) Norway ( Coast Guard Society for Sea Rescue ) Romania Russia Sweden Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom ( Coast Guard Border Force ) North America Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Haiti Mexico United States of America ( Coast Guard Auxiliary CBP ) Oceania Australia Maritime Border Command Australian Maritime Safety Authority New Zealand South America Argentina Peru Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Coast_Guard&oldid=843499869 '' Categories : 1915 establishments in the United States Coast guards Gendarmerie Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Sea rescue organisations Uniformed services of the United States United States Coast Guard United States Department of Homeland Security Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with short description Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2013 Articles with trivia sections from February 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did coast guard became part of homeland security	[ "On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush, designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year, on 1 March 2003.[24][25][26]" ]	[ "25 November 2002" ]
422962101930739649	Ripley's Believe It or Not!	Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! - Wikipedia Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Jump to : navigation , search `` Believe It or Not '' redirects here . For other uses , see Believe It or Not ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( January 12 , 1941 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! is an American franchise , founded by Robert Ripley , which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims . Originally a newspaper panel , the Believe It or Not feature proved popular and was later adapted into a wide variety of formats , including radio , television , comic books , a chain of museums , and a book series . The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs , 30,000 artifacts and more than 100,000 cartoon panels . With 80 - plus attractions , the Orlando - based Ripley Entertainment , Inc. , a division of the Jim Pattison Group , is a global company with an annual attendance of more than 12 million guests . Ripley Entertainment 's publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects , including the syndicated TV series , the newspaper cartoon panel , books , posters , and games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Syndicated feature panel 2 Books 3 Radio 4 Films , television , Internet , and computer game 4.1 Film 4.1. 1 Planned film 4.2 Television 4.3 Internet and games 5 Museums 5.1 Asia 5.2 Europe 5.2. 1 Denmark 5.2. 2 The Netherlands 5.2. 3 United Kingdom 5.3 North America 5.3. 1 Canada 5.3. 2 Mexico 5.3. 3 United States 5.3. 3.1 California 5.3. 3.2 Florida 5.3. 3.3 Illinois 5.3. 3.4 Maryland 5.3. 3.5 Missouri 5.3. 3.6 New Jersey 5.3. 3.7 New York 5.3. 3.8 Oregon 5.3. 3.9 South Carolina 5.3. 3.10 Tennessee 5.3. 3.11 Texas 5.3. 3.12 Virginia 5.3. 3.13 Wisconsin 5.4 Oceania 5.4. 1 Australia 6 Inaccuracies 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Syndicated feature panel ( edit ) Ripley first called his cartoon feature , originally involving sports feats , Champs and Chumps , and it premiered on December 19 , 1918 , in the New York Globe . Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports , and in October 1919 , he changed the title to Believe It or Not . When the Globe folded in 1923 , Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post . That same year , Ripley hired Norbert Pearlroth as his researcher , and Pearlroth spent the next 52 years of his life in the New York Public Library , working ten hours a day and six days a week in order to find unusual facts for Ripley . Other writers and researchers included Lester Byck . In 1930 , Ripley moved to the New York American and was picked up by the King Features Syndicate , being quickly syndicated on an international basis . Those working on the syndicated newspaper panel after Ripley included Joe Campbell ( 1946 -- 1956 ) , Art Sloggatt ( 1917 -- 1975 ) , Clem Gretter ( 1941 -- 1949 ) , Carl Dorese , Bob Clarke ( 1943 -- 1944 ) , Stan Randall , Paul Frehm ( 1938 -- 1978 ; he became the full - time artist in 1949 ) , and his brother Walter Frehm ( 1948 -- 1989 ) ; Walter worked part - time with his brother Paul and became a full - time Ripley artist from 1978 to 1989 . Paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Society 's Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series . Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not ! for Mad , as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs , who also did a recurring satire called `` Strangely Believe It ! '' on his TV programs . The current artist is John Graziano and current researcher is Sabrina Sieck . At the peak of its popularity , the syndicated feature was read daily by about 80 million readers , and during the first three weeks of May 1932 alone , Ripley received over two million pieces of fan mail . Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades . Other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format , such as Ralph Graczak 's Our Own Oddities , John Hix 's Strange as it Seems , and Gordon Johnston 's It Happened in Canada . Recent Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs . Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz 's first publication of artwork was published by Ripley . It was a cartoon claiming his dog was `` a hunting dog who eats pins , tacks , screws , nails and razor blades . '' Schulz 's dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts ' Snoopy . Books ( edit ) Some notable books : Believe it or not ! by Ripley The Big Little Book ( 1931 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( 1929 ) , reprinted in 2004 Ripley 's Mammoth Book of Believe It or Not ( 1955 ) Ripley 's Giant Book of Believe It or Not ( 1976 ) Ripley 's 35th Anniversary Believe It or Not ( 1954 ) Ripley 's 50th Anniversary Believe It or Not ( 1968 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not Special Edition 2012 ( 2011 ) A series of paperback books containing annotated sketches from the newspaper feature : Ripley 's Believe It or Not 1st Series ( 1941 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 2nd Series ( 1948 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 3rd Series ( 1954 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not 34th Series ( 1982 ) Ripley Entertainment produces a range of books featuring unusual facts , news stories and photographs . In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd , based in the United Kingdom , to publish new Believe It or Not titles . The company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Annuals , the children 's fiction series Ripley 's RBI , an educational series called the Ripley 's Twists , the Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles . At the height of his popularity Robert Ripley received thousands of letters a day from the public , and Ripley Entertainment continues to encourage submissions from readers who have strange stories and photographs that could be featured in Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! books and media . The people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True , have what Edward Meyer , Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc. describes as an obsession . `` Whatever it is they 're after , it is so important to them that all the rest of the world can go on without them . They want to make something that makes them immortal , makes them a little different than you and me . '' Despite the wide range of true and unbelievable art , sculpture , photographs , interactive devices , animal oddities , and recycled objects contained within the Ripley 's collection , rarely considered are alien or witchcraft - type stories , which are , according to Meyers , difficult to prove . To be included in Ripley 's Believe It or Not books , museums , or television shows , items must undergo scrutiny from Ripley 's staff and be 100 % authenticated . Radio ( edit ) On April 14 , 1930 , Ripley brought `` Believe It or Not '' to radio , the first of several series heard on NBC , CBS and the Mutual Broadcasting System . As noted by Ripley On Radio , Ripley 's broadcasts varied in length from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and aired in numerous different formats . When Ripley 's 1930 debut on The Collier Hour brought a strong listener reaction , he was given a Monday night NBC series beginning April 14 , 1930 , followed by a 1931 -- 32 series airing twice a week . After his strange stories were dramatized on NBC 's Saturday Party , Ripley was the host of The Baker 's Broadcast from 1935 to 1937 . He was scheduled in several different 1937 -- 38 NBC timeslots and then took to the road with popular remote broadcasts . See America First with Bob Ripley ( 1938 -- 40 ) on CBS expanded geographically into See All the Americas , a 1942 program with Latin music . In 1944 , he was heard five nights a week on Mutual in shows with an emphasis on World War II . Romance , Rhythm and Ripley aired on CBS in 1945 , followed by Pages from Robert L. Ripley 's Radio Scrapbook ( 1947 -- 48 ) . Robert Ripley is known for several radio firsts . He was the first to broadcast nationwide on a radio network from mid-ocean , and he also participated in the first broadcast from Buenos Aires to New York . Assisted by a corps of translators , he was the first to broadcast to every nation in the world simultaneously . As the years went on , the show became less about oddities and featured guest - driven entertainment such as comedy routines . Sponsors over the course of the program included Pall Mall cigarettes and General Foods . The program ended its successful run in 1948 as Ripley prepared to convert the show format to television . Films , television , Internet , and computer game ( edit ) The newspaper feature has been adapted into more than a few films and TV shows . Film ( edit ) Ripley hosted a series of two dozen Believe It or Not ! theatrical short films between 1930 and 1932 for Warner Bros. Vitaphone . A 2 - DVD release featuring 24 of these theatrical shorts is available in the USA beginning March 16 , 2010 from Warner Home Video , through their Warner Archive manufacture - on - demand program . Directors on the shorts included Murray Roth ( on the first five ) , Roy Mack and Alfred J. Goulding ( latter half of second season ) . Leo Donnelly assisted later on commentary . The titles of the series were all numbered accordingly : No. 1 / Vitaphone No. 1005 , released May 4 , 1930 No. 2 / Vitaphone No. 1038 , © June 11 , 1930 No. 3 / Vitaphone No. 1053 , August 31 , 1930 ( Film Daily review date ) No. 4 / Vitaphone No. 1067 , released September 5 , 1930 No. 5 / Vitaphone No. 1093 , released September 12 , 1930 No. 6 / Vitaphone No. 1109 , © November 5 , 1930 No. 7 / Vitaphone No. 1148 , © January 5 , 1931 ( features Medal of Honor recipient Daniel R. Edwards ) No. 8 / Vitaphone No. 1172 , © February 20 , 1931 No. 9 / Vitaphone No. 1189 , released May 2 , 1931 No. 10 / Vitaphone No. 1197 , released July 5 , 1931 No. 11 / Vitaphone No. 1211 , released July 12 , 1931 No. 12 / Vitaphone No. 1267 , released September 1931 ( with extensive travelogue footage of Egypt ) No. 2 - 1 / Vitaphone No. 1282 , released November 5 , 1931 ( focuses on Algeria , Egypt and Morocco ) No. 2 - 2 / Vitaphone No. 1294 , released December 3 , 1931 No. 2 - 3 / Vitaphone No. 1304 , released December 1931 No. 2 - 4 / Vitaphone No. 1320 , released January 2 , 1932 ( features child actor Billy Hayes visiting `` Believe It Or Not Land '' ) No. 2 - 5 / Vitaphone No. 1336 , released March 20 , 1932 No. 2 - 6 / Vitaphone No. 1346 , released March 13 , 1932 No. 2 - 7 / Vitaphone No. 1361 No. 2 - 8 / Vitaphone No. 1362 No. 2 - 9 / Vitaphone No. 1363 , © April 23 , 1932 No. 2 - 10 / Vitaphone No. 1364 , © April 23 , 1932 No. 2 - 11 / Vitaphone No. 1412 , released June 1932 No. 2 - 12 / Vitaphone No. 1427 , July 1932 He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short , Seasons Greetings ( 1931 ) , with Ruth Etting , Joe Penner , Ted Husing , Thelma White , Ray Collins , and others . Ripley 's short films were parodied in a 1939 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon titled Believe It or Else . Released on June 25 , 1939 , directed by Tex Avery and written by Dave Monahan , it featured a running gag in which Egghead ( a prototype Elmer Fudd ) appeared to declare , `` I do n't believe it ! '' On 5 November of the same year , another Avery documentary parody , Fresh Fish , was released . Written by Jack Miller , this cartoon 's running gag was a two - headed fish that kept swimming onto the screen to ask , `` Pardon me , but can you tell me where I can find Mister Ripley ? '' 20th Century Fox produced another film short titled Acquitted By The Sea , released September 27 , 1940 , produced by Truman Talley and directed by Earl Allvine . This told an unusual story involving the Titanic . Planned film ( edit ) On October 4 , 2004 , Paramount Pictures announced plans for a film that would chronicle the life of Robert Ripley . The film would be produced by James Jacks and his Alphaville Films company , associated with Paramount . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired to write the script . Jacks explained , `` It 's about the exploits of Robert Ripley , one of the most popular newspaper cartoonists in the ' 30s and ' 40s , who was well known for going around the world and looking for oddities and getting into adventures while doing so . We want to make a series of movies that , if not quite the truth , are the adventures that should have happened . '' Jacks also said , `` We want to turn it into an Indiana Jones , a goofy version , as played by Johnny Depp . When they saw we had the writers from Larry Flynt , they thought that we wanted to make the kinky version , but we saw a chance to do a Spielberg - type movie with one of their characters . '' On November 29 , 2005 , it was announced that Tim Burton would direct the film , with Jim Carrey starring as Robert Ripley . Filming was to begin in October 2006 , for a 2007 release . Paramount hinted that the film , if successful , could be the start of a Ripley 's film series . In addition to Jacks , Sean Daniel and Richard D. Zanuck were also to serve as producers for the film . Zanuck spent six weeks in China to scout filming locations for the project . On June 12 , 2006 , Paramount delayed the start of production on the film for at least a year because its projected budget went over the allowed $150 million . Carrey had waived his entire upfront salary to help keep costs low , but the project remained over budget . Burton and Carrey also wanted to have Alexander and Karaszewski make changes to the film 's script to focus more on Ripley 's Believe It or Not column . Carrey was adamant on avoiding what happened with his previous project , Fun with Dick and Jane , which required reshoots and additional editing as a result of beginning production without a script . Filming had been scheduled to begin in China in November 2006 . Although Paramount could have delayed production to spring 2007 , the film was delayed further to allow Burton to film Sweeney Todd . In December 2006 , Burton and Carrey approved writer Steve Oedekerk to rewrite the script . Oedekerk had worked with Carrey on several previous projects . Production was to begin in China in winter 2008 , for a 2009 release . In January 2007 , Zanuck said he was no longer involved with the project , and that he was unaware that it was proceeding . Oedekerk 's draft was completed in June 2007 , and was approved that month by Paramount , Burton , and Carrey . At that time , Carrey hoped to have production finished by summer 2008 . Later that month , it was reported that Paramount may be searching for a new director . In October 2008 , Chris Columbus pitched an idea for the film that was approved by Carrey and Paramount . Columbus ' idea involved scrapping the previous China - based storyline entirely . Negotiations were underway that month to hire Columbus as director , with plans to hire a writer afterwards . Paramount planned to release the film in 2011 , and hoped that it would be the start of a Ripley 's film series . In January 2011 , Eric Roth was hired to write the script , with Carrey still attached to star . Ken Atchity and Chi - Li Wong joined the project as producers , alongside Jacks and Daniel . Television ( edit ) Main article : Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( TV series ) The first Believe It or Not TV series , a live show hosted by Ripley , premiered March 1 , 1949 . Shortly after the 13th episode , on May 27 , 1949 , Ripley died of a heart attack and several of his friends substituted as host , including future Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! president Doug Storer . Robert St. John served as host from the second season until the series ended on October 5 , 1950 . Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! aired from 1982 to 1986 on the American ABC television network . Based on three pilots / specials conceived , produced and directed by Ron Lyon and Jack Haley , Jr , ( 1980 -- 81 ) the series was a Haley / Lyon / Rastar production in association with Columbia Pictures . Featuring film star Jack Palance who hosted the popular series throughout its run , the series had three different co-hosts , who appeared from season to season , initially actress Catherine Shirriff followed by Palance 's daughter , Holly Palance , later singer Marie Osmond . The 1980s series reran on the Sci - Fi Channel ( UK ) and Sci - Fi Channel ( US ) during the 1990s ; it is currently airing on NBCUniversal 's horror / suspense - themed cable channel Chiller . An animated series , Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! , was produced for Fox Family in 1999 and followed the adventures of `` Michael Ripley '' , Robert Ripley 's nephew . The show was aimed at a younger audience , and would often feature Michael going around the world . The most recent series based upon the comic strip , once again titled Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! aired from 2000 to 2003 on TBS . Hosted by actor Dean Cain , executive - produced by Dan Jbara and co-executive - produced by Dennis Lortz , the series took a slightly more sensationalistic approach to its subject matter and `` premiered as the highest - rated original series on cable '' at that time . The series was cancelled in October 2003 after four seasons . Like the previous syndicated live - action series , this latest edition moved to the Biography Channel for reruns , and continues to air today . In 2006 , the Philippines made a local adaptation of Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! with a local host . ABC 5 ( now known as TV5 ) was the first to make it with Raymond Bagatsing as host . The show however was short - lived . In 2008 , GMA Network bought the rights and revived Ripley 's in the Philippines . This time Chris Tiu of the Ateneo Blue Eagles was chosen as host . It is part of the `` Bilib Ka Ba ? Nights / Araw - araw '' ( `` Do You Believe ? Nights / Daily '' ) block of the network which premiered on August 18 , 2008 . Internet and games ( edit ) In 2006 , the Ripleys.com website held a `` Dear Mr. Ripley '' contest in which contestants submitted `` unbelievable '' stories and with a public vote selecting a winner . The submissions included stories about a two - faced kitten , a car hurdler , a painting on human flesh canvas , a snake swallowing a golfball , an unopened deck of cards in a thin - necked bottle , a collector of Converse shoes with over 400 pairs , a man who survived a dumptruck falling on him , a painting made of nail polish , a child who played sports while hopping on a pogo stick , and a tongue swallower . The winners were announced on December 15 , 2006 . In 2003 , a Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! pinball machine was released . The point and click adventure game Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! : The Riddle of Master Lu was published and developed by Sanctuary Woods , and released in 1995 . Museums ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : Attractions ( August 2014 ) Ripley 's Believe It Or Not museum at Innovative Film City in Bangalore , India . When Ripley first displayed his collection to the public at the Chicago World 's Fair in 1933 , it was labeled Ripley 's Odditorium and attracted over two million visitors during the run of the fair . ( In an apparent promotional gimmick , beds were provided in the Odditorium for people who `` fainted '' daily . ) That successful exhibition led to trailer shows across the country during the 1930s , and Ripley 's collections were exhibited at many major fairs and expositions , including San Francisco , San Diego , Dallas , and Cleveland . In New York , the famed Times Square exhibit opened in 1939 on Broadway . In 1950 , a year after Ripley 's death , the first permanent Odditorium opened in St. Augustine , Florida . As of December 2010 , there are 32 Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Odditoriums around the world . Odditoriums , in the spirit of Believe It or Not ! , are often more than simple museums cluttered with curiosities . Some include theaters and arcades , such as the ones in Gatlinburg , Tennessee and Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin . Others are constructed oddly , such as the Orlando , Florida Odditorium which is built off - level as if the building is sinking . Expected to open summer 2016 is the first Odditorium in the Netherlands , at Dam square in Amsterdam . Asia ( edit ) ( Alphabetical , by country or district ) Shanghai , China - This Ripley 's museum is located at Huangpu River . Victoria Peak , Hong Kong ( closed ) -- There was an Auditorium in The Peak . Bangalore , India -- This Ripley 's Museum is at the Innovative Film city . Jakarta , Indonesia ( closed ) - This Ripley 's museum was located in Pondok Indah Mall Kuwait City , Kuwait ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was located in the Hadiqat Al Sheaab Amusement Park . Genting Highlands , Malaysia -- This Ripley 's museum was located in the First World Plaza . It reopened as Ripley 's Adventureland located on level 4 in SkyAvenue . Mandaluyong City , Philippines ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was in the Shangri - La Mall in Ortigas . Jeju Island , South Korea - This Ripley 's museum is located at the Jeju Jungmun resort . Pattaya , Thailand -- This Ripley 's museum is in Royal Garden Plaza in Pattaya . It appears as if an airplane has crashed into it . Europe ( edit ) Denmark ( edit ) Copenhagen -- This Ripley 's museum is a smaller one located close to the city hall and next to a museum of H.C. Andersen . The Netherlands ( edit ) Amsterdam - The Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Amsterdam museum opened on June 23 , 2016 at the Dam Square , Dam 21 , in a building that belongs to the Heritage of Amsterdam . It has more than 500 exhibits . United Kingdom ( edit ) London ( Closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was the world 's largest and it opened on August 20 , 2008 at the London Pavilion , 1 Piccadilly Circus , and closed on September 25 , 2017 . It housed over 500 exhibits from educational artifacts to the truly weird and wonderful . It was famed for its large collection of Marilyn Monroe 's personal belongings and interactive exhibits . Blackpool ( Closed ) -- This Ripley 's museum was the first and is based in the popular holiday destination of Blackpool . Great Yarmouth ( closed ) -- There was an Odditorium in Great Yarmouth on the east coast of England . It opened in 1993 and closed in 1997 . It is now an indoor miniature golf course that uses some of the leftovers from the Odditorium as scenery for the holes . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Ripley 's BION Niagara Falls Cavendish , Prince Edward Island -- This Ripley 's museum is located in a concentrated area of tourist attractions adjacent to the Prince Edward Island National Park . A lighthouse ( the top broken ) features the Ripley 's sign . The museum is adjoined to a wax museum and also features a mini-golf attraction . Niagara Falls , Ontario -- This Ripley 's museum is shaped like the Empire State Building fallen over , with King Kong standing on top of it . This is the second oldest Ripley 's Museum in the world and is one of two in Canada . The museum was closed for major renovations between November 2015 and May 2016 but is now reopened . The newly updated museum is the largest and most valuable museum for the company . Located across the street is a Ripley 's 4D Moving Theatre , and up the street there is a Louis Tussauds Wax Works which is owned by Ripley 's . Toronto , Ontario - The Ripley 's Aquarium of Canada opened in October 2013 next to the CN Tower and Metro Toronto Convention Centre . The 150,000 - square - foot ( 14,000 m ) structure boasts the longest underwater tunnel in North America . The aquarium was originally set to open in Niagara Falls , Ontario near Great Wolf Lodge in 2007 , but relocated to Toronto . Mexico ( edit ) Guadalajara -- Opened in 1994 this Ripley 's museum is a small one like Mexico City 's location . It is near downtown . Mexico City -- Opened in 1992 , this Ripley 's museum is shaped like a medieval castle and has 14 exhibition halls within it . This was the first of three locations to open in Latin America . United States ( edit ) St. Augustine , Florida Odditorium Panama City Beach , Florida Odditorium Ripley 's shark being produced California ( edit ) Buena Park ( closed ) -- This Ripley 's Museum was located in Buena Park 's E-Zone district on Beach Boulevard , close to Knott 's Berry Farm . This is the location where Steve Sindad broke the world record for consuming ranch dressing , drinking 61 bottles worth ( about 7 gallons ) . It closed its doors on March 30 , 2009 . Hollywood -- This Ripley 's Museum is on Hollywood Boulevard . San Francisco -- This Ripley 's Museum is located near Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco . Florida ( edit ) Key West -- This Ripley 's Museum is located on the famous Duval Street . Orlando -- This museum is located on the busy International Drive tourist corridor , and is built to appear as though it is dropping into a sinkhole . Panama City Beach -- Opened in 2006 , this Ripley 's Museum is at the intersection of Front Beach Road , Middle Beach Road , and Thomas Drive on Panama City Beach and is designed to look like a 1950s luxury cruise liner that has run aground on the beach . It also has a moving 4 - D theater . St. Augustine -- It is the oldest Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! and is located in the Castle Warden , was purchased shortly after his death in 1949 and opened in 1950 . Prior to becoming home to his vast collections from his many travels , `` The Castle '' , as it is known , was once a hotel which played host to many famous guests , including Ripley himself and author / owner Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings . It was originally a Moorish Revival style mansion , built in 1887 by millionaire William Warden as a winter home . Its popularity and success led Ripley 's associates to open new establishments throughout the United States and the world . Perhaps not surprisingly , it is also rumored to be haunted . Segments of the most recent Ripley 's TV series were filmed here , including the opening credits . Among the attractions here are a mummified cat , a 1 / 12 scale model of the original Ferris wheel made out of Erector sets , life and death masks of famous celebrities ( including Abraham Lincoln ) , and shamanistic apparati from cultures around the world . Illinois ( edit ) Chicago - The Museum on Wells Street in the Chicago Old Town area closed in 1987 . Maryland ( edit ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! in Ocean City , Maryland Baltimore -- This Ripley 's Museum opened June 26 , 2012 , in the Light Street Pavilion of Harborplace on the Inner Harbor . Ocean City -- This Ripley 's Museum is located on the boardwalk at Wicomico Street . It is a popular destination for tourists and it sits at the entrance to Jolly Roger 's Pier Amusement Park . It features a large model of a shark that appears as if it has crashed through the museum . Missouri ( edit ) Branson -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a stone edifice that was cracked by an earthquake . New Jersey ( edit ) Atlantic City -- The Ripley 's museum is on the famous Boardwalk . New York ( edit ) New York City -- This location reopened in Manhattan on 42nd Street in July 2007 . This is the largest Ripley 's in the world , housing over 1000 authentic artifacts and interactive exhibits . Oregon ( edit ) Newport -- This Ripley 's museum was funded by Jacob Walters and built in 1986 . It is at the Historic Bayfront and one of three amusements known as Mariner Square . The other two are the Wax Works and the Undersea Gardens . South Carolina ( edit ) Odditorium in Myrtle Beach Myrtle Beach -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a building cracked by a hurricane , located near the center of Myrtle Beach 's celebrated Ocean Boulevard . Also in Myrtle Beach you will find one of their 5D Motion Theaters , a mirror maze , Ripley 's Haunted Adventure , and Ripley 's Aquarium of Myrtle Beach . Tennessee ( edit ) Gatlinburg -- The original museum , built in 1970 , was destroyed by a massive fire caused by a faulty light fixture in a neighboring shop on July 14 , 1992 . It had to be completely rebuilt . Some of Ripley 's most prized and unique possessions were consumed by the blaze . The current museum opened in 1994 , with a tribute to the city 's firefighters included among the collections . Artifacts salvaged from the blaze sport `` I Survived The Fire '' decals . It also has nearly twice the amount of exhibit space as the original . As with some other Ripley museums , it has a theme . It looks as if it has survived a major earthquake . Its interior and exterior feature cracks throughout , adhering to the theme . The Ripley 's Company has since opened several other attractions in the area , including a `` four - dimensional '' theater , a state - of - the - art aquarium , a haunted factory , several arcades , two miniature golf courses , and a mirror maze all of which carry the Ripley 's brand name and signature logo . Texas ( edit ) El Paso - ( closed ) This Ripley 's Museum is located at 7051 S Desert Blvd. in Canutillo , Texas . Grand Prairie -- This Ripley 's Museum is located at 601 East Safari Parkway in Grand Prairie , Texas . It is west of downtown Dallas on IH - 30 and is on the northwest intersection of Belt Line Road and IH - 30 , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of Six Flags Over Texas . San Antonio -- This Ripley 's Museum is located across from the historic Alamo . Next door is Louis Tussaud 's Waxworks , and just a short walk down the road is Ripley 's Haunted Adventure . Virginia ( edit ) Williamsburg -- This Ripley 's Museum opened in 2006 . It has 11 galleries and over 350 exhibits . There is also a 4D theater that shows 3D movies with added effects ( air , water , scent , etc . ) . Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin Dells -- This Ripley 's museum looks like a plane flew through the front and has a car parked on the side . It is located in the Downtown Strip . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Gold Coast -- This Ripley 's museum is located at the popular tourist destination Surfers Paradise . It reopened in the new Soul Centre on January 22 , 2010 , featuring a band of human oddities playing songs at the entrance . Inaccuracies ( edit ) Authorities at the company insist that they thoroughly investigate everything and ensure their accuracy before they publish their research . This is emphasized on their television show , where they often say `` If you see it on Ripley 's , you can bet that it 's real '' . However , two claims appearing in their books have been dubbed `` myths '' by MythBusters . One claim which had previously appeared in Ripley 's books , concerning an accidental execution of 1,200 Turkish prisoners ordered under Napoleon Bonaparte , has had its accuracy called into question by Snopes . Ripley 's has reported the urban legend of Frank Tower - an individual who was supposed to have survived the sinkings of the RMS Titanic , RMS Empress of Ireland , and RMS Lusitania - as being factual . However , this story has been debunked by several sources . See also ( edit ) Strange as It Seems , rival publication Museum of Jurassic Technology , rival odd displays References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Norbert Pearlroth , 89 , Researcher For 52 Years For ' Believe It Or Not ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . April 15 , 1983 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Norbert Pearlroth , who combed hundreds of thousands of books in the New York Public Library over 52 years as sole researcher for Ripley 's Believe It or Not , died of heart and kidney diseases Thursday at Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn . He was 89 years old and lived in Brooklyn ... Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not Comic Strip on '' . Gocomics.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley sets up in UK '' . theBookseller.com. 2008 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` BEST SELLERS : ADVICE , HOW TO AND MISCELLANEOUS : Sunday , December 27th 2009 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley Publishing launches fiction series '' . theBookseller.com. 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Random does the Twist '' . theBookseller.com. 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hartzman , Marc . `` Robert L Ripley Interviews Entertainment Bizarre Magazine UK '' . Bizarremag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Send Us Your Stuff ! '' . Ripley Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maynard 's Spooky Action ... An Interview with Edward Meyer from Ripley 's Believe It or Not '' . The Skeptic Zone . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunning , John . ( 1998 ) . On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507678 - 3 . Pp. 76 - 78 . Jump up ^ `` Old Time Radio Shows - Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 1930 ) '' . Matinee Classics. 1930 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ( 1930 -- 32 ) ( 2 DVD Set ) '' . WBshop.com . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 2004 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Paramount Telling Ripley Tale : Believe It or Not '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton , Carrey May Believe '' . IGN. 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Eric Roth takes on Ripley project : Jim Carrey remains attached to topline '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Borat 's New - er Look '' . Variety . 2007 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Gardner , Chris ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Burton takes rain check on Par pic '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton , Carrey put ' Believe ' on hold '' . Variety . 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Oedekerk brings ' Ripley ' back to life '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Carrey lights up ' Phillip Morris ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burton Off Believe It or Not ? Helmer may be booted from Jim Carrey 's off - beat adventure '' . IGN. 2007 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Siegel , Tatiana ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Chris Columbus in talks for ' Ripley 's ' : Paramount wants director for long - delayed film '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! The Animated Series '' . IMDb.com. 14 July 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! -- Official Site -- Cast & Producers Bio '' . Sonypictures.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Pinball Machine Database : Stern ' Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ® ' '' . Ipdb.org . June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Believe it or not , collection has gone overseas '' . `` Great Yarmouth Mercury '' . February 28 , 1997 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Work On New Aquarium Could Start This Year - CityNews '' . Citytv.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.niagaraglenview.com/ripley-development.htm Jump up ^ `` Museo de cera '' . Museo de cera . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ma Sacrée Toux ! '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Spignes , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) , `` The Titanic For Dummies '' , John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , retrieved 1 August 2014 Jump up ^ Molony , Senan ( 2004 ) , `` On the Trail of ' Lucky ' Tower '' , Encyclopedia Titanica , retrieved 1 August 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . Wikinews has related news : World 's smallest car enters Ripley 's Believe it or Not museum Official website Inventory of the Doug and Hazel Anderson Storer Collection , 1920s -- 2003 , in the Southern Historical Collection , UNC - Chapel Hill National Cartoonist Society Award , 1976 : Paul Frehm Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . United Media Comics Alley Oop Arlo and Janis Baby Blues Betty Big Nate The Born Loser Brevity The Buckets Committed Cow and Boy Dilbert Drabble Family Tree F Minus Ferd'nand Frank & Ernest Frazz Get Fuzzy Gordo Graffiti Grand Avenue The Grizzwells Health Capsules Herman Jump Start Kidspot Kit ' n ' Carlyle The Knight Life Lola Luann Marmaduke Moderately Confused Monty Nancy 9 Chickweed Lane Off the Mark Over the Hedge Peanuts Pearls Before Swine Prickly City Reality Check Red Ryder Rip Haywire Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Rose Is Rose Rudy Park Soup to Nutz Tarzan Editorial cartoons Bill Day Drew Litton Ed Stein Henry Payne Jeff Stahler Jerry Holbert Matt Bors Robert Ariail Rob Rogers Commentary Byron York Cokie Roberts and Steven V. Roberts Diana West Donald Lambro Gene Lyons Kathryn Jean Lopez Mary Mitchell Nat Hentoff Tad Bartimus Other The Aces on Bridge Bruce Williams Harriette Cole Harvey Mackay Jean Chatzky Miss Manners Nancy M. Reichardt World Almanac Jim Pattison Group People Jim Pattison ( President and CEO ) Jim Pattison Media Group Broadcast television stations CFJC CHAT CKPG Great West Television ( Joint venture with Bell Media ) Radio stations ( by call sign ) CFDV CFMY CFQX CHAT CHBW CHBZ CHDR CHIQ CHLB CHPQ CHUB CHWF CIBH CIBW CIFM CIUP CJAV CJBZ CJDR CJJR CJXX CJZN CKBZ CKCE CKDV CKIZ CKKN CKKQ CKLR CKLZ CKPK CKQQ CKWV Outdoor signs Pattison Outdoor Advertising Overwaitea Food Group Overwaitea Foods PriceSmart Foods Save - On - Foods Urban Fare Entertainment Ripley Entertainment Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! Attractions Ripley Publishing Ltd Guinness World Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!&oldid=841350040 '' Categories : Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! 1918 comics debuts Non-fiction comic strips Educational comics Jim Pattison Group Longevity myths Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into radio series NBC radio programs 1930 radio programme debuts 1948 radio programme endings Radio programs based on comic strips 1940s American radio programs CBS Radio programs American radio dramas Amusement museums in Canada Amusement museums in the United States Blackpool Pleasure Beach Media franchises Media museums in New York ( state ) Media museums in the United States Museums in Atlantic County , New Jersey Museums in Branson , Missouri Museums in Copenhagen Museums in Dallas County , Texas Museums in Horry County , South Carolina Museums in Jalisco Museums in Key West , Florida Museums in Lancashire Museums in Lincoln County , Oregon Museums in Malaysia Museums in Mexico City Museums in Niagara Falls , Ontario Museums in Orlando , Florida Museums in Prince Edward Island Museums in Queensland Museums in San Antonio Museums in San Francisco Museums in Sauk County , Wisconsin Museums in Sevier County , Tennessee Museums in St. Augustine , Florida Museums in Teton County , Wyoming Museums in Thailand Museums in the City of Westminster Museums in Williamsburg , Virginia Museums in Worcester County , Maryland Mutual Broadcasting System programs Pseudoarchaeology Tourist attractions in Key West , Florida Vitaphone short films Warner Bros. short films Museums in Manhattan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Polski Português ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is ripley's believe it or not museum located	[]	[]
1576999412167693886	Per stirpes	Per stirpes - wikipedia Per stirpes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Per stirpes ( / pɜːr ˈstɜːrpiːz / ; `` by branch '' ) is a legal term from Latin . An estate of a decedent is distributed per stirpes if each branch of the family is to receive an equal share of an estate . When the heir in the first generation of a branch predeceased the decedent , the share that would have been given to the heir would be distributed among the heir 's issue in equal shares . It may also be known as right of representation distribution , and differs from distribution per capita , as members of the same generation may inherit different amounts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 2 Per capita at each generation 3 Modifications 4 References 5 External links Examples ( edit ) Figure 1 . A 's estate is divided equally between each of the three branches . B , C and D each receive one - third . As B pre-deceased A , B 's two children - B1 and B2 - each receive one - half of B 's share , equivalent to one - sixth of the estate . Example 1A : The testator A , specifies in his will that his estate is to be divided among his descendants in equal shares per stirpes . A has three children , B , C , and D. B is already dead , but has left two children ( grandchildren of A ) , B1 and B2 . When A 's will is executed , under a distribution per stirpes , C and D each receive one - third of the estate , and B1 and B2 each receive one - sixth . B1 and B2 constitute one `` branch '' of the family , and collectively receive a share equal to the shares received by C and D as branches ( figure 1 ) . Example 1B : If grandchild B1 had predeceased A , leaving two children B1a and B1b , and grandchild B2 had also died leaving three children B2a , B2b and B2c , then distribution per stirpes would give one - third each to C and D , one - twelfth each to B1a and B1b , who would constitute a branch , and one - eighteenth each to B2a , B2b and B2c . Thus , the B , C , and D branches receive equal shares of the whole estate , the B1 and B2 branches receive equal shares of the B branch 's share , B1a and B1b receive equal shares of the B1 branch 's share , and B2a , B2b and B2c receive equal shares of the B2 branch 's share . Per capita at each generation ( edit ) Per capita at each generation is an alternative way of distribution , where heirs of the same generation will each receive the same amount . The estate is divided into equal shares at the generation closest to the deceased with surviving heirs . The number of shares is equal to the number of original members either surviving or with surviving descendants . Each surviving heir of that generation gets a share . The remainder is then equally divided among the next - generation descendants of the deceased descendants in the same manner . Example 2A : In the first example , children C and D survive , so the estate is divided at their generation . There were three children , so each surviving child receives one - third . The remainder - B 's share - is then divided in the same manner among B 's surviving descendants . The result is the same as under per stirpes because B 's one - third is distributed to B1 and B2 ( one - sixth to each ) . Figure 2 . Comparison between per stirpes inheritance and per capita by generation inheritance . On the left , each branch receives one third of the estate . On the right , A 's only surviving child , C , receives one third of the estate . The remaining two thirds are divided among the descendants in the next generation . Example 2B : The per capita and per stirpes results would differ if D also pre-deceased with one child , D1 ( figure 2 ) . Under per stirpes , B1 and B2 would each receive one - sixth ( half of B 's one - third share ) , and D1 would receive one - third ( all of D 's one - third share ) . Under per capita , the two - thirds remaining after C ' s one - third share was taken would be divided equally among all three children of B and D. Each would receive two - ninths : B1 , B2 , and D1 would all receive two - ninths . Notes : To give the effect indicated in these examples the clause should also include a provision that no beneficiary being a grandchild or remoter descendant will take a share if his or her parent is alive and takes a share . The spouses of the children ( that is , spouses of B , C , and D ) are not considered . Spouses are not a part of the branch . Therefore , even if B , C , or D died leaving a spouse as well as children , all ( 100 % ) of the assets pass to the children and ( 0 % ) nothing passes to the spouses of A 's children B , C , and D. From the example above , if A 's child B died before A 's death , A 's grandchildren B1 and B2 would each receive half of B 's share . Even if B had a living spouse at the time of A 's death , that person would receive nothing from A 's estate . Modifications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In many states of the United States , such as New York , a statute has modified this definition and utilizes a `` Modern Per Stirpes '' approach ( or Per Capita with Right of Representation ) . Under the Modern Per Stirpes approach , the number of branches is determined by reference to the generation nearest the testator which has a surviving descendant . Thus , in the first example , if C and D also are already dead , and each left one child , named ( respectively and appropriately ) C1 and D1 , then each of B1 , B2 , C1 and D1 would receive one quarter of the estate . This method is also utilized in the states of Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Hawaii , Maine , Michigan , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Utah , and West Virginia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Campbell Black . `` Black 's Law Dictionary '' . 2nd Edition . West Publishing . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) California Probate Code 245 - 247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_stirpes&oldid=794949801 '' Categories : Property law Latin legal terminology Inheritance Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 01 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	per capita with representation vs. per capita at each generation	[]	[]
7293834187742357123	List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes	List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes - wikipedia List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The series follows Elizabeth , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown . She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk , the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig , to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情のスペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 , to air in 2018 . An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バンの番外編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 The Seven Deadly Sins 1.2 OVAs 1.3 The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War 2 References Episode list ( edit ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' ( 七つの大罪 ) October 5 , 2014 Elizabeth Liones , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom . She finds Meliodas , the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat , accompanied by his pet companion Hawk , a talking pig . When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo , Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent , but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon 's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins . Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights , who have orchestrated a coup d'état to overthrow the king . `` The Sword of the Holy Knight '' `` Seikishi no Ken '' ( 聖騎士の剣 ) October 12 , 2014 Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village , thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale , the primary source of income . After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword , which blocked the water source , Meliodas easily removes the object . A celebration is held at the Boar Hat , and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village . Gilthunder , wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not , throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town . However , Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back , destroying Fort Solgales . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams . `` The Sin in the Sleeping Forest '' `` Nemureru Mori no Tsumi '' ( 眠れる森の罪 ) October 19 , 2014 Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams , where even the Holy Knights avoid . The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them away . After defeating the Prankster Imps , the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane , the Serpent 's Sin of Envy , who was asleep in the forest . Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic . Meliodas battles Gilthunder , purposely allowing this Holy Knight to defeat him . Under the pretense of dying due to the grave wound , Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins , Ban and King , as his apparent last wish . `` A Little Girl 's Dream '' `` Shōjo no Yume '' ( 少女の夢 ) October 26 , 2014 After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon , where Ban , the Fox 's Sin of Greed , is imprisoned . On the way there , they decide to pass by Dalmary Town , where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries . Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas , but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size . The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia , a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs , but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane , who makes her way to Baste Dungeon . Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison , while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones . Meanwhile , Ban escapes from his cell , but Jericho fails to subdue him . `` Even If You Should Die '' `` Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo '' ( たとえあなたが死んでも ) November 2 , 2014 As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas 's sword , Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned , proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to run away . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius , who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his technique of invisibility . Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse , Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana , whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon . When Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon , they encounter Diane , who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell . As they run away from Diane , involving a pair of shepherds along the way , Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane . Meanwhile , Ban strips Jericho from her armor , but is later stabbed in the chest by Jude . 6 `` The Poem of Beginnings '' `` Hajimari no Uta '' ( はじまりの詩 ) November 9 , 2014 As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis , Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects . When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd , the latter is revealed to be Ruin . After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin 's staff , Meliodas and Diane regain their senses , soon defeating Ruin and Friesia , respectively . Meanwhile , Ban overpowers Jude and takes him out , despite being pierced in the chest . Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett , but Meliodas and Ban cause destruction upon the structure during their happy reunion . The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town , where Dana , revealed to still be alive , treats them to a meal as a courtesy . Meanwhile , King , the Grizzly 's Sin of Sloth , is shown to be allied with Gilthunder . 7 `` A Touching Reunion '' `` Kandō no Saikai '' ( 感動の再会 ) November 16 , 2014 During a flashback , Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King 's Forest , but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine , Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth . However , Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans . Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life . In the present , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead . Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King , in which the former does not recognize the latter at first . The two start fighting until the others find Ban , causing King to fly away in silence . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead , they go to a field of flowers , which sends them to their destination . However , King follows them there and chases Ban , who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance . 8 `` The Fearsome Pursuer '' `` Osorubeki Tsuisekisha '' ( 恐るべき追跡者 ) November 23 , 2014 King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister . During another flashback , Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King 's Forest . However , after Elaine gets hurt , she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon . In the present , Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane , while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety . Elaine , first unseen to King , releases Ban from petrification with a kiss . Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila , while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him . After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on , King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila . 9 `` Dark Pulse '' `` Ankoku no Myakudō '' ( 暗黒の脈動 ) November 30 , 2014 King overpowers and single - handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure , the Spirit Spear Chastiefol . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane , Ban and King return to the village , King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat . However , Meliodas sold his , Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen . Meliodas , Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival , in which the grand prize happens to be Diane 's Sacred Treasure , the War Hammer Gideon . Meanwhile , Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground , offering them to drink the blood from a corpse of a red demon as a way to enhance their strength . Twigo explodes after drinking the blood , but Jericho manages to survive this painful experience . 10 `` The Vaizel Fighting Festival '' `` Baizeru Kenka Matsuri '' ( バイゼル喧嘩祭り ) December 7 , 2014 The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing . The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus `` Matrona '' , in which Matrona manages to break Griamore 's barrier and send him flying . Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth 's clothing . Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken - Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened . The second round is Holy Knight Hauser versus three - time champion Taizoo , in which the former defeats the latter with one punch . The third round is King versus Cain Barzad , a drunken old man . Since King is powerless without his weapon , Cain easily knocks King out of the ring . The final round is Meliodas versus Ban , and Hauser learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins . 11 `` Pent - Up Feelings '' `` Sekinen no Omoi '' ( 積年の想い ) December 14 , 2014 Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them , equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility . However , Meliodas grabs onto Ban 's wrist and blasts him out of the ring , thereby winning the round . The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Hauser , in which Hauser goes all out with his windy punches , but Diane does a body slam on Hauser and wins the round . The second round is Cain versus Meliodas , in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past . When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom , Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round . The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas , while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel . 12 `` Bloodcurdling Cannon '' `` Senritsu no Kanon '' ( 戦慄のカノン ) December 21 , 2014 Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town . King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them , but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram , who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm . Meanwhile , Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones , who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas . Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber , a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings . Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas 's sword and Goddess Amber , while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho . Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila , which causes Veronica to pass away . When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas , he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him . 13 `` The Angel of Destruction '' `` Hakai no Shito '' ( 破壊の使徒 ) January 11 , 2015 With his true power finally shown , Meliodas clashes with Helbram , who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities . After managing to defeat Meliodas , Helbram steals Meliodas 's sword . Ban takes Elizabeth , Hawk and King to safety , while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth , forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow . Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane , later lamenting the death of Veronica . Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom . With his sword now stolen , Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all . 14 `` A Reader of Books '' `` Hon o Yomu Hito '' ( 本を読むひと ) January 18 , 2015 News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram , who quickly sends Dawn Roar , an elite group of Holy Knights , to search for the Armor Giant . Meanwhile , Guila visits her younger brother Zeal , and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change . Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village . Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan , who is looking for some glue to repair armor . Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest , Meliodas , Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar , but Meliodas , Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar . Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain , Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther , the Goat 's Sin of Lust . 15 `` Unholy Knight '' `` Anhōryi Naito '' ( アンホーリィ・ナイト ) January 25 , 2015 Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle . However , the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther . Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon 's chest , but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure , the Twin Bow Herritt , to stop the demon . Meanwhile , Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat , where he tells her the story of Liz , a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas 's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death . Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight , recognized as Guila 's father Dale , yet the demon still remains alive . Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz 's sword left behind , which allows him to destroy the demon . It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson 's failed demon experiments . 16 `` The Legends , Provoked '' `` Karitaterareru Densetsu - tachi '' ( 駆り立てられる伝説たち ) February 1 , 2015 Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group , but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions . Meanwhile , Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas 's sword in possession , in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic , known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness , to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war . At the Boar Hat , Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk . Diane throws Meliodas , Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones , where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle . However , Arthur Pendragon , the young king of Camelot , has approached the south side of the castle with his own army . 17 `` The First Sacrifice '' `` Saisho no Gisei '' ( 最初の犠牲 ) February 8 , 2015 Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle , but to no avail . Instead , Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle , and they try to find a way out . Meliodas , Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom , while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle . However , Diane is attacked by Guila , Jericho , Gilthunder , Hauser , Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus . Diane tries to defend herself , but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets . After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building , both Hauser and Guila switch sides to defend Diane . 18 `` Even If It Costs Me My Life '' `` Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo '' ( この命にかえても ) February 15 , 2015 The combined powers of Hauser and Guila have little to no effect . When Dreyfus attacks Guila , Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones , Elizabeth 's eldest sister , in a cell . Vivian appears , teleporting Hawk elsewhere , knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell . Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare , but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest . Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder , Helbram attempts to finish Diane off , but King appears and stops Helbram , who reveals himself as a fairy and King 's former best friend . Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane . However , King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt . King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago . 19 `` The Fairy King Waits in Vain '' `` Machibōke no Yōseiō '' ( まちぼうけの妖精王 ) February 22 , 2015 In the past , King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave , and they bonded as friends for many decades , though it seemed like just a few days have passed . King gradually recovered his memories , remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich . When a nearby village was attacked , King left Diane with the promise that he would return . Helbram , who took on the form of Aldrich , was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans . After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him , King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison , taking responsibility for the attack . In the present , King manages to defeat Helbram , who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans . Meanwhile , after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson , Meliodas jumps in the scene . 20 `` The Courage Charm '' `` Yūki no Majinai '' ( 勇気のまじない ) March 1 , 2015 Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone , while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him . Meanwhile , Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father , King Bartra Liones . Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder , Hendrickson and Vivian . At the same time , Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower . Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters , thanks to Meliodas . While Margaret is thus saved from falling , Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off , but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force . Vivian tries to trap Meliodas , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places , but Merlin , the Boar 's Sin of Gluttony , makes her first appearance and breaks the spell . 21 `` The Looming Threat '' `` Ima , Soko ni Semaru Kyōi '' ( 今、そこにせまる脅威 ) March 8 , 2015 Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom , where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos . Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine , but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas . Meanwhile , Meliodas , Merlin , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive . Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety , but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber , showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons . After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword , Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath . When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas , Ban suddenly severs Meliodas 's right arm . Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic , Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race . 22 `` What I Can Do for You '' `` Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 君のためにできること ) March 15 , 2015 Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban , who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas . Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine , Meliodas orders him to settle matters later , and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth . Dreyfus , who wants to atone for his crimes , challenges Hendrickson to a duel . However , Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process . Diane , Ban , King , Gowther , Gilthunder and Hauser destroy the demons in the town . Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth , just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid . As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety , Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson . Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies , who all prepare to take Hendrickson down . 23 `` Despair Descends '' `` Zetsubō Kōrin '' ( 絶望降臨 ) March 22 , 2015 Hendrickson unveils the source of his power , the corpse of a red demon , which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King 's Forest long ago . After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground , Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave , where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power . A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground , where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts . With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth , Hendrickson casts a large dark blast , but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them . Shocked of losing her dear friend , Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else . However , Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight . 24 `` The Heroes '' `` Eiyū - tachi '' ( 英雄たち ) March 29 , 2015 The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson . Meliodas , given support from his friends and allies , uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off . When Bartra appears with Merlin , he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their `` punishment '' for starting a holy war . Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth . Hawk is revived as a piglet , much to a surprise . Things return to normal inside the kingdom , and a festival is held at night . The next day , Elizabeth joins Meliodas , Hawk , Diane , Ban , King , Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins . OVAs ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Bandit Ban '' `` Bandetto Ban '' ( バンデット・バン ) June 17 , 2015 `` Heroes Fun Time - Extra Stories Compilation - '' `` Eiyū - tachi no Tawamure - Bangai - henshū - '' ( 英雄たちの戯れ - 番外編集 - ) August 12 , 2015 The Seven Deadly Sins : signs of Holy war ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( 黒き夢のはじまり ) August 28 , 2016 Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , who is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation . `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri '' ( 二人の喧嘩祭り ) September 4 , 2016 Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink . `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi o Oikakete '' ( 初恋を追いかけて ) September 11 , 2016 King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day . `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( 愛のかたち ) September 18 , 2016 Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ アニメ「七つの大罪」 10 月より日 5 枠で放送 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_episodes&oldid=804387653 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	anime the seven deadly sins signs of holy war	[]	[]
4943148846276714353	Treaty of San Francisco	Treaty of San Francisco - wikipedia Treaty of San Francisco Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Treaty of San Francisco Peace Treaty of San Francisco San Francisco Peace Treaty Treaty of Peace with Japan Japanese サンフランシスコ講和条約日本国との平和条約 English Treaty of Peace with Japan French Traité de paix avec le Japon Spanish Tratado de Paz con Japón Italian Trattato di pace con il Giappone German Friedensvertrag mit dem Staat Japan Chinese 舊金山和約 Russian Сан - Францисский мирный договор Treaty of San Francisco ( サンフランシスコ講和条約 , San - Furanshisuko kōwa - Jōyaku ) , Peace Treaty with Japan ( 日本国との平和条約 , Nihon - koku tono Heiwa - Jōyaku ) or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan , Peace Treaty of San Francisco , or San Francisco Peace Treaty ) , mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers , was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8 , 1951 , in San Francisco . It came into force on April 28 , 1952 and officially ended the American - led Allied Occupation of Japan . According to Article 11 of the Treaty , Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan . This treaty served to officially end Japan 's position as an imperial power , to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II , and to end the Allied post-war occupation of Japan and return sovereignty to that nation . This treaty made extensive use of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies ' goals . This treaty , along with the Security Treaty signed that same day , is said to mark the beginning of the San Francisco System ; this term , coined by historian John W. Dower , signifies the effects of Japan 's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena as determined by these two treaties and is used to discuss the ways in which these effects have governed Japan 's post-war history . This treaty also introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan due to its lack of specificity as to what country Taiwan was to be surrendered , and hence some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that sovereignty of Taiwan is still undetermined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Attendance 2.1 Present 2.2 Absent 3 Stances 3.1 Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty 3.2 People 's Republic of China 's objections to the treaty 3.3 Ceylon 's defense of Japan 4 Signatories and ratification 5 The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan 6 Compensation to Allied civilians and POWs 6.1 Transfer of Japanese overseas assets 6.2 Compensation to Allied POWs 6.3 Allied territories occupied by Japan 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Further description of events leading to Peace Treaty of San Francisco ( Peace Treaty with Japan ) April 28 , 1952 . The MacArthur Constitution of 1947 established Japan as a constitutional monarchy . The emperor Hirohito 's status was henceforth deemed purely symbolic . Japan accepted the penalties Hideki Tojo and others were given for their wartime atrocitites . ( Citation Needed ) Attendance ( edit ) Present ( edit ) Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Japan , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , the Soviet Union , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States , Uruguay , Venezuela , and Vietnam attended the Conference . Absent ( edit ) China was not invited due to disagreements on whether the established but defeated Republic of China ( in Taiwan ) or the newly formed People 's Republic of China ( in mainland China ) represented the Chinese people . Burma , India , and Yugoslavia were invited , but did not participate ; India considered certain provisions of the Treaty to constitute limitations on Japanese sovereignty and national independence . India signed a separate peace treaty , the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India , for the purpose of giving Japan a proper position of honor and equality among the community of free nations , on June 9 , 1952 . As a consequence of U.K. -- U.S. disagreement over Chinese participation , neither North nor South Korea was invited . Italy was not invited either , notwithstanding the fact that the government had issued a formal declaration of war to Japan on July 14 , 1945 , just a few weeks before the end of the war . Pakistan as a state had not existed at the time of the war but was invited anyway since it was a successor state to British India , a major combatant against Japan . Portugal was also not invited -- even though its territory of East Timor had been invaded by Japan , disregarding Portugal 's status as neutral country in the war . Japantimes.co.jp ( 2013 ) Stances ( edit ) Soviet Union 's opposition to the Treaty ( edit ) The Soviet Union took part in the San Francisco conference , and the Soviet delegation was led by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko . From the start of the conference the Soviet Union expressed vigorous and vocal opposition to the draft treaty text prepared by the United States and the United Kingdom . The Soviet delegation made several unsuccessful procedural attempts to stall the proceedings . The Soviet Union 's objections were detailed in a lengthy September 8 , 1951 statement by Gromyko . The statement contained a number of Soviet Union 's claims and assertions : that the treaty did not provide any guarantees against the rise of Japanese militarism ; that China was not invited to participate despite being one of the main victims of the Japanese aggression ; that the Soviet Union was not properly consulted when the treaty was being prepared ; that the treaty sets up Japan as an American military base and draws Japan into a military coalition directed against the Soviet Union ; that the treaty was in effect a separate peace treaty ; that the draft treaty violated the rights of China to Taiwan and several other islands ; that several Japanese islands were ceded by the treaty to the United States despite the U.S. not having any legitimate claim to them ; that the draft treaty , in violation of the Yalta agreement , did not recognize the Soviet Union 's sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands ; and other objections . It was not until October 19 , 1956 , that Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations . People 's Republic of China 's objections to the Treaty ( edit ) The ongoing Chinese Civil War and thus the question of which Chinese government was legitimate presented a dilemma to conference organizers . The United States wanted to invite the Republic of China ( ROC ) on Taiwan to represent China , while the United Kingdom wished to invite the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) on mainland China as China 's representative . As a compromise , neither government was invited . On August 15 , 1951 and September 18 , 1951 the PRC published statements denouncing the treaty , stating that it was illegal and should not be recognized . Besides their general exclusion from the negotiation process , the PRC claimed that Xisha ( Paracel Islands ) , Nansha ( Spratly Islands ) and Dongsha ( Pratas Islands ) in the South China Sea were actually part of China . The treaty either did not address these islands , or in the case of the Pratas Islands turned them over to the United Nations . Ceylon 's defense of Japan ( edit ) A major player in providing support for a post-war free Japan was the delegation from Ceylon ( now known as Sri Lanka ) . While many were reluctant to allow a free Japan capable of aggressive action and insisted that the terms of surrender should be rigidly enforced in an attempt to break the spirit of the Japanese nation , the Ceylonese Finance Minister J.R. Jayawardene spoke in defence of a free Japan and informed the conference of Ceylon 's refusal to accept the payment of reparations that would harm Japan 's economy . His reason was `` We in Ceylon were fortunate that we were not invaded , but the damage caused by air raids , by the stationing of enormous armies under the South - East Asia Command , and by the slaughter - tapping of one of our main commodities , rubber , when we were the only producer of natural rubber for the Allies , entitles us to ask that the damage so caused should be repaired . We do not intend to do so for we believe in the words of the Great Teacher ( Buddha ) whose message has ennobled the lives of countless millions in Asia , that ' hatred ceases not by hatred but by love ' . '' He ended the same speech by saying : This treaty is as magnanimous as it is just to a defeated foe . We extend to Japan the hand of friendship and trust that with the closing of this chapter in the history of man , the last page of which we write today , and with the beginning of the new one , the first page of which we dictate tomorrow , her people and ours may march together to enjoy the full dignity of human life in peace and prosperity . Minister Jayewardene 's speech was received with resounding applause . Afterwards , the New York Times stated , `` The voice of free Asia , eloquent , melancholy and still strong with the lilt of an Oxford accent , dominated the Japanese peace treaty conference today . '' Signatories and ratification ( edit ) Of the 51 participating countries , 48 signed the treaty ; Czechoslovakia , Poland and the Soviet Union refused . The signatories to the treaty were : Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Cambodia , Canada , Ceylon , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Laos , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , Philippines , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States of America , Uruguay , Venezuela , Vietnam and Japan . The Philippines ratified the San Francisco Treaty on July 16 , 1956 , after the signing of a reparations agreement between both countries in May of that year . Indonesia did not ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty . Instead , it signed with Japan a bilateral reparations agreement and peace treaty on January 20 , 1958 . A separate treaty , the Treaty of Taipei , formally known as the Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty , was signed in Taipei on April 28 , 1952 , between Japan and the ROC , just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco also went into effect on April 28 . The apparent illogical order of the two treaties is due to the difference between time zones . Neither Korea nor its derivatives South Korea and North Korea was allowed to sign either the Treaty or a separate peace arrangement with Japan . The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan ( edit ) Yoshida and members of the Japanese delegation sign the Treaty . The document officially renounces Japan 's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea , Formosa ( Taiwan ) and the Pescadores , Hong Kong ( then a British colony ) , the Kuril Islands , the Spratly Islands , Antarctica and Sakhalin Island . Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands , which included Okinawa and the Amami , Miyako and Yaeyama Islands groups , under a potential U.S. trusteeship . Whilst the treaty suggested that these territories would become U.S. trusteeship , at the end that option was not pursued . The Amami Islands were eventually restored to Japan on December 25 , 1953 , as well as the Bonin Islands on April 5 , 1968 . In 1969 U.S. - Japan negotiations authorized the transfer of authority over the Ryūkyūs to Japan to be implemented in 1972 . In 1972 , the United States ' `` reversion '' of the Ryūkyūs occurred along with the ceding of control over the nearby Senkaku Islands . Both the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC ) argue that this agreement did not determine the ultimate sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands . The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the ROC recognized the terms of the San Francisco Treaty but added that all residents of Taiwan and the Pescadores were deemed as nationals of the ROC . Some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that the language in San Francisco Peace Treaty proves the notion that Taiwan is not a part of the Republic of China , for it does not explicitly state the sovereignty status of Taiwan after Japanese renunciation . In 1955 , U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , co-author of San Francisco Peace Treaty , affirmed that the treaty ceded Taiwan to no one ; that Japan `` merely renounced sovereignty over Taiwan '' . Dulles said that America `` can not , therefore , admit that the disposition of Taiwan is merely an internal problem of China . '' This legal justification is rejected by both the PRC and ROC governments , both of which base their legal claims on Taiwan on the Instrument of Surrender of Japan which accepts the Potsdam Declaration and the Cairo Declaration . In addition , in more recent years supporters of Taiwan independence have more often relied on arguments based on self - determination as implied in the San Francisco Peace Treaty and popular sovereignty . By Article 11 Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside Japan and agreed to carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned in Japan . The document further set guidelines for repatriation of Allied prisoners of war and renounces future military aggression under the guidelines set by the United Nations Charter . The document nullifies prior treaties and lays down the framework for Japan 's current status of retaining a military that is purely defensive in nature . There is also some ambiguity as to over which islands Japan has renounced sovereignty . This has led to both the Kuril Islands dispute and the Senkaku Islands dispute . Compensation to Allied civilians and pows ( edit ) Transfer of Japanese overseas assets ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In accordance with Article 14 of the Treaty , Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government , firms , organization and private citizens , in all colonized or occupied countries except China , which was dealt with under Article 21 . China repossessed all Japanese assets in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia , which included mineworks and railway infrastructure . Moreover , Article 4 of the treaty stated that `` the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals ... and their claims ... against the authorities presently administering such areas and the residents ... shall be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities . '' Although Korea was not a signatory State of the Treaty , It was also entitled to the benefits of Article 4 by the provisions of Article 21 . Japanese overseas assets in 1945 ( ¥ 15 = 1US $ ) Country / region Value ( Yen ) Value ( US Dollars ) Korea 70,256,000,000 4,683,700,000 Taiwan 42,542,000,000 2,846,100,000 North East China 146,532,000,000 9,768,800,000 North China 55,437,000,000 3,695,800,000 Central South China 36,718,000,000 2,447,900,000 Others 28,014,000,000 1,867,600,000 Total ¥ 379,499,000,000 $25,300,000,000 Total amount of Japanese overseas assets in China was US $18,758,600,000 in 1945 USD . Compensation to Allied pows ( edit ) Article 16 of the San Francisco Treaty states : As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of war of Japan , Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which were neutral during the war , or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers , or , at its option , the equivalent of such assets , to the International Committee of the Red Cross which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate national agencies , for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such basis as it may determine to be equitable . The categories of assets described in Article 14 ( a ) 2 ( II ) ( ii ) through ( v ) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer , as well as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into force of the Treaty . It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements presently owned by Japanese financial institutions . Accordingly , Japan paid £ 4,500,000 to the Red Cross . Article 16 has served as a bar against subsequent lawsuits filed by former Allied prisoners of war against Japan . In 1998 , a Tokyo court ruled against a suit brought by former Allied POW 's , citing the San Francisco Treaty . Allied territories occupied by Japan ( edit ) Memorial for Treaty of San Francisco in Shimomaruko , Ōta ward , Tokyo Article 14 of the treaty stated that It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war . Nevertheless it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient , if it is to maintain a viable economy , to make complete reparation for all such damage and suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations . Therefore , Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring , whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan , with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done , by making available the services of the Japanese people in production , salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question . Accordingly , the Philippines and South Vietnam received compensation in 1956 and 1959 , respectively . Burma and Indonesia were not original signatories , but they later signed bilateral treaties in accordance with Article 14 of the San Francisco Treaty . Japanese military yen issued by force in Hong Kong , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Taiwan , and other places for the economic advantage of Japan were not honoured by them after the war . This caused much suffering , but the claims of the Hong Kong Reparation Association in 1993 , in a Tokyo district court , failed in 1999 . The court acknowledged the suffering of the Hong Kong people , but reasoned that the Government of Japan did not have specific laws concerning military yen compensation and that the United Kingdom was a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco . Regarding China , on September 29 , 1972 , the Government of the People 's Republic of China declared `` that in the interest of the friendship between the Chinese and the Japanese peoples , it renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan '' in article 5 of the Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China . Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941 -- 45 Country Amount in Yen Amount in US $ Date of treaty Burma 72,000,000,000 200,000,000 November 5 , 1955 Philippines 198,000,000,000 550,000,000 May 9 , 1956 Indonesia 80,388,000,000 223,080,000 January 20 , 1958 Vietnam 14,400,000,000 38,000,000 May 13 , 1959 Total ¥ 364,348,800,000 US $1,012,080,000 N / A The last payment was made to the Philippines on July 22 , 1976 . See also ( edit ) 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement Cairo Declaration ( 1943 ) General Order No. 1 ( Aug. 1945 ) Japanese holdout Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( Sep. 1945 ) Political status of Taiwan Potsdam Declaration ( July 1945 ) Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan ( 1952 ) Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ( 1960 ) Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Taipei ( 1952 ) Germany : General Treaty , 1952 treaty with the U.S. , U.K. , and France , ending West Germany 's status as an occupied territory , effective in 1955 Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 , similar treaties dealing with other countries in the European theatre Potsdam Agreement , a 1945 communique by the Allies detailing post-war relations with Germany ( not to be confused with the Potsdam Declaration ) Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , a 1990 treaty with Germany that marked the final settlement between the Allied Powers and Germany , decades after the end of WWII References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Preamble and Article 5 Jump up ^ Preamble ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty of Peace with Japan ( including transcript with signatories : Source attributed : United Nations Treaty Series 1952 ( reg . no . 1832 ) , vol. 136 , pp. 45 -- 164 . ) '' . Taiwan Documents Project . Archived from the original on 2001 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Social Studies : History for Middle School . 7 -- 2 . Japan 's Path and World Events p. 2 , Teikoku Shoin ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Nehru and Non-alignment '' . P.V. Narasimha Rao . Mainstream Weekly . 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Singh , Manmohan ( April 29 , 2005 ) . Dr. Manmohan Singh 's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister ( Speech ) . New Delhi : Prime Minister 's Office . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2005 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years from San Francisco : Re-examining the peace treaty and Japan 's territorial problems . '' ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` The World at War -- Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 -- 1945 '' Jump up ^ GROMYKO BIDS FAIL ; A DRAMATIC MOMENT AT CONFERENCE SOVIET BLOC LOSES ALL PARLEY VOTES . New York Times , page 1 , September 6 , 1951 Jump up ^ Text of Gromyko 's Statement on the Peace Treaty. New York Times , page 26 , September 9 , 1951 Jump up ^ Japan Min. of Foreign Affairs Compendium of Documents Jump up ^ `` Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai 's statement on the US - British draft peace treaty with Japan and the San Francisco Conference '' . Jump up ^ `` A visionary strategist '' . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY J.R. JAYEWARDENE '' . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan - Sri Lanka BilateralRelations '' . Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kotelawala , Himal . `` Forgotten Histories Of Lankan Leaders '' . Roar Reports . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR ASIAN NATIONS SUPPORT DRAFT OF JAPANESE TREATY , CHALLENGE SOVIET CHARGES ; U.S. POLICY BACKED Ceylon , Pakistan , Laos and Cambodia Stress Need of Just Peace INDIAN STAND IS OPPOSED 14 Criticisms of Document Offered Despite General Indication of Approval '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peace Treaties after World War II : Peace treaty signed in San Francisco , September 8 , 1951 . The History Channel ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East 1951 : September , Adam Matthew Publications ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Indai Lourdes Sajor , `` Military Sexual Slavery : Crimes against humanity '' , in Gurcharan Singh Bhatia ( ed ) , Peace , justice and freedom : human rights challenges for the new millennium Alberta University Press , 2000 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Ken'ichi Goto , Paul H. Kratoska , Tensions of empire : Japan and Southeast Asia in the colonial and postcolonial world , NUS Press , 2003 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Matsumura , Masahiro . `` San Francisco Treaty and the South China Sea '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan ( Treaty of Taipei ) 1952 '' . USC U.S. - China . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Nanpo Shoto and Other Islands , April 5 , 1968 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands , June 17 , 1971 ( 7 ) Jump up ^ 鄭裕文 ( 5 September 2011 ) . `` 舊金山和約 60 年台灣主權又起爭議 '' . Washington , D.C. Voice of America . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States , 1955 - 1957 . China , Volume II ( 1955 - 1957 ) ( 8 ) Jump up ^ CNN -- Anger as court rejects Allied POWs compensation suit -- November 26 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Court rejects H.K. residents ' claims on military yen '' . Kyodo News . June 21 , 1999 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng Yat Hing ( 3 January 2006 ) . `` Letter to Prime Minister of Japan on 3 January 2006 '' . Hong Kong Reparation Association . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of San Francisco . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of San Francisco Treaty of Peace with Japan Signed at San Francisco on 8 September 1951 Agreement for the Settlement of Disputes arising under Article 15 ( a ) of the Treaty of Peace with Japan Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference John Foster Dulles 's Speech at the San Francisco Peace Conference Understanding the San Francisco Peace Treaty 's Disposition of Formosa and the Pescadores Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People 's Republic of China 1972 Chihiro Hosoya , `` The Road to San Francisco : The Shaping of American Policy on the Japanese Peace Treaty '' The Japanese Journal of American Studies 1 ( 1981 ) pp. 87 - 117 ( hide ) Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1895 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) GND : 4179045 - 5 NDL : 00576044 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_San_Francisco&oldid=842708759 '' Categories : Cold War treaties Cold War history of Japan Foreign relations of Post-war Japan Peace treaties of the United States Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of Norway Politics of San Francisco 1951 in Japan September 1951 events April 1952 events Aftermath of World War II in Japan World War II treaties Japan -- United States relations Japan -- Soviet Union relations Treaties concluded in 1951 Treaties entered into force in 1952 History of San Francisco Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Australia Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic Treaties of the French Protectorate of Cambodia Treaties of Canada Treaties of Chile Treaties of Colombia Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Cuba Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire Treaties of the French Fourth Republic Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Haiti Treaties of Honduras Treaties of Indonesia Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos Treaties of Lebanon Treaties of Liberia Treaties of Luxembourg Treaties of Mexico Peace treaties of the Netherlands Treaties of New Zealand Treaties of Nicaragua Peace treaties of Pakistan Treaties of Paraguay Treaties of Panama Treaties of Peru Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of Saudi Arabia Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon Treaties of the Union of South Africa Treaties of the Syrian Republic ( 1930 -- 58 ) Treaties of Turkey Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Treaties of Uruguay Treaties of Venezuela Treaties of Vietnam 1951 in California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 04 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the peace treaty with japan signed	[ "Treaty of San Francisco (サンフランシスコ講和条約, San-Furanshisuko kōwa-Jōyaku), Peace Treaty with Japan (日本国との平和条約, Nihon-koku tono Heiwa-Jōyaku) or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty), mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco. It came into force on April 28, 1952 and officially ended the American-led Allied Occupation of Japan. According to Article 11 of the Treaty, Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan.[1]" ]	[ "September 8, 1951" ]
-2649032563500143018	2017–18 New York Knicks season	2017 -- 18 New York Knicks season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 New York Knicks season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 New York Knicks season Head coach Jeff Hornacek General manager Scott Perry Owner ( s ) The Madison Square Garden Company Arena Madison Square Garden Results Record 14 -- 13 (. 519 ) Place Division : 3rd ( Atlantic ) Conference : 6th ( Eastern ) Stats @ Basketball-Reference.com Local media Television MSG TV Radio WEPN - FM < 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 > The 2017 -- 18 New York Knicks season is the 72nd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . On June 28 , 2017 , the Knicks ' president of basketball operations Phil Jackson has mutually agreed to leave the team . On July 14 , 2017 , the Knicks named Scott Perry to become the team 's general manager after promoting Steve Mills to become the team 's president of basketball operations . However , the Knicks would have to give up a 2019 second round pick and cash considerations to acquire him . For the first time since 2011 , Carmelo Anthony will not be on the roster , as he was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the offseason , before training camp began , in exchange for Enes Kanter , Doug McDermott , and a 2018 second round draft pick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Draft 2 Roster 3 Standings 3.1 Division 3.2 Conference 4 Game log 4.1 Preseason 4.2 Regular season 5 Transactions 5.1 Trades 5.2 Free agency 5.2. 1 Re-signed 5.2. 2 Additions 5.2. 3 Subtractions 6 References 7 External links Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NBA draft Round Pick Player Position Nationality College / Club 8 Ntilikina , Frank Frank Ntilikina PG France Belgium SIG Strasbourg 44 Dotson , Damyean Damyean Dotson SG United States Houston 58 Jaramaz , Ognjen Ognjen Jaramaz PG Serbia Mega Leks As one of the last things former team president Phil Jackson would do for the Knicks , he looked to oversee the prospects the team had for the New York Knicks . One of the more dramatic points of the team 's draft prowess came nights before the draft began , where Jackson said he was looking to offer star player Kristaps Porziņģis ( who was feeling very discouraged about the direction the team was taking around this time ) to either the Phoenix Suns or Boston Celtics in exchange for the opportunity to also draft coveted small forward Josh Jackson . Rumors of Jackson also trying to obtain point guard Lonzo Ball from the Los Angeles Lakers would also crop up months after the draft concluded . However , after the Knicks ultimately failed to gain another draft pick to join their own first round selection , they would stick around with Kristaps and the three selections they still had back when their previous season concluded . For their only first round pick , the Knicks would select the French / Belgian point guard Frank Ntilikina , who last played for the SIG Strasbourg in France 's LNB Pro A. As for their two second round draft picks ( the first being acquired from Chicago and the second from Houston ) , New York would use them on senior shooting guard Damyean Dotson from the University of Houston and Serbian point guard Ognjen Jaramaz from the Mega Leks . After the failed attempt to trade their star center , Jackson would ultimately be terminated from his position on June 28 , 2017 . Roster ( edit ) New York Knicks roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Baker , Ron 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 03 -- 30 Wichita State 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Beasley , Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 01 -- 09 Kansas State 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Dotson , Damyean 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1994 -- 05 -- 06 Houston 2.5 ! G / F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Hardaway , Tim 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 16 Michigan 6.0 ! C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Hernangómez , Willy 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1994 -- 05 -- 27 Spain 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Hicks , Isaiah ( TW ) 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 242 lb ( 110 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 24 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Jack , Jarrett 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1983 -- 10 -- 28 Georgia Tech 6.0 ! C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 00 Kanter , Enes 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 20 Stoneridge Prep ( CA ) 5.5 ! F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Kornet , Luke ( TW ) 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1995 -- 07 -- 15 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Lee , Courtney ( C ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1985 -- 10 -- 03 Western Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McDermott , Doug 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 219 lb ( 99 kg ) 1992 -- 01 -- 03 Creighton 6.0 ! C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Noah , Joakim 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1985 -- 02 -- 25 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Ntilikina , Frank 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1998 -- 07 -- 28 France 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 O'Quinn , Kyle 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 26 Norfolk State 5.5 ! F / C 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Porziņģis , Kristaps 7000220980000000000 ♠ 7 ft 3 in ( 2.21 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1995 -- 08 -- 02 Latvia 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Sessions , Ramon 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1986 -- 04 -- 11 Nevada 4.0 ! F 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Thomas , Lance ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1988 -- 04 -- 24 Duke Head coach Jeff Hornacek Assistant coach ( es ) Kurt Rambis ( associate HC ) Howard Eisley Corey Gaines Jerry Sichting Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 11 -- 12 Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics 26 7 . 788 0.0 13 -- 3 13 -- 4 5 -- 0 33 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 11 -- 1 9 -- 7 3 -- 2 28 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 14 -- 5 2 -- 9 3 -- 2 30 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 7 -- 7 7 -- 8 0 -- 3 29 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 6 -- 9 5 -- 9 0 -- 4 29 Conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Boston Celtics * 26 7 . 788 -- 33 Cleveland Cavaliers * 23 8 . 742 2.0 31 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 28 Detroit Pistons 17 13 . 567 7.5 30 5 Indiana Pacers 17 14 . 548 8.0 31 6 Milwaukee Bucks 15 13 . 536 8.5 28 7 Washington Wizards * 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 8 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 9 Miami Heat 15 15 . 500 9.5 30 10 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 29 11 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 29 12 Charlotte Hornets 11 19 . 367 13.5 30 13 Orlando Magic 11 20 . 355 14.0 31 14 Chicago Bulls 9 20 . 310 15.0 29 15 Atlanta Hawks 7 23 . 233 17.5 30 Game log ( edit ) Preseason ( edit ) 2017 pre-season game log Total : 0 - 5 ( Home : 0 - 2 ; Road : 0 -- 3 ) Pre-season : 0 -- 5 ( Home : 0 -- 2 ; Road : 0 -- 3 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record October 3 Brooklyn L 107 -- 115 Hardaway Jr. , Kanter ( 17 ) Beasley , Hernangomez ( 10 ) Ramon Sessions ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 14,981 0 -- 1 October 6 @ Washington L 100 -- 104 Enes Kanter ( 16 ) Michael Beasley ( 8 ) Jack , Sessions ( 5 ) Capital One Arena 11,899 0 -- 2 October 8 @ Brooklyn L 83 -- 117 Willy Hernangomez ( 17 ) Willy Hernangomez ( 12 ) Jarrett Jack ( 5 ) Barclays Center 14,161 0 -- 3 October 9 Houston L 95 -- 117 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 21 ) Enes Kanter ( 8 ) Baker , Quinn ( 4 ) Madison Square Garden N / A 0 -- 4 5 October 13 Washington L 103 -- 110 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 23 ) Enes Kanter , Kyle O'Quinn ( 7 ) Ron Baker ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 17,461 0 -- 5 2017 -- 18 season schedule Regular season ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 game log Total : 16 -- 14 ( Home : 14 -- 5 ; Road : 2 -- 9 ) October : 3 -- 3 ( Home : 2 -- 1 ; Road : 1 -- 2 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record October 19 @ Oklahoma L 84 -- 105 Kristaps Porzingis ( 31 ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 12 ) Baker , McDermott ( 4 ) Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 0 -- 1 October 21 Detroit L 107 -- 111 Kristaps Porzingis ( 33 ) Enes Kanter ( 10 ) Baker , Sessions ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 0 -- 2 October 24 @ Boston L 89 -- 110 Enes Kanter ( 16 ) Enes Kanter ( 19 ) Ramon Sessions ( 7 ) TD Garden 18,624 0 -- 3 October 27 Brooklyn W 107 -- 86 Kristaps Porzingis ( 30 ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 9 ) Jack , Ntilikina ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 1 -- 3 5 October 29 @ Cleveland W 114 -- 95 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 34 ) Kanter , Porzingis ( 12 ) Jarrett Jack ( 9 ) Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 2 -- 3 6 October 30 Denver W 116 -- 110 Kristaps Porzingis ( 38 ) Enes Kanter ( 9 ) Jarrett Jack ( 10 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 3 -- 3 November : 8 -- 7 ( Home : 8 -- 3 ; Road : 0 -- 4 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 7 November 1 Houston L 97 -- 119 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 23 ) Hardaway Jr. , Thomas ( 7 ) Frank Ntilikina ( 8 ) Madison Square Garden 18,320 3 -- 4 8 November 3 Phoenix W 120 -- 107 Kristaps Porzingis ( 37 ) Enes Kanter ( 15 ) Jarrett Jack ( 8 ) Madison Square Garden 19,404 4 -- 4 9 November 5 Indiana W 108 -- 101 Kristaps Porzingis ( 40 ) Enes Kanter ( 18 ) Frank Ntilikina ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 17,889 5 -- 4 10 November 7 Charlotte W 118 -- 113 Kristaps Porzingis ( 28 ) Enes Kanter ( 6 ) Courtney Lee ( 9 ) Madison Square Garden 18,704 6 -- 4 11 November 8 @ Orlando L 99 -- 112 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 26 ) Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 11 ) Frank Ntilikina ( 9 ) Amway Center 18,500 6 -- 5 12 November 11 Sacramento W 118 -- 91 Kristaps Porzingis ( 34 ) Enes Kanter ( 13 ) Jarrett Jack ( 6 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 7 -- 5 13 November 13 Cleveland L 101 -- 104 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 28 ) Enes Kanter ( 16 ) Hardaway Jr. , Jack ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 7 -- 6 14 November 15 Utah W 106 -- 101 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 26 ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 8 ) Jarrett Jack ( 5 ) Madison Square Garden 18,695 8 -- 6 15 November 17 @ Toronto L 84 -- 107 Hardaway Jr. , Porzingis ( 13 ) Michael Beasley ( 7 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Air Canada Centre 19,800 8 -- 7 16 November 20 L.A. Clippers W 107 -- 85 Kristaps Porzingis ( 25 ) Enes Kanter ( 16 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 18,848 9 -- 7 17 November 22 Toronto W 108 -- 100 Tim Hardaway Jr. ( 38 ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 12 ) Courtney Lee ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 10 -- 7 18 November 24 @ Atlanta L 104 -- 116 Kristaps Porzingis ( 28 ) Willy Hernangomez ( 7 ) Jarrett Jack ( 14 ) Philips Arena 14,355 10 -- 8 19 November 25 @ Houston L 102 -- 117 Michael Beasley ( 30 ) Kyle O'Quinn ( 15 ) Jarrett Jack ( 8 ) Toyota Center 18,055 10 -- 9 20 November 27 Portland L 91 -- 103 Kristaps Porzingis ( 22 ) Kyle O'Quinn ( 11 ) Jack , Quinn ( 3 ) Madison Square Garden 18,409 10 -- 10 21 November 29 Miami W 115 -- 86 Enes Kanter ( 22 ) Enes Kanter ( 14 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 17,693 11 -- 10 December : 5 -- 4 ( Home : 4 -- 1 ; Road : 1 -- 3 ) ( hide ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 22 December 3 Orlando L 100 -- 105 Michael Beasley ( 21 ) Enes Kanter ( 16 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 19,082 11 -- 11 23 December 4 @ Indiana L 97 -- 115 Willy Hernangomez ( 14 ) Willy Hernangomez ( 10 ) Jarrett Jack ( 5 ) Bankers Life Fieldhouse 12,018 11 -- 12 24 December 6 Memphis W 99 -- 88 Courtney Lee ( 24 ) Enes Kanter ( 12 ) Jarrett Jack ( 10 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 12 -- 12 25 December 9 @ Chicago L 102 -- 104 Kristaps Porzingis ( 22 ) Enes Kanter ( 11 ) Frank Ntilikina ( 7 ) United Center 20,149 12 -- 13 26 December 10 Atlanta W 111 -- 107 Kristaps Porzingis ( 30 ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 8 ) Baker , Jack , O'Quinn ( 4 ) Madison Square Garden 19,189 13 -- 13 27 December 12 LA Lakers W 113 -- 109 ( OT ) Kristaps Porzingis ( 37 ) Kanter , Porzingis ( 11 ) Jarrett Jack ( 10 ) Madison Square Garden 19,359 14 -- 13 28 December 14 @ Brooklyn W 111 -- 104 Courtney Lee ( 27 ) Enes Kanter ( 9 ) Frank Ntilikina ( 8 ) Barclays Center 17,732 15 -- 13 29 December 16 Oklahoma City W 111 -- 96 Michael Beasley ( 30 ) Jarrett Jack ( 8 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Madison Square Garden 19,812 16 -- 13 30 December 18 @ Charlotte L 91 -- 109 Michael Beasley ( 23 ) Michael Beasley ( 9 ) Jarrett Jack ( 7 ) Spectrum Center 15,386 16 -- 14 31 December 21 Boston Madison Square Garden 32 December 22 @ Detroit Little Caesars Arena 33 December 25 Philadelphia Madison Square Garden 34 December 27 @ Chicago United Center 35 December 28 @ San Antonio AT&T Center 36 December 30 @ New Orleans Smoothie King Center January : 0 -- 0 ( Home : 0 -- 0 ; Road : 0 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 37 January 2 San Antonio Madison Square Garden February : 0 -- 0 ( Home : 0 -- 0 ; Road : 0 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record March : 0 -- 0 ( Home : 0 -- 0 ; Road : 0 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record April : 0 -- 0 ( Home : 0 -- 0 ; Road : 0 -- 0 ) ( show ) Game Date Team Score High points High rebounds High assists Location Attendance Record 2017 -- 18 season schedule Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Trades ( edit ) July 14 , 2017 To New York Knicks Scott Perry ( new general manager ) To Sacramento Kings 2019 second - round pick Cash considerations September 25 , 2017 To New York Knicks Enes Kanter Doug McDermott To Oklahoma City Thunder Carmelo Anthony Free agency ( edit ) Re-signed ( edit ) Player Signed Contract Ron Baker August 7 , 2017 2 - year / $8.9 M Additions ( edit ) Player Signed Contract Former team Luke Kornet July 3 , 2017 Two - way contract Vanderbilt Commodores Tim Hardaway Jr . July 8 , 2017 4 - year / $71 M Atlanta Hawks Michael Beasley August 8 , 2017 1 - year / $2.12 M Milwaukee Bucks Ramon Sessions August 8 , 2017 1 - year / $2.3 M Charlotte Hornets Jamel Artis August 18 , 2017 1 - year / $815 K Pittsburgh Panthers Nigel Hayes August 18 , 2017 1 - year / $815 K Wisconsin Badgers Xavier Rathan - Mayes August 18 , 2017 1 - year / $815 K Florida State Seminoles Jarrett Jack September 15 , 2017 1 - year / $2.3 M New Orleans Pelicans Isaiah Hicks October 20 , 2017 Two - way contract North Carolina Tar Heels Subtractions ( edit ) Player Reason left New team Maurice Ndour Waived UNICS Kazan Mindaugas Kuzminskas Waived Unknown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson , New York Knicks Agree to Part Company '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Mills named president , Scott Perry named general manager of New York Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/blog/new-york-knicks/post/_/id/66584/sources-knicks-offered-joakim-noah-in-kristaps-porzingis-trade-talks Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2726995-kristaps-porzingis-trade-for-lonzo-ball-reportedly-wanted-by-phil-jackson Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/2017/6/28/15886050/kristaps-porzingis-phil-jackson-new-york-fired-nba-trade-rumors Jump up ^ `` Kings Acquire Future Second Round Draft Pick and Cash Considerations in Trade with Knicks '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Trade Carmelo Anthony To Oklahoma City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knick Re-Sign Ron Baker '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Sign Tim Hardaway Jr '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Sign Michael Beasley '' . NBA.com . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Sign Ramon Sessions '' . NBA.com . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knicks Sign Three Free Agents '' . NBA.com . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Sign Jarrett Jack '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Ndour : Waived by Knicks '' . CBSSports.com . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) New York Knicks Official Website New York Knicks Founded in 1946 Based in New York City , New York Franchise Franchise All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Madison Square Garden III 69th Regiment Armory Madison Square Garden IV Personnel Owner The Madison Square Garden Company President Steve Mills General manager Scott Perry Head coach Jeff Hornacek Current roster G League affiliate Westchester Knicks Rivalries Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets Chicago Bulls Indiana Pacers Miami Heat Media TV MSG Network Radio WEPN - FM Announcers Mike Breen Walt Frazier Kenny Albert Mike Crispino Culture and lore Dancing Harry Eddie Spike Lee Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen Diedrich Knickerbocker Knicks -- Nuggets brawl Whatever Happened to Micheal Ray ? Mike Walczewski George Kalinsky John Starks ' 2 - for - 18 in Game 7 of the 1994 Finals Linsanity New York Knicks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 - 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_New_York_Knicks_season&oldid = 816104996 '' Categories : New York Knicks seasons 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team 2017 in sports in New York City 2018 in sports in New York City Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 09 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new york knicks season start	[]	[]
6629097382003376330	How Soon Is Now?	How Soon Is Now ? - Wikipedia How Soon Is Now ? Jump to : navigation , search For the TV serial , see How Soon Is Now ? ( TV series ) . For the Degrassi : The Next Generation episode , see How Soon Is Now ? ( D : TNG episode ) . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' Single by The Smiths from the album Hatful of Hollow B - side `` Well I Wonder '' Released 28 January 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1984 Genre Alternative rock Length 3 : 41 Label Rough Trade Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Marr Morrissey Producer ( s ) John Porter The Smiths singles chronology `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' ( 1984 ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 1985 ) `` Shakespeare 's Sister '' ( 1985 ) `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' ( 1984 ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 1985 ) `` Shakespeare 's Sister '' ( 1985 ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' is a song by the British alternative rock band The Smiths . Written by Smiths singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr , it was originally a B - side of the 1984 single `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' was subsequently featured on the compilation album Hatful of Hollow and on US , Canadian , Australian , and Warner UK editions of the group 's second album Meat Is Murder ( 1985 ) . Belatedly released as a single in the UK in 1985 , it originally reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart . When re-released in 1992 , it reached number 16 on the same chart . Sire Records chief Seymour Stein called it `` the ' Stairway to Heaven ' of the Eighties '' , while co-writer Johnny Marr described it as `` possibly our most enduring record . It 's most people 's favourite , I think . '' Despite its prominent place in The Smiths ' repertoire , it is not generally considered to be representative of the band 's style . Although a club favourite , `` How Soon Is Now ? '' did not chart as well as expected . Most commentators put this down to the fact that the song had been out on vinyl in a number of forms before being released as a single in its own right . The original track runs for nearly seven minutes ; however , the 7 '' single edit cut the length down to under four minutes . The complete version is generally used on compilations . The song has been widely praised for , among other things , the artistry of its lyrics . A cover of the song by Love Spit Love was used in the soundtrack for the 1996 film The Craft and later appeared as the theme song of the television series Charmed for eight seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Rankings in influential music media 5 Artwork 6 Music video 7 Etchings on vinyl 8 Live versions 9 Track listing 10 Charts 11 Cover versions 11.1 Paradise Lost 11.2 Love Spit Love 11.3 Snake River Conspiracy 11.3. 1 Charts 11.4 The Crying Spell 11.5 t.A.T.u. 11.5. 1 Background and release 11.5. 2 Critical reception 11.5. 3 Chart performance 11.5. 4 Track listings 11.5. 5 Chart performance 12 Notes 12.1 References 13 External links Origin and recording ( edit ) Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr wrote `` How Soon Is Now ? '' along with `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' and `` Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want '' during a four - day period at Earls Court in London in June 1984 . His demo was originally called `` Swamp '' . In contrast to the frequent chord changes he had employed in most Smiths ' songs , Marr wanted to explore building a song around a single chord ( in this case , F ♯ ) as much as possible , which also appealed to producer John Porter . After a night out celebrating the session for `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' and `` Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want '' , the trio reconvened the following afternoon to record what became `` How Soon Is Now ? '' . Porter was impressed by the basic riff Marr showed him , but felt the song needed something else . Their discussion turned to the early recordings of Elvis Presley , which led to an impromptu jam session of the song `` That 's All Right '' . During the jam , Marr worked on his chord progression for `` Swamp '' , which inspired the arrangement . Marr recorded the song with bandmates Andy Rourke and Mike Joyce that July at London 's Jam Studios . They recall the session as being accompanied by heavy marijuana use . `` We used to smoke dope from when we got out of bed to when we got back to bed , '' recalls Porter , and Marr concurred : `` You 're from Manchester , you smoke weed till it comes out of your ears . '' Joyce said the band even replaced the studio 's light bulbs with red ones for ambience . Porter recorded the first takes with microphones set up at varying distances from the band to better create a `` swampy '' mood . Marr was able to keep the F ♯ chord going for as long as 16 bars at a time . Despite only doing a few takes , they had filled an entire reel of tape , as one had gone on for 15 minutes . Marr and Porter decided to add a tremolo effect to the guitar part . He was inspired by Bo Diddley 's distinctive syncopated shuffle guitar style , Hamilton Bohannon 's `` Disco Stomp '' and the two guitars in the instrumental break of Can 's `` I Want More '' . The effect was created by running the original guitar track through the studio desk into three separate Fender Twin Reverb amplifiers , each with the tremolo control set to a different oscillation speed . Marr and Porter would adjust each by hand while the music played to keep it in rhythm ; when they failed , engineer Mark Wallis would rewind the tape and start them again . Some of these segments were no longer than ten seconds . To make sure the beat was the same throughout the song , Porter took a noise gate and set it to be triggered by a drum machine , using percussion instruments Joyce typically did not , set to 16th notes . This created what he called `` a swirling signal '' that balanced the analog tremolo effect and made sure the whole song stayed on the same beat . The guitar tracks were then `` bounced '' down to three of the master recording 's 24 available tracks , and the 15 - minute version was cut down to 8 minutes . This was longer than any previous Smiths ' song had been . But , Porter told Tony Fletcher , `` we looked at each other and said , ' It sounds fucking great ; let 's keep it like that . ' '' The rhythm has been compared to Diddley 's `` Mona '' , later covered by The Rolling Stones . After a break , Marr and Porter added a few overdubs , including a slide guitar part that `` gave ( the song ) real tension '' , according to the guitarist . It was created using an early harmonizer that was also able to cache 1.2 seconds of delay , a very large amount for the time . Artists had been using it as a sampler ; Porter claims that he recorded the delay rather than the original to give it some `` weirdness '' . He also claims that he played one of the slide guitars ; Marr disputes this but let him take credit anyway because of his leadership in recording the song . Marr 's other lead guitar part was the harmonic lick after each verse . This is almost a direct quote of a synthetic vibraphone part heard on rapper Lovebug Starski 's `` You 've Gotta Believe , '' from the previous year . The guitarist meant it as a direct response to some critics who had pigeonholed the Smiths as 1960s revivalists . That night Porter sent singer Morrissey a rough mix of the song in the mail . The following morning Morrissey arrived and laid down his vocals , culling lyrics from various works in progress in his notebook . According to Porter , the singer completed his vocals in two takes . Music and lyrics ( edit ) The song contains only one verse which is repeated twice , plus a chorus and a bridge . The subject is an individual who can not find a way to overcome his crippling shyness and find a partner . Two couplets from the song are well known in pop culture , the opening to the verse : `` I am the son , and the heir , of a shyness that is criminally vulgar I am the son and heir , of nothing in particular '' and the chorus : `` You shut your mouth How can you say I go about things the wrong way I am human and I need to be loved Just like everybody else does . '' The opening was adapted from a line in George Eliot 's novel Middlemarch : `` To be born the son of a Middlemarch manufacturer , and inevitable heir to nothing in particular '' . Music journalist Jon Savage commented that the song 's lyrics were evocative of contemporary Manchester gay club culture . The tune is built around a guitar chord that rapidly oscillates in volume . As to how the distinctive resonant sound was achieved , Marr gave the following account to Guitar Player magazine in 1990 : The vibrato sound is incredible , and it took a long time . I put down the rhythm track on an Epiphone Casino through a Fender Twin Reverb without vibrato . Then we played the track back through four old Twins , one on each side . We had to keep all the amps vibrating in time to the track and each other , so we had to keep stopping and starting the track , recording it in 10 - second bursts ... I wish I could remember exactly how we did the slide part -- not writing it down is one of the banes of my life ! We did it in three passes through a harmonizer , set to some weird interval , like a sixth . There was a different harmonization for each pass . For the line in harmonics , I retuned the guitar so that I could play it all at the 12th fret with natural harmonics . It 's doubled several times . Release ( edit ) When Rough Trade owner Geoff Travis first heard `` How Soon Is Now ? '' , he felt it was too unrepresentative of The Smiths ' sound to be released as a single . Despite pressure from Porter to save the song for a later single release as an A-side , `` How Soon Is Now ? '' was included as B - side on the 12 '' single release of `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' in August 1984 . According to John Porter : `` I thought ' This is it ! ' ... but I do n't think the record company liked it ... They totally threw it away , wasted it '' . However , almost immediately night - time British radio picked up on the song , and by autumn it had become the most - requested track on request shows by DJs John Peel , Janice Long , and Annie Nightingale . It was subsequently included on The Smiths ' compilation album Hatful of Hollow , released on 12 November 1984 . The song was also featured on the soundtrack of the 1986 film Out of Bounds , but was not included on the accompanying soundtrack album . The song was released on Sire Records in the United States , backed with `` Girl Afraid '' , in November 1984 . It was expected to sell well and , for the first time , a video was made to promote a Smiths track . However , the song failed to chart . Rough Trade boss Geoff Travis blamed poor promotion : `` I ca n't understand why ' How Soon Is Now ? ' was n't a top 10 single , but perhaps I 'm being naive . If only their singles had been played on the radio '' . Morrissey expressed his disappointment in an interview with Creem magazine : `` It 's hard to believe that ' How Soon Is Now ? ' was not a hit . I thought that was the one ... '' . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' was released as an A-side in the United Kingdom on 28 January 1985 . The 7 '' featured an edited version of the track , and the B - side was `` Well I Wonder '' , from the about - to - be-released Meat Is Murder album . The 12 '' single included a new instrumental track , `` Oscillate Wildly '' . It peaked at No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart , a lower placing than the band 's three previous singles , which had all hit the Top 20 ; according to John Porter , `` Everybody knew the Smiths ' fans already had it '' . Following the acquisition of the Rough Trade catalogue by Warner Bros. Records , `` How Soon Is Now ? '' was issued again as a single in the United Kingdom in September 1992 . A 7 '' single and cassette featured the edited version , backed with a live version of `` Handsome Devil '' , recorded at The Haçienda on 4 February 1983 ( this had originally been the B - side to The Smiths ' first single `` Hand in Glove '' ) . Two CD singles featured tracks from The Smiths ' back - catalogue which were , following the demise of Rough Trade , unavailable in the United Kingdom at that time . The re-issue reached number 16 in the UK singles chart . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic `` Morrissey and co have once again delved into their Sixties treasure - trove , and produced a visceral power capable of blowing the dust off Eighties inertia . The majestic ease of Morrissey 's melancholic vocals are tinted with vitriol , as they move through vistas of misery with plaintive spirals around the pulse of Johnny Marr 's vibrato guitar . The string 's muted strains conjure wistful signs that bridge the schism between crass sentimentality and callous detachment . Each repeated phrase intensifies the hypnotic waves , with results that outflank anything since ' This Charming Man ' . Catharsis has rarely been tinged with so much regret , and shared with so much crystalline purity . '' -- Melody Maker , 2 February 1985 `` For the most part , Morrissey is the Hilda Ogden of pop , harassed and hard done - by . I guess what seems like meat to one man sounds like murder to another . '' -- Gavin Martin , New Musical Express , 9 February 1985 `` The tremolo pulse that opens ' How Soon Is Now ? ' is the kind of sound musicians and listeners spend a lifetime chasing after : something never heard before and never successfully replicated since . '' - Philip Sherburne , Pitchfork , 24 August 2015 . The whistle effect in Mark Snow 's theme for the television series The X-Files was inspired by the song 's guitar riff . Rankings in influential music media ( edit ) Publisher List name Date Ranking Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 477 NME 500 Greatest Songs of All Time January 2014 Pitchfork The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s August 2015 10 Blender magazine The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born 2005 72 WFNX Boston Top 101 of the Decade ( 1980s ) Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Guitar Songs 90 Q magazine 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks March 2005 28 NME 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever May 2007 7 VH1 `` Top Lyrics '' poll April 2006 Runner - up MOJO The Smiths : Their 50 greatest songs August 2016 Uncut The Smiths ' 30 best songs March 2007 Artwork ( edit ) The single 's cover art was a still from the film Dunkirk ( 1958 ) featuring British actor Sean Barrett , praying but looking sufficiently as though he was holding his crotch to have the sleeve banned in the United States , where a photograph of the band backstage at the 1984 Glastonbury Festival , which had previously appeared on the gatefold inside the Hatful of Hollow compilation , was used instead . It is the only time a portrait of the band has appeared on the cover of one of their releases . Morrissey called it `` an abhorrent sleeve -- and ( given ) the time and the dedication that we put into the sleeves and artwork , it was tearful when we finally saw the record ... '' Music video ( edit ) Sire Records made an unauthorised music video to promote the song . It intercut clips of the band playing live ( including a shot of Johnny Marr showing Morrissey how to play the guitar ) , an industrial part of a city , and a girl dancing . The band were not pleased by the result . Morrissey told Creem in 1985 , `` We saw the video and we said to Sire , ' You ca n't possibly release this ... this degrading video . ' And they said , ' Well , maybe you should n't really be on our label . ' It was quite disastrous '' . Nonetheless , the video has been credited with helping make the song their most famous in the United States , along with heavy exposure on college radio . Etchings on vinyl ( edit ) British 7 '' and 12 `` : THE TATTY TRUTH / TIM TOM Live versions ( edit ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' was considered a `` major problem '' to play in concert by The Smiths , and live versions by The Smiths are relatively rare . One live Smiths performance was recorded during the concerts for the live album Rank ( 1988 ) , but was not used . Instead , a raw version of this song ( and entire concert ) appeared on the bootleg A Bad Boy from a Good Family , and other versions have appeared on bootleg records such as A Kind of Loving ( a rip of a performance in Oxford recorded and broadcast by the BBC ) . Morrissey revived the song in his own concerts as a solo artist , and it has been a live staple on all of his tours since 2004 . A live recording was used to open Morrissey 's album Live at Earls Court ( 2005 ) and another was to be included on the aborted performance DVD Live at the Hollywood Bowl . The song has also been performed live by Johnny Marr , both solo and with his band the Healers . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' RT176 No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 7 '' edit ) 3 : 41 2 . `` Well I Wonder '' 4 : 00 in original green sleeve 12 '' RTT176 No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' 6 : 46 2 . `` Well I Wonder '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Oscillate Wildly '' 3 : 24 12 '' USA RTT176 No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' 6 : 46 2 . `` Girl Afraid '' 2 : 46 3 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( USA edit ) 3 : 53 CD 1 ( 1992 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 7 '' edit ) 3 : 41 2 . `` The Queen Is Dead '' 6 : 25 3 . `` Handsome Devil '' ( BBC Radio Session ) 2 : 50 4 . `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '' 3 : 48 CD 2 ( 1992 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` I Know It 's Over '' 5 : 49 2 . `` Suffer Little Children '' 5 : 29 3 . `` Back to the Old House '' 3 : 04 4 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' 6 : 46 7 '' ( 1992 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 7 '' edit ) 3 : 41 2 . `` Hand in Glove '' ( single version ) 3 : 16 Cassette Single ( 1992 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' 6 : 46 2 . `` Hand in Glove '' ( single version ) 3 : 16 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 190 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 Cover versions ( edit ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' has been covered by various artists . The guitar track was sampled , with the Smiths ' approval , in 1990 by indie - dance band Soho on their UK Top 10 single `` Hippychick '' . Artists to have covered the song include UK indie band Hundred Reasons , US post-hardcore band Quicksand ( bonus track on their Slip album ) in 1993 , US post-grunge band Everclear , US punk band Meatmen ( on the compilation `` The World Still Wo n't Listen '' ) and industrial rockers Snake River Conspiracy . Paradise Lost ( edit ) UK band Paradise Lost covered the song as a bonus track on the Japanese Edition of their album One Second and it was also released on their single Say Just Words from the album as well . Love Spit Love ( edit ) Near the end of 1995 , Psychedelic Furs splinter group Love Spit Love was approached by the music supervisor of the movie The Craft , who inquired if the band might record a cover of The Smiths ' `` How Soon Is Now ? '' . After initial reluctance , the band recorded the song , and it was released as a single from the movie 's soundtrack in 1996 . The song became popular after The WB Television Network utilised the band 's cover as the theme song for the witchcraft - themed television series Charmed . It was re-mixed greatly for the show , with much different instrumentation and vocal takes . The song went on to appear on Charmed : The Soundtrack ( 2003 ) and as a UK and Australian bonus track on Charmed : The Book of Shadows ( 2005 ) . Both soundtrack albums charted well in the US , with both reaching the top ten on the Billboard Top Soundtracks chart . The song has since become a staple of ' 90s popular culture , and has been used in numerous media , including the movie trailer for Cruel Intentions ' , '' the film `` The Craft '' and the novel `` Eleanor and Park '' . Snake River Conspiracy ( edit ) `` How Soon is Now ? '' Single by Snake River Conspiracy from the album Sonic Jihad Released 2000 Format CD single Recorded 1999 Length 3 : 23 ( single version ) Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Marr Morrissey Snake River Conspiracy singles chronology `` Vulcan '' ( 1999 ) `` How Soon is Now ? '' ( 2000 ) `` Breed '' ( 2000 ) `` Vulcan '' ( 1999 ) `` How Soon is Now ? '' ( 2000 ) `` Breed '' ( 2000 ) The song was also covered by the alternative rock band Snake River Conspiracy . It was released as the second single from their debut ( and only ) full - length album , `` Sonic Jihad , '' and charted in the US and the UK . The song was successful on several charts . It reached No. 38 on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart , and number 15 on the Dance Club Songs chart The song also charted on the UK Singles Chart , where it reached number 83 . It remains their only charting single in the UK . A remix of Snake River Conspiracy 's version was included on the American Eagle Outfitters sampler `` Summer 9ine . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position UK Singles ( OCC ) 81 US Modern Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 38 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 15 The Crying Spell ( edit ) This song has also been covered by Seattle - based alternative rock band The Crying Spell on their debut album Through Hell to Heaven . T.a.t.u. ( edit ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' Russian cover Single by t.A.T.u. from the album 200 km / h in the Wrong Lane B - side `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boisia '' Released 7 July 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2002 Length 3 : 15 Label Universal / Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Marr , Morrissey Producer ( s ) Martin Kierszenbaum , Robert Orton t.A.T.u. singles chronology `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boysia '' ( 2003 ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 2003 ) `` All About Us '' ( 2005 ) `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boysia '' ( 2003 ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( 2003 ) `` All About Us '' ( 2005 ) Music video `` How Soon Is Now '' on YouTube In 2002 , the Russian recording duo t.A.T.u. covered `` How Soon Is Now ? '' for their debut English language studio album 200 km / h in the Wrong Lane . Their version was produced by Martin Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton , with the original lyrics written by Marr and Morrissey . Upon the song 's release , the song was considered a commercial success , compared to the original version . The song , however was never commercially released in the USA . The song received mixed reviews from music critics , who felt it lacked originality , though compared to other covers , they praised this version as best . The song managed to have success on European music charts , peaking inside the top ten in Finland and Sweden . An accompanying music video was issued for the group , featuring them performing the song in behind - the - scenes sessions and live performances . Background and release ( edit ) While the duo was promoting singles off their studio album , the group decided to release `` Show Me Love '' as the album 's third single . However , for unknown reasons , the song was dropped and the group 's single `` 30 Minutes '' was then proceeded as the replacement , despite its lack of success on record charts and airplay . The single was released on 7 July 2003 , only four weeks after the group 's single `` 30 Minutes '' was released . The song was available in different formats . The master CD single was released with the group 's Eurovision entry `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boysia '' , a remixes of `` 30 Minutes '' and `` Not Gonna Get Us '' . A Promo CD was released in Japan , including `` Ya Soshla S Uma '' and an remix of `` All The Things She Said '' . The song was released as a CD Single in the United Kingdom in 2003 , including `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boysia '' . Critical reception ( edit ) t.A.T.u. 's cover of `` How Soon Is Now ? '' received mixed reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic described the song as an `` perennial anthem of tortured unrequited love and lust '' , but eventually highlighted the song as an album highlight . A reviewer from entertainment.ie said that though the song was a success , `` their rather dour delivery suggests that the humour of the original completely passed them by . '' James Martin from PopDust noted that reactions to t.A.T.u. 's cover were that it was `` either completely hideous and should have remained untouched or the best cover the song has ever received ( ... ) '' Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine stated that though it `` fails as an independent entity '' , he found it a highlight and said its worth a download . Matt Cibula from Popmatters was similar to the PopDust publication , questioning if `` people fall all over themselves to either praise or damn the t.A.T.u cover of the Smith 's `` How Soon Is Now '' , but I ca n't get worked up one way or the other about it . '' Cibula concluded that though its `` super-cheesy , which is a good thing '' , he found it `` not as passionate as some people have claimed '' , criticising the band 's vocals . From the original creators , Marr found t.A.T.u. 's version `` just silly '' , but Morrissey viewed it much more favourably : Interviewer : Did you hear t.A.T.u 's version of ' How Soon Is Now ' ? Morrissey : Yes , it was magnificent . Absolutely . Again , I do n't know much about them . Interviewer : They 're the teenage Russian lesbians . Morrissey : Well , are n't we all ? Chart performance ( edit ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' debuted at number 37 in Australia , however it fell out at number 43 the next week . It managed to score the top ten in both the Finnish Singles Chart and Swedish Singles Chart , peaking at eight and ten . Elsewhere , the song was generally moderate in other European singles chart . Track listings ( edit ) Maxi `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 `` Ne Ver , Ne Boisia '' ( Eurovision 2003 ) -- 3 : 02 `` 30 Minutes '' ( Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Not Gonna Get Us '' ( Hardrum Remix ) -- 3 : 50 Bonus T - shirt transfer CD single `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 `` Ne Ver , Ne Boisia '' ( Eurovision 2003 ) -- 3 : 02 CD3 ( Pock - It ) `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 `` Not Gonna Get Us '' ( HarDrum Remix ) -- 3 : 50 Promo single `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 `` How Soon Is Now ? '' ( music video ) -- 3 : 15 Japanese promo `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 `` Ya Soshla S Uma '' -- 3 : 34 `` All the Things She Said '' ( Running and Spinning Remix ) -- 6 : 15 Spanish promo `` How Soon Is Now ? '' -- 3 : 15 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 37 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 37 Chile ( Chile Top 20 ) 7 European Hot 100 Singles 32 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Greece ( Top 20 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` See Noel Gallagher Join Johnny Marr for Electric Iggy Pop and Smiths Covers '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Rogan ( 2006 ) , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Uncut , March 2007 : p. 48 Jump up ^ DiGravina , Tim . `` How Soon Is Now ? '' review . Allmusic . Retrieved on 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` U2 tops favourite lyric poll '' . BBC News . Bbc.co.uk. 17 April 2006 . Accessed 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 ^ Jump up to : Fletcher ( 2013 ) , p. 353 -- 57 ^ Jump up to : Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Savage , Jon ( June 1985 ) . `` The Smiths '' . Spin : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Guitar Player magazine , January 1990 . Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20070811003159/http://foreverill.com/disc/howsoon.htm . Archived from the original on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 107 Jump up ^ Rogan ( 1994 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091706/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd Jump up ^ Rogan ( 1994 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ Creem magazine , 1987 Jump up ^ `` How Soon is Now rating '' . Allmusic . Retrieved on 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s : 20 - 1 '' . pitchfork . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurwitz & Knowles 2008 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time : 100 - 1 '' . NME . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ # 72 in Blender 's The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born '' . Listal . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ WFNX Top 101 of the Decade Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone -- The Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Archived from the original on 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . `` Trading guitarist Johnny Marr 's spidery technique for a sobbing oscillation on a few extended chords and a tone - bending wail that sounds like the world racing by , this song became a club standard , opening the passageways between underground rock and dance music . '' Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam . `` The Greatest Indie Anthem Ever revealed '' . NME.com . NME . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyric snippet : `` So you go and you stand on your own , and you leave on your own , and you go home , and you cry , and you want to die '' Jump up ^ MOJO Magazine , August 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Smiths ' 30 best songs '' . UNCUT . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ David Bret ( 2004 ) . Morrissey : Scandal & Passion : p. 58 Jump up ^ Fletcher ( 2013 ) , p. 387 ^ Jump up to : Creem magazine , 1985 Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Rogan ( 2006 ) , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Huttinger , Robert Huttinger . `` Image of etching '' . Robert Huttinger . Jump up ^ `` The Smiths -- How Soon Is Now ? '' . Discogs . Retrieved 6 Feb 2016 . Jump up ^ Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 109 Jump up ^ Passions Just Like Mine -- Morrissey gigography Jump up ^ `` Response from ARIA re : chart inquiry , received 12 September 2016 '' . Imgur.com . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Will . `` A Chat with Richard Butler '' . Bullz - Eye. 16 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Morrissey Mojo magazine interview / Apr , ' 01 issue '' . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Snake River Conspiracy chart history '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snake River Conspiracy chart history '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summer 9ine '' . Amazon . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Through Hell to Heaven LP Overview '' . Allmusic . All Media Guide ( Rovi ) . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. -- How Soon Is Now ? at Discogs.com . Discogs . Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. -- How Soon Is Now ? ( Promo CD ) at Discogs.com . Jump up ^ `` t.A.T.u. -- How Soon Is Now ? '' . Discogs. 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ t.A.T.u. -- Songs : All Music . Rovi . Jump up ^ Music Review Tatu -- 200 KM / H in the Wrong Lane . entertainment.ie . Jump up ^ Tatu -- 200 KM / H In The Wrong Lane . Review by Music @ The Digital Fix . Jump up ^ Tatu -- 200 KM / H In The Wrong Lane . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved on 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cibula , Matt ( 13 March 2003 ) . `` t.A.T.u. : 200 KM / H in the Wrong Lane '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ welshcake.com , 29 September 2004 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Europe Singles Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` t.a.t.u. : How Soon is Now ? '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- t.a.T.u. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ http://top40-charts.com/chart.php?cid=2&date=2003-06-15 . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- t.a.t.u. -- How Soon is Now ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . References ( edit ) Fletcher , Tony ( 2013 ) . A Light That Never Goes Out : the Enduring Saga of the Smiths . London : Windmill Books . ISBN 9780099537922 . Goddard , Simon ( 2004 ) . The Smiths -- Songs That Saved Your Life . Reynolds & Hearn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903111 - 84 - 0 . Rogan , Johnny ( 1994 ) . The Smiths : The Visual Documentary . Omnibus . ISBN 9780711933378 . Rogan , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Morrissey : The Albums . Calidore . ISBN 9780952954057 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Smiths Morrissey Johnny Marr Andy Rourke Mike Joyce Craig Gannon Dale Hibbert Studio albums The Smiths Meat Is Murder The Queen Is Dead Strangeways , Here We Come Extended plays The Peel Sessions Live albums Rank Compilations Hatful of Hollow The World Wo n't Listen Louder Than Bombs Stop Me Best ... I ... Best II Singles The Very Best of The Smiths The Sound of The Smiths The Smiths Singles Box Complete Singles `` Hand in Glove '' `` This Charming Man '' `` What Difference Does It Make ? '' `` Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now '' `` William , It Was Really Nothing '' `` How Soon Is Now ? '' `` Shakespeare 's Sister '' `` Barbarism Begins at Home '' `` That Joke Is n't Funny Anymore '' `` The Boy with the Thorn in His Side '' `` Bigmouth Strikes Again '' `` Panic '' `` Ask '' `` Shoplifters of the World Unite '' `` Sheila Take a Bow '' `` Girlfriend in a Coma '' `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '' `` Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me '' `` Stop Me If You Think You 've Heard This One Before '' `` There Is a Light That Never Goes Out '' `` Sweet and Tender Hooligan '' Other songs `` Suffer Little Children '' `` Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want '' `` Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others '' Related articles Discography The Smiths Is Dead Songs List of live performances t.A.T.u. singles 200 Po Vstrechnoy `` Ya Soshla S Uma '' `` Nas Ne Dagonyat '' `` 30 Minut '' 200 km / h in the Wrong Lane `` All the Things She Said '' `` Not Gonna Get Us '' `` 30 Minutes '' `` How Soon Is Now ? '' t.A.T.u. Remixes `` '' Prostye Dvizheniya '' `` Ne Ver ' , Ne Boysia '' Dangerous and Moving `` All About Us '' `` Friend or Foe '' `` Gomenasai '' Lyudi Invalidy `` Lyudi Invalidy '' The Best `` Loves Me Not '' Vesyolye Ulybki `` Beliy Plaschik '' `` 220 '' `` Snegopady '' Waste Management `` Snowfalls '' `` White Robe '' `` Sparks '' Together Apart `` Любовь в каждом мгновении ( Lubov V Kazdom Mgnovenii ) ( Love in Every Moment ) '' Promotional singles `` Ya Budu '' `` Belochka '' Featured singles `` Happy Birthday '' ( featuring Flipsyde ) Other songs `` A Simple Motion '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Soon_Is_Now%3F&oldid=796538884 '' Categories : The Smiths songs 1984 songs 1985 singles T.A.T.u. songs 2003 singles Songs written by Morrissey Songs written by Johnny Marr Television theme songs Rough Trade Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from June 2014 EngvarB from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the smiths how soon is now movie soundtrack	[]	[]
-1021813777901482983	iPhone 7	IPhone 7 - Wikipedia IPhone 7 Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 7 iPhone 7 Plus iPhone 7 Plus in Jet Black Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Pegatron ( on contract ) Slogan This is 7 Generation 10th Model 7 : A1660 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1778 ( with Intel modem ) A1779 ( sold in Japan ) 7 Plus : A1661 ( with Qualcomm modem ) A1784 ( with Intel modem ) A1785 ( sold in Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA2000 , EV - DO , HSPA+ , LTE , LTE Advanced First released September 16 , 2016 ; 18 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Availability by country September 16 , 2016 ( show ) Australia Austria Belgium Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Hong Kong Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States September 23 , 2016 ( show ) Andorra Bahrain Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Greenland Guernsey Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Maldives Malta Monaco Poland Pakistan Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Slovakia Slovenia October 7 , 2016 ( show ) India October 14 , 2016 ( show ) Macau Republic of Macedonia Macedonia Malaysia Montenegro South Africa Turkey October 15 , 2016 ( show ) Jordan Oman October 20 , 2016 ( show ) Israel Egypt October 21 , 2016 ( show ) South Korea Costa Rica Morocco Thailand Mauritius Madagascar Uganda Colombia October 28 , 2016 ( show ) Cameroon Botswana Kenya Mozambique Senegal Moldova November 4 , 2016 ( show ) Armenia Mali Guinea - Bissau Central African Republic November 11 , 2016 ( show ) Philippines Brazil March 31 , 2017 ( show ) Indonesia Predecessor iPhone 6S ( Plus ) Successor iPhone 8 ( Plus ) iPhone X Type 7 : Smartphone 7 Plus : Phablet Form factor Slate 7 : H : 138.3 mm ( 5.44 in ) W : 67.1 mm ( 2.64 in ) D: 7.1 mm ( 0.28 in ) 7 Plus : H : 158.2 mm ( 6.23 in ) W : 77.9 mm ( 3.07 in ) D: 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) Weight 7 : 138 g ( 4.9 oz ) 7 Plus : 188 g ( 6.6 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 10.0 Current : iOS 11.3 , released March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) System on chip Apple A10 Fusion CPU 2.34 GHz quad - core ( two used ) 64 - bit GPU Custom PowerVR Series 7XT GT7600 Plus ( hexa - core ) Memory 7 : 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 7 Plus : 3 GB LPDDR4 RAM Storage 32 , 128 , or 256 GB Removable storage None Battery 7 : 3.80 V 7.45 W h ( 1960 mA h ) Li - ion 7 Plus : 3.82 V 11.10 W h ( 2900 mA h ) Li - ion Display 7 : 4.7 in ( 120 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1334 × 750 px resolution ( 326 ppi ) ( 1 megapixel ) 7 Plus : 5.5 in ( 140 mm ) Retina HD : LED - backlit IPS LCD , 1920 × 1080 px resolution ( 401 ppi ) ( 2.1 megapixels ) All models : 625 cd / m2 max . brightness ( typical ) , with dual - ion exchange - strengthened glass , and 3D Touch Rear camera 7 : 12 MP 2nd - generation Sony Exmor RS with six - element lens , quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash , autofocus , IR filter , Burst mode , f / 1.8 aperture , 4K video recording at 30 fps or 1080p at 30 or 60 fps , slow - motion video ( 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps ) , timelapse with stabilization , panorama , facial recognition , digital image stabilization , optical image stabilization 7 Plus : In addition to above : A telephoto lens with 2 × optical zoom / 10 × digital zoom , f / 2.8 aperture Front camera 7 MP , f / 2.2 aperture , burst mode , exposure control , face detection , auto - HDR , auto image stabilization , Retina flash , 1080p HD video recording Sound Stereo speakers Connectivity All models : ( show ) LTE ( bands 1 to 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 17 to 20 , 25 to 30 ) , TD - LTE ( bands 38 to 41 ) , UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ) , Bluetooth 4.2 , NFC , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo & QZSS Models A1660 , A1661 , A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) TD - SCDMA 1900 ( F ) , 2000 ( A ) & CDMA2000 EV - DO Rev. A ( 800 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) Models A1779 & A1785 : ( show ) LTE ( bands 11 , 21 ) , FeliCa Other IP67 IEC standard 60529 ( splash , water , and dust resistant ) SAR 7 ( show ) Model A1660 , A1780 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.20 W / kg Model A1779 Head : 1.20 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1778 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg 7 Plus ( show ) Model A1661 , A1786 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.17 W / kg Model A1785 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Model A1784 Head : 1.19 W / kg Body : 1.19 W / kg Hearing aid compatibility M3 , T4 Website www.apple.com/iphone-7/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S SE 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X List of iPhone models iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed , developed , and marketed by Apple Inc . They were announced on September 7 , 2016 , at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook , and were released on September 16 , 2016 , succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series . Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016 . They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22 , 2017 , and the iPhone X on November 3 , 2017 . The iPhone 7 's overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S , but introduces new color options , water and dust resistance , a new capacitive , static home button , and removes the 3.5 mm headphone jack . The device 's internal hardware also received upgrades , including a heterogeneous quad - core system - on - chip with improved system and graphics performance , and upgraded 12 megapixel rear - facing cameras with optical image stabilization on all models and an additional telephoto lens on the iPhone 7 Plus model to provide enhanced zoom capabilities . Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed . Although reviewers noted the improvements to the camera , especially the dual rear camera on the Plus model , they also stated that the iPhone 7 did not make significant changes to the display or build quality , where competing flagship smartphones surpassed the quality of the iPhone 7 . Many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack ; some critics argued that the change was meant to bolster licensing of the proprietary Lightning connector and the sales of Apple 's own wireless headphone products , and questioned the effects of the change on audio quality . Apple was also mocked by critics for Phil Schiller 's statement that such a drastic change required `` courage '' . The iPhone 7 has been the subject of several reported issues , most notably a hissing noise during heavy usage of the phones and significant differences in performance between device variants . Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7 , but multiple U.S. carriers reported that it was in high demand on launch . Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the models due to `` sluggish '' sales and decreasing demand , though sales research after the first quarter of 2017 placed the devices as the best - selling smartphones in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 2.3 Accessories 3 Reception 3.1 Removal of the headphone jack 4 Issues 4.1 Hissing noise 4.2 Performance differences 4.3 Explosions and smoke emissions 4.4 Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions 4.5 Replacing the home button 4.6 Failure to connect to cellular service 5 Sales 5.1 US carrier trade - in deals 5.2 Reports about trimmed production 6 Timeline of iPhone models 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored . Apple 's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention . Other rumors included a flush camera , stereo speakers , a 256 gigabyte storage option , and a larger 3,100 mAh battery . On August 29 , 2016 , invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco , California on September 7 , 2016 were sent out to members of the media , prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7 's upcoming announcement . The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event , with pre-orders beginning September 9 , and general availability on September 16 . iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September , with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016 . Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , with availability starting on March 31 , 2017 , following Apple 's research and development investment in the country . On March 21 , 2017 , Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish ( and white front ) , as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign . It launched on March 24 , 2017 , but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus . In September 2017 , Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus , alongside the iPhone X . As of February 4 , 2018 , the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers , who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus , switching from the failed Windows Phone . Currently , officers in Manhattan are taking part in the transition , but once that is complete , the rollout moves to Brooklyn and then Queens . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S . Alongside the existing silver , gold , and rose gold colors , the device is offered in new matte black , `` jet black '' , and red colors . The `` jet black '' color is a dark shade , high - gloss black finish . It is created through a multi-step process , beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide , and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound , absorbed by aluminum oxide . The process is concluded with an `` ultrafine particle bath '' for additional finishing ; the entire process takes less than an hour . iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant , although tests have resulted in malfunctions , specifically distorted speakers , after water exposure . The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone . iPhone 7 's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push - button , as on previous models , meaning direct skin contact ( or a capacitive glove ) is required to operate the device . Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator , and the button is also pressure - sensitive . iPhone 7 retains the `` 3D Touch '' display system introduced on the iPhone 6S , providing pressure - sensitive touchscreen input . Comparison of ports on iPhone 6 / 6S ( top ) and iPhone 7 ( bottom ) The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack ; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer . A Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm - connector adapter , as well as in - ear headphones that use the Lightning connector , are bundled with the device , and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory . The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10 . iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64 - bit system - on - chip , which consists of two low - power cores and two high - power cores ( only two cores are used at any point in time ) . The A10 chip also features a hexa - core graphics chip capable of `` console - level gaming '' . As with prior models , iPhone 7 is available in two sizes : one with a 4.7 - inch screen , and a `` Plus '' variant with a 5.5 - inch screen . The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S , but with a wider color gamut and increased brightness . The screen - to - body ratio is about ~ 66 % and ~ 68 % for the 7 and 7 Plus , respectively . Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple 's motion coprocessor , the M10 . Unlike previous iPhone models , internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB , and max out at 256 GB . iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM , more than any other previous iPhone ; the 4.7 - inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB . iPhone 7 Plus with dual - lens camera The iPhone 7 includes a 12 - megapixel rear - facing camera with a quad - LED `` True Tone '' flash ; its aperture was widened to f / 1.8 , and the standard - size phone model adds optical image stabilization -- a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models . The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12 - megapixel telephoto lens , which can be used to achieve 2 × optical zoom , and up to 10 × digital zoom . The front - facing camera was upgraded to a 7 - megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization . Software ( edit ) See also : iOS version history , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed . The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update . This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual - lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus . Accessories ( edit ) Headphone jack adapter with an iPhone 7 Plus beside it iPhone 7 unboxed set in Silver Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning - to - 3.5 - mm adapter . Apple sells the adapter independently as well . Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7 , including AirPods , wireless in - ear headphones , and three new Beats headphone products . All four products utilize an in - house wireless chip known as Apple W1 , which is designed to provide low - power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products ( though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth - supported devices ) . Reception ( edit ) Back and side detail from a standard iPhone 7 in `` rose gold '' finish Dual cameras on the back of the iPhone 7 Plus Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones , such as the Samsung Galaxy S7 , had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack , and that the iPhone 7 's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market , including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P . Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel , while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens . The iPhone 7 's exterior , which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S , was criticized , especially the size of the device and thick top / bottom bezels , with Kelly writing that `` the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5 - inch display '' . Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being `` full of aggressive breaks from convention '' despite their design continuity with previous models ( going as far as dubbing them `` a prototype of next year 's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6 '' ) , citing the headphone jack removal ( which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones ) , heterogeneous CPU , and home button redesign . The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models , albeit `` not as insane '' as the quad HD displays on competing phones . The Taptic Engine was considered the `` first really valuable new UI concept I 've seen on phones in years '' ( as opposed to the `` gimmick '' of 3D Touch ) , Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a `` step '' above the 6S in terms of performance , and praised the dual - lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone 's camera functionality . However , he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them . In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip , he argued that Apple `` took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies , but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board , it made every third - party wireless audio product a second - class citizen of the Apple ecosystem . '' Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10 , he concluded that the devices were `` legitimately among the most interesting , opinionated , powerful phones Apple has ever shipped , and the most confident expressions of the company 's vision in a long time . iOS 10 is excellent , the cameras are better , and the performance is phenomenal . And the batteries last longer . '' John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time , the phablet - sized iPhone 7 Plus was `` markedly better '' than the smaller model . He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera , calling the Plus ' dual cameras `` excellent '' for point - and - shoot , and `` much improved '' for low - light performance . McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was `` initially frustrating '' , but noted that it was a `` positive step forward for the mobile industry '' , despite the `` short - term effects ... making the most noise for now '' . Removal of the headphone jack ( edit ) Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack , including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously . In a particularly scathing article , Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - `` ditching a deeply established standard '' - would be `` user - hostile and stupid '' . He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative , concluding with `` No one is asking for this '' and `` Vote with your dollars '' . Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment , with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question . The removal of the headphone jack meant `` you 're being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and / or Lightning licensing '' , and pointed out that `` the only company to profit from this situation is Apple , who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies '' . In particular , Apple 's vice president Phillip Schiller , who announced the change , was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took ' courage ' . An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs , that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack , reached over 300,000 signatures . Issues ( edit ) Hissing noise ( edit ) Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone . CNET reports it as `` faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside '' . The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7 's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise , linking to tweets that compare the phone 's hissing sound to `` hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac 's CPU gets used to its actual potential . '' The issue has been referred to as Hissgate . Performance differences ( edit ) The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is `` significantly '' slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions , measuring data write speeds of 341 MB / s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB / s on a 32 GB model . October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had `` a significant performance edge '' over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems . Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version 's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off , likely to `` level the playing field between the Qualcomm , and Intel variants '' . The report concluded with the statement that `` We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple 's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone '' . Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity . Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that `` Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple 's wireless performance standards , quality metrics , and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards , in thousands of hours of real - world field testing , and in extensive carrier partner testing , the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models '' . Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that `` ( Apple ) do n't want one version to get the reputation that it is better '' and that `` This may not impact the fanboys , but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone , especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product '' . Explosions and smoke emissions ( edit ) In a similar manner with the now - discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke . In September 2016 , one device reportedly exploded while in transit , while another one had a `` malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally '' . Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and `` melting '' was published in October 2016 . Perception of slogan in Cantonese - speaking regions ( edit ) The iPhone 7 's `` This is 7 '' slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages . The slogan in China translates to `` 7 , is here . '' , while it becomes `` Exactly is 7 . '' in Taiwan , and `` This , is exactly iPhone 7 . '' in Hong Kong . In the Cantonese language , the slogan becomes `` This is penis '' , due to `` seven '' pronounced tsat , a slang for `` penis '' . Replacing the home button ( edit ) In the iPhone 7 , Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own . Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done , with `` recalibration '' of the button being necessary . This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S , 6 and 6S , where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the `` return - to - home '' functionality still worked . Failure to connect to cellular service ( edit ) Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660 , A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a `` No service '' message even when cellular reception is available . Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit . Sales ( edit ) Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers , citing that these are `` no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers '' . Without releasing specific numbers , T - Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier 's all - time record for first - day pre-order sales . The following weekend , T - Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever , being `` up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone '' . On September 14 , 2016 , two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale , Apple announced that due to high demand , they had sold out of all `` jet black '' iPhone 7 's , and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus . This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program , who were unable to reserve new phones . After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit , Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible . In May 2017 , analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best - selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017 , selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units , respectively . US carrier trade - in deals ( edit ) For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7 , all four major wireless carriers announced trade - in deals . Under the deals , the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers ' bill , but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months . Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two - year phone contracts , in which the deals `` essentially lock you into that carrier for two years '' . In the wake of these deals , Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year 's iPhone 6S , AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations , and T - Mobile and Sprint announced `` huge increases in sales '' , with T - Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6 . Reports about trimmed production ( edit ) In December 2016 , DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned . A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year 's iPhone model . A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7 . The report , `` based on data from suppliers '' , stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10 % in the first quarter of 2017 , following `` sluggish '' sales . Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20 % due to accumulated inventory of the previous model , but that the new models had `` sold more sluggishly than expected '' . Additionally , the report notes that the `` iPhone 7 Plus , which features two cameras on its back face , remains popular '' , but `` a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple 's ability to meet demand for the phones '' . Timeline of iPhone models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7 , Belkin announced an Apple - certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports , one intended as a Lightning pass - through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning - to - headphone jack adapter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wuerthele , Mike ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pegatron CEO slams analysts , ' cautiously optimistic ' about Apple iPhone 7 sales '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iOS Benchmarks '' . Geekbench . Primate Labs Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sohail , Omar ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Apple A10 Fusion Is Definitely Fast , But Its GPU Bit Is a Whole New Story '' . Wccftech . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Agam ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The mysteries of the GPU in Apple 's iPhone 7 are unlocked '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Teardown '' . iFixit . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus Teardown '' . iFixIt . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Teardown '' . Chipworks . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone 7 specs '' . Apple . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 JP specs '' . Apple . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus RF Exposure information '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple May Replace 3.5 mm Headphone Jack on iPhone 7 With All - in - One Lightning Connector '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Apple rumored to ditch headphone jack on ' iPhone 7 ' for Lightning connector audio '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Supply Chain Rumors Reaffirm iPhone 7 Will Not Have Headphone Jack '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Caitlin ; Raymundo , Oscar ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 rumors : Lightning EarPods and adapter will help transition away from the headphone jack '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sumra , Husain ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 May Feature Flush Camera , Stereo Speakers and Thinner Lightning Port '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Plus Said to Have 256GB Option and Larger 3,100 mAh Battery '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces ' iPhone 7 ' September 7 event , Apple Watch 2 and MacBook Pros may be unveiled '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple sends invitations for ' iPhone 7 ' event on Sept. 7 : ' See you on the 7th ' '' . AppleInsider . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Dan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance , dual cameras , and no headphone jack '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crook , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple * officially * unveils the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces iPhone 7 pricing & availability , pre-orders start Sept. 9 , available Sept. 16 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 launches in 30 more countries today , Apple Watch Series 2 arrives in 20 + , Hermès models now available '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's local iPhone 7 pages point to more international launches on Oct. 14 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms more international iPhone 7 & Apple Watch 2 release dates as it launches in India '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Apple confirms iPhone 7 launching in 7 more countries later this month '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 rollout continues with 4 more countries November 4 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 7 Pre-Orders in Indonesia Begin March 24 Following Apple R&D Investment '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple launches red iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hardwick , Tim ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Announces iPhone 7 ( PRODUCT ) RED Special Edition '' . MacRumors . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone 8 and 8 Plus announced with wireless charging , True Tone display , A11 Bionic processor '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` iPhone X announced with edge - to - edge screen , Face ID , and no home button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD cops switch to iPhones , the new tool in fighting crime '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Apple Made Its Jet Black iPhone None More Black '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Scott ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Apple iPhone 7 review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orellana , Vanessa ; Hollister , Sean ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` How water - resistant is the iPhone 7 ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Apple warranty does n't cover water damage to ' waterproof ' new phone '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 solid - state home button works on capacitive touch , gloved users beware '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 home button does n't work with most gloves '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's new home button is n't a real button '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul ; Bohn , Dieter ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Apple put a barometric vent in the space where the iPhone 7 headphone jack would have been '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Chris ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple will sell replacement iPhone 7 headphone adapters for $9 each '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to 3.5 mm Headphone Jack Adapter '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` GeekBench benchmarks confirm iPhone 7 Plus ships with 3GB of RAM , faster than 12.9 '' iPad Pro `` . 9to5Mac . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's new A10 Fusion processor is 120 times faster than the original iPhone '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 vs Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . SpecTell . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 display analysis shows record performance for color accuracy , brightness , screen reflectance & more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone 7 Plus '' . GSMArena . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 -- Technical Specifications '' . Apple . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 : More Camera , More Colors , Less Headphone Jack '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slivka , Eric ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Teardown Reveals ' Incredibly Thin ' A10 Chip With 2 GB RAM , Intel Modem '' . MacRumors . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Plus has two cameras that work as one '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` With the iPhone 7 , Apple Makes Dual Cameras the New Normal '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Benjamin ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` iOS 10 now installed on two thirds of devices , faster adoption than any previous iOS update '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Releases iOS 10.1 With New Portrait Mode for iPhone 7 Plus '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` The iPhone 7 Plus ' ' portrait ' mode does background blur better '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what ' bokeh ' is , and how the iPhone 7 Plus fakes it '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carnoy , David ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple intros totally wireless AirPods and 3 new Beats wireless headphones that use new W1 chip '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's first wireless chip is the new W1 for wireless AirPods '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Gordon ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 Vs iPhone 7 Plus Review : Should You Upgrade ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay . `` iPhone 7 Review '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , John . `` iPhone 7 Plus review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` This $40 adapter can charge the iPhone 7 with your headphones plugged in '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Henry ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why Apple will ditch the iPhone headphone jack , and why that sucks '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Taking the headphone jack off phones is user - hostile and stupid '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCann , Mac ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The iPhone 7 's Dead Headphone Jack and AirPods Are Being Dragged All Over Twitter '' . Complex . Verizon Hearst Media Partners . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it took ' courage ' to remove the headphone jack on the iPhone 7 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 : Petition against dropping headphone jack because it will ' screw the planet ' gets hundreds of thousands of signatures '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Bridget ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 ' Hissgate : ' CNET Update viewers share their experiences '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criddle , Cristina ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 and 7 Plus handsets are making a mysterious hissing sound '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ T. , Nick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` This could be why some iPhone 7 units make a hissing noise '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Oliver ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hissgate ? Some iPhone 7 Units Allegedly Make Hissing Sound When Put Under Heavy Load '' . RedmondPie . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` 32GB iPhone 7 significantly slower than more expensive versions , tests show '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 Plus : A Tale of Two Personalities '' . Cellular Insights . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Report : iPhone 7 models w / Qualcomm modem feature better cellular performance versus Intel '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Ian ; Moritz , Scott ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Apple 's Chip Choices May Leave Some iPhone Users in Slow Lane '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 catches fire while in transit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleyo , Fritz ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Did This iPhone 7 Explode Too ? '' . Tech Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Another iPhone 7 battery blew up , but this time the phone did n't go up in flames '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Man claims iPhone 7 burst into flames and destroyed his car '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Huang , Zheping ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` The slogan for Apple 's new iPhone 7 translates into `` This is penis '' in Hong Kong `` . Quartz . Atlantic Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Richard ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 slogan means something else in Hong Kong '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koebler , Jason ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The iPhone 7 Has Arbitrary Software Locks That Prevent Repair '' . Motherboard . Vice . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't try to fix your iPhone 7 home button yourself '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple offers free repairs for iPhone 7 devices hit with ' No Service ' bug '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Wo n't Release First - Weekend iPhone 7 Sales Numbers '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Shatter Records at T - Mobile '' . T - Mobile US . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musil , Steven ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple says it has sold out of initial quantities of iPhone 7 Plus '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone Upgrade Program Causes Headaches on Launch Day Due to Limited Stock '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over iPhone Upgrade Program Woes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Makes More iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus Stock Available to Upgrade Program Members '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple tops Q1 2017 highest - selling smartphone list with iPhone 7 '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wuerthele , Mike ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 7 was world 's best - selling smartphone in first quarter of 2017 '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile 's free iPhone 7 offer requires upfront costs and lots of patience '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Free ' iPhone 7 offers from AT&T , Verizon , and others are basically two - year contracts '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pressmann , Aaron ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Why Verizon Thinks iPhone 7 Sales Are Better Than Last Year '' . Fortune . Time . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chen , Monica ; Shen , Steve ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple reportedly begins to reduce orders for iPhone 7 , say sources '' . DigiTimes . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` iPhone 7 orders reportedly drop as Apple goes big on the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple to slice iPhone production 10 % '' . Nikkei . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. ( 2004 - 2016 ) . Press Release Library . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutiPhone 7at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata iPhone 7 / iPhone 7 Plus -- official site Preceded by iPhone 6S / Plus iPhone 7 / Plus 10th generation Succeeded by iPhone 8 / Plus iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 2018 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II series II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 600 series 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family Retina Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 3 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2018 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch Series 0 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A9 A10 A10X A11 S series 32 - bit : S1P S3 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 T series 32 - bit : T1 T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S2 Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Lisa Jackson Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji Former Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Steve Jobs Ron Johnson Mike Markkula David Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Michael Scott John Sculley Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Michael Spindler Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Ronald Wayne Steve Wozniak Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple TV Apple Watch AirPods HomePod Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay HomeKit Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Texture Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_7&oldid=835940951 '' Categories : IPhone IOS ( Apple ) Mobile phones introduced in 2016 Computer - related introductions in 2016 Phones with dual rear cameras Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lumbaart Malagasy မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the iphone 7 plus cone out	[ "iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. They were announced on September 7, 2016, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco by Apple CEO Tim Cook, and were released on September 16, 2016, succeeding the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus as the flagship devices in the iPhone series. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. They were succeeded as flagship devices by the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus on September 22, 2017, and the iPhone X on November 3, 2017." ]	[ "September 16, 2016" ]
7241264002914307255	Battlefield 3	Battlefield 3 - Wikipedia Battlefield 3 Jump to : navigation , search Battlefield 3 Worldwide cover art Developer ( s ) EA DICE Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Composer ( s ) Johan Skugge Jukka Rintamäki Series Battlefield Engine Frostbite 2 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Release NA : 25 October 2011 AU : 27 October 2011 EU : 28 October 2011 JP : 2 November 2011 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Battlefield 3 is a first - person shooter video game developed by EA DICE and published by Electronic Arts . It is a direct sequel to 2005 's Battlefield 2 , and the eleventh installment in the Battlefield franchise . The game was released in North America on 25 October 2011 and in Europe on 28 October 2011 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . EA Mobile also confirmed a port for the iOS platform . The game sold 5 million copies in its first week of release , and received positive reviews from most game reviewers . It is the first game in the series that does not support versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista as the game only supports DirectX 10 and 11 . The PC version is exclusive to EA 's Origin platform , through which PC users also authenticate when connecting to the game . The game 's sequel , Battlefield 4 , was released on 29 October 2013 . In Battlefield 3 's campaign , players take on the personas of several military roles : a U.S. Marine , an F / A-18F Super Hornet weapon systems officer , an M1A2 Abrams tank operator , and a Spetsnaz GRU operative . The campaign takes place in various locations , including Iran and New York City ; and follows the stories of Sergeant Henry Blackburn and Dimitri Mayakovsky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Cooperative 1.2 Multiplayer 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting and characters 2.2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 PlayStation 3 exclusive content 3.2 Wii U version 3.3 Beta 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Easter eggs 5 Marketing and release 5.1 Pre-order promotion 5.2 Online pass 6 Downloadable content 6.1 Back to Karkand 6.2 Close Quarters 6.3 Armored Kill 6.4 Aftermath 6.5 End Game 7 Novel 8 Reception 8.1 Critical reception 8.2 Sales and revenue 8.3 Other responses 8.4 Awards 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Screenshot of the single - player campaign mode of Battlefield 3 . Here , player character `` Dima '' is armed with a G36C carbine . Battlefield 3 features the combined arms battles across single - player , co-operative and multiplayer modes . It reintroduces several elements absent from the Bad Company games , including fighter jets , the prone position and 64 - player battles on PC . To accommodate the lower player count on consoles , the ground area is limited for Xbox 360 and PS3 , though fly space remains the same . During an interview with Game Informer , EA stated that Commander Mode is unlikely to be included , which was met with some criticism on the EA forum . The game features maps set in Paris , Tehran ( as well as other locations in Iran ) , Sulaymaniyah , New York City , Wake Island , Oman , Kuwait and other parts of the Persian Gulf . The maps cover urban streets , metropolitan downtown areas , and open landscapes suited to vehicle combat . Battlefield 3 introduces the `` Battlelog '' ; a free cross-platform social service with built - in text messaging , voice communications , game statistics , and the ability to join games that friends are already playing ( though both players need to be on the same platform ) . Cooperative ( edit ) A demo featuring the new co-op mode was featured at Gamescom 2011 . DICE general manager Karl Magnus Troedsson confirmed that a split screen option will not be available in co-op mode . Battlefield 3 's new Battlelog social network , DICE noted , would be tied to all co-op matches , allowing players to try to beat friends ' scores and to track their performance . Participating in co-op mode allows the player to collect points that unlock additional content that can be used in multiplayer . Multiplayer ( edit ) Screenshot of the HUD as shown in the fighter jet in Multiplayer Mode . Battlefield 3 's multiplayer matches see players take on one of four roles : Assault , Support , Engineer and Recon . The Assault class focuses on assault rifles and healing teammates . The Support class focuses on light machine guns and supplying ammunition . The Engineer class focuses on supporting and destroying vehicles . The Recon class focuses on sniping and spotting enemies . The mechanics of the weapons have been changed to utilize the new engine : compatible weapons may have bipods attached which can then be deployed when in the prone position or near suitable scenery , and provide a significant boost to accuracy and recoil reduction . Suppressive fire from weapons blurs the vision and reduces the accuracy of those under fire , as well as health regeneration . The Recon class can put a radio beacon anywhere on the map and all squad members will be able to spawn on the location of the beacon . Several game modes are present , including Conquest , Rush , Squad Deathmatch , Squad Rush and for the first time since Battlefield 1942 , Team Deathmatch . However , more game modes are available through the purchase of extra downloadable content packs . The PC version of Battlefield 3 is by default launched via a web browser from the Battlelog web site . A server browser is present in console versions of the game , however . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting and characters ( edit ) Battlefield 3 's Campaign story is set during the fictional `` War of 2014 '' and covers events that occur over the span of nine months . Most of the story takes place in the Iran -- Iraq region . Other locations include the Azerbaijani border ; Paris , France ; and New York City , New York . Most missions occur as flashbacks on part of the interrogation of Staff Sergeant Henry Blackburn , and do not occur in order of events . The Campaign puts the player in control of four different player characters . For most of the story , the player controls SSgt . Henry `` Black '' Blackburn ( portrayed by Gideon Emery ) , a member of the U.S. Marine Corps 1st Recon Battalion and main protagonist . The player also controls Sgt . Jonathan `` Jono '' Miller , a M1 Abrams tank operator deployed in Tehran ; Lt. Jennifer `` Wedge '' Colby Hawkins , an F / A-18F Super Hornet weapon systems officer ; and Dimitri `` Dima '' Mayakovsky , a Russian GRU operative . The main antagonist , Solomon , is an overseas asset for the Central Intelligence Agency . Non-player characters include : Misfit 1 , Blackburn 's squad ( including David Montes , Steve Campo , Christian Matkovic , and Cpt . Quinton Cole ) ; Dima 's GRU squadmates Vladimir and Kiril ; and CIA Agents Gordon and Whistler , who interrogate Blackburn for much of the Campaign . Plot ( edit ) On 15 March , Sgt . Blackburn 's squad , Misfit 1 - 3 , attempted to find and safely return a US squad investigating an improvised explosive device in Sulaymaniyah , Iraqi Kurdistan , whose last known position was in territory controlled by the PLR ( People 's Liberation & Resistance ) , an Iranian paramilitary insurgent group . They find the missing squad , which had been ambushed by the PLR ; but before they can escape the city , a massive earthquake wrecks the city . Blackburn , fellow squadmate Montes , and other survivors fight their way out of the ruins of the city . On the same day , the PLR stage a coup d'état in Iran , turning it into a military dictatorship , and the US subsequently invades . Lt. Hawkins takes part in a raid on enemy fighters over Iran and an air strike over Mehrabad Airport . In the aftermath of the air strikes , Misfit 1 was sent into Tehran to perform battle damage assessment and apprehend the leader of the PLR , Faruk Al - Bashir . While investigating an underground bank vault in the target 's suspected location , Blackburn and his team learn that the PLR have acquired Russian suitcase nukes , with two of the three devices missing . Being overrun , Misfit requests backup from an M1 Abrams column `` Anvil 3 '' , including Sergeant Miller . Miller facilitates Misfit 1 's helicopter extraction , but his Abrams tank is disabled and overrun while the crew awaits the arrival of the Quick Reaction Force . Knocked out and taken prisoner , Miller is promptly executed by Solomon and Al - Bashir , with the event being filmed and posted on the Internet . Later , Misfit 1 - 3 manages to capture Al - Bashir , who becomes fatally wounded when they cause his escape vehicle to crash . Realizing that he had been betrayed and used , Al - Bashir reveals some of Solomon 's plan -- to detonate the nukes in Paris and New York City -- before succumbing to his wounds . Misfit 1 gets a lead on arms dealer Amir Kaffarov , who was working with Solomon and Al - Bashir . They attempt to capture Kaffarov from his villa on the Caspian Sea coast , near the Azerbaijani border . However , they run into a Russian paratrooper battalion , also after Kaffarov , who engage them with airdropped BMP - 2s , with Su - 25s providing close air support . In the ensuing chaos , Blackburn 's squadmates , Campo and Matkovic , are killed in an enemy strafing run . Meanwhile , a Spetsnaz team led by Dima assaults Kaffarov 's villa . Kaffarov tries to bribe his way out , but Dima beats him up nonetheless . Blackburn arrives at the villa and finds Dima and a presumed dead Kaffarov . Dima reveals Solomon 's plot to Blackburn , and requests his cooperation to prevent `` a war between ( their ) nations '' . Meanwhile , Misfit 1 's commanding officer Cole arrives , and Blackburn is forced to shoot his superior before he can kill Dima . Blackburn 's shooting of his commanding officer results in his eight - hour interrogation by the C.I.A. at Hunters Point , Queens . During Blackburn 's captivity , Dima 's Spetsnaz squad attempts to stop the attack in Paris . However , Vladimir is impaled and dies , and the nuke explodes , killing 80,000 people . Meanwhile , the C.I.A. agents do not believe Blackburn 's story , since Solomon is a C.I.A. informant , and there is no concrete proof of his involvement in the terrorist attacks . They instead believe that Russia is responsible for the attacks , and that Dima has tricked Blackburn . With no other options , Blackburn and surviving squad member Montes break out of captivity to stop the attack in New York . Evading police , Blackburn manages to break into a hijacked Long Island Rail Road commuter train , full of Solomon 's men and explosive charges . He works his way to the front car , where he is ambushed by Solomon . When ambushed by Solomon , Blackburn gains the upper hand by obtaining and activating the detonator , causing the train to crash . Blackburn pursues Solomon through the sewers and up to street level . Montes , having obtained a police car , picks up Blackburn and engages Solomon and the PLR in a brief vehicular chase , which ends with both cars crashing in Times Square . As a bewildered crowd watches on , Solomon shoots Montes , but Blackburn manages to kill Solomon by bludgeoning him to death with a brick in the ensuing brawl and recovers the nuclear bomb . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Dima had survived the Paris detonation , albeit suffering radiation poisoning from the blast . He writes about the efforts of both himself and Blackburn to stop Solomon 's plan `` to set fire to the world '' . As he finishes , he examines a pistol . A knock comes from his door , the screen cuts to black , and the last sound is that of the pistol being loaded as Dima presumably prepares to defend himself . Development ( edit ) Battlefield 3 's lead platform was originally the PC until it was switched to consoles midway through development . The Xbox 360 version of Battlefield 3 is shipped on two discs due to the disc size limit ; however , the PS3 version ships on one Blu - ray Disc . Battlefield 3 debuts the new Frostbite 2 engine . This updated Frostbite engine can realistically portray the destruction of buildings and scenery to a greater extent than previous versions . Unlike previous iterations , the new version can also support dense urban areas . Battlefield 3 uses a new type of character animation technology called ANT . ANT technology is used in EA Sports games , such as FIFA , but for Battlefield 3 is adapted to create a more realistic soldier , with the ability to transition into cover and turn the head before the body , as well as `` drag fallen comrades into safety and mount weapons on almost any part of the terrain '' . PlayStation 3 exclusive content ( edit ) On 6 June 2011 , during Sony 's E3 2011 press conference , Jack Tretton of Sony Computer Entertainment of America announced that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be bundled with a free copy of Battlefield 1943 , however , at launch , the game was n't included . EA then said that Battlefield 3 PlayStation 3 owners would receive timed - exclusive DLC for the game instead . On 20 November 2011 , Law firm Edelson McGuire took EA to court on behalf of disappointed gamers . The complaint focuses on EA 's communication of the change of plan , second proposal with early DLC that had already been announced . Shortly after EA was threatened with being taken to court over its failure to deliver the free game as announced at E3 , EA announced they will offer owners of the PlayStation 3 version of Battlefield 3 a free downloadable copy of Battlefield 1943 . Wii U version ( edit ) On 7 June 2011 , during Nintendo 's E3 2011 press conference , John Riccitiello of EA games expressed interest in Nintendo 's upcoming system , the Wii U. Patrick Liu , the executive producer of Battlefield 3 , stated that EA DICE currently have no games in development for the Wii U and a port for the console `` probably wo n't happen '' . Beta ( edit ) The open beta commenced on 29 September 2011 , for all platforms , and ended on 10 October 2011 . 48 hour early access was granted to players who bought the Tier 1 edition of Medal of Honor or pre-ordered the digital version of Battlefield 3 : Limited Edition through Origin . Soundtrack ( edit ) Battlefield 3 ( Original Video Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Johan Skugge & Jukka Rintamäki Released 24 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) ( digital ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 35 : 59 A soundtrack album was released on 24 October 2011 , one day before the game was released . It is available on iTunes and Amazon . The music was composed by Johan Skugge and Jukka Rintamäki . Easter eggs ( edit ) Battlefield 3 and its five DLC packs contain numerous Easter eggs . Hiding in obscure areas of the game are references to other Electronic Arts games and franchises including Mirror 's Edge and Mass Effect . Some sources suggested other Easter eggs pointed to future Battlefield games or DLC packs . During the firefight in the mall trying to protect Al - Bashir , the store in which they are defending Al - Bashir has copies of games on the shelf and one game being titled `` Frostbite '' which references the engine used by Battlefield 3 . A wall on the multiplayer map `` Wake Island '' featuring the number 2143 and a futuristic hovercraft on a different map in the End Game DLC have been said to suggest a follow up to 2006 's Battlefield 2142 is in the works . Several dinosaur Easter eggs -- such as a flying pterodactyl on the map `` Nebandan Flats '' and tyrannosaurus skulls or toy statues on various maps -- have led others to believe a dinosaur - related game or DLC would be released in the future . The idea of a dinosaur - related minigame originated from fan feedback through social media outlets prior to Battlefield 3 's release . Neither of these possible upcoming games has been confirmed by EA . Marketing and release ( edit ) Battlefield 3 was revealed on 3 February 2011 , by video game magazine Game Informer . The coverage included information on building the game and interviews with DICE , as well as three trailers : a teaser and the first two parts in a series of gameplay from the level `` Fault Line '' . Several other trailers were released showing different aspects of the game , including both single and multiplayer , as well as emphasizing the new engine . On 16 August 2011 , co-op gameplay and a `` Caspian Border Multiplayer Gameplay Trailer '' were shown at Gamescom 2011 illustrating the co-op mode and the first footage of air combat , respectively . Trailer releases gained momentum in the week before the release of the game . EA released a multiplayer trailer which showed the variety of maps available in multiplayer , with short scenes of actual gameplay . It also featured shots of a map that is included in the `` Back to Karkand '' downloadable content ( DLC ) . EA released a launch trailer , showing off the various missions in the single - player campaign . EA CEO John Riccitiello stated that Battlefield 3 is aimed at competing with the Call of Duty series . EA planned on spending over $100 million on a marketing campaign for Battlefield 3 . Electronic Arts stated that Battlefield 3 is a `` flat out superior '' to Call of Duty . EA has said it is going on the `` offense '' in regards to its marketing on Battlefield 3 , saying that it started its campaign early to establish a `` beachhead '' . Anyone who had watched a trailer for the upcoming film Act of Valor through the official Battlefield 3 website could receive free downloadable dogtags for use with any version of the game . In January 2017 , the game was made backwards compatible with the Xbox One ( alongside Battlefield : Bad Company 2 ) and was subsequently added to the EA Access service . Pre-order promotion ( edit ) All pre-orders of the Limited Edition grant free access to the `` Back to Karkand '' DLC pack , a reference to the `` Strike at Karkand '' map ( a popular Battlefield 2 map ) , to include four maps brought over from Battlefield 2 , 10 new weapons , 4 new vehicles , 5 new achievements / trophies , and a new addition to the series , `` Assignments '' . The maps from the expansion pack will be : Strike at Karkand , Gulf of Oman , Wake Island , and Sharqi Peninsula . Pre-ordering at selected retailers and Origin included the `` Physical Warfare Pack '' , granting access to time - based exclusive weapons and items ; including a light machine gun , a sniper rifle accessory , and armor - piercing ammunition . Also included is launch day access to the DAO - 12 semi-automatic shotgun , which other players can unlock through game play . Pre-order at select retailers also provide the `` SPECACT Kit Upgrade '' , the `` Dog Tag Pack '' and Battlefield 3 gear for the player 's console avatar . Pre-ordering at Origin gave players a shotgun and beret for Battlefield Play4Free , and 48 hour early access to the Battlefield 3 beta . Originally the `` Physical Warfare Pack '' was to be exclusive to pre-orders , but fan reaction to this was negative , causing EA to clarify that it would be made available to all players for free later in the year . On 2 September 2011 , a trailer for the Physical Warfare Pack was released on YouTube showing all the content included within the pack in action in - game . All the content except the `` Back to Karkand '' pack was available from day one . The pack was released on 6 December 2011 for the PlayStation 3 , and a week later for the Xbox 360 and PC . Online pass ( edit ) To access the game 's online multiplayer mode on consoles , players need to activate an online pass . New copies of the game include one online pass for the original owner of the game to access the multiplayer ; however , if a player buys a used copy or rents the game , they must purchase an online pass separately , or access a 48 - hour trial via the official game site . When asked why the developers implemented the pass system , game designer Alan Kertz replied , `` because servers cost money , and used games do n't make developers any money . '' Some of the online pass codes were invalid from the time of purchase , which EA responded to by telling affected consumers to ask the retailer for a replacement code . Downloadable content ( edit ) Back to Karkand ( edit ) The first pack of downloadable content ( DLC ) , `` Back to Karkand '' , was announced before launch and was released on 13 December 2011 for PC and Xbox 360 , while PlayStation 3 owners received it a week earlier . It was priced at US $15 but was free for all users who purchased the limited edition . It features four maps remade from Battlefield 2 , three new vehicles and ten new weapons . Close Quarters ( edit ) At GDC 2012 DICE revealed it would release three more DLCs . The second DLC , `` Close Quarters '' arrived in June 2012 featuring four new infantry - oriented maps , ten new weapons , HD Destruction , ten new assignments , five unique Dogtags , and a new game mode , Conquest Domination , a Conquest mode adapted for smaller spaces . Armored kill ( edit ) The third DLC , `` Armored Kill '' arrived on 4 September 2012 for premium PlayStation 3 users and 11 September for Xbox 360 and PC users . The DLC was made available for non-premium PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 users on 25 September 2012 . Armored Kill included new vehicles , specifically tanks , ATVs , and mobile artillery , as well as new vehicle - oriented maps and what is called `` the biggest map in Battlefield history '' . Aftermath ( edit ) A DLC titled `` Aftermath '' was revealed in a trailer for Battlefield 3 Premium . It was released to PlayStation 3 Premium subscribers on 27 November 2012 and to PC and Xbox 360 Premium subscribers on 4 December 2012 . `` Aftermath '' was released to non-Premium subscribers on PlayStation 3 on 11 December 2012 , and on PC and Xbox 360 on 18 December 2012 . A video released by DICE games revealed that there would be a crossbow , with customizable scopes and various bolts before its release . End game ( edit ) The fifth DLC , `` End Game '' , was released for PlayStation 3 Premium members on 5 March 2013 and to PC and Xbox 360 Premium members on 12 March 2013 , then to non-Premium PlayStation 3 players on 19 March 2013 and to PC and Xbox 360 players on 26 March 2013 . Novel ( edit ) Andy McNab penned a tie - in novel called Battlefield 3 : The Russian , which follows the story of GRU Spetsnaz commando Dmitri `` Dima '' Mayakovsky and his involvement against the PLR , as well as his connection to the antagonist , Solomon . McNab also served as the game 's consultant on military tactics . The novel was released on 25 October 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PC ) 86.82 % ( X360 ) 85.01 % ( PS3 ) 84.71 % Metacritic ( PC ) 89 / 100 ( PS3 ) 85 / 100 ( X360 ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com ( PC ) A - ( PS3 & X360 ) B+ Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer ( PC ) 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8.5 / 10 GameSpy ( PC ) IGN 9 / 10 Joystiq OXM ( US ) 9 / 10 Battlefield 3 has received mostly positive reviews . IGN gave it a score of 9.0 out of 10.0 for all platforms , and praised the graphics and multiplayer game . Even though it criticized the single - player campaign story , and the occasional glitches of the game engine , it still gave the game a mostly positive review , `` Regardless of the narrative missteps or the occasional glitches , Battlefield 3 offers an unforgettable , world - class multiplayer suite that 's sure to excite shooter fans . '' Joystiq awarded the game 4.5 out of 5 stars , stating that the campaign was `` tactically linear '' and that the A.I. within the game were `` murderously un-fun to fight '' . Complaints were also made of the multiplayer aspect , stating that destruction was less than expected : `` It 's not Bad Company 2 , and levels wo n't start out intact and end looking like the surface of the moon the way they often did in that game . '' They did , however , praise the multiplayer experience as `` unmatched '' , stating that this should be the sole reason to buy the game . GameSpot gave Battlefield 3 a score of 8.5 out of 10 across all platforms . They praised the deep multiplayer mode , great variety of vehicles , many well - designed environments , and a great reward system for team play ; however , they criticized the campaign for being `` dull and disappointing '' and using a `` familiar formula '' . The cooperative mode was viewed favorably ; the only criticism on the cooperative missions was that `` there are n't more of them to keep you busy '' . Official Xbox Magazine gave the game 9 out of 10 , commending the game for its multiplayer mode , but criticizing the solo campaign . Similarly , Official Xbox Magazine ( UK ) gave the game 8 out of 10 , applauding its multiplayer gaming and calling it `` The most expansive , refined Battlefield multiplayer yet '' while also criticizing the single - player experience . Sales and revenue ( edit ) According to EA , Battlefield 3 garnered 3 million pre-orders by the day of its release . The pre-order total makes it `` the biggest first - person shooter launch in EA history '' , according to the publisher . Two days after launch , EA CEO John Riccitiello announced via a conference call to investors that Battlefield 3 has already shipped 10 million units within a week of release , with 3 million of those being pre-orders . Electronic Arts stated that the title sold 5 million units within the first week of availability , easily becoming its fastest - selling game . After one month , EA chief financial officer Eric Brown announced Battlefield 3 had sold 8 million copies , and that the publisher has shipped 12 million copies of the game to retailers , 2 million more than it shipped for launch week . Peter Moore , the high - profile COO of EA , insisted that Battlefield 3 successfully captured a slice of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 's market share . On 29 June 2012 EA revealed that the game has sold 15 million copies . In Japan , Battlefield 3 had sold around 123,379 copies for the PlayStation 3 and 27,723 copies for the Xbox 360 when it was released . In the first week , the game had sold 18,792 copies for the PlayStation 3 for a total of 142,171 copies . The PlayStation 3 version later sold 8,094 copies for a total of 150,265 copies . Other responses ( edit ) A scene in which the player is prompted to kill a rat that is attacking their character was criticized by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) . In a press release issued by the organization 's German office , it claimed that the game `` treats animals in a sadistic manner '' . The release also went further on to say that the scene can have `` a brutalising effect on the young male target audience '' . The reproduction of various scenes in Battlefield 3 are highly accurate of their real - life counterparts such as the Grand Bazaar . Iran has reacted to the scenes set within Iran by banning the sale of the game . As the game had not been officially released in the country , the authorities were strictly enforcing the prevention of the distribution of pirated copies of the game . This comes after Iranian gamers had protested the release of the game and called for an apology . Awards ( edit ) Best Shooter , 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best Multiplayer Game , 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best Xbox 360 Shooter , Best of 2011 IGN Award & 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best Xbox 360 Multiplayer Game , Best of 2011 IGN Award & 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best PS3 Shooter , 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best PS3 Multiplayer Game , Best of 2011 IGN Award & 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best PC Shooter , Best of 2011 IGN Award & 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award Best PC Multiplayer Game , Best of 2011 IGN Award & 2011 IGN People 's Choice Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ridgeley , Sean ( 3 August 2010 ) . `` Battlefield 3 leaving DX 9 behind , Frostbite 2 engine good news for PC gamers '' . Neoseeker . Neo Era Media Inc . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 at E3 roundup ! '' . Blogs Battlefield EA . 8 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Matros , Daniel . `` zh1nt0 ( Community Manager ) answers Battlefield 3 questions '' . BF3Online . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA Sells 5 Million Copies of ' Battlefield 3 ' in a Week '' . PCMag. 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 PC receiving `` special effort '' , wo n't run on Windows XP `` . PC Gamer. 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 12 August 2011 ) . `` Even Retail Copies of Battlefield 3 Require Origin '' . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bertz , Matt ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Check Out The First Battlefield 3 Teaser Trailer ! '' . Game Informer . GameStop Corporation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( 8 February 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 PC will handle 40 more players than on consoles . New features revealed '' . PC Gamer . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred . `` Battlefield 3 MP maps shrunk for consoles '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 wo n't include Commander feature '' . Battlefield 3 Blog . Archived from the original on 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Commander for BF3 YES or NO V2. 0 '' . Various . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ivan , Tom ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 takes you to Paris , South Pole and New York '' . Computer and Video Games . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( 21 July 2011 ) . `` DICE offers more detail on Battlefield 3 Battlelog '' . VideoGamer.com . Pro-G Media . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnus , Karl . `` Twitter '' . DICE General Manager . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Mike ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Gamescom 2011 : DICE Shows Co-Op Mode , Air Combat in Battlefield 3 '' . GameSpy . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thylander , Fredrik . `` Weapons earned in co-op '' . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ zh1nt0 ( 8 June 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 at E3 roundup ! '' . Battlefield Blog . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Highwind55 ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Battleblog # 2 : With A Bit Of Class '' . Battlefield Blog . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recon Class Can Set Spawn Points In Battlefield 3 '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battleblog # 11 : Every Battlefield 3 multiplayer game mode explained '' . Electronic Arts . 15 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kertz , Alan ( 19 August 2011 ) . `` Twitter post '' . Battlelog IS the PC main menu . You go straight from Battlelog to playing . No splash screens , no menus . Just straight to the playing . Jump up ^ Magnus , Karl ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Twitter '' . Great news for our console BF fans ! In today 's # GamesCom interviews DICE GM Karl Magnus ( @ L_Twin ) confirms console server browser in # BF3 . ^ Jump up to : Battlefield 3 ^ Jump up to : Knight , David ; Greg Off & Sam Bishop ( 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Prima Official Game Guides . Prima Games . pp. 1 -- 349 . ISBN 9780307890481 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 : Thunder Run Tank Gameplay Trailer ( E3 ) '' . DICE. 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Scene : Cinematic . Level / area : Go Hunting . Agent W. : Stop me if this is incorrect . Faruk Al - Bashir and the PLR seize power in Iran almost the same day as the earthquake -- they become a threat . A few weeks later , we send in 50,000 marines to take him out -- we go to war in Iran . / SSgt . Blackburn : ( impatient ) Is this a history lesson ? / Agent G. : What part did you play in the ( capture of ) Al - Bashir ? / SSgt . Blackburn : That 's a broad question . / Agent G. : Then I will narrow it down . Your first mission . ( ... ) / Agent G. : Tell me about your interaction with Lieutenant Colby Hawkins . She was a F - 18 pilot . / SSgt . Blackburn : She ? Do n't know her . / Agent G. : As you went in , she took part in an airstike on Al - Bashir . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Scene : Cinematic . Level / area : Comrades . Agent Gordon : He used to be Russian Spetsnaz . Vympel unit . Dimitri `` Dima '' Mayakovsky . / Agent Whistler : ( ... ) We know you know him . / SSgt . Blackburn : We 've met . If you 're gon na make a point , make it . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Scene : Cinematic . Level / area : Operation Swordbreaker . Agent G. : Eighteen hours ago , I get a call from Homeland Security saying there is a Marine in detention that I need to talk to . Some story about a terror plot in New York and the Marine claims he has information to stop it . Now the best part is : he says it 's gon na happen today . So here we are . You look jetlagged . And by that I mean you look like shit . ( ... ) What you 're going to do is clarify the attack scenario . Your cooperation might even get you out of the world of crap you currently inhabit . All you have to do , Sergeant Blackburn , is fill in the blanks . Are we clear ? ( Blackburn nods . Agent G. sits down . ) When did you first ( learn ) about Solomon and the PLR ? / SSgt . Blackburn : It was nine months ago . Operation Swordbreaker , Iraqi Kurdistan . Jump up ^ PunkyLiar . `` Battlefield 3 ' Information Roundup '' . True Achievements . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Operation Swordbreaker . Cole : Gentlemen , welcome . As you know , we 're dealing with the PLR insurgents crossing over from Iran . A lot of sectarian tension . I counsel you to remember , gentlemen , the people in this country are not your enemy -- the PLR is . At 0930 , we lost contact with the Viper squad . They were investigating a possible IED near Spinza Meat Market , and that 's a pretty fuckin ' bad part of town . We believe the PLR are involved . I 'm sending you in to find our marines , provide support and calling CASEVAC if necessary . ^ Jump up to : EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Uprising . Montes : Freeze , motherfucker -- hands ! ( realizes that it 's Blackburn ) Holy shit ! Black , am I glad to see you . ( motions him over ) In about half an hour , this place is gon na be every - fuckin ' - man - to - himself . C'mon , let 's get the fuck outta here . ( ... ) Milnet was saying there 's riots all over the fucking city , and get this -- a coup in Iran . Sponsored by your friendly neighborhood PRL . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Operation Guillotine . Montes : We 've got maps of Paris , New York . ( ... ) / Campo : Holy shit ... You know what that is ? / Montes : Russian . Portable nukes . / Campo : There 's only one there . / Montes : Wait , there 's room for two more . Where the hell are the other two ? ! / Matcovich : Hey , you need to see this ! ( ... ) / Montes : ( seeing the security feed ) That 's Al - Bashir . Who 's the other guy ? ( Solomon ) / Campo : I do n't know . They 're comin ' down ! We need to secure the nuke and get the hell out of here ! / Montes : What about the intel ? / Campo : No . No , there 's no time . We need to secure the nuke and move . ^ Jump up to : EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Night Shift . Al - Bashir : ( dying ) How did you find me ? The execution video ... video ... Solomon . Solomon ! It must have been him . He said get the bombs -- use them for leverage . Then he stole them . He used me -- he uses everyone . The dog betrayed me -- with his plans . Trains -- and for that I will get him for this . Listen ! The 14th of this month -- when the sun is set -- Solomon will strike ! Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Night Shift . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : A Rock And A Hard Place . Montes : So who is this guy , exactly ? / Campo : The guy from Al - Bashir 's phone , an arms dealer . / Montes : That 's all they know ? / Campo : That 's all we know . He could be connected to those nukes . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : A Rock And A Hard Place . Campo : Sir , what the hell 's going on ? / Cole : They 're here for the same reason we are , Sergeant . / Campo : Are we at war with Russia now , sir ? ( ... ) / Montes : Yeah , okay . Yeah , we 're just gon na end one war by starting another -- that is out - fuckin ' - standing ! / Campo : Montes , you heard the orders . Let 's go ! Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : A Rock And A Hard Place . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Kaffarov . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Level / area : Kaffarov . Dima : ( to Blackburn ) Do not do anything stupid . This piece of shit right there stole three nuclear devices from Russia , and sold it to a man called Solomon . Solomon 's using the PLR . He has at least two targets : New York and Paris . He 's using public transit to move the weapons . He 's going to detonate the New York device in Times Square very soon . ( shakes head ) ... This can not happen . We can avert war between our nations . Just two of us . No politicians , no money changing hands . Just two soldiers speaking the truth . Help me . Help me to do this . ( Blackburn hears someone kick a door open close by . ) That 's it , I have to leave now . You do n't shoot him , millions will die . / Cole : ( coming in , aiming at Dima ) Get down on the ground ! Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Scene : Cinematic . Level / area : The Great Destroyer . Agent G. : ( ... ) You 've been played . It 's the Russians . / SSgt . Blackburn : No , it 's Solomon . Have n't you been listening to anything I 've been saying ? ( ... ) Solomon has the nuke . / Agent G. : Solomon is one of ours . He is an overseas asset and has been for years . We put him next to Al - Bashir for information . / SSgt . Blackburn : You are shitting me ! He 's a murderer ! You saw the video ! Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Scene : Cinematic . Level / area : The Great Destroyer . SSgt . Blackburn : The train map inside the bank vault -- what was the time written on it ? / Montes : Um ... 6.02 . Why ? / SSgt . Blackburn : Dave . You trust me ? / Montes : ( nods ) Oh , yeah . / SSgt . Blackburn : Alright . Follow my lead . Jump up ^ EA Digital Illusions CE ( 25 October -- 2 November 2011 ) . Battlefield 3 . Microsoft Windows / PlayStation 3 / Xbox 360 / iOS . Electronic Arts , Sega . Dima : Radiation is like life , a uniquely damaging event . Perhaps I will live another 30 years . Perhaps I will die tomorrow ... I am telling my story here . The story of how Solomon used power - hungry men like Al - Bashir and Kaffarov to set fire to the world . And the American marine who , like me , chose the hardest path of all . But I have no regrets . I have always served Russia , trying to make a difference . Sometimes , I was forced to make difficult choices . Many lives have been saved -- many have been lost . ( picks up his pistol ) I am certain Moscow does not view this in the same light as I do . But enough is enough . As Vladimir would say , you can only die once . Make sure it is worth it . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 lead platform ' switched to consoles ' mid-development '' . Computer and Video Games . Jump up ^ Usher , William . `` Battlefield 3 Will Be On Two DVDs For Xbox 360 '' . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dupler , Scott ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` Clearer Battlefield 3 HUD Images & More '' . Planet Battlefield . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 : E3 Frostbite 2 Features Trailer '' . Battlefield. 6 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dupler , Scott . `` Battlefield 3 Game Informer Scans Surface '' . Planet Battlefield . IGN Entertainment . Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SONY E3 Press Conference Live Now '' . CVG . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` S3 Gets Timed Exclusive BF3 DLC '' . CVG . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA Sued Over BF3 's Missing BF 1943 On PS3 '' . CVG . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA Backtracks And Offers BF 1943 To PS3 BF3 Owners '' . CVG . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Carl B ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` EA discusses Battlefield 3 on Wii U , controller ideas '' . QuickJump . Caputo Media . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No DICE game planned for Wii U yet '' . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Beta '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detailing pre-order items for Battlefield 3 '' . Battlefield Blog. 4 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Mirror 's Edge easter egg found in Battlefield 3 DLC '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Veselka , David ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 : Close Quarters Easter Eggs '' . MP1ST . OPNetwork . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frostbite Engine Easter Egg '' . EA , DICE. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Henry ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` DICE hint at Battlefield 2143 with another Wake Island Easter egg '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ MacManus , Christopher ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Easter Egg hints at Battlefield 2143 '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Petitte , Omri ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` Battlefield 3 : End Game features serenely floating Battlefield 2142 Easter egg '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Battlefield 2142 easter egg found in Battlefield 3 : End Game '' . VG247 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ NG , Alan ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` Battlefield 4 Dinosaur mode theories after End Game tease '' . Product Reviews . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 : Aftermath has hidden dinosaur Easter Egg '' . VG247 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Zivalich , Nikole ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Gamers Want A Dinosaur Mode -- Get # BF3Dinos Trending '' . G4 . G4 Media . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 : Aftermath features a hidden dinosaur Easter egg '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameInformer Presents BATTLEFIELD 3 '' . GameInformer . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Videos & Trailers '' . DICE . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle . `` New Battlefield 3 Multiplayer Trailer Shows Many Guns Fired , Many Explosions '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Mike . `` Battlefield 3 Launch Trailer '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA : Battlefield 3 Designed to Take Down Call of Duty '' . IGN Entertainment . 6 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` EA : Battlefield 3 ' flat out superior ' to Call of Duty '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Future Publishing . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( 4 May 2011 ) . `` EA : Battlefield 3 `` flat out superior '' to COD `` . EuroGamer . Eurogamer Network . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( 10 May 2011 ) . `` EA going on offensive with Battlefield 3 marketing '' . videogaming247 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` Tolerate a Three - Minute Trailer , Get a Set of Battlefield Dogtags '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ https://www.eurogamer.net/2017-01-10-battlefield-3-and-bad-company-2-are-now-backwards-compatible-on-xbox-one Jump up ^ Nielsen , David ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Back to Karkand Expansion Pack '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 ' Physical Warfare Pack ' revealed '' . CVG. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 13 June 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 pre-order weapon and item bonuses annoy fans '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 pre-order bonus to be free to all later this year '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Physical Warfare Pack Gameplay Trailer '' . 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Back to Karkand Release Date Announced '' . IGN. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gaston , Martin ( 14 October 2011 ) . `` DICE developer confirms Battlefield 3 online pass '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Online Pass '' . Electronic Arts . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why is my Battlefield 3 Xbox 360 code invalid ? '' . help.ea.com . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Back to Karkand Expansion Pack Information '' . IGN . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ( http://help.ea.com/en/article/battlefield-3-close-quarters-faq/ `` Battlefield 3 Close Quarters expansion pack information '' ) , EA Help , Accessed 5 August 2015 Jump up ^ Alex Cocilova ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Armored Kill is released for the PC '' . PC World . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Matthew ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Aftermath DLC Dated , Debut Trailer Released '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ( DICE ) H Brun ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Road to End Game : How to earn all 16 dog tags ( and more ) in our fifth expansion pack '' . DICE . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Gilbert ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` ' Battlefield 3 : The Russian ' is a book based on Battlefield 3 , has Russians '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ McNab , Andy . `` Prologue '' . Battlefield 3 : The Russian . Solomon sat cross-legged on his bed , the disassembled pieces of his US - sourced Colt 45 laid out in front of him . ( ... ) Once Dima had been his mentor ( , ) but Solomon did n't need mentors now . Jump up ^ `` Official Battlefield 3 : The Russian website '' . DICE . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA Announces Battlefield 3 Novel by Consultant , Former SAS Operator Andy McNab '' . IGN. 1 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 for PC -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 for Xbox 360 -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 for PlayStation 3 -- GameRankings '' . GameRankings.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 PC Metacritic Score '' . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 PlayStation 3 Metacritic Score '' . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Xbox 360 Metacritic Score '' . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Winterhalter , Ryan ( 24 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review for PC from 1UP.com '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Winterhalter , Ryan ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review for PS3 , 360 from 1UP.com '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Dan ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review '' . EuroGamer . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Review : The Elite FPS Franchise -- Battlefield 3 -- PC '' . GameInformer.com. 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Watters , Chris ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Gamespot PC Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gamespot Battlefield 3 PS3 Review '' . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gamespot Battlefield 3 Xbox 360 Review '' . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Ring , B ; Sharkey , M ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` GameSpy : Battlefield 3 PC Review -- Page 1 '' . GameSpy . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eykemans , Peter ( 24 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review -- PC Review at IGN '' . IGN PC . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Eykemans , Peter ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review -- Xbox 360 Review at IGN '' . IGN Xbox 360 . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Eykemans , Peter ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 Review -- PlayStation 3 Review at IGN '' . IGN PS3 . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gies , Arthur ( 24 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 review : Squad score bonus '' . Joystiq . AOL . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Cameron . `` Battlefield 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Xbox 360 Review '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 PS3 Review '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Cameron . `` Battlefield 3 review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans - Thirwill , Edwin . `` Battlefield 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine ( UK ) . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 Launches With Record - Breaking Force '' . EA Games . 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 pre-orders hit close to 3 million '' . Jump up ^ Hyde , James ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 ships 10 million copies '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 internal sales estimates show 5 million units sold in week one , globally '' . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Denton , Jake ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` Battlefield 3 ships 12 million copies '' . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` EA : Battlefield 3 stole market share from Modern Warfare 3 '' . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` EA looking to bring Battlefield Premium type service to more properties '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Gamer Network . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Hardware and Software Chart , 31 Oct. -- 6 Nov. 2011 '' . Magicbox . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Hardware and Software Chart , 7 -- 13 Nov. 2011 '' . Magicbox . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Hardware and Software Chart , 14 -- 21 Nov. 2011 '' . Magicbox . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( 7 November 2011 ) . `` PETA condemns brutal Battlefield 3 rat stabbing '' . Eurogamer . Jump up ^ `` Iran bans US video game '' . 29 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/battlefield-3-banned-in-iran/087823 Jump up ^ `` Battlefield 3 nuclear plot angers Iranian gamers '' . BBC News . 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Shooter -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Multiplayer -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Shooter -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Multiplayer Game -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Shooter Game -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Multiplayer Game -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Shooter -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Multiplayer Game -- Best of 2011 '' . IGN . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battlefield 3 2010s portal Video games portal Official website Battlefield 3 on IMDb ( hide ) Battlefield Main series Battlefield 1942 The Road to Rome Secret Weapons of WWII Battlefield 2 additional content Battlefield 3 downloadable content Battlefield 4 downloadable content Battlefield 1 Spin - offs Battlefield Vietnam Battlefield 2 : Modern Combat Battlefield 2142 Northern Strike Battlefield 1943 Battlefield Hardline Bad Company series Battlefield : Bad Company Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Vietnam Free - to - play Battlefield Heroes Battlefield Online Battlefield Play4Free Related Desert Combat Project Reality Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battlefield_3&oldid=836456658 '' Categories : 2011 video games Aerial warfare in fiction Asymmetrical multiplayer video games Battlefield ( series ) games Electronic Arts games ESports games First - person shooters IOS games Martyrdom in fiction Mass murder in fiction Multiplayer and single - player video games Multiplayer online games PlayStation 3 games Trains in fiction United States Marine Corps in video games Video game sequels Video games developed in Sweden Video games set in 2014 Video games set in France Video games set in Iran Video games set in Iraq Video games set in New York City War video games set in the United States Video games set in Ukraine Video games with downloadable content Video games featuring female protagonists Wars in fiction Weapons of mass destruction in fiction Windows games Xbox 360 games Frostbite ( game engine ) games Video games adapted into novels Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is battlefield 4 a sequel to battlefield 3	[]	[]
654231908205364320	Ford Model A (1927–31)	Ford Model a ( 1927 -- 31 ) - wikipedia Ford Model a ( 1927 -- 31 ) Jump to : navigation , search See also : Ford Model A ( 1903 -- 04 ) Ford Model A 1928 Ford Model A Tudor Sedan Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1927 -- 1931 Assembly Chester , Pennsylvania Chicago , Illinois Dearborn , Michigan Jacksonville , Florida Long Beach , California San Francisco , California Saint Paul , Minnesota Windsor , Ontario Buenos Aires , Argentina Santiago , Chile Cologne , Germany Yokohama , Japan Copenhagen , Denmark Cork , Ireland Trafford Park , England Geelong , Victoria Nizhny Novgorod , Russia Body and chassis Class Full - size Ford Body style A -- Chassis Convertible Sedan ( 400A ) Business Coupe Coupe Deluxe Coupe Special Coupe ( ' 28 -- 29 limited run ) Sport Coupe Standard Coupe Deluxe Coupe Standard Fordor Sedan -- Murray Standard Fordor Sedan -- Briggs Deluxe Fordor Sedan -- Murray Deluxe Fordor Sedan -- Briggs Leatherback Fordor Sedan Standard Fordor Sedan -- Slant windshield Mail Truck Panel Truck Phaeton 2 - door Phaeton 4 - door Deluxe Service Pickup Roadster Pickup Cabriolet Pickup Deluxe Pickup Standard Roadster Roadster Utility Deluxe Roadster Sport Roadster Station Wagon Taxi Cab Town Car Town Car Delivery Standard Tudor Sedan Deluxe Tudor Sedan Victoria Wood Panel Delivery Station wagon Layout FR layout Platform A Chassis Related Ford Model AF Ford Model AA Powertrain Engine 201 CID ( 3.3 L ) L - head - 4 I4 Transmission 3 - speed sliding gear manual Wheelbase 103.5 in ( 2,629 mm ) Length 165 in ( 4,191 mm ) Width 67 in ( 1,702 mm ) Curb weight 2,265 lb ( 1,027 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Ford Model T Successor Ford Model B Ford Model 18 GAZ A GAZ - MM GAZ - AAA The Ford Model A ( also colloquially called the A-Model Ford or the A , and A-bone among rodders and customizers ) , was the second huge success for the Ford Motor Company , after its predecessor , the Model T. First produced on October 20 , 1927 , but not sold until December 2 , it replaced the venerable Model T , which had been produced for 18 years . This new Model A ( a previous model had used the name in 1903 -- 04 ) was designated a 1928 model and was available in four standard colors . By 4 February 1929 , one million Model As had been sold , and by 24 July , two million . The range of body styles ran from the Tudor at US $500 ( in grey , green , or black ) to the Town Car with a dual cowl at US $1200 . In March 1930 , Model A sales hit three million , and there were nine body styles available . Model A production ended in March , 1932 , after 4,858,644 had been made in all body styles . Its successor was the Model B , which featured an updated 4 - cylinder engine , as well as the Model 18 , which introduced Ford 's new flathead ( sidevalve ) V8 engine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Development history 3 Film and media 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Features ( edit ) Prices for the Model A ranged from US $385 for a roadster to US $1400 for the top - of - the - line Town Car . The engine was a water - cooled L - head inline 4 - cylinder with a displacement of 201 cu in ( 3.3 l ) . This engine provided 40 hp ( 30 kW ; 41 PS ) . Top speed was around 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . The Model A had a 103.5 in ( 2,630 mm ) wheelbase with a final drive ratio of 3.77 : 1 . The transmission was a conventional 3 - speed sliding gear manual unsynchronized unit with a single speed reverse . The Model A had 4 - wheel mechanical drum brakes . The 1930 and 1931 models were available with stainless steel radiator cowling and headlamp housings . The Model A came in a wide variety of styles including a Coupe ( Standard and Deluxe ) , the Business Coupe , Sport Coupe , Roadster Coupe ( Standard and Deluxe ) , Convertible Cabriolet , Convertible Sedan , Phaeton ( Standard and Deluxe ) , Tudor Sedan ( Standard and Deluxe ) , Town Car , Fordor ( 2 - window ) ( Standard and Deluxe ) , Fordor ( 3 - window ) ( Standard and Deluxe ) , Victoria , Town Sedan , Station Wagon , Taxicab , Truck , and Commercial . The very rare Special Coupe started production around March 1928 and ended mid-1929 . The Model A was the first Ford to use the standard set of driver controls with conventional clutch and brake pedals , throttle , and gearshift . Previous Fords used controls that had become uncommon to drivers of other makes . The Model A 's fuel tank was situated in the cowl , between the engine compartment 's fire wall and the dash panel . It had a visual fuel gauge , and the fuel flowed to the carburetor by gravity . A rear - view mirror was optional . In cooler climates , owners could purchase an aftermarket cast iron unit to place over the exhaust manifold to provide heat to the cab . A small door provided adjustment of the amount of hot air entering the cab . The Model A was the first car to have safety glass in the windshield . The Soviet company GAZ , which started as a joint venture between Ford and the Soviet Union , made a licensed version 1932 -- 1936 . This served as the basis for the FAI and BA - 20 armored cars which saw use as Soviet scout vehicles in the early stages of World War II . In addition to the United States , Ford made the Model A in plants in Argentina , Canada , Denmark , France , Germany , Japan and the United Kingdom . In Europe , where in some countries cars were taxed according to engine size , Ford in the UK manufactured the Model A with a smaller displacement engine of 2043 cc providing a claimed output of 28 hp ( 21 kW ; 28 PS ) . However , the engine equated to a British fiscal horsepower of 14.9 hp ( 11.1 kW ; 15.1 PS ) ( compared to the 24 hp ( 18 kW ; 24 PS ) of the larger engine ) and attracted a punitive annual car tax levy of £ 1 per fiscal hp in the UK . It therefore was expensive to own and too heavy and thirsty to achieve volume sales , and so unable to compete in the newly developing mass market , while also too crude to compete as a luxury product . European manufactured Model A 's failed to achieve the sales success in Europe that would greet their smaller successor in England and Germany . Development history ( edit ) From the mid 1910s through the early 1920s , Ford dominated the automotive market with its Model T. However , during the mid-1920s , this dominance eroded as competitors , especially the various General Motors divisions , caught up with Ford 's mass production system and began to outcompete Ford in some areas , especially by offering more powerful engines , new convenience features , or cosmetic customization . Also , features Henry Ford considered to be unnecessary , such as electric starters , were gradually shifting in the public 's perception from luxuries to essentials . Ford 's sales force recognized the threat and advised Henry to respond to it . Initially he resisted , but the T 's sagging market share finally forced him to admit a replacement was needed . When he finally agreed to begin development of this new model , he focused on the mechanical aspects and on what today is called design for manufacturability ( DFM ) , which he had always strongly embraced and for which the Model T production system was famous . Although ultimately successful , the development of the Model A included many problems that had to be resolved . For example , the die stamping of parts from sheet steel , which the Ford company had led to new heights of development with the Model T production system , was something Henry had always been ambivalent about ; it had brought success , but he felt that it was not the best choice for durability . He was determined that the Model A would rely more on drop forgings than the Model T ; but his ideas to improve the DFM of forging did not prove practical . Eventually , Ford 's engineers persuaded him to relent , lest the Model A 's production cost force up its retail price too much . Henry 's disdain for cosmetic vanity as applied to automobiles led him to leave the Model A 's styling to a team led by his son Edsel , even though he would take credit for it despite his son doing more of the work . It was during the period from the mid-1920s to early 1930s that the limits of the first generation of mass production , epitomized by the Model T production system 's rigidity , became apparent . The era of `` flexible mass production '' had begun . Film and media ( edit ) The Model A was well represented in media of the era since it was one of the most common cars . Model kits are still available from hobby shops in the 2000s , as stock cars or hot rods . Perhaps in reference to the remarkable upgrade from the previous Model T , a song was written about the Model A by Irving Kaufman called `` Henry 's Made a Lady Out Of Lizzie '' , a reference to the moniker Tin Lizzie given to the Model T . Several Model As have obtained particular fame . The `` Mean Green Machine '' , a green and black 1931 Tudor Sedan , has been a staple of University of North Texas football games and special events since 1974 , maintained by the spirit organization Talons since the 1980s . The Ramblin ' Wreck , a 1930 Sport Coupe , is the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology and appears at sporting events and student body functions . Ala Kart , a customized 1929 roadster pickup built by George Barris won two straight `` America 's Most Beautiful Roadster '' awards at the Oakland Roadster Show before making numerous film and television appearances . Between October 1992 to December 1994 , Hector Quevedo , along with his son Hugo , drove a 1928 Model A 22,000 mi ( 35,406 km ) from his home in Punta Arenas , Chile to Ford headquarters in Dearborn , Michigan . The car required minimal service , including a flat tire and transmission work in Nicaragua , and is now housed in the Henry Ford Museum . Charlie Ryan 's song `` Hot Rod Lincoln '' featured a Model A with a Lincoln V8 and other modifications . Gallery ( edit ) Example Model A Ford Automobiles 1928 Model A Business Coupe 1930 Deluxe Roadster 1928 Model A engine with modern aftermarket air filter 1929 Model AA heavy - duty truck variant of the Model A 1928 Model A open - cab ( roadster ) pickup 1931 Deluxe Tudor 1928 Model A hot rod with roll pan , chopped top , and late - model headlights and mirrors A custom with 1931 Roadster body and chassis , Deuce grille shell , chrome - hatted carburetors , drilled I - beam dropped front axle , finned drum brakes , and zoomie pipes 1928 Model A Ford on display at the Henry Ford Museum . Driven 22,000 miles from Chile to the museum in Dearborn , Michigan . The journey started Oct 1992 and ended Dec 1994 . 1929 Ford Model A Gazogene on display at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum . This car was modified in 1939 to use an alternative fuel in the form of wood or charcoal . 1928 Ford Model A Fordor with Wood gas generator . This car was fitted with a 1941 Kaiser wood gas generator . A 1929 Ford Model A with a station wagon body as seen at the Museum of Automobiles in Arkansas . 1929 Town Car from The Museum of Automobiles in Arkansas . A rare 1931 Ford Model A Town Car Sedan Delivery References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kimes , Beverly ( 1996 ) . standard catalog of American Cars 1805 - 1942 . Krause publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 428 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Johnny , `` Leadfest '' in Rod & Custom , 9 / 00 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Gauld , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Gauld , p. 694 . Jump up ^ `` Model A Production Figures '' . Model A Ford Club of America . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Cheetham , Craig ( 2004 ) . Vintage Cars - The Finest Prewar Automobiles . Rochester , United Kingdom : Grange Books . p. 31 . ISBN 1840136359 . Jump up ^ `` Directory Index : Ford / 1930_Ford / 1930_Ford_Brochure_02 '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sorensen 1956 , pp. 206 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Werner Oswald . Deutsche Autos 1920 - 1945 p. 416 ISBN 3 - 87943 - 519 - 7 Jump up ^ Clutton , Cecil , Paul Bird and Anthony Harding . The Vintage Car Pocketbook ; The Motoring Encyclopaedia ( 1935 ? ) Jump up ^ `` 0 -- 100 ... We celebrate a century of Ford in style ... '' . Auto Express . Issue 724 : 56 -- 62 . date 2 -- 8 October 2002 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sorensen 1956 , pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984 , pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Sloan 1964 , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984 , pp. 280 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984 , pp. 280 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Hounshell 1984 , pp. 263 -- 301 , Chapter 7 : Cul - de-sac : The Limits of Fordism & the Coming of `` Flexible Mass Production '' . Jump up ^ Sorensen 1956 , pp. 217 -- 231 , Chapter 16 : Farewell to Model T . Jump up ^ Cardinale , Anthony . Chileans on a Roll in Vintage Car Trek Detroit - Bound Model A Ford Arrives Here After 21,700 Miles . Buffalo News . Buffalo , N.Y. : November 30 , 1994 p . A. 1 . Bibliography ( edit ) Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Sloan , Alfred P. ( 1964 ) , McDonald , John , ed. , My Years with General Motors , Garden City , NY , USA : Doubleday , LCCN 64011306 , OCLC 802024 . Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker ( ISBN 978 - 0385042352 ) . Sorensen , Charles E. ; with Williamson , Samuel T. ( 1956 ) , My Forty Years with Ford , New York , New York , USA : Norton , LCCN 56010854 . Various republications , including ISBN 9780814332795 . Gauld , Graham . `` The Ford Motor Company '' , in Northey , Tom , ed . World of Automobile , Volume 6 , pp. 681 -- 700 . London : Phoebus , 1974 . Further reading ( edit ) Henry , Leslie R. ( 2013 ) . How to Restore the Model A Ford . Vermont : Echo Point Books & Media , LLC . ISBN 1626549419 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Model A . Model A Ford Reference Sheet , Owners Manual , and Help Model A Ford Club of America - ( 1 ) Model A Restorers Club - ( 2 ) Ford Model AA Truck Club - ( 3 ) A-Ford Club Nederland - ( 4 ) Ford Model A at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Follow Henry As We Tour The Long Beach Assembly Plant circa 1930 Ford Model A Assembly Plant in Edgewater NJ Fordbarn , An active forum for discussion about the Model A Ford 365 Days of A , One man 's quest to drive a Ford Model A for an entire year . 1930 Model A sales brochure Ford Motor Company vehicle timeline , North American market , 1903 -- 1942 -- next '' Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Chassis Various Model T Model A 1932 Ford 1935 Ford 1937 Ford 1941 Ford Runabout Model A Model AC Model C Touring Model B Model F Model K Model T Model N Model R Model S Full - size Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 Model 48 Standard Standard De Luxe Deluxe Pickup Truck Model TT Model AA Model BB Model 48 Standard Standard Model T Model A Model B Model 18 Model 40 De Luxe Deluxe Bus Transit Bus Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus GT Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan China Pickup Trucks F - Series Raptor Ranger Super Duty SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane ( Australia ) Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Courier Econovan Econowagon Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Meteor / Tierra LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria Police Interceptor Freda Maverick ( Europe ) Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s B - Max Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_A_(1927 -- 31 ) &oldid = 832783572 '' Categories : Ford vehicles Cars of the United States Cars introduced in 1927 1900s automobiles Coupés Full - size vehicles Pickup trucks Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Town cars Sedans Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States 1920s automobiles 1930s automobiles Vintage vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Монгол Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much did a ford model t cost in 1929	[]	[]
1683039638075105669	Vanessa Ferlito	Vanessa Ferlito - wikipedia Vanessa Ferlito This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Vanessa Ferlito Ferlito in 2007 Brooklyn , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Known for CSI : NY ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Graceland ( 2013 -- 2015 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( 2016 -- ) Children Vanessa Ferlito is an American actress , perhaps best known for appearing as Detective Aiden Burn in CSI : NY , as well as her recurring portrayal of Claudia Hernandez in 24 and her regular role as FBI Agent Charlie DeMarco in Graceland . She has also appeared in a number of films including : Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Shadowboxer ( 2005 ) , Man of the House ( 2005 ) , Death Proof ( 2007 ) , Nothing Like the Holidays ( 2008 ) , Madea Goes to Jail ( 2009 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) , and Stand Up Guys ( 2012 ) . Ferlito currently stars in the CBS series NCIS : New Orleans , playing Special Agent Tammy Gregorio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Ferlito was born to an Italian - American family in Brooklyn , New York . Her father died of a heroin overdose when she was two years old . Her mother and stepfather own a hair salon in Brooklyn . Before becoming an actress , Ferlito was a Wilhelmina model , and a New York City `` club kid '' . Ferlito is a single mother who gave birth to a son in September 2007 . Career ( edit ) Ferlito developed acting aspirations early in her life and broke into the entertainment business through a series of guest spots and recurring roles . In 2003 , Ferlito starred as Lizette Sanchez in John Leguizamo 's boxing drama Undefeated , which earned her an NAACP nomination for Outstanding Actress in a TV movie . This was followed in 2004 by a role in Spider - Man 2 . In 2005 Ferlito appeared in Stephen Herek 's Man of the House , opposite Tommy Lee Jones , for which she received positive notice , with Variety 's Joe Leydon stating that `` Vanessa Ferlito is the standout , mainly because she 's the only one who gets enough to do to make a strong impression as a distinctive personality . '' On the small screen , Ferlito was a series regular on the first two seasons ( 2004 -- 2005 ) of CBS 's CSI : NY , as Aiden Burn , a member of the forensic investigation team led by Gary Sinise . Ferlito has also appeared in other television series , including HBO 's The Sopranos , NBC 's Law & Order and Third Watch , and had a recurring role as Claudia in FOX 's series 24 . After CSI : NY , Ferlito starred in several films , among them Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ; Nora Ephron 's Julie & Julia opposite Meryl Streep , Stanley Tucci and Amy Adams ; Tyler Perry 's Madea Goes to Jail ; and Alfredo De Villa 's Nothing Like the Holidays ( originally titled Humboldt Park ) with Alfred Molina , John Leguizamo and Jay Hernandez . Prior to these , Ferlito appeared in Quentin Tarantino 's Death Proof opposite Kurt Russell , a role Tarantino wrote specifically for Ferlito . She also appeared Lee Daniel 's Shadowboxer with Helen Mirren and Cuba Gooding Jr . In 2012 , Ferlito was cast in the feature film , Stand Up Guys , opposite Al Pacino , Christopher Walken and Alan Arkin . She also played Charlie DeMarco on USA Network 's Graceland , which ran between 2013 and 2015 . In 2016 Ferlito was added to the cast of NCIS : New Orleans for the show 's third season , playing an FBI special agent who is sent from DC to investigate the NCIS team . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 On Line Jordan Nash 2002 25th Hour Lindsay Jamison Spider - Man 2 Louise Tollbooth , The The Tollbooth Gina 2005 Man of the House Heather 2005 Shadowboxer Vicki 2006 Gridiron Gang Lisa Gonzales 2007 Death Proof Arlene `` Butterfly '' 2007 Descent Bodega Girl 2008 Nothing like the Holidays Roxanna Rodriguez 2009 Madea Goes to Jail Donna 2009 Julie & Julia Cassie Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps Audrey 2012 Stand Up Guys Sylvia 2013 Duke Cookie 2015 All Mistakes Buried Franki Originally titled The Aftermath Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 , 2004 Sopranos , The The Sopranos Tina Francesco Episodes : `` Another Toothpick '' , `` Rat Pack '' 2002 Third Watch Val Episode : `` Blackout '' 2003 Law & Order Tina Montoya Episode : `` Star Crossed '' 2003 Undefeated Lizette Sanchez TV movie 2003 -- 2004 24 Claudia Hernandez Recurring role , 11 episodes CSI : Miami Aiden Burn Episode : `` MIA / NYC Nonstop '' 2004 -- 2006 CSI : NY Aiden Burn Main role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 26 episodes 2006 Drift Georgia Fields Unsold TV pilot 2011 Cooper and Stone Angela Stone Unsold TV pilot 2013 -- 2015 Graceland Catherine `` Charlie '' DeMarco Main role , 38 episodes 2016 -- present NCIS : New Orleans Tammy Gregorio Main role ( season 3 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Graceland 's Vanessa Ferlito on Her `` Intense '' Episode , How Daniel Sunjata Ruined Her Life `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nancy Jo Sales ( August 24 , 1998 ) . `` Caution : These Kids Are About to Blow Up '' . New York magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CBB Exclusive : Vanessa Ferlito expecting first child '' . Celebrity Babies ( People.com ) . August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paulette Cohn ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito Talks Being the New Girl in the Big Easy on NCIS : New Orleans '' . Parade . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . I have an 8 - year - old son . Jump up ^ Phil Gallo ( July 27 , 2003 ) . `` Review : ' Undefeated ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( June 29 , 2004 ) . `` Spider Man 2 ( 2004 ) FILM REVIEW ; Putting Action After Feelings Of a Superhero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Joe Leydon ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' Man of the House ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Gary Susman ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Gary Sinise leads confirmed CSI : New York cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Speier ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` Review : ' CSI : NY ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chris Koseluk ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Case files : A look at ' CSI : NY ' milestones '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jill Feiwell ; David Bloom ( July 29 , 2003 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Byron Perry ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ; Gregg Goldstein ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Family get - together at the ' Park ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Nothing Like the Holidays '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kirk Honeycutt ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Grindhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kirk Honeycutt ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : ' Death ' reincarnated '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` Teton bows with ' Boxer '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` 2 thesps step into ' Stand Up Guys ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ariana Bacle ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Graceland canceled after three seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' : Vanessa Ferlito Cast as New Regular In Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Robert Koehler ( January 15 , 2002 ) . `` Review : ' On_Line ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stacy Dodd ( December 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rachael Leigh Cook , Vanessa Ferlito '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` CW 's ' Cooper & Stone ' Casts Stone '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lacey Rose ; Lesley Goldberg ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` What 's On and Off the CW Schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS Shake - Ups , Big Bang Family Matters and More CBS Fall Preview '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . In the aftermath of the Russo case , Brody decides to leave NCIS and FBI Special Agent Tammy Gregorio ( Graceland 's Vanessa Ferlito ) investigates Pride and his team . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanessa Ferlito . Vanessa Ferlito on IMDb Vanessa Ferlito at TV.com BIBSYS : 7072544 BNF : cb15619933q ( data ) GND : 136647006 ISNI : 0000 0001 2119 7234 LCCN : no2007117347 SUDOC : 127177574 VIAF : 7711774 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Ferlito&oldid=840473554 '' Categories : Actresses from New York City American film actresses American television actresses American people of Italian descent Living people People from Brooklyn 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Italian descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays agent gregorio on ncis new orleans	[ "Vanessa Ferlito is an American actress, perhaps best known for appearing as Detective Aiden Burn in CSI: NY, as well as her recurring portrayal of Claudia Hernandez in 24 and her regular role as FBI Agent Charlie DeMarco in Graceland. She has also appeared in a number of films including: Spider-Man 2 (2004), Shadowboxer (2005), Man of the House (2005), Death Proof (2007), Nothing Like the Holidays (2008), Madea Goes to Jail (2009), Julie & Julia (2009), Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010), and Stand Up Guys (2012). Ferlito currently stars in the CBS series NCIS: New Orleans, playing Special Agent Tammy Gregorio." ]	[ "Vanessa Ferlito" ]
2524054697909181226	Influenza vaccine	Influenza vaccine - Wikipedia Influenza vaccine Influenza vaccine U.S. Navy crew member receiving an influenza vaccination Vaccine description Target disease influenza virus Type inactivated , attenuated Clinical data Trade names Fluarix , Fluzone , other AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph Pregnancy category US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration IM , intranasal , intradermal ATC code J07BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : ℞ - only Identifiers ChemSpider none Influenza vaccines , also known as flu shots or flu jabs , are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses . A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year , as the Influenza virus rapidly changes . While their effectiveness varies from year to year , most provide modest to high protection against influenza . The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness , medical visits , hospitalizations , and deaths . When an immunized worker does catch the flu , they are on average back at work a half day sooner . Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research . Vaccinating children may protect those around them . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months , especially those at high risk . The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control also recommends yearly vaccination of high risk groups . These groups include pregnant women , the elderly , children between six months and five years of age , those with other health problems , and those who work in healthcare . The vaccines are generally safe . Fever occurs in five to ten percent of children vaccinated . Temporary muscle pains or feelings of tiredness may occur as well . In certain years , the vaccine has been linked to an increase in Guillain -- Barré syndrome among older people at a rate of about one case per million doses . It should not be given to those with severe allergies to eggs or to previous versions of the vaccine . The vaccines come in both inactive and weakened viral forms . The inactive version should be used for those who are pregnant . They come in forms that are injected into a muscle , sprayed into the nose , or injected into the middle layer of the skin . Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s with large scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is about $5.25 USD per dose as of 2014 . In the United States , it costs less than $25 USD as of 2015 . Contents 1 Medical uses 1.1 Effectiveness 1.2 Children 1.3 Adults 1.4 Elderly 1.5 Pregnancy 2 Safety 3 Injection versus nasal spray 4 Recommendations 4.1 World Health Organization 4.2 Canada 4.3 Europe 4.4 United States 5 Uptake 5.1 At risk groups 5.2 Healthcare workers 6 Manufacturing 6.1 Annual reformulation 6.2 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.3 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.4 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 6.5 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season 6.6 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season 7 History 7.1 Origins and development 7.2 Acceptance 8 Society and culture 8.1 Evaluation of evidence 8.2 Cost - effectiveness 9 Research 9.1 Rapid response to pandemic flu 9.2 Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu 9.3 Universal flu vaccines 10 Veterinary use 10.1 Horses 10.2 Poultry 10.3 Pigs 10.4 Dogs 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Medical uses ( edit ) The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) recommends the flu vaccine as the best way to protect people against the flu and prevent its spread . The flu vaccine can also reduce the severity of the flu if a person contracts a flu strain that the vaccine did not contain . It takes about two weeks following vaccination for protective antibodies to form . A 2012 meta - analysis found that flu vaccination was effective 67 percent of the time ; the populations that benefited the most were HIV - positive adults ages 18 to 55 ( 76 percent ) , healthy adults ages 18 to 46 ( approximately 70 percent ) , and healthy children ages six to 24 months ( 66 percent ) . Effectiveness ( edit ) U.S. vaccine effectiveness by start year : 2004 10 % 2005 21 % 2006 52 % 2007 37 % 2008 41 % 2009 56 % 60 % 2011 47 % 2012 49 % 2013 52 % 2014 19 % 2015 48 % 2016 39 % A vaccine is assessed by its efficacy ; the extent to which it reduces risk of disease under controlled conditions , and its effectiveness , the observed reduction in risk after the vaccine is put into use . In the case of influenza , effectiveness is expected to be lower than the efficacy because it is measured using the rates of influenza - like illness , which is not always caused by influenza . Influenza vaccines generally show high efficacy , as measured by the antibody production in animal models or vaccinated people . However , studies on the effectiveness of flu vaccines in the real world are difficult ; vaccines may be imperfectly matched , virus prevalence varies widely between years , and influenza is often confused with other influenza - like illnesses . However , in most years ( 16 of the 19 years before 2007 ) , the flu vaccine strains have been a good match for the circulating strains , and even a mismatched vaccine can often provide cross-protection . Trials of both live and inactivated influenza vaccines against seasonal influenza have been summarized in several 2012 meta - analyses . Studies on live vaccines have very limited data , but these preparations may be more effective than inactivated vaccines . The meta - analyses examined the efficacy and effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against seasonal influenza in adults , children , and the elderly . Children ( edit ) The CDC recommend that everyone except infants under the age of six months should receive the seasonal influenza vaccine . Vaccination campaigns usually focus special attention on people who are at high risk of serious complications if they catch the flu , such as pregnant women , children over six months , the elderly , and people with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems , as well as those to whom they are exposed , such as health care workers . As the death rate is also high among infants who catch influenza , the household contacts and caregivers of infants should be vaccinated to reduce the risk of passing an influenza infection to the infant . In children , vaccines again showed high efficacy , but low effectiveness in preventing `` flu - like illness '' . In children under the age of two , the data are extremely limited , but vaccination appeared to confer no measurable benefit . During the 2017 -- 18 flu season the CDC director indicated that 85 percent of the children who died `` likely will not have been vaccinated . '' Adults ( edit ) In unvaccinated adults , 16 % get symptoms similar to the flu , while about 10 % of vaccinated adults do . Vaccination decreased confirmed cases of influenza from about 2.4 % to 1.1 % . No effect on hospitalization was found . In working adults a review by the Cochrane Collaboration found that vaccination resulted in a modest decrease in both influenza symptoms and working days lost , without affecting transmission or influenza - related complications . In healthy working adults , influenza vaccines can provide moderate protection against virologically confirmed influenza , though such protection is greatly reduced or absent in some seasons . In health care workers , a 2006 review found a net benefit . Of the eighteen studies in this review , only two also assessed the relationship of patient mortality relative to staff influenza vaccine uptake ; both found that higher rates of health care worker vaccination correlated with reduced patient deaths . A 2014 review found benefits to patients when health care workers were immunized , as supported by moderate evidence based in part on the observed reduction in all - cause deaths in patients whose health care workers were given immunization compared with comparison patients in which the health care workers were not offered vaccine . Elderly ( edit ) Evidence for an effect in adults over 65 years old is unclear . Systematic reviews examining both randomized controlled and case -- control studies found a lack of high - quality evidence . Reviews of case -- control studies found effects against laboratory - confirmed influenza , pneumonia , and death among the community - dwelling elderly . The group most vulnerable to non-pandemic flu , the elderly , benefits least from the vaccine . There are multiple reasons behind this steep decline in vaccine efficacy , the most common of which are the declining immunological function and frailty associated with advanced age . In a non-pandemic year , a person in the United States aged 50 -- 64 is nearly ten times more likely to die an influenza - associated death than a younger person , and a person over age 65 is over ten times more likely to die an influenza - associated death than the 50 -- 64 age group . There is a high - dose flu vaccine specifically formulated to provide a stronger immune response . Available evidence indicates that vaccinating the elderly with the high - dose vaccine leads to a stronger immune response against influenza than the regular - dose vaccine . A flu vaccine containing an adjuvant was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in November 2015 , for use by adults aged 65 years of age and older . The vaccine is marketed as Fluad in the U.S. and was first available in the 2016 -- 2017 flu season . The vaccine contains the MF59C. 1 adjuvant which is an oil - in - water emulsion of squalene oil . It is the first adjuvanted seasonal flu vaccine marketed in the United States . It is not clear if there is a significant benefit for the elderly to use a flu vaccine containing the MF59C. 1 adjuvant . Per Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines , Fluad can be used as an alternative to other influenza vaccines approved for people 65 years and older . Vaccinating health care workers who work with elderly people is recommended in many countries , with the goal of reducing influenza outbreaks in this vulnerable population . While there is no conclusive evidence from randomized clinical trials that vaccinating health care workers helps protect the elderly people from influenza , there is tentative evidence of benefit . Pregnancy ( edit ) As well as protecting mother and child from the effects of an influenza infection , the immunization of pregnant women tends to increase their chances of experiencing a successful full - term pregnancy . The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is protective in pregnant women infected with HIV . Safety ( edit ) See also : Vaccine controversies While side effects of the flu vaccine may occur , they are usually minor . The flu vaccine can cause serious side effects , including an allergic reaction , but this is rare . Furthermore , the common side effects and risks of inoculation are mild and temporary when compared to the risks and severe health effects of the annual influenza epidemic 's well - documented toll of illness , hospitalization , and death . Flu vaccination may lead to side effects such as runny nose and sore throat , which can last for up to several days . Egg allergy may also be a concern , since flu vaccines are typically made using eggs ; however , research into egg - allergy and influenza vaccination has led some advisory groups to recommend vaccine for those with mild allergies and monitored vaccination for those with more severe symptoms . A large study of nearly 800 children in the UK with egg allergy , including over 250 with previous anaphylactic reactions , had zero systemic allergic reactions when given the live attenuated flu vaccine . On January 17 , 2013 , the U.S. FDA approved Flublok , a faster - turnaround influenza vaccine which is the first grown in insect cells instead of eggs . Since eggs are not used in its production , it avoids any problem with egg allergies . Although Guillain -- Barré syndrome had been feared as a complication of vaccination , the CDC states that most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with Guillain -- Barré . Infection with influenza virus itself increases both the risk of death ( up to 1 in 10,000 ) and increases the risk of developing Guillain -- Barré syndrome to a far higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement ( approximately 10 times higher by 2009 estimates ) . Although one review gives an incidence of about one case of Guillain -- Barré per million vaccinations , a large study in China , reported in The New England Journal of Medicine covering close to 100 million doses of vaccine against the 2009 H1N1 `` swine '' flu found only eleven cases of Guillain -- Barré syndrome , ( 0.1 per million doses ) total incidence in persons vaccinated , actually lower than the normal rate of the disease in China , and no other notable side effects ; `` The risk - benefit ratio , which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about , is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination . '' Several studies have identified an increased incidence of narcolepsy among recipients of the pandemic H1N1 influenza ASO3 - adjuvanted vaccine ; efforts to identify a mechanism for this suggest that narcolepsy is autoimmune , and that the ASO3 - adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine may mimic hypocretin , serving as a trigger . Some injection - based flu vaccines intended for adults in the United States contain thiomersal ( also known as thimerosal ) , a mercury - based preservative . Despite some controversy in the media , the World Health Organization 's Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety has concluded that there is no evidence of toxicity from thiomersal in vaccines and no reason on grounds of safety to change to more - expensive single - dose administration . Injection versus nasal spray ( edit ) Flu vaccines are available either as : a trivalent or quadrivalent injection ( TIV or QIV ) , which contains the inactivated form of the virus a nasal spray of live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV , Q / LAIV ) , which contains the attenuated or weakened form of the virus . TIV induces protection after injection ( typically intramuscular , though subcutaneous and intradermal routes can also be protective ) based on an immune response to the antigens present on the inactivated virus , while cold - adapted LAIV works by establishing infection in the nasal passages . Recommendations ( edit ) Various public health organizations , including the World Health Organization , have recommended that yearly influenza vaccination be routinely offered , particularly to people at risk of complications of influenza and those individuals who live with or care for high - risk individuals , including : the elderly ( UK recommendation is those aged 65 or above ) people with chronic lung diseases ( asthma , COPD , etc . ) people with chronic heart diseases ( congenital heart disease , chronic heart failure , ischaemic heart disease ) people with chronic liver diseases ( including cirrhosis ) people with chronic kidney diseases ( such as the nephrotic syndrome ) people who are immunosuppressed ( those with HIV or who are receiving drugs to suppress the immune system such as chemotherapy and long - term steroids ) and their household contacts people who live together in large numbers in an environment where influenza can spread rapidly , such as prisons , nursing homes , schools , and dormitories . healthcare workers ( both to prevent sickness and to prevent spread to patients ) pregnant women . However , a 2009 review concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy . Influenza vaccination during flu season is part of recommendations for influenza vaccination of pregnant women in the United States . Both types of flu vaccines are contraindicated for those with severe allergies to egg proteins and people with a history of Guillain -- Barré syndrome . World Health Organization ( edit ) As of 2016 , the World Health Organization recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for : Highest priority : Pregnant women Priority ( in no particular order ) : Children aged 6 -- 59 months Elderly Individuals with specific chronic medical conditions Health - care workers Canada ( edit ) In 2008 , the National Advisory Committee on Immunization , the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada , recommended that everyone aged two to 64 years be encouraged to receive annual influenza vaccination , and that children between the age of six and 24 months , and their household contacts , should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine . The NACI also recommends the flu vaccine for : People at high risk of influenza - related complications or hospitalization , including the morbidly obese , healthy pregnant women , children six to 59 months , the elderly , aboriginals , and people suffering from one of an itemized list of chronic health conditions People capable of transmitting influenza to those at high risk , including household contacts and healthcare workers People who provide essential community services Certain poultry workers Europe ( edit ) The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control recommends vaccinating the elderly as a priority , with a secondary priority people with chronic medical conditions and healthcare workers . The influenza vaccination strategy is generally that of protecting vulnerable people , rather than limiting influenza circulation or totally eliminating human influenza sickness . This is in contrast with the high herd immunity strategies for other infectious diseases such as polio and measles . This is also due in part to the financial and logistics burden associated with the need of an annual injection . United States ( edit ) In the United States routine influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥ 6 months . According to the CDC , the live attenuated virus ( which comes in the form of the nasal spray in the US ) should be avoided by : Children younger than two years Adults 50 years and older People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine or to a previous dose of any influenza vaccine People with asthma Children or adolescents on long - term aspirin treatment . Children and adults who have chronic pulmonary , cardiovascular ( except isolated hypertension ) , renal , hepatic , neurologic / neuromuscular , hematologic , or metabolic disorders Children and adults who have immunosuppression ( including immunosuppression caused by medications or by HIV ) Pregnant women A young woman shows off her flu shot after receiving vaccine at a local drug store . Within its blanket recommendation for general vaccination in the United States , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , which began recommending the influenza vaccine to health care workers in 1981 , emphasizes to clinicians the special urgency of vaccination for members of certain vulnerable groups , and their caregivers : Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications or people who live with or care for people at higher risk for serious complications . In 2009 , a new high - dose formulation of the standard influenza vaccine was approved . The Fluzone High Dose is specifically for people 65 and older ; the difference is that it has four times the antigen dose of the standard Fluzone . The U.S. government requires hospitals to report worker vaccination rates . Some U.S. states and hundreds of U.S. hospitals require health - care workers to either get vaccinations or wear masks during flu season . These requirements occasionally engender union lawsuits on narrow collective bargaining grounds , but proponents note that courts have generally endorsed forced vaccination laws affecting the general population during disease outbreaks . Vaccination against influenza is especially important for members of high - risk groups who would be likely to have complications from influenza , for example pregnant women and children and teenagers from six months to 18 years of age ; In raising the upper age limit to 18 years , the aim is to reduce both the time children and parents lose from visits to pediatricians and missing school and the need for antibiotics for complications An added benefit expected from the vaccination of children is a reduction in the number of influenza cases among parents and other household members , and of possible spread to the general community . In the USA : The CDC has indicated that live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) , also called the nasal spray vaccine , is not recommended for the 2016 -- 2017 flu season , in the United States . Furthermore , health care personnel who care for severely immunocompromised persons should receive injections ( TIV or QIV ) rather than LAIV . Uptake ( edit ) At risk groups ( edit ) Uptake of flu vaccination , both seasonally and during pandemics , is often low . Systematic reviews of pandemic flu vaccination uptake have identified several personal factors that may influence uptake , including gender ( higher uptake in men ) , ethnicity ( higher in people from ethnic minorities ) and having a chronic illness . Beliefs in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine are also important . Healthcare workers ( edit ) Frontline healthcare workers are often recommended to get seasonal and any pandemic flu vaccination . For example , in the UK all healthcare workers involved in patient care are recommended to receive the seasonal flu vaccine , and were also recommended to be vaccinated against the H1N1 / 09 ( later renamed A ( H1N1 ) pdm09 ) swine flu virus during the 2009 pandemic . However , uptake is often low . During the 2009 pandemic , low uptake by healthcare workers was seen in countries including the UK , Italy , Greece , and Hong Kong . In a 2010 survey of United States healthcare workers , 63.5 % reported that they received the flu vaccine during the 2010 -- 11 season , an increase from 61.9 % reported the previous season . US Health professionals with direct patient contact had higher vaccination uptake , such as physicians and dentists ( 84.2 % ) and nurse practitioners ( 82.6 % ) . The main reason to vaccinate healthcare workers is to prevent staff from spreading flu to their patients and to reduce staff absence at a time of high service demand , but the reasons healthcare workers state for their decisions to accept or decline vaccination may more often be to do with perceived personal benefits . In Victoria ( Australia ) public hospitals , rates of healthcare worker vaccination in 2005 ranged from 34 % for non-clinical staff to 42 % for laboratory staff . One of the reasons for rejecting vaccines was concern over adverse reactions ; in one study , 31 % of resident physicians at a teaching hospital incorrectly believed Australian vaccines could cause influenza . Manufacturing ( edit ) Schematic of influenza vaccine creation Flu vaccine is usually grown by vaccine manufacturers in fertilized chicken eggs . In the Northern hemisphere , the manufacturing process begins following the announcement ( typically in February ) of the WHO recommended strains for the winter flu season . Three strains ( representing an H1N1 , an H3N2 , and a B strain ) of flu are selected and chicken eggs inoculated separately , these monovalent harvests are then combined to make the trivalent vaccine . Avian flu vaccine development by reverse genetics technique As of November 2007 , both the conventional injection and the nasal spray are manufactured using chicken eggs . The European Union has also approved Optaflu , a vaccine produced by Novartis using vats of animal cells . This technique is expected to be more scalable and avoid problems with eggs , such as allergic reactions and incompatibility with strains that affect avians like chickens . Research continues into the idea of a `` universal '' influenza vaccine that would not require tailoring to a particular strain , but would be effective against a broad variety of influenza viruses . However , no vaccine candidates had been announced by Nov 2007 . A DNA - based vaccination , which is hoped to be even faster to manufacture , is as of 2011 in clinical trials , determining safety and efficacy . On November 20 , 2012 , Novartis received FDA approval for the first cell - culture vaccine . In a 2007 report , the global capacity of approximately 826 million seasonal influenza vaccine doses ( inactivated and live ) was double the production of 413 million doses . In an aggressive scenario of producing pandemic influenza vaccines by 2013 , only 2.8 billion courses could be produced in a six - month time frame . If all high - and upper - middle - income countries sought vaccines for their entire populations in a pandemic , nearly 2 billion courses would be required . If China pursued this goal as well , more than 3 billion courses would be required to serve these populations . Vaccine research and development is ongoing to identify novel vaccine approaches that could produce much greater quantities of vaccine at a price that is affordable to the global population . Methods of vaccine generation that bypass the need for eggs include the construction of influenza virus - like particles ( VLP ) . VLP resemble viruses , but there is no need for inactivation , as they do not include viral coding elements , but merely present antigens in a similar manner to a virion . Some methods of producing VLP include cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells and plant - based vaccine production ( e.g. , production in Nicotiana benthamiana ) . There is evidence that some VLPs elicit antibodies that recognize a broader panel of antigenically distinct viral isolates compared to other vaccines in the hemagglutination - inhibition assay ( HIA ) . Influenza vaccines are produced in pathogen - free eggs that are 11 to 12 days old . The top of the egg is disinfected by wiping it with alcohol and then the egg is candled to identify a non-veinous area in the allantoic cavity where a small hole is poked to serve as a pressure release . A second hole is made at the top of the egg , where the influenza virus is injected in the allantoic cavity , past the chorioallantoic membrane . The two holes are then sealed with melted paraffin and the inoculated eggs are incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius . During incubation time , the virus replicates and newly replicated viruses are released into the allantoic fluid After the 48 hour incubation period , the top of the egg is cracked and the 10 milliliters of allantoic fluid is removed , from which about 15 micrograms of the flu vaccine can be obtained . At this point , the viruses have been weakened or killed and the viral antigen is purified and placed inside vials , syringes , or nasal sprayers . Done on a large scale , this method is used to produce the flu vaccine for the human population . Annual reformulation ( edit ) Further information : Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine See also : 2009 flu pandemic vaccine Each year , three strains are chosen for selection in that year 's flu vaccination by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network . The chosen strains are the H1N1 , H3N2 , and Type - B strains thought most likely to cause significant human suffering in the coming season . Starting with the 2012 -- 2013 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( coincident with the approval of quadrivalent influenza vaccines ) , the WHO has also recommended a 2nd B - strain for use in quadrivalent vaccines . The World Health Organization coordinates the contents of the vaccine each year to contain the most likely strains of the virus to attack the next year . `` The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network was established in 1952 . The network comprises four WHO Collaborating Centres ( WHO CCs ) and 112 institutions in 83 countries , which are recognized by WHO as WHO National Influenza Centres ( NICs ) . These NICs collect specimens in their country , perform primary virus isolation and preliminary antigenic characterization . They ship newly isolated strains to WHO CCs for high level antigenic and genetic analysis , the result of which forms the basis for WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere each year . '' The Global Influenza Surveillance Network 's selection of viruses for the vaccine manufacturing process is based on its best estimate of which strains will predominate the next year , amounting in the end to well - informed but fallible guesswork . Formal WHO recommendations were first issued in 1973 . Beginning in 1999 there have been two recommendations per year : one for the northern hemisphere ( N ) and the other for the southern hemisphere ( S ) . Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine are listed in a separate article . Recent WHO seasonal influenza vaccine composition recommendations : 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2016 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 24 , 2015 was : an A / California / 7 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2016 -- 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organization on February 25 , 2016 was : an A / California / 7 / 2009 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus The WHO recommends that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2017 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 29 , 2016 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus . The Southern Hemisphere experienced `` poor vaccine effectiveness '' against H3N2 this season . 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of trivalent virus vaccines for use in the 2017 -- 2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on August 25 , 2017 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 -- like virus an A / Hong Kong / 4801 / 2014 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 -- like virus ( Victoria lineage ) In addition to these components , quadrivalent vaccines will also include a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 -- like virus ( Yamagata lineage ) . In California , some emergency systems were strained by a spike in H3N2 flu cases . In addition , some areas experienced local shortages of oseltamivir . The severity of the flu season seemed somewhat comparable to the 2009 -- 10 swine flu outbreak . A February 2018 CDC interim report estimated the vaccine effectiveness to be 25 % against H3N2 , 67 % against H1N1 , and 42 % against influenza B . 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season ( edit ) The composition of virus vaccines for use in the 2018 Southern Hemisphere influenza season recommended by the World Health Organisation on September 28 , 2017 was : an A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 ( H1N1 ) pdm09 - like virus an A / Singapore / INFIMH - 16 - 0019 / 2016 ( H3N2 ) - like virus a B / Phuket / 3073 / 2013 - like virus WHO recommended that quadrivalent vaccines containing two influenza B viruses should contain the above three viruses and a B / Brisbane / 60 / 2008 - like virus . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of vaccines Vaccines are used in both humans and nonhumans . Human vaccine is meant unless specifically identified as a veterinary , poultry or livestock vaccine . Origins and development ( edit ) In the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 , `` Physicians tried everything they knew , everything they had ever heard of , from the ancient art of bleeding patients , to administering oxygen , to developing new vaccines and sera ( chiefly against what we now call Hemophilus influenzae -- a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent -- and several types of pneumococci ) . Only one therapeutic measure , transfusing blood from recovered patients to new victims , showed any hint of success . '' In 1931 , viral growth in embryonated hens ' eggs was reported by Ernest William Goodpasture and colleagues at Vanderbilt University . The work was extended to growth of influenza virus by several workers , including Thomas Francis , Jonas Salk , Wilson Smith and Macfarlane Burnet , leading to the first experimental influenza vaccines . In the 1940s , the US military developed the first approved inactivated vaccines for influenza , which were used in the Second World War . Hen 's eggs continued to be used to produce virus used in influenza vaccines , but manufacturers made improvements in the purity of the virus by developing improved processes to remove egg proteins and to reduce systemic reactivity of the vaccine . Recently , the US FDA approved influenza vaccines made by growing virus in cell cultures and influenza vaccines made from recombinant proteins have been approved , with plant - based influenza vaccines being tested in clinical trials . Acceptance ( edit ) According to the CDC : `` Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications . ( ... ) Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza - related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups , hospitalization and death among persons at high risk , otitis media among children , and work absenteeism among adults . Although influenza vaccination levels increased substantially during the 1990s , further improvements in vaccine coverage levels are needed '' . The egg - based technology ( still in use as of 2005 ) for producing influenza vaccine was created in the 1950s . In the U.S. swine flu scare of 1976 , President Gerald Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic . The vaccination program was rushed , yet plagued by delays and public relations problems . Meanwhile , maximum military containment efforts succeeded unexpectedly in confining the new strain to the single army base where it had originated . On that base a number of soldiers fell severely ill , but only one died . The program was canceled , after about 24 % of the population had received vaccinations . An excess in deaths of twenty - five over normal annual levels as well as 400 excess hospitalizations , both from Guillain -- Barré syndrome , were estimated to have occurred from the vaccination program itself , illustrating that the vaccine itself is not free of risks . The result has been cited to stoke lingering doubts about vaccination . In the end , however , even the maligned 1976 vaccine may have saved lives . A 2010 study found a significantly enhanced immune response against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 in study participants who had received vaccination against the swine flu in 1976 . Society and culture ( edit ) Evaluation of evidence ( edit ) Tom Jefferson , who has led Cochrane Collaboration reviews of flu vaccines , has called clinical evidence concerning flu vaccines `` rubbish '' and has therefore declared them to be ineffective ; he has called for placebo - controlled randomized clinical trials . His views on clinical trials are considered unethical by mainstream medicine and his views on the efficacy of vaccines are rejected by medical institutions including the CDC and the National Institutes of Health , and by key figures in the field like Anthony Fauci . Michael Osterholm who has led the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 2012 review on flu vaccines recommends getting the vaccine but criticizes its promotion `` We have overpromoted and overhyped this vaccine ... it does not protect as promoted . It 's all a sales job : it 's all public relations '' . Cost - effectiveness ( edit ) The cost - effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings . In the elderly ( aged over 65 years ) the majority of published studies have found that vaccination is cost saving , with the cost savings associated with influenza vaccination ( e.g. prevented health care visits ) outweighing the cost of vaccination . In older adults ( aged 50 -- 64 years ) , several published studies have found that influenza vaccination is likely to be cost - effective , however the results of these studies were often found to be dependent on key assumptions used in the economic evaluations . The uncertainty in influenza cost - effectiveness models can partially be explained by the complexities involved in estimating the disease burden , as well as the seasonal variability in the circulating strains and the match of the vaccine . In healthy working adults ( aged 18 -- 49 years ) , a 2012 review found that vaccination was generally not cost - saving , with the suitability for funding being dependent on the willingness to pay to obtain the associated health benefits . In children , the majority of studies have found that influenza vaccination was cost - effective , however many of the studies included ( indirect ) productivity gains , which may not be given the same weight in all settings . Several studies have attempted to predict the cost - effectiveness of interventions ( including prepandemic vaccination ) to help protect against a future pandemic , however estimating the cost - effectiveness has been complicated by uncertainty as to the severity of a potential future pandemic and the efficacy of measures against it . Research ( edit ) Influenza research includes molecular virology , molecular evolution , pathogenesis , host immune responses , genomics , and epidemiology . These help in developing influenza countermeasures such as vaccines , therapies and diagnostic tools . Improved influenza countermeasures require basic research on how viruses enter cells , replicate , mutate , evolve into new strains and induce an immune response . The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is creating a library of influenza sequences that will help us understand what makes one strain more lethal than another , what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time . Solutions to limitations in current vaccine methods are being researched . A different approach uses Internet content to estimate the impact of an influenza vaccination campaign . More specifically , researchers have used data from Twitter and Microsoft 's Bing ( search engine ) , and proposed a statistical framework which , after a series of operations , maps this information to estimates of the influenza - like illness reduction percentage in areas , where vaccinations have been performed . The method has been used to quantify the impact of two flu vaccination programmes in England ( 2013 / 14 and 2014 / 15 ) , where school - age children were administered a live attenuated influenza vaccine ( LAIV ) . Notably , the impact estimates were in accordance with estimations from Public Health England based on traditional syndromic surveillance endpoints . Rapid response to pandemic flu ( edit ) The rapid development , production , and distribution of pandemic influenza vaccines could potentially save millions of lives during an influenza pandemic . Due to the short time frame between identification of a pandemic strain and need for vaccination , researchers are looking at novel technologies for vaccine production that could provide better `` real - time '' access and be produced more affordably , thereby increasing access for people living in low - and moderate - income countries , where an influenza pandemic may likely originate , such as live attenuated ( egg - based or cell - based ) technology and recombinant technologies ( proteins and virus - like particles ) . As of July 2009 , more than 70 known clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing for pandemic influenza vaccines . In September 2009 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved four vaccines against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus ( the 2009 pandemic strain ) , and expected the initial vaccine lots to be available within the following month . Quadrivalent vaccines for seasonal flu ( edit ) A quadrivalent flu vaccine administered by nasal mist was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in March 2012 . Fluarix Quadrivalent was approved by the FDA in December 2012 . Universal flu vaccines ( edit ) A `` universal vaccine '' that would not have to be designed and made for each flu season in each hemisphere would be useful , in order to stabilize the supply and to ensure against error in the design or escape of the circulating strains by mutation . Such a vaccine has been the subject of research for decades . One promising approach is using broadly neutralizing antibodies that unlike the vaccine used today , which provoke the body to generate an immune response , instead provide a component of the immune response itself . The first neutralizing antibodies were identified in 1993 via experimentation ; with time researchers understood that the flu neutralizing antibodies were binding to the stalk of the Hemagglutinin protein ; later researchers identified antibodies that could bind to the head of those proteins . Later yet , researchers identified the highly conserved M2 proton channel as a potential target for broadly neutralizing antibodies . The challenges for researchers have been identifying single antibodies that could neutralize many subtypes of the virus , so that they could be useful in any season , and that target conserved domains that are resistant to antigenic drift . Another approach has been taking the conserved domains identified from these projects , and delivering groups of these antigens to provoke an immune response ; various approaches with different antigens , presented different ways ( as fusion proteins , mounted on virus - like particles , on non-pathogenic viruses , as DNA , and others ) , are under development . Efforts have also been undertaken to develop universal vaccines that specifically activate a T - cell response , based on clinical data showing that people with a strong , early T - cell response have better outcomes when infected with influenza and because T - cells respond to conserved epitopes . The challenge for developers is that these epitopes are on internal protein domains that are only mildly immunogenic . Along with the rest of the vaccine field , people working on universal vaccines have been experimenting with vaccine adjuvants to improve the ability of their vaccines to create a sufficiently powerful and enduring immune response . Veterinary use ( edit ) See also : Influenza A virus and Influenza § Infection in other animals `` Vaccination in the veterinary world pursues four goals : ( i ) protection from clinical disease , ( ii ) protection from infection with virulent virus , ( iii ) protection from virus excretion , and ( iv ) serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals ( so - called DIVA principle ) . In the field of influenza vaccination , neither commercially available nor experimentally tested vaccines have been shown so far to fulfill all of these requirements . '' Horses ( edit ) Horses with horse flu can run a fever , have a dry hacking cough , have a runny nose , and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days but usually recover in two to three weeks . `` Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of two doses , 3 -- 6 weeks apart , followed by boosters at 6 -- 12 month intervals . It is generally recognized that in many cases such schedules may not maintain protective levels of antibody and more frequent administration is advised in high - risk situations . '' It is a common requirement at shows in the United Kingdom that horses be vaccinated against equine flu and a vaccination card must be produced ; the International Federation for Equestrian Sports ( FEI ) requires vaccination every six months . Poultry ( edit ) Poultry vaccines for bird flu are made inexpensively and are not filtered and purified like human vaccines to remove bits of bacteria or other viruses . They usually contain whole virus , not just hemagglutinin as in most human flu vaccines . Another difference between human and poultry vaccines is that poultry vaccines are adjuvated with mineral oil , which induces a strong immune reaction but can cause inflammation and abscesses . `` Chicken vaccinators who have accidentally jabbed themselves have developed painful swollen fingers or even lost thumbs , doctors said . Effectiveness may also be limited . Chicken vaccines are often only vaguely similar to circulating flu strains -- some contain an H5N2 strain isolated in Mexico years ago . ' With a chicken , if you use a vaccine that 's only 85 percent related , you 'll get protection , ' Dr. Cardona said . ' In humans , you can get a single point mutation , and a vaccine that 's 99.99 percent related wo n't protect you . ' And they are weaker ( than human vaccines ) . ' Chickens are smaller and you only need to protect them for six weeks , because that 's how long they live till you eat them , ' said Dr. John J. Treanor , a vaccine expert at the University of Rochester . Human seasonal flu vaccines contain about 45 micrograms of antigen , while an experimental A ( H5N1 ) vaccine contains 180 . Chicken vaccines may contain less than one microgram . ' You have to be careful about extrapolating data from poultry to humans , ' warned Dr. David E. Swayne , director of the agriculture department 's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory . ' Birds are more closely related to dinosaurs . ' '' Researchers , led by Nicholas Savill of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland , used mathematical models to simulate the spread of H5N1 and concluded that `` at least 95 percent of birds need to be protected to prevent the virus spreading silently . In practice , it is difficult to protect more than 90 percent of a flock ; protection levels achieved by a vaccine are usually much lower than this . '' The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has issued recommendations on the prevention and control of avian influenza in poultry , including the use of vaccination . A filtered and purified Influenza A vaccine for humans is being developed and many countries have recommended it be stockpiled so if an Avian influenza pandemic starts jumping to humans , the vaccine can quickly be administered to avoid loss of life . Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu , and commonly bird flu . Pigs ( edit ) Swine influenza vaccines are extensively used in pig farming in Europe and North America . Most swine flu vaccines include an H1N1 and an H3N2 strain . Swine influenza has been recognized as a major problem since the outbreak in 1976 . Evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines . Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the problem when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection . Customised ( autogenous ) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated , are made and used in the more difficult cases . The vaccine manufacturer Novartis claims that the H3N2 strain ( first identified in 1998 ) has brought major losses to pig farmers . Abortion storms are a common sign and sows stop eating for a few days and run a high fever . The mortality rate can be as high as 15 percent . Dogs ( edit ) In 2004 , influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was discovered to cause canine influenza . Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus , dogs have no natural immunity to this virus . However , a vaccine is now available . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( H1N1 ) pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus , not a different strain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Influenza Virus Vaccine Inactivated '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper '' ( PDF ) . Wkly . Epidemiol . Rec. 87 ( 47 ) : 461 -- 76 . November 23 , 2012 . PMID 23210147 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Manzoli L , Ioannidis JP , Flacco ME , De Vito C , Villari P ( July 2012 ) . `` Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children , adults and elderly : a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta - analyses '' . Hum Vaccin Immunother. 8 ( 7 ) : 851 -- 62 . doi : 10.4161 / hv. 19917 . PMC 3495721 . PMID 22777099 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Influenza Illnesses , Medical Visits , Hospitalizations , and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Demicheli , Vittorio ; Jefferson , Tom ; Al - Ansary , Lubna A ; Ferroni , Eliana ; Rivetti , Alessandro ; Di Pietrantonj , Carlo ( 2014 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 3 ) : CD001269 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001269. pub5 . PMID 24623315 . ^ Jump up to : Osterholm , MT ; Kelley , NS ; Sommer , A ; Belongia , EA ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . The Lancet . Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 11 ) 70295 - X . PMID 22032844 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , T ; Di Pietrantonj , C ; Al - Ansary , LA ; Ferroni , E ; Thorning , S ; Thomas , RE ( Feb 17 , 2010 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 2 ) : CD004876 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004876. pub3 . PMID 20166072 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson T , Rivetti A , Di Pietrantonj C , Demicheli V , Ferroni E ( 2012 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8 ( 8 ) : CD004879 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004879. pub4 . PMID 22895945 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Should Get Vaccinated Against Influenza '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series : Influenza Vaccines '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet for the general public '' . ecdc.europa.eu . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Compans , Richard W. ( 2009 ) . Vaccines for pandemic influenza . Dordrecht : Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 9783540921653 . Jump up ^ Vaccine Analysis : Strategies , Principles , and Control . Springer . 2014 . p. 61 . ISBN 9783662450246 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vaccine , influenza '' . International Drug Price Indicator Guide . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richart ( 2015 ) . Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab - Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 314 . ISBN 9781284057560 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osterholm , Michael T ; Kelley , Nicholas S ; Sommer , Alfred ; Belongia , Edward A ( 2012 ) . `` Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 44 . doi : 10.1016 / s1473 - 3099 ( 11 ) 70295 - x . PMID 22032844 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness , 2005 -- 2017 '' . CDC. 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fedson , D.S. ( 1998 ) . `` Measuring protection : Efficacy versus effectiveness '' . Developments in biological standardization. 95 : 195 -- 201 . PMID 9855432 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , I. ; Zambon , M.C. ; Rudin , A. ; Colegate , A. ; Podda , A. ; Bugarini , R. ; Del Giudice , G. ; Minutello , A. ; Bonnington , S. ; Holmgren , J. ; Mills , K.H.G. ; Nicholson , K.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Phase I Evaluation of Intranasal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine with Nontoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxin and Novel Biovector as Mucosal Adjuvants , Using Adult Volunteers '' . Journal of Virology. 80 ( 10 ) : 4962 -- 70 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI. 80.10. 4962 - 4970.2006 . PMC 1472052 . PMID 16641287 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , T ( 2006 ) . `` Influenza vaccination : Policy versus evidence '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7574 ) : 912 -- 15 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 38995.531701. 80 . PMC 1626345 . PMID 17068038 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 2008 Influenza ( Flu ) Season '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . June 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Treanor , John J ; Kotloff , Karen ; Betts , Robert F ; Belshe , Robert ; Newman , Fran ; Iacuzio , Dominick ; Wittes , Janet ; Bryant , Martin ( 1999 ) . `` Evaluation of trivalent , live , cold - adapted ( CAIV - T ) and inactivated ( TIV ) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild - type influenza A ( H1N1 ) , A ( H3N2 ) , and B viruses '' . Vaccine. 18 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 899 -- 906 . doi : 10.1016 / S0264 - 410X ( 99 ) 00334 - 5 . PMID 10580204 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson , Tom ; Di Pietrantonj , Carlo ; Al - Ansary , Lubna A ; Ferroni , Eliana ; Thorning , Sarah ; Thomas , Roger E ( 2010 ) . `` Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 2 ) : CD004876 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004876. pub3 . PMID 20166072 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , T ; Rivetti , D ; Rivetti , A ; Rudin , M ; Di Pietrantonj , C ; Demicheli , V ( 2005 ) . `` Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people : A systematic review '' . The Lancet . 366 ( 9492 ) : 1165 -- 74 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 67339 - 4 . PMID 16198765 . ^ Jump up to : `` Influenza ( Seasonal ) '' . World Health Organization . November 2016 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. CDC director urges flu vaccinations as pediatric deaths mount '' . Reuters. 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly U.S. Influenza Surveillance Report Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) CDC '' . www.cdc.gov. 26 January 2018 . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burls , A ; Jordan , R ; Barton , P ; Olowokure , B ; Wake , B ; Albon , E ; Hawker , J ( 2006 ) . `` Vaccinating healthcare workers against influenza to protect the vulnerable -- Is it a good use of healthcare resources ? A systematic review of the evidence and an economic evaluation '' . Vaccine. 24 ( 19 ) : 4212 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2005.12. 043 . PMID 16546308 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , F. ; Lindley , M.C. ; Allred , N. ; Weinbaum , C.M. ; Grohskopf , L. ( 2013 ) . `` Effect of Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel on Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients : Systematic Review and Grading of Evidence '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 58 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 57 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / cit580 . PMID 24046301 . Jump up ^ Griffin , M.R. ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Commentary : Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Workers : Making the Grade for Action '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 58 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 60 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / cit590 . PMID 24046312 . Jump up ^ Simonsen , Lone ; Viboud , Cecile ; Taylor , Robert J. ; Miller , Mark A. ; Jackson , Lisa ( 2009 ) . `` Influenza vaccination and mortality benefits : New insights , new opportunities '' . Vaccine. 27 ( 45 ) : 6300 -- 04 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.07. 008 . PMID 19840664 . Jump up ^ Darvishian , Maryam ; Bijlsma , Maarten J ; Hak , Eelko ; Van Den Heuvel , Edwin R ( 2014 ) . `` Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in community - dwelling elderly people : A meta - analysis of test - negative design case - control studies '' . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 14 ( 12 ) : 1228 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 14 ) 70960 - 0 . PMID 25455990 . Jump up ^ Nichol , Kristin L. ; Nordin , James D. ; Nelson , David B. ; Mullooly , John P. ; Hak , Eelko ( 2007 ) . `` Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in the Community - Dwelling Elderly '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 357 ( 14 ) : 1373 -- 81 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa070844 . PMID 17914038 . Jump up ^ Simonsen , Lone ; Taylor , Robert J ; Viboud , Cecile ; Miller , Mark A ; Jackson , Lisa A ( 2007 ) . `` Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people : An ongoing controversy '' . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 7 ( 10 ) : 658 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 07 ) 70236 - 0 . PMID 17897608 . Jump up ^ Thompson , WW ; Shay , DK ; Weintraub , E ; Brammer , L ; Cox , N ; Anderson , LJ ; Fukuda , K ( 2003 ) . `` Mortality Associated with Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the United States '' ( PDF ) . JAMA. 289 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 86 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.2. 179 . PMID 12517228 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High Dose Flu Vaccine for the Elderly `` Science - Based Medicine '' . Sciencebasedmedicine.org . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fluzone High - Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . August 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diazgranados , Carlos A. ; Dunning , Andrew J. ; Kimmel , Murray ; Kirby , Daniel ; Treanor , John ; Collins , Avi ; Pollak , Richard ; Christoff , Janet ; Earl , John ; Landolfi , Victoria ; Martin , Earl ; Gurunathan , Sanjay ; Nathan , Richard ; Greenberg , David P. ; Tornieporth , Nadia G. ; Decker , Michael D. ; Talbot , H. Keipp ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Efficacy of High - Dose versus Standard - Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults '' . NEJM. 371 ( 7 ) : 635 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1315727 . PMID 25119609 . Jump up ^ Mascagni P , Vicenzi E , Kajaste - Rudnitski A , Pellicciotta G , Monti A , Cervi C , Vitalucci R , Toffoletto F ( 2012 ) . `` Assessment of efficacy and safety of pandemic A / H1N1 / 2009 influenza vaccine in a group of health care workers '' . Med . Lav. 103 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 29 . PMID 22838300 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine containing an adjuvant '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . November 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FLUAD Flu Vaccine With Adjuvant '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . July 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fluad Full Prescribing Information '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza vaccine with squalene adjuvant : new preparation . No better than available products '' . Prescrire Int. 13 ( 74 ) : 206 -- 8 . 2004 . PMID 15599987 . Jump up ^ Camilloni B , Basileo M , Valente S , Nunzi E , Iorio AM ( 2015 ) . `` Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59 - adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60 : A literature review '' . Hum . Vaccin . Immunother. 11 ( 3 ) : 553 -- 63 . doi : 10.1080 / 21645515.2015. 1011562 . PMC 4514405 . PMID 25714138 . Jump up ^ Van Damme P , Arnou R , Kafeja F , Fiquet A , Richard P , Thomas S , Meghlaoui G , Samson SI , Ledesma E ( 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of non-inferiority of intradermal versus adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine using two serological techniques : a randomised comparative study '' . BMC Infect . Dis. 10 : 134 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2334 - 10 - 134 . PMC 2895601 . PMID 20504306 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FLUAD TM Flu Vaccine With Adjuvant Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . CDC. 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Haverkate , M ; d'Ancona , F ; Giambi , C ; Johansen , K ; Lopalco , P.L. ; Cozza , V ; Appelgren , E ; VENICE project gatekeepers contact points ( 2012 ) . `` Mandatory and recommended vaccination in the EU , Iceland and Norway : Results of the VENICE 2010 survey on the ways of implementing national vaccination programmes '' . Euro surveillance . 17 ( 22 ) . PMID 22687916 . Jump up ^ Field , R.I. ( 2009 ) . `` Mandatory vaccination of health care workers : Whose rights should come first ? '' . P & T. 34 ( 11 ) : 615 -- 18 . PMC 2810172 . PMID 20140133 . Jump up ^ Kassianos , George ( 2015 ) . `` Willingness of European healthcare workers to undergo vaccination against seasonal influenza : Current situation and suggestions for improvement '' . Drugs in Context. 4 : 212268 . doi : 10.7573 / dic. 212268 . PMC 4316812 . PMID 25657810 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roger E ; Jefferson , Tom ; Lasserson , Toby J ( 2016 ) . `` Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long - term care institutions '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 6 ) : CD005187 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD005187. pub5 . PMID 27251461 . Jump up ^ Fell , Deshayne B. ; Sprague , Ann E. ; Liu , Ning ; Yasseen , Abdool S. ; Wen , Shi - Wu ; Smith , Graeme ; Walker , Mark C. ( 2012 ) . `` H1N1 Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes '' . American Journal of Public Health . 102 ( 6 ) : e33 -- 40 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2011.300606 . PMC 3483960 . PMID 22515877 . Jump up ^ Madhi , Shabir A. ; Cutland , Clare L. ; Kuwanda , Locadiah ; Weinberg , Adriana ; Hugo , Andrea ; Jones , Stephanie ; Adrian , Peter V. ; Van Niekerk , Nadia ; Treurnicht , Florette ; Ortiz , Justin R. ; Venter , Marietjie ; Violari , Avy ; Neuzil , Kathleen M. ; Simões , Eric A.F. ; Klugman , Keith P. ; Nunes , Marta C. ( 2014 ) . `` Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Protection of Their Infants '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 10 ) : 918 -- 31 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1401480 . PMID 25184864 . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Inactivated Influenza Vaccine 2007 -- 2008 -- What You Need To Know '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flu -- LAIV '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Remi ; Primeau , Marie Noel ; Des Roches , Anne ; Lemire , Chantal ; Kagan , Rhoda ; Carr , Stuart ; Ouakki , Manale ; Benoît , Mélanie ; De Serres , Gaston ( 2010 ) . `` Safe vaccination of patients with egg allergy with an adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 vaccine '' . Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 126 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaci. 2010.05. 037 . PMID 20579720 . Jump up ^ National Advisory Committee on Immunization ( August 2012 ) . `` Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2012 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Communicable Disease Report . 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turner , Paul J ; Southern , Jo ; Andrews , Nick J ; Miller , Elizabeth ; Erlewyn - Lajeunesse , Michel ( 2015 ) . `` Safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in young people with egg allergy : Multicentre prospective cohort study '' . BMJ. 351 : h6291 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h6291 . PMC 4673102 . PMID 26645895 . Jump up ^ Greenhawt , Matthew ( 2015 ) . `` Live attenuated influenza vaccine for children with egg allergy '' . BMJ. 351 : h6656 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h6656 . PMID 26657778 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Rapidly Produced Flu Vaccine Wins F.D.A. Approval '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haber , Penina ; Sejvar , James ; Mikaeloff , Yann ; Destefano , Frank ( 2009 ) . `` Vaccines and Guillain - Barré Syndrome '' . Drug Safety . 32 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 23 . doi : 10.2165 / 00002018 - 200932040 - 00005 . PMID 19388722 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , J.E. ( 1982 ) . `` Guillain - Barre syndrome in the United States , 1979 -- 1980 and 1980 -- 1981 . Lack of an association with influenza vaccination '' . JAMA. 248 ( 6 ) : 428 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 248.6. 698 . PMID 25996397 . Jump up ^ Stowe , J. ; Andrews , N. ; Wise , L. ; Miller , E. ( 2008 ) . `` Investigation of the Temporal Association of Guillain - Barre Syndrome with Influenza Vaccine and Influenzalike Illness Using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 169 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 88 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwn310 . PMID 19033158 . ^ Jump up to : Sivadon ‐ Tardy , Valérie ; Orlikowski , David ; Porcher , Raphaël ; Sharshar , Tarek ; Durand , Marie ‐ Christine ; Enouf , Vincent ; Rozenberg , Flore ; Caudie , Christiane ; Annane , Djillali ; Van Der Werf , Sylvie ; Lebon , Pierre ; Raphaël , Jean ‐ Claude ; Gaillard , Jean ‐ Louis ; Gault , Elyanne ( 2009 ) . `` Guillain ‐ Barré Syndrome and Influenza Virus Infection '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 48 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 56 . doi : 10.1086 / 594124 . PMID 19025491 . Jump up ^ Vellozzi , Claudia ; Burwen , Dale R. ; Dobardzic , Azra ; Ball , Robert ; Walton , Kimp ; Haber , Penina ( 2009 ) . `` Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults : Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring '' . Vaccine. 27 ( 15 ) : 2114 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.01. 125 . PMID 19356614 . Jump up ^ Steven Reinberg ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Last Year 's H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe , Study Finds '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Technical Report : Narcolepsy in association with pandemic influenza vaccination ( PDF ) . Stockholm , Sweden : European Centre for Disease Prevention and Contro. 2012 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 9193 - 388 - 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yong , Ed ( 2013 ) . `` Narcolepsy confirmed as autoimmune disease '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.14413 . Jump up ^ Offit , Paul A. ( 2007 ) . `` Thimerosal and Vaccines -- A Cautionary Tale '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 357 ( 13 ) : 1278 -- 79 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp078187 . PMID 17898096 . Jump up ^ Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety ( July 14 , 2006 ) . `` Thiomersal and vaccines '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Plotkin & Mortimer ( 1988 ) . Vaccines . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 1946 - 0 . Jump up ^ Product Monograph : Flumist , Astrazeneca Canada Inc. , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Fiore , AE ; Shay , DK ; Broder , K ; Iskander , JK ; Uyeki , TM ; Mootrey , G ; Bresee , JS ; Cox , NJ ( 2009 ) . `` Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines : Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Recomm Rep. 58 ( RR - 8 ) : 1 -- 52 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 19644442 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ To , K.W. ; Lai , A. ; Lee , K.C.K. ; Koh , D. ; Lee , S.S. ( 2016 ) . `` Increasing the coverage of influenza vaccination in healthcare workers : Review of challenges and solutions '' . Journal of Hospital Infection . 94 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhin. 2016.07. 003 . PMID 27546456 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , G. James ; Potts , Henry W.W. ; Michie , Susan ( 2011 ) . `` Likely uptake of swine and seasonal flu vaccines among healthcare workers . A cross-sectional analysis of UK telephone survey data '' . Vaccine. 29 ( 13 ) : 2421 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.01. 035 . PMID 21277402 . Jump up ^ Skowronski , Danuta M. ; De Serres , Gaston ( 2009 ) . `` Is routine influenza immunization warranted in early pregnancy ? '' . Vaccine. 27 ( 35 ) : 4754 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2009.03. 079 . PMID 19515466 . Jump up ^ Health Care Guideline : Routine Prenatal Care . Fourteenth Edition . By the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement . July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Flu Shot -- Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vaccine use '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza ( Seasonal ) Fact sheet '' . World Health Organization . November 2016 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. panel recommends all kids get the flu shot '' . CTV . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . In Canada , the National Advisory Committee on Immunization ( NACI ) , the group that advises the Public Health Agency of Canada , currently says that children between the age of six and 24 months should be considered a high priority for the flu vaccine . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2013 -- 2014 -- CCDR Vol. 39 ACS - 4 -- Public Health Agency of Canada '' . Phac-aspc.gc.ca . November 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza vaccination '' . ecdc.europa.eu . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ECDC Reviews -- New WHO recommendations on seasonal influenza ... '' ecdc.europa.eu . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ECDC Guidance : Priority risk groups for influenza vaccination '' ( PDF ) . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . pp. 7 -- 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fiore , AE ; Uyeki ; Broder , K ; Finelli , L ; Euler , GL ; Singleton , JA ; Iskander , JK ; Wortley , PM ; et al. ( August 2010 ) . `` Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Recomm Rep. 59 ( RR -- 8 ) : 1 -- 62 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 20689501 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grohskopf , L ; Uyeki , T ; Bresee , J ; Cox , N ; Cox , T ( August 2012 ) . `` Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) -- United States , 2012 -- 13 influenza season '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 61 ( 32 ) : 613 -- 18 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 22895385 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Children , the Flu , and the Flu Vaccine '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . May 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who Should Get Vaccinated Against Influenza '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza Vaccination : A Summary for Clinicians -- Health Professionals -- Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Couch , Robert B. ; Winokur , Patricia ; Brady , Rebecca ; Belshe , Robert ; Chen , Wilbur H. ; Cate , Thomas R. ; Sigurdardottir , Bryndis ; Hoeper , Amy ; Graham , Irene L. ; Edelman , Robert ; He , Fenhua ; Nino , Diane ; Capellan , Jose ; Ruben , Frederick L. ( 2007 ) . `` Safety and immunogenicity of a high dosage trivalent influenza vaccine among elderly subjects '' . Vaccine. 25 ( 44 ) : 7656 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2007.08. 042 . PMC 2243220 . PMID 17913310 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Lindsey ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` Hospitals crack down on workers who refuse flu shots '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2010 ) . `` Seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women -- 10 states , 2009 -- 10 influenza season '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 59 ( 47 ) : 1541 -- 45 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 21124293 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Altman , Lawrence K. ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Panel Advises Flu Shots for Children Up to Age 18 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ACIP votes down use of LAIV for 2016 -- 2017 flu season '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . June 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Immunization Schedules '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Han , You Kyung Julia ; Michie , Susan ; Potts , Henry W.W. ; Rubin , G. James ( 2016 ) . `` Predictors of influenza vaccine uptake during the 2009 / 10 influenza a H1N1v ( ' swine flu ' ) pandemic : Results from five national surveys in the United Kingdom '' . Preventive Medicine . 84 : 57 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ypmed. 2015.12. 018 . PMC 4766366 . PMID 26757401 . Jump up ^ Bish , Alison ; Yardley , Lucy ; Nicoll , Angus ; Michie , Susan ( 2011 ) . `` Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza : A systematic review '' . Vaccine. 29 ( 38 ) : 6472 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.06. 107 . PMID 21756960 . Jump up ^ Brien , Stephanie ; Kwong , Jeffrey C. ; Buckeridge , David L. ( 2012 ) . `` The determinants of 2009 pandemic A / H1N1 influenza vaccination : A systematic review '' . Vaccine. 30 ( 7 ) : 1255 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.12. 089 . PMID 22214889 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2009 ) . `` Update on influenza A ( H1N1 ) 2009 monovalent vaccines '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 58 ( 39 ) : 1100 -- 01 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 19816398 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La Torre , G ; Di Thiene , D ; Cadeddu , C ; Ricciardi , W ; Boccia , A ( 2009 ) . `` Behaviours regarding preventive measures against pandemic H1N1 influenza among Italian healthcare workers , October 2009 '' . Euro surveillance . 14 ( 49 ) . PMID 20003908 . Jump up ^ Amodio , Emanuele ; Anastasi , Giovanna ; Marsala , Maria Grazia Laura ; Torregrossa , Maria Valeria ; Romano , Nino ; Firenze , Alberto ( 2011 ) . `` Vaccination against the 2009 pandemic influenza A ( H1N1 ) among healthcare workers in the major teaching hospital of Sicily ( Italy ) '' . Vaccine. 29 ( 7 ) : 1408 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2010.12. 041 . PMID 21199700 . Jump up ^ Chor , J. SY ; Ngai , K.L. ; Goggins , W. B ; Wong , M. CS ; Wong , S. YS ; Lee , N. ; Leung , T. - f. ; Rainer , T. H ; Griffiths , S. ; Chan , P. KS ( 2009 ) . `` Willingness of Hong Kong healthcare workers to accept pre-pandemic influenza vaccination at different WHO alert levels : Two questionnaire surveys '' . BMJ. 339 : b3391 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. b3391 . PMC 2731837 . PMID 19706937 . Jump up ^ `` CDC updates flu vaccination recommendations '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2011 ) . `` Influenza vaccination coverage among health - care personnel -- United States , 2010 -- 11 influenza season '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 60 ( 32 ) : 1073 -- 7 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 21849963 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) ( 2012 ) . `` Influenza vaccination coverage among health - care personnel : 2011 -- 12 influenza season , United States '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Morb . Mortal . Wkly . Rep. 61 : 753 -- 57 . ISSN 0149 - 2195 . PMID 23013720 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bull , AL ; Bennett , N ; Pitcher , HC ; Russo , PL ; Richards , MJ ( 19 February 2007 ) . `` Influenza vaccine coverage among health care workers in Victorian public hospitals '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 186 ( 4 ) : 185 -- 6 . PMID 17309419 . ^ Jump up to : `` how it 's made '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : New and Old Ways to Make Flu Vaccines Archived August 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , November 8 , 2007 , National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` World Health Organization '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for the production and control of influenza vaccine ( inactivated ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Priming with DNA vaccine makes avian flu vaccine work better ( NIH News ) '' . October 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novartis receives FDA approval for Flucelvax , the first cell - culture vaccine in US to help protect against seasonal influenza '' ( Press release ) . Novartis . November 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Research , Center for Biologics Evaluation and . `` Approved Products -- November 20 , 2012 Approval Letter - Flucelvax '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seqirus receives FDA approval for Flucelvax Quadrivalent ( Influenza Vaccine ) for people four years of age and older '' ( Press release ) . Seqirus . May 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . November 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PATH , Oliver Wyman . Influenza Vaccine Strategies for Broad Global Access . 2007 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bright , Rick A. ; Carter , Donald M. ; Daniluk , Shannon ; Toapanta , Franklin R. ; Ahmad , Attiya ; Gavrilov , Victor ; Massare , Mike ; Pushko , Peter ; Mytle , Nutan ; Rowe , Thomas ; Smith , Gale ; Ross , Ted M. ( 2007 ) . `` Influenza virus - like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin '' . Vaccine. 25 ( 19 ) : 3871 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2007.01. 106 . PMID 17337102 . ^ Jump up to : Racaniello , Vincent ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Influenza virus growth in eggs '' . Virology Blog . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Izzat , Fakhrul ( Apr 2012 ) . `` Viral Cultivation in Chicken Embryo '' . Youtube . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Influenza ( Flu ) Vaccines Are Made '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . May 2014 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ WHO article Global influenza surveillance Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Keeping ahead of flu comes down to guessing game '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic - prone Infectious Diseases Archived May 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( pdf ) Jump up ^ WHO Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season Archived December 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 -- 2017 northern hemisphere influenza season '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO switches H1N1 in Southern Hemisphere flu vaccine '' . University of Minnesota -- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy ( CIDRAP ) . 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . A / Michigan / 45 / 2015 replaces the longstanding A / California / 7 / 2009 and is recommended to improve protection against two subclades that have emerged over the past season . Jump up ^ WHO Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season Archived December 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Flu vaccine may have low effectiveness against dominant strain , Canada 's top public health doctor says '' . CBC News . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( Grohskopf LA , Sokolow LZ , Broder KR , et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines : Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices -- United States , 2017 -- 18 Influenza Season . MMWR Recomm Rep 2017 ; 66 ( No . RR - 2 ) : 1 -- 20 . ) Jump up ^ Karlamangla , Soumya ( 6 January 2018 ) . `` Severe flu brings medicine shortages , packed ERs and a rising death toll in California -- Los Angeles Times '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun , Lena H. ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` This season 's flu vaccine is only 36 percent effective , but experts say you should still get it '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Estimates of 2017 -- 18 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness -- United States , February 2018 '' . CDC . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season '' . WHO. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Threat of Pandemic Influenza : Are We Ready ? Workshop Summary ( 2005 ) ( free online book ) page 62 Jump up ^ Plotkin , S.L. and Plotkin , S.A. `` A short history of vaccination . '' In : Vaccines , Stanley A. Plotkin , Walter A. Orenstein , Paul A. Offit , eds . Elsevier Health Sciences , 2008 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Artenstein , A.W. `` Influenza '' In : Vaccines : A Biography Andrew W. Artenstein , ed . pp. 191 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Hampson , A.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Vaccines for pandemic influenza . The history of our current vaccines , their limitations and the requirements to deal with a pandemic threat '' . Annals of the Academy of Medicine , Singapore . 37 ( 6 ) : 510 -- 17 . PMID 18618064 . Jump up ^ `` Cell - Based Flu Vaccines '' . U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USFDA FDA approves new seasonal influenza vaccine made using novel technology . Jan. 16 , 2013 . Archived May 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Landry , Nathalie ; Ward , Brian J. ; Trépanier , Sonia ; Montomoli , Emanuele ; Dargis , Michèle ; Lapini , Giulia ; Vézina , Louis - P. ( 2010 ) . `` Preclinical and Clinical Development of Plant - Made Virus - Like Particle Vaccine against Avian H5N1 Influenza '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 12 ) : e15559 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 515559L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015559 . PMC 3008737 . PMID 21203523 . Jump up ^ Bridges CB , Fukuda K , Uyeki TM , Cox NJ , Singleton JA ( 2002 ) . `` Prevention and control of influenza . Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ( ACIP ) '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Recomm Rep. 51 ( RR - 3 ) : 1 -- 31 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 12002171 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osterholm , Michael T. ( 2005 ) . `` Preparing for the Next Pandemic '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 352 ( 18 ) : 1839 -- 42 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp058068 . PMID 15872196 . Jump up ^ `` Swine Flu Epidemics '' . October 9 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ McCullers , Jonathan A. ; Van De Velde , Lee ‐ Ann ; Allison , Kim J. ; Branum , Kristen C. ; Webby , Richard J. ; Flynn , Patricia M. ( 2010 ) . `` Recipients of Vaccine against the 1976 `` Swine Flu '' Have Enhanced Neutralization Responses to the 2009 Novel H1N1 Influenza Virus `` . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 50 ( 11 ) : 1487 -- 92 . doi : 10.1086 / 652441 . PMC 2946351 . PMID 20415539 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , Shannon ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Does the Vaccine Matter ? '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Roni Caryn . `` Reassessing Flu Shots as the Season Draws Near '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jit , Mark ; Newall , Anthony T. ; Beutels , Philippe ( 2014 ) . `` Key issues for estimating the impact and cost - effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies '' . Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9 ( 4 ) : 834 -- 40 . doi : 10.4161 / hv. 23637 . PMC 3903903 . PMID 23357859 . Jump up ^ Postma , Maarten J ; Baltussen , Rob PM ; Palache , Abraham M ; Wilschut , Jan C ( 2014 ) . `` Further evidence for favorable cost - effectiveness of elderly influenza vaccination '' . Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research . 6 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 27 . doi : 10.1586 / 14737167.6. 2.215 . PMID 20528557 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Kelly , Heath ; Harsley , Stuart ; Scuffham , Paul A. ( 2009 ) . `` Cost Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults '' . PharmacoEconomics. 27 ( 6 ) : 439 -- 50 . doi : 10.2165 / 00019053 - 200927060 - 00001 . PMID 19640008 . Jump up ^ Newall , A.T. ; Viboud , C. ; Wood , J.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Influenza - attributable mortality in Australians aged more than 50 years : A comparison of different modelling approaches '' . Epidemiology and Infection . 138 ( 6 ) : 836 -- 42 . doi : 10.1017 / S095026880999118X . PMID 19941685 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Dehollain , Juan Pablo ; Creighton , Prudence ; Beutels , Philippe ; Wood , James G. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding the Cost - Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in Children : Methodological Choices and Seasonal Variability '' . PharmacoEconomics. 31 ( 8 ) : 693 -- 702 . doi : 10.1007 / s40273 - 013 - 0060 - 7 . PMID 23645539 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Scuffham , Paul A ( 2011 ) . `` Uncertainty and variability in influenza cost - effectiveness models '' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health . 35 ( 6 ) : 576 ; author reply 576 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1753 - 6405.2011. 00788. x . PMID 22151168 . Jump up ^ Gatwood , Justin ; Meltzer , Martin I. ; Messonnier , Mark ; Ortega - Sanchez , Ismael R. ; Balkrishnan , Rajesh ; Prosser , Lisa A. ( 2012 ) . `` Seasonal Influenza Vaccination of Healthy Working - Age Adults '' . Drugs . 72 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 48 . doi : 10.2165 / 11597310 - 000000000 - 00000 . PMID 22191794 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Jit , Mark ; Beutels , Philippe ( 2012 ) . `` Economic Evaluations of Childhood Influenza Vaccination '' . PharmacoEconomics. 30 ( 8 ) : 647 -- 60 . doi : 10.2165 / 11599130 - 000000000 - 00000 . PMID 22788257 . Jump up ^ Newall , Anthony T. ; Wood , James G. ; Oudin , Noemie ; MacIntyre , C. Raina ( 2010 ) . `` Cost - effectiveness of Pharmaceutical - based Pandemic Influenza Mitigation Strategies1 '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 16 ( 2 ) : 224 -- 30 . doi : 10.3201 / eid1602. 090571 . PMC 2957998 . PMID 20113551 . Jump up ^ `` Influenza Genome Sequencing Project -- Overview '' . National Institutes of Health -- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lampos , Vasileios ; Yom - Tov , Elad ; Pebody , Richard ; Cox , Ingemar J. ( 2015 ) . `` Assessing the impact of a health intervention via user - generated Internet content '' . Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery . 29 ( 5 ) : 1434 -- 1457 . doi : 10.1007 / s10618 - 015 - 0427 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Moritz ; Lampos , Vasileios ; Yom - Tov , Elad ; Pebody , Richard ; Cox , Ingemar J. ( 2017 ) . `` Estimating the Population Impact of a New Pediatric Influenza Vaccination Program in England Using Social Media Content '' . Journal of Medical Internet Research . 19 ( 12 ) : e416 . doi : 10.2196 / jmir. 8184 . PMID 29269339 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . Acyte Respiratory Infections : Influenza. 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization . Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines . July 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ US Food & Drug Administration . FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic . September 15 , 2009 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Quadrivalent Vaccine Against Seasonal Flu Wins FDA Approval '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FDA approves first quadrivalent vaccine to prevent seasonal influenza '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December 14 , 2012 Approval Letter - Fluarix Quadrivalent '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cho , Alice ; Wrammert , Jens ( 2016 ) . `` Implications of broadly neutralizing antibodies in the development of a universal influenza vaccine '' . Current Opinion in Virology. 17 : 110 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2016.03. 002 . PMC 4940123 . PMID 27031684 . ^ Jump up to : Soema , Peter C. ; Kompier , Ronald ; Amorij , Jean - Pierre ; Kersten , Gideon F.A. ( 2015 ) . `` Current and next generation influenza vaccines : Formulation and production strategies '' . European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 94 : 251 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejpb. 2015.05. 023 . PMID 26047796 . Jump up ^ Deng , Lei ; Cho , Ki ; Fiers , Walter ; Saelens , Xavier ( 2015 ) . `` M2e - Based Universal Influenza a Vaccines '' . Vaccines. 3 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 36 . doi : 10.3390 / vaccines3010105 . PMC 4494237 . PMID 26344949 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Tanya ; Ben - Yedidia , Tamar ( 2014 ) . `` Epitope - based approaches to a universal influenza vaccine '' . Journal of Autoimmunity. 54 : 15 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaut. 2014.07. 005 . PMID 25172355 . Jump up ^ Toussi , Deana ; Massari , Paola ( 2014 ) . `` Immune Adjuvant Effect of Molecularly - defined Toll - Like Receptor Ligands '' . Vaccines. 2 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 53 . doi : 10.3390 / vaccines2020323 . PMC 4494261 . PMID 26344622 . Jump up ^ Influenza Report ( online book ) Archived May 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . chapter Avian Influenza by Timm C. Harder and Ortrud Werner Jump up ^ equiflunet_vaccines Archived January 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` UAE Equestrian & Racing Federation '' . March 22 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FEI guidelines '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Donald G. Jr . ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Turning to Chickens in Fight With Bird Flu '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SciDev.Net Archived September 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . article Bird flu warning over partial protection of flocks published August 16 , 2006 Jump up ^ FAO Recommendations on the Prevention , Control and Eradication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ( HPAI ) in Asia `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yen , Hui - Ling ; Peiris , Joseph Sriyal Malik ( 2012 ) . `` Virology : Bird flu in mammals '' . Nature . 486 ( 7403 ) : 332 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 486 ... 332Y . doi : 10.1038 / nature11192 . PMID 22722190 . Jump up ^ National Hog Farmer Archived April 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . article Swine Flu Virus Turns Endemic published September 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ livestock.novartis.com Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Custom Vaccines : Swine Jump up ^ Karaca , Kemal ; Dubovi , Edward J. ; Siger , Leonardo ; Robles , Amy ; Audonnet , Jean - Christophe ; Jiansheng , Yao ; Nordgren , Robert ; Minke , Jules M. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the ability of canarypox - vectored equine influenza virus vaccines to induce humoral immune responses against canine influenza viruses in dogs '' . American Journal of Veterinary Research . 68 ( 2 ) : 208 -- 12 . doi : 10.2460 / ajvr. 68.2. 208 . PMID 17269888 . External links ( edit ) Pharmacy and pharmacology portal PATH 's Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources CDC Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Information Statement Vaccines and Preventable Diseases -- Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) Vaccination Misconceptions about Seasonal Influenza and Influenza Vaccines Influenza General topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 ( `` Spanish flu '' ) 2009 ( `` swine flu '' ) Science 2009 A / H1N1 H5N1 Outbreaks Croatia ( 2005 ) India ( 2006 ) UK ( 2007 ) West Bengal ( 2008 ) Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation Treatments Antiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir ( experimental ) Umifenovir Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Fluzone Pandemrix Pandemics and epidemics Pandemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1889 -- 1890 ) `` Spanish flu '' ( 1918 ) `` Asian flu '' `` Hong Kong flu '' ( 1968 ) `` Swine flu '' ( 2009 ) Epidemics `` Russian flu '' ( 1977 -- 1978 ) `` Fujian flu '' ( H3N2 ) Central Luzon H5N6 ( 2017 ) Non-human Mammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian ( H5N1 ) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza - like illness 2017 -- 18 United States flu season Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization : Vaccines , Vaccination , Infection , Inoculation ( J07 ) Development Adjuvants List of vaccine ingredients Mathematical modelling Timeline Trials Classes Conjugate vaccine DNA vaccination Inactivated vaccine Live vector vaccine Attenuated vaccine Heterologous vaccine Subunit / component / Peptide / Virus - like particle Toxoid Administration Global : GAVI Alliance Policy Schedule Vaccine injury USA : ACIP Vaccine court Vaccines for Children Program VAERS VSD Vaccines Bacterial Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera Diphtheria Hib Leptospirosis Lyme disease Meningococcus MeNZB NmVac4 - A / C / Y / W - 135 Pertussis Plague Pneumococcal PCV PPSV Q fever Tetanus Tuberculosis BCG Typhoid Ty21a ViCPS Typhus combination : DTwP / DTaP Viral Adenovirus Flu H1N1 ( Pandemrix ) LAIV Hantavirus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis E HPV Cervarix Gardasil Japanese encephalitis Measles Mumps Mumpsvax Polio Sabin Salk Rabies Rotavirus Rubella Smallpox Dryvax Tick - borne encephalitis Varicella zoster chicken pox Zoster vaccine Yellow fever combination : MMR MMRV research : Chikungunya Cytomegalovirus Dengue Ebola Epstein -- Barr virus Hepatitis C HIV Protozoan Malaria RTS , S research : Trypanosomiasis Helminthiasis research : Hookworm Schistosomiasis Other Androvax ( androstenedione albumin ) Cancer vaccines ALVAC - CEA BCG Hepatitis B HPV Cervarix Gardasil PROSTVAC NicVAX Ovandrotone albumin ( Fecundin ) TA - CD TA - NIC combination DTaP - IPV / Hib DTaP - IPV - HepB Hexavalent vaccine Pentavalent vaccine Controversy General MMR NCVIA Pox party Thiomersal Andrew Wakefield Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alternative vaccination schedule Related Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases Every Child by Two List of vaccine topics WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influenza_vaccine&oldid=856600173 '' Categories : Vaccines Influenza vaccines Live vaccines Influenza World Health Organization essential medicines ( vaccines ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Drugs that are a vaccine Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Vague or ambiguous time from August 2012 Use mdy dates from August 2012 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Tagalog ไทย Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that	[ "Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.[2] A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year, as the Influenza virus rapidly changes.[2] While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.[2][3] The CDC estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths.[4] When an immunized worker does catch the flu, they are on average back at work a half day sooner.[5] Vaccine effectiveness in those under two years old and over 65 years old remains unknown due to the low quality of the research.[6][7][needs update][8][needs update] Vaccinating children may protect those around them.[2]\n" ]	[ "the Influenza virus rapidly changes" ]
-858978744474502174	United States federal executive departments	United States federal executive departments - Wikipedia United States federal executive departments Jump to : navigation , search `` Executive Department '' redirects here . For the idea of executive departments in general , see Cabinet ( politics ) . The United States federal executive departments are the primary units of the executive branch of the Federal government of the United States . They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but ( the United States being a presidential system ) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state . The executive departments are the administrative arms of the President of the United States . There are currently 15 executive departments . The heads of the executive departments receive the title of Secretary of their respective department , except for the Attorney - General who is head of the Justice Department ( and the Postmaster General who until 1971 was head of the Post Office Department ) . The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate , and serve at the pleasure of the President . The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States , an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the President . In the Opinion Clause ( Article II , section 2 , clause 1 ) of the U.S. Constitution , heads of executive departments are referred to as `` principal Officer in each of the executive Departments '' . The heads of executive departments are included in the line of succession to the President , in the event of a vacancy in the presidency , after the Vice President , the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive departments 2 See also 3 Citations 4 References 5 External links Executive departments ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2012 ) Departments are listed by their present - day name and only departments with past or present cabinet - level status are listed . Department Creation Dissolution Order of succession Notes 2009 Outlays in billions of dollars Employees State 1789 Current Initially named `` Department of Foreign Affairs '' 16.39 18,900 War ( Army ) 1789 1949 n / a In the National Security Act of 1947 , the Air Force was separated and the Department of War was renamed to the Department of the Army . From 1947 to 1949 , the Department of the Army , along with the Departments of the Navy and Air Force , was an executive department with non-cabinet level secretaries who reported to the civilian Secretary of Defense with cabinet rank but no department . Since 1949 the Department of the Army has been a Military Department within the Department of Defense . n / a n / a Treasury 1789 Current 5 19.56 115,897 Post Office 1792 1971 n / a Reorganized as quasi-independent agency , United States Postal Service n / a n / a Navy 1798 1949 n / a In 1949 , along with the Departments of the Army and the Navy , this department became a Military Department within the Department of Defense . n / a n / a Justice 1870 Current 7 Attorney General created in 1789 , but had no department until 1870 46.20 113,543 Interior 1849 Current 8 Took responsibility of offices previously managed by other departments , War , Treasury , and State , such as the Bureau of Indian Affairs , General Land Office , and United States Patent and Trademark Office that were seen as having little to do with their respective Departments . 90.00 71,436 Agriculture 1889 Current 9 Elevated to Cabinet level in 1889 134.12 109,832 Commerce 1903 Current 10 Originally named Commerce and Labor . In 1913 , Labor was separated and the Department renamed to its current name . 15.77 43,880 Labor 1913 Current 11 Originally part of the Department of Commerce and Labor . 137.97 17,347 Defense 1947 Current 6 Created by the National Security Act of 1947 . Initially named `` National Military Establishment '' 1947 - 49 . Created from a merger of the Department of War and Department of the Navy . 651.16 3,000,000 Air Force 1947 1949 n / a Originally part of the Department of War . From 1947 to 1949 , this department , along with the Departments of the Army and Navy , was an executive department with non-cabinet level secretaries who reported to the civilian Secretary of Defense with cabinet rank but no department . Since 1949 it has been a Military Department within the Department of Defense . n / a n / a Health and Human Services 1953 Current 12 Originally the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1979 , Education was separated and the Department renamed to its current name . 879.20 67,000 Housing and Urban Development 1965 Current 13 40.53 10,600 Transportation 1966 Current 14 73.20 58,622 Energy 1977 Current 15 24.10 109,094 Education 1979 Current 16 45.40 4,487 Veterans Affairs Current 17 Formerly an independent agency as the Veterans Administration 97.70 235,000 Homeland Security 2002 Current 18 Created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 40.00 240,000 Total outlays , employees : 2,311.30 Bn 4,214,652 See also ( edit ) Independent agencies of the United States government British government departments Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Historian - Milestones - 1776 - 1783 - Articles of Confederation '' . History.state.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Treasury.gov. 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USDOJ : About DOJ '' . Justice.gov. 2009 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` History of Interior '' . Doi.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.usda.gov/documents/timeline.pdf Jump up ^ `` Secretaries Department of Commerce '' . Commerce.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Commerce FY 2009 Budget in Brief '' . Osec.doc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. Department of Labor Historical Timeline - U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` About The Department of Defense ( DOD ) '' . Defense.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` HUD History / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) '' . Portal.hud.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Department of Energy Organization Act '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . August 4 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Overview and Mission Statement U.S. Department of Education '' ... ed.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of Veterans Affairs . `` History - VA History - About VA '' . Va.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of the Department of Homeland Security Homeland Security '' . Dhs.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . References ( edit ) Relyea , Harold C. `` Homeland Security : Department Organization and Management '' ( PDF ) , Report for Congress , 2002 . RL31493 ( August 7 , 2002 ) . External links ( edit ) Who is the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government ? Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Government of the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_federal_executive_departments&oldid=841028328 '' Categories : United States federal executive departments Executive branch of the United States government Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Català Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Shqip Simple English Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the power to create a new cabinet department	[]	[]
-4067266119954923609	History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa	History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa - wikipedia History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa The national rugby union teams of England and South Africa ( the Springboks ) have been playing each other in Test rugby since 1906 , and , by June 2018 , had met in 41 Test matches . South Africa lead the series by 25 wins to 14 , with 2 matches drawn . Their first meeting was on 8 December 1906 , as part of the Springboks ' first tour of Europe , with the match ending in a 3 -- 3 draw . England won the most recent meeting between the teams , on 23 June 2018 , 25 -- 10 . Contents 1 Summary 1.1 Overall 1.2 Records 2 Results 3 List of series 4 External links Summary ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Details Played Won by England Won by South Africa Drawn England points South Africa points In England 21 9 11 364 338 In South Africa 16 11 289 437 Neutral venue 0 52 101 Overall 41 14 25 705 876 Records ( edit ) Note : Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set . Record England South Africa Longest winning streak 7 ( 24 Jun 2000 -- 18 Nov 2006 ) 9 ( 25 Nov 2006 -- 16 Jun 2012 ) Largest points for Home 53 ( 23 November 2002 ) 58 ( 26 May 2007 ) Away 32 ( 4 Jun 1994 ) 44 ( 24 Oct 1999 ) Largest winning margin Home 50 ( 23 November 2002 ) 48 ( 26 May 2007 ) Away 17 ( 4 June 1994 ) 36 ( 22 November 2008 ) Largest aggregate score 81 ( South Africa 42 - 39 England ) ( 9 June 2018 ) Results ( edit ) No . Date Venue Score Winner Competition 8 December 1906 Crystal Palace , London 3 -- 3 Draw 1906 - 07 South Africa rugby union tour 4 January 1913 Twickenham , London 3 -- 9 South Africa 1912 - 13 South Africa rugby union tour 2 January 1932 Twickenham , London 0 -- 7 South Africa 1931 - 32 South Africa rugby union tour 5 January 1952 Twickenham , London 3 -- 8 South Africa 1951 - 52 South Africa rugby union tour 7 January 1961 Twickenham , London 0 -- 5 South Africa 1960 - 61 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe 6 20 December 1969 Twickenham , London 11 -- 8 England 1969 - 70 South Africa rugby union tour 7 3 June 1972 Ellis Park , Johannesburg 9 -- 18 England 1972 England rugby union tour of South Africa 8 2 June 1984 Boet Erasmus Stadium , Port Elizabeth 33 -- 15 South Africa 1984 England rugby union tour of South Africa 9 19 June 1984 Ellis Park , Johannesburg 35 -- 9 South Africa 10 14 November 1992 Twickenham , London 33 -- 16 England 11 4 June 1994 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 15 -- 32 England 1994 England rugby union tour of South Africa 12 11 June 1994 Newlands , Cape Town 27 -- 9 South Africa 13 18 November 1995 Twickenham , London 14 -- 24 South Africa 14 29 November 1997 Twickenham , London 11 -- 29 South Africa 15 4 July 1998 Newlands , Cape Town 18 -- 0 South Africa 16 5 December 1998 Twickenham , London 13 -- 7 England 17 24 October 1999 Stade de France , Paris , France 21 -- 44 South Africa 1999 Rugby World Cup 18 17 June 2000 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 18 -- 13 South Africa 2000 England rugby union tour of South Africa 19 24 June 2000 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 22 -- 27 England 20 2 December 2000 Twickenham , London 25 -- 17 England 21 24 November 2001 Twickenham , London 29 -- 9 England 22 23 November 2002 Twickenham , London 53 -- 3 England 2002 Autumn Internationals 23 18 October 2003 Subiaco Oval , Perth , Australia 25 -- 6 England 2003 Rugby World Cup 24 20 November 2004 Twickenham , London 32 -- 16 England 2004 Autumn Internationals 25 18 November 2006 Twickenham , London 23 -- 21 England 2006 South Africa rugby union tour of Ireland and England 26 25 November 2006 Twickenham , London 14 -- 25 South Africa 27 26 May 2007 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 58 -- 10 South Africa 2007 England rugby union tour of South Africa 28 2 June 2007 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 55 -- 22 South Africa 29 14 September 2007 Stade de France , Paris , France 0 -- 36 South Africa 2007 Rugby World Cup pool match 30 20 October 2007 Stade de France , Paris , France 6 -- 15 South Africa 2007 Rugby World Cup Final 31 22 November 2008 Twickenham , London 6 -- 42 South Africa 2008 Autumn International 32 27 November 2010 Twickenham , London 11 -- 21 South Africa 2010 Autumn International 33 9 June 2012 Kings Park , Durban 22 -- 17 South Africa 2012 mid-year rugby test series 34 16 June 2012 Ellis Park , Johannesburg 36 -- 27 South Africa 35 23 June 2012 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth 14 -- 14 Draw 36 24 November 2012 Twickenham , London 15 -- 16 South Africa 2012 Autumn International 37 15 November 2014 Twickenham , London 28 -- 31 South Africa 2014 Autumn International 38 12 November 2016 Twickenham , London 37 -- 21 England 2016 Autumn International 39 9 June 2018 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 42 -- 39 South Africa 2018 England rugby union tour of South Africa 40 16 June 2018 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 23 -- 12 South Africa 41 23 June 2018 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 10 -- 25 England List of series ( edit ) Details Played Won by England Won by South Africa Drawn Overall 7 0 Year England South Africa Series winner 1984 0 South Africa 1994 2000 2006 2007 0 South Africa 2012 0 South Africa 2018 South Africa External links ( edit ) `` Pick and Go Test match results database '' . lassen.co.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Head - to - head records of Tier 1 rugby union national teams Argentina Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Australia Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales England Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales France Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Ireland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Italy Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales New Zealand Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Scotland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales South Africa Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Wales Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales England national rugby union team Rugby Football Union History History Tries Players All Players Top Scorers Killed in the World Wars Home stadiums Twickenham Stadium Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam Calcutta Cup Cook Cup Hillary Shield Old Mutual Wealth Cup Millennium Trophy Related teams Sevens England Saxons RFU Championship XV England Counties XV U20s U18s Matches World Cup finals 1991 2003 2007 By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians France Ireland Italy New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Wales Results 1871 -- 79 1880 -- 89 1890 -- 99 1900 -- 09 1910 -- 14 1920 -- 29 1930 -- 39 1947 -- 49 1950 -- 59 1960 -- 69 1970 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 See also All Matches Test Series Scotland ( 1871 ) England v President 's Overseas XV Tours Australia 1963 1988 1991 1997 1998 1999 2003 2006 2016 New Zealand 1963 1973 1985 1998 2003 2008 2014 South Africa 1972 1984 1994 1998 2000 2007 2012 2018 Argentina 1981 1997 2002 2013 2017 Romania South Pacific 1973 1979 1988 1991 North America 1982 1993 2001 Asia 1971 1979 See also Swing Low , Sweet Chariot South Africa national rugby union team South African Rugby Union History History South African Rugby Board Rugby union and apartheid Invictus Records Kamp Staaldraad Players All Players Captains Under - 20 players Sevens players Tries by Bryan Habana Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup The Rugby Championship Freedom Cup Mandela Challenge Plate Prince William Cup Africa Cup Related teams Sevens South Africa A Universities Amateur President 's XV U20s U18s Matches World Cup finals 1995 2007 By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians British and Irish Lions England France Ireland Italy Japan New Zealand Samoa Scotland Wales See also New Zealand ( 1992 ) Tours Argentina and South America 1932 1959 1966 1972 1980 1993 2000 2005 Australia 1921 1937 1956 1965 1971 1993 Europe 1906 -- 07 1912 -- 13 1931 -- 32 1951 -- 52 1960 -- 61 1965 1969 -- 70 1994 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 New Zealand 1921 1937 1956 1965 1981 1994 North America 1981 2001 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_England_and_South_Africa&oldid=855371810 '' Categories : History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa England national rugby union team matches South Africa national rugby union team matches Rugby union rivalries in England Rugby union rivalries in South Africa South Africa -- United Kingdom relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won between england and south africa rugby	[]	[]
-2350038144262665356	Coralline algae	Coralline algae - wikipedia Coralline algae Jump to : navigation , search Coralline algae Temporal range : Early Cretaceous -- recent PreЄ Є Pg Spongites yendoi together with the gardening limpet Scutellastra cochlear Scientific classification ( unranked ) : Archaeplastida Division : Rhodophyta Class : Florideophyceae Subclass : Corallinophycidae Order : Corallinales Silva & Johansen , 1986 Families and subfamilies Families : Corallinaceae Lithophylloideae Mastophoroideae Metagoniolithoideae Corallinoideae Hapalidiaceae Austrolithoideae Choreonematoideae Melobesioideae Sporolithaceae See also the ancestral Solenoporaceae Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales . They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls . The colors of these algae are most typically pink , or some other shade of red , but other species can be purple , yellow , blue , white or gray - green . Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs . Sea urchins , parrot fish , and limpets and chitons ( both mollusks ) feed on coralline algae . In the temperate Mediterranean sea , coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef , the Coralligène ( `` coralligenous '' ) . Many are typically encrusting and rock - like , found in marine waters all over the world . Only one species lives in freshwater . Unattached specimens ( maerl , rhodoliths ) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli . A close look at almost any intertidal rocky shore or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish - grey patches , splashed as though by a mad painter over rock surfaces . These patches of pink `` paint '' are actually living algae : crustose coralline red algae . The red algae belong to the division Rhodophyta , within which the coralline algae form the order Corallinales . There are over 1600 described species of nongeniculate coralline algae . The corallines are presently grouped into two families on the basis of their reproductive structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution 2 Morphological forms 3 Habitat 4 Growth 5 Avoidance of fouling 6 Evolutionary history 7 Taxonomy 8 Ecology 9 Mineralogy 10 History 11 Corallines in community ecology 12 Economic importance 12.1 Aquaria 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Distribution ( edit ) Coralline algae are widespread in all of the world 's oceans , where they often cover close to 100 % of rocky substrata . Only one species , Pneophyllum cetinaensis , is found in freshwater . Many are epiphytic ( grow on other algae or marine angiosperms ) , or epizoic ( grow on animals ) , and some are even parasitic on other corallines . Despite their ubiquity , the coralline algae are poorly known by ecologists , and even by specialist phycologists ( people who study algae ) . For example , a recent book on the seaweeds of Hawaii does not include any crustose coralline algae , even though corallines are quite well studied there and dominate many marine areas . Morphological forms ( edit ) Corallines have been divided into two groups , although this division does not constitute a taxonomic grouping : the geniculate ( articulated ) corallines ; the nongeniculate ( nonarticulated ) corallines . Geniculate corallines are branching , tree - like organisms which are attached to the substratum by crustose or calcified , root - like holdfasts . The organisms are made flexible by having noncalcified sections ( genicula ) separating longer calcified sections ( intergenicula ) . Nongeniculate corallines range from a few micrometres to several centimetres thick crusts . They are often very slow growing , and may occur on rock , coral skeletons , shells , other algae or seagrasses . Crusts may be thin and leafy to thick and strongly adherent . Some are parasitic or partly endophytic on other corallines . Many coralline crusts produce knobby protuberances ranging from a millimetre to several centimetres high . Some are free - living as rhodoliths ( rounded , free - living specimens ) . The morphological complexity of rhodoliths enhances species diversity , and can be used as a non-taxonomic descriptor for monitoring . Thalli can be divided into three layers : the hypothallus , perithallus and epithallus . The epithallus is periodically shed , either in sheets or piecemeal . Corallina officinalis Lithothamnion sp . Mesophyllum sp . Unidentified encrusting species idem idem Habitat ( edit ) Corallines live in varying depths of water , ranging from periodically exposed intertidal settings to 270 m water depth ( around the maximum penetration of light ) . Some species can tolerate brackish or hypersaline waters , and only one strictly freshwater coralline species exists . ( Some species of the morphologically similar , but non-calcifying , Hildenbrandia , however , can survive in freshwater . ) A wide range of turbidities and nutrient concentrations can be tolerated . Growth ( edit ) Corallines , especially encrusting forms , are slow growers , and expand by 0.1 to 80 mm annually . All corallines begin with a crustose stage ; some later become `` frondose '' . Avoidance of fouling ( edit ) As sessile encrusting organisms , the corallines are prone to overgrowth by other `` fouling '' algae . The group have many defences to such immuration , most of which depend on waves disturbing their thalli . However , the most relied - upon method involves waiting for herbivores to devour the potential encrusters . This places them in the unusual position of requiring herbivory , rather than benefiting from its avoidance . Many species periodically slough their surface epithallus -- and anything attached to it . Some corallines slough off a surface layer of epithallial cells , which in a few cases may be an antifouling mechanism which serves the same function as enhancing herbivore recruitment . This also affects the community , as many algae recruit on the surface of a sloughing coralline , and are then lost with the surface layer of cells . This can also generate patchiness within the community . The common Indo - Pacific corallines , Neogoniolithon fosliei and Sporolithon ptychoides , slough epithallial cells in continuous sheets which often lie on the surface of the plants . Not all sloughing serves an antifouling function . Epithallial shedding in most corallines is probably simply a means of getting rid of damaged cells whose metabolic function has become impaired . Morton and his students studied sloughing in the South African intertidal coralline alga , Spongites yendoi , a species which sloughs up to 50 % of its thickness twice a year . This deep - layer sloughing , which is energetically costly , does not affect seaweed recruitment when herbivores are removed . The surface of these plants is usually kept clean by herbivores , particularly the pear limpet , Patella cochlear . Sloughing in this case is probably a means of eliminating old reproductive structures and grazer - damaged surface cells , and reducing the likelihood of surface penetration by burrowing organisms . Evolutionary history ( edit ) The corallines have an excellent fossil record from the Early Cretaceous onwards , consistent with molecular clocks that show the divergence of the modern taxa beginning in this period . The fossil record of nonarticulated forms is better ; the nonmineralized genuiculae of articulated forms break down quickly , scattering the mineralized portions , which decay more quickly . The earliest `` corallines '' known date from the Ordovician , although modern forms radiated in the Cretaceous . True corallines are found in rocks of Jurassic age onwards . Stem group corallines are reported from the Ediacaran Doushantuo formation ; later stem - group forms include Arenigiphyllum , Petrophyton , Graticula , and Archaeolithophyllum . The corallines were thought to have evolved from within the Solenoporaceae , a view that has been disputed . Their fossil record matches their molecular history , and is complete and continuous . The Sporolithaceae tend to be more diverse in periods of high ocean temperatures ; the opposite is true for the Corallinaceae . The group 's diversity has closely tracked the efficiency of grazing herbivores ; for instance , the Eocene appearance of parrotfish marked a spike in coralline diversity , and the extinction of many delicately branched ( and thus predation - prone ) forms . Taxonomy ( edit ) The group 's internal taxonomy is in a state of flux ; molecular studies are proving more reliable than morphological methods in approximating relationships within the group . According to AlgaeBase : family Corallinaceae J.V. Lamouroux family Hapalidiaceae J.E. Gray According to WORMS : family Corallinaceae Lamouroux , 1812 family Hapalidiaceae J.E. Gray family Sporolithaceae E. Verheij , 1993 According to ITIS : family Corallinaceae J.V. Lamouroux Ecology ( edit ) Fresh surfaces are generally colonized by thin crusts , which are replaced by thicker or branched forms during succession over the course of one ( in the tropics ) to ten ( in the Arctic ) years . Mineralogy ( edit ) The corallines deposit calcite in their cell walls ; the c - axis is perpendicular to the cell wall . The calcite sometimes contains magnesium ; the Mg content varies from individual to individual . High - magnesium content makes more soluble , making coralline algae depositing more vulnerable to ocean acidification , particularly in colder waters . History ( edit ) The first coralline alga recognized as a living organism was probably Corallina in the 1st century AD . In 1837 Rodolfo Amando Philippi recognized coralline algae were not animals , and he proposed the two generic names Lithophyllum and Lithothamnion as Lithothamnium . For many years , they were included in the order Cryptonemiales as the family Corallinaceae until , in 1986 , they were raised to the order Corallinales . Corallines in community ecology ( edit ) Branched coralline algae washed ashore on the beach of the county park refuge at Moss Beach , California Many corallines produce chemicals which promote the settlement of the larvae of certain herbivorous invertebrates , particularly abalone . Larval settlement is adaptive for the corallines because the herbivores remove epiphytes which might otherwise smother the crusts and preempt available light . Settlement is also important for abalone aquaculture ; corallines appear to enhance larval metamorphosis and the survival of larvae through the critical settlement period . It also has significance at the community level ; the presence of herbivores associated with corallines can generate patchiness in the survival of young stages of dominant seaweeds . This has been seen this in eastern Canada , and it is suspected the same phenomenon occurs on Indo - Pacific coral reefs , yet nothing is known about the herbivore enhancement role of Indo - Pacific corallines , or whether this phenomenon is important in coral reef communities . Some coralline algae develop into thick crusts which provide microhabitat for many invertebrates . For example , off eastern Canada , Morton found juvenile sea urchins , chitons , and limpets suffer nearly 100 % mortality due to fish predation unless they are protected by knobby and undercut coralline algae . This is probably an important factor affecting the distribution and grazing effects of herbivores within marine communities . Nothing is known about the microhabitat role of Indo - Pacific corallines . However , the most common species in the region , Hydrolithon onkodes , often forms an intimate relationship with the chiton Cryptoplax larvaeformis . The chiton lives in burrows it makes in H. onkodes plants , and comes out at night to graze on the surface of the coralline . This combination of grazing and burrowing results in a peculiar growth form ( called `` castles '' ) in H. onkodes , in which the coralline produces nearly vertical , irregularly curved lamellae . Coralline algae are part of the diet of shingle urchins ( Colobocentrotus atratus ) . Nongeniculate corallines are of particular significance in the ecology of coral reefs , where they provide calcareous material to the structure of the reef , help cement the reef together , and are important sources of primary production . Coralline algae are especially important in reef construction , as they lay down calcium carbonate as calcite . Although they contribute considerable bulk to the calcium carbonate structure of coral reefs , their more important role in most areas of the reef , is in acting as the cement which binds the reef materials into a sturdy structure . Corallines are particularly important in constructing the algal ridge 's reef framework for surf - pounded reefs in both the Atlantic and Indo - Pacific regions . Algal ridges are carbonate frameworks constructed mainly by nongeniculate coralline algae ( after Adey 1978 ) . They require high and persistent wave action to form , so develop best on windward reefs with little or no seasonal change in wind direction . Algal ridges are one of the main reef structures that prevent oceanic waves from striking adjacent coastlines , helping to prevent coastal erosion . Economic importance ( edit ) Because of their calcified structure , coralline algae have a number of economic uses . The collection of unattached corallines ( maërl ) for use as soil conditioners dates to the 18th century . This is particularly significant in Britain and France , where more than 300,000 tonnes of Phymatolithon calcareum ( Pallas ) Adey & McKinnin and Lithothamnion corallioides are dredged annually . Some harvesting of maërl beds that span several thousand kilometres off the coast of Brazil takes place . These beds contain as - yet undetermined species belonging to the genera Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum . Maërl is also used as a food additive for cattle and pigs , as well as in the filtration of acidic drinking water . The earliest use of corallines in medicine involved the preparation of a vermifuge from ground geniculate corallines of the genera Corallina and Jania . This use stopped towards the end of the 18th century . Medical science now uses corallines in the preparation of dental bone implants . The cell fusions provide the matrix for the regeneration of bone tissue . Since coralline algae contain calcium carbonate , they fossilize fairly well . They are particularly significant as stratigraphic markers in petroleum geology . Coralline rock also functions as building stones , with the best examples being in Vienna , Austria . Aquaria ( edit ) As a colorful component of live rock sold in the marine aquarium trade , and an important part of reef health , coralline algae are desired in home aquariums for their aesthetic qualities , and ostensible benefit to the tank ecosystem . See also ( edit ) Coralline for other organisms that resemble coral List of coralline algae species in the British Isles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aguirre , J. ; Perfectti , F. ; Braga , J.C. ( 2010 ) . `` Integrating phylogeny , molecular clocks , and the fossil record in the evolution of coralline algae ( Corallinales and Sporolithales , Rhodophyta ) '' . Paleobiology. 36 ( 4 ) : 519 . doi : 10.1666 / 09041.1 . ^ Jump up to : Riding , R. ; Cope , J.C.W. ; Taylor , P.D. ( 1998 ) . `` A coralline - like red alga from the Lower Ordovician of Wales '' ( PDF ) . Palaeontology. 41 : 1069 -- 1076 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Brooke , C. ; Riding , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Ordovician and Silurian coralline red algae '' . Lethaia. 31 ( 3 ) : 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.1998. tb00506. x . Jump up ^ Silva , P. ; Johansen , H.W. ( 1986 ) . `` A reappraisal of the order Corallinales ( Rhodophyceae ) '' . European Journal of Phycology. 21 ( 3 ) : 245 -- 254 . doi : 10.1080 / 00071618600650281 . Jump up ^ Ballesteros E. , 2006 Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages : A synthesis of present knowledge . Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review 44 : 123 -- 130 ^ Jump up to : Žuljević , A. et al. First freshwater coralline alga and the role of local features in a major biome transition . Sci. Rep. 6 , 19642 ; doi : 10.1038 / srep19642 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Woelkerling , Wm. J. ( 1988 ) . The coralline red algae : an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeniculate Corallinaceae . London : British Museum ( Natural History ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854249 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thomas N ; Taylor , Edith L ; Krings , Michael ( 2009 ) . Paleobotany : the biology and evolution of fossil plants . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373972 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pneophyllum cetinaensis Jump up ^ Basso D. et al. , 2015 Monitoring deep Mediterranean rhodolith beds . Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26 : 3 . doi : 10.1002 / aqc. 2586 Jump up ^ Blackwell , W.H. ; Marak , J.H. ; Powell , M.J. ( 1982 ) . `` THE IDENTITY AND REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF A MISPLACED SOLENOPORA ( RHODOPHYCOPHYTA ) FROM THE ORDOVICIAN OF SOUTHWESTERN OHIO AND EASTERN INDIANA '' . Journal of Phycology. 18 ( 4 ) : 477 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3646.1982. 00477. x . Jump up ^ Keats , D.W. ; Knight , M.A. ; Pueschel , C.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae ( Rhodophyta , Coralinales ) on a coral reef '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 213 ( 2 ) : 281 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 0981 ( 96 ) 02771 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Aguirre , J. ; Riding , R. ; Braga , J.C. ( 2000 ) . `` Diversity of coralline red algae : origination and extinction patterns from the Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene '' . Paleobiology. 26 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 667 . doi : 10.1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2000 ) 026 < 0651 : DOCRAO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0094 - 8373 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Thornton ( 2 ) , Orrin H. Pil ( 1978 ) . `` A Lagoonal Crustose Coralline Algal Micro-Ridge : Bahiret El Bibane , Tunisia '' . SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research . 48 . doi : 10.1306 / 212F7554 - 2B24 - 11D7 - 8648000102C1865D . Jump up ^ Cabioch , J. ( 1988 ) . `` Morphogenesis and generic concepts in coralline algae -- a reappraisal '' . Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 42 : 493 . Bibcode : 1988HM ... 42 ... 493C . doi : 10.1007 / BF02365623 . ^ Jump up to : Steneck , R.S. ( 1986 ) . `` The Ecology of Coralline Algal Crusts : Convergent Patterns and Adaptative Strategies '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17 : 273 -- 303 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 17.110186. 001421 . JSTOR 2096997 . Jump up ^ Steneck , R.S. ( 1983 ) . `` Escalating Herbivory and Resulting Adaptive Trends in Calcareous Algal Crusts '' . Paleobiology. 9 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2400629 . ^ Jump up to : Xiao , S. ; Knoll , A.H. ; Yuan , X. ; Pueschel , C.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation , China , and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 2 ) : 214 -- 227 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.2. 214 . PMID 21653378 . Jump up ^ Basson , P.W. ; Edgell , H.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Calcareous algae from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Lebanon '' . Micropaleontology. 17 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 433 . doi : 10.2307 / 1484871 . JSTOR 1484871 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J.H. ( May 1956 ) . `` Ancestry of the Coralline Algae '' . Journal of Paleontology . Paleontological Society . 30 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 567 . ISSN 0022 - 3360 . JSTOR 1300291 . Jump up ^ Bittner , L. ; Payri , C.E. ; Maneveldt , G.W. ; Couloux , A. ; Cruaud , C. ; De Reviers , B. ; Le Gall , L. ( 2011 ) . `` Evolutionary history of the Corallinales ( Corallinophycidae , Rhodophyta ) inferred from nuclear , plastidial and mitochondrial genomes '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 ( 3 ) : 697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.07. 019 . PMID 21851858 . Jump up ^ Baas - Becking , L.G. ; Galliher , E.W. ( 1931 ) . `` Wall Structure and Mineralization in Coralline Algae '' . Journal of Physical Chemistry . 35 ( 2 ) : 467 -- 479 . doi : 10.1021 / j150320a006 . Jump up ^ Basso , 2012 . Carbonate production by calcareous red algae and global change . In : Basso D. & Granier B. Calcareous algae and global change : from identification to quantification . Geodiversitas 34 ^ Jump up to : Linda M. Irvine & Yvonne M. Chamberlain. ( 1994 ) . Corallinales , Hildenbrandiales . London : HMSO . ISBN 0 - 11 - 310016 - 7 . Jump up ^ Caragnano et al. , 2009 . 3 - D distribution of nongeniculate corallinales : A case study from a reef crest of South Sinai ( Red Sea , Egypt ) . Coral Reefs 28 : 881 - 891 Jump up ^ Coletti et al. 2017 . Economic Importance of Coralline Carbonates . In : Riosmena - Rodríguez et al. ( eds . ) , Rhodolith / Maërl Beds : A Global Perspective , Springer Coastal Research Library 15 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 29315 - 8_4 Further reading ( edit ) Morton , O. ; Chamberlain , Y.M. ( 1985 ) . `` Records of some epiphytic coralline algae in the north - east of Ireland '' . Ireland Naturalists ' Journal . 21 : 436 -- 440 . Morton , O. ; Chamberlain , Y.M. ( 1989 ) . `` Further records of encrusting coralline algae on the north - east coast of Ireland '' . Irish Naturalists ' Journal . 23 : 102 -- 106 . Suneson , S ( 1943 ) . `` The structure , life - history , and taxonomy of the Swedish Corallinaceae . Lunds Universitets Arsskrift '' . N.F. , Avd. 2 . 39 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 66 . Woelkerling , W.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Type collections of Corallinales ( Rhodophyta ) in the Foslie Herbarium ( TRH ) '' . Gunneria. 67 : 1 -- 289 . ITIS Report for Corallinaceae External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coralline algae . Wikispecies has information related to Corallinales British Phycological Society Seaweed Site AlgaeBase Coralline algae website at the University of the Western Cape Coralline algae The Coralline Genus Clathromorphum Foslie emend . Adey : Biological , Physiological , and Ecological Factors Controlling Carbonate Production in an Arctic - Subarctic Climate Archive ( hide ) Corals and coral reefs Stony corals Blue Brain Elegance Elkhorn Hermatypic Chalice Pillar Staghorn Table Soft corals Bamboo Black Organ pipe Sea fans Sea pens Coral reefs Atoll Cay Coral Fringing Microatoll Coral reef fish Census of Coral Reefs The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs Catlin Seaview Survey Spur and groove formation Coral regions List of reefs Deep - water coral African coral reefs Amazon Reef Andros , Bahamas Belize Barrier Reef Coral Sea Islands Coral Triangle Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Great Barrier Reef Maldives Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System New Caledonia barrier reef Pulley Ridge Raja Ampat Islands Red Sea Southeast Asian coral reefs Coral diseases Coral bleaching Black band disease Skeletal eroding band White band disease White pox disease Protection Coral Reef Alliance Coral reef protection Green Fins International Society for Reef Studies Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Ball Other Artificial reef Aquaculture of coral Coral dermatitis Precious coral Coral rag Coral reef organizations Coral sand Coralline algae Environmental issues with coral reefs Fire coral Reef resilience Rugosa ( extinct ) Symbiodinium Tabulata Taxon identifiers Wd : Q2524330 EoL : 4561 Fossilworks : 54334 GBIF : 670 iNaturalist : 117827 ITIS : 660049 NCBI : 31395 WoRMS : 15308 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coralline_algae&oldid=828149328 '' Categories : Corallinales Algae of Hawaii Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Suomi ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of the small red macroalgae that develop a hard crust	[ "Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the Coralligène (\"coralligenous\").[5] Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater.[6] Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli." ]	[ "Coralline algae" ]
-8041821573501315506	American Idol	American Idol - Wikipedia American Idol This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the upcoming season , see American Idol ( season 16 ) . American Idol Also known as American Idol : The Search for a Superstar ( season 1 ) Genre Reality competition Created by Simon Fuller Presented by Brian Dunkleman Ryan Seacrest Judges Paula Abdul Simon Cowell Randy Jackson Kara DioGuardi Ellen DeGeneres Jennifer Lopez Steven Tyler Mariah Carey Nicki Minaj Keith Urban Harry Connick Jr . Theme music composer Julian Gingell Barry Stone Cathy Dennis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 555 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cecile Frot - Coutaz Simon Fuller Trish Kinane Nigel Lythgoe Ken Warwick Brian Gadinsky Simon Jones Jesse Ignjatovic Evan Prager Per Blankens Phil McIntyre Running time 22 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America 19 Entertainment Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network Fox ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2002 -- 04 ) HDTV 720p ( 2005 -- 2016 ) Original release June 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 11 ) -- April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) External links Website American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller , produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment , and distributed by FremantleMedia North America . It began airing on Fox on June 11 , 2002 , and ended its first run on April 7 , 2016 . On March 11 , 2018 , the 16th season will make its debut on ABC . It started off as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol , and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television . The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents , with the winner determined by the viewers in America through telephones , Internet , and SMS text voting . Winners chosen by viewers in its fifteen seasons were Kelly Clarkson , Ruben Studdard , Fantasia , Carrie Underwood , Taylor Hicks , Jordin Sparks , David Cook , Kris Allen , Lee DeWyze , Scotty McCreery , Phillip Phillips , Candice Glover , Caleb Johnson , Nick Fradiani , and Trent Harmon . American Idol employed a panel of judges who critiqued the contestants ' performances . The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson , pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell . The judging panel for the final seasons on Fox consisted of country singer Keith Urban , singer and actress Jennifer Lopez , and jazz singer Harry Connick , Jr . The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman , with Seacrest as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series . The success of American Idol has been described as `` unparalleled in broadcasting history '' . The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be `` the most impactful show in the history of television '' . It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars . According to Billboard magazine , in its first ten years , `` Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols , including Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood , Katharine McPhee , Chris Daughtry , Fantasia , Ruben Studdard , Jennifer Hudson , Clay Aiken , Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut . '' For an unprecedented eight consecutive years , from the 2003 -- 04 television season through the 2010 -- 11 season , either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Judges and hosts 2.1 Judges 2.2 Hosts 3 Selection process 3.1 Contestant eligibility 3.2 Initial auditions 3.3 Hollywood week and Las Vegas round 3.4 Audience voting 3.5 Semi-finals 3.6 Finals 3.7 Season finale 3.8 Rewards for winner and finalists 4 Series overview and season synopses 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 4.10 Season 10 4.11 Season 11 4.12 Season 12 4.13 Season 13 4.14 Season 14 4.15 Season 15 4.16 Season 16 : ABC revival 5 Idol Gives Back 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Geographical , ethnic , and gender bias 7 Controversy 8 Cultural impact 8.1 Television 8.2 Music 8.3 Film and theater 9 Revenue and commercial ventures 9.1 Advertising revenue 9.2 Media sponsorship 9.3 American Idol tour 9.4 Music releases 9.5 Tie - ins 10 Theme park attraction 11 Other broadcasts 12 Spin - offs 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller , which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars . Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain . Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition . He then added other elements , including telephone voting by the viewing public ( which , at the time , was already in use in shows , such as the Eurovision Song Contest ) , the drama of backstories , and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time . The show debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as showrunner ‍ -- ‌the executive producer and production leader‍ -- ‌and Simon Cowell as one of the judges , and was successful with the viewing public . In 2001 , Fuller , Cowell , and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States , but the idea was initially met with poor responses from the Fox television network . However , Rupert Murdoch , head of Fox 's parent company , was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter , Elisabeth , who was a fan of the British show . The show was renamed American Idol : The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002 . Cowell was initially offered the job of showrunner , but turned down the offer ; Lythgoe then took over that position . Much to Cowell 's surprise , it became one of the biggest shows of the summer . The show grew into a phenomenon largely due to its personal engagement of the contestants , thereby prompting viewers to vote , and the presence of the acid - tongued Cowell as a judge . By 2004 , it had become the most - watched show on U.S. television , a position it then held for seven consecutive seasons . However , after a few years of sharp declining ratings , the network announced that the fifteenth season would be its last , ending its run in April 2016 . In May 2017 , however , ABC acquired the rights to the series and announced that the program would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . Judges and hosts ( edit ) Judges and host of upcoming season of American Idol Katy Perry Luke Bryan Lionel Richie Ryan Seacrest Judges ( edit ) The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format ; however , only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season , namely Randy Jackson , Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell . A fourth judge , radio DJ Stryker , was originally chosen but he dropped out citing `` image concerns '' . In the second season , New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism . The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight . All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons . In season eight , Latin Grammy Award - nominated singer - songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge . She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten . Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers . Emmy Award - winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season , but left after just one season . On January 11 , 2010 , Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011 . Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten , but both left after two seasons . They were replaced by three new judges , Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban , who joined Randy Jackson in season 12 . However both Carey and Minaj left after one season , and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor . Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13 . He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr . Lopez , Urban and Connick , Jr. all returned as judges for the show 's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons . On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Katy Perry was the first to be chosen as a judge for the revival series . On September 24 , 2017 , country singer Luke Bryan was announced as the second judge to take the panel . On September 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Lionel Richie would be taking the third and final seat on the judges panel . Guest judges may occasionally be introduced . In season two , guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used , and in season three Donna Summer , Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds . Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four , six , nine , and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four , Jewel and Olivia Newton - John in season six , Shania Twain in season eight , Neil Patrick Harris , Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine , and season eight runner - up , Adam Lambert , in season fourteen . ( show ) Judges timeline Hosts ( edit ) The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of Pop Idol of using two presenters . Dunkleman quit thereafter , making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two . Dunkleman did , however , return in the series finale . Seacrest will also be returning for Season 16 . Selection process ( edit ) In a series of steps , the show selected the eventual winner out of many tens of thousands of contestants . Contestant eligibility ( edit ) The eligible age - range for contestants was fifteen to twenty - eight years old . The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons , but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four , and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten . The contestants had to be legal U.S. residents , could not have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons , and must not have held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage ( in previous years by the audition stage ) . Season nine 's Denver audition , at Invesco Field at Mile High . Initial auditions ( edit ) Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts . The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show 's producers . Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city , only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions . Successful contestants then sang in front of producers , where more may be cut . Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges , which is the only audition stage shown on television . Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood . Between 10 -- 60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood . Hollywood week and Las Vegas round ( edit ) Once in Hollywood , the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds . Until season ten , there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood . In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually . For the next round , the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together . In the final round , the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band‍ -- ‌depending on the season . In seasons two and three , contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round . In season seven , the group round was eliminated and contestants may , after a first solo performance and on judges approval , skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round . In season twelve , the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round . In seasons ten and eleven , a further round was added in Las Vegas , where the contestants performed in groups based on a theme , followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists . At the end of this stage of the competition , 24 to 36 contestants were selected to move on to the semi-final stage . In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round , where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night ( four nights ) to make the top twenty . In season thirteen , a new round called `` Hollywood or Home '' was added , where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants , those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles , and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood . Audience voting ( edit ) From the semi-finals onward , the fate of the contestants was decided by public vote . During the contestant 's performance as well as the recap at the end , a toll - free telephone number for each contestant was displayed on the screen . For a two - hour period after the episode ends ( up to four hours for the finale ) in each US time zone , viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant 's telephone number , and each call or text message was registered as a vote for that contestant . Viewers were allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window . However , the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers . One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges . Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season , and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million . Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show , and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season . The number of text messages rapidly increased , reaching 178 million texts by season eight . Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten . The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc . Semifinals ( edit ) In the first three seasons , the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night . In season one , there were three groups of ten , with the top three contestants from each group making the finals . In seasons two and three , there were four groups of eight , and the top two of each selected . These seasons also featured a wildcard round , where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance . In season one , only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges , giving a total of ten finalists . In seasons two and three , each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals , making 12 finalists in all . From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve . The wildcard round returned in season eight , wherein there were three groups of twelve , with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male , the highest female , and the next highest - placed singer -- for each night , and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13 . Starting season ten , the girls and boys perform on separate nights . In seasons ten and eleven , five of each gender were chosen , and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13 . In season twelve , the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups , with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10 . In season thirteen , there were thirty semifinalists , but only twenty semifinalists ( ten for each gender ) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows , with five in each gender based on the vote and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13 . In season fourteen , the top 24 performed at The Fillmore Detroit , starting with the 12 males on one night and then the 12 females on the next night . The following week , the same order went for the top 16 , with four males eliminated , followed by four females based on the vote . Then , on the first night of finals , a similar sequence from the thirteenth season was used to determine the final 12 , with five of each gender based on the vote and two wildcards chosen by the judges . Finals ( edit ) The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles , in front of a live studio audience . The finals lasted eight weeks in season one , eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve , which lasted ten weeks , and season thirteen , which lasted for thirteen weeks . Each finalist performed songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown , disco , or big band , songs by artists such as Michael Jackson , Elvis Presley or The Beatles , or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant 's year of birth . Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme . In season ten , Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season . Initially the contestants sang one song each week , but this was increased to two songs from top four or five onwards , then three songs for the top two or three . The most popular contestants were usually not revealed in the results show . Instead , typically the three contestants ( two in later rounds ) who received the lowest number of votes was called to the center of the stage . One of these three was usually sent to safety ; however the two remaining were not necessarily the bottom two . The contestant with the fewest votes was then revealed and eliminated from the competition . A montage of the eliminated contestant 's time on the show was played and they gave their final performance . However , in season six , during the series ' first ever Idol Gives Back episode , no contestant was eliminated , but on the following week , two were sent home . Moreover , starting in season eight , the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a `` Judges ' Save '' if they unanimously agreed to . `` The save '' could only be used once , and only up through the top five . In the eighth , ninth , tenth , and fourteenth seasons , a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save , but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons , a regular single elimination took place . The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently , a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week . The `` Fan Save '' was introduced in the fourteenth season . During the finals , viewers were given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 8 . Season finale ( edit ) The finale was the two - hour last episode of the season , culminating in revealing the winner . For seasons one , three through six , fourteen , and fifteen it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre , which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400 . The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre , which has an audience capacity of over 6,000 . In seasons seven through thirteen , the venue was at the Nokia Theater , which holds an audience of over 7,000 . Rewards for winner and finalists ( edit ) The winner received a record deal with a major label , which may be for up to six albums , and secures a management contract with American Idol - affiliated 19 Management ( which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants ) , as well as various lucrative contracts . All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner . All the runners - up of the first ten seasons , as well as some of other finalists , had also received record deals with major labels . However , starting in season 11 , the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal . BMG / Sony ( seasons 1 -- 9 ) and UMG ( season 10 -- 15 ) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season 's finale . Starting in the fourteenth season , the winner was signed with Big Machine Records . Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums , such as Kelly Clarkson , Clay Aiken , Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo . All top 10 ( 11 in seasons 10 and 12 ) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour , where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum . Series overview and season synopses ( edit ) Main article : List of American Idol episodes Each season premiered with the audition round , taking place in different cities . The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists , interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants . Each successful contestant received a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood . Based on their performances during the Hollywood round ( Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onward ) , 24 to 36 contestants were selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals . From the semifinals onward the contestants performed their songs live , with the judges making their critiques after each performance . The contestants were voted for by the viewing public , and the outcome of the public votes was then revealed in the results show typically on the following night . The results shows featured group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers . The Top - three results show also featured the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists . The season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show , where the winner of the season was revealed . With the exception of seasons one and two , the contestants in the semifinals onward performed in front of a studio audience . They performed with a full band in the finals . From season four to season nine , and season thirteen onward , the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor ; from season ten to season twelve , Ray Chew . Assistance may also have been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers , such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene . Starting with season seven , contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward . In the first nine seasons , performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights , followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada , but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 1 ) Kelly Clarkson , season one winner The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network . It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman . In the audition rounds , 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions . These were cut to 30 for the semifinal , with ten going on to the finals . One semifinalist , Delano Cagnolatti , was disqualified for lying to evade the show 's age limit . One of the early favorites , Tamyra Gray , was eliminated at the top four , the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons . Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations , and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital . Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show ; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal , however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes . The final showdown was between Justin Guarini , one of the early favorites , and Kelly Clarkson . Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender , but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds , such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's `` Natural Woman '' , and Betty Hutton 's `` Stuff Like That There '' , and eventually won the crown on September 4 , 2002 . In what was to become a tradition , Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale , and released the song immediately after the season ended . The single , `` A Moment Like This '' , went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so . Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film , From Justin to Kelly , which was released in 2003 but was widely panned . Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally , with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million . Starting September 30 , 2006 , this season was repackaged as `` American Idol Rewind '' and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S. Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 2 ) Ruben Studdard , season two winner Following the success of season one , the second season was moved up to air in January 2003 . The number of episodes increased , as did the show 's budget and the charge for commercial spots . Dunkleman left the show , leaving Seacrest as the lone host . Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season . Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record ; however , he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion . Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair . The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation . Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge , and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website . Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner , beating Clay Aiken by a small margin . Out of a total of 24 million votes , Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken . This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through . In an interview prior to season five , executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale . Both finalists found success after the show , but Aiken out - performed Studdard 's coronation song `` Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show `` This Is the Night '' , as well as in their subsequent album releases . The fourth - place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 3 ) Fantasia Barrino , season three winner Season three premiered on January 19 , 2004 . One of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off - key rendition of Ricky Martin 's `` She Bangs '' received widespread attention . His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season . Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers , Fantasia Barrino , LaToya London , and Jennifer Hudson , dubbed the Three Divas . All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show , with Hudson controversially eliminated . Elton John , who was one of the mentors that season , called the results of the votes `` incredibly racist '' . The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals , despite negative comments from the judges , had aroused resentment , so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat , which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion ' . The performance of `` Summertime '' by Barrino , later known simply as `` Fantasia '' , at Top 8 was widely praised , and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show . Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists , and Fantasia was crowned as the winner . Fantasia released as her coronation single `` I Believe '' , a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray , and DeGarmo released `` Dreams '' . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 4 ) Carrie Underwood , season four winner Season four premiered on January 18 , 2005 ; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition , although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition . The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season . The age limit was raised to 28 in this season , and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice , the two rockers of the show . The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez , but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith . Later , an employee of Freemantle Media , which produces the show , sued the company for wrongful termination , claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show . During the top 11 week , due to a mix - up with the contestants ' telephone number , voting was repeated on what was normally the result night , with the result reveal postponed until the following night . In May 2005 , Carrie Underwood was announced the winner , with Bice the runner - up . Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song `` Inside Your Heaven '' , with Underwood 's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . As of 2015 , Underwood has become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S. , selling 16 million albums in the country , while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 5 ) Taylor Hicks , season five winner Season five began on January 17 , 2006 . It remains the highest - rated season in the show 's run so far . Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft . Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's `` Hemorrhage ( In My Hands ) '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer , an invitation he declined . His performance of Live 's version of `` I Walk the Line '' was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live . He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result . On May 30 , 2006 , Taylor Hicks was named American Idol , with Katharine McPhee the runner - up . `` Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was `` My Destiny '' . Despite being eliminated earlier in the season , Chris Daughtry ( as lead of the band Daughtry ) became the most successful recording artist from this season . Other contestants , such as Hicks , McPhee , Bucky Covington , Mandisa , Kellie Pickler , and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 6 ) Jordin Sparks , season six winner Season six began on Tuesday , January 16 , 2007 . The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers , peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers . Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo , and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern , who both encouraged fans to vote for him . However , on April 18 , Sanjaya was voted off . This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon - inspired event , which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations . No contestant was eliminated that week , but two ( Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson ) were eliminated the next . Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three . In the May 23 season finale , Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being Blake Lewis . Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol . This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the `` coronation song '' . Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters , and 20 entries selected for the public vote . The winning song , `` This Is My Now '' , was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24 , 2007 . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 7 ) David Cook , season seven winner Season seven premiered on January 15 , 2008 , for a two - day , four - hour premiere . The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants , the so - called ' ringers ' , many of whom , including Kristy Lee Cook , Brooke White , Michael Johns , and in particular Carly Smithson , had prior recording contracts . Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper . For the finals , American Idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on March 11 , 2008 , along with a new on - air look . David Cook 's performance of `` Billie Jean '' on top - ten night was lauded by the judges , but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version . Cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised David Cook 's performance . David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure . David Archuleta 's performance of John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' was considered by many as one of the best of the season . Jennifer Lopez , who was brought in as a judge in season ten , called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget . Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of `` Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention , and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart . This was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances , and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest , leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts . Idol Gives Back returned on April 9 , 2008 , and raised $64 million for charity . The finalists were Cook and Archuleta . David Cook was announced the winner on May 21 , 2008 , the first rocker to win the show . Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S. The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season . From ten of the most popular submissions , each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform , although neither of their selections was used as the `` coronation song '' . The winning song , `` The Time of My Life '' , was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22 , 2008 . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 8 ) Kris Allen , season eight winner Season eight premiered on January 13 , 2009 . Mike Darnell , the president of alternative programming for Fox , stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life . In the first major change to the judging panel , a fourth judge , Kara DioGuardi , was introduced . This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance . The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks . Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time . There were 13 finalists this season , but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals . A new feature introduced was the `` Judges ' Save '' , and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes . The next week , Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated . The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert , both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five . Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two . It was claimed , and then later retracted , that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone , and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in Arkansas . Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song , `` No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi . This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 9 ) Lee DeWyze , season nine winner Season nine premiered on January 12 , 2010 . The upheaval at the judging panel continued . Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week . One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of `` Pants on the Ground '' became a viral hit song . Crystal Bowersox , who has Type - I diabetes , fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized . The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead ; she later revealed that Ken Warwick , the show producer , wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show . Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save . The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated . That week , Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor , the first Idol alum to do so . Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21 , 2010 , and raised $45 million . A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show . Many figures from the show 's past , including Paula Abdul , made an appearance . The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox . DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale . No new song was used as coronation song this year ; instead , the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' , and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's `` Up to the Mountain '' . This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales . Season 10 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 10 ) Scotty McCreery , season ten winner Season ten of the series premiered on January 19 , 2011 . Many changes were introduced this season , from the format to the personnel of the show . Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell ( who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor ) , Kara DioGuardi ( whose contract was not renewed ) and Ellen DeGeneres , while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer . Jimmy Iovine , chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group , the new partner of American Idol , acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors , although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé , will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in . Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via Myspace . Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds . One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina , whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancée received widespread coverage . Medina was cut in the Top 40 round . Casey Abrams , who suffers from ulcerative colitis , was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show . The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11 , and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10 . In the following week , Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week . Pia Toscano , one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season , was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7 , 2011 , finishing in ninth place . Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants , as well as actor Tom Hanks . The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery , both teenage country singers . McCreery won the competition on May 25 , being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol . McCreery released his first single , `` I Love You This Big '' , as his coronation song , and Alaina released `` Like My Mother Does '' . McCreery 's debut album , Clear as Day , became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard 's Soulful in 2003 , and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 . Season 11 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 11 ) Phillip Phillips , season eleven winner Season 11 premiered on January 18 , 2012 . On February 23 , it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25 , and that was Jermaine Jones . However , on March 14 , Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants . Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests . Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show , and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones . He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run , and had considered quitting the show due to the pain . He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished . Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week , and the judges decided to use their `` save '' option on her , making her the first female recipient of the save . The following week , unlike previous seasons , Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home . Sanchez later made the final two , the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale . Phillips became the winner , beating Sanchez . Prior to the announcement of the winner , season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner - up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted . Phillips released `` Home '' as his coronation song , while Sanchez released `` Change Nothing '' . Phillips ' `` Home '' has since become the best selling of all coronation songs . Season 12 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 12 ) Candice Glover , season twelve winner Season 12 premiered on January 16 , 2013 . Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons . This season 's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson , along with Mariah Carey , Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj . This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel . The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ . The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females , however , the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks , with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated . For the first time in the show 's history , the top 5 contestants were all female . It was also the first time that the judges ' `` save '' was not used , the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week . 23 - year - old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner - up spot . Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks . Glover released `` I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released `` All Cried Out '' immediately after the show . Glover sold poorly with her debut album , and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label . Towards the end of the season , Randy Jackson , the last remaining of the original judges , announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures . Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers . Season 13 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on January 15 , 2014 . Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned , though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor . Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season . Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick , Jr. joined Urban on the panel . Also , Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens , Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger . Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes , while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show . This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves . In the Top 8 , Sam Woolf received the fewest votes , but he was saved from elimination by the judges . The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night . Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season , with Jena Irene as the runner - up . Johnson released `` As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released `` We Are One '' . Season 14 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 14 ) Nick Fradiani , season fourteen winner The fourteenth season premiered on January 7 , 2015 . Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. returned for their respective fourth , third and second seasons as judges . Eighth season runner - up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions . Randy Jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season . Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten . Coca - Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role . The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records . Nick Fradiani won the season , defeating Clark Beckham . By winning , Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region . Fradiani released `` Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released `` Champion '' . Jax , the third place finalist , also released a single called `` Forcefield '' . Season 15 ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 15 ) Fox announced on May 11 , 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol ; as such , the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program 's alumni . Ryan Seacrest returned as host , with Harry Connick Jr. , Keith Urban , and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges . The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years . During the finale episode , President Barack Obama praised the millions of young people that voted for contestants and pitched that they vote in the upcoming election . The farewell season concluded on April 7 , 2016 . Seacrest signed off by saying : `` And one more time -- this is so tough -- we say to you from Hollywood , goodnight America '' , and then he added , `` for now . '' Trent Harmon won the season against runner - up La'Porsha Renae . Harmon released `` Falling '' co-written by Keith Urban as his coronation song . Renae 's `` Battles '' , third - place finisher Dalton Rapattoni 's `` Strike A Match '' and fourth - place finisher MacKenzie Bourg 's `` Roses '' were also released as singles . At the end of this season , the show concluded its run on Fox . Season 16 : ABC revival ( edit ) Main article : American Idol ( season 16 ) In early 2017 , Variety reported that Fremantle Media was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network , Fox . A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans . Then , in May 2017 , it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program . Later , ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season . On May 16 , Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan , that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season . On September 24 , 2017 , Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season . On September 29 , 2017 , Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced . On November 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11 , 2018 . Idol Gives Back ( edit ) Main article : Idol Gives Back Idol Gives Back was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives . This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television ratings ( edit ) Seasonal rankings ( based on average total viewers per episode ) of American Idol . It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings ; it became the highest - rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years , or eight consecutive ( and total ) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall . Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Network Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Fox June 11 , 2002 9.85 Final Performances : September 3 , 2002 18.69 2002 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( performance ) 12.07 30 Season Finale : September 4 , 2002 23.02 Wednesday 9 : 30 pm ( results ) 11.75 25 January 21 , 2003 26.50 Final Performances : May 20 , 2003 25.67 2002 -- 03 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 21.03 Season Finale : May 21 , 2003 38.06 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( results ) 19.63 7 January 19 , 2004 28.96 Final Performances : May 25 , 2004 25.13 2003 -- 04 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 25.73 Season Finale : May 26 , 2004 28.84 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( results ) 24.31 January 18 , 2005 33.58 Final Performances : May 24 , 2005 28.05 2004 -- 05 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 27.32 Season Finale : May 25 , 2005 30.27 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 26.07 5 January 17 , 2006 35.53 Final Performances : May 23 , 2006 31.78 2005 -- 06 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 31.17 Season Finale : May 24 , 2006 36.38 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 30.16 6 January 16 , 2007 37.44 Final Performances : May 22 , 2007 25.33 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 30.11 Season Finale : May 23 , 2007 30.76 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 30.58 7 January 15 , 2008 33.48 Final Performances : May 20 , 2008 27.06 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 28.80 Season Finale : May 21 , 2008 31.66 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 27.81 8 January 13 , 2009 30.45 Final Performances : May 19 , 2009 23.82 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 26.25 Season Finale : May 20 , 2009 28.84 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 26.77 9 January 12 , 2010 29.95 Final Performances : May 25 , 2010 20.07 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 22.97 Season Finale : May 26 , 2010 24.22 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 21.95 10 January 19 , 2011 26.23 Final Performances : May 24 , 2011 ( Tues ) 20.57 2010 -- 11 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 25.97 Season Finale : May 25 , 2011 ( Wed ) 29.29 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 23.87 11 January 18 , 2012 21.93 Final Performances : May 22 , 2012 ( Tues ) 14.85 2011 -- 12 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 19.81 Season Finale : May 23 , 2012 ( Wed ) 21.49 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 18.33 12 January 16 , 2013 17.93 Final Performances : May 15 , 2013 12.11 2012 -- 13 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 15.04 7 Season Finale : May 16 , 2013 14.31 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 14.65 9 13 January 15 , 2014 15.19 Final Performances : May 20 , 2014 ( Tues ) 6.76 2013 -- 14 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) 11.94 17 Season Finale : May 21 , 2014 ( Wed ) 10.53 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) 11.43 22 14 January 7 , 2015 11.20 Final Performances : May 12 , 2015 ( Tues ) 5.55 2014 -- 15 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 10.31 41 Season Finale : May 13 , 2015 ( Wed ) 8.03 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( until March 12 ) 11.55 28 15 January 6 , 2016 10.96 Final Performances : April 6 , 2016 9.70 2015 -- 16 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( until February 24 ) 11.52 19 Season Finale : April 7 , 2016 13.30 Thursday 8 : 00 pm 11.13 23 ABC 16 March 11 , 2018 Final Performances : TBA N / A 2017 -- 18 Sunday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : TBA N / A Monday 8 : 00 pm ( until April 23 ) American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . The first show drew 9.9 million viewers , giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year . The audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . That episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the 18 -- 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . The growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million . The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group . The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest - rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour . By season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 -- 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . By season four , American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time , with an average viewership of 26.8 million . The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . Season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol . During this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as NBC 's The Cosby Show . The show was dubbed `` the Death Star '' , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . However , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second - highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . The loss of viewers continued into season seven . The premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated Wednesday show among the 18 -- 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . However , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network . Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 -- 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . In season nine , Idol 's six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million . Nevertheless , American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS ' All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show . In season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 -- 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 -- 49 demo compared to season nine . Later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale -- up 12 % for the adults 18 -- 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season . By the time of the 2010 -- 11 television season , Fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 -- 49 demographic ratings in the United States . Season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor . The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 -- 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 -- 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo , while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 -- 49 demo . The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003 , a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo . For the first time in eight years , American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo , coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football , although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday - Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18 -- 49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings , standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012 . The loss of viewers continued into season 12 , which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 -- 49 demo . The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season , and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 -- 49 demo . The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million , a drop of 24 % from the previous season . The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 -- 49 demographic , a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season , and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 -- 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result , and never regained its Top 10 position by the series ' end in 2016 . The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14 , including the loss of Coca - Cola as the show 's major sponsor , and a decision to only broadcast one , two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds ( with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show , rather than having a separate results show ) . On May 11 , 2015 , prior to the fourteenth - season finale , Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last . Despite these changes , the show 's ratings would decline more sharply . The fourteenth - season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever , with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale . The show 's ratings , however , rebounded in its final season , and ended its run in 2016 as Fox 's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons . Critical reception ( edit ) Early reviews were mixed in their assessment . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that `` As TV , American Idol is crazily entertaining ; as music , it 's dust - mote inconsequential '' . Others , however , thought that `` the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed '' . It was also described as a `` sadistic musical bake - off '' , and `` a romp in humiliation '' . Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms . The product placement in the show in particular was noted , and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations -- Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune charged that American Idol is `` a conniving multimedia monster '' that has `` absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil '' . The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many . Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that `` The terrorists have won '' and , with a sideswipe at the show 's commercialism and voting process , that the decision as to who `` gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' Great American Idol Marketing Mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit . Them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice ( but who , according to Fox , are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome ) . '' Some of the later writers about the show were more positive , Michael Slezak , again of Entertainment Weekly , thought that `` for all its bloated , synthetic , product - shilling , money - making trappings , Idol provides a once - a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today 's music business . '' Singer Sheryl Crow , who was later to act as a mentor on the show , however took the view that the show `` undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism '' . Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has `` reshaped the American songbook '' , `` led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture '' , and connects `` the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future . '' Others focused on the personalities in the show ; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness , that `` Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him . '' Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants , suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self - respect . Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show . Usher , a mentor on the show , bemoaning the loss of the `` true art form of music '' , thought that shows like American Idol made it seem `` so easy that everyone can do it , and that it can happen overnight '' , and that `` television is a lie '' . Musician Michael Feinstein , while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers , said that American Idol `` is n't really about music . It 's about all the bad aspects of the music business -- the arrogance of commerce , this sense of ' I know what will make this person a star ; artists themselves do n't know . ' '' That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry . LeAnn Rimes , commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006 , said that `` Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award '' . It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others . Elton John , who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol , commenting on talent shows in general , said that `` there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs '' . The success of the show 's alumni , however , has led to a more positive assessment of the show , and the show was described as having `` proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records '' . While the industry is divided on the show success , its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format . According to a CMT exec , reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre , `` if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV , Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone '' , and that country music and Idol `` go together well '' . American Idol was nominated for the Emmy 's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won . Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety , Music Or Comedy Series in 2009 , and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008 , three in 2009 , and two in 2011 , as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition . It won the People 's Choice Award , which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public , for favorite competition / reality show in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 . It won the first Critics ' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . Geographical , ethnic , and gender bias ( edit ) Throughout the series , eleven of the fifteen Idol winners , including its first five , had come from the Southern United States . A large number of other finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South , including Clay Aiken , Kellie Pickler , and Chris Daughtry , who are all from North Carolina . In 2012 , an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States . The show itself was popular in the Southern United States , with households in the Southeastern United States 10 % more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009 , and those in the East Central region , such as Kentucky , were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series . Data from Nielsen SoundScan , a music - sales tracking service , showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010 , 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South . Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been : more versatility with musical genres , as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes ; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business ; text - voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households ; and the strong heritage of music and singing , which is notable in the Bible Belt , where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing . Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South , as well as local pride . According to season five winner Taylor Hicks , who is from the state of Alabama , `` People in the South have a lot of pride ... So , they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region . '' For five consecutive seasons , starting in season seven , the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the `` White guy with guitar '' or `` WGWG '' factor . Just hours before the season eleven finale , where Phillip Phillips was named the winner , Richard Rushfield , author of the book American Idol : The Untold Story , said , `` You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it , not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio , but as ... who 's the nicest guy in a popularity contest '' , he says , `` And that has led to this dynasty of four , and possibly now five , consecutive , affable , very nice , good - looking white boys . '' Controversy ( edit ) Main article : American Idol controversies The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career , and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management . Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions , or for being ' ringers ' planted by the producers . A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons , such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records , although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others . Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy . The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms , most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote , and in season eight , when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy . Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season . Since 2004 , votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol , and Vote for the Worst . Cultural impact ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for the Fox Broadcasting Company . American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s , and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade , from 2003 to 2012 , breaking records on U.S. television ( dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades ) . The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18 -- 49 , the key demographic coveted by advertisers , for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012 . Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones , and Idol , for years , had become Fox 's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s ( of the same network ) such as Glee and New Girl . The show , its creator Simon Fuller claimed , `` saved Fox '' . The show 's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing - competition shows , such as Rock Star , Nashville Star , The Voice , Rising Star , The Sing - Off , and The X Factor . The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016 . Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance , most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television . Music ( edit ) Main articles : American Idol alumni album sales and American Idol alumni single sales As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history , American Idol had a strong impact not just on television , but also in the wider world of entertainment . It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists , such as Kelly Clarkson , Daughtry and Carrie Underwood , as well as others of varying notability . The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016 , with Carrie Underwood winning seven . Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world ; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first 10 years , and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016 , with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone . According to Fred Bronson , author of books on the Billboard charts , no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles . In 2007 , American Idol alums accounted for 2.1 % of all music sales . Its alumni have a massive impact on radio ; in 2007 , American Idol had become `` a dominant force in radio '' according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer . By 2010 , four winners each had more than a million radio spins , with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins . At the end of the show 's run , Idol 's contestants have sold more than 60 million albums in the US , resulting in more than 80 Platinum records and 95 Gold records . Its participants have generated more than 450 Billboard No. 1 hits and sold more than 260 million digital downloads . Film and theater ( edit ) Main article : American Idol alumni in film , television and theater The impact of American Idol was also strongly felt in musical theatre , where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers . The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on . The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales . Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films , the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who , on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd , won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance . Revenue and commercial ventures ( edit ) The American Idol Experience marquee sign The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years . The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads , albums , merchandise and concert tickets . By season seven , the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone , not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income . One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion . Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show , such as product placement , adverts and product promotion integrated into the show , and various promotional opportunities . Other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature `` Idol '' branding on their packaging , products and marketing programs . American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience . Advertising revenue ( edit ) American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four , and by the next season , it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series , selling over $700,000 for a 30 - seconds slot , and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale . Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000 . Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six . While that declined from season eight onwards , it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor , with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons . However , the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve , and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers . By 2014 , ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $300,000 . Media sponsorship ( edit ) Ford Motor Company and Coca - Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season . The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one , rising to $35 million by season 7 , and between $50 to $60 million in season 10 . The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12 , and Coca - Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s . iTunes sponsored the show since season seven . American Idol prominent display of its sponsors ' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons . By season six , Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research . The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers -- promotion of AT&T text - messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture , and Coca - Cola has seen its equity increased during the show . Coca - Cola -- Cups bearing logo of Coca - Cola , and occasionally its subsidiary Vitaminwater , are featured prominently on the judges table . Contestants are shown between songs held in the `` Coca - Cola Red Room '' , the show 's equivalent of the green room . ( The Coca - Cola logo however is obscured during rebroadcast in the UK which until 2011 banned product placement . ) Ford -- Contestants appear in the special Ford videos on the results shows , and winners Kelly Clarkson , Taylor Hicks , and Kris Allen have also appeared in commercials for Ford . The final two each won a free Ford Mustang in seasons four , five and six , Ford Escape Hybrid in season seven , Ford Fusion Hybrid in season eight , Ford Fiesta in season nine , and 2013 Ford Fusion in season eleven . In season ten Scotty McCreery chose a Ford F - 150 and Lauren Alaina chose Shelby Mustang . In the red room , there is a glass table with a Ford wheel as its base . AT&T -- AT&T Mobility is promoted as the service provider for text - voting . AT&T created an ad campaign that centered on an air - headed teenager going around telling people to vote . Apple iTunes -- Ryan Seacrest announces the availability of contestants ' performances exclusively via iTunes . Videos are regularly shown of contestants learning their songs by rehearsing with iPods . Previous sponsors include Old Navy and Clairol 's Herbal Essences . In seasons two and three , contestants sometimes donned Old Navy clothing for their performances with celebrity stylist Steven Cojocaru assisting with their wardrobe selection , and contestants received Clairol - guided hair makeovers . In the season seven finale , both David Cook and David Archuleta appeared in `` Risky Business '' - inspired commercials for Guitar Hero , a sponsor of the tour that year . Coca - Cola 's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show 's start . What the Los Angeles Times later called `` missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation '' contributed to Pepsi losing market share , by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States . PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell 's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation . Season 10 American Idol tour , Scotty McCreery performing with Thia Megia , Haley Reinhart and Pia Toscano American Idol tour ( edit ) The top ten ( eleven in the tenth and twelfth seasons and five in the fourteenth season ) toured at the end of every season except for the final season . In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour . Kellogg 's Pop - Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons , and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour . M&M 's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour . The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million . However no concert tour was organized after the last season , the only season not to have an associated tour . Music releases ( edit ) Main articles : American Idol compilation series and American Idol Hot 100 singles American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner 's coronation single for sale . For the first five seasons , the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season . All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program . Starting late in season five , individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads , initially from the American Idol official website only . In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor . In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night . 19 Recordings , a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment , currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group ( BMG ) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records , Arista Records , J Records , Jive Records . In 2005 -- 2007 , BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment . From 2008 to 2010 , Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG . Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music , and In 2010 , Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG 's Interscope - Geffen - A&M Records . Tie - ins ( edit ) American Idol video games American Idol -- PlayStation 2 , PC , Game Boy Advance , mobile phone Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol -- PlayStation 2 Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore -- PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2 -- PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Theme park attraction ( edit ) Main article : The American Idol Experience On February 14 , 2009 , The Walt Disney Company debuted `` The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . In this live production , co-produced by 19 Entertainment , park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members . Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the Idol set . Three judges , whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges , critiqued the performances . Audience members then voted for their favorite performer . There were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a `` finals '' show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner . The winner of the finals show received a `` Dream Ticket '' that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future American Idol audition . The attraction closed on August 30 , 2014 . American Idol Experience stage Other broadcasts ( edit ) American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States . In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks . In Canada , the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and / or CTV Two , in simulcast with Fox . CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014 , Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season . In 2017 , it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season . In Latin America , the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television . In southeast Asia , it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after . In Philippines , it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast ; from 2004 to 2007 on ABC 5 ; 2008 -- 11 on QTV , then GMA News TV ; and since 2012 on ETC . On Philippine television history . In Australia , it aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast . It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2008 and then again in 2013 . Between 2008 and 2012 it aired on Fox8 and from season 13 to 14 ( 2014 -- 15 ) it aired on digital channel , Eleven , a sister channel to Network Ten . Its final season ( 2016 ) aired on Fox8 hours after the original U.S. broadcast . The show enjoyed a lot of popularity in Australia throughout the 2000s before declining in the ratings . In the United Kingdom , episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2 . As of season 12 , the episodes air on 5 * . It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast . In Brazil and Israel , the show airs two days after its original broadcast . In the instances where the airing is delayed , the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results . In Italy , the twelfth season was broadcast by La3 . Spin - offs ( edit ) American Juniors American Idol Rewind American Idol Extra The Next Great American Band From Justin to Kelly An American Idol Christmas Idol Camp Idol Wrap See also ( edit ) List of American Idol finalists List of awards and nominations for American Idol contestants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ American Idol ' Producer FremantleMedia Names New Entertainment President , The Hollywood Reporter , June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Adds 2 Executive Producers '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ; Fernandez , Matt ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Nick Jonas Manager Phil McIntyre Joins ' American Idol ' as Executive Producer ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC officially revives American Idol , chides Fox for canceling '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Official : J. Lo and Harry Connick Jr. join ' American Idol ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved September 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Doris Baltruschat ( 2010 ) . Global Media Ecologies : Networked Production in Film and Television . Routledge . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0415874786 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` For Fox 's Rivals , ' American Idol ' Remains a ' Schoolyard Bully ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years of ' American Idol ' Chart Dominance : Clarkson , Underwood , Daughtry , Fantasia , More '' . Billboard . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 -- 11 Ratings : CBS Tops Viewership , Fox Is No. 1 in Demo and Idol Remains Most - Watched '' . TV Guide . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Armstrong ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nice work for Nasty Nigel Lythgoe '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Simon ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Simon Fuller on how ' Idol ' began '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Idol audience reaches 10 million '' . BBC News . January 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Carter ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` How a Hit Almost Failed Its Own Audition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` US starts Pop Idol search '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Watching TV : six decades of American television By Harry Castleman , Walter J. Podrazik Jump up ^ `` 5 reasons ' American Idol ' may go on nearly forever -- or not '' . USA Today . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol Renewed For Final Season '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Return Set On ABC For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stryker Strikes Out : The Man Who Was Supposed To Be The Fourth ' Idol ' Judge '' . New.music.yahoo.com . January 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 31 , 2002 ) . `` Sitting ' Idol ' TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Sep 3 Kara DioGuardi not returning to ' American Idol ' : It 's ( finally ) official '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Abdul ends her ' Idol ' era '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres is out as ' American Idol ' judge '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell to leave American Idol '' . BBC News . January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Adds Jennifer Lopez , Steven Tyler As Judges '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Tyler 's ' Idol ' Departure Influenced Jennifer Lopez 's Own Exit '' . Rolling Stone . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' announces judges : Keith Urban , Nicki Minaj confirmed '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Hyde and Greg Botelhon ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' to get makeover with exits of Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Marc Malkin ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Randy Jackson : I 'm Leaving American Idol '' . E Online . Jump up ^ Jimmy Iovine Out Of ' American Idol ' , Randy Jackson Poised To Replace Him As Mentor Deadline , Retrieved August 23 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : James Hibberd ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : ALL the judges returning for season 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Renewed For Final Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melas , Chloe ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is your next American Idol judge '' . CNN . United States : Time Warner . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luke Bryan to Become New ' American Idol ' Judge '' . Rolling Stone . September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Richie and Luke Bryan to join American Idol as judges '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim . `` ' American Idol : The Untold Story ' Book Author Richard Rushfield Talks Past ' Idol ' Scandals , Backstage Divas and Season 10 '' . TV Squad . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana . `` Ryan Seacrest returns to American Idol for ABC reboot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 10 Audition Rules '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 4 rules '' . Web.archive.org. April 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Rituals of American Idol Auditions Exposed '' . Thedailybeast.com . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol FAQS '' . Americanidol.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T Wireless and American Idol Set Global Records in Text Messaging ; AT&T Wireless '' . Business Wire . June 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T Announces the Eighth Season of ' American Idol ' Smashes All - Time Record for Fan Engagement through Text Messaging '' . Att.com . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harvesting cash from American Idol TV votes '' . Evening Standard . London . July 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxine Shen ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Adam Really Was in the Bottom 3 '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Contestants -- No Shtupping the Judges '' . Tmz.com . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Idol ' Winners : Not Just Fame but Big Bucks '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Anthony McCartney ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` New ' American Idol ' contract allows for lower payouts , no album guarantees for runners - up '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The cost of being on ' American Idol ' '' . Bankrate.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Christian Voted Off ' American Idol ' While Hospitalized '' . Popdirt.com . August 8 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teen Idol 's Dream . The Advocate . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lyndsey ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Fun With Facts : Things You Did n't Know About ' American Idol ' But Were Too Glued To Your TV Set To Ask '' . Yahoo Music Blogs : Reality Rocks . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 ' American Idol ' Hits of All Time '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Moves Past Kelly Clarkson In Top US Album Sales By An American Idol Artist '' . Top40.about.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ EXTRA ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` ' American Idol ' '' . Jump up ^ `` After probe , Paula Abdul to remain on ' Idol ' '' . Today . Associated Press . August 24 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Corey ( February 4 , 2004 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Steps Up Screening Process For Contestants '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Deborah Starr Seibel ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` American Idol Outrage : Your Vote Does n't Count '' . Jump up ^ Logan Martin ( January 17 , 2006 ) . `` '' It 's Going to be a Very Strong Season , I Think `` : An Interview with American Idol Producer Nigel Lythgoe '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust , Jillian Mapes , Kevin Rutherford ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Top 24 ' American Idols ' Of All - Time '' . Billboard . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 24 American Idols of All Time '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz over Jennifer Hudson 's ouster from ' American Idol 3 ' continues '' . Realitytvworld.com. April 26 , 2004 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John Says ' American Idol ' Vote Is ' Racist ' '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2004 . Retrieved April 29 , 2004 . , Reuters via Yahoo.com , 2004 - 04 - 28 , Retrieved on March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Simon Kept Me in My Place `` : An Interview with John Stevens '' . Foxesonidol.com. April 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell 's Favorite ' Idol ' Moment '' . Extratv.warnerbros.com . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` Mario Vazquez Quits ' Idol ' -- ' It Was n't Right For Me ' Favored finalist drops out ' to focus on personal things . ' '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' A.I. '' Contestant Accused of `` Masturbating '' in Suit `` . Tmz.com . December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood 's ' Inside Your Heaven ' Debuts as Best Selling Song in the Nation and Breaks Chart History '' . PRNewswire . June 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Rewinding the Country Charts : 10 Years Ago , Carrie Underwood Motored to Her First No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : 10 Best Carrie Underwood Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Disqualified Brittenum twins return for ' American Idol 7 ' auditions '' . Realitytvworld.com . August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Daughtry gets job offer from Fuel '' . USA Today . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Did ' Idol ' Contender Daughtry Go Over The Line With ' Walk The Line ' Cover ? '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV Singing Shows Fail To Create Stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Idol ' Death Star Returns -- Premiere ratings build on last year 's ginormous numbers '' . tv.zap2it.com . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sanjaya on ' Idol ' rocks a faux - hawk '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buh - Bye - Ya , Sanjaya ! '' . Us Weekly . April 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol 's `` Idol Gives Back '' charity special raises $45 million `` . Realitytvworld.com. April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Natalie Finn ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Jordin Sparks Idol Finale '' . E Online . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol Controversy : The Ringers of Season 7 '' . Buddytv.com . January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Idol : Smithson 's Secret Past '' . New.music.yahoo.com . February 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Producer OKs David Hernandez 's Stripper Past ; Show Keeps Mum On Danny Noriega Video '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Chris Cornell defends ' Idol ' contender David Cook '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Contestant David Cook Reportedly Rushed To Hospital After Show '' . Mtv . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez says new ' Idol ' judges are ' more collaborative ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Buckley 's ' Hallelujah ' Becomes America 's Number One Digital Song '' . PRNewswire . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Cook -- `` Billie Jean '' -- # 1 Song on iTunes `` . Rickey.org . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , Courtney ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' Idol 's ' emotional focus will highlight Abdul '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lythgoe Leaving ' American Idol ' Retrieved on May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kris Allen 's home state cast 38 million ' American Idol ' votes '' . Realitytvworld.com . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conway reacts to Kris ' win '' . Fox16.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Idol ' Producers Stand by Outcome '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barrie Gunter . I Want to Change My Life : Can Reality TV Competition Shows Trigger Lasting Career Success ? . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9781443864749 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Pants On The Ground video : American Idol 's General Larry Platt is overnight star '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Bowersox : Her First Interview on Diabetes '' . Diabetesmine.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grady Smith ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Crystal Bowersox , Lee DeWyze both dropped by their record label : For ' Idol ' , what a difference a year makes '' . EW . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Accepting Online Auditions This Season '' . Popeater.com . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Medina 's ' American Idol ' Story Recalls Danny Gokey 's '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Us Weekly ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson , Tom Hanks Outraged Over Pia Toscano 's ' Idol ' Elimination Rolling Stone Culture '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol 's ' Scotty McCreery Makes History at No. 1 on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin O'Donnell ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Jermaine Jones : I Did n't Know I Broke American Idol 's Rules '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Bad Kidneys Wo n't Keep Me Off Show '' . TMZ . March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Surgery wo n't affect Idols tour , Phillips says '' . USA Today . Idol Chatter . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marisa Laudadio ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Phillip Phillips Reveals Details of Year - Long Kidney Crisis '' . People.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillip Phillips ' Idol Record '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Annie Barrett ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' : Nicki Minaj - Mariah Carey brawl sparked by disagreement over ' country thing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lyndsey Parker ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Ways ' American Idol ' is Trying to Win You Back '' . RollingStone . Jump up ^ `` Louis J. Horvitz To Direct ' American Idol ' This Season '' . Deadline . December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` American Idol ' Celebrates 500th Episode : The Highs and Lows of 13 Seasons '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` American Idol season finale recap : We Just Rocked You '' . Jake Perlman . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : A New Low For ' American Idol ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ Randy Jackson exiting ' American Idol ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved November 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' American Idol ' Season 14 -- One Night a Week Starting Top 10 -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Ends Sponsorship Of ' American Idol ' '' . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller and Shirley Halperin ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Final Season To Be Four Weeks Shorter Than Last '' . Billboard . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ McKenzie , Joi - Marie ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest Explains Mysterious ' American Idol ' Sign - Off on Series Finale '' . ABC . Jump up ^ Esposito , Jennifer . `` Trent Harmon 's ' Falling ' Written By Keith Urban Will Heat Up Country Radio If He Wins American Idol '' . The Inquistr . Jump up ^ `` Dalton Rapattoni 's `` Strike A Match '' Now Leading Trent , La'Porsha Singles on iTunes Sales Chart `` . Headline Planet . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacKenzie Bourg 's `` Roses '' Reached Top 5 on iTunes Sales Chart ; Trent 's `` Falling '' Now # 4 `` . Headline Planet . July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel . `` NBC in Talk to Revive `` American Idol '' `` . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica . `` American Idol : Revival Reportedly Not Moving Forward '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` American Idol Reboot Eyed at ABC '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Officially Returning at ABC '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel , ' American Idol ' : ABC Confirms Plan to Revive Talent Competition Series , Variety , May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` Ryan Seacrest Returns To Host ABC 's ' American Idol ' ; Keeps ' Kelly & Ryan ' Gig '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety . `` ' American Idol ' Premiere Date Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Return Of ' American Idol ' : Money Never Dies '' . Forbes . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ratings rat race '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Simon 's Final American Idol Down 18 % ; Lowest - Rated Idol Finale '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Idol does not have a ranking for the 2001 -- 2002 season because it aired in the summer of 2002 . If it had aired within the official 2001 -- 2002 U.S. television season , the Wednesday results show would have ranked number 25 and the Tuesday performance show would have ranked number 30 , assuming it would have had the same rating as it did in the summer . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most - Watched TV Programs in 2002 -- 03 '' . Blog.newsok.com . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Groups '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2004 television season '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Medianet '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2005 television season '' . Web.archive.org . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 2006 television season '' . Web.archive.org . May 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings Wrapup : CBS and Fox Win , Again '' . Zap2it.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Nielsen Ratings : Weekly Top 20 , David vs. David Finale Scores Big for FOX '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nine of the top 20 shows in 2007 -- 2008 were reality ; Idol 's performance show takes # 1 '' . Realityblurred.com . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Another American Idol Finale Shocker : Not the Lowest Rated ! '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney -- ABC Press '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : American Idol , Big Bang Theory , Two And A Half Men Top 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` tvbythenumbers Jan 25 , 2011 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Season 's Final Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 11 Season Series Rankers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Giants - 49ers , ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 18 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' Tops Week 36 Viewing ; ' Modern Family ' is Number One Scripted Program '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 -- 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Week 34 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 , ' NCIS ' on Top With Total Viewers '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Law and Order : SVU ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Super Fun Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Ratings Total Audience 2013 -- 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments Beyond Previously Released Increases for ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa de Moraes. `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa de Moraes . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` SHOWATCH '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Pop Idol proves ratings hit '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Carter ; Stuart Elliott ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Success of ' American Idol ' To Spawn Many Copycats '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ruben Studdard becomes second ' American Idol ' winner by razor - thin margin '' . Realitytvworld.com . May 22 , 2003 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's sixth season finale averages over 30 million viewers '' . Realitytvworld.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' returns with big plans , deals '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Ominous signs for American Idol '' . LA Times.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouder , David ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Fox wins TV season on strong ' Idol ' finish '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` '' Idol '' tries to keep viewers guessing `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Krukowski , Andrew . `` May Sweeps Sees Record Low Ratings '' . Tvweek.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : Idol strong , retains almost 100 % of night one audience '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` NBC 's Winter Olympic coverage breaks ' American Idol 's ratings streak '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Steven . `` Even in decline , ' Idol ' is TV 's No. 1 show '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings Wednesday : ' American Idol ' Finale Up , Buries Competition ; ABC 's Finales Down vs. Last Year '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ; Vega , Tanzina ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` In Shift , Ads Try to Entice Over-55 Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' Grapples With Its Own Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' drops again : How low will the ratings go ? '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Finale Down 44 % From Last Year '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hollie McKay ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Idol ' at a crossroads : Next season to bring fresh judges , many changes '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Fox Faces Challenge to Make ' American Idol ' Sing '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In season 14 , ' American Idol ' hoping to bounce back '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ken Tucker ( July 4 , 2002 ) . `` American Idol 2002 -- 2002 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carina Chocano ( September 4 , 2002 ) . `` How to make an `` American Idol '' `` . Salon.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dan Jewel ( June 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' so needlessly cruel '' . Medialife magazine . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` American Idol : The Search for a Superstar '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Convergence culture : where old and new media collide Buying into American Idol by Henry Jenkins Jump up ^ `` September 11 : ' American Idol ' Seizes the Day '' . The Washington Post . September 4 , 2002 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Slezak ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Worshiping at the ' Idol ' Church '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl Crow Does n't get American Idol '' . Buddytv.com . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ann Powers ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The End Of ' Idol ' : There Are No More Songs Left To Be Sung '' . NPR . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` It 's a Cruel , Cruel World '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiatt , Brian ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` False Idol '' . Ew.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Angus Batey ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Usher : ' The fans want my soul ' '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( August 15 , 2005 ) . `` What price ' Idol ' fame ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeAnn Rimes Says Carrie Underwood ' Has Not Paid Her Dues ' To Deserve Country Music Award '' . Starpulse.com . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Sir Elton John claims today 's music all sounds the same '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' music cred growing '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Stark ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and Its Deep Impact On The Country Format '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Sophie A. Schillaci , Michele Amabile Angermiller ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` CMT Execs on Why ' American Idol ' Rules Country and How the Industry is ' Divided ' on Reality Show Success '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Why ' American Idol ' Gets Snubbed by the Emmys ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . PeoplesChoice.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Choice TV Awards : ' American Idol , ' Jim Parsons , Tina Fey Win '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Downey ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Year after year , ' Idol ' has a Southern accent '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodney Ho ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ryan Seacrest signs on to continue as ' Idol ' host ; most of the top 6 have Southern ties '' . blogs.ajc.com . Cox Newspapers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neely Tucker ( April 18 , 2006 ) . `` Who Put The Y'all In ' Idol ' ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Harry J Enten ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol : why do southerners always seem to win ? '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the South on ' American Idol ' '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' American Idol '' Expert Says Jessica Sanchez Ca n't Win `` . ABC . ABC News . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slaves of Celebrity '' . Salon.com . September 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerensky , Lauren ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` WWealth does n't trickle down to ' Idol ' talent '' . MSNBC . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Fuller : ' American Idol ' Svengali '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . January 20 , 2004 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Idol 's Most Notorious '' . Comcast.net . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 7 Comments By Amy Bonawitz ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` Frenchie Davis : `` Idol '' Double Standard ? `` . Cbsnews.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( August 19 , 2002 ) . `` Uncalled For '' . Ew.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two Simons '' . Financial Times . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La , Paul R. ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` ' Idol ' fatigue ? Think again '' . CNN . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` FOX Sets New Broadcast Industry Record With 8th Consecutive Season Victory Among Adults 18 -- 49 -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` ' American Idol ' zooms from hit show to massive business '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Imitators Find Success As Elusive As A Rave From Simon '' . Mtv . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Rackl ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Still on top , ' American Idol ' honchos rib their rivals '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Emily Yahr ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` You may scoff at ' American Idol ' now , but it changed pop culture forever '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Pop culture sings an ` American Idol ' tune : Hit TV show 's influence is embedded , lucrative '' . Startribune.com . March 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` The money tree '' . Variety . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` You may scoff at ' American Idol ' now , but it changed pop culture forever '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jaffer , Murtz ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' pulls off surprises even as it crowns last - ever winner '' . the Star . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Complete List of ' American Idol ' Winners : Where Are They Now ? '' . E Online . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Makes History as First ' American Idol ' Contestant With 100 Billboard No. 1s '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Chart Achievements '' . Americanidol.com . December 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Nielsen report shows the ' American Idol ' impact on music sales '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol Has Massive Impact on Radio Airplay '' . California : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 24 ' American Idols ' Of All - Time '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol to Receive 2016 Governors Award '' . Jump up ^ `` Can ' American Idol ' Stars Save Broadway '' . Popeater.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Brantley ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` How Broadway Lost Its Voice to ' American Idol ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Talk with Idol vocal coach '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 10 , 2009 ) . `` Despite Lower Ratings , Cash Flow Rises for ' Idol '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ethan ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Blunt but Popular Simon Cowell Will Bow Out of ' American Idol ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Riches '' . Portfolio.com . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brands Take The ' American Idol ' Stage '' . Billboard.biz . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idol 's big three sponsors paid $35 million each for their brand integration '' . Realityblurred . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Charges Most for Ads '' . The New York Times . September 28 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ' Idol ' Spots Going For A Song ( Plus $700,000 ) '' . Adweek.com . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Bucky , Hello Big Bucks ! ' Idol ' Ad Sales $ oar '' . Abcnews.go.com. April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Can ' Idol ' Survive Without Its X Factor , Simon Cowell ? '' . Adage.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` An ' Idol ' Ratings Loss , but Not in Its Pocketbook '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Even in decline , ' American Idol ' ca n't be bought for a song '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ad Prices : ' Idol ' No Match for Football '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller and Shirley Halperin ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` American Idol ' Final Season To Be Four Weeks Shorter Than Last '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( May 23 , 2003 ) . `` Fox Mulls How to Exploit The Mojo of ' American Idol ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Coke builds ' Harmony ' with ' Idol ' '' . Variety . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nielsen Company Measures the American Idol Phenom '' . Nielsen.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Svensson , Peter ( June 27 , 2003 ) . `` Wireless Carriers Try To Hook Americans On Text Messaging '' . Crn.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lindstrom , Martin ( November 17 , 2008 ) . `` Why ' Idol ' Works For Coke - But Not For Ford '' . Adage.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dana Kasser ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Where Are The ' American Idol ' Coke Cups ? -- MTV.com -- February 10 , 2010 '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Torin Douglas ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Product placement ban on British TV lifted '' . BBC . UK . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Style expert Steven Cojocaru to give ' American Idol ' finalists an Old Navy makeover '' . Realitytvworld.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pepsi hopes tapping a big gun will restore market share '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Pulls the Plug on Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( December 23 , 2006 ) . The Year in Music and Touring 2006 . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Pulls the Plug on Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American Idol ' Season 5 Encores ' '' . California : Prnewswire.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' drops Sony , signs with Universal Music Group for distribution deal '' . Los Angeles Times . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios tunes up for debut of American Idol Experience '' . Orlando Sentinel . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Topic Galleries -- '' . Orlandosentinel.com . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dewayne Bevil ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Closing time : Disney moves up end date for American Idol Experience '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World plans American Idol attraction '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Win Big with CTS TV this Fall ! '' . Marketing Magazine . August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Say `` Yes '' to YES TV -- YES TV Set to Launch This Fall `` . CTSTV.com . Crossroads Christian Communications . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Music Series AMERICAN IDOL Lands on CTV Two , March 11 '' . Bell Media . 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick . `` Australia 's Network Ten Confirms ' Australian Idol ' Not Returning '' . Jump up ^ `` American Idol : la 12 ° stagione su La3 '' . DTTI Digitale Terrestre . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Idol . Official website American Idol on IMDb American Idol at TV.com American Idol at Rotten Tomatoes American Idol Episodes on Fox TV Guide American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Idol franchise List of winners TV series Current American Idol Bangladeshi Idol Cambodian Idol Chinese Idol Deutschland sucht den Superstar Idol ( Poland ) Idol ( Norway ) Idol ( Sweden ) Idols ( Netherlands ) Idols ( South Africa ) Indian Idol Indonesian Idol Kurd Idol Nepal Idol Nigerian Idol Nouvelle Star Pakistan Idol Ídolos ( Portugal ) SuperStar ( Czech Republic and Slovakia ) Saqartvelos Varskvlavi Vietnam Idol Previous Arab Idol Australian Idol Canadian Idol SuperStar Search Czechia Eesti otsib superstaari Hay Superstar Star Search Croatia Hrvatski Idol Greek Idol Idol Puerto Rico Idol ( Serbia and Montenegro ) Idol Stjörnuleit Ídolos ( Brazil ) Idols ( Denmark ) Idols ( Finland ) Idols ( East Africa ) Idols ( West Africa ) Idool Latin American Idol Macedonian Idol Malaysian Idol Music Idol Myanmar Idol Narodniy Artist NZ Idol Philippine Idol Pinoy Idol Pop Idol Singapore Idol SuperStar Search Slovakia Super Idol SuperStar ( Arab states ) SuperStar KZ Turkstar Junior TV series Current Deutschland sucht den Superstar Kids Indian Idol Junior Indonesian Idol Junior Vietnam Idol Kids Previous American Juniors Idol Kids Puerto Rico Ídolos Kids ( Brazil ) Ídolos Kids ( Portugal ) TV specials Asian Idol World Idol ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( since 2018 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc. ( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Station 19 ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) TCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Reality Series -- Competition American Idol ( 2011 ) The Voice ( 2012 ) The Voice ( 2013 ) Shark Tank ( 2014 ) Face Off ( 2015 ) The Voice ( 2016 ) The Voice ( 2016 ) The Voice ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Teen Choice Awards for Choice TV -- Reality Series TRL ( 2001 ) The Osbournes ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Punk 'd ( 2004 ) American Idol ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Hills ( 2008 -- 09 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2010 ) Jersey Shore ( 2011 ) Punk 'd ( 2012 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Voice ( 2015 ) Keeping Up with the Kardashians ( 2016 ) VIAF : 215800760 LCCN : no2002092134 GND : 7755665 - 3 MusicBrainz : 9c355987 - ef25 - 4f58 - 883e - 67f5dead35e7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Idol&oldid=827596924 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2002 American television series debuts 2010s American television series 2016 American television series endings American Idol American music television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs Music competitions in the United States Nielsen ratings winners Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the age cut off for american idol	[]	[]
-704149191549577220	National identification number	National identification number - wikipedia National identification number For the numeric form of password , see Personal identification number . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A national identification number , national identity number , or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens , permanent residents , and temporary residents for the purposes of work , taxation , government benefits , health care , and other governmentally - related functions . The number appears on identity documents issued by several of the countries . The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries , but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age , or when they are born . Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter the country , or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit . Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose , but over time , they become a de facto national identification number . For example , the United States developed its Social Security number ( SSN ) system as a means of organizing disbursing of Social Security benefits . However , due to function creep , the number has become used for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one to , among other things , open a bank account , obtain a credit card , or drive a car . Although some countries are required to collect Taxpayer Identification Number ( TIN ) information for overseas payment procedures , some countries , like the US , are not required to collect other nations ' TIN if other requirements are met , such as date of birth . Authorities use databases and they need a unique identifier in order to be that data actually refer to the searched person . In countries where there is no established nationwide number , authorities need to create their own number for each person , though there is a risk of mismatching people . Contents 1 Africa 1.1 Nigeria 1.2 South Africa 2 Americas 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Canada 2.4 Chile 2.5 Colombia 2.6 Mexico 2.7 United States 2.8 Venezuela 3 Asia 3.1 Bahrain 3.2 Bangladesh 3.3 China 3.4 Hong Kong 3.5 India 3.6 Indonesia 3.7 Iran , Islamic Republic of 3.8 Iraq , Republic of 3.9 Israel 3.10 Japan 3.11 Kazakhstan 3.12 Kuwait 3.13 Macau 3.14 Malaysia 3.15 Nepal 3.16 Pakistan 3.17 Philippines 3.18 Singapore 3.19 South Korea 3.20 Sri Lanka 3.21 Taiwan 3.22 Thailand 3.23 United Arab Emirates 3.24 Vietnam 4 Europe 4.1 Albania 4.2 Austria 4.3 Belgium 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5 Bulgaria 4.6 Croatia 4.7 Czech Republic and Slovakia 4.8 Denmark 4.9 Estonia 4.10 European Economic Area / Switzerland 4.11 Finland 4.12 France 4.13 Germany 4.14 Greece 4.15 Hungary 4.16 Iceland 4.17 Ireland 4.18 Italy 4.19 Latvia 4.20 Lithuania 4.21 Macedonia 4.22 Moldova 4.23 Montenegro 4.24 Netherlands 4.25 Norway 4.26 Poland 4.27 Portugal 4.28 Romania 4.29 San Marino 4.30 Serbia 4.31 Slovakia 4.32 Slovenia 4.33 Spain 4.34 Sweden 4.35 Switzerland 4.36 Turkey 4.37 Ukraine 4.38 United Kingdom 5 Oceania 5.1 Australia 5.2 New Zealand 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Nigeria ( edit ) The Nigerian National Identification Number ( NIN ) is issued and managed by National Identity Management Commission ( NIMC ) , and it 's a set of eleven digits ( e.g. : 134789009 ) , assigned to 16 + years old Nigerians and legal residents by the Government . South Africa ( edit ) South African identity document Explanation of identity number in a South African identity document during apartheid In the Republic of South Africa every citizen must apply for an Identity Document from the age of 16 years . The ID number is already allocated at the time the birth certificate is generated and required for child passport applications . This passport - size document contains only 8 pages - the first page containing the national identification number ( also in barcoded format ) , name of bearer , district or country of birth , as well as a photograph of the bearer . The other pages are used for recording of voting participation , a page for driver 's license information ( although it is no longer used since the introduction of plastic card type licenses ) , as well as pages for fire arms licenses ( also plastic card type now ) . The document is required to apply for a passport , car learner 's license ( over 17 ) , motorcycle learner 's license ( over 16 ) , driving license ( over 18 ) , motorcycle license ( over 16 or 18 depending on cc ) and to vote ( over 18 ) . The Identity Document is not used for international travel purposes ( a separate passport is issued ) but usually is acceptable photographic identification for internal flights , and mainly serves as proof of identification . Some authorities may accept the driver 's license as proof of identity , but the Identity Document is the only universally accepted form of identification . The government has started issuing ID cards which contains a biometric chip which , in turn , holds biographical information which is unique to the holder of that specific card . The South African government wishes to phase out the old Green Barcoded ID book and replace it with the Identity Card . The Identity number is also used when the holder applies for a grant from the South African Social Security Agency ( SASSA ) . Validation A South African person identification number is a 13 - digit number containing only numeric characters , and no whitespace , punctuation , or alpha characters . It is defined as YYMMDDSSSSCAZ : YYMMDD represents the date of birth ( DoB ) ; SSSS is a sequence number registered with the birth date ( where females are assigned sequential numbers starting with 0 to 4 and males from 5 to 9 ) C is the citizenship with 0 if the person is a SA citizen , 1 if the person is a permanent resident ; A is 8 or 9 . Prior to 1994 this number was used to indicate the holder 's race ; Z is a checksum digit . Using ID Number 8001015009087 as an example , it would read as follows : The ID indicates that a male citizen was born on 1 January 1980 ; he was the 10th male to be registered ( assuming that the first male to be registered on that day would be assigned the sequence number 5000 ) . The checksum digit is calculated using the Luhn algorithm : A = the sum of the digits in the ID number in the odd positions ( excluding Z ) B = the number formed by the concatenation of the digits in the ID number in the even positions C = the sum of the digits in ( 2 * B) D = A + C Z = 10 - ( D mod 10 ) Racial classification During the apartheid era the next to last digit , `` A '' , denoted `` race '' . Since these documents were not then issued to the majority population , the `` race '' code does not include those classified as Black . i.e. 7605300675088 `` A '' Classification : 0 : White 1 : Cape Coloured 2 : Malay 3 : Griqua 4 : Chinese 5 : Indian 6 : Other Asian 7 : Other Coloured After about 1987 , the racial classification was eliminated , and all existing numbers were reissued with new digits in the last two fields ( AZ ) . HANIS In contrast to other countries the South African ID number is not unique , at least because of the use of a two - digit year . Other issues with duplications exist : however the Department of Home Affairs HANIS Project has planned to rectify that with ID smart cards . The timeline for that is undetermined as the last budget request for 08 / 09 and 09 / 10 included requests for budget for it despite the project being active since 1997 . Upon reaching the age of 16 the applicant then has to go to the registrar generals offices in their district to obtain a national ID . Foreigners in Zimbabwe have their ID number with the district of origin as 00 meaning they are foreigners so their ID number would look like 12 345678 A00 . Zimbabweans who are not of black race also get a district of origin shown as 00 , even those who are of mixed race . Americas ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Argentina the only nationally issued identification is the DNI , Documento Nacional de Identidad ( National Identity Document ) . It is a number not related to anything in particular about the person ( except for immigrants who get assigned numbers starting at 92,000,000 ) . It is assigned at birth by the Registro Nacional de las Personas ( National Registry for People ) , but parents need to sign up their children , and because of this there are some people , especially the poor , who do not have a DNI . The ID is required for applying for credit , opening a bank account , and for voting . Law requires a person to show his or her DNI when using a credit card . Prior to the DNI the LC ( Libreta Cívica , for women ) , and LE ( Libreta de Enrolamiento , for men ) were used . This was later unified in the DNI . For taxpaying purposes , the CUIT and CUIL ( Código Único de Identificación Tributaria , Unique Code for Taxpaying Identification and Código Único de Identificación Laboral , Unique Code for Laboral Identification ) . An example of the ID is 20 - 10563145 - 8 . It is based on the DNI and appends 2 numbers at the beginning and one at the end . For example , 20 and 23 for men , 27 for women , and one control digit at the end . Employees have a CUIL ( assigned at the moment the DNI is created ) , and employers have a CUIT . The first two digits to identify the CUIT for companies are for instance : 30 or 33 . If a person decides to open a company of its own , his CUIL usually becomes his CUIT . The CUIT was needed because a different identification is required for companies , who can not be identified by a DNI number . Brazil ( edit ) Main articles : Registro Geral and Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas In Brazil there are two systems . The first , the Registro Geral ( RG ) is a number associated to the official ID card . Although the ID cards are supposedly national , the RG numbers are assigned by the states and a few other organizations , such as the armed forces . So , not only is it possible for a person to have the same RG number as a person from other state ( which is usually dealt with by specifying the state which issued the ID card ) , but it is also possible to ( legally ) have more than one RG , from different states . The other system , the Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas ( CPF ) is federal and supposedly unique ( barring fraud ) , but it was created originally for purposes of taxation ( a related system is used for companies , which is called Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas - CNPJ ) . One , the other or both numbers are required for many common tasks in Brazil , such as opening a bank account or getting a driver 's license . The RG system is more widespread , but its shortcomings have led to debate about merging both systems into a new one , which would be based around the CPF . Another type of registration is the Social Security Number , which is originated when a person creates one in the National Social Security Institute 's site or starts to work for a company , when this one has to register the employee in the Social Integration Program . There is another number for elections , which are mandatory participation for citizens from 18 to 70 years old . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Social Insurance Number The use of the Social Insurance Number ( SIN ) as a `` de facto '' ID number ended in 2004 with passage of The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act . There are only certain instances where an organization may ask for a SIN ( namely for tax or retirement benefit related issues ) . The SIN must be guarded as confidential personal information , and therefore can not be used as a general ID number . Nevertheless , the SIN is still used as a unique identifier for the Canada Revenue Agency to track individuals who are filing their income tax returns . Chile ( edit ) In Chile the National Identification Number is called RUN ( Rol Único Nacional ) , but is usually called RUT ( Rol Único Tributario ) since the number is the same as the one used for tax purposes . The main difference between them is that RUN is only assigned to natural persons , while juristic persons can only get a RUT number . In the case of natural persons , RUN / RUT number is used as a national identification number , tax payer number , social insurance number , driver 's license number , for employment , etc . It is also commonly used as a customer number in banks , retailers , insurance companies , airlines , etc . Until the end of August 2013 , the RUN was also used as the passport number . After this date , Chilean passports have had unique numbers . Since well before 1990 , every baby born is given a RUN number ; previously it was assigned at the moment of applying to get the ID card . Non-Chilean residents also get a RUN and an identification card . Every company or organization also must have a RUT for taxation purposes . The RUN or RUT has 7 or 8 digits ( for people alive today ; in the past , there were persons with a 5 - or 6 - digit one , but have died off ) plus a check digit or letter ( xx. xxx. xxx - z , z is ( 0 - 9 , K ) ) . Some open source libraries have been already written for Java and Clojure . Another good resource and implementation example in C# it 's available here Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , each person is issued a basic ID card during childhood ( Tarjeta de Identidad ) . The ID number includes the date of birth and a short serial number . Upon reaching the age of 18 , every citizen is reissued a citizenship card ( Cédula de Ciudadanía ) , and the ID number on it is used and required in all instances , public and private . Every Colombian national traveling abroad is issued a passport document ( which includes a passport number related to the national identification number ) ; in this manner foreign governments can track Colombian nationals with their consulates . There is as well a number assigned to companies : NIT ( Número de Identificación Tributaria ) . Tributary Identification Number ( for its Spanish acronym ) . Among other things , it is used for tax reports . RUT ( Registro único tributario ) ( taxpayer identification number ) ( 10 ) As of 2003 created the NUIP ( Número Único de Identificación Personal ) , starting the numbering per billion ( 1,000,000,000 ) . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Unique Population Registry Code In Mexico , the ID number is called the CURP ( Clave Única de Registro de Población ) although the most important and accepted ID card would be the election card ( `` credencial de elector '' or else `` credencial del INE , '' as per the initials of `` Instituto Nacional Electoral / National Institute of Elections , the institution responsible for electoral procedures ) . There are , however , other important ID numbers in Mexico : for instance , the social security number , which is the number assigned by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social ( Mexican Institute of Social Security , or IMSS ) to every citizen who starts working , or the RFC ( Registro Federal del Contribuyente ) which is assigned by the Treasury and has the same format as the CURP but a shorter length . United states ( edit ) Main article : Social Security number In the United States , a Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens turning age 18 . An optional national identity number is the Social Security number ( SSN ) , a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents . Its purpose was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security , but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes . There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes , but in practice one is required for many other purposes , for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license , so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one . The SSN has therefore become a de facto national identification number , despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose . In fact , a valid SSN can be easily guessed , as they were issued serially prior to June 25 , 2011 . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , the Administrative Service of Identification , Migration , and Immigration ( SAIME ) issues an ID card for individuals in their teens ( Cédula de Identidad ) . The ID card includes date of birth , a correlative number ( population continuous number for nationals , greater than 80,000,000 for foreign - born residents ) , a photo , marital status , expiration date ( an expired ID card is still valid for nationals ) , and a fingerprint . Newly issued ID cards are valid for 10 years . Private companies and public entities are assigned a RIF ( Fiscal Information Registry ) number for taxable purposes . For natural persons , it is their ID number + checksum digit . Asia ( edit ) Bahrain ( edit ) In Bahrain every citizen and resident must hold an Identification Card ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ‎ ) and thus has a Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي ‎ ) which consists of 8 digits followed by a check digit ( Total : 9 digits ) . In general , it has the following format : YYMMNNNNC , where YYMM is the year and month of birth , NNNN is a random number , C is the check digit . However , a minority of citizens and residents have Personal Numbers that do not follow that format . It is possible to obtain a Distinctive Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي المميز ‎ ) , only for newborn infants and it is optional and not compulsory , for a fee ( US $130 , 200 , or 260 depending on the category ) . Another local name for the Personal number is Central Population Registration ( CPR ) Number ( Arabic : الرقم السكاني ‎ ) which was used before the inception of the Central Informatics Organization ( CIO ) ( Arabic : الجهاز المركزي للمعلومات ‎ ) . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main article : Bangladeshi national identity card In Bangladesh national ID card is issued by Election Commission . China ( edit ) Main article : Resident Identity Card § Identity card number In China , an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old . The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC , which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder ( an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII ) . RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born ( county or a district of a city ) , YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder , and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces . The sequential code is odd for males and even for females . The final character , C , is a checksum value over the first 17 digits . To calculate the checksum , each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set ( 7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2 ) and summed together . The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set ( 1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ) , with the first index being zero . The indexed value is the checksum digit . In 15 digit IDs , III is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods ( the last digit might be an English letter , such as X ) . The ID card is used for residential registration , army enrollment registration , registration of marriage / divorce , going abroad , taking part in national exams , and other social or civil matters . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , a Hong Kong Identity Card ( HKID ) is mandatory for all residents aged over 11 , subject to limited exceptions . HKID cards contain the bearer 's HKID number , of which the standard format is X123456 ( A ) . X represents one or two letters of the alphabet . The numerals may represent any Arabic number . A is the check digit , which has 11 possible values from 0 to 9 and A . The letters and numbers are not assigned arbitrarily . Additionally , one can view the international securities identification numbers organization that helps assign ISIN codes to securities . India ( edit ) Digitally generated Aadhaar Card As World 's biggest Biometric ID Programme , the Indian Government on 28 January 2009 , established an Authority called the Unique Identification Authority of India ( UIDAI ) to issue a Unique Identification Number to all citizens and residents of India . UIDAI 's Aadhaar card project gives each Indian citizen a unique 12 digit identification number , along with recording their biometrics such as iris scan and fingerprints on a UIDAI database and the card is being rolled out to all eligible citizens . The first Aadhaar number was launched in Maharashtra in the village of Tembhli , on 29 September 2010 . So far up to February 2016 , 984 million ( 98 crores ) Aadhaar Numbers have been issued . In October 2015 , 93 percent of adult Indians have an Aadhaar card . There is no Aadhaar smart card but UID information of a card can be printed on a piece of paper or on a plastic card . After the recent order by the supreme court of India Aadhar card is not mandatory for availing public services . Before Aadhaar , the closest India has come to this is the Permanent account number ( PAN ) , issued by the Income Tax Office , for purposes of tracking income and income taxes . It has gained use as a means of identification for activities like getting a phone connection . A total of 24.37 crore ( 243.7 million ) PANs have been allotted as of 24 February 2016 . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , 16 digit number is used as a unique number for each citizens . It is known as Nomor Induk Kependudukan . The number is given to all Indonesian citizen . The format is PPRRSSDDMMYYXXXX where PP is two digits province code , RR is two digits regency or city code , SS is two digits sub-district code , DDMMYY is date of birth ( DD is added by 40 for female ) , and XXXX is a four digits computerized number . The number is stated in Indonesian identity card . Add with individual state code as per issue state a unique no of district . and its no to be reflected from ( like District no + state No + India National N This program is designed on the basis of UIDAI of India . Though Indonesia started late , Indonesia National ID program is growing at much rapid pace and assumed to complete earlier than India due to smaller population . Since 2012 , the government rolls out e-KTP ( `` Elektronik Kartu Tanda Penduduk '' , `` Electronic Citizen ID Card '' ) which is an RFID card containing encrypted information of the electronic signature , iris scan , ten - finger fingerprint scan and a high - resolution passport photo . Iran , islamic Republic of ( edit ) In Iran ID card named ( کارت ملی ) Iranian national identity card karte - meli , ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 15 years old and National Identification Number is a 10 - digit number in the format of XXX - XXXXXX - X ; ( e.g. 012 - 345678 - 9 ) . The government started NIDs and 10 - digit postal codes in 1989 . Iraq , Republic of ( edit ) Main article : Iraq National Card Every Iraqi citizen must have a Nationality Certificate ( شهادة الجنسية ) and a civil Identification Document ( هوية الأحوال المدنية ) . In 2016 , both documents were replaced with National Card ( البطاقة الوطنية ) , a biometric ID card . Israel ( edit ) An Identity Number ( Hebrew : מספר זהות Mispar Zehut ) is issued to all Israeli citizens at birth by the Ministry of the Interior . It is composed of nine digits : a one - digit prefix , seven digits , and a final check digit . Blocks of numbers are distributed to hospitals , and individual numbers are issued to babies upon discharge from hospital . Temporary residents ( category A-5 ) are assigned a number when they receive temporary resident status . An Identity Card , ( Hebrew : Teudat Zehut ) , bearing an Identity Number , is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal temporary or permanent residence status , including non-citizens . Japan ( edit ) Japan 's national identification number system , known within the country as `` My Number '' ( Japanese : マイナンバー ) , went into effect from 2016 . The number consists of 12 digits , and one is assigned to each resident of Japan , including non-Japanese long - term residents with valid residency permits . Kazakhstan ( edit ) In Kazakhstan there is a 12 - digit Individual Identification Number for natural persons ( abbreviated in Kazakh : ЖСН , ZhSN ; in Russian : ИИН , IIN , with first six digits representing person 's date of birth in the YYMMDD format ) and a 12 - digit Business Identification Number ru : Бизнес - идентификационный номер for legal entities ( companies ) . Until its abolishment on 1 January 2013 , the 12 - digit Taxpayer 's Registration Number ( Kazakh : Салық төлеушінің тіркеу нөмірі ; Russian : Регистрационный номер налогоплательщика , usually abbreviated as РНН , RNN ) was more popular in dealings with authorities as well as with businesses . Kuwait ( edit ) In Kuwait , the 12 - digit national identification number is the Civil Number ( Arabic : الرقم المدني ‎ ) , it follows the format ( NYYMMDDNNNNN ) , and is issued and put on the Civil ID and managed by Public Agency for Civil Information ( PACI ) Arabic : الهيئة العامة للمعلومات المدنية ‎ . The Civil ID contains holder 's name in Arabic and English , picture , gender , date of birth , current address and a digital memory . The Civil Number is issued for citizens and residents , and it 's used for a lot of tasks like opening a bank account , getting free medical care or even for taking some tests like the IELTS exam . Passports can be used instead for those who do n't have Civil IDs like tourists . Macau ( edit ) In Macau , there are two types of ID cards : Permanent Resident Identity Card ( BIRP ) and Non-Permanent Resident Identity Card ( BIRNP ) . The identification number has 8 - digit standard format : NNNNNNN ( N ) , where N is a numeric digit 0 - 9 . The first numeric digit N has special meaning , and it can be one of the following digits : ' 1 ' , ' 5 ' or ' 7 ' . ' 1 ' : The first - time date of issuance of ID card to the bearer was 1992 or later . ' 5 ' : The predecessor of the ID card is Portuguese National Identity Card ( BI ) , issued by Macau Civil Authority . ' 7 ' : The predecessor of the ID card is Macau Identity Card , issued by Macau Public Security Police . During Portuguese rule , Macau had no unified identification system , and several departments had the authority to issue identity cards to Macau citizens and residents . Since 1992 , the Identification Department ( once known as SIM , now called DSI ) has become the unitary authority to issue identity cards . It has adopted the above - mentioned numbering policy . Macau 's Finance Department has also adopted identification number as a tax reporting number , for tax filing purposes . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : National Registration Identity Card Number ( Malaysia ) In Malaysia , a 12 - digit number ( format : YYMMDD - SS - # # # G , since 1991 ) known as the National Registration Identification Card Number ( NRIC No . ) is issued to citizens and permanent residents on a MyKad . Prior to January 1 , 2004 , a separate social security ( SOCSO ) number ( also the old IC number in format ' S # # # # # # # # # ' , S denotes state of birth or country of origin ( alphabet or number ) , # is a 9 - digit serial number ) was used for social security - related affairs . The first group of numbers ( YYMMDD ) are the date of birth . The second group of numbers ( SS ) represents the place of birth of the holder - the states ( 01 - 13 ) , the federal territories ( 14 - 16 ) or the country of origin ( 60 - 85 ) . The last group of numbers ( # # # G ) is a serial number in an unidentified pattern which is randomly generated . The last digit ( G ) is an odd number for a male , while an even number is given for a female . Nepal ( edit ) Nepal is soon introducing National Identification Card . It is a Bio-metric smart card which will hold all the important details of an individual . A department level central body under the Ministry of Home Affairs named National ID Management Center has been established on 2011 - 07 - 17 AD , pursuant to the decision of 2010 - 06 - 30 AD of Nepal Government . ( 11 ) Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : National Database and Registration Authority After the independence of Pakistan , Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan launched the Personal Identity System ( PIS ) program to issue national identification cards to the citizens of Pakistan and Muslim refugees settling in Pakistan . Since the 1960s , Pakistan has been issuing National Identity Card ( commonly known by the acronym , NIC ) numbers to its citizens . These numbers are assigned at birth when the parents complete the child 's birth registration form ( B - Form ) , and then a National Identity Card ( NIC ) with the same number is issued at the age of 18 . Until , 2001 NIC numbers were 11 digits long . In 2001 -- 2002 , the National Database and Registration Authority ( NADRA ) , started issuing 13 - digit NIC numbers along with their new biometric ID cards . The first 5 digits are based on the applicant 's locality , the next 7 are serial numbers , and the last digit is a check digit . The last digit also indicates the gender of the applicant ; an even number indicates a female and an odd number indicates a male . The old numbers are invalid as of 2004 . As of 2012 , NADRA has started to issue SMART ID cards which include an encrypted chip . The SMART card plan is to be extended to disburse social benefits as well as to allow the heirs of the card to get life insurance at the death of the card holder . Every citizen has an NIC number for activities such as paying taxes , opening a bank account , getting a utility connection ( phone , cell phone , gas , electricity ) . However , since a majority of births in the country are not registered , and a large number of Pakistanis do not conduct any of the activities described above , most do not have ID cards . Obtaining an NIC card costs 100 rupees ( US $1.66 - almost the average daily income ) , and this reduces the number of people who can afford it . In 2006 , NADRA announced that it had issued 50 million CNIC ( the C standing for Computerized ) numbers , which is approximately one - third of the population . In June 2008 , the federal government announced it would start issuing CNIC cards for free . In addition to NIC / CNIC companies and individuals in business and employment with taxable income are required to register with Central Board of Revenue and have their National Tax Number ( commonly known as NTN ) . The tax number is mainly used only for taxation purposes and is rarely used otherwise as compared to other countries . New NTN certificates are being issued with computerized NIC numbers and old NTN certificates bearing old NIC numbers will become invalid . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Philippine identity card Filipino citizens as well as resident aliens will be eligible to obtain a PhilSys ID . PhilSys ID card will be issued to all Filipino citizens and foreign residents aged 18 and above . The PhilSys ID will store 13 sets of information . The identification document shall display the assigned PhilSys number ( PSN ) , full name , sex , blood type , birth date , birthplace , marital status ( optional ) , and photograph of the bearer . It will also store the bearer 's mobile number ( optional ) , email address ( optional ) , and biometrics data ( full fingerprints set and iris scan ) in the PhilSys Registry . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore the National Registration Identity Card ( NRIC ) is issued to Singapore citizens and permanent residents . Permanent residents ( PR ) are issued with NRIC number similar to citizens . The NRIC contains a unique number that identifies the person holding it , and is used for almost all identification purposes in Singapore , including authentication when accessing the Singapore government 's web portal . Citizens and permanent residents are issued with identity number starts with prefix S ( born before 2000 ) and T ( born in or after year 2000 ) , followed with a 7 - digit number and a checksum alphabet . For citizens and permanent residents born after 1968 , the first two digits of the 7 - digit number indicate their birth year . Long - term pass holders ( e.g. people holding work permits , employment passes or student passes ) are issued a similarly formatted Foreign Identification Number ( FIN ) on their long - term passes , with prefix F ( registered before year 2000 ) and G ( registered in or after year 2000 ) . South Korea ( edit ) Main article : Resident registration number In South Korea , every Korean resident is assigned a Resident 's Registration Number ( 주민등록번호 ) , which has the form 000000 - 0000000 . The last seven digits have his / her birthday and gender , where the first six digits are in the format YYMMDD . The first digit of the last seven digits is determined by the century and the gender as follows : 1 : males , holding Korean nationality , born 1900 -- 1999 2 : females , holding Korean nationality , born 1900 -- 1999 3 : males , holding Korean nationality , born 2000 -- 2099 4 : females , holding Korean nationality , born 2000 -- 2099 5 : male foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 1900 -- 1999 6 : female foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 1900 -- 1999 7 : male foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 2000 -- 2099 8 : female foreigners sojourn in Korea , born 2000 -- 2099 9 : males , holding Korean nationality , born before 1900 0 : females , holding Korean nationality , born before 1900 ( For example , a male citizen who was born on 27 May 2001 is assigned the number 010527 ‒ 3 * * * * * * , and a female citizen which was born on 24 March 1975 is assigned the number 750324 ‒ 2 * * * * * * . ) The next four digits mean the region of his / her birth registration , and the next 1 digit is a serial number of registration within the date and the region . The last digit is a check digit . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , all citizens over the age of 16 need to apply for a National Identity Card ( NIC ) . Each NIC has a unique 10 digit number , in the format 000000000A ( where 0 is a digit and A is a letter ) . The first two digits of the number are your year of birth ( e.g. : 88xxxxxxxx for someone born in 1988 ) . Add 500 to middle 3 numbers after first two numbers for females . The final letter is generally a ' V ' or ' X ' . An NIC number is required to apply for a passport ( over 16 ) , driving license ( over 18 ) and to vote ( over 18 ) . In addition , all citizens are required to carry their NIC on them as proof of identity . NICs are not issued to non-citizens , but they too are required to carry some form of photo identification ( such as a photocopy of their passport or foreign driving license ) . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 14 years old . Every citizen has a unique ID number . The ID card has been uniformly numbered since 1965 . A valid National Identification number consists of one letter and nine - digits , in the format A# # # # # # # # C. The letter ( `` A '' ) records the card holder 's first location of household registration , which is usually where they were born . The first digit depends on gender ; 1 for male , 2 for female . The last digit ( `` C '' ) is a checksum . Thus the total number of IDs is 208,000,000 . The letter usage ( i.e. , indicating the household registration location ) is as follows : Active letters Letters no longer issued Letter City / county Taipei City Taichung City Keelung City Tainan City Kaohsiung City New Taipei City Yilan County Taoyuan City Chiayi City J Hsinchu City Miaoli County Letter City / county Nantou County Changhua County O Hsinchu County Yunlin County Q Chiayi County Pingtung County U Hualien County V Taitung County Kinmen County X Penghu County Z Lienchiang County Letter Original division Date of final issue Current division Taichung County Dec. 25 , 2010 Taichung City Tainan County Dec. 25 , 2010 Tainan City Kaohsiung County Dec. 25 , 2010 Kaohsiung City Y Yangmingshan Management Bureau Taipei City Thailand ( edit ) In Thailand , the Population Identification Code has been issued by the Department of Provincial Administration of the Ministry of Interior since 1976 . It consists of a 13 - digit string in the format N - NNNN - NNNNN - NN - N , which is assigned at birth or upon receiving citizenship . The first digit signifies type of citizenship , the second to fifth the office where the number was issued , the sixth to twelfth are group and sequence numbers , and the last digit acts as a check digit . United arab Emirates ( edit ) The Emirates Identity Authority ( Arabic : هيئة الإمارات للهوية ‎ ) issues an Identity Card ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ‎ ) to each citizen and resident . The cardholder 's name , nationality , gender and date of birth are printed on the card . The card also bears a unique 15 - digit Identification Number ( Arabic : رقم الهوية ‎ ) , which is used for identity verification by the government and some private entities . Inside the card is an electronic chip which contains personal and biometric data about the cardholder . The Identification Number has the following format : 784 - YYYY - NNNNNNN - C , where 784 is the ISO 3166 - 1 numeric code for the UAE , YYYY is the year of birth , NNNNNNN is a random 7 - digit number , and C is a check digit . Vietnam ( edit ) In Vietnam , a Vietnam ID card ( Vietnamese : Thẻ căn cước công dân ) , is issued by Provincial Police Department for Vietnamese citizens . The ID card number is a combination of 12 digits . The expiry date of the ID card is 15 years . Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) In Albania , the Identity Number ( Albanian : Numri i Identitetit ( NID ) ) is issued by the Central Civic Registry Service ( Ministry of Interior ) . The coding structure and algorithm is regulated by a decision of the Council of Ministers of Albania ( No. 827 , Dated 11.12. 2003 ) . From 2004 to 2007 , the Identity Number was referred to as the Citizen Identity Number ( Albanian : Numri i Identitetit të Shtetasit ( NISH ) ) . As of 2007 , with the introduction the new legislation regarding the new biometric ID cards and biometric passports , it is referred to as the Identity Number . The Albanian national identification number appears in the Albanian national ID cards and biometric passports under the ' personal no . ' section . The Albanian Identity Number is a unique personal identification number of 10 characters in the format YYMMDDSSSC , where YYMMDD indicates the date of birth and sex ( for males MM is 01 - 12 , for females 50 is added to the month of birth so that MM is 51 - 62 ) , SSS is a sequence number of persons born on the same date ( 001 -- 999 ) , and C is a checksum letter ( A -- W ) . The YY part of the date of birth is calculated from the following table : 00 -- 09 : 1800 -- 1809 A0 -- A9 : 1900 -- 1909 K0 -- K9 : 2000 -- 2009 10 -- 19 : 1810 -- 1819 B0 -- B9 : 1910 -- 1919 L0 -- L9 : 2010 -- 2019 20 -- 29 : 1820 -- 1829 C0 -- C9 : 1920 -- 1929 M0 -- M9 : 2020 -- 2029 30 -- 39 : 1830 -- 1839 D0 -- D9 : 1930 -- 1939 N0 -- N9 : 2030 -- 2039 40 -- 49 : 1840 -- 1849 E0 -- E9 : 1940 -- 1949 O0 -- O9 : 2040 -- 2049 50 -- 59 : 1850 -- 1859 F0 -- F9 : 1950 -- 1959 P0 -- P9 : 2050 -- 2059 60 -- 69 : 1860 -- 1869 G0 -- G9 : 1960 -- 1969 Q0 -- Q9 : 2060 -- 2069 70 -- 79 : 1870 -- 1879 H0 -- H9 : 1970 -- 1979 R0 -- R9 : 2070 -- 2079 80 -- 89 : 1880 -- 1889 I0 -- I9 : 1980 -- 1989 S0 -- S9 : 2080 -- 2089 90 -- 99 : 1890 -- 1899 J0 -- J9 : 1990 -- 1999 T0 -- T9 : 2090 -- 2099 e.g. For people born in the year 2003 , YY would be K3 . Austria ( edit ) In Austria there are two schemes to identify individuals : Sector - Specific Personal Identifier The Sector - Specific Personal Identifier ( ssPIN ) tries to do away with the problems of the SSN . Its legal foundation is the Austrian E-Government Act , and it is derived from the Central Register of Residents ( CRR ) . Its specification is related with the Austrian Citizen Card . Its computation ( specification ) is a two - stage process : The CCR ID is encoded into the Source Identification Number ( Source PIN ) with a symmetrical crypto - function . This is again one - way encoded into the ssPIN per sector of governmental activity . For the storage of SourcePINs is not limited to citizen cards , and an application can not convert a ssPIN from one sector to the ssPIN from applications of other sectors , the link - up of data of sectors by PINs is constricted . However , there is a legal exception to this rule : applications may query for and store ssPINs from other sectors if they are encrypted in a way that makes them only usable in the target application . This enables the application to communicate across sectors . Sample values CCR - ID : 000247681888 ( 12 - digit ) SourcePIN : MDEyMzQ1Njc4OWFiY2RlZg = = ( 24 bytes base64 ) ssPIN ( BW ) : MswQO / UhO5RG + nR + klaOTsVY + CU = ( 28 bytes base64 ) BW ( Bauen + Wohnen ) is the public sector related to `` construction and habitation '' . There are approximately 30 sectors like health , taxes , statistics , and security . Belgium ( edit ) nl : Rijksregisternummer / fr : Numéro de registre national In Belgium every citizen has a National Register Number , which is created by using the citizen 's date of birth ( encoded in six digits ) , followed by a serial number ( three digits ) and a checksum ( two digits ) . The serial number is used so that men get the odd numbers , while women get the even numbers ; thus , there can be only 500 men or women on each day . The national number is unique to each person and in that capacity used by most government institutions ; however , because one can immediately read the date of birth and the sex of the numbers ' holder and because it is the key in most government databases ( including that of the tax administration , the social security , and others ) , it is considered a privacy - sensitive number . For that reason , although it is put on the identity card by default , with the old ID cards a citizen could request that this would not be done . With the newer Digital ID cards that Belgium is rolling out , this is no longer possible , since the National Number is used as the serial number for the private cryptography keys on the card ... Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Each citizen receives 13 number Unique Master Citizen Number ( Bosnian : Jedinstveni matični broj građana ) upon birth . Unique Master Citizen Number comprises 13 digits in DDMMYYY RR XXX C format . DD / MM / YYY represents citizens birth date . RR indicates one of 10 Bosnian regions ( 10 : Banja Luka , 11 : Bihać , 12 : Doboj , 13 : Goražde , 14 : Livno , 15 : Mostar , 16 : Prijedor , 17 : Sarajevo , 18 : Tuzla , 19 : Zenica ) where the citizen was born . XXX is a unique sequential number where 000 - 499 is used for males and 500 - 999 for females . The final number is a check - sum . Foreign citizens born or residing in Bosnia & Herzegovina can also receive a Unique Master Citizen Number ( UMCN ) . The RR sequence foreign nationals is 01 . Upon gaining Bosnian citizenship , a former foreign national can request new UMCN where the RR part is represented by the region where they were first registered . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Uniform civil number Every citizen or permanent resident of Bulgaria has a unique 10 - digit Uniform Civil Number ( Bulgarian : Единен граждански номер , Edinen grazhdanski nomer , usually abbreviated as ЕГН , EGN ) , generated from the person 's date of birth ( encoded in six digits in the form YYMMDD ) , followed by a three - digit serial number and a single - digit checksum . The last digit of serial number indicates gender : odd numbers are used for females and even numbers for males . For persons born prior to 1900 , the month identifier ( third and fourth digits ) is increased by 20 ( e.g. 952324XXXX denotes a person born on 24 March 1895 ) . Similarly , 40 is added to denote that a person was born after 1999 ( e.g. 054907XXXX denotes a person born on 7 September 2005 ) . EGNs were introduced in 1977 and are used in virtually all dealings with public service agencies , and often with private businesses . EGNs are also printed on Bulgarian identity cards and passports , under the heading `` ЕГН / Personal number '' . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Personal identification number ( Croatia ) In Croatia , the Personal Identification Number ( Croatian : Osobni identifikacijski broj ( OIB ) ) , is used for identifying the citizens and legal persons in many government and civilian systems . The OIB - system was introduced on January 1 , 2009 and replaced the old JMBG system , renamed to Master Citizen Number ( Croatian : Matični broj građana ( MBG ) ) in 2002 , that was used in former Yugoslavia . The OIB consists of eleven random digits and the last number is a control number . Although the OIB is in use , the MBG is still issued and used for data coordination among government registries . Czech Republic and Slovakia ( edit ) Czech Republic and Slovakia uses a system called Birth Number ( Czech / Slovak : rodné číslo ( RČ ) ) . The system was introduced in the former Czechoslovakia . The form is YYXXDD / SSSC , where XX = MM ( month of birth ) for male ( numbers 01 - 12 ) and XX = MM + 50 for female ( numbers 51 - 62 ) , SSS is a serial number separating persons born on the same date and C is a check digit , but for people born before 1 January 1954 the form is without the check digit - YYXXDD / SSS . This enables the system to work until the year 2054 . The whole number must be divisible by 11 . The system is raising privacy concerns , since the age and the gender of the bearer can be decoded from the number . Therefore , the birth number is considered a sensitive piece of personal information . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Personal identification number ( Denmark ) A Personal Identification Number ( Da . CPR , Det Centrale Personregister ) in Denmark is used in dealings with public agencies , from health care to the tax authorities . It is also used as a customer number in banks and insurance companies . People must be registered with a CPR number if they reside in Denmark , if they own property or if they pay tax . In Denmark , there has been a systematic registration since 1924 , however it was in 1968 that the electronic CPR register was established . In the 1980s , the electronic system was exported to Kuwait , Jamaica , Malaysia , Thailand , Romania , Cyprus , Estonia , Latvia , Slovakia , and Saint Petersburg . The CPR number is a ten - digit number with the format DDMMYY - SSSS , where DDMMYY is the date of birth and SSSS is a sequence number . The first digit of the sequence number encodes the century of birth ( so that centenarians are distinguished from infants , 0 - 4 in odd centuries , 5 - 9 in even centuries ) , and the last digit of the sequence number is odd for males and even for females . Prior to 2007 , the last digit was also a check digit such that less than 240 SSSS values were available for any given combination of gender and date of birth , but due to an administrative practice of assigning Jan 1 and similar dates for immigrants with unknown date of birth , any SSSS value consistent with gender and century of birth may now be issued , even for birth dates prior to 2007 . Companies and other taxable non-humans are issued an eight - digit `` CVR '' number which is a mostly sequential number , there is no defined rule preventing the issuance of a CVR number with the same digits as a CPR number of an unrelated person , so the type of number must always be indicated , but CPR are always 10 - digit and CVR 8 - digit . VAT registration numbers for Danish companies are simply `` DK '' followed by the CVR number , but far from all CVR numbered entities are VAT registered ( companies with no need for a VAT number , such as holding companies , typically do not request a VAT registration for their CVR ) . Government entities are numbered in a variety of ways , but since 2003 all government entities ( however small ) now have EAN numbers for billing purposes . Some Government entities also have CVR numbers . Only one Government Entity ( the Queen ) has a CPR number . The CPR number gives government agencies access to state - controlled databases with information about the person . The information includes : The person 's marital status and spouse , parents , children , current and former addresses , the cars the person has owned , the criminal record and other information about the person . Foreigners who are not eligible to get a CPR - number , but who need one , includes persons who have witnessed a crime , persons who have been charged with a crime , or are victims of a crime . These persons are registered with a CPR - number with the format : DDMMYY - XXXX where XXXX are four letters instead of four numbers . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , a Personal Identification Code ( Estonian : isikukood ( IK ) ) is defined as a number formed on the basis of the sex and date of birth of a person which allows the identification of the person and used by government and other systems where identification is required , as well as by digital signatures using the nation ID - card and its associated certificates . An Estonian Personal identification code consists of 11 digits , generally given without any whitespace or other delimiters . The form is GYYMMDDSSSC , where G shows sex and century of birth ( odd number male , even number female , 1 - 2 19th century , 3 - 4 20th century , 5 - 6 21st century ) , SSS is a serial number separating persons born on the same date and C a checksum . European Economic area / Switzerland ( edit ) Within the European Economic Area and Switzerland , a card known as the European Health Insurance Card is issued to any resident who so wishes , proving the right of health care anywhere in the area . This card lists a code called `` Identification Number '' , which in some cases may be the national identification number of the residence country , for Germany the health insurance number . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , the Personal Identity Code ( Finnish : henkilötunnus ( HETU ) , Swedish : personbeteckning ) , also known as Personal Identification Number , was introduced in 1964 and it is used for identifying the citizens in government and many corporate and other transactions . It consists of eleven characters of the form DDMMYYCZZZQ , where DDMMYY is the date of birth , C the century sign , ZZZ the individual number and Q the control character ( checksum ) . The sign for the century is either + ( 1800 -- 1899 ) , - ( 1900 -- 1999 ) , or A ( 2000 -- 2099 ) . The individual number ZZZ is odd for males and even for females and for people born in Finland its range is 002 - 899 ( larger numbers may be used in special cases ) . An example of a valid code is 311280 - 888Y . The control character is calculated as the remainder of DDMMYYZZZ divided by 31 , i.e. drop the century sign and divide the resulting nine digit number by 31 . For remainders below ten , the remainder itself is the control character , otherwise pick the corresponding character from string `` 0123456789ABCDEFHJKLMNPRSTUVWXY '' . For example , 311280888 divided by 31 gives the remainder as 30 , and since A = 10 , B = 11 , etc. ending up with Y = 30 . A Personal Identity Code is given to every Finnish citizen born in Finland . Foreign citizens whose residence in Finland is permanent or exceeds one year are also issued a personal identity code by law . The Personal Identity Code is a means to distinguish between individuals having the same name . It can be found in some public documents ( such as the deed of purchase of real estate ) . Therefore , knowing the code should not be used as a proof of identity , although this sometimes happens in the commercial sector . Employers need the personal identity code to report payment of wages to Finnish Tax Administration , the pension funds , etc . The number is shown in all forms of valid identification : national ID card electronic national ID card ( with a chip ) driver 's license ( old A6 - size and new credit card - size ) passport During 1964 -- 1970 the personal identity code was known as sosiaaliturvatunnus ( SOTU , Social Security number ) . The term is still widely in use unofficially ( and incorrectly ) . France ( edit ) Main article : INSEE code In France , the INSEE code is used as a social insurance number , a national identification number , for taxation purposes , for employment , etc . It was invented under the Vichy regime . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , there is no national identification number in the full meaning of the term . Until 2007 only decentralized databases were kept by social insurance companies , who allocate a social insurance number to almost every person . Since 2008 new Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( German : Steuerliche Identifikationsnummer or Steuer - IdNr ) replace the former Tax File Number . Persons who are both employees and self - employed at the same time may receive two taxpayer identification numbers . The corresponding number for organizations , also issued by the tax administration , is named economy identification number ( Wirtschafts - Identifikationsnummer ) . These numbering concepts are national systems , organized by the Federal Central Tax Office . For special purpose further value - added tax identification numbers are issued for persons and organizations that are subject to paying VAT as a deduct from their revenues . This is a Europe - wide unified concept . Additionally for all persons joining the military service , a Service Number is issued . None of these numbers are commonly used for other than their specific purpose , nor is such ( ab ) use legal . German identity documents do not contain any of the mentioned numbers , only a document number . People are not expected to know their number when dealing with an authority , so there are some troubles about people being mismatched . For some time , the West German government intended to create a 12 - digit personal identification number ( Personenkennzeichen , PKZ ) for all citizens , registered alien residents on its territory , as well as for all non-resident Nazi victims entitled to compensation payments . The system , which was to be implemented by the 1973 federal law on civil registry , was rejected in 1976 , when the Bundestag found the concept of an identification system for the entire population to be incompatible with the existing legal framework . In East Germany , a similar system named Personenkennzahl ( PKZ ) was set up in 1970 and remained in use until the state ceased to exist in 1990 . When applying for the Visa Waiver Program As Germany is part of the Visa Waiver Program German citizens can enter the USA for up to 90 days without the need of a visa . In order to participate in this program it is required to fill out an online form called ESTA . This formular specifically asks German citizens about a national identification number . US authorities expect to provide the document number of the German identity card . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , there are a number of national identification numbers . The standard identity card , which has the format A-999999 where A can be any of the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet , is issued to all Greek citizens at the age of 12 . New Greek identity cards have a number formatted like this : XX - 999999 where X is a letter , whose uppercase glyph occurs in both the Greek and the Latin alphabet ( ABEZHIKMNOPTYX ) . The letters and numbers are assigned with sequential order . The Tax Identity Number ( AFM - ΑΦΜ - Αριθμός Φορολογικού Μητρώου - Tax Registry Number ) , which is used by citizens and companies for tax purposes . It has nine digits , of which the last one is a check digit . The Social Security Number ( AMKA - Αριθμός Μητρώου Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης ) which is the work and insurance ID of every employee , pensioner and dependent member of their family in Greece . Its first six digits is the owner 's date of birth in the ddmmyy format . The ID card number is not unique and changes if the person gets a new identity card . The tax identity number is unique for every citizen and company . Social security number is also unique . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , there is no national identification number . The Constitutional Court decided in 1991 : `` A general , uniform personal identification code which may be used without restriction ( i.e. a personal number ) distributed to every citizen and to every resident of the country based on an identical principle is unconstitutional . '' Although the universal use of national identification number ( known as `` Personal Identification Number '' ) is considered to be unconstitutional , it is still used in many places . The structure of such number is GYYMMDDXXXC , whereas G is the gender ( 1 - male , 2 - female , other numbers are also possible for citizens born before 1900 or citizens with double citizenship ) , YYMMDD is the birth date year , month , day , XXX is the serial number , and C is a checksum digit . The meanings of the first number : 1 male , born between 1900 and 1999 2 female , born between 1900 and 1999 3 male , born before 1900 or after 1999 4 female , born before 1900 or after 1999 Until 1997 also were used the following first numbers : 5 male , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born between 1900 and 1999 6 female , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born between 1900 and 1999 7 male , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born before 1900 or after 1999 8 female , foreign citizen living in Hungary , born before 1900 or after 1999 As the `` Personal Identification Number '' is considered to be unconstitutional , another identification form , the ID - card number is in use . So an average Hungarian has these identifiers : personal identification number , ID card identification number , social security number ( `` TAJ '' number ) , tax identification number . They may also have passport identification number , driving license number . Iceland ( edit ) Main article : National identification numbering in Iceland All Icelanders , as well as foreign citizens residing in Iceland and corporations and institutions , have a kennitala ' ( lit . identification number ) identifying them in the National Register . The number is composed of 10 digits , of which the first six are the individual 's birth date or corporation 's founding date in the format DDMMYY . The next two digits are chosen at random when the kennitala is allocated , the ninth digit is a check digit , and the last digit indicates the century in which the individual was born ( for instance , ' 9 ' for the period 1900 -- 1999 , or ' 0 ' for the period 2000 -- 2099 ) . An example would be 120174 - 3399 , the person being born on the twelfth day of January 1974 . The Icelandic system is similar to that in other Scandinavian and European countries , but the use of the identification number is unusually open and extensive in Iceland . Businesses and universities use the kennitala as a customer or student identifier , and all banking transactions include it . The National Registry ( Icelandic : Þjóðskrá ) oversees the system . A database matching names to numbers is freely accessible ( after login ) on all Icelandic online banking sites . Given this openness , the kennitala is never used as an authenticator . It is worth noting that the completeness of the National Register eliminates any need for Iceland to take censuses . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Personal Public Service Number In Ireland the Personal Public Service Number ( PPS No ) is gaining the characteristics of a national identification number as it is used for a variety of public services - although it is stated that it is not a national identifier and its use is defined by law . The PPS No. is in the basic form of 1234567T ( PPS Numbers allocated from 1 January 2013 will have the format 1234567TA ) and is unique to each person . For certain public services the collection or retention of numbers of the general public is not allowed , thus Garda Síochána ( Irish police ) is only given an exemption for its own employees or other people defined under the Immigration Act , 2003 - the latter who are people who are not European Union nationals . Similarly the Irish Defence Forces may only collect and retain the number for their own employees . The PPS Number can not be used for private or commercial transactions . The number is used in the private sector , but is limited to a few procedures that lawfully required the production of a number , for transactions with public services and in this regard the private sector will be acting as the agent of a public body entitled to collect and retain the number . Thus , for instance , students who attend college or university will have their number ( or other personal data ) collected at registration - this will then be sent to Department of Social Protection to ensure that a student is not simultaneously claiming social welfare . Banks may collect the number for the administration of accounts that give interest or tax reliefs which the state funds , through the Revenue Commissioners . A bank may not use the number as a customer identification number . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Italian fiscal code card In Italy , the fiscal code ( Italian : Codice fiscale ) is issued to Italians at birth . It is in the format `` SSSNNNYYMDDZZZZX '' , where : SSS are the first three consonants in the family name ( the first vowel and then an X are used if there are not enough consonants ) ; NNN is the first name , of which the first , third and fourth consonants are used -- exceptions are handled as in family names ; YY are the last digits of the birth year ; M is the letter for the month of birth -- letters are used in alphabetical order , but only the letters A to E , H , L , M , P , R to T are used ( thus , January is A and October is R ) ; DD is the day of the month of birth -- in order to differentiate between genders , 40 is added to the day of birth for women ( thus a woman born on May 3 has ... E43 ... ) ; ZZZZ is an area code specific to the municipality where the person was born -- country - wide codes are used for foreign countries ; X is a parity character as calculated by adding together characters in the even and odd positions , and dividing them by 26 . Numerical values are used for letters in even positions according to their alphabetical order . Characters in odd positions have different values . A letter is then used which corresponds to the value of the remainder of the division in the alphabet . An exception algorithm exists in case of perfectly matching codes for two persons . Issuance of the code is centralized to the Ministry of Treasure . The fiscal code uniquely identifies an Italian citizen or permanently resident alien , and is thus used . However , since it can be calculated from personal information ( whether real , or not ) , it is not generally regarded as an extremely reserved piece of information , nor as official proof of identity / existence of an individual . UNEVEN ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS Character Value Character Value Character Value Character Value 0 9 21 19 8 0 J 21 12 5 0 14 7 5 U 16 9 7 18 V 10 5 13 9 20 22 6 15 13 O 11 X 25 7 17 15 Y 24 8 19 17 Q 6 Z 23 Latvia ( edit ) In Latvia the Personal Code ( Latvian : Personas kods ) consists of 11 digits in form DDMMYY - XNNNC where the first six digits are person 's date of birth , the next one stands for a century person was born in ( 0 for XIX , 1 for XX and 2 for XXI ) , NNN is birth serial number in that day , and C is checksum digit . From July 1 , 2017 Personal Codes are issued without indication to date of birth . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania the Personal Code ( Lithuanian : Asmens kodas ) consists of 11 digits , and currently is in the form G YYMMDD NNN C , where G is gender & birth century , YYMMDD is the birthday , NNN is a serial number , C is a checksum digit . In this scheme , the first number ( G ) shows both the person 's gender ( odd if male , even if female ) and birth century . For example , 4 would mean female , born between 1900 -- 1999 . This number can be calculated as : gender = ( female : 0 , male : 1 ) G = floor ( year / 100 ) * 2 - 34 - gender The checksum is calculated using this formula ( provided here as JavaScript code ) : function lt_nin_checksum ( code ) ( var b = 1 , c = 3 , d = 0 , e = 0 , i , digit ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i + + ) ( digit = parseInt ( code ( i ) ) ; d + = digit * b ; e + = digit * c ; b + + ; if ( b = = 10 ) b = 1 ; c + + ; if ( c = = 10 ) c = 1 ; ) d = d % 11 ; e = e % 11 ; if ( d < 10 ) return d ; else if ( e < 10 ) return e ; else return 0 ; ) C = lt_nin_checksum ( `` 3840915201 '' ) ; Recently ( as of May 2015 ) there are plans to start issuing opaque codes instead , keeping the same overall format and checksum , but containing no personal information . Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Macedonia uses a 13 - number identification code Unique Master Citizen Number ( Macedonian : Единствен матичен број на граѓанинот , acronym ЕМБГ ) . The Unique Master Citizen Number is composed of 13 digits ( DDMMYYYRRSSSC ) arranged in six groups : two digits ( DD ) for the citizen 's day of birth , two digits ( MM ) for the month of birth , last three digits ( YYY ) of the year of birth , two digits ( RR ) as a registry number , three digits ( SSS ) as a combination of the citizen 's sex and ordinal number of birth , and one digit ( C ) as a control number . The two digit registry number depends on the citizens place of birth . There are nine registry codes that define the place of birth : 41 for the municipalities of Bitola , Demir Hisar and Resen ; 42 for the municipalities of Kumanovo , Kratovo and Kriva Palanka ; 43 for the municipalities of Ohrid , Struga , Debar and Kičevo ; 44 for the municipalities of Prilep , Kruševo and Makedonski Brod ; 45 for the City of Skopje ; 46 for the municipalities of Strumica , Valandovo and Radoviš ; 47 for the municipalities of Tetovo and Gostivar ; 48 for the municipalities of Veles , Gevegelija , Kavadarci and Negotino ; and 49 for the municipalities of Štip , Berovo , Vinica , Delčevo , Kočani , Probištip and Sveti Nikole . The combination of the citizen 's sex and ordinal number of birth is presented as a 3 digit number - from 000 to 499 for the male , and from 500 to 999 for the female citizens . The last digit is a computer generated control digit . Moldova ( edit ) In the Republic of Moldova , all citizens receive at birth a Personal Code ( IDNP - Numarul de Identificare ) , which is composed of 13 digits . This code is shown on all identity documents : internal ID cards driving licenses passports as well as all civil status documents : birth certificates , marriage certificates , death certificates etc . Montenegro ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Montenegro uses a 13 - number identification code Jedinstveni matični broj građana / Јединствени матични број грађана ( JMBG ) - Unique Master Citizen Number . Netherlands ( edit ) Dutch Wikipedia : nl : Burgerservicenummer , nl : Sofinummer In the Netherlands , all people receive a Burgerservicenummer ( BSN ) ( Citizen Service Number ) when they are born . It is printed on driving licenses , passports and international ID cards , under the header Personal Number . Before 2007 , the BSN was known as sofinummer ( the acronym sofi stands for so - ciaal ( social ) fi - scaal ( fiscal ) ) . The number is unique . However , initially it was issued by regionally operating branches of the tax department which were all assigned ranges ; in densely populated areas the assigned ranges would overflow thus causing duplicate numbers . This mistake was corrected during the transition from SOFI to BSN by issuing a new number to people having a duplicate one . The number does not contain any information about the person to whom it is assigned ( i.e. no information , such as gender or date of birth , can be derived from a BSN ) . Norway ( edit ) Norway 's eleven - digit birth number ( fødselsnummer ) is assigned at birth , or on migration into the country . The register is maintained by the Norwegian Tax Office . The number has been in use since the 1960s and was first introduced to the public in 1968 . The number is not as widely and openly used as in some other Scandinavian countries , and a 2007 report criticized the common misperception by the Norwegian public that the number is suitable for use as a PIN code . Historically , the number has been composed of the date of birth ( DDMMYY ) , a three digit individual number , and two check digits . The individual number and the check digits are collectively known as the Personal Number . The individual number has been selected from a range depending on century of birth : for the years 1854 -- 1899 the range is 500 -- 749 , for the years 1900 -- 1999 the range is 000 - 499 , for the years 2000 -- 2039 the range is 500 -- 999 . For the years 1940 -- 1999 , the range 900 -- 999 was also used for special purposes , such as adoptions from abroad and immigrants . Women have been assigned even individual numbers , men are assigned odd individual numbers . The first check digit is calculated through an algorithm involving modulo 11 of weighted sum of the nine first digits . The second check digit is calculated through a similar algorithm involving the 10 first digits . People who do not permanently reside in Norway have been assigned a D - number upon registration in the population register . The D - number is like a birth number , but with the day of the month increased by 40 . D comes from the Norwegian name of an authority for sailors , which previously issued those numbers , usually to sailors on board Norwegian ships . Nowadays foreign seasonal workers , for example in the tourist industry , get D - numbers . In 2017 , the Norwegian Ministry of Finance approved changes to the numbering system . After the changes , the number will no longer indicate gender , and the first check digit will be ' released ' to become part of the individual number . Poland ( edit ) Main article : PESEL In Poland , a Public Electronic Census System ( Polish Powszechny Elektroniczny System Ewidencji Ludności - PESEL ) number is mandatory for all permanent residents of Poland and for temporary residents living in Poland for over 2 months . It has the form YYMMDDZZZXQ , where YYMMDD is the date of birth ( with century encoded in month field ) , ZZZ is the personal identification number , X denotes sex ( even for females , odd for males ) and Q is a parity number . Portugal ( edit ) The Constitution of Portugal - in its 35th Article - expressly prohibits the assignment of a national single number to the citizens . This prohibition is related with the protection of the personal rights , liberties and guaranties . As such , a national identification number does not exist , but instead each citizen has several different identification numbers for use in the different single purposes . The existing main identification numbers are : Civil identification number ( Portuguese : Número de identificação civil or NIC ) - also referred informally as the Citizen Card 's number or the BI 's number ( BI being the acronym of the old civil identification document ) ; Tax identification Number ( Número de identificação fiscal or NIF ) - also referred informally as the taxpayer 's number ( número do contribuinte ) ; Social Security number ( Número de Segurança Social ) ; Healthcare user number ( Número de utente da Saúde ) ; Voter 's number ( Número de eleitor ) ; Driver 's license number ( Número de carta de condução ) . The NIC and the NIF are the mostly commonly used identification numbers in Portugal . These two numbers are used for a broad number of purposes - both in the public and the private sectors - and not only for the specific purposes for which they were originally conceived . In the past , to each of the above identification numbers corresponded a separate identification document . However , in 2006 , the single Citizen Card was implemented . This card includes the civil identification , the tax identification , the Social Security and the Healthcare user numbers , replacing the old corresponding identification cards . Besides this , the Citizen Card also replaced the previous Voter 's Card , although not including the voter 's number . The replacing of the previous separate identification documents by the single Citizen Card is a gradual process , only being mandatory for a citizen , when one of his / her old documents expires . The driver 's license continues to be an entirely separate document . Romania ( edit ) In Romania each citizen has a Personal Numerical Code ( Cod Numeric Personal , CNP ) , which is created by using the citizen 's gender and century of birth ( 1 / 3 / 5 / 7 for male , 2 / 4 / 6 / 8 for female and 9 for foreign citizen ) , date of birth ( six digits , YYMMDD ) , the country zone ( two digits , from 01 to 52 , or 99 ) , followed by a serial number ( 3 digits ) , and finally a checksum digit . The first digit encodes the gender of person as follows : 1 Male born between 1900 and 1999 Female born between 1900 and 1999 Male born between 1800 and 1899 Female born between 1800 and 1899 5 Male born after 2000 6 Female born after 2000 7 Male resident 8 Female resident 9 Foreign citizen The country zone is a code of Romanian county in alphabetical order . For Bucharest the code is 4 followed by the sector number . To calculate the checksum digit , every digit from CNP is multiplied with the corresponding digit in number 279146358279 ; the sum of all these multiplications is then divided by 11 . If the remainder is 10 then the checksum digit is 1 , otherwise it 's the remainder itself . Example = = = = = = = Control = 279146358279 CNP = 1800101221144 ^ checksum digit = 4 Checksum value = 1 * 2 + 8 * 7 + 0 * 9 + 0 * 1 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 6 + 1 * 3 + 2 * 5 + 2 * 8 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 7 + 4 * 9 = 136 Checksum digit = 136 mod 11 = 4 . Valid CNP ( the last digit is indeed 4 ) . San Marino ( edit ) In San Marino there exists the Codice ISS ( Istituto Sicurezza Sociale ) , which is composed of 5 digits . It is given to all San Marino citizens and permanent residents . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Serbia uses a 13 - number identification code Unique Master Citizen Number ( Serbian : Јединствени матични број грађана / Jedinstveni matični broj građana , acronym JMBG ) . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia there are two kinds of National identification numbers . The first one is the Birth Number ( Slovak : Rodné číslo ( RČ ) ) , issued at birth by the civic records authority ( Slovak : matrika ) and recorded on the birth certificate . Its format is YYMMDD / XXXX with YYMMDD being the date of birth and XXXX being a semi-unique identifier . For females , the month of the date of birth is advanced by 50 . Full identification number in the form YYMMDDXXXX must be divisible by 11 . Since this system does not provide a truly unique identifier ( the numbers are repeated every century ) and contains what might be considered private information , it may be updated in the future . The second system is the Citizen 's Identification Card Number ( Slovak : Číslo občianskeho preukazu ( ČOP ) ) which is in the form AA XXXXXX ( A-alphabetic , X-numeric ) and is used on Slovak identity cards . Identification Cards are issued by the state authority ( police ) for every citizen who reaches 15 years of age . In contrast to the Birth Number , this identifier can change over the citizen 's lifetime if a new ID card is issued , for reasons such as expiration , loss or change of residence . The ID number is used , among other things , for voter registration ( because of the domicile record verification provided by the ID ) . A similar system , with both types of identification numbers , is used in the Czech Republic . Slovenia ( edit ) Main article : Unique Master Citizen Number Slovenia uses a 13 - number identification code Enotna matična številka občana ( EMŠO ) - Unique Master Citizen Number . It is composed of 13 digits as follows DDMMYYYRRSSSX . DD - day of birth > MM - month of birth YYY - year of birth , last three digits RR - a constant value 50 This is a remnant of Yugoslavia , a registry number that marked the birth zone : - 00 - 09 -- foreigners - 10 - 19 -- Bosnia and Herzegovina - 20 - 29 -- Montenegro - 30 - 39 -- Croatia ( 33 - Zagreb ) - 40 - 49 -- Macedonia - 50 - 59 -- Slovenia ( only 50 is used ) - 60 - 69 -- ( not in use ) - 70 - 79 -- Central Serbia ( 71 - Belgrade ) - 80 - 89 -- Province of Vojvodina ( 80 -- Novi Sad ) - 90 - 99 -- Province of Kosovo SSS - serial number or combination of sex and serial numbers for persons born on the same day ( 000 - 499 for men and 500 - 999 for women ) X - checksum of first 12 Spain ( edit ) In Spain , all resident Spanish citizens can obtain ( mandatorily after 14 years old ) a National Identity Document ( Spanish : Documento Nacional de Identidad ( DNI ) ) , with a unique number , in the format 00000000 - A , where 0 is a digit and A is a checksum letter . Since 2010 , foreign residents are no longer issued with identity cards , although they are assigned a number in the format X-0000000 - A ( again , 0 is a digit , A is a checksum letter , and X is a letter , generally X but lately also Y ) , called an NIE Number ( Número de Identificación de Extranjeros , Foreigner 's Identification Number ) . The DNI is required for all transactions related with tax authority , as well as to access the ubiquitous Spanish National Health System ( although it has its own insured identification document ) , apply for marriage licences , receive unemployment compensation , and in general all interactions with law enforcement and any government or government - supervised institution . Foreign residents are required to use their passports together with the document containing their NIE number Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Personal identity number ( Sweden ) In Sweden a Personal Identity Number ( Swedish : personnummer ) is used in dealings with public agencies , from health care to the tax authorities . Public record . It appears on all approved identity documents . It is also used as a customer code by banks , insurance companies , and landlords . Most companies that keep records of their customers store it . The number uses ten digits , YYMMDD - NNGC . The first six give the birth date in YYMMDD format . Digits seven to nine ( NNG ) are used to make the number unique , where digit nine ( G ) is odd for men and even for women . For numbers issued before 1990 , the seventh and eighth digit identify the county of birth or foreign - born people , but privacy - related criticism caused this system to be abandoned for new numbers . The tenth digit ( C ) is created using the Luhn , or `` mod 10 '' , checksum algorithm . Registration numbers of Swedish corporations and other legal entities follow the same ten - digit format , but are not based on dates . Switzerland ( edit ) Since the introduction of a national pension scheme in 1948 , most persons resident in Switzerland are allocated a Social Security Number ( AHV - Nr . ( de ) / No AVS ( fr ) ) , which is also used for other governmental purposes . The eleven - digit format in use since 1968 is of the form AAA. BB. CCC. DDD and encodes information about the name , birth date and sex of its holder : The `` AAA '' digits encode the family name . The `` BB '' digits are equal to the last two digits of the year of birth . The `` CCC '' digits encode the birth day as a trimester number ( 1 - 4 ) followed by the number of the day in the trimester . An offset of 400 is added for female persons ( e.g. 101 is January 1 for men and 501 is January 1 for women ) . The `` DDD '' digits are used to be an origin code depending which country the person came from and or if this person was a Swiss citizen through birth or naturalisation . As of 2008 , an anonymous thirteen - digit number is being issued to all Swiss residents . It is of the form 756. XXXX. XXXX. XY , where 756 is the ISO 3166 - 1 code for Switzerland , XXXX. XXXX. X is a random number and Y is an EAN - 13 check digit . Turkey ( edit ) During the application for a national ID card , every Turkish citizen is assigned a unique personal identification number called Turkish Identification Number ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Kimlik Numarası or abbreviated as T.C. Kimlik No . ) , an 11 - digit number with two trailing check digits . This assignment is organized through the MERNIS ( abbreviation for English : Central Personal Registration Administration System ) project that started on 28 October 2000 . The national ID card is compulsory for every citizen and is issued at birth . Parents need to register to the authorities with the child 's birth certificate . The identification number is used by public institutions in their certificates and documents like identity card , passport , international family book , driving license , form and manifesto they issue to citizens . It is used by services such as taxation , security , voting , education , social security , health care , military recruitment , and banking . Ukraine ( edit ) Individual Identification Number is a 10 digit number issued by the tax administration . The first 5 digits represent birthday as the number of days since 01 / 01 / 1900 ( more numbers can be assigned to the same day , this additional or alternative numbers have greate first digit , typically 8 ) . The next four digits is a serial number , it is used so that men get the odd numbers , and women get the even numbers . The last digit is a check digit . The algorithm is not publicly revealed . Similar numbers are issued to residents and foreigners . A person can opt out of receiving an Individual Identification Number based on religious or other beliefs , however it is associated with minor tax disadvantages . The Individual Identification Numbers are issued according to a Law of Ukraine 320 / 94 - BP passed on December 22 , 1994 . Since 2016 , identification no. is one details of Ukrainian identity card ( compared to being a separate paper document ( still in force during transition period ) in the past ) . It takes up to 5 days to obtain taxpayer identification number or tax ID in Ukraine . United kingdom ( edit ) Main article : National Insurance number There is no legal requirement in UK to obtain or carry any identification document or other proof of identity , however some form of identification is required for many things like renting a flat . A National Insurance number , generally called an NI Number ( NINO ) , is used to administer state benefits , but has not gained the ubiquity of its US equivalent , and is not considered proof of identity . As it is the only number that is unique to each individual , does not change during the course of the person 's lifetime , and is issued to virtually every adult throughout the UK , it is used by Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) to track individuals for income tax purposes . The number is stylised as LL NN NN NN L , for example AA 01 23 44 B . Each baby born in the England and Wales is issued a National Health Service number , taking the form NNN - NNN - NNNN , for example 122 - 762 - 9257 ( the last number being a check digit ) . They were formerly of the style `` LLLNNL NNN '' , for example KWB91M 342 , which continued patterns used in World War II identity cards . However , due to the decentralized nature of local NHS organizations issuing the numbers , some patients have been allocated several numbers , the ratio is more often more ( one person : many numbers ) than ( one person : one number ) . The National Programme for Information Technology ( NPfIT ) has also shown that one person can have many numbers , although measures are being undertaken to fix duplicates in the data . Babies born in Scotland are issued a CHI ( Community Health Index ) number , taking the form DDMMYY - NNNN , with the DDMMYY representing their date of birth and a four digit unique number thereafter ( e.g. someone born on 1 January 2010 , would have the number 010110 - NNNN , with the four digit number allocated upon entering newborn details on to the local health board 's patient administration system ) . The second last N is even for females and odd for males . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , the Tax File Number ( TFN ) is issued by the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) to individuals and businesses to track them for income tax purposes . Similar to the Social Security Number ( SSN ) in the US , each individual 's TFN is unique , and does not change throughout their lifetime . However , unlike its U.S. counterpart , Australian law specifically prohibits the use of the TFN as a national identification number , and restricts the use of the TFN to tracking individuals for filing income taxes , superannuation contributions and receiving state welfare benefits . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : NHI Number In New Zealand , an Inland Revenue Department ( IRD ) number is issued by the IRD to every taxpayer ( a natural or juristic person ) , and is needed with dealings with the IRD . It must be given to any employer or bank responsible for charging withholding tax , and to apply for or use a student loan . Driver 's licences carry a unique number , often recorded when providing them as identification . The social security and student support services of the Ministry of Social Development ( Work and Income , and StudyLink ) issue a Work and Income client number , assigned at the occurrence of a person 's first contact with either service . A general letter of enquiry about a service appears to be sufficient for one to be logged and may be assigned without the letter writer 's knowledge . A National Health Index ( NHI ) number is assigned to all newborn New Zealanders at birth , and those who use a health and disability support service that do not already have one . The small population means a name and date of birth can usually uniquely identify someone , though identity theft is easily possible when two people share a name and birthdate . See also ( edit ) VAT identification number International identifiers ( for companies ) Business Identifier Code ( BIC / ISO 9362 , a normalized code for trade , especially popular in banking area as the international Bank code - also known as Bank Identifier Code , Bank International Code and SWIFT code ) , ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/iw8ben.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/U.S.-Taxpayer-Identification-Number-Requirement Jump up ^ `` National Identity Management Commission '' About the NIN `` . www.nimc.gov.ng . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ SML-FX.COM . `` SAIDValidator '' . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Independent Newspapers Online ( 2009 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Durban man tells of identity number woes - South Africa IOL News '' . IOL.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Department of Home Affairs : Strategic Plan 2008 -- 11 and Transformation Programme Parliamentary Monitoring Group Parliament of South Africa monitored '' . Pmg.org.za. 2008 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` inss.gov.br '' . inss.gov.br . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Social Insurance Number Usage '' . OnPayroll.ca. 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ David T.S. Fraser ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` New rules for using social insurance numbers '' ( PDF ) . McInnes Cooper law firm . Jump up ^ Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes '' . Jump up ^ https://www.ssa.gov/history/ssn/geocard.html Jump up ^ https://www.ssa.gov/employer/randomization.html Jump up ^ Shankar , Besta ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Aadhaar Becomes World 's Biggest Biometric ID Programme '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy , Parameshwari ( September 2011 ) . `` Understanding the UID Aadhaar project and IT 's role in its success '' . ComputerWeekly . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Byatnal , Amruta ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Tembhli becomes first Aadhar village in India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ India ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Simply put : What is the Bill giving ' statutory backing ' to Aadhaar about ? '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Firstpost ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` About 93 percent of adults in India have Aadhaar card , says UIDAI '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You do n't need an Aadhaar smart card , because there is no such card '' . News18. 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI , From ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Over 24.37 crore PAN cards alloted ( sic ) in country , I-T department says '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Congress ratifies bicam report on national ID system '' . CNN Philippines . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Compute Taiwan citizen and resident identification number checksums '' . Jidanni.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived June 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Decision number 827 for way of coding and structure of citizens ' identity numbers '' . Qpz.gov.al. 11 December 2003 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived January 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fehler 404 '' . Buergerkarte.at . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` OIB - Croatia '' . Oib.hr . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 66 7.6. 2002 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o matičnom broju '' . Narodne-novine.nn.hr . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived July 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CPR 's udvikling gennem mere end 40 ar '' ( PDF ) . Datamuseum.dk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Personal identity code - Population Register Centre '' . Vrk.fi. 1952 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Erkka Wessman ( 2018 ) . Developments in personal identification : The Finnish henkilötunnus ( master 's thesis ) . NTNU . Jump up ^ Verdict of the Federal Constitutional Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht ) , December 15. , 1983 , BVerfGE 65 , 1 . Jump up ^ Guidelines for filling out the ESTA application . ( 7 ) , retrieved 13 February 2017 ( German ) Jump up ^ `` AMKA - What is the AMKA ? '' . Amka.gr . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stream : Blog '' . Privacy International . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ian Watson ( 2010 ) . `` A short history of national identification numbering in Iceland '' . Bifröst Journal of Social Science / Tímarit um félagsvísindi . doi : 10.12742 / bjss. 2010.3 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland : Department of Social Protection , PPS Number Legislation '' . Welfare.ie. 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ https://likumi.lv/ta/id/278984-grozijumi-iedzivotaju-registra-likuma Jump up ^ `` YKA 3 '' ( PDF ) . Mvr.gov.mk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hanne Neverdal Frestad ( 2017 ) . The Norwegian national identification numbering system : the history of a design process ( master 's thesis ) . NTNU . Jump up ^ `` DNI - Concepto y validez '' . Ministerio del Interior . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Einführung der neuen AHV - Nummer '' ( in German ) . Federal Office of Social Security . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MERNİS Projesi hayata geçiyor / Nüfus kayıtları bilgisayarlara taşınıyor '' . Dünya Gazetesi ( in Turkish ) . 2000 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Thought you did n't need to show ID in the UK ? Wrong The Register Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived April 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) RealVirtual.ro - free online Romanian national identification number ( Personal Numeric Code , Cod Numeric Personal - CNP ) External links ( edit ) Guide to South African ID no. validation hide National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_identification_number&oldid=856883205 '' Categories : National identification numbers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from April 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Français 한국어 Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 04 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is my social security number in australia	[]	[]
-5275949637811374054	Year zero	Year zero - wikipedia Year zero Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Year zero ( disambiguation ) . `` 0 A.D. '' redirects here . For the video game , see 0 A.D. ( video game ) . Year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor , the Julian calendar . In this system , the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1 . However , there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering ( where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC ) and in ISO 8601 : 2004 ( where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC ) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical , astronomical and ISO year numbering systems 1.1 Historians 1.2 Astronomers 1.2. 1 Astronomical notation 1.2. 2 History of astronomical usage 1.3 ISO 8601 2 Other traditions 2.1 South Asian calendars 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References Historical , astronomical and ISO year numbering systems ( edit ) Historians ( edit ) The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus ( c. 470 -- c. 544 ) , who used it to identify the years on his Easter table . He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era , based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian , as he did not wish to continue the memory of a persecutor of Christians . In the preface to his Easter table , Dionysius stated that the `` present year '' was `` the consulship of Probus Junior ( Flavius Anicius Probus Iunior ) '' which was also 525 years `` since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . How he arrived at that number is unknown . Dionysius did not use AD years to date any historical event . This began with the English cleric Bede ( c. 672 -- 735 ) , who used AD years in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( 731 ) , popularizing the era . Bede also used a term similar to the English before Christ once , but that practice did not catch on until very much later . Bede did not sequentially number days of the month , weeks of the year , or months of the year . However , he did number many of the days of the week using a counting origin of one in Ecclesiastical Latin . Previous Christian histories used anno mundi ( `` in the year of the world '' ) beginning on the first day of creation , or anno Adami ( `` in the year of Adam '' ) beginning at the creation of Adam five days later ( the sixth day of creation according to the Genesis creation narrative ) , used by Africanus , or anno Abrahami ( `` in the year of Abraham '' ) beginning 3,412 years after Creation according to the Septuagint , used by Eusebius of Caesarea , all of which assigned `` one '' to the year beginning at Creation , or the creation of Adam , or the birth of Abraham , respectively . Bede continued this earlier tradition relative to the AD era . In chapter II of book I of Ecclesiastical history , Bede stated that Julius Caesar invaded Britain `` in the year 693 after the building of Rome , but the sixtieth year before the incarnation of our Lord '' , while stating in chapter III , `` in the year of Rome 798 , Claudius '' also invaded Britain and `` within a very few days ... concluded the war in ... the fortysixth ( year ) from the incarnation of our Lord '' . Although both dates are wrong , they are sufficient to conclude that Bede did not include a year zero between BC and AD : 798 − 693 + 1 ( because the years are inclusive ) = 106 , but 60 + 46 = 106 , which leaves no room for a year zero . The modern English term `` before Christ '' ( BC ) is only a rough equivalent , not a direct translation , of Bede 's Latin phrase ante incarnationis dominicae tempus ( `` before the time of the lord 's incarnation '' ) , which was itself never abbreviated . Bede 's singular use of ' BC ' continued to be used sporadically throughout the Middle Ages . Bede did not use a year zero because neither the concept nor a symbol for it existed in the system of Roman numerals . The Babylonian system of the BC era had used the idea of `` nothingness '' without considering it a number , and the Romans enumerated in much the same way . Wherever a modern zero would have been used , Bede and Dionysius Exiguus did use Latin number words , or the word nulla ( meaning `` nothing '' ) alongside Roman numerals . Zero was invented in India in the sixth century , and was either transferred or reinvented by the Arabs by about the eighth century . The Arabic numeral for zero ( 0 ) did not enter Europe until the thirteenth century . Even then , it was known only to very few , and only entered widespread use in Europe by the seventeenth century . The anno Domini nomenclature was not widely used in Western Europe until the 9th century , and the 1 January to 31 December historical year was not uniform throughout Western Europe until 1752 . The first extensive use ( hundreds of times ) of ' BC ' occurred in Fasciculus Temporum by Werner Rolevinck in 1474 , alongside years of the world ( anno mundi ) . The terms anno Domini , Dionysian era , Christian era , vulgar era , and common era were used interchangeably between the Renaissance and the 19th century , at least in Latin . But vulgar era was suppressed in English at the beginning of the 20th century after vulgar acquired the meaning of `` offensively coarse '' , replacing its original meaning of `` common '' or `` ordinary '' . Consequently , historians regard all these eras as equal . Historians have never included a year zero . This means that between , for example , 1 January 500 BC and 1 January AD 500 , there are 999 years : 500 years BC , and 499 years AD preceding 500 . In common usage anno Domini 1 is preceded by the year 1 BC , without an intervening year zero . Thus the year 2017 actually signifies `` the 2017th year '' . Neither the choice of calendar system ( whether Julian or Gregorian ) nor the era ( Anno Domini or Common Era ) determines whether a year zero will be used . If writers do not use the convention of their group ( historians or astronomers ) , they must explicitly state whether they include a year 0 in their count of years , otherwise their historical dates will be misunderstood . Astronomers ( edit ) Main article : Astronomical year numbering Modern astronomers do not use years for intervals because years do not distinguish between common years and leap years , causing the resulting interval to be indeterminate in length , an approximation only . Nevertheless , since the 17th century , astronomers have redefined year numbering slightly to simplify calculations : 1 BC of the traditional Christian era , a leap year , was renumbered `` zero '' . The numbering of years of the Anno Domini era remain unchanged , of positive value . Years Before Christ are of a negative value ( or zero ) . Since the numeric values of years are unique integers , the designations `` AD '' and `` BC '' are useless ( BC is misleading ) , and are generally omitted . Jacques Cassini , creator of the current method , explained : The year 0 is that in which one supposes that Jesus Christ was born , which several chronologists mark 1 before the birth of Jesus Christ and which we marked 0 , so that the sum of the years before and after Jesus Christ gives the interval which is between these years , and where numbers divisible by 4 mark the leap years as so many before or after Jesus Christ . -- Jacques Cassini , Tables astronomiques , 5 , translated from French In this quote , Cassini used `` year '' as both a calendar year and an instant before a year . He identified the calendar year 0 as the year during which Jesus was born ( on the traditional date of 25 December ) , and as a calendar leap year divisible by 4 ( having an extra day in February ) . But `` the sum of years before and after Jesus Christ '' referred to the years between a number of instants at the beginning of those years , including the beginning of year 0 , identified by Cassini as `` Jesus Christ '' , virtually identical to Kepler 's `` Christi '' . Consider the three instants ( ' years ' ) labeled 1 avant Jesus - Christ , 0 , 1 après Jesus - Christ by Cassini , which modern astronomers would label − 1.0 , 0.0 , + 1.0 . Cassini specified that his end years must be added , so the interval between the instants ( noon 1 January ) 1 avant Jesus - Christ and 1 après Jesus - Christ is 1 + 1 = 2 , but modern astronomers would subtract their ' years ' , + 1.0 − ( − 1.0 ) = 2.0 , which agrees with Cassini . The calendar years between these two instants would be 2 BC and 1 BC , leaving the calendar year 1 AD beginning at + 1.0 outside the interval . Originally , years were adjectives ( 1st year , second year , et cetera ) . This system is because , at the time , people did not know about 0 . Cassini , being a mathematician , wanted 0 . He may or may not have wanted 0 - Time ( a singularity of time ) , but he wanted to maintain the cycle of leap years . He defined the Year 0 as the year - long duration containing the leap year before the Year + 4 . Because the system is based on durations of time instead of a temporal singularity of 0 - Time , the 0th year is unsigned . The years work thus : ... , Year − 1 , Year 0 , Year + 1 , ... , Subunits of the year ( months , days of the month , days of the week , hours , minutes , seconds , et al . ) existed both before the calendar and before year 0 , so roll forward in negative dates ; instead of counting down to 0 . Astronomical notation ( edit ) Astronomers use year numbers not only to identify a calendar year ( when placed alongside a month and a day number ) but also to identify a certain instant ( known in astronomy as an epoch ) . To identify an instant , astronomers add a number of fractional decimal digits to the year number , as required for the desired precision : thus J2000. 0 designates noon 2000 January 1 ( Gregorian ) , and 1992.5 is exactly 7.5 years of 365.25 days each earlier , which is the instant 1992 July 2.125 ( 03 : 00 ) ( Gregorian ) . Similarly , J1996. 25 is 3.75 Julian years before J2000. 0 , which is the instant 1996 April 1.8125 ( 19 : 30 ) , one - quarter of a year after the instant J1996. 0 = 1996 January 1.5 . In this notation , J0000. 0 is noon of − 1 December 19 ( Julian ) , and J0001. 0 is 18 : 00 on 0 December 18 ( Julian ) . This astronomical notation is called Julian epoch and was introduced in 1984 ; before that time , astronomical year numbers with decimal fractions referred to Besselian years and were written without a letter prefix . During the 19th century astronomers began to change from named eras to numerical signs , with some astronomers using BC / 0 / AD years while others used − / 0 / + years . By the mid 20th century all astronomers were using − / 0 / + years . Numerical signs effectively form a new era , reducing the confusion inherent in any date which uses an astronomical year with an era named Before Christ . History of astronomical usage ( edit ) In 1849 the English astronomer John Herschel invented Julian dates , which are a sequence of numbered days and fractions thereof since noon 1 January − 4712 ( 4713 BC ) , which was Julian date 0.0 . Julian dates count the days between two instants , automatically accounting for years with different lengths , while allowing for any arbitrary precision by including as many fractional decimal digits as necessary . The modern mathematical astronomer Jean Meeus no longer mentions determining intervals via years , stating : The astronomical counting of the negative years is the only one suitable for arithmetical purpose . For example , in the historical practice of counting , the rule of divisibility by 4 revealing the Julian leap - years no longer exists ; these years are , indeed , 1 , 5 , 9 , 13 , ... B.C. In the astronomical sequence , however , these leap - years are called 0 , − 4 , − 8 , − 12 ... , and the rule of divisibility by 4 subsists . -- Jean Meeus , Astronomical algorithms In 1627 , the German astronomer Johannes Kepler first used an astronomical year which was to become year zero in his Rudolphine Tables . He labeled the year Christi and inserted it between years labeled Ante Christum ( BC ) and Post Christum ( AD ) on the mean motion pages of the Sun , Moon , and planets . Then in 1702 the French astronomer Philippe de la Hire used a year he labeled Christum 0 at the end of years labeled ante Christum ( BC ) , immediately before years labeled post Christum ( AD ) on the mean motion pages in his Tabulæ Astronomicæ , thus adding the designation 0 to Kepler 's Christi . Finally , in 1740 the French astronomer Jacques Cassini ( Cassini II ) , who is traditionally credited with the invention of year zero , completed the transition in his Tables astronomiques , simply labeling this year 0 , which he placed at the end of years labeled avant Jesus - Christ ( BC ) , immediately before years labeled après Jesus - Christ ( AD ) . ISO 8601 ( edit ) ISO 8601 : 2004 ( and previously ISO 8601 : 2000 , but not ISO 8601 : 1988 ) explicitly uses astronomical year numbering in its date reference systems . Because it also specifies the use of the proleptic Gregorian calendar for all years before 1582 , some readers incorrectly assume that a year zero is also included in that proleptic calendar , but it is not used with the BC / AD era . The `` basic '' format for year 0 is the four - digit form 0000 , which equals the historical year 1 BC . Several `` expanded '' formats are possible : − 0000 and + 0000 , as well as five - and six - digit versions . Earlier years are also negative four - , five - or six - digit years , which have an absolute value one less than the equivalent BC year , hence - 0001 = 2 BC . Because only ISO 646 ( 7 - bit ASCII ) characters are allowed by ISO 8601 , the minus sign is represented by a hyphen - minus . Other traditions ( edit ) South asian calendars ( edit ) All eras used with Hindu and Buddhist calendars , such as the Saka era or the Kali Yuga , begin with the year 0 . All these calendars use elapsed , expired , or complete years , in contrast with most other calendars which use current years . A complete year had not yet elapsed for any date in the initial year of the epoch , thus the number 1 can not be used . Instead , during the first year the indication of 0 years ( elapsed ) is given in order to show that the epoch is less than 1 year old . This is similar to the Western method of stating a person 's age -- people do not reach age one until one year has elapsed since birth ( but their age during the year beginning at birth is specified in months or fractional years , not as age zero ) . However , if ages were specified in years and months , such a person would be said to be , for example , 0 years and 6 months or 0.5 years old . This is analogous to the way time is shown on a 24 - hour clock : during the first hour of a day , the time elapsed is 0 hours , n minutes . In popular culture ( edit ) In the film The Beach , Leonardo DiCaprio 's character is , during his mental instability , crazed about the term Year 0 . Year Zero is a theatrical play that highlights the everyday struggles of a Cambodian - American family . ( See Year Zero ( political notion ) . ) The fictitious theologian Franz Bibfeldt 's most famous work relates to the year 0 : a 1927 dissertation submission to the University of Worms entitled `` The Problem of the Year 0 '' . Germany , Year Zero is a 1948 film directed by Roberto Rossellini set in devastated , post-World War II Berlin . Panic in Year Zero ! is a 1962 film directed by and starring Ray Milland about the aftermath of a nuclear attack on Los Angeles . Tokyo Year Zero is a novel by English author David Peace set in post-World War II Tokyo which depicts the occupation of Japan by the Allied Powers . The 1985 film Back to the Future , character Doc Brown inputs the date 25 December 0000 on the time circuit 's display of the DeLorean time machine as a joke and example of choice for witnessing the birth of Christ . In the Seinfeld episode `` The Millennium '' , Jerry notifies Newman there was no year 0 . Since Newman had set up a party for the `` Millennium New Year , '' the party would actually fall on 31 December 2000 / 1 January 2001 , and thus his party will be late and `` quite lame '' . Newman then squawks with frustration . In the alternate history novel The Probability Broach by L. Neil Smith , in which the United States becomes a libertarian state after a successful Whiskey Rebellion and the overthrowing and execution of George Washington by firing squad for treason in 1794 , Thomas Jefferson proposes a new calendar system to mark Albert Gallatin 's ascension to the presidency . However , Gallatin protested that the real Revolution was in 1776 , that the Federalist period should be regarded as an aberration , and that commemorating , even by implication , the overthrowing and execution of Washington might set a hideous precedent , as Gallatin insisted historians to still count Washington as the first president . In its final form , the Jefferson - Gallatin compromise utilizes 1776 as its `` Year Zero '' . Year Zero is an album by the industrial rock group Nine Inch Nails , and is a concept album and Alternate Reality Game based on a post-apocalyptic earth . Year Zero is a 2012 science fiction book by Rob Reid , in which aliens mark the beginning of a new era from the date they first hear human music . `` Year Zero '' is the title of the 6th track from the Swedish metal band Ghost 's second album , Infestissumam , about the ascendance of the Antichrist and a new era that represents a rejection of Christian - based time divisions such as BC ( `` Before Christ '' ) and AD ( `` Anno Domini '' , or `` year of our Lord '' ) . `` Year Zero '' , a song by 30 Seconds to Mars from their eponymous album . See also ( edit ) January 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` DIONYSIUS EXIGUUS . LIBER DE PASCHATE SIVE CYCLUS PASCHALIS '' . Jump up ^ `` Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation '' . Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ Werner Rolevinck , Fasciculus temporum . Jump up ^ While it is increasingly common to place AD after a date by analogy to the use of BC , formal English usage adheres to the traditional practice of placing the abbreviation before the year as in Latin ( e.g. , 100 BC , but AD 100 ) . Jump up ^ V. Grumel , La chronologie ( 1958 ) , page 30 . Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical algorithms ( Richmond , Virginia : Willmann - Bell , 1991 ) 60 . Jump up ^ Tabulae Rudolphinae -- Ioannes Keplerus ( 1627 ) 191 ( 42 ) , 197 ( 48 ) , 203 ( 54 ) , 209 ( 60 ) , 215 ( 66 ) , 221 ( 72 ) , 227 ( 78 ) . Jump up ^ Tabulae Astronomicae -- Philippo de la Hire ( 1702 ) , Tabulæ 15 , 21 , 39 , 47 , 55 , 63 , 71 ; Usus tabularum 4 . Jump up ^ Robert Kaplan , The nothing that is ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) 103 . Jump up ^ ( Jacques ) Cassini , Tables astronomiques ( 1740 ) , Explication et usage 5 ; Tables 10 , 22 , 53 . Jump up ^ `` Year Zero - Victory Gardens Theater - Biograph - Chicago '' . Jump up ^ Year Zero Playbill Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year_zero&oldid=804531055 '' Categories : Chronology Celestial coordinate system Years 0 ( number ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Shqip Slovenščina Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did we decide when year 0 was	[]	[]
-2122548744504741580	Sit Down, I Think I Love You	Sit Down , I Think I Love You - wikipedia Sit Down , I Think I Love You `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' is a 1966 song composed by American singer - songwriter Stephen Stills and originally recorded by American - Canadian rock band Buffalo Springfield . A cover version by The Mojo Men was released as a single in 1967 and reached the U.S. Top 40 . Also that year , Australian band The Executives charted in their home country with their version of the song . Contents 1 Buffalo Springfield version 2 The Mojo Men version 2.1 Chart performance 3 The Executives version 4 References Buffalo Springfield version ( edit ) `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' Song by Buffalo Springfield from the album Buffalo Springfield Released December 5 , 1966 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 32 Label Atco Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Stills Stephen Stills wrote `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' as a fairly direct love song . It was written prior to the formation of Buffalo Springfield , when Stills had just settled in Los Angeles and had begun writing songs that he felt `` were personal statements and had something to say . '' The song was included on Buffalo Springfield 's eponymous debut album , but because Stills had sold the song 's publishing rights , he never received any writer 's royalties . Allmusic 's Matthew Greenwald said the song `` showcases Stills ' already refined pop moxie and melodic instinct , crossed with a strong folk flavoring . '' Dave Swanson of Ultimate Classic Rock described it as `` pristine folk - rock with a great garage band feel '' and ranked it as the ninth best song by Buffalo Springfield . The Mojo Men version ( edit ) `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' Single by The Mojo Men Released 1967 Genre Baroque pop Length 2 : 18 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Stills San Francisco - based group The Mojo Men released a cover version of `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' as a single in early 1967 . Arranged by Van Dyke Parks , the song was the band 's biggest hit in the United States , peaking at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In Canada , it reached number 26 on RPM magazine 's singles chart . Greenwald said The Mojo Men 's recording `` transformed the song into a near - Mamas & Papas graft , complete with counterpoint vocals and a warm feeling . An odd and wide variety of instruments ( from mandolins , Dobro , to multiple keyboards ) add great texture to the melody , creating one of the great ' lost ' masterpieces of the era . '' The song was included on the seminal 1972 Nuggets : Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1968 garage rock compilation album . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canadian Singles Chart 26 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 36 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 39 The Executives version ( edit ) Australian pop group The Executives released their cover of `` Sit Down , I Love You '' as a single in 1967 . It peaked at number 4 in Sydney , 13 in Brisbane , and 28 on the Go - Set national chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zimmer , Dave ( 2000 ) . Crosby , Stills & Nash : The Authorized Biography ( The Definitive Inside Story of the Supergroup ) . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0306809743 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` ' Sit Down , I Think I Love You ' Song Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Dave ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Buffalo Springfield Songs '' . Ultimate Classic Rock ( Townsquare Media ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mojo Men - ' Billboard ' Singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPM 100 - Top Singles '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd. 7 ( 6 ) . April 8 , 1967 . ISSN 0315 - 5994 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Rob ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` 25 Garage Rock Heroes '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 04 / 08 / 67 '' . Cashbox Magazine , Inc . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artists - The Executives '' . MilesAgo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Iain ( 2006 ) . Tomorrow Is Today : Australia in the Psychedelic Era , 1966 - 1970 . Kent Town : Wakefield Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1862546974 . Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay Dewey Martin Jim Messina Stephen Stills Neil Young Bruce Palmer Studio albums Buffalo Springfield Buffalo Springfield Again Last Time Around Compilations and box sets Retrospective : The Best of Buffalo Springfield Buffalo Springfield ( compilation album ) Buffalo Springfield ( box set ) Songs `` For What It 's Worth '' `` Sit Down , I Think I Love You '' `` Mr. Soul '' `` Broken Arrow '' `` Expecting to Fly '' Related artists The Au Go Go Singers The Mynah Birds Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young The Stills - Young Band Poco Manassas Crazy Horse Loggins and Messina Poco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sit_Down,_I_Think_I_Love_You&oldid=803264712 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1967 singles Buffalo Springfield songs Reprise Records singles Songs written by Stephen Stills Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sang sit down i think i love you	[]	[]
2986482128246691200	Nintendo DS Lite	Nintendo DS Lite - wikipedia Nintendo DS Lite This article is about the first revision of the Nintendo DS . For the second and third revisions , see Nintendo DSi . For the entire series , see Nintendo DS line . Nintendo DS Lite Also known as iQue DS Lite ( China ) Manufacturer Nintendo Product family Nintendo DS family Type Handheld game console Generation Seventh generation era Release date JP : March 2 , 2006 AU : June 1 , 2006 NA : June 11 , 2006 EU : June 23 , 2006 KOR : January 18 , 2007 Retail availability 2006 -- 2016 Discontinued NA : April 22 , 2011 JP : March 31 , 2014 EU : April 1 , 2016 AU : April 1 , 2016 KOR : April 1 , 2016 Units shipped Worldwide : 93.86 million ( as of March 31 , 2014 ) ( details ) Media Game Boy Advance cartridge Nintendo DS Game Card CPU 67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 Storage Cartridge save , 4 MB RAM , 256 KB flash memory Connectivity Wi - Fi Online services Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Predecessor Nintendo DS ( earlier design ) Game Boy Advance Successor Nintendo DSi ( redesign ) Nintendo 3DS line The Nintendo DS Lite ( Japanese : ニンテンドー DS Lite ) is a dual - screen handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo . It is a slimmer , brighter , and more lightweight redesign of the original Nintendo DS . It was announced on January 26 , 2006 , more than a month before its initial release in Japan on March 2 , 2006 due to overwhelming demand for the original model . It has been released in Australia , North America , Europe , New Zealand , Singapore , and defined regions in South America , the Middle East , and East Asia . As of March 31 , 2014 , shipments of the DS Lite have reached 93.86 million units worldwide , according to Nintendo . Contents 1 Launch and development 1.1 Japan 1.2 Australia 1.3 North America 1.4 Europe 1.5 South Korea 2 Hardware 2.1 Features 2.2 Technical comparison 2.3 Technical specifications 3 Accessories 4 Model comparison 5 Sales 6 Image gallery 7 References 8 External links Launch and development ( edit ) A larger model of the DS Lite was an unreleased alternative to the DS Lite . It was ready for mass production , but Nintendo decided against its release as sales of the DS Lite were still strong . Instead Nintendo prepared the DSi and released a `` DSi XL '' version of that console a year later . This larger DS Lite featured an increased screen size of 3.8 inches ( 9.7 cm ) ( slightly smaller than the DSi XL 's 4.2 - inch ( 11 cm ) screens ) and lacked the wide viewing angle of the DSi XL . Japan ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released on March 2 , 2006 in Japan , with the suggested retail price of ¥ 16,800 , but due to lack of supply and excessive demand of Nintendo DS systems at retail price following the Nintendo DS Lite 's launch in Japan , many Asian electronics distributors raised the retail price of the redesigned handheld console to ¥ 23,300 . On some Japanese auction sites it was being offered for prices as high as ¥ 40,000 . Even though Nintendo managed to release 550,000 units in March 2006 ( which was above their initial projections ) , the DS Lite was sold out soon after its launch . The shortage was supposed to be eased after Nintendo released 700,000 Nintendo DS Lites during April 2006 ; however , retailers in Tokyo sold out yet again by late May 2006 . This shortage would last for most of 2006 and 2007 with retailers all around the country having permanent ads apologizing for the shortage and announcing the ignorance of when a restock would arrive . When the product arrived , it would sell out within days . Since restocking was erratic , looking for the product often involved several visits to different retailers , and most of the time without finding the product . This was still the case in Japan as of April 25 , 2007 , with stores turning away potential customers every day and selling out quickly . Australia ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released in Australia on June 1 , 2006 for A $ 199.95 . It came with a demo for Dr. Kawashima 's Brain Training : How Old Is Your Brain ? As of mid 2009 , the device sold for approximately A $ 188.00 . North America ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was released on June 11 , 2006 , for US $ 129.99 in the United States ( as of June 2011 , $99.99 ) , and CA $ 149.99 in Canada . There have been various reports of North American Target , Wal - Mart , Kmart , and Meijer stores having sold Nintendo DS Lite units as early as May 30 , 2006 , breaking the official launch date . On June 12 , 2006 , GameSpot reported that North American Nintendo DS Lites had sold out at major online retailers , as well as several brick - and - mortar stores . On June 13 , 2006 , Nintendo announced that 136,500 units were sold in two days since the DS Lite went on sale in North America , and seemed to be on pace to the 500,000 sold by the original Nintendo DS in its first ten days . Shortly after its launch , the DS Lite was sold out at major US retailers ; however , it did not have the same ongoing shortages in the US as it did in Japan through 2006 and 2007 . Europe ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite was officially released in Europe on June 23 , 2006 , for £ 99.99 in the UK , € 149.99 in the Eurozone . In Finland and Sweden , the DS Lite was released on June 22 , 2006 , due to Midsummer . In just 10 days , Nintendo announced it had sold 200,000 Nintendo DS Lites in Europe . On June 12 , 2006 , Chinese media organization Sina.com reported that a container intended for shipment to Europe was stolen , which contained HK $ 18 million ( US $ 2.32 million ) worth of goods , including black Nintendo DS Lites and games . Later , GamesIndustry.biz reported that Nintendo had indeed confirmed that `` A number of White DS Lite made for the UK market were stolen in Hong Kong . '' South Korea ( edit ) Nintendo opened its latest subsidiary , Nintendo of Korea , led by Mineo Kouda , on July 20 , 2006 . The DS Lite is the first console to be released in South Korea by the subsidiary , being released on January 18 , 2007 for ₩ 150,000 . Popular Korean actor Jang Dong - gun and Ahn Sung - ki had been enlisted to help promote the console . Nintendo Korea stated that they have sold more than one million units in the first year of sale with around 1.4 million sold as of April 2008 . Hardware ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles A DS Lite ( left ) compared with an original DS ( right ) Features ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite is compatible with Game Boy Advance and regular DS games . The DS Lite has a DS slot on top and the Game Boy slot on bottom . It also has a microphone and dual screens . Technical comparison ( edit ) Capable of receiving Wi - Fi signals from other systems in the Nintendo DS and 3DS families , Nintendo Wii systems , and Wi - Fi access points . WEP encrypted and unencrypted networks are supported . WPA encryption is not supported . Dozens of colors and limited editions were released . Technical specifications ( edit ) Size : 73.9 millimeters ( 2.9 inches ) tall , 133 millimeters ( 5.2 inches ) wide , 21.5 millimeters ( 0.85 inches ) deep . Top Screen : A backlit , 3.12 - inch , transmissive TFT color LCD with 256x192 - pixel resolution and . 24mm dot pitch , capable of displaying a total of 262,144 colors . Touch Screen : Same specifications as top screen , but with a transparent analog touch screen . Wireless Communication : IEEE 802.11 ; wireless range is 30 to 100 feet ; multiple users can play certain multiplayer games with one DS game card using DS Download Play . Controls : Touch screen , embedded microphone for voice recognition , A / B / X / Y face buttons , directional control pad , L / R shoulder pads , Start and Select dimples , and Power slider . The stylus is 1 cm longer and 2 mm thicker than the stylus of the original Nintendo DS . Input / Output : Ports for both Nintendo DS game cards and Game Boy Advance Game Paks , terminals for stereo headphones and a microphone . A removable cover for the Game Boy Advance game pak slot provides added protection from dust and other foreign materials . Other Features : Embedded PictoChat software that allows up to 16 users within local range of one another to chat at once ; embedded real - time clock ; date , time and alarm ; touch - screen calibration . The alarm can only be activated if the power is on . CPUs : Two ARM processors , an ARM946E - S main CPU and ARM7TDMI coprocessor at clock speeds of 67 MHz and 33 MHz respectively . Sound : Stereo speakers providing virtual surround sound , depending on the software . Battery : Lithium ion battery delivering from 15 to 19 hours of play on a three - hour charge ; power - saving sleep mode ; AC adapter . Languages : English , Japanese , Spanish , French , German , Italian . Accessories ( edit ) Like its predecessor the Nintendo DS Lite is compatible with the Nintendo DS Headset accessory . However the DS Lite uses an AC power adapter that differs from the one used for the original Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance SP due to a smaller adaptor AC port on the top of the unit . Model comparison ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo DS family See also : Comparison of Nintendo portable consoles Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DSi Nintendo DSi XL Model Launch price ¥ 15,000 US $149.99 € 149.99 £ 99.99 A $199.95 ¥ 16,800 US $129.99 € 149.99 £ 99.99 A $199.95 ¥ 18,900 US $169.99 € 169.99 £ 149.99 A $299.95 ¥ 20,000 US $189.99 € 179.99 £ 159.99 A $299.95 Weight 275 grams ( 9.7 oz ) 218 grams ( 7.7 oz ) 214 grams ( 7.5 oz ) 314 grams ( 11.1 oz ) 148.7 mm ( 5.85 in ) wide × 84.7 mm ( 3.33 in ) deep × 28.9 mm ( 1.14 in ) high 133 mm ( 5.2 in ) wide × 73.9 mm ( 2.91 in ) deep × 21.87 mm ( 0.861 in ) high 137 mm ( 5.4 in ) wide × 74.9 mm ( 2.95 in ) deep × 18.9 mm ( 0.74 in ) high 161 mm ( 6.3 in ) wide × 91.4 mm ( 3.60 in ) deep × 21.2 mm ( 0.83 in ) high Display 3.0 in ( 76 mm ) 3.12 in ( 79 mm ) 3.25 in ( 83 mm ) 4.2 in ( 107 mm ) Backlight On / Off toggle 4 backlight brightness levels 5 backlight brightness levels Camera None Front and rear - facing 0.3 MP sensors Wi - Fi Integrated 802.11 ( legacy mode ) ( only compatible with WEP or unencrypted networks ) Integrated 802.11 b / g ( may not be compatible with WPA / WPA2 in some cases ) Stylus 75 mm ( 3.0 in ) long × 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) wide 87.5 mm ( 3.44 in ) long × 4.9 mm ( 0.19 in ) wide 92 mm ( 3.6 in ) long × 4.9 mm ( 0.19 in ) wide 129.3 mm ( 5.09 in ) long × 10 mm ( 0.39 in ) wide Game Boy Advance slot Slot on the bottom labeled as SLOT - 2 None Storage None Internal 256 MB NAND flash memory Expandable via SD card slot Battery 6 to 10 hours ( 850 mAh ) 15 -- 19 hours on the lowest brightness setting 5 -- 8 hours on the brightest ( 1000 mAh ) 9 -- 14 hours on the lowest brightness setting 3 -- 4 hours on the brightest ( 840 mAh ) 13 -- 17 hours on the lowest brightness setting 4 -- 5 hours on the brightest ( 1050 mAh ) Memory 4 MB SRAM 16 MB PSRAM Expandable via Game Boy Advance slot Processor 67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 133 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7 Sales ( edit ) See also : Nintendo DS sales Life - to - date number of units shipped Date Japan Americas Other Total 2006 - 03 - 31 0.58 million - - 0.58 million 2006 - 06 - 30 2.72 million 0.68 million 0.76 million 4.15 million 2006 - 09 - 30 4.97 million 2.23 million 1.86 million 9.06 million 2006 - 12 - 31 7.89 million 4.84 million 4.60 million 17.33 million 2007 - 03 - 31 9.48 million 6.41 million 5.96 million 21.85 million 2007 - 06 - 30 11.56 million 8.81 million 8.32 million 28.69 million 2007 - 09 - 30 13.16 million 10.73 million 11.04 million 34.93 million 2007 - 12 - 31 15.12 million 14.85 million 16.00 million 45.97 million 2008 - 03 - 31 15.84 million 17.06 million 18.88 million 51.78 million 2008 - 06 - 30 16.42 million 19.78 million 22.53 million 58.72 million 2008 - 09 - 30 17.16 million 22.30 million 26.05 million 65.51 million 2008 - 12 - 31 17.46 million 26.60 million 31.67 million 75.74 million 2009 - 03 - 31 17.63 million 28.80 million 33.51 million 79.94 million 2009 - 06 - 30 17.71 million 29.76 million 34.79 million 82.26 million 2009 - 09 - 30 17.84 million 30.75 million 35.90 million 84.49 million 2009 - 12 - 31 18.01 million 33.51 million 37.67 million 89.19 million 2010 - 06 - 30 18.10 million 34.33 million 38.35 million 90.78 million 2010 - 09 - 30 18.16 million 34.65 million 38.60 million 91.41 million 2010 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 35.74 million 38.89 million 92.83 million 2011 - 03 - 31 18.20 million 35.89 million 38.97 million 93.06 million 2011 - 06 - 30 18.20 million 36.15 million 39.07 million 93.42 million 2011 - 09 - 30 18.20 million 36.21 million 39.12 million 93.53 million 2011 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 36.37 million 39.16 million 93.74 million 2012 - 12 - 31 18.20 million 36.44 million 39.21 million 93.85 million 2014 - 03 - 31 18.21 million 36.44 million 39.21 million 93.86 million Image gallery ( edit ) The Nintendo DS Lite , closed The Nintendo DS Lite , turned on and fully open The Start and Select buttons have been moved to below the A , B , X and Y button group . The front , with the volume control slider on left side , headphone jack on the right and Game Boy Advance slot in the middle Remodeled stylus and relocated power switch The Game Boy Advance filler cart and stylus , below the Nintendo DS Lite References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo DS . Nintendo portal Video games portal Jump up ^ https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/library/historical_data/pdf/consolidated_sales_e1606.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2014 - 05 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rojas , Peter ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The Engadget Interview : Reggie Fils - Aime , Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Nintendo '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DSi XL Was Once DS Lite XL '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Japan DS Auctions '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ben Parfitt ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Japan : DSi sells half a million '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : David Radd ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) . `` DSi Sells Out in Japan in Four Days '' . GameDaily . AOL . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Danny Choo . `` Japan DS Lite '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Analyst Predicts Wii Shortages Into 2009 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brain Training demo with DS lite launch in Australia '' . GoNintendo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Game Consoles > > EB Games Australia > > We take games seriously '' . Ebgames.com.au . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Games , Consoles : JB HI - FI '' . Jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo DS Lites The Way For Mario '' . Nintendo. 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Polybren ( 2006 - 05 - 31 ) . `` DS Lite launches early ? '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( 2006 - 06 - 12 ) . `` DS Lites up US retailers '' . GameSpot . CNET . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo news : Nintendo DS continues to dominate portable video games '' . Nintendo. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lite up your life ! '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Robbers steal 18 million worth of NDSL handheld ( AP ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Sina.com. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` $2.32 Million of Black Nintendo DS Lite Gone Missing '' . Play Gadgets. 2006 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellie ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Nintendo confirms theft of DS Lite shipment '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Opens Korean Offices '' . The Wiire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Korea 's DS page '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Korea Press Release '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 04 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wii Launching Conference '' . Nintendo.co.kr . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo - Customer Service '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo DS / DS lite '' . What console . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Customer Service Nintendo DS Lite - Accessories . Nintendo . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nintendo DS Lite - Battery FAQ Nintendo - Consumer Service ^ Jump up to : Nintendo DSi / Nintendo DSi XL - Battery FAQ Nintendo - Consumer Service Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 06 - 25 . p. 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated financial highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2006 - 10 - 26 . p. 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 04 - 26 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 07 - 25 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 10 - 25 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2007 - 01 - 24 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 04 - 24 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 - 10 - 30 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2009 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2010 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2011 - 10 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2012 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2013 - 01 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo DS Lite . Official websites Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Australia ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( South Korea ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Canada ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( Europe ) Official Nintendo DS Lite website ( United States ) Nintendo DS family Hardware Console Nintendo DS Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DSi Sales Accessories Rumble Pak Wi - Fi USB Connector Colors and styles Flash cartridges Online Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection Nintendo Zone Nintendo Fan Network System software Nintendo DSi system software Flipnote Studio Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Games List Best - selling Touch ! Generations Wi - Fi Connection Game Boy Advance DSiWare North America PAL region Homebrew DSLink MAX Media Player R4 cartridge Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista Allwinner R16 List of products Video game consoles ( seventh generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Seventh generation Home EVO Smart Console Game Wave Family Entertainment System HyperScan PlayStation 3 Wii Xbox 360 Zeebo Handheld GP2X Wiz Caanoo Dingoo Gizmondo Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS DS Lite DSi Pandora PlayStation Portable Micro OnLive Dedicated Mi2 Vii ← Sixth generation Eighth generation → Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Handheld game consoles Bandai LCD Solarpower Design Master Senshi WonderSwan Game Park / Holdings GP32 GP2X XGP GP2X Wiz CAANOO Nintendo ( comparison ) Game Boy family Game Boy Color Game Boy Advance family Advance Advance SP Micro Virtual Boy Pokémon Pikachu Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS family Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Nokia N - Gage N - Gage QD Sega Game Gear Nomad SNK Neo Geo Pocket Neo Geo Pocket Color Neo Geo X Sony PlayStation Portable Xperia Play PlayStation Vita Tiger R - Zone Game.com Other handhelds 1970s Microvision 1980s Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Palmtex Portable Videogame System / Super Micro Nelsonic Industries Electronika Epoch Game Pocket Computer Atari Lynx 1990s TurboExpress Game Master Gamate Barcode Battler Watara Supervision Mega Duck 2000s Tapwave Zodiac GameKing GPANG service Didj Leapster Gizmondo Coleco Sonic Dingoo V. Smile Pocket 2010s JXD devices Pandora DragonBox Pyra Shield Portable Leapster Explorer GCW Zero GPD XD GPD Win GPD Win 2 Early units List Comparison Second screen Sixth generation Visual Memory Unit GameCube -- Game Boy Advance link cable Seventh generation Nintendo DS family Xbox SmartGlass PlayStation Portable Remote Play Eighth generation Nintendo 3DS line Wii U GamePad PlayStation Vita Xbox SmartGlass Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo_DS_Lite&oldid=860000891 '' Categories : Products introduced in 2006 Backward - compatible video game consoles Regionless game consoles 2000s toys 2010s toys IQue consoles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2009 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with dead external links from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 18 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is slot 2 for on nintendo ds lite	[ "\n\n\n\n\nNintendo DS\n\nNintendo DS Lite\n\nNintendo DSi\n\nNintendo DSi XL\n\n\nModel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunch price\n\n¥15,000US$149.99€149.99£99.99A$199.95\n\n¥16,800US$129.99€149.99£99.99A$199.95\n\n¥18,900US$169.99€169.99£149.99A$299.95\n\n¥20,000US$189.99€179.99£159.99A$299.95\n\n\nWeight\n\n275 grams (9.7 oz)\n\n218 grams (7.7 oz)\n\n214 grams (7.5 oz)\n\n314 grams (11.1 oz)\n\n\nDimensions\n\n148.7 mm (5.85 in) wide × 84.7 mm (3.33 in) deep × 28.9 mm (1.14 in) high\n\n133 mm (5.2 in) wide × 73.9 mm (2.91 in) deep × 21.87 mm (0.861 in) high\n\n137 mm (5.4 in) wide × 74.9 mm (2.95 in) deep × 18.9 mm (0.74 in) high\n\n161 mm (6.3 in) wide × 91.4 mm (3.60 in) deep × 21.2 mm (0.83 in) high\n\n\nDisplay\n\n3.0 in (76 mm)\n\n3.12 in (79 mm)\n\n3.25 in (83 mm)\n\n4.2 in (107 mm)\n\n\nBacklight On/Off toggle\n\n4 backlight brightness levels\n\n5 backlight brightness levels\n\n\nCamera\n\nNone\n\nFront and rear-facing 0.3 MP sensors\n\n\nWi-Fi\n\nIntegrated 802.11 (legacy mode) (only compatible with WEP or unencrypted networks)\n\nIntegrated 802.11b/g (may not be compatible with WPA/WPA2 in some cases)\n\n\nStylus\n\n75 mm (3.0 in) long × 4 mm (0.16 in) wide\n\n87.5 mm (3.44 in) long × 4.9 mm (0.19 in) wide\n\n92 mm (3.6 in) long × 4.9 mm (0.19 in) wide\n\n129.3 mm (5.09 in) long × 10 mm (0.39 in) wide\n\n\nGame Boy Advance slot\n\nSlot on the bottom labeled as SLOT-2\n\nNone\n\n\nStorage\n\nNone\n\nInternal 256 MB NAND flash memory\n\n\nExpandable via SD card slot\n\n\nBattery\n\n6 to 10 hours(850 mAh)\n\n15–19 hours on the lowest brightness setting5–8 hours on the brightest(1000 mAh)[28]\n\n9–14 hours on the lowest brightness setting3–4 hours on the brightest(840 mAh)[29]\n\n13–17 hours on the lowest brightness setting4–5 hours on the brightest(1050 mAh)[29]\n\n\nMemory\n\n4 MB SRAM\n\n16 MB PSRAM\n\n\nExpandable via Game Boy Advance slot\n\n\nProcessor\n\n67 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7\n\n133 MHz ARM9 and 33 MHz ARM7\n" ]	[ "Game Boy Advance" ]
-2204141805689840640	Harper's Island	Harper 's Island - Wikipedia Harper 's Island Jump to : navigation , search Harper 's Island Genre Mystery Drama Horror Created by Ari Schlossberg Starring Elaine Cassidy Christopher Gorham Katie Cassidy Cameron Richardson Adam Campbell C.J. Thomason Jim Beaver Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeffrey Jackson Bell Ari Schlossberg Jon Turteltaub Running time 42 - 45 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Paramount Network Television Junction Entertainment Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release April 9 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) -- July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) Harper 's Island is an American horror mystery limited series created by Ari Schlossberg for CBS . Schlossberg , Jeffrey Jackson Bell and Jon Turteltaub served as executive producers . The series follows a group of family and friends that travel to the titular locale for a destination wedding , only to learn that there is a killer among them . At the center of the mystery is Abby Mills ( played by Elaine Cassidy ) , whose mother was one of several people murdered by John Wakefield seven years prior . The series premiered on April 9 , 2009 , and was marketed as a thirteen - week limited event . The final two episodes aired on July 11 . By the end of its run , Harper 's Island averaged 9.36 million viewers , ranking # 50 in Nielsen ratings . The first three episodes aired on Thursdays , but was moved to Saturdays during the week of April 28 . Because of this , GlobalTV premiered the following episodes two days prior to the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 2.4 Minor 3 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Harper 's Globe 7 Home media 8 Streaming 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The show takes place on Harper 's Island , where John Wakefield went on a killing spree and murdered a number of people before supposedly being killed by the island sheriff , Charlie Mills . One of the victims was the sheriff 's wife . After her death , Sheriff Mills sends their daughter , Abby , to live with family in LA and she has n't returned since . After 7 years , Abby is finally returning to the island for her best friend Henry 's wedding but now the killing starts again and everyone is a suspect . The guests manage to unlock secrets of the island and of Wakefield as the series progresses . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Harper 's Island characters Main ( edit ) Elaine Cassidy as Abby Mills , the groom 's best friend Christopher Gorham as Henry Dunn , fiancé of Trish Wellington Katie Cassidy as Patricia ' Trish ' Wellington , the radiant bride - to - be Cameron Richardson as Chloe Carter , one of Trish 's bridesmaids Adam Campbell as Cal Vandeusen , Chloe 's boyfriend and a doctor C.J. Thomason as Jimmy Mance , The Old Flame , a local fisherman Jim Beaver as Sheriff Charlie Mills , the sheriff on Harper 's Island and Abby 's father Recurring ( edit ) Matt Barr as Christopher `` Sully '' Sullivan , Henry 's best man Gina Holden as Shea Allen , Trish 's big sister and Maid of Honor David Lewis as Richard Allen , Shea 's husband Cassandra Sawtell as Madison Allen , Shea and Richard 's daughter Claudette Mink as Katherine Wellington , Trish and Shea 's stepmother Dean Chekvala as J.D. Dunn , Henry 's brother Brandon Jay McLaren as Danny Brooks , a groomsman and Henry 's best friend from college Chris Gauthier as Malcolm Ross , a groomsman Sean Rogerson as Joel Booth , a groomsman Amber Borycki as Beth Barrington , a bridesmaid and Trish 's former college roommate Sarah Smyth as Lucy Daramour , a bridesmaid and one of Trish 's childhood friends Ben Cotton as Shane Pierce , a local fisherman who pretty much hates everyone Anna Mae Routledge as Kelly Seaver , Shane 's ex-girlfriend Ali Liebert as Nikki Bolton , Abby 's friend who manages The Cannery Beverly Elliott as Maggie Krell , the manager of The Candlewick Inn Callum Keith Rennie as John Wakefield , the perpetrator of the 2001 murders Guest stars ( edit ) Richard Burgi as Thomas Wellington , real estate mogul and Trish and Shea 's father Victor Webster as Hunter Jennings , Trish 's ex-college boyfriend Harry Hamlin as `` Uncle '' Marty Dunn , Henry and J.D. 's uncle and surrogate father Minor ( edit ) Dean Wray as Cole Harkin , the survivor of the 2001 murders and the sheriff 's former deputy Terrence Kelly as Reverend Fain , the priest of the church Aaron Pearl as Deputy Garrett , the sheriff 's other deputy and jail guard Nicholas Carella as Patrick Lillis , the sheriff 's deputy Sarah - Jane Redmond as Sarah Mills , mother of Abby and wife of the sheriff , one of the victims of the 2001 murders Michael Rogers as Darryl Riggens , a police officer from Seattle Julia Anderson as Tyra Coulter , a police officer from Seattle who is new to the force Jay Brazeau as Ike Campbell , a medical examiner Clint Carleton as Ben Wellington , Trish and Shea 's cousin and Thomas ' nephew Development ( edit ) In March 2008 , CBS ordered a 15 - minute pilot presentation of the project . In May 2008 , the show was retooled , with Jeffrey Bell coming on board as showrunner and Jon Turteltaub as an executive producer . Schlossberg remained on board as a co-executive producer along with Karim Zriek and Dan Shotz . Bell subsequently rewrote the first episode , which Jon Turteltaub would direct . During the retooling process , six of the pilot presentation 's fifteen original cast members were replaced , including Ryan Merriman ( Henry Dunn ) , Samantha Noble ( Trish Wellington ) , Bill Dow ( Sheriff Mills ) and Bill Pullman ( Uncle Marty ) . The roles of Thomas Wellington and Hunter Jennings were also recast . Actors who remained with the show from pilot - presentation to the aired television pilot include Elaine Cassidy , Cameron Richardson , Adam Campbell , C.J. Thomason , Matt Barr , Cassandra Sawtell , Brandon Jay McLaren , Chris Gauthier and Sean Rogerson . The series was shot on Bowen Island , an island municipality about two kilometers west of Vancouver , British Columbia , and at the University of British Columbia . The actors and actresses were not told about their characters ' deaths until the day that each script was given . The only two actors to know the length of their contracts were Richard Burgi , as his death was seen as a major turning point in the series , and Harry Hamlin , as his contract was for a single episode . Episodes ( edit ) This episode 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original airdate ( s ) U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Whap '' Jon Turteltaub Ari Schlossberg April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) 10.21 Characters gather on the ferry to Harper 's Island for the wedding of Henry Dunn and Trish Wellington . Trish 's cousin , Ben Wellington , is nowhere to be seen but they elect to cast off anyway . Unbeknownst to the party on board , Ben has been tied to the drive shaft of the boat with an oxygen tank and goes head first into the propeller when the engine starts . On the voyage to the Island Henry and his life - long best friend , Abby Mills , discuss her apprehension about returning . Her mother was one of the victims that one John Wakefield murdered seven years earlier . Also among the wedding guests is Henry 's Uncle Marty who is secretly travelling with a bag of $250,000 and a gun . The wedding party arrives at The Candlewick Inn , the venue for all of the festivities , and Abby reacquaints herself with her old surroundings . Hunter Jennings , Trish 's ex-boyfriend , arrives in secret on the Island per Mr. Wellington 's summons . They intend to break up Trish 's marriage to Henry . Uncle Marty confronts Mr. Wellington about this anti-wedding plan and his treatment of Henry . Later in the evening while out for a walk , Marty falls though a footbridge , gets stuck , and is cut in half by an unknown killer . Once the evening winds down , Abby returns to her room to find a newspaper article taped to her bathroom mirror about her mother 's murder at the hands of John Wakefield . Deaths : Ben Wellington and Marty Dunn `` Crackle '' Sanford Bookstaver Jeffrey Bell April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) 7.82 While out for a run in the woods Abby is startled by her ex-boyfriend , Jimmy , and another Harper 's Island local , Shane , who are out hunting deer . Upon returning to their truck , Jimmy and Shane discover a deer carcass on the hood with the word `` psycho '' written in blood on the windshield . Shane suspects Henry 's brother , J.D. , is the culprit and vows retaliation . At the same time , Trish meets with Hunter again and reaffirms her intention of marrying Henry . Meanwhile , the Reverend Fain is caught in a rope trap and decapitated in the woods by an unknown assassin . A festive scavenger hunt begins at the Candlewick and Abby catches up with Kelly , another local whose mother was murdered by John Wakefield . Kelly admits that she is still haunted by Wakefield , but Abby assures her that the Sheriff killed him . Later , they agree that Kelly should move to L.A. with Abby when the wedding reception is over . Looking forward to the move , Kelly has celebratory sex with J.D. Trish confides in Lucy that Hunter is on the island and that she does n't know what to do . In an effort to thwart Sully 's advances on Chloe , Cal ventures out alone in the woods to find them and he is caught in a rope trap . Sully comes upon Cal but declares he is unable to free him by himself . He tells Cal that he will be back with help but absentmindedly neglects to do so . Later that evening Chloe expresses her concern that Cal is still missing and Sully leads them to his whereabouts . They find him , still dangling upside down but very much alive . Trying to keep the peace between Shane and J.D. , Henry extends an invitation to Jimmy and Shane to attend the beach party that evening . However , the truce is short - lived when Henry arrives back at his room to discover a deer 's head in his bath - tub . Nikki arrives to Kelly 's house to pick her up for the beach party but finds her dead , hanging from the rafters . Shane arrives at the party and gets punched by Henry for the `` deer in the bathtub '' prank . During their altercation , Lucy 's lap dog ( Gigi ) manages to scamper off into the woods . Running after her , Lucy falls into a pit . Her screams for help are drowned out as the murderer sets her on fire . Deaths : Reverend Fain , Kelly Seaver , and Lucy Daramour `` Ka - Blam '' Steve Boyum Jill E. Blotevogel April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 7.02 Sheriff Mills informs Abby that Kelly committed suicide but she refuses to believe it . When Abby breaks the news of her death to J.D. , he does not react ; leaving Abby concerned and suspicious because she saw him with Kelly on the night that she died . When Shane hears the news of Kelly 's death , he immediately suspects J.D. and sets out for revenge . As J.D walks along a country road , Shane runs him down with his pick - up truck and abducts him . Meanwhile ; Henry discovers that Trish 's ex-boyfriend , Hunter Jennings , is staying at a nearby hotel . Forging Hunter 's signature , Henry sends Trish a note to meet him at a room in the Candlewick Inn . Trish approaches the door to the hotel room , but she hesitates and leaves . Inside the hotel room ; Henry smiles to himself at this sign that Trish has chosen him over Hunter . Knowing of the bad blood between Shane and J.D. , Abby goes to Shane 's house and finds J.D. held captive in his barn . Abby tries to persuade the crazed Shane that Kelly died , not by suicide , but was murdered at the hands of John Wakefield . Sheriff Mills comes upon them . He saves Abby and J.D , and arrests Shane . That evening at dinner , Trish and Henry present a loving , unified front to her father . At this sign that he has lost Trish to Henry , Hunter blackmails Mr. Wellington . He promises not to tell Trish that her father brought him to the island to break up the engagement if Mr. Wellington pays him $50,000 . Mr. Wellington agrees and Hunter leaves the Island with his money . As he sails away from Harper 's Island , Hunter is killed by a rigged shotgun on the boat . Death : Hunter Jennings `` Bang '' Guy Bee Lindsay Sturman April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) ( Canada ) May 2 , 2009 ( United States ) 4.61 Driving into town , Jimmy and Abby reminisce and begin to rekindle their relationship . Once in town , Abby visits the local newspaper , Harper 's Globe , to pick up a childhood picture of Trish and Henry as a wedding gift . While waiting , Abby is unsettled by the discovery of old editions featuring stories about the Wakefield murders . Robin Matthews tells her that someone was inquiring about them but the person never came to pick them up . The day of the bachelor / bachelorette parties arrives . While out fishing , Henry and his groomsmen come across Hunter 's boat . They discover his body and the bag of money with the gun . They deliberate whether or not to report it . Then Malcolm rashly sinks the boat instead , taking the money and gun , instigating the other bachelors to reluctantly follow suit . When they return to the Candlewick Inn , the men agree to conceal the $250,000 that they misappropriated and deal with it after the wedding . When two armed men in suits come by the bar at the Inn , the groomsmen decide to hide the money immediately . Booth heads out into the woods to bury the money and Malcolm follows him . Booth , accidentally shoots himself in the leg and bleeds to death despite Malcolm 's desperate attempts at care . At the bachelor party , the friends are relieved to discover the two suited men are merely security guards for the stripper . Malcolm arrives and lies about seeing Booth . Back in his hotel room , Malcolm hides the bag of money and mourns the loss of his friend . Trish 's afternoon tea is ruined when she discovers that her Mother 's china has been vandalized . At the bachelorette party , a tarot reader warns Abby that she must leave the Island . Freaked out with this encounter , Abby goes to Jimmy 's house and stays the night . Upset over the loss of her Mother 's china , a drunk Trish falls into the hotel swimming pool and becomes trapped when the pool cover closes . Trish loses consciousness and begins to drown ; but her brother - in - law , Richard , arrives and rescues her . Death : Joel Booth 5 `` Thwack '' Steve Gomer Tyler Bensinger May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) ( Canada ) May 9 , 2009 ( United States ) 4.60 It 's the day before the wedding . Trish stresses out over all that still needs to be done . Henry tells Trish to take the morning off and spend time with her father while he handles all the final preparations . Henry is overwhelmed with all the wedding details and finds a decaying animal carcass on the altar . Deducing that J.D. is responsible , Henry confronts him and tells him that he never wants to see him again . J.D. foreshadows that he has `` one more surprise '' for Henry . Meanwhile , Sheriff Mills and his deputy investigate the disappearance of Reverend Fain . At his home , they find unopened mail and unheard voice messages . Their search ends when they dredge up his dismembered body from water by fishing line . Concurrently , Abby visits her father 's house and discovers newspaper articles about John Wakefield . She looks them over and reasons that the Sheriff thinks Wakefield is still alive . On a bike ride in the woods , Trish and her father trip a swinging log booby trap that knocks them off their bikes . They start walking back towards the Candlewick Inn , toughing out their injuries . They come upon a figure in the woods and ask for help . In response , the figure sets a German Shepherd on them . They evade the dog and then kill it in a struggle , then escape and make their way back to the Candlewick Inn . The wedding rehearsal begins . At the altar , Henry stands with Trish and Mr. Wellington . Abby is asked to turn off the lights . As she does , a head spade inserted into the chandelier above Henry , Trish , and Thomas drops from the fixture and pierces Wellington 's skull . Death : Thomas Wellington 6 `` Sploosh '' James Whitmore , Jr . Robert Levine May 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 21 ) ( Canada ) May 23 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.85 The Sheriff commences his investigation into Mr. Wellington 's murder and soon deduces that someone wanted him , specifically , dead . Henry tells Abby about J.D. 's possible involvement in Wellington 's murder . J.D. denies having anything to do with the murder and restates the idea that John Wakefield is still alive . J.D leads Abby into the woods to reveal the body of Uncle Marty tied up in a tree . They find Henry and break the news of Uncle Marty 's murder and their belief that John Wakefield could be involved in it and other recent deaths . Abby takes Henry to her father 's attic to show the research on Wakefield . Together ; the three of them confront the Sheriff , who continues to reassure them that Wakefield is dead . J.D does not believe him and decides to dig up Wakefield 's grave , but the Sheriff locks him in the pantry . As the Sheriff questions the rest of the wedding party , Abby and Henry dig up Wakefield 's grave . They discover a skeleton in the coffin shortly after the Sheriff arrives to see . Back at the Inn , Madison lets J.D. out of the pantry . J.D runs through the woods and enters the cabin of the mysterious , scarred character . Sheriff Mills starts to suspect Richard Allen ( Shea 's husband and Madison 's father ) for the murders . The lawman asks Richard about his relationship with Thomas Wellington and his affair with Katherine Wellington . Richard admits that he hated Wellington and the affair was his way of humiliating his father - in - law . Afterward , knowing that he is the prime suspect in the murder , Richard calls his lawyer . While is on the phone , Richard gets harpooned through the chest . Death : Richard Allen 7 `` Thrack , Splat , Sizzle '' Scott Peters Jeffrey Bell May 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) ( Canada ) May 30 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.82 After Abby , J.D. , and Henry examine the clues in the sheriff 's attic , the guests begin to form a theory about the slayings . The atmosphere at the Candlewick Inn darkens when the Sheriff begins conducting searches of everyone 's rooms in the wake of Thomas Wellington 's death and finds uncle Marty phone in J.D. bag and clams him to be the killer and arrest him . In a series of flashbacks , it is shown what happened with the Wakefield murders 7 years earlier . Abby goes to her father 's house to collect some things when she is startled by the mysterious , scarred character who she recognize as Cole Harkin who tells her that her father can not be trusted and tells her to ask her father why Wakefield came to the island which she does and Sheriff Mills explain that Abby 's mother used to dated Wakefield until he got violent with her and she ran away to the island to get away from him that is how they had met , Wakefield track her to get her back but Sheriff Mills ordered his deputies to teach Wakefield a lesson they beat him up but Wakefield fought back leaving one of the deputies badly hurt rather charge Wakefield for assault he has him arrest for an attempted murder of a police officer , Wakefield was let out prison for good behaviour and came back for revenge . Consequently , Malcolm stresses over the possibility that police will find the bag of cash he 's concealing . He evades discovery until Sully and Danny come snooping . After both groomsmen inflict guilt over Booth 's death because of Malcolm 's desperation for cash , Malcolm goes to the basement of the Candlewick Inn to burn the money in the garbage incinerator . While watching some of the money burn , Malcolm is savagely decapitated by an unseen murderer . The killer throws Malcolm 's body parts in the flames . Later , after worrying for her father 's disappearance , Madison receives a mysterious missive . She goes to a meeting place in the Candlewick Inn , specified in the letter . The door of the room slams shut , as if to trap Madison inside . Death : Malcolm Ross 8 `` Gurgle '' Rick Bota Tyler Bensinger June 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) ( Canada ) June 6 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.56 The wedding party are preparing to leave Harper 's Island . At the police station Sheriff Charlie Mills questions J.D. Dunn about Cole Harkin , J.D. says that Cole is staying in a cabin in the woods , Sheriff Charlie Mills heads off to see Cole . Meanwhile Shea announces that Madison is missing and everybody comes to help . Back at police station J.D. and Shane Pierce fight in the cells where they are locked up , Deputy Garrett attempts to break up the fight when suddenly two gun shots ring out , the first kills Garrett and the second destroys the shortwave radio , J.D. manages to escape leaving Shane locked in the cells . While looking for Madison , the wedding party find Malcolm 's skull in the incinerator and Richard Allen 's dead body , Abby gets phone call from Madison saying if anyone leaves the island Madison will die . At that point in time the power on the whole island and cellphone reception stops working . In the woods , Sheriff Mills tries to find Cole Harkin but instead his leg is badly cut in a booby trap . Cole shows up and helps him to the cabin . At the Candlewick Inn , Maggie gives the Inn 's shotguns to everybody . Jimmy arrives to tell everyone the boat has left without them . Abby and Jimmy head over the police station to use the shortwave radio , but it is broken . Instead they find Shane in the cell and he tells them that Sheriff Mills went to the woods . In the cabin , Cole Harkin tells Sheriff Mills that he has found Wakefield 's journal and goes off to get help . Then an arrow flies out , pinning Cole to the cabin and killing him . He drops the journal and a lantern , starting a fire . Abby and Jimmy rescue Sheriff Mills and the journal from the fire . Henry and Danny manage to get the generator going and discover that half of the wedding party is missing . Sully , Beth , Cal and Chloe try to escape from the island even after they have been told that Madison will be killed if anyone leaves . Sheriff Mills tries to get Abby and Jimmy off the island but instead runs into the others as they try to find J.D. Abby finds J.D. with his stomach cut open , and before he dies he says the killings are all about Abby . Deaths : Deputy Garrett , Cole Harkin and J.D. Dunn 9 `` Seep '' Craig R. Baxley Nichelle Tramble Spellman June 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) ( Canada ) June 13 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.20 After reading John Wakefield 's journal , Abby finds out she could be his daughter . After over-hearing this information , Shane tells everyone still staying in the Candlewick Inn that he believes Abby is the murderer , causing the party to start turning on her and each other . This tension causes Abby to realize that she is in the center of the killings . After denying Abby a place inside the Inn , Shane is attacked by Henry , who is only stopped when the group pulls him off . Meanwhile , Cal and Chloe are attending to Sheriff Mills ' leg injury . Chloe gets turned on when Cal saves his life and they sleep together in a separate room . Cal wakes up to discover that the Sheriff is missing . Moments after the fight , Sully realizes that Beth is missing . He and Danny search for her and start following the trail of blood . This leads them to an underground tunnel system . Danny finds Beth 's body in one of the tunnels as Abby gets trapped in a separate tunnel while also attempting to locate Beth . After finding her safe in a room , Abby and Madison attempt to find their way out of the tunnels , only to be found by Trish and Shea who were driving to see the psychic . Meanwhile , Shane discovers someone has killed Katherine by stabbing garden shears through the back of the couch on which she had been sitting . Deaths : Beth Barrington and Katherine Wellington 10 `` Snap '' Steve Boyum Christine Roum June 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) ( Canada ) June 20 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.79 Madison leads the group to believe that the Sheriff is the man who kidnapped her , causing them to suspect that he is in fact the murderer . The group decides to leave the island on Jimmy 's boat , but after seeing the dead cops , Shane calls for everyone to get off the dock . Moments later , the dock explodes , along with all the boats . The group takes refuge at The Cannery , where Nikki shows up in fear . Later , Maggie decides to leave and appears to have gone home , but she is later hung from the Cannery sign in front of the group . After creating a small diversion , Cal and Sully are able to take Nikki 's car to get to Cal 's sailboat , but not without consequences . Hours later , the Sheriff 's truck deliver the gang an unconscious Jimmy . This prompts Abby to go back to the Candlewick Inn , where she finds her father . She blames him for the murders , but he tells her it has been Wakefield all this time . After a few revealing secrets and twists , Abby witnesses her father die at the hands of Wakefield , who confronts her . Deaths : Officer Daryl Riggens , Officer Tyra Coulter , Maggie Krell and Sheriff Charlie Mills 11 `` Splash '' Rick Bota Dan Shotz June 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) ( Canada ) June 27 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.53 It is revealed that Wakefield has been `` friends '' with Madison since the day everyone arrives on the island . While at The Cannery , Madison informs everyone `` Mommy , he 's here ! '' Nikki grabs for a gun , but is too slow and Wakefield kills her . Shane distracts Wakefield while the girls can run to safety . Danny , Abby , and Henry make their way back to The Cannery to find a dead Shane and Nikki and the girls missing . Trish , Shea , Chloe , and Madison end up at Sheriff Mills house , hiding in the attic . After hearing bells from the church , the girls and the group at The Cannery make their way over , each thinking someone from the other group was ringing it . They meet up and realize that Jimmy is missing and Deputy Lillis is dead . Moments later , Sully and Cal enter the church , while Wakefield sneaks in and grabs Chloe . Moments later , Jimmy enters the church after hearing the bells . The group decides to split up to block off the exits to the underground tunnels Wakefield is using to get around the island . Danny and Sully encounter Wakefield and decide to enter the tunnels to help their friends . In the woods , Cal finds and rescues Chloe while Abby and Henry are chasing Wakefield . Moments after rescuing Chloe , Cal proposes to her . Wakefield shows up and kills Cal , then throws him off the bridge . Chloe tells Wakefield `` You ca n't have me , '' and jumps to her death . It is revealed that the Sheriff thought Wakefield had an accomplice , and Shea thinks it is Jimmy . Deaths : Nikki Bolton , Shane Pierce , Deputy Patrick Lillis , Cal Vandeusen and Chloe Carter 12 `` Gasp '' Seith Mann Christine Roum & Robert Levine July 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) ( Canada ) July 11 , 2009 ( United States ) 3.63 After witnessing the death of Chloe , Henry and Abby are off to find Wakefield . Danny acts as bait to lure Wakefield out , but when it comes to killing him , Abby ca n't do it . Instead , she knocks him out and they carry him to the Police Station where they lock him up . Henry goes to find Trish and Jimmy , but they have left the car . While at the station , Shea tells the group that Sheriff Mills suspected Jimmy of being a Wakefield copycat , causing the group to analyze Jimmy 's behavior and brushes with death . Jimmy comes to the station , seemingly upset that Trish has fallen off a cliff and is stuck . Wakefield reveals to Abby that she is in fact the reason behind the killings , and that he really loved her mother . He reveals that Abby 's mother gave Wakefield 's son up for adoption , but Wakefield found him . Meanwhile Jimmy , Henry , Abby , and Sully go off to rescue Trish , who they find unharmed . Trish found a radio , and with the help of Sully and Jimmy , was able to contact the coast guard who state they are sending help . Back at the station , Shea , Madison , and Danny are playing games when Wakefield escapes from his cell and kills Danny , who stayed behind to allow Shea and Madison to escape . While wandering through the woods , Jimmy and Abby come upon Madison and Shae . They send Madison and Shea to safety and go find Trish and Henry . They arrive at the Inn to find that Wakefield has already been there and Trish and Henry are missing . Trish , who is on the run from Wakefield , stumbles upon Henry . Her happiness turns to horror when Henry reveals that he is Wakefield 's accomplice . After a struggle , Henry kills his fiance . We also discover that Henry is Wakefield 's biological son . Deaths : Danny Brooks and Trish Wellington 13 `` Sigh '' Sanford Bookstaver Jeffrey Bell July 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) ( Canada ) July 11 , 2009 ( United States ) 4.05 Starting with a flashback , we see Henry and Abby are best friends . His parents come to pick him up , and through glances , it is obvious that Abby 's mother and Henry 's adoptive mother know what happened . Henry and Abby share a secret before he goes back home to Tacoma . Wakefield and Henry are discussing their overall plan when they hear Abby and they leave Trish 's body in the woods . Shea and Madison make it to the boat house where Sully learns Wakefield has escaped . Abby and Jimmy find Trish 's body , and decide to leave her there to find Henry . Meanwhile , Sully sends Shea and Madison off towards Seattle on a small boat , while Henry takes Sully into the woods to `` find Trish . '' There , Henry tells Sully everything , but he does n't believe him at first . Eventually he tries to shoot Henry , but Henry removed the bullets at the boathouse . Henry and his father kill Sully while Henry tells him `` you never should have dogged Trish , '' leading the audience to believe that Henry cared for Trish . Abby and Jimmy then come across Henry , who is alone . He does n't seem to believe them when they tell him Trish is dead . Instead , he runs to the church where Trish 's body is . There Abby , Jimmy , and Henry are found by Wakefield . Wakefield attacks Jimmy , who yells for Abby to run . When she leaves the church , Wakefield yells at Henry that Abby is escaping . Jimmy connects the dots , and fights off Wakefield while Henry runs to find Abby . Henry catches up to Abby and instead of killing her , kills Wakefield , who is surprised . Abby pieces everything together and tries to run from Henry , but she is knocked unconscious . The scene shifts to Shea and Madison who are informed that they are the only survivors , other than a handful of locals . The scene shifts yet again to Abby , who wakes in a house . Downstairs , she finds Henry . He explains that they were meant to be together , and that no one knows they are half - siblings , which makes everything okay . Attempting to escape , she finds Jimmy who is tied up . Henry has him sign a full confession in exchange for keeping Abby safe . Henry gets jealous when Abby admits she loves Jimmy and he slaps her . While on the floor , Abby stabs Henry in the foot . Having slipped Jimmy tools to help him unlock himself , Abby leads Henry on a chase , where she tells him that she does n't want or love him . Distraught , he does n't notice Jimmy coming up on him , and together , Henry and Jimmy go off a cliff . While checking on Jimmy , Henry walks up behind Abby and she stabs him . His last words to her are `` Abby , I love you . '' Abby and Jimmy make it off the island safely . Deaths : Christopher `` Sully '' Sullivan , John Wakefield and Henry Dunn Survivors : Abby Mills , Jimmy Mance , Shea and Madison Allen Ratings ( edit ) Despite falling ratings , CBS aired all Harper 's Island episodes , although the show was moved from its original night and time to Saturdays . At the end of the 2008 - 2009 television season the show ranged at # 50 being viewed in approximately 9,360,000 homes in North America . In Australia , Harper 's Island ratings were extremely underwhelming , being beaten by competing shows on other networks . Throughout its run , the series alternated times slots . In Canada , the show continued to air Thursday nights on GlobalTV . In Denmark , Harper 's Island was moved after episode 5 from Thursdays at 10 : 50 pm to around midnight . In Ireland the show stayed on its original Monday night airing at 10 : 00 pm . In the United Kingdom , the show 's ratings started off under average but as the series progressed it became the BBC Three channel 's number one show on Sundays , and therefore maintained the 9 : 00 pm slot . In Finland , the program was aired at 9 : 00 pm during the whole season . The series has been aired multiple times on Malaysia 's RTM channel tv2 , every Wednesday and Thursday nights airing at midnight . No . Episode Air date Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Whap '' April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) 6.5 11 2.6 / 8 10.21 `` Crackle '' 5.1 9 2.2 / 6 7.82 `` Ka - Blam '' April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 4.7 9 1.9 / 5 7.02 `` Bang '' May 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 02 ) 3.1 6 1.0 / 3 4.61 5 `` Thwack '' May 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 09 ) 3.1 6 1.1 / 3 4.60 6 `` Sploosh '' May 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) 2.5 5 1.0 / 4 3.85 7 `` Thrack , Splat , Sizzle '' May 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 30 ) 2.4 5 0.9 / 3 3.62 8 `` Gurgle '' June 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 06 ) 2.4 5 0.9 / 3 3.56 9 `` Seep '' June 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 13 ) 2.0 0.8 / 3 3.20 10 `` Snap '' June 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 20 ) 2.4 5 0.9 / 4 3.79 11 `` Splash '' June 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 27 ) 2.4 5 0.8 / 3 3.53 12 `` Gasp '' July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) 2.4 5 0.8 / 3 3.63 13 `` Sigh '' 2.6 5 1.0 / 3 4.05 Harper 's Globe ( edit ) Harper 's Globe is a social web series , designed to complement Harper 's Island . The series is created by EQAL ( creators of lonelygirl15 , KateModern , LG15 : The Resistance ) and CBS Interactive . The show premiered its weekly episodes on March 18 , 2009 , and ran for a total of sixteen weeks . It stars Melanie Merkosky , who played the character Jennie in lonelygirl15 . Creator Miles Beckett says of the series , `` The story of Harper 's Globe is about a girl named Robin , with a very mysterious past , who 's gone to Harper 's Island to work for the newspaper , Harper 's Globe , and to digitize articles from the newspaper and to create a community online for the Harper 's Globe newspaper and the citizens of Harper 's Island . And then she gets pulled into the story as it begins to unfold on the island . '' The character Ben , who was the first character to die in Harper 's Island , was first seen in a Harper 's Globe episode . The series also features appearances by Harper 's Island characters Sheriff Mills , Nikki Bolton , Maggie Krell and John Wakefield . Home media ( edit ) On September 8 , 2009 , CBS Home Entertainment ( distributed by Paramount ) released Harper 's Island : The DVD Edition , a complete series box set on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . Although the show was shot in HD , no Blu - ray Disc version of the show has been announced . The DVD set was released on February 8 , 2010 , for Region 2 , and was released on March 4 , 2010 , for Region 4 . Streaming ( edit ) The entire series was available on Netflix between summer 2014 and July 1 , 2015 , when it was removed from the service after the Netflix license had expired . The show became available on Amazon Video , free for Amazon Prime members , otherwise available for purchase . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Armstrong , `` Who 's Who on Harper 's Island , '' Entertainment Weekly ( Mar 27 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Ava Gacser , `` JERSEYANS ARE EVERYWHERE , '' Asbury Park Press ( April 3 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Maria Gonzalez , `` Harper 's Island : Killing 's Such a `` Snap '' , '' BuddyTV ( June 20 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Maria Gonzalez , `` Harper 's Island : Meet `` Thrack , Splack , Sizzle '' , '' BuddyTV ( May 30 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Maria Gonzalez , `` Harper 's Island : The Mysteries `` Seep '' Through , '' BuddyTV ( June 13 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jarrett McCall , `` Fashion divas and murder mysteries , '' Sidelines ( 6 / 3 / 09 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jeffrey Bell is Harper 's showrunner '' , Hollywood Reporter Jump up ^ `` CBS Begins Overhauling Harper 's Island - Elaine Cassidy may be the only actor kept from the original pilot '' , Zap2it Jump up ^ Zreik , Karim ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Notes of an Assassin , Harper 's Island TV Show , Karim Zreik Blog TWoP - Preview to a Kill '' . Televisionwithoutpity.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Zreik , Karim ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) . `` So , at the start of production back in August , we signed Richard Burgi to a five - episode deal . Richard knew that his time would be up in week 5 ( the only actor on the show to have that sort of information ) , so it came as no surprise when I approached him to deliver the news . '' . Televisionwithoutpity.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hilary Rothing , `` Harper 's Island - Harry Hamlin Interview , '' UGO Entertainment ( April 10 , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Zreik , Karim ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Karim Zreik 's Twitter '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Gasp & Sigh ( in response to question as to the names of episodes 12 & 13 ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - April 4 , 2009 '' . TVTango. April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - April 23 , 2009 '' . TVTango. April 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - May 2 , 2009 '' . TVTango . May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings = May 9 , 2009 '' . TVTango . May 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - May 23 , 2009 '' . TVTango . May 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - May 30 , 2009 '' . TVTango . May 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - June 6 , 2009 '' . TVTango . June 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - June 13 , 2009 '' . TVTango . June 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - June 20 , 2009 '' . TVTango . June 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - June 27 , 2009 '' . TVTango . June 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings - July 11 , 2009 '' . TVTango . July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Web series Harper 's Globe will intertwine with CBS ' Island '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mystery of CBS ' ' Island ' will deepen online '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Wondercon 2009 : Exclusive -- We Talk ' Harper 's Globe ' with Creator Miles Beckett '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Escape From Harper 's Island ( Web production ) . EQAL & CBS . 2009 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harper 's Island : The DVD Edition : Elaine Cassidy , Christopher Gorham , Katie Cassidy , Cameron Richardson , Adam Campbell , Richard Burgi , Jim Beaver , Victor Webster , Jay Brazeau , Dean Chekvala , Matt Barr , Gina Holden , Craig R. Baxley , Guy Norman Bee , James Whitmore Jr. , Jon Turteltaub , Rick Bota , Sanford Bookstaver , Scott Peters , Seith Mann : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Harper 's Island - Complete Season ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Elaine Cassidy , Christopher Gorham , Matt Barr , Gina Holden : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Harper 's Island - The DVD Edition ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 2010 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Roulette : ' Harper 's Island ' A Fun Take on Agatha Christie ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harper 's Island on Amazon Video '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Harper 's Island on IMDb Harper 's Island at TV.com Harper 's Island at Rotten Tomatoes Harper 's Island at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harper%27s_Island&oldid=801957339 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2009 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings American drama television series 2000s American television miniseries CBS network shows English - language television programs Serial drama television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series Television shows set in Washington ( state ) Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Vancouver Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	will there be a harper's island season 2	[]	[]
-3202244000366040087	List of French Open men's singles champions	List of French Open men 's singles champions - wikipedia List of French Open men 's singles champions French Open Men 's Singles Champions Location Paris France Venue Stade Roland Garros Governing body Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) Created 1891 ( established ) 1925 ( international ) Editions Tournaments Staged : ( 121 editions ) Open Era : 1968 ( 50 editions ) Surface Alternate between sand and clay ( 1891 -- 1907 ) Clay ( red ) ( 1908 -- present ) Trophy Coupe des Mousquetaires Website www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history/winners.html Most titles 11 : Rafael Nadal Current champion Rafael Nadal ( Eleventh title ) The French Open is an annual tennis tournament held over two weeks in May and June . Established in 1891 and played since 1928 on outdoor red clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , the French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments played each year , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Organised by the Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) , the French Open is the second of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the year to be played . The winner of the men 's singles event receives the Coupe des Mousquetaires , named after The Four Musketeers of French tennis : Jean Borotra , Jacques Brugnon , Henri Cochet , and René Lacoste . The event was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of the First World War and was held unofficially under German occupation from 1941 to 1944 , during the Second World War . Rafael Nadal has won the most French Open titles , with eleven , and also holds the record for the most consecutive wins in the Open Era , with five from 2010 to 2014 . Max Decugis won the most titles before the Open era , with eight . Michael Chang became the youngest player to win the French Open when he took the title in 1989 at 17 years , 3 months and 20 days . In contrast , André Vacherot is the oldest champion , having won in 1901 at 40 years old . In the Open era , this record belongs to Andrés Gimeno , who was 34 years and 9 months old when he won in 1972 . French players have won the most French Open men 's singles titles , with 38 victories , followed by Spanish ( 18 ) and Australian players ( 11 ) . The current champion is Rafael Nadal who beat Dominic Thiem in the 2018 final to win his eleventh French Open title . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 French Championships 2.2 French Open 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Champions by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Footnotes 7 References History ( edit ) Rafael Nadal , who has won an all - time record eleven French Open titles . Nadal won four consecutive titles from 2005 - 2008 and an open era record of five consecutive titles from 2010 - 2014 . The French Open was established in 1891 and was originally known as the French Championships . The tournament was only open to French players or foreign players who were a member of a French club during the first 34 years of its existence . The first winner of the Championship was the British player H. Briggs , a member of Club Stade Français which entitled him to compete . Records show matches were played as the best - of - three sets format until 1902 or 1903 , when best - of - five sets was adopted . French players were dominant in the early stages of the tournament , in particular Max Decugis , who won eight titles before the outbreak of the First World War . Between 1924 and 1932 the title was won by a member of The Four Musketeers . The championship started to attract the best players after it became an international event in 1925 , which was won by René Lacoste . France 's victory in the 1927 Davis Cup increased interest in the tournament and required a new stadium to be built . Previously the tournament had alternated between Racing Club and La Faisanderie , before the Stade Roland Garros was built in 1928 . Henri Cochet won the first tournament at the new venue . Jack Crawford 's victory in 1933 was the first time a foreign player had won the tournament since 1891 . Following his victory , no French players won the title up until 1940 , when the tournament was suspended following the outbreak of the Second World War . Don Budge 's victory in 1938 was notable , as he won all of the Grand Slam tournaments during the year . Though the event was suspended in 1940 , it was held unofficially under the guise of the Tournoi de France . Bernard Destremau won the first two events , while Yvon Petra won three from 1942 to 1945 . These results are not recognised by the FFT or other major international organisations and are considered unofficial . Marcel Bernard won the first event after the end of the war in 1946 ; he was the only Frenchman to win the event before the advent of the Open era in 1968 . No one player dominated the event during this period . Only five players , Frank Parker , Jaroslav Drobný , Tony Trabert , Nicola Pietrangeli and Roy Emerson , won multiple titles . The tournament became an Open in 1968 , as professional players were allowed to compete with amateurs , previously only amateurs could compete in the Grand Slam tournaments . The tournament , won by Australian Ken Rosewall , was the first Grand Slam tournament to be played in the Open era . Swede Björn Borg won the majority of the tournaments in the early years of the Open era . He won consecutive titles in 1974 and 1975 , before winning four successive titles from 1978 to 1981 . Yannick Noah became the first Frenchman to win the event since 1946 , when he won in 1983 . Ivan Lendl won his first title in 1984 , before losing the following year to Wilander in the final and won two consecutive titles in 1986 and 1987 . Michael Chang became the youngest man to win the French Open when he beat Stefan Edberg in 1989 . American Jim Courier won consecutive titles in 1991 and 1992 before Spaniard Sergi Bruguera repeated the feat in 1993 and 1994 . Gustavo Kuerten won three titles in 1997 , 2000 and 2001 . 2005 marked Rafael Nadal 's first French Open ; he won four consecutive titles from 2005 to 2008 . Nadal was beaten in the round of 16 of the 2009 tournament by Robin Söderling who lost to Roger Federer in the final . Nadal regained the title in 2010 and defended his crowns in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . In the 2015 event , he was knocked out in the quarter - finals by Novak Djokovic , who eventually lost in the final to Stan Wawrinka . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition Not considered to be a Grand Slam event . A French club members only tournament called the French Championships † Disputed champions : Not considered to be a Grand Slam event . Not sanctioned or recognised by the FFT † † See Tournoi de France French Championships ( edit ) Henri Cochet took five titles in Paris . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1891 BRI Briggs , H. H. Briggs † FRA Baigneres , P. P. Baigneres 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1892 FRA Schopfer , Jean Jean Schopfer † USA Fassitt , Francis L. Francis L. Fassitt 6 -- 2 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1893 FRA Riboulet , Laurent Laurent Riboulet † FRA Schopfer , Jean Jean Schopfer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1894 FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot † FRA Brosselin , Gérard Gérard Brosselin 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1895 FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot † FRA Riboulet , Laurent Laurent Riboulet 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1896 FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot † FRA Brosselin , Gérard Gérard Brosselin 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1897 FRA Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé † BRI Wardan , Francky Francky Wardan 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1898 FRA Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé † FRA Lebreton , Paul Paul Lebreton 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1899 FRA Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé † FRA Lebreton , Paul Paul Lebreton 9 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1900 FRA Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé † FRA Prévost , André André Prévost 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1901 FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot † FRA Lebreton , Paul Paul Lebreton -- 1902 FRA Vacherot , Michel Michel Vacherot † FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1903 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1904 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot 6 -- 1 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 1905 FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot † FRA Vacherot , André André Vacherot -- 1906 FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot † FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1907 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Wallet , Robert Robert Wallet -- 1908 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1909 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1910 FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot † FRA Blanchy , François François Blanchy 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1911 FRA Gobert , André André Gobert † FRA Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1912 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Gobert , André André Gobert -- 1913 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Gault , Georges Georges Gault -- 1914 FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis † FRA Samazeuilh , Jean Jean Samazeuilh 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 FRA Gobert , André André Gobert † FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1921 FRA Samazeuilh , Jean Jean Samazeuilh † FRA Gobert , André André Gobert 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1922 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet † FRA Samazeuilh , Jean Jean Samazeuilh 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1923 FRA Blanchy , François François Blanchy † FRA Decugis , Max Max Decugis 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1924 FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra † FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 0 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1925 FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1926 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1927 FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste USA Tilden , William William Tilden 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 1928 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1929 FRA Lacoste , René René Lacoste FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1930 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet USA Tilden , William William Tilden 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1931 FRA Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra FRA Boussus , Christian Christian Boussus 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1932 FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet ITA Stefani , Giorgio de Giorgio de Stefani 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1933 AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1934 GER Cramm , Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm AUS Crawford , Jack Jack Crawford 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1935 GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry GER Cramm , Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1936 GER Cramm , Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm GBR Perry , Fred Fred Perry 6 -- 0 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1937 GER Henkel , Henner Henner Henkel GBR Austin , Bunny Bunny Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1938 USA Budge , Donald Donald Budge TCH Menzel , Roderich Roderich Menzel 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1939 USA McNeill , Donald Donald McNeill USA Riggs , Bobby Bobby Riggs 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 FRA Destremau , Bernard Bernard Destremau † † FRA Ramillon , Robert Robert Ramillon 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1942 FRA Destremau , Bernard Bernard Destremau † † FRA Bernard , Marcel Marcel Bernard -- 1943 FRA Petra , Yvon Yvon Petra † † FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet -- 1944 FRA Petra , Yvon Yvon Petra † † FRA Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet -- 1945 FRA Petra , Yvon Yvon Petra † † FRA Destremau , Bernard Bernard Destremau 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1946 FRA Bernard , Marcel Marcel Bernard TCH Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1947 HUN Asbóth , József József Asbóth RSA Sturgess , Eric Eric Sturgess 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1948 USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker TCH Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 5 -- 7 , 8 -- 6 1949 USA Parker , Frank Frank Parker USA Patty , Budge Budge Patty 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1950 USA Patty , Budge Budge Patty EGY Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1951 EGY Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný RSA Sturgess , Eric Eric Sturgess 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1952 EGY Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný AUS Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1953 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall USA Seixas , Vic Vic Seixas 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1954 USA Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert USA Larsen , Arthur Arthur Larsen 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1955 USA Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert SWE Davidson , Sven Sven Davidson 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1956 AUS Hoad , Lew Lew Hoad SWE Davidson , Sven Sven Davidson 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1957 SWE Davidson , Sven Sven Davidson USA Flam , Herbert Herbert Flam 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1958 AUS Rose , Mervyn Mervyn Rose CHI Ayala , Luis Luis Ayala 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1959 ITA Pietrangeli , Nicola Nicola Pietrangeli RSA Vermaak , Ian Ian Vermaak 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1960 ITA Pietrangeli , Nicola Nicola Pietrangeli CHI Ayala , Luis Luis Ayala 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1961 ESP Santana , Manuel Manuel Santana ITA Pietrangeli , Nicola Nicola Pietrangeli 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 1962 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 1963 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson FRA Darmon , Pierre Pierre Darmon 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1964 ESP Santana , Manuel Manuel Santana ITA Pietrangeli , Nicola Nicola Pietrangeli 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1965 AUS Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle AUS Roche , Tony Tony Roche 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1966 AUS Roche , Tony Tony Roche HUN Gulyás , István István Gulyás 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1967 AUS Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Roche , Tony Tony Roche 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 French Open ( edit ) Björn Borg won six titles and won four straight from 1978 to 1981 . Rafael Nadal took four straight titles from 2005 to 2008 , another five straight titles from 2010 to 2014 , and another two in 2017 and 2018 , making it eleven titles in all . Nadal has a 86 -- 2 win - loss record at the event . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1969 AUS Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1970 TCH Kodeš , Jan Jan Kodeš YUG Franulović , Željko Željko Franulović 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1971 TCH Kodeš , Jan Jan Kodeš ROU Nastase Ilie Năstase 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1972 ESP Gimeno , Andrés Andrés Gimeno FRA Proisy , Patrick Patrick Proisy 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1973 ROU Nastase Ilie Năstase YUG Pilić , Nikola Nikola Pilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg ESP Orantes , Manuel Manuel Orantes 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1976 ITA Panatta , Adriano Adriano Panatta USA Solomon , Harold Harold Solomon 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1977 ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas USA Gottfried , Brian Brian Gottfried 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1978 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 1979 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg PAR Pecci , Víctor Víctor Pecci 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 1980 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg USA Gerulaitis , Vitas Vitas Gerulaitis 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1981 SWE Borg , Björn Björn Borg TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1982 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander ARG Vilas , Guillermo Guillermo Vilas 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 FRA Noah , Yannick Yannick Noah SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 1984 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl USA McEnroe , John John McEnroe 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 5 1985 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1986 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl SWE Pernfors , Mikael Mikael Pernfors 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 TCH Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 1988 SWE Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander FRA Leconte , Henri Henri Leconte 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1989 USA Chang , Michael Michael Chang SWE Edberg , Stefan Stefan Edberg 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1990 ECU Gómez , Andrés Andrés Gómez USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1991 USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1992 USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier TCH Korda , Petr Petr Korda 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1993 ESP Bruguera , Sergi Sergi Bruguera USA Courier , Jim Jim Courier 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1994 ESP Bruguera , Sergi Sergi Bruguera ESP Berasategui , Alberto Alberto Berasategui 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1995 AUT Muster , Thomas Thomas Muster USA Chang , Michael Michael Chang 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 RUS Kafelnikov , Yevgeny Yevgeny Kafelnikov GER Stich , Michael Michael Stich 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 1997 BRA Kuerten , Gustavo Gustavo Kuerten ESP Bruguera , Sergi Sergi Bruguera 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1998 ESP Moyà , Carlos Carlos Moyà ESP Corretja , Àlex Àlex Corretja 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1999 USA Agassi , Andre Andre Agassi UKR Medvedev , Andrei Andrei Medvedev 1 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2000 BRA Kuerten , Gustavo Gustavo Kuerten SWE Norman , Magnus Magnus Norman 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2001 BRA Kuerten , Gustavo Gustavo Kuerten ESP Corretja , Àlex Àlex Corretja 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 2002 ESP Costa , Albert Albert Costa ESP Ferrero , Juan Carlos Juan Carlos Ferrero 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2003 ESP Ferrero , Juan Carlos Juan Carlos Ferrero NED Verkerk , Martin Martin Verkerk 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 ARG Gaudio , Gastón Gastón Gaudio ARG Coria , Guillermo Guillermo Coria 0 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 2005 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal ARG Puerta , Mariano Mariano Puerta 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 2006 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2007 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2008 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2009 SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer SWE Söderling , Robin Robin Söderling 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SWE Soderling Robin Söderling 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2011 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Federer , Roger Roger Federer 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 2012 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 2013 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal ESP Ferrer , David David Ferrer 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2014 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2015 SUI Wawrinka , Stan Stan Wawrinka SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2016 SRB Djokovic , Novak Novak Djokovic GBR Murray , Andy Andy Murray 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2017 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal SUI Wawrinka , Stan Stan Wawrinka 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 2018 ESP Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal AUT Thiem , Dominic Dominic Thiem 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Competitions prior to 1925 opened only to French tennis club members and French nationals Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Nadal , Rafael Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 0 11 11 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 Decugis , Max Max Decugis ( FRA ) 8 0 8 1903 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1912 , 1913 , 1914 Borg , Björn Björn Borg ( SWE ) 0 6 6 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet ( FRA ) 5 0 5 1922 , 1926 , 1928 , 1930 , 1932 Vacherot , André André Vacherot ( FRA ) 0 1894 , 1895 , 1896 , 1901 Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé ( FRA ) 0 1897 , 1898 , 1899 , 1900 Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot ( FRA ) 0 1905 , 1906 , 1910 Lacoste , René René Lacoste ( FRA ) 0 1925 , 1927 , 1929 Wilander , Mats Mats Wilander ( SWE ) 0 1982 , 1985 , 1988 Lendl , Ivan Ivan Lendl ( TCH ) 0 1984 , 1986 , 1987 Kuerten , Gustavo Gustavo Kuerten ( BRA ) 0 1997 , 2000 , 2001 Gobert , André André Gobert ( FRA ) 0 1911 , 1920 Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra ( FRA ) 0 1924 , 1931 Cramm , Gottfried von Gottfried von Cramm ( GER ) 0 1934 , 1936 Parker , Frank Frank Parker ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 Drobný , Jaroslav Jaroslav Drobný ( EGY ) 0 1951 , 1952 Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) 1953 , 1968 Trabert , Tony Tony Trabert ( USA ) 0 1954 , 1955 Pietrangeli , Nicola Nicola Pietrangeli ( ITA ) 0 1959 , 1960 Santana , Manuel Manuel Santana ( ESP ) 0 1961 , 1964 Laver , Rod Rod Laver ( AUS ) 1962 , 1969 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson ( AUS ) 0 1963 , 1967 Kodeš , Jan Jan Kodeš ( TCH ) 0 1970 , 1971 Courier , Jim Jim Courier ( USA ) 0 1991 , 1992 Bruguera , Sergi Sergi Bruguera ( ESP ) 0 1993 , 1994 Champions by country ( edit ) Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title France ( FRA ) 37 ( 9 ) * 38 ( 10 ) * 1892 Spain ( ESP ) 17 19 1961 2018 Australia ( AUS ) 9 11 1933 1969 United States ( USA ) 7 11 1938 1999 Sweden ( SWE ) 9 10 1957 1988 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 5 5 1970 Germany ( GER ) 0 1934 1937 Italy ( ITA ) 1959 1976 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1997 2001 Great Britain ( GBR ) 2 ( 1 ) * * 0 2 ( 1 ) * * 1891 1935 Egypt ( EGY ) 0 1951 1952 Argentina ( ARG ) 0 1977 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 2009 2015 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 1947 1947 Romania ( ROU ) 0 1973 1973 Ecuador ( ECU ) 0 1990 1990 Austria ( AUT ) 0 1995 1995 Russia ( RUS ) 0 Serbia ( SRB ) 0 2016 2016 * 28 victories came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members . * * 1 victory came while the tournament was still called the French Championships and was open only to French club members . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal French Open other competitions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of French Open men 's doubles champions List of French Open women 's doubles champions List of French Open mixed doubles champions Grand Slam men 's singles List of Australian Open men 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of US Open men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions French Pro Championship Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1909 the tournament was held at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux . Jump up ^ The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1919 because of World War I . Each year is linked to an article about that particular event 's draw with the exception of the pre-1925 years and 1951 . The dash means that the result or score is unknown because there are no available sources for this information Pre-1914 . The tournament was not officially held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The champions listed are disputed , but are listed by a few sources , which means they are not included in the statistics charts because the tournament does not consider them champions . They are listed here as a historical note . Set score in parentheses indicates a tiebreaker score . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) , does not include the totals of Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . One win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , plus one win by a player from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . Footnotes ( edit ) General `` Past Winners '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . `` French Open Men 's champions '' . SuperSport . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Specific Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Tournament '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Slam Overview '' . International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Chris ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` The New Musketeers '' . Davis Cup . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fetter , Henry D. ( 6 June 2011 ) . `` The French Open During World War II : A Hidden History '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` A Century Ago , a French Title Collection to Rival Rafael Nadal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` Rafael Nadal the youngest French Open winner ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French Open History '' . Tennis . Tennis Media Company . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillmeister 1998 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roland Garros past single winners '' . CNN . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Gabrielle ( 23 May 2002 ) . `` French Open History '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Henri Cochet is dead ; French Tennis Leader '' . The New York Times . 3 April 1987 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Michael ( 28 January 2000 ) . `` Donald Budge '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Bonnie D. ( 12 October 2008 ) . `` Reform to an Open status altered the course of tennis history '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jon ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Now I 'd choose tennis '' . The Observer . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rafael Nadal , Bjorn Borg , Ivan Lendl and the seven kings of clay '' . Sky Sports . 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jane ( 6 June 1983 ) . `` Noah captures French crown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gittings , Paul ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Chang 's ' underhand ' tactics stunned Lendl and made Tennis history '' . CNN . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topics of The Times -- An American in Paris '' . The New York Times . 10 June 1992 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 6 June 1994 ) . `` Bruguera towers above tired Berasategui '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Piers ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Nadal storms to fourth French win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Federer claims historic Paris win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win first French Open title '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia Of Tennis : 100 Years Of Great Players And Events ; by Max Robertson and Jack Kramer. 1974 edition , page 375 . Source for finalists and scores ^ Jump up to : `` French Open Men 's Singles '' . Grand Slam History . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners and Draws '' . fft.fr . Fédération Française de Tennis . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Superb Soderling Sends Nadal Crashing Out '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour . 2009 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` French Open Singles Champions '' . USA Today . 10 - 06 - 2001 . Retrieved 10 - 07 - 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891 -- 2011 '' . rolandgarros.com . IBM , Fédération Française de Tennis . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Open . Gillmeister , Heiner ( 1998 ) . Tennis : A Cultural History ( Repr . ed . ) . London : Leicester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0718501952 . Robertson , Max ; Kramer , Jack ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia Of Tennis : 100 Years Of Great Players And Events . Studio . ISBN 978 - 0670294084 . French Championships men 's singles champions ( 1891 ) H. Briggs ( 1892 ) Jean Schopfer ( 1893 ) Laurent Riboulet ( 1894 ) André Vacherot ( 1895 ) André Vacherot ( 1896 ) André Vacherot ( 1897 ) Paul Aymé ( 1898 ) Paul Aymé ( 1899 ) Paul Aymé ( 1900 ) Paul Aymé ( 1901 ) André Vacherot ( 1902 ) Michel Vacherot ( 1903 ) Max Decugis ( 1904 ) Max Decugis ( 1905 ) Maurice Germot ( 1906 ) Maurice Germot ( 1907 ) Max Decugis ( 1908 ) Max Decugis ( 1909 ) Max Decugis ( 1910 ) Maurice Germot ( 1911 ) André Gobert ( 1912 ) Max Decugis ( 1913 ) Max Decugis ( 1914 ) Max Decugis ( 1915 -- 1919 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1920 ) André Gobert ( 1921 ) Jean Samazeuilh ( 1922 ) Henri Cochet ( 1923 ) François Blanchy ( 1924 ) Jean Borotra ( 1925 ) René Lacoste ( 1926 ) Henri Cochet ( 1927 ) René Lacoste ( 1928 ) Henri Cochet ( 1929 ) René Lacoste ( 1930 ) Henri Cochet ( 1931 ) Jean Borotra ( 1932 ) Henri Cochet ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 1934 ) Gottfried von Cramm ( 1935 ) Fred Perry ( 1936 ) Gottfried von Cramm ( 1937 ) Henner Henkel ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 1939 ) Don McNeill ( 1940 -- 1945 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Marcel Bernard ( 1947 ) József Asbóth ( 1948 ) Frank Parker ( 1949 ) Frank Parker ( 1950 ) Budge Patty ( 1951 ) Jaroslav Drobný ( 1952 ) Jaroslav Drobný ( 1953 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1954 ) Tony Trabert ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 1957 ) Sven Davidson ( 1958 ) Mervyn Rose ( 1959 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1960 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1961 ) Manuel Santana ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 1963 ) Roy Emerson ( 1964 ) Manuel Santana ( 1965 ) Fred Stolle ( 1966 ) Tony Roche ( 1967 ) Roy Emerson French Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1971 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1972 ) Andrés Gimeno ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Björn Borg ( 1975 ) Björn Borg ( 1976 ) Adriano Panatta ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Björn Borg ( 1982 ) Mats Wilander ( 1983 ) Yannick Noah ( 1984 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1985 ) Mats Wilander ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Michael Chang ( 1990 ) Andrés Gómez ( 1991 ) Jim Courier ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1994 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1995 ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1997 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 1998 ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2002 ) Albert Costa ( 2003 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2004 ) Gastón Gaudio ( 2005 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2006 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2007 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2012 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2015 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2018 ) Rafael Nadal French Open singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Open Pre Open Era 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Champions Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_Open_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=845602061 '' Categories : Lists of French Open champions Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has beaten rafael nadal at the french open	[]	[]
-4284179099352323406	Brown recluse spider	Brown recluse spider - wikipedia Brown recluse spider Jump to : navigation , search For the spider ranging from southeastern California to Arizona , see desert recluse . For the spider inhabiting Hawaii , see Mediterranean recluse spider . Brown recluse Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Infraorder : Araneomorphae Family : Sicariidae Genus : Loxosceles Species : L. reclusa Binomial name Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik , 1940 Synonyms Loxosceles reclusus orthographic variant The brown recluse , Loxosceles reclusa , Sicariidae ( formerly placed in a family `` Loxoscelidae '' ) is a recluse spider with a necrotic venom . Similar to other recluse spider bites , their bite sometimes requires medical attention . The brown recluse is one of three spiders ( the others being black widow and Loxosceles laeta , the Chilean recluse ) with medically significant venom in North America . Brown recluse spiders are usually between 6 and 20 millimetres ( 0.24 and 0.79 in ) , but may grow larger . While typically light to medium brown , they range in color from whitish to dark brown or blackish gray . The cephalothorax and abdomen are not necessarily the same color . These spiders usually have markings on the dorsal side of their cephalothorax , with a black line coming from it that looks like a violin with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider , resulting in the nicknames fiddleback spider , brown fiddler , or violin spider . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Life - cycle 3 Behavior 4 Habitat 5 Distribution 6 Bite 6.1 Misdiagnosis 6.2 Bite treatment 6.2. 1 Specific treatments 6.2. 2 Spider Population Control 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The brown recluse . The brown recluse has three pairs of eyes , unlike most spiders . The violin pattern is not diagnostic , as other spiders can have similar markings ( e.g. cellar spiders and pirate spiders ) . For definitive identification it is imperative to examine the eyes . While most spiders have eight eyes , recluse spiders have six eyes arranged in pairs ( dyads ) with one median pair and two lateral pairs . Only a few other spiders have three pairs of eyes arranged in this way ( e.g. , scytodids ) . Recluses have no obvious coloration patterns on the abdomen or legs , and the legs lack spines . The abdomen is covered with fine short hairs that , when viewed without magnification , give the appearance of soft fur . The leg joints may appear to be a slightly lighter color . Life - cycle ( edit ) Adult brown recluse spiders often live about one to two years . Each female produces several egg sacs over a period of two to three months , from May to July , with approximately fifty eggs in each sac . The eggs hatch in about one month . The spiderlings take about one year to grow to adulthood . The brown recluse spider is resilient and can tolerate up to six months of extreme drought and scarcity or absence of food . On one occasion , a brown recluse survived in controlled captivity for over five seasons without any food at all . Behavior ( edit ) A brown recluse 's stance on a flat surface is usually with all legs radially extended . When alarmed it may lower its body , withdraw the forward two legs straight rearward into a defensive position , withdraw the rearmost pair of legs into a position for lunging forward , and stand motionless with pedipalps raised . The pedipalps in mature specimens are dark and quite prominent and are normally held horizontally forward . When threatened it usually flees , seemingly to avoid a conflict , and if detained may further avoid contact with quick horizontal rotating movements or even resort to assuming a lifeless pose ( playing dead ) . The spider does not usually jump unless touched brusquely , and even then its avoidance movement is more of a horizontal lunge rather than a vaulting of itself entirely off the surface . When running , the brown recluse does not leave a silk line behind , which would make it more easily tracked when it is being pursued . Movement at virtually any speed is an evenly paced gait with legs extended . When missing a leg or two it appears to favor this same gait , although ( presumably when a leg has been injured ) it may move and stand at rest with one leg slightly withdrawn . During travel it stops naturally and periodically when renewing its internal hydraulic blood pressure that , like most spiders , it requires to renew strength in its legs . Habitat ( edit ) Brown recluse on cardboard box . Brown recluse spiders build asymmetrical ( irregular ) webs that frequently include a shelter consisting of disorderly thread . They frequently build their webs in woodpiles and sheds , closets , garages , plenum spaces , cellars , and other places that are dry and generally undisturbed . When dwelling in human residences they seem to favor cardboard , possibly because it mimics the rotting tree bark which they inhabit naturally . They have also been encountered in shoes , inside dressers , in bed sheets of infrequently used beds , in clothes stacked or piled or left lying on the floor , inside work gloves , behind baseboards and pictures , in toilets , and near sources of warmth when ambient temperatures are lower than usual . Human - recluse contact often occurs when such isolated spaces are disturbed and the spider feels threatened . Unlike most web weavers , they leave these lairs at night to hunt . Males move around more when hunting than the females , which tend to remain nearer to their webs . The spider will hunt for firebrats , crickets , cockroaches , and other soft - bodied insects . Distribution ( edit ) A large brown recluse compared to a US penny ( diameter 0.75 inches , 19.05 mm ) The range lies roughly south of a line from southeastern Nebraska through southern Iowa , Illinois , and Indiana to southwestern Ohio . In the southern states , it is native from central Texas to western Georgia and north to Kentucky . Despite rumors to the contrary , the brown recluse spider has not established itself in California or anywhere outside its native range . This directly contradicts numerous sensationalized media reports of bites occurring where these spiders are absent ( and no specimens were found ) , such as a 2014 report from Thailand , where a man was claimed to have died from a brown recluse bite . Over the last century , occasional spiders have been intercepted in various locations where they have no known established populations ; these spiders may be transported fairly easily , though the lack of established populations well outside the natural range also indicates that such movement has not led to colonization of new areas , after decades of opportunities . Note that the occurrence of brown recluses in a single building ( such as a warehouse ) outside of the native range is not considered a successful colonization ; such single - building populations can occur ( e.g. , in several such cases in Florida ) , but do not spread , and can be easily eradicated . There are other species of the genus Loxosceles native to the southwestern part of the United States , including California , that may resemble the brown recluse , but these species have never been documented as medically significant . The number of `` false positive '' reports based on misidentifications is considerable ; in a nationwide study where people submitted spiders that they thought were brown recluses , of 581 from California only 1 was a brown recluse -- submitted by a family that moved from Missouri and brought it with them ( compared to specimens submitted from Missouri , Kansas , and Oklahoma , where between 75 % and 90 % were recluses ) . From this study , the most common spider submitted from California as a brown recluse was in the genus Titiotus , whose bite is deemed harmless . A similar study documented that various arachnids were routinely misidentified by physicians , pest control operators , and other non-expert authorities , who told their patients or clients that the spider they had was a brown recluse when in fact it was not . Despite the absence of brown recluses from the Western U.S. , physicians in the region commonly diagnose `` brown recluse bites '' , leading to the popular misconception that the spiders inhabit those areas . Bite ( edit ) Main article : Loxoscelism The bite frequently is not felt initially and may not be immediately painful , but it can be serious . The brown recluse bears a potentially deadly hemotoxic venom . Most bites are minor with no necrosis . However , a small number of brown recluse bites do produce severe dermonecrotic lesions ( i.e. necrosis ) ; an even smaller number produce severe cutaneous ( skin ) or viscerocutaneous ( systemic ) symptoms . In one study of clinically diagnosed brown recluse bites , skin necrosis occurred 37 % of the time , while systemic illness occurred 14 % of the time . In these cases , the bites produced a range of symptoms common to many members of the Loxosceles genus known as loxoscelism , which may be cutaneous and viscerocutaneous . In very rare cases , bites can even cause hemolysis -- the bursting of red blood cells . As suggested by its specific epithet reclusa ( recluse ) , the brown recluse spider is rarely aggressive , and bites from the species are uncommon . In 2001 , more than 2,000 brown recluse spiders were removed from a heavily infested home in Kansas , yet the four residents who had lived there for years were never harmed by the spiders , despite many encounters with them . The spider usually bites only when pressed against the skin , such as when tangled within clothes , towels , bedding , inside work gloves , etc . Many human victims report having been bitten after putting on clothes that had not been worn recently , or had been left for many days undisturbed on the floor . The fangs of the brown recluse are so tiny they are unable to penetrate most fabric . Around 49 % of brown recluse bites do not result in necrosis or systemic effects . When both types of loxoscelism do result , systemic effects may occur before necrosis , as the venom spreads throughout the body in minutes . Children , the elderly , and the debilitatingly ill may be more susceptible to systemic loxoscelism . The systemic symptoms most commonly experienced include nausea , vomiting , fever , rashes , and muscle and joint pain . Rarely , such bites can result in hemolysis , thrombocytopenia , disseminated intravascular coagulation , organ damage , and even death . Most fatalities are in children under the age of seven or those with a weak immune system . While the majority of brown recluse spider bites do not result in any symptoms , cutaneous symptoms occur more frequently than systemic symptoms . In such instances , the bite forms a necrotizing ulcer as the result of soft tissue destruction and may take months to heal , leaving deep scars . These bites usually become painful and itchy within 2 to 8 hours . Pain and other local effects worsen 12 to 36 hours after the bite , and the necrosis develops over the next few days . Over time , the wound may grow to as large as 25 cm ( 10 inches ) . The damaged tissue becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs away . Misdiagnosis ( edit ) There is now an ELISA - based test for brown recluse venom that can determine whether a wound is a brown recluse bite , although it is not commercially available and not in routine clinical use . Clinical diagnoses often use Occam 's razor principle in diagnosing bites based on what spiders the patient likely encountered and previous similar diagnoses . A new mnemonic device , `` NOT RECLUSE '' , has been suggested as a tool to help laymen and medical professionals more objectively screen and diagnose potential cases of loxoscelism . There are numerous documented infectious and noninfectious conditions that produce wounds that have been initially misdiagnosed as recluse bites by medical professionals , including : Pyoderma gangrenosum Infection by Staphylococcus Infection by Streptococcus Herpes Diabetic ulcers Fungal infection Chemical burns Toxicodendron dermatitis Squamous cell carcinoma Localized vasculitis Syphilis Toxic epidermal necrolysis Sporotrichosis Lyme disease Many of these conditions are far more common and more likely to be the source of necrotic wounds , even in areas where brown recluse spiders actually occur . The most important of these is methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , a bacterium whose necrotic lesions are very similar to those induced by recluse bites , and which can be lethal if left untreated . Misdiagnosis of MRSA as spider bites is extremely common ( nearly 30 % of patients with MRSA reported that they initially suspected a spider bite ) , and can have fatal consequences . Reported cases of brown recluse bites occur primarily in Arkansas , Colorado , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Oklahoma , and Texas . There have been many reports of brown recluse bites in California -- though a few related species may be found there , none of these are known to bite humans . To date , the reports of bites from areas outside of the spider 's native range have been either unverified , or , if verified , the spiders have been moved to those locations by travelers or commerce . Many arachnologists believe that a large number of bites attributed to the brown recluse in the West Coast are either from other spider species or not spider bites at all . For example , the venom of the hobo spider , a common European species established in the northwestern United States and southern British Columbia , has been reported to produce similar symptoms as the brown recluse bite when injected into laboratory rabbits . However , the toxicity of hobo spider venom has been called into question as actual bites have not been shown to cause necrosis , and no such occurrences have ever been reported where the spider is native . Numerous other spiders have been associated with necrotic bites in medical literature . Other recluse species , such as the desert recluse ( found in the deserts of southwestern United States ) , are reported to have caused necrotic bite wounds , though only rarely . The hobo spider and the yellow sac spider have also been reported to cause necrotic bites . However , the bites from these spiders are not known to produce the severe symptoms that can follow from a recluse spider bite , and the level of danger posed by these has been called into question . So far , no known necrotoxins have been isolated from the venom of any of these spiders , and some arachnologists have disputed the accuracy of spider identifications carried out by bite victims , family members , medical responders , and other non-experts in arachnology . There have been several studies questioning the danger posed by some of these spiders . In these studies , scientists examined case studies of bites in which the spider in question was identified by an expert , and found that the incidence of necrotic injury diminished significantly when `` questionable '' identifications were excluded from the sample set . ( For a comparison of the toxicity of several kinds of spider bites , see the list of spiders having medically significant venom . ) Bite treatment ( edit ) First aid involves the application of an ice pack to control inflammation and prompt medical care . If it can be easily captured , the spider should be brought with the patient in a clear , tightly closed container so it may be identified . Routine treatment should include immobilization of the affected limb , application of ice , local wound care , and tetanus prophylaxis . Many other therapies have been used with varying degrees of success , including hyperbaric oxygen , dapsone , antihistamines ( e.g. , cyproheptadine ) , antibiotics , dextran , glucocorticoids , vasodilators , heparin , nitroglycerin , electric shock , curettage , surgical excision , and antivenom . None of these treatments have been subjected to randomized controlled trials to conclusively show benefit . In almost all cases , bites are self - limited and typically heal without any medical intervention . Outpatient palliative care following discharge often consists of a weak or moderate strength opioid ( e.g. codeine or tramadol , respectively ) depending on pain scores , an anti-inflammatory agent ( e.g. naproxen , cortisone ) , and an antispasmodic ( e.g. cyclobenzaprine , diazepam ) , for a few days to a week . If the pain and / or spasms have not resolved by this time , a second medical evaluation is generally advised , and differential diagnoses may be considered . Occasionally , an antibiotic is prescribed as well . Cases of brown recluse venom travelling along a limb through a vein or artery are rare , but the resulting tissue mortification can affect an area as large as several inches and in extreme cases require excising of the wound . Specific treatments ( edit ) In presumed cases of recluse bites , dapsone is often used for the treatment of necrosis , but controlled clinical trials have yet to demonstrate efficacy . However , dapsone may be effective in treating many `` spider bites '' because many such cases are actually misdiagnosed microbial infections . There have been conflicting reports about its efficacy in treating brown recluse bites , and some have suggested it should no longer be used routinely , if at all . Wound infection is rare . Antibiotics are not recommended unless there is a credible diagnosis of infection . Studies have shown that surgical intervention is ineffective and may worsen outcome . Excision may delay wound healing , cause abscesses , and lead to scarring . Purportedly application of nitroglycerin stopped necrosis . However , one scientific animal study found no benefit in preventing necrosis , with the study 's results showing it increased inflammation and caused symptoms of systemic envenoming . The authors concluded the results of the study did not support the use of topical nitroglycerin in brown recluse envenoming . Antivenom is available in South America for the venom of related species of recluse spiders . However , the bites , often being painless , usually do not present symptoms until 24 or more hours after the event , possibly limiting the effect of this intervention . Spider population control ( edit ) Due to increased fear of these spiders prompted by greater public awareness of their presence in recent years , extermination of domestic brown recluses is performed frequently in the lower midwestern United States . Brown recluse spiders possess a variety of adaptive abilities , including the ability to maintain homeostasis for several seasons with no food or water . Additionally , these spiders survive significantly longer in a relatively cool , thermally stable environment . The most important precaution is to remove and reduce trash and rubbish from your property , such as woodpiles , boxes , plywood , tires , and trash cans -- especially if they are stored right next to the house . With attached garages , block off house access by sealing cracks around doors and access holes for electrical conduits or plumbing . In the Midwest , some brown recluse bites occur when a sleeping person rolls over during the night , and the trapped spider bites . In the bedroom , move the bed away from the wall , remove any skirts or ruffles and remove all items stored under it . This minimizes chances that any spider can crawl onto the bed . Do not leave clothes and shoes on the floor , or shake them before dressing if they are left out . Apparel and equipment that is only occasionally worn should be stored in tightly closed plastic bags , especially if stored in the garage or other dark storage areas . Typically , pesticide control of spiders is difficult . There are various insecticides available in retail outlets labeled for spider control . However , spiders ' perched legs allow them to walk over most pesticides , making the use of chemicals to eradicate the spiders impractical and unnecessarily toxic . A 2014 study indicates that fumigation may be more effective than previously believed . Sticky traps placed along floor boards offer a non-insecticidal way to trap spiders as well as provide an idea of population levels in the structure . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Taxon details Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik , 1940 '' , World Spider Catalog , Natural History Museum Bern , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 Jump up ^ Vetter R ; Shay , M ; Bitterman , O ( 1999 ) . `` Identifying and misidentifying the brown recluse spider . '' . Dermatol Online J. 5 ( 2 ) : 7 . PMID 10673460 . doi : 10.2340 / 00015555 - 0082 . Jump up ^ Horner , N.V. & Stewart , K.W. ( 1967 ) . `` Life history of the brown spider , Loxosceles reclusa , Gertsch and Muliak '' . Texas Journal of Science . 19 : 333 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jone SC . `` Ohio State University Fact Sheet : Brown Recluse Spider . '' . ^ Jump up to : Swanson D , Vetter R ( 2005 ) . `` Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism . '' . N Engl J Med. 352 ( 7 ) : 700 -- 7 . PMID 15716564 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra041184 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter , Rick . `` Myth of the Brown Recluse : Fact , Fear , and Loathing '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Thai death from recluse spider '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) University of Florida Fact Sheet Jump up ^ Palmer , Diane . `` Brown recluse spiders blamed for more wounds than they inflict , study suggests '' . Clemson University Public Service Activities . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Vetter , R.S. ; Edwards , G.B. ; James , L.F. ( 2004 ) . `` Reports of envenomation by brown recluse spiders ( Araneae : Sicariidae ) outnumber verifications of Loxosceles spiders in Florida '' . J. Med . Entomol. 41 ( 4 ) : 593 -- 597 . ISSN 0022 - 2585 . PMID 15311449 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 41.4. 593 . Jump up ^ Edwards , G.B. 2001 . The present status and a review of the Brown Recluse and related spiders , Loxosceles spp . ( Araneae : Sicariidae ) , in Florida . Entomology Circular # 406 , Fla . Dept . Agric . & Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry . 6 pp . Jump up ^ Vetter , R.S. ( 2005 ) . `` Arachnids submitted as suspected brown recluse spiders ( Araneae : Sicariidae ) : Loxosceles species are virtually restricted to their known distributions but public perception is that they exist throughout the United States '' . J. Med . Entomol. 42 ( 4 ) : 512 -- 521 . ISSN 0022 - 2585 . PMID 16119538 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 ( 2005 ) 042 ( 0512 : ASASBR ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Vetter , R.S. ( 2009 ) . `` Arachnids misidentified as brown recluse spiders by medical personnel and other authorities in North America '' . Toxicon. 54 ( 4 ) : 545 -- 547 . PMID 19446575 . doi : 10.1016 / j. toxicon. 2009.04. 021 . Jump up ^ Vetter , R.S. ; Cushing , P.E. ; Crawford , R.L. ; Royce , L.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Diagnoses of brown recluse spider bites ( loxoscelism ) greatly outnumber actual verifications of the spider 's presence in four western American states '' . Toxicon. 42 ( 4 ) : 413 -- 418 . PMID 14505942 . doi : 10.1016 / S0041 - 0101 ( 03 ) 00173 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Leach J , Bassichis B , Itani K ( July 2004 ) . `` Brown recluse spider bites to the head : three cases and a review '' . Ear Nose Throat J. 83 ( 7 ) : 465 -- 70 . PMID 15372917 . , in turn citing : Wright , SW ; Wrenn , KD ; Murray , L ; Seger , D ( 1997 ) . `` Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite '' . Ann Emerg Med. 30 : 28 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / s0196 - 0644 ( 97 ) 70106 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Greta Binford 1997 - '' . Biography Today . Omnigraphics , Inc. 17 ( 1 ) : 14 . 2007 . ISSN 1058 - 2347 . Jump up ^ Vetter , Richard S. ; Barger , Diane K. ( November 2002 ) . `` An Infestation of 2,055 Brown Recluse Spiders ( Araneae : Sicariidae ) and No Envenomations in a Kansas Home : Implications for Bite Diagnoses in Nonendemic Areas '' ( PDF ) . J. Med . Entomol. 39 ( 6 ) : 948 -- 951 . PMID 12495200 . doi : 10.1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 39.6. 948 . Jump up ^ Robison , Mark ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` Fact Checker : Is that a brown recluse in your bathtub ? '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandidge , J.S. ( 2009 ) . Brown recluse spiders : A knowledge based guide to control and elimination . McLouth : BRS Pest Control . Jump up ^ Wasserman G ( 2005 ) . `` Bites of the brown recluse spider '' . N Engl J Med. 352 ( 19 ) : 2029 -- 30 ; author reply 2029 -- 30 . PMID 15892198 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200505123521922 . Jump up ^ `` Tenn . Boy Ruled Killed by Spider Bite '' . MSNBC.com . MSNBC Wire Services . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wasserman G , Anderson P ( 1983 -- 1984 ) . `` Loxoscelism and necrotic arachnidism '' . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 21 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 451 -- 72 . PMID 6381752 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563658308990434 . Jump up ^ Gomez H , Krywko D , Stoecker W ( 2002 ) . `` A new assay for the detection of Loxosceles species ( brown recluse ) spider venom '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 39 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 74 . PMC 3201721 . PMID 11973553 . doi : 10.1067 / mem. 2002.122914 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Stoecker , WV , Vetter RS , Dyer , JA ( Feb 2017 ) NOT RECLUSE -- A Mnemonic Device to Avoid False Diagnoses of Brown Recluse Spider Bites . JAMA Dermatol . doi : 10.1001 / jamadermatol. 2016.5665 Jump up ^ Osterhoudt KC , Zaoutis T , Zorc JJ ( 2002 ) . `` Lyme disease masquerading as brown recluse spider bite '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 39 ( 5 ) : 558 -- 61 . PMID 11973566 . doi : 10.1067 / mem. 2002.119509 . Jump up ^ Spider Bite : Coroner 's Office Says Pomona Teen died of Staph Infection , Not Spider Bite - ktla.com Archived March 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moran , GJ ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Methicillin - resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department '' . New England J. Med. 355 : 666 -- 74 . doi : 10.1056 / nejmoa055356 . Jump up ^ Vetter R , Isbister G ( 2004 ) . `` Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries ? '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 44 ( 6 ) : 605 -- 7 . PMID 15573036 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2004.03. 016 . Jump up ^ Vetter , R.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Spiders of the genus Loxosceles ( Araneae , Sicariidae ) : a review of biological , medical and psychological aspects regarding envenomations '' . The Journal of Arachnology. 36 : 150 -- 163 . doi : 10.1636 / RSt08 - 06.1 . Jump up ^ Bennett RG , Vetter RS ( August 2004 ) . `` An approach to spider bites . Erroneous attribution of dermonecrotic lesions to brown recluse or hobo spider bites in Canada '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Family Physician. 50 ( 8 ) : 1098 -- 101 . PMC 2214648 . PMID 15455808 . Jump up ^ James H. Diaz , MD ( April 1 , 2005 ) . `` Most necrotic ulcers are not spider bites '' . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 72 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Isbister GK , Gray MR ( August 2003 ) . `` White - tail spider bite : a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species '' . The Medical journal of Australia . 179 ( 4 ) : 199 -- 202 . PMID 12914510 . Jump up ^ Isbister GK , Hirst D ( August 2003 ) . `` A prospective study of definite bites by spiders of the family Sparassidae ( huntsmen spiders ) with identification to species level '' . Toxicon. 42 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 71 . PMID 12906887 . doi : 10.1016 / S0041 - 0101 ( 03 ) 00129 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maynor ML , Moon RE , Klitzman B , Fracica PJ , Canada A ( March 1997 ) . `` Brown recluse spider envenomation : a prospective trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy '' . Acad Emerg Med. 4 ( 3 ) : 184 -- 92 . PMID 9063544 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.1997. tb03738. x . Jump up ^ Maynor ML , Abt JL , Osborne PD ( 1992 ) . `` Brown Recluse Spider Bites : Beneficial Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen '' . J. Hyperbaric Med. 7 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 102 . ISSN 0884 - 1225 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Elston , DM ; Miller , SD ; Young , RJ ; Eggers , J ; McGlasson , D ; Schmidt , WH ; Bush , A ( 2005 ) . `` Comparison of colchicine , dapsone , triamcinolone , and diphenhydramine therapy for the treatment of brown recluse spider envenomation : a double - blind , controlled study in a rabbit model '' . Arch Dermatol. 141 ( 5 ) : 595 -- 7 . PMID 15897381 . doi : 10.1001 / archderm. 141.5. 595 . Jump up ^ Vetter R , Bush S ( 2002 ) . `` The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 39 ( 5 ) : 544 -- 6 . PMID 11973562 . doi : 10.1067 / mem. 2002.123594 . Jump up ^ Bryant S , Pittman L ( 2003 ) . `` Dapsone use in Loxosceles reclusa envenomation : is there an indication ? '' . Am J Emerg Med. 21 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 90 . PMID 12563594 . doi : 10.1053 / ajem. 2003.50021 . Jump up ^ Anderson P ( 1998 ) . `` Missouri brown recluse spider : a review and update '' . Mo Med. 95 ( 7 ) : 318 -- 22 . PMID 9666677 . Jump up ^ Rees R , Altenbern D , Lynch J , King L ( 1985 ) . `` Brown recluse spider bites . A comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision '' . Ann Surg. 202 ( 5 ) : 659 -- 63 . PMC 1250983 . PMID 4051613 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000658 - 198511000 - 00020 . Jump up ^ Burton K . `` The Brown Recluse Spider : Finally stopped in its tracks '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lowry B , Bradfield J , Carroll R , Brewer K , Meggs W ( 2001 ) . `` A controlled trial of topical nitroglycerin in a New Zealand white rabbit model of brown recluse spider envenomation '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 37 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 5 . PMID 11174233 . doi : 10.1067 / mem. 2001.113031 . Jump up ^ Isbister G , Graudins A , White J , Warrell D ( 2003 ) . `` Antivenom treatment in arachnidism '' . J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 300 . PMID 12807312 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 120021114 . ^ Jump up to : Sandidge , J.S. and Hopwood , J.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Brown Recluse Spiders : A Review of Biology , Life History and Pest Management '' . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science . 108 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 -- 108 . ISSN 0022 - 8443 . JSTOR 20058665 . doi : 10.1660 / 0022 - 8443 ( 2005 ) 108 ( 0099 : BRSARO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Elzinga , R.J. ( 1977 ) . `` Observations on the Longevity of the Brown Recluse Spider , Loxosceles reclusa Gertsch & Mulaik '' . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society . 50 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 8 . JSTOR 25082920 . Jump up ^ Vetter , Richard S. ; Hoddle , Mark S. ; Choe , Dong - Hwan ; Thoms , Ellen ( 2014 ) . `` Exposure of Brown Recluse and Brown Widow Spiders ( Araneae : Sicariidae , Theridiidae ) to a Commercial Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation '' . Journal of Economic Entomology. 107 ( 5 ) : 1813 -- 1817 . doi : 10.1603 / EC14171 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loxosceles reclusa . Wikispecies has information related to : Loxosceles reclusa Myth of the Brown Recluse Illinois and Iowa Brown Recluse Project Description of black widow and brown recluse spiders University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures Medical Case is the Work of Brown Recluse Spider CDC - Venomous Spiders - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic Sandidge , Jamel S. ( 2003 ) . `` Arachnology : Scavenging by brown recluse spiders '' . Nature . 426 ( 6962 ) : 30 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 426 ... 30S . PMID 14603305 . doi : 10.1038 / 426030a . Lay summary -- University of Kansas - Lawrence ( November 7 , 2003 ) . Taxon identifiers Wd : Q284352 ADW : Loxosceles_reclusa BugGuide : 33493 EoL : 1182604 GBIF : 5170704 iNaturalist : 50181 ITIS : 859907 NCBI : 6921 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 002726 World Spider Catalog : 002726 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_recluse_spider&oldid=799644239 '' Categories : Sicariidae Venomous spiders Spiders of North America Spiders of the United States Animals described in 1940 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are brown recluse spiders found in california	[]	[]
-7834065217922428635	Electron diffraction	Electron diffraction - wikipedia Electron diffraction Jump to : navigation , search Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons . However , from a technical or practical point of view , it may be regarded as a technique used to study matter by firing electrons at a sample and observing the resulting interference pattern . This phenomenon is commonly known as wave -- particle duality , which states that a particle of matter ( in this case the incident electron ) can be described as a wave . For this reason , an electron can be regarded as a wave much like sound or water waves . This technique is similar to X-ray and neutron diffraction . Electron diffraction is most frequently used in solid state physics and chemistry to study the crystal structure of solids . Experiments are usually performed in a transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) , or a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) as electron backscatter diffraction . In these instruments , electrons are accelerated by an electrostatic potential in order to gain the desired energy and determine their wavelength before they interact with the sample to be studied . The periodic structure of a crystalline solid acts as a diffraction grating , scattering the electrons in a predictable manner . Working back from the observed diffraction pattern , it may be possible to deduce the structure of the crystal producing the diffraction pattern . However , the technique is limited by phase problem . Apart from the study of crystals i.e. electron crystallography , electron diffraction is also a useful technique to study the short range order of amorphous solids , and the geometry of gaseous molecules . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Theory 2.1 Electron interaction with matter 2.2 Intensity of diffracted beams 2.3 Wavelength of electrons 3 Electron diffraction in a TEM 3.1 Benefits 3.2 Practical aspects 3.3 Limitations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Lester Germer ( right ) with Clinton Davisson in 1927 The de Broglie hypothesis , formulated in 1924 , predicts that particles should also behave as waves . De Broglie 's formula was confirmed three years later for electrons ( which have a rest - mass ) with the observation of electron diffraction in two independent experiments . At the University of Aberdeen , George Paget Thomson passed a beam of electrons through a thin metal film and observed the predicted interference patterns . Around the same time at Bell Labs , Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert Germer guided their beam through a crystalline grid . In 1937 , Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their ( independent ) discovery . Theory ( edit ) Electron interaction with matter ( edit ) Unlike other types of radiation used in diffraction studies of materials , such as X-rays and neutrons , electrons are charged particles and interact with matter through the Coulomb forces . This means that the incident electrons feel the influence of both the positively charged atomic nuclei and the surrounding electrons . In comparison , X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of the valence electrons , while neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces . In addition , the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero , and they are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields . Because of these different forms of interaction , the three types of radiation are suitable for different studies . Intensity of diffracted beams ( edit ) In the kinematical approximation for electron diffraction , the intensity of a diffracted beam is given by : I g = ψ g 2 ∝ F g 2 . ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) = \ left \ psi _ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) \ right ^ ( 2 ) \ propto \ left F_ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) \ right ^ ( 2 ) . ) Here ψ g ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) ) is the wavefunction of the diffracted beam and F g ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) ) is the so - called structure factor which is given by : F g = ∑ i f i e − 2 π i g ⋅ r i ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathbf ( g ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) f_ ( i ) e ^ ( - 2 \ pi i \ mathbf ( g ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( i ) ) ) where g ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( g ) ) is the scattering vector of the diffracted beam , r i ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( i ) ) is the position of an atom i ( \ displaystyle i ) in the unit cell , and f i ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ) is the scattering power of the atom , also called the atomic form factor . The sum is over all atoms in the unit cell . The structure factor describes the way in which an incident beam of electrons is scattered by the atoms of a crystal unit cell , taking into account the different scattering power of the elements through the factor f i ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ) . Since the atoms are spatially distributed in the unit cell , there will be a difference in phase when considering the scattered amplitude from two atoms . This phase shift is taken into account by the exponential term in the equation . The atomic form factor , or scattering power , of an element depends on the type of radiation considered . Because electrons interact with matter though different processes than for example X-rays , the atomic form factors for the two cases are not the same . Wavelength of electrons ( edit ) The wavelength of an electron is given by the de Broglie equation λ = h p . ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( h ) ( p ) ) . ) Here h ( \ displaystyle h ) is Planck 's constant and p ( \ displaystyle p ) the relativistic momentum of the electron . λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) is called the de Broglie wavelength . The electrons are accelerated in an electric potential U ( \ displaystyle U ) to the desired velocity : v = 2 e U m 0 ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2eU ) ( m_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) m 0 ( \ displaystyle m_ ( 0 ) ) is the mass of the electron , and e ( \ displaystyle e ) is the elementary charge . The electron wavelength is then given by : λ = h p = h m 0 v = h 2 m 0 e U . ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( h ) ( p ) ) = ( \ frac ( h ) ( m_ ( 0 ) v ) ) = ( \ frac ( h ) ( \ sqrt ( 2m_ ( 0 ) eU ) ) ) . ) However , in an electron microscope , the accelerating potential is usually several thousand volts causing the electron to travel at an appreciable fraction of the speed of light . A SEM may typically operate at an accelerating potential of 10,000 volts ( 10 kV ) giving an electron velocity approximately 20 % of the speed of light , while a typical TEM can operate at 200 kV raising the electron velocity to 70 % the speed of light . We therefore need to take relativistic effects into account . The relativistic relation between energy and momentum is E = p c + m c and it can be shown that , p = 2 m 0 Δ E + Δ E 2 c 2 = 2 m 0 Δ E 1 + Δ E 2 m 0 c 2 ( \ displaystyle p = ( \ sqrt ( 2m_ ( 0 ) \ Delta E+ ( \ frac ( \ Delta E ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2m_ ( 0 ) \ Delta E ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ Delta E ) ( 2m_ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) where ΔE = E − E = eU . The relativistic formula for the wavelength is then modified to become , λ = h 2 m 0 e U 1 1 + e U 2 m 0 c 2 ( \ displaystyle \ lambda = ( \ frac ( h ) ( \ sqrt ( 2m_ ( 0 ) eU ) ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( eU ) ( 2m_ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) c ( \ displaystyle c ) is the speed of light . We recognize the first term in this final expression as the non-relativistic expression derived above , while the last term is a relativistic correction factor . The wavelength of the electrons in a 10 kV SEM is then 12.2 x 10 m ( 12.2 pm ) while in a 200 kV TEM the wavelength is 2.5 pm . In comparison the wavelength of X-rays usually used in X-ray diffraction is in the order of 100 pm ( Cu Kα : λ = 154 pm ) . Electron diffraction in a TEM ( edit ) Electron diffraction of solids is usually performed in a Transmission Electron Microscope ( TEM ) where the electrons pass through a thin film of the material to be studied . The resulting diffraction pattern is then observed on a fluorescent screen , recorded on photographic film , on imaging plates or using a CCD camera . Benefits ( edit ) Wide angle view of TEM diffraction tilting . As mentioned above , the wavelength of an electron accelerated in a TEM is much smaller than that of the radiation usually used for X-ray diffraction experiments . A consequence of this is that the radius of the Ewald sphere is much larger in electron diffraction experiments than in X-ray diffraction . This allows the diffraction experiment to reveal more of the two - dimensional distribution of reciprocal lattice points . Furthermore , electron lenses allows the geometry of the diffraction experiment to be varied . The conceptually simplest geometry referred to as selected area electron diffraction ( SAED ) is that of a parallel beam of electrons incident on the specimen , with the specimen field selected using a sub-specimen image - plane aperture . However , by converging the electrons in a cone onto the specimen , one can in effect perform a diffraction experiment over several incident angles simultaneously . This technique is called Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction ( CBED ) and can reveal the full three - dimensional symmetry of the crystal . In a TEM , a single crystal grain or particle may be selected for the diffraction experiments . This means that the diffraction experiments can be performed on single crystals of nanometer size , whereas other diffraction techniques would be limited to studying the diffraction from a multicrystalline or powder sample . Furthermore , electron diffraction in TEM can be combined with direct imaging of the sample , including high resolution imaging of the crystal lattice , and a range of other techniques . These include solving and refining crystal structures by electron crystallography , chemical analysis of the sample composition through energy - dispersive X-ray spectroscopy , investigations of electronic structure and bonding through electron energy loss spectroscopy , and studies of the mean inner potential through electron holography . Practical aspects ( edit ) 1 : Sketch of the electron beam - path in a TEM . 2 : Typical electron diffraction pattern obtained in a TEM with a parallel electron beam Figure 1 to the right is a simple sketch of the path of a parallel beam of electrons in a TEM from just above the sample and down the column to the fluorescent screen . As the electrons pass through the sample , they are scattered by the electrostatic potential set up by the constituent elements . After the electrons have left the sample they pass through the electromagnetic objective lens . This lens acts to collect all electrons scattered from one point of the sample in one point on the fluorescent screen , causing an image of the sample to be formed . We note that at the dashed line in the figure , electrons scattered in the same direction by the sample are collected into a single point . This is the back focal plane of the microscope , and is where the diffraction pattern is formed . By manipulating the magnetic lenses of the microscope , the diffraction pattern may be observed by projecting it onto the screen instead of the image . An example of what a diffraction pattern obtained in this way may look like is shown in figure 2 . If the sample is tilted with respect to the incident electron beam , one can obtain diffraction patterns from several crystal orientations . In this way , the reciprocal lattice of the crystal can be mapped in three dimensions . By studying the systematic absence of diffraction spots the Bravais lattice and any screw axes and glide planes present in the crystal structure may be determined . Limitations ( edit ) Electron diffraction in TEM is subject to several important limitations . First , the sample to be studied must be electron transparent , meaning the sample thickness must be of the order of 100 nm or less . Careful and time - consuming sample preparation may therefore be needed . Furthermore , many samples are vulnerable to radiation damage caused by the incident electrons . The study of magnetic materials is complicated by the fact that electrons are deflected in magnetic fields by the Lorentz force . Although this phenomenon may be exploited to study the magnetic domains of materials by Lorentz force microscopy , it may make crystal structure determination virtually impossible . Furthermore , electron diffraction is often regarded as a qualitative technique suitable for symmetry determination , but too inaccurate for determination of lattice parameters and atomic positions . But there are also several examples where unknown crystal structures ( inorganic , organic and biological ) have been solved by electron crystallography . Lattice parameters of high accuracy can in fact be obtained from electron diffraction , relative errors less than 0.1 % have been demonstrated . However , the right experimental conditions may be difficult to obtain , and these procedures are often viewed as too time - consuming and the data too difficult to interpret . X-ray or neutron diffraction are therefore often the preferred methods for determining lattice parameters and atomic positions . However , the main limitation of electron diffraction in TEM remains the comparatively high level of user interaction needed . Whereas both the execution of powder X-ray ( and neutron ) diffraction experiments and the data analysis are highly automated and routinely performed , electron diffraction requires a much higher level of user input . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Electronics portal Electron backscatter diffraction Electron microscope Gas electron diffraction Kikuchi line Low - energy electron diffraction Precession Electron Diffraction RHEED Selected area diffraction Stereographic projection Transmission electron microscopy Zone axis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomson , G.P. ( 1927 ) . `` Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 119 ( 3007 ) : 890 -- 890 . Bibcode : 1927Natur. 119Q. 890T . doi : 10.1038 / 119890a0 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard P. ( 1963 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol . I. Addison - Wesley . pp. 16 -- 10 , 17 -- 5 . Leonid A. Bendersky and Frank W. Gayle , `` Electron Diffraction Using Transmission Electron Microscopy '' , Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology , 106 ( 2001 ) pp. 997 -- 1012 . Gareth Thomas and Michael J. Goringe ( 1979 ) . Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials . John Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 12244 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Remote experiment on electron diffraction ( choose English and then `` Labs '' ) Jmol - mediated image / diffraction analysis of an unknown PTCLab - Program for calculation phase transformation crystallography with diffraction simulation , its free and open source python program https://code.google.com/p/transformation-crystallography-lab/ NDL : 00561426 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_diffraction&oldid=821702013 '' Categories : Diffraction Electron Quantum mechanics Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why electrons are allowed to fall on a crystal plate for diffraction	[]	[]
3874525845200447803	Maverick (roller coaster)	Maverick ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Maverick ( roller coaster ) Maverick Maverick 's 105 - foot , 95 degree drop and turnaround in the former Swan Boat pond Cedar Point Park section Frontiertown Coordinates 41 ° 29 ′ 6.73 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 33.13 '' W / 41.4852028 ° N 82.6925361 ° W / 41.4852028 ; - 82.6925361 Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 6.73 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 33.13 '' W / 41.4852028 ° N 82.6925361 ° W / 41.4852028 ; - 82.6925361 Status Operating Opening date May 26 , 2007 Cost US $ 21,000,000 Replaced White Water Landing Swan Boats General statistics Type Steel -- Launched Manufacturer Intamin Designer Werner Stengel Model Blitz Coaster Lift / launch system Two LSM - launches Launch - 0 - 70 in 3 seconds Height 105 ft ( 32 m ) Drop 100 ft ( 30 m ) Length 4,450 ft ( 1,360 m ) Speed 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) Inversions Duration 2 : 30 Max vertical angle 95 ° Capacity 1,200 riders per hour Height restriction 52 -- 78 in ( 132 -- 198 cm ) Trains 6 trains with 3 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 12 riders per train . Fast Lane Plus only available Maverick at RCDB Pictures of Maverick at RCDB Maverick is a steel roller coaster built by Intamin at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio , United States . It was the seventeenth roller coaster built at the park since Blue Streak in 1964 . It is notable as being the 500th roller coaster designed by German engineer Werner Stengel and the first roller coaster featuring a Twisted Horseshoe Roll . Maverick 's US $ 21 - million price tag makes it Cedar Point 's fourth most expensive roller coaster , behind Millennium Force , Top Thrill Dragster , and GateKeeper . The 4,450 - foot ( 1,360 m ) course makes it the fourth longest roller coaster at Cedar Point . Maverick was scheduled to open on May 12 , 2007 , but opening was delayed until May 26 , 2007 after testing revealed the heartline roll element to be too intense . Continued use of the element would have put excessive stress on trains . At a drop angle of 95 degrees , Maverick is Cedar Point 's steepest roller coaster. The ride 's tagline is `` The Old West Was Never This Wild . '' Contents 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.2 Delayed opening 2 Ride experience 2.1 Layout 2.2 Trains / theme 3 Operation 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Maverick sits on the former site of White Water Landing . After White Water Landing closed on October 31 , 2005 , construction on Maverick began . On January 24 , 2006 , Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Maverick . The project became known officially and colloquially as `` Project 2007 '' until the announcement on September 7 , 2006 . Construction ( edit ) Maverick 's footings dot the former Swan Boat pond . Photo taken May 13 , 2006 After the closure of the 2005 season in October , the White Water Landing log flume ride was retired . Although the ride was disassembled , the station was left intact and now serves as Maverick 's on - ride photo booth and queue . Beginning in February 2006 , concrete footers were poured on the former White Water Landing site , as well as in the pond that once housed Cedar Point 's Swan Boat ride . In May 2006 , track segments arrived in a fenced area near the park 's off - site hotel , Breakers Express . Initially , Cedar Point covered track segments with blue tarps . On July 16 , 2006 , the first steel supports were erected . On the week of August 16 , 2006 , the first track segments were installed . On September 11 , 2006 , the crest of the lift hill was added , thereby topping off the ride . Track installation was completed on October 28 , 2006 and the first phase of testing began in January 2007 . Delayed opening ( edit ) On May 8 , 2007 , four days before Maverick was scheduled to debut , park general manager John Hildebrant announced that the ride would be delayed until early June because three 40 - foot ( 12 m ) track sections after the second launch needed to be replaced . These sections made up the heartline roll element and put excessive stress on the trains , which also might have caused discomfort to passengers due to high g - forces . On May 17 , 2007 , the heartline roll was removed and was replaced with an s - curve . The s - curve transitions the existing track from a banked right curve to a banked left curve . Installation of the s - curve was completed on May 24 and final testing and licensing of the attraction resumed . On the same day , Cedar Point officials also announced that Maverick would debut on May 26 . Ride experience ( edit ) Layout ( edit ) Maverick train and first airtime hill Two trains are loaded and dispatched simultaneously . One train is launched while the other sits at the bottom of the lift hill . Once the first train has reached the tunnel , the second train is launched . The ride starts out with a LSM launch up a 105 - foot ( 32 m ) hill at 20 degrees . At the top of the hill , the train drops 100 feet ( 30 m ) at a 95 degree angle . The train reaches a speed of 57 miles per hour ( 92 km / h ) then goes through a series of banked turns . First , the train turns to the right . Then it turns to the left through a canyon then another turn to the right . It then goes over a 74 - foot ( 23 m ) airtime hill followed by a turn to the right into the Twisted Horseshoe Roll which features two 360 - degree corkscrew rolls , back - to - back , with a 180 - degree banked curve between the two . The train then makes a turn to the right into the tunnel where it is launched 400 feet ( 120 m ) at 70 miles per hour ( 110 km / h ) under the station . The tunnel features special effects such as blue LED strips . At the end of the tunnel , it goes up a hill with brakes going up it , followed by a high - banked curve . The train then goes through a turn to the right into a canyon with a S - curve ( original heartline roll location ) . Water bombs shoot off as the train enters the canyon . The train then passes under the lift hill through an over banked turn at 92 degrees . It then turns to the right into another overbanked turn followed by an airtime hill . The train then turns to the right into the brake run . One cycle of the ride lasts about 2 minutes and 30 seconds . Trains / theme ( edit ) Maverick train exiting the first canyon Maverick features six three - car steam - era style trains that seat twelve passengers each . The trains have tiered seating and are named and colored as follows : Brett -- Brass , Brent -- Iron , Ben -- Gunmetal , Beau -- Gold , Bart -- Silver , and Sam -- Copper . The restraint system , similar to Accelerator Coasters , includes a hydraulic over the shoulder harness and an interlocking seat belt . The station features an elevated dual unloading and loading platform enabling two trains to be loaded and unloaded simultaneously . Maverick features western music , contributing to the western theme . There is also an elevator shaft designed to look like a silo , that also contributes to the western theme . The passenger height restriction was initially set to a minimum of 48 inches ( 120 cm ) . In May 2007 , the height restriction was raised to a minimum of 52 inches ( 130 cm ) per recommendations made by Intamin . At the 2015 Winter Chill Out , Cedar Point announced that the traditional over the shoulder restraints would be replaced with the soft vest style restraints seen on Intimidator 305 . Operation ( edit ) Maverick is negatively affected by unfavorable weather conditions as a high velocity ride . `` Rain , and / or lightning '' may result in the closing of the ride depending on the severity . It will close under any kind of steady precipitation . There is no minimum age requirement , but passengers must meet the miniumum height requirement of 52 inches and a maximum of 78 inches to ride . Some persons over a certain weight / waist size will not be permitted to ride if the seat and lapbar harness can not accommodate them . Passengers on Maverick may not bring any loose articles onto the train and will be required to wear shirts and footwear . Headphones must be removed before boarding . Glasses must also be secured by an athletic strap . Passengers are advised that they must not ride Maverick if they have `` a history of recent surgery , heart trouble / high blood pressure , neck trouble , back trouble , or any other condition that may be aggravated by riding , or who are pregnant '' . Awards ( edit ) Won the Golden Ticket Award for `` Best New Ride in 2007 '' by Amusement Today Won the award for `` Best New Attraction in 2007 '' from NAPHA Golden Ticket Awards : Top steel Roller Coasters Year 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking 13 12 15 21 ( tie ) 21 21 22 28 ( tie ) 22 12 10 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` News Release '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Werner Stengel '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats and Layout '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , John ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` Cedar Point delays new ride 's start '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.tripsavvy.com/the-worlds-steepest-roller-coasters-4159732 ^ Jump up to : `` Cedar Point delays Maverick opening '' . Yahoo !. May 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Trademark '' . Legal Force . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Concrete evidence appears at Cedar Point '' . Coasternet.com . March 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barhite , Brandi ( May 10 , 2006 ) . `` Pieces of Cedar Point 's mystery ride revealed '' . Sandusky Register . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point at Screamscape '' . Screamscape . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tyler ; Tony Clark ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` Something to See '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Construction Update -- October 28 , 2006 '' . Point Pixels . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2006 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 3 '' . Point Cast . October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point removes Heartline roll '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tyler ; Tony Clark ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` Track Work Complete '' . Cedar Point . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ready To Debut Maverick on Saturday '' . Toledo News Now . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 4 '' . Point Cast . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick ride review '' . Ultimate Coaster . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Point Virtual Tour -- Frontiertown '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Station / Theme Music '' . 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maverick Point Cast 2 '' . Point Cast . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Tony . `` New Announcements '' . cedarpoint.com . Cedar Fair Entertainment Company . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ride policies and Procedures '' . 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rider Height Requirements '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guests with Special Needs '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NAPHA 2005 -- 2011 Survey Results '' . National Amusement Park Historical Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 32 -- 33 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 36 -- 37 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 34 -- 35 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 19 ( 6.2 ) : 49 -- 50 . September 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 20 ( 6.2 ) : 50 . September 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 46 . September 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maverick ( roller coaster ) . Cedarpoint.com - Official Maverick page Maverick Photo Gallery at The Point Online Cedar Point History Current attractions Former attractions Roller coasters Blue Streak Cedar Creek Mine Ride Corkscrew GateKeeper Gemini Iron Dragon Magnum XL - 200 Maverick Millennium Force Raptor Rougarou Steel Vengeance Top Thrill Dragster Valravn Wicked Twister Wilderness Run Woodstock Express Attractions Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad maXair Power Tower Skyhawk SlingShot WindSeeker Water rides Snake River Falls Thunder Canyon Resorts Camper Village Castaway Bay Cedar Point 's Express Hotel Hotel Breakers Lighthouse Point Sandcastle Suites Hotel Other Cedar Point Shores Planet Snoopy Cedar Point Light Fast Lane Dinosaurs Alive ! Camp Snoopy HalloWeekends Winterfest Former attractions Demon Drop Disaster Transport Jumbo Jet Luminosity -- Ignite the Night ! Mill Race Shoot the Rapids Space Spiral VertiGo White Water Landing WildCat Website : cedarpoint.com Golden Ticket Award for Best New Ride Amusement ride Winners Hades ( 2005 ) The Voyage ( 2006 ) Maverick ( 2007 ) Ravine Flyer II ( 2008 ) Prowler ( 2009 ) Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ( 2010 ) New Texas Giant ( 2011 ) Wild Eagle ( 2012 ) Outlaw Run ( 2013 ) Flying Turns ( 2014 ) Fury 325 ( 2015 ) Lightning Rod ( 2016 ) Mystic Timbers ( 2017 ) Water slide Winners Black Anaconda ( 2005 ) Bahari River ( 2006 ) Bakuli ( 2007 ) Dragon 's Revenge ( 2008 ) Congo River Expedition ( 2009 ) Wildebeest ( 2010 ) The Falls ( 2011 ) Mammoth ( 2012 ) RiverRush ( 2013 ) Verrückt ( 2014 ) Dive Bomber ( 2015 ) Massiv ( 2016 ) Thunder Rapids ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maverick_(roller_coaster)&oldid=853349759 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 2007 Steel roller coasters Launched roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Intamin Cedar Point Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Ohio Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the maverick at cedar point open	[ "Maverick was scheduled to open on May 12, 2007, but opening was delayed until May 26, 2007 after testing revealed the heartline roll element to be too intense. Continued use of the element would have put excessive stress on trains.[4] At a drop angle of 95 degrees, Maverick is Cedar Point's steepest roller coaster.[5]The ride's tagline is \"The Old West Was Never This Wild.\"[1]\n" ]	[ "May 26, 2007" ]
7462109206234835920	History of film technology	History of film technology - wikipedia History of film technology This article is about the history of motion - picture technology . For the history of film as an artistic medium , see History of film . Cinématographe Lumière at the Institut Lumière , France The history of film technology traces the development of film technology from the initial development of `` moving pictures '' at the end of 19th century to the present time . Motion pictures were initially exhibited as a fairground novelty and developed into one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment in the 20th century . Major developments in motion picture technology have included the adoption of synchronized motion picture sound , color motion picture film , and the adoption of digital film technologies to replace physical film stock at both ends of the production chain by digital image sensors and projectors . Contents 1 Development of film technology 1.1 Precursors 1.2 First motion pictures 1.3 Development of film stock 2 Development of the film industry 2.1 Commercial cinema 2.2 Film industry 2.3 First cinemas 3 Color films 3.1 Additive process 3.2 Technicolor 4 Sound era 5 Digital film 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development of film technology ( edit ) Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Precursors of film The technology of film emerged mostly from developments and achievements in the fields of projection , lenses , photography and optics . Early techniques that involve motion and / or projection include : Shadowgraphy ( probably in practice since prehistoric times ) Camera obscura ( a natural phenomenon that has possibly been used as an artistic aid since prehistoric times ) Shadow puppetry ( possibly originated around 200 BCE in Central Asia , India , Indonesia or China ) Magic lantern ( developed in the 1650s , preceded by some incidental and / or inferior projectors ) stroboscopic `` persistence of vision '' animation devices ( phénakisticope since 1832 , zoetrope since 1866 , flip book since 1868 ) Chronophotography ( recorded with posed phases since the 1860s , recorded in real - time since 1878 ) Live projection of moving images occur in the camera obscura , a natural phenomenon that may have been used artistically since prehistory . The use of a lens in a camera obscura has been dated back to 1550 . Mobile camera obscura devices were used since the early 17th century , first in tents and not much later in wooden boxes . The box - type camera would be adapted into a photographic camera in the 1820s and 1830s . In or before 1659 the magic lantern was developed by Christiaan Huygens . It projected slides that were usually painted in color on glass . A 1659 sketch by Huygens indicates that moving images may have been part of the earliest screenings . Around 1790 multi-media phantasmagoria spectacles were developed . Rear projection , animated slides , multiple projectors ( superimposition ) , mobile projectors ( on tracks or handheld ) , projection on smoke , sounds , odors and even electric shocks were used to frighten audiences with a convincing ghost horror experience . In the 19th century several other popular magic lantern techniques were developed , including dissolving views and several types of mechanical slides that created dazzling abstract effects ( chromatrope , et cetera ) or that showed for instance falling snow or the planets and their moons revolving . The basic stroboscopic principle that allowed the creation of motion pictures was discovered by Joseph Plateau in Belgium around December 1832 and published in January 1833 . His invention - later known as the phénakisticope or fantascope - was a cardboard disc with slits through which the viewer could watch a rapid succession of sequential drawings ( photography was n't introduced yet ) reflected in a mirror . If a phénakisticope disc spins fast enough it invisibly replaces each picture by the next one and the viewer sees figures in fluent motion . A very similar `` Stroboscope Disc '' was independently invented in Austria by Simon von Stampfer around the same time ( probably some weeks later ) . Stampfer also mentioned several possible variations of his stroboscopic invention , including a cylinder ( similar to the later zoetrope ) as well as a long , looped strip of paper or canvas stretched around two parallel rollers ( somewhat similar to film ) and a theater - like frame ( much like the later praxinoscope theatre ) . In 1845 , Francis Ronalds created an alternative technology -- the first successful camera able to make continuous recordings of the varying indications of meteorological and geomagnetic instruments over time . The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century . Modern animation from plates of The Horse in Motion by Eadweard Muybridge ( 1878 ) . The first motion sequence photographed in real - time , rather than consisting of a series of posed photographs , was created in the US in 1878 by British photographer Eadweard Muybridge . Under the sponsorship of Leland Stanford , he photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in rapid motion by using a series of separate still cameras . The experiment took place on June 15 at Stanford 's stock farm in Palo Alto , California , with the press present , and was meant to determine whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground at the same time . The cameras were arranged in a line parallel to the edge of the track and spaced 27 inches apart . Each camera shutter was triggered by a thread as the horse passed and each exposure was made in only one thousandth of a second . Originally the pictures were published as cards and plates . From 1879 to 1893 Muybridge also had silhouettes of his pictures painted onto glass discs to project the images onto a screen with a device he called a zoopraxiscope , which can be regarded as the first movie projector . His innovative process was an intermediate stage toward motion pictures and cinematography . Soon after the pictures were published , or at least since January 1879 , there were several people who placed these in zoetropes to watch them in motion . These were most likely the very first viewings of photographic motion pictures that were recorded in real - time . Étienne - Jules Marey invented a chronophotographic gun in 1882 , which was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second , recording all the frames on the same picture . He used the chronophotographic gun for studying animals and human locomotion . An early projector , along similar lines to Muybridge 's zoopraxiscope , was built by Ottomar Anschütz in 1887 . His Electrotachyscope used 24 images on a rotating glass disk . In 1894 his invention projected moving images in Berlin . First motion pictures ( edit ) As a result of the work of Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne - Jules Marey , inventors in the late 19th century began to realize that the making and showing of photographic ' moving pictures ' of a more useful or even indefinite length was a practical possibility . The first motion picture camera was invented by the Frenchman Louis Le Prince in the 1880s , while working in Leeds , England . Le Prince had been inspired by Muybridge 's pioneering experiments , and he patented his first invention , a 16 - lensed camera , in 1887 . The first eight lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film ; the film would then be moved forward , allowing the other eight lenses to operate on the film . Although the camera was capable of ' capturing ' motion , it was not a complete success because each lens photographed the subject from a slightly different viewpoint , with the result that foreground elements in the projected scene wove about relative to each other and to the background . In May 1887 , after much trial and error , Le Prince was finally able to develop and patent the first single - lensed motion picture camera in 1888 . He used it to shoot the world 's earliest known motion picture on film : Roundhay Garden Scene , a short test photographed on October 14 , 1888 in Roundhay , Leeds . Le Prince later used his camera to shoot trams and the horse - drawn and pedestrian traffic on Leeds Bridge ( the movie was shot from Hicks the Ironmongers , now the British Waterways building , on the southeast side of the bridge ; a blue plaque now marks the spot ) . He initially shot his motion pictures on gelatin or glass plates but later switched to the more suitable celluloid , using film 1.75 inches wide . Play media Roundhay Garden Scene 1888 , the first known motion - picture film . In Leeds in 1889 , Le Prince presented the first purely photographic motion picture projection , using equipment he designed . His single - lensed projector used an electric arc lamp to project the images onto a white screen . He is regarded by many film historians as the father of motion pictures . `` `` Le Prince had indeed succeeded making pictures move at least seven years before the Lumière brothers and Thomas Edison . '' Richard Howells ( Screen vol. 47 # 2 , p. 179 ~ 200 , Oxford University Press , 2006 ) '' Development of film stock ( edit ) Another early pioneer , working at roughly the same time as Le Prince , was William Friese - Greene . He began to experiment with the use of oiled paper as a medium for displaying motion pictures in 1885 and by 1887 he was experimenting with the use of celluloid . In 1889 , Friese - Greene took out a patent for a ' chronophotographic ' camera . This was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second using perforated celluloid film . A report on the camera was published in the British Photographic News on February 28 , 1890 . He gave a public demonstration in 1890 of his device , but the low frame rate combined with the device 's apparent unreliability made an unfavourable impression . English anarchist and inventor Wordsworth Donisthorpe , filed for an early patent in 1876 for a film camera , which he named a `` kinesigraph . '' At the time , the necessary materials were not yet available to produce a working motion picture camera , but in 1889 , his interest in the possibility was revived when he heard about the successful experiments of Louis Le Prince , who was then working in Donsithorpe 's home town of Leeds . In 1889 he took out a patent , jointly with William Carr Crofts , for a camera using celluloid roll film and a projector system ; they then made a short film of the bustling traffic in London 's Trafalgar Square . Film still from Dickson Greeting . In May 1891 , it became the first American film shown to a public audience . Another , more successful apparatus was invented by the Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Alva Edison , W.K.L. Dickson . His camera , called the Kinetograph , was patented in 1891 and took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated on to a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide . The celluloid blocks were thinly sliced , then removed with heated pressure plates . After this , they were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion . In 1893 at the Chicago World 's Fair , Thomas Edison revealed the ' Kinetoscope ' to the public . The machine was contained within a large box , and only permitted the images to be viewed by one person at a time looking into it through a peephole , after starting the machine by inserting a coin . The parlours were supplied with film snippets photographed by Dickson , in Edison 's `` Black Maria '' studio . These sequences recorded both mundane incidents , such as Fred Ott 's Sneeze , and entertainment acts , such as acrobats , music hall performers and boxing demonstrations . The Kinetoscope peep - show parlor first opened on April 14 , 1894 , and was the first commercial exhibition of film . Kinetoscope parlors soon spread successfully to Europe . Edison , however , never attempted to patent these instruments on the other side of the Atlantic , since they relied so greatly on previous experiments and innovations from Britain and Europe . The Pleograph , invented by Polish emigre Kazimierz Prószyński in 1894 was another early camera . It also doubled up as a projector . The apparatus used a rectangle of celluloid with perforations between several parallel rows of images . Using an improved pleograph , Prószynski shot short films showing scenes of life in Warsaw , such as people skating in the park . Charles Francis Jenkins also exhibited his projector , the Phantoscope before an audience in June 1894 . Development of the film industry ( edit ) Commercial Cinema ( edit ) The Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first cinema ever , with a short movie presented by the Skladanowsky brothers in November 1895 The first ever film poster , for the Lumière brothers ' screening of L'Arroseur arrosé in 1895 . The Eidoloscope , devised by Eugene Augustin Lauste for the Latham family , was demonstrated for members of the press on April 21 , 1895 and opened to the paying public on May 20 , in a lower Broadway store with films of the Griffo - Barnett prize boxing fight , taken from Madison Square Garden 's roof on May 4 . It was the first commercial projection . In Lyon , Louis and Auguste Lumière perfected the Cinématographe , an apparatus that took , printed , and projected film . In late 1895 in Paris , father Antoine Lumière began exhibitions of projected films before the paying public , beginning the general conversion of the medium to projection . They quickly became Europe 's main producers with their actualités like Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory and comic vignettes like The Sprinkler Sprinkled ( both 1895 ) . Even Edison , initially dismissive of projection , joined the trend with the Vitascope , a modified Jenkins ' Phantoscope , within less than six months . A slightly earlier public motion - picture film presentation was made by Max and Emil Skladanowsky in Berlin , who projected with their apparatus `` Bioscop '' , a flickerfree duplex construction , November 1 through 31 , 1895 . However , the equipment was cumbersome and its use was eventually discontinued . In Britain , Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres both independently developed their own systems for projecting a moving image on to a screen . Acres presented his in January 1896 , and Paul unveiled his more influential Theatrograph shortly after on 20 February , on exactly the same day the Lumieres ' films would first be projected in London . The Theatrograph pioneered the ' Maltese cross ' system that drove sprocket rollers to provide intermittent motion . After some demonstrations before scientific groups , he was asked to supply a projector and staff to the Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square , and he presented his first theatrical programme on 25 March 1896 . His device was the prototype for the modern film projector and was sold across Europe . By 1896 , it had dawned on the Edison company that more money could be made by showing motion picture films with a projector to a large audience than exhibiting them in peep - show machines . The Edison company took up a projector developed by Armat and Jenkins , the `` Phantoscope '' , which was renamed the Vitascope , and it joined various projecting machines made by other people to show the 480 mm width films being made by the Edison company and others in France and the UK . Initially , a lack of standardization meant that film producers used a variety of different film widths and projection speeds , but after a few years the 35 - mm wide Edison film , and the 16 - frames - per - second projection speed of the Lumière Cinématographe became the standard . Birt Acres designed the first camera for amateur use in 1898 . He called it the ' Birtac Home Cinema ' , and it used a 17.5 mm gauge . Its purpose , in his words , was ' to place animated photography in the reach of everyone ' . Film industry ( edit ) The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin was the first large - scale film studio in the world ( founded 1912 ) and the forerunner to Hollywood . It still produces global blockbusters every year . By the late 1890s , the first motion picture companies were established in the US , France , Britain and elsewhere . The most successful motion picture company in the United States , with the largest production until 1900 , was the American Mutoscope company . This was initially set up to exploit peep - show type films using designs made by W.K.L. Dickson after he left the Edison company in 1895 . His equipment used 70 mm wide film , and each frame was printed separately onto paper sheets for insertion into their viewing machine , called the Mutoscope . The image sheets stood out from the periphery of a rotating drum , and flipped into view in succession . Besides American Mutoscope , there were also numerous smaller producers in the United States , and some of them established a long - term presence in the new century . American Vitagraph , one of these minor producers , built studios in Brooklyn , and expanded its operations in 1905 . The Pathé Brothers , by Adrien Barrère . In France , the Lumière company sent cameramen all round the world from 1896 onwards to shoot films , which were exhibited locally by the cameramen , and then sent back to the company factory in Lyon to make prints for sale to whomever wanted them . There were nearly a thousand of these films made up to 1901 , nearly all of them actualities . By 1898 , Georges Méliès was the largest producer of fiction films in France , and from this point onwards his output was almost entirely films featuring trick effects , which were very successful in all markets . The special popularity of his longer films , which were several minutes long from 1899 onwards ( while most other films were still only a minute long ) , led other makers to start producing longer films . In 1900 , Charles Pathé began film production under the Pathé - Frères brand , with Ferdinand Zecca hired to actually make the films . By 1905 , Pathé was the largest film company in the world , a position it retained until World War I. Léon Gaumont began film production in 1896 , with his production supervised by Alice Guy . In the United Kingdom , Birt Acres was one of the first to produce films as well as being the first travelling newsreel reporter . In 1894 he created a 70 mm format and filmed the Henley Royal Regatta . He went on to make some of Britain 's first films with Robert W. Paul with a 35 mm movie camera , the Kineopticon , including Incident at Clovelly Cottage , The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race and Rough Sea at Dover . Charles Urban became managing director of the Warwick Trading Company in 1897 , where he specialised in actuality film , including newsfilm of the Anglo - Boer War . In July 1903 he formed his own company , the Charles Urban Trading Company , moving to London 's Wardour Street in 1908 , the first film business to be located in what became the home of the British film industry . Mitchell and Kenyon was founded by Sagar Mitchell and James Kenyon in 1897 , soon becoming one of the largest film producers in the United Kingdom . Other early pioneers include James Williamson , G.A. Smith and Cecil Hepworth , who in 1899 , began turning out 100 films a year , with his company becoming the largest on the British scene . The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin in Germany was the first large - scale film studio in the world , founded 1912 , and the forerunner to Hollywood with its several establishments of large studios in the early 20th century . First cinemas ( edit ) Main article : Movie theater Initially , commercial screenings of motion - pictures for the public were put on in existing theatres and music halls as a novelty , but the main methods of exhibition quickly became either as an item on the programmes of variety theatres , or by traveling showmen in tent theatres , which they took around the fairs in country towns . It became the practice for the producing companies to sell prints outright to the exhibitors , at so much per foot , regardless of the subject . Typical prices initially were 15 cents a foot in the United States , and one shilling a foot in Britain . Hand - coloured films , which were being produced of the most popular subjects before 1900 , cost 2 to 3 times as much per foot . There were a few producers , such as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company , who did not sell their films , but exploited them solely with their own exhibition units . The first public motion - picture film presentation in the world was done by Max and Emil Skladanowsky at the Berlin Wintergarten theatre , who projected with their apparatus `` Bioscop '' , a flickerfree duplex construction , from November 1 through 31 , 1895 . A nickelodeon in 1910 showing `` The Heroine of Mafeking '' . The first theatres dedicated to motion - pictures were established at the turn of the century , soon becoming known as cinemas . The Vitascope Hall in New Orleans was opened in 1896 as one of the first such establishments . It showed two exhibitions , one in the morning and one in the afternoon . Another early establishment was the Islington Palace , originally built in 1869 as part of the Royal Agricultural Hall complex . The concert hall was converted into a full - time cinema in 1901 , a year after it showed its first film . The Nickelodeon was the first successful permanent theatre showing only films , and opened in Pittsburgh in 1905 . By then there were enough films several minutes long available to fill a programme running for at least half an hour , and which could be changed weekly when the local audience became bored with it . Other exhibitors quickly followed suit , and within a couple of years there were thousands of these `` nickelodeons '' in operation worldwide . Color films ( edit ) Main article : Color motion picture film Additive process ( edit ) Edward Raymond Turner 's three - color projector , 1902 The first person to demonstrate a natural - color motion picture system was British inventor Edward Raymond Turner , who applied for his patent in 1899 , received it in 1900 , and was able to show promising but very mechanically defective results in 1902 . Turner 's camera used a rotating disk of three color filters to photograph color separations on one roll of black - and - white film . A red , green or blue - filtered image was recorded on each successive frame of film . The finished film print was projected , three frames at a time , through the corresponding color filters . When Turner died in 1903 , his financial backer at that time , pioneering film producer Charles Urban , passed on the development of the process to George Albert Smith , who by 1906 had developed a simplified version that he later named Kinemacolor . The Kinemacolor camera had red and green filters in the apertures of its rotating shutter , so that alternating red - filtered and green - filtered views of the subject were recorded on consecutive frames of the panchromatic black - and - white film . The Kinemacolor projector did the same thing in reverse , projecting the frames of the black - and - white print alternately through the red and green filters in its rotating shutter . Both devices were operated at twice the usual frame rate to reduce the color flicker ( technically known as `` color bombardment '' ) produced by non-simultaneous projection of the two color components , a defect which some viewers barely noticed but which others found obtrusive and headache - inducing . A related defect was the most obvious shortcoming of this process : because the two components had not been photographed at the same time , as pairs of frames , rapidly moving subjects did not adequately match up from one frame to the next when projected on the screen , resulting in color `` fringes '' or in extreme cases vividly colored `` ghosts '' . A white dog wagging its tail in front of a dark background could appear to have several tails , variously red , green and white . Kinemacolor , 1911 ( appearance of projected image simulated by a color composite of two consecutive frames ) The first motion picture exhibited in Kinemacolor was an eight - minute short titled A Visit to the Seaside , which was trade - shown in September 1908 . The general public first saw Kinemacolor in a program of 21 short films shown on 26 February 1909 at the Palace Theatre in London . The process was first seen in the US on 11 December 1909 , at an exhibition staged by Smith and Urban at Madison Square Garden in New York . Kinemacolor released the first drama filmed in the process , Checkmated , in 1910 , and the first feature - length documentary , With Our King and Queen Through India , in 1912 . Kinemacolor projectors were installed in some 300 cinemas in Britain , and 54 dramatic films were produced . Four dramatic short films were made in Kinemacolor in the US in 1912 -- 1913 , and one in Japan in 1914 . However , the company was not a success , partly due to the expense of installing the special Kinemacolor projectors . A variant method was promoted by William Friese - Greene . He called his additive color system `` Biocolour '' . It differed from Kinemacolor only in that the need for a filter - equipped projector was eliminated by staining alternate frames of the film itself with red and green dyes . An ordinary projector could therefore be used , if it would bear being cranked at a sufficient rate . Like Kinemacolor , Biocolour suffered from noticeable color flicker and from red and green fringing when the subject was in rapid motion . In 1913 , French film entrepreneur and inventor Léon Gaumont unveiled Chronochrome , a full - color additive system . The camera used three lenses with color filters to photograph red , green and blue color components simultaneously on consecutive frames of one strip of 35 mm black - and - white film . The projector had a corresponding triad of lenses . To reduce the strain imposed on the film as the mechanism in each device pulled it down three frames at a time , frame height was reduced from the usual four film perforations to three , resulting in a widescreen image format identical with the modern 16 : 9 aspect ratio . Chronochrome 's color quality was impressive , as surviving specimens attest , and because the three frames were exposed and projected simultaneously , Kinemacolor 's color bombardment and color fringes around moving objects were avoided . However , because the camera 's three lenses could not all photograph the scene from exactly the same viewpoint , subjects that were too near the camera would exhibit color fringes if the registration of the three projected images was optimized for the background of the scene , and vice versa . A method of notching the prints to trigger automatic adjustment of the projection optics was invented , but expert supervision of the presentation was still a requisite . Light loss due to the color filters and the constrained dimensions of the projection lenses resulted in an image that was too dim for showing in a large auditorium unless a highly reflective metalized screen or rear - projection onto a translucent screen was used , and either solution created a `` hot spot '' that made the views from the side sections of the auditorium very unsatisfactory . The films were seldom screened outside of Gaumont 's own cinemas and the system soon fell into disuse . Technicolor ( edit ) After experimenting from 1915 to 1921 with additive color systems that filmed and projected the two color components simultaneously , rather than in rapid alternation ( thereby eliminating Kinemacolor 's color flicker and false color fringes around rapidly moving objects ) , the Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation developed a subtractive color print process . As in its last additive system , the camera had only one lens but used a beam splitter that allowed red and green - filtered images to be photographed simultaneously on adjacent frames of a single strip of black - and - white 35 mm film , which ran through the camera at twice the normal rate . By skip - frame printing from the negative , two prints were made , on film stock with half the normal base thickness . They were chemically toned ( i.e. , the silver particles forming the black - and - white images were proportionally replaced by coloring matter ) to colors roughly complementary to the filter colors ( red for the green - filtered images and vice versa ) , as subtractive color reproduction requires . They were then cemented together , base to base , into a single strip of film . No special projection equipment was needed . A surviving two - color - component image from the first Technicolor feature film , The Gulf Between ( 1917 ) The first publicly shown film using this process was The Toll of the Sea ( 1922 ) starring Anna May Wong . Perhaps the most ambitious all - Technicolor feature was The Black Pirate ( 1926 ) , starring and produced by Douglas Fairbanks . In 1928 , the system was refined by the adoption of dye imbibition , which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single one - sided print , thus eliminating the complication of attaching two prints back to back and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices . Technicolor 's system was popular for a number of years , but it was an expensive process : shooting cost three times as much as black - and - white photography and printing costs were also much higher . By 1932 , color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by the major studios , but then Technicolor introduced a new process which recorded all three primary colors . Utilizing a dichroic beam splitter sandwiched between two 45 - degree prisms in the form of a cube , light from the lens was split into two paths to expose three black - and - white films ( two of them in bipack ) , one each to record the densities for red , green and blue . The three negatives were printed to gelatin matrix films , which were processed with a selectively hardening developer , treated to remove the silver , and hot - washed to leave only a gelatin relief of the images . A receiver print , consisting of a 50 % density silver print of the black - and - white negative for the green component , and including the soundtrack and frame lines , was made and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process ( the inclusion of a `` black '' image was discontinued in the early 1940s ) . The matrix for each color was soaked in its complementary dye ( yellow , cyan , or magenta ) , then each in succession was brought into high - pressure contact with the receiver , which imbibed and held the dyes , thus reproducing a nearly complete spectrum of color , unlike previous two - color processes . The first animation film to use the three - color ( also called three - strip ) system was Walt Disney 's Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) , which introduced it to an enthusiastic public . The first short live - action film was La Cucaracha ( 1934 ) , and the first all - color feature in `` New Technicolor '' was Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) . The proliferation of television in the early 1950s contributed to a heavy mid-century push for color within the film industry . In 1947 , only 12 percent of American films were made in color . By 1954 , that number had risen to over 50 percent . The color boom was aided by the breakup of Technicolor 's near - monopoly on the medium . The last stand of black - and - white films made by or released through the major Hollywood studios came in the mid-1960s , after which the use of color film for all productions was effectively mandatory and exceptions were only rarely and grudgingly made . Sound era ( edit ) Main article : Sound film The Jazz Singer ( 1927 ) , was the first full - length film with synchronized sound . Initially , there were technical difficulties in synchronizing images with sound . However , there was still significant interest in motion pictures for films to be produced without sound . The era from the 1890s to the late 1920s , is commonly referred to as the silent era of film . To enhance the viewers ' experience , silent films were commonly accompanied by live musicians and sometimes sound effects and even commentary spoken by the showman or projectionist . In most countries , intertitles came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film . Experimentation with sound film technology , both for recording and playback , was virtually constant throughout the silent era , but the twin problems of accurate synchronization and sufficient amplification had been difficult to overcome ( Eyman , 1997 ) . In 1926 , Hollywood studio Warner Bros. introduced the `` Vitaphone '' system , producing short films of live entertainment acts and public figures and adding recorded sound effects and orchestral scores to some of its major features . During late 1927 , Warners released The Jazz Singer , which was mostly silent but contained what is generally regarded as the first synchronized dialogue ( and singing ) in a feature film . The early sound - on - disc processes such as Vitaphone were soon superseded by sound - on - film methods such as Fox Movietone , DeForest Phonofilm , and RCA Photophone . The trend convinced the largely reluctant industrialists that `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were the future . A lot of attempts were made before the success of The Jazz Singer , that can be seen in the List of film sound systems . Digital film ( edit ) Main articles : Digital cinematography and Digital cinema Digital cinematography , the process of capturing film images using digital image sensors rather than through film stock , has largely replaced analog film technology . As digital technology has improved in recent years , this practice has become dominant . Since the mid 2010s most of the movies across the world are captured as well as distributed digitally . Many vendors have brought products to market , including traditional film camera vendors like Arri and Panavision , as well as new vendors like RED , Blackmagic , Silicon Imaging , Vision Research and companies which have traditionally focused on consumer and broadcast video equipment , like Sony , GoPro , and Panasonic . Current digital film cameras with 4k output are approximately equal to 35mm film in their resolution and dynamic range capacity , however , digital film still has a slightly different look to analog film . Some filmmakers and photographers still prefer to use analogue film to achieve the desired results . Digital cinema , the use of digital technology to distribute or project motion pictures has also largely replaced the historical use of reels of motion picture film , such as 35 mm film . Whereas traditional film reels had to be shipped to movie theaters , a digital movie can be distributed to cinemas in a number of ways : over the Internet or dedicated satellite links or by sending hard drives or optical discs such as Blu - ray discs . Digital movies are projected using a digital projector instead of a conventional film projector . Digital cinema is distinct from high - definition television and is not dependent on using television or high - definition video standards , aspect ratios , or frame rates . In digital cinema , resolutions are represented by the horizontal pixel count , usually 2K ( 2048 × 1080 or 2.2 megapixels ) or 4K ( 4096 × 2160 or 8.8 megapixels ) . As digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s , most of the theaters across the world converted to digital . See also ( edit ) List of color film systems List of film formats Newsreel Silent film Sound film The Story of Film : An Odyssey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ilardi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes . Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . Sir Francis Ronalds : Father of the Electric Telegraph . London : Imperial College Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78326 - 917 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ronalds , B.F. ( 2016 ) . `` The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography : Sir Francis Ronalds ' Contribution '' . European Society for the History of Photography . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Man Who Stopped Time . Joseph Henry Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 10112 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/muybZOETROPES.htm Jump up ^ Faszination der Bewegung : Ottomar Anschütz zwischen Photographie und Kino p. 185 , Deac Rossell . ISBN 3 - 87877 - 774 - 4 Jump up ^ Industry , liberty , and a vision : Wordsworth Donisthorpe 's kinesigraph , Stephen Herbert , p. 13 , ISBN 0 - 9523941 - 3 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Adventures in CyberSound : Le Prince , Louis Aimé Augustin , Dr Russell Naughton ( using source : Michael Harvey , NMPFT Pioneers of Early Cinema : 1 . Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince ) Jump up ^ Brendan Bruce ( 2013 ) . On the Origin of Spin : ( Or how Hollywood , the Ad Men and the World Wide Web became the Fifth Estate and created our images of power ) . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform . p. 23 . Jump up ^ BBC Education -- Local Heroes Le Prince Biography , BBC , archived on 1999 - 11 - 28 Jump up ^ E. Kilburn Scott ( 1974 ) . Raymond Fielding , ed . A Technological History of Motion Pictures and Television . University of California Press . pp. 76 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Rausch , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Turning Points In Film History . Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2592 - 1 . Jump up ^ Braun , Marta , ( 1992 ) Picturing Time : The Work of Etienne - Jules Marey ( 1830 -- 1904 ) , p. 190 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 - 226 - 07173 - 1 ; Robinson , David , ( 1997 ) From Peepshow to Palace : The Birth of American Film , p. 28 , New York and Chichester , West Sussex , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 10338 - 7 ) Jump up ^ Burns , R.W. ( 1998 ) . Television : An International History of the Formative Years . London : Institution of Engineering and Technology . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 914 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Wordsworth Donisthorpe : British inventor and political activist '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Burns , Paul T . `` The History of The Discovery of Cinematography - 1885 - 1889 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . and `` Ten Remaining Frames Of Donisthorpe 's 1890 ' Trafalgar Square ' Footage Come To Life '' ( GIF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Herbert , S. ( 1998 ) . Industry , Liberty , and a Vision : Wordsworth Donisthorpe 's Kinesigraph . London : The Projection Box . ISBN 0 - 9523941 - 3 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maciej Ilowiecki , `` Dzieje nauki polskiej '' , Wydawnictwo Interpress , Warszawa 1981 , ISBN 8322318766 , p. 202 ( Polish ) . Jump up ^ Streible , Dan . Fight Pictures : A History of Boxing and Early Cinema . University of California Press . p. 46 . ISBN 9780520940581 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003 . © 1993 - 2002 Microsoft Corporation . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Discovery of Cinematography '' . Jump up ^ Mast , Gerald ; Kawin , Bruce F. ( 2007 ) . `` Birth '' . In Costanzo , William . A Short History of the Movies ( Abridged 9th ed . ) . Pearson Education , inc . pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrograph Projector No 2 Mark 1 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wade , John ( 2004 ) . Cine Cameras . Osprey Publishing . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony ( 1998 ) . The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3426 - X . Jump up ^ Billy Bitzer . `` The Biograph Camera '' . The Operating Cameraman . Society of Camera Operators ( Spring 1995 ) . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2004 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Musser , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Emergence of Cinema : The American Screen to 1907 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . pp. 303 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08533 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gina De Angelis ( 2003 ) . Motion Pictures . The Oliver Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881508 - 78 - 6 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Norman . Georges Melies : first wizard of cinema . Flicker Alley . 2008 . Jump up ^ Willems , Gilles `` Les origines de Pathé - Natan '' In Une Histoire Économique du Cinéma Français ( 1895 -- 1995 ) , Regards Croisés Franco - Américains , Pierre - Jean Benghozi and Christian Delage , eds . Paris : Harmattan , Collection Champs Visuels , 1997 . English translation : The origins of Pathé - Natan Archived 2008 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . La Trobe University Jump up ^ `` Acres , Birt ( 1854 - 1918 ) '' . BFI Sceen Online . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , Paul ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 15 , 1895 - 1900 '' . The History of the Discovery of Cinematography . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Birt Acres biography Archived 2011 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 21 June 2007 Jump up ^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/78112161@N00/7223737470/ Jump up ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 102715 - 0 . Jump up ^ James Chapman ( 2004 ) . Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . Reaktion Books . p ... Jump up ^ http://nationalmediamuseumblog.wordpress.com/2012/09/12/edward-raymond-turner-discovery-re-writes-history-of-early-film/ Jump up ^ British Patent ( B.P. ) no . 6,202 ( 1899 ) , 22 March 1899 , ' Means for taking and exhibiting cinematographic pictures '. http://www.brianpritchard.com/GB189906202A.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/~/media/Files/NMeM/PDF/PlanAVisit/LeeTurnerTimeline.pdf Jump up ^ Pritchard , B. ( 2012 ) . `` Lee - Turner Project with the National Media Museum '' . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert Allen Nowotny ( 1979 ) . The Way of All Flesh Tones . University of Texas at Austin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5109 - 9 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Widescreen Museum Jump up ^ http://bioscopic.wordpress.com/2008/06/15/colourful-stories-no-11-kinemacolor-in-america Jump up ^ Salvage Operations of S.S. Oceana Produced by the Natural Colour Kinematograph Co. , Brighton on IMDb Jump up ^ La Tosca ( 1912 ) , Mission Bells ( 1913 ) , The Rivals ( 1913 ) , and The Scarlet Letter ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ Gaumont Chronochrome at the WideScreen Museum . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ephraim Katz , The Film Encyclopedia ( HarperCollins , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 273089 - 4 Jump up ^ Ira Konigsberg , The Complete Film Dictionary Meridan PAL Books , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 452 - 00980 - 4 Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony . ( 1990 ) `` Technicolor '' The American Film Industry : A Historical Dictionary Limelight pp. 338 - 340 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 139 - 3 Jump up ^ Hart , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The History of Technicolor '' Widescreenmuseum.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ David A. Cook , A History of Narrative Film ( 2nd edition , W.W. Norton & Company , 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95553 - 2 Jump up ^ Note : It has been claimed that this was actually accomplished first by Charles Taze Russell in 1914 with the lengthy film The Photo - Drama of Creation , which consisted of projected slides and moving pictures synchronized with phonograph records of talks and music . There is apparently no evidence that the synchronization was anything more than loose and approximate -- adequate for providing musical accompaniment or narration appropriate to the scene being shown on the screen , but not lip - synchronous on - screen speech or singing -- or that any simultaneous filming and sound recording was involved . Jump up ^ `` Qube Cinema Supports Cinecolor in Its Transition to Digital Cinema in Latin America '' . qubecinema.com . Jump up ^ `` How Digital Conversion Is Killing Independent Movie Theaters '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Michael Hurley ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Studios Abandon Film , Small Theaters Struggle -- And There 's a happy ending - Indiewire '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Film vs. Digital : A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages '' . PetaPixel. 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Digital Cinema Conversion Nears End Game '' . Variety . https://www.todayhinditech.com/android-kya-hai-android-ki-puri-jaankari-hindi-me/ Further reading ( edit ) Munslow. , Alun ( December 2007 ) . `` Film and history : Robert A. Rosenstone and History on Film / Film on History '' . Rethinking History . 4 ( 11 ) : 565 -- 575 . Abel , Richard . The Cine Goes to Town : French Cinema 1896 - 1914 University of California Press , 1998 . Acker , Ally . Reel Women : Pioneers of the Cinema , 1896 to the Present . London : B.T. Batsford , 1991 . Barnes , John . The Cinema in England : 1894 - 1901 ( 5 Volumes ) University of Exeter Press , 1997 . Basten , Fred E. Glorious Technicolor : The Movies ' Magic Rainbow . AS Barnes & Company , 1980 . Bowser , Eileen . The Transformation of Cinema 1907 - 1915 ( History of the American Cinema , Vol. 2 ) Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1990 . Rawlence , Christopher ( 1990 ) . The Missing Reel : The Untold Story of the Lost Inventor of Moving Pictures . Charles Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0689120688 . Cousins , Mark . The Story of Film : A Worldwide History , New York : Thunder 's Mouth press , 2006 . Dixon , Wheeler Winston and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster . A Short History of Film , 2nd edition . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press , 2013 . King , Geoff . New Hollywood Cinema : An Introduction . New York : Columbia University Press , 2002 . Merritt , Greg . Celluloid Mavericks : A History of American Independent Film . Thunder 's Mouth Press , 2001 . Musser , Charles ( 1990 ) . The Emergence of Cinema : The American Screen to 1907 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 18413 - 3 . Nowell - Smith , Geoffrey , ed . The Oxford History of World Cinema . Oxford University Press , 1999 . Parkinson , David . History of Film . New York : Thames & Hudson , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20277 - X Rocchio , Vincent F. Reel Racism . Confronting Hollywood 's Construction of Afro - American Culture . Westview Press , 2000 . Salt , Barry . Film Style and Technology : History and Analysis 2nd Ed . Starword , 1992 . Salt , Barry . Moving Into Pictures Starword , 2001 . Usai , P.C. & Codelli , L. ( editors ) Before Caligari : German Cinema , 1895 - 1920 Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine , 1990 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of cinema . View inside an ancient film camera * popup warning , possible vanity site * Museum Of Motion Picture History , Inc . History exhibit of filmmaking in Florida , presented by the State Archives of Florida American Cinematographer - January , 1930 , THE EARLY HISTORY OF WIDE FILMS History of Film Formats Technicolor History What is a Camera Obscura ? Film Sound History at FilmSound.org An Introduction to Early cinema List of Early Sound Films 1894 - 1929 at Silent Era website Official Web Site of Film Historian / Oral Historian Scott Feinberg Reality Film Film History by Decade * popup warning * Project `` Westphalian History in the film '' Cinema : From 1890 To Now Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_film_technology&oldid=862571106 '' Categories : History of film Motion picture film formats Film and video technology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 07 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	history of cinema vs history of indian cinema	[]	[]
542954596972311452	California Basic Educational Skills Test	California Basic Educational skills test - wikipedia California Basic Educational skills test Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The California Basic Educational Skills Test ( CBEST ) is a standardized test administered throughout the state of California and Oregon for individuals who want to teach at public schools and gain a credential . The test is designed to provide information about basic proficiency in reading , mathematics , and writing . The test is divided into three sections ; the reading and math sections each contain 50 multiple - choice questions , while the writing section consists of two essay questions . The test must be completed in four hours , but test - takers may use that time to work on any or all of the three sections . Also , there is no limit to the number of times someone may take the test in order to pass , and test - takers do not have to pass all three sections at one sitting , but a $41 registration fee for paper - based testing ( $102 for computer - based testing ) must be paid each time the test is taken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test / Program Overview 2 CBEST Test Design / Sections 2.1 Reading Section 2.2 Mathematics Sections 2.3 Writing Sections 3 Scoring the Exam 3.1 CBEST Writing Scores 4 What 's New on 2008 -- 2009 Version 4.1 Computer - Based Testing Now Available 4.2 New 2009 Basic Skills Testing Options 5 California Basic Skills Requirements 5.1 Who Must Take the CBEST ? 5.2 Who Is Exempt from the CBEST ? 6 CBEST Passing Score 7 Before you register 7.1 Registration Checklist 7.2 Test Selection 7.3 Test Dates & Sites 7.4 Test Fees 8 Registration Options 8.1 Internet Registration 8.2 Mail Registration 8.3 Telephone Registration 8.4 Confirming and Changing Registration 9 The Day of Test 9.1 Reporting to Test site 9.2 What to Bring & Test Site Rules 9.3 During and After Test 10 Obtaining Test results 11 References 12 External links Test / program overview ( edit ) One of the books designed to help individuals review for the test . Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The California Basic Educational Skills Test ( CBEST ) is a standardized test required by the states of California and Oregon for individuals seeking their first teaching or services credential . It was developed by the Commission of Teacher Credentialing ( CTC ) to meet the California Education Code ( Section 44254 ) , which was amended by the legislature of California on February 1 , 1983 . This amendment `` requires teachers , administrators , and other school practitioners , ( to ) demonstrate adequate proficiency , in English , of three basic skills : reading , mathematics , and writing . '' The CBEST is administered by the National Evaluation Systems , Inc . ( NES ) , under the direction of the CBEST Program . It does not test an individual 's teaching skills or abilities ; it only test reading skills ( critical analysis , evaluation , comprehension , and research skills ) , mathematics skills ( estimation , measurement , computation , and problem solving , etc . ) , and writing skills that are considered important for a job in the education field , either at the elementary , secondary , or higher education levels . The CBEST gives a separate score for each section tested , but a passing score must be obtained in every section , in order to satisfy the California Education Code requirement and obtain the proper credential for employment as educator in the state of California or Oregon . The CBEST format was implemented by the Oregon Teachers Standards and Practices Commission ( TSPC ) in July 1984 to assess the basic skills of individuals entering the education field . Six months after , it became a requirement for obtaining a license in Oregon as an educator . The CBEST is an additional requirement for obtaining a license or credential , and it does not replace the other requirements established for the issuance of teaching credentials . CBEST test design / sections ( edit ) The CBEST consists of three sections . It contains multiple - choice questions and two essay questions . Each multiple - choice question presents five choices ( A through E ) and examinees are given four hours to take the test . The time given can be divided among the three sections in any way desired . Reading section ( edit ) This section contains 50 multiple - choice questions based on original passages of between 100 and 200 words . But in some cases , these passages may be short statements of not more than one or two sentences . These questions measure the ability to understand information given through the written word , or in charts and graphs . They emphasize on critical analysis , evaluation , comprehension , and research skills . The critical analysis and evaluation portion is approximately 40 percent of the questions from this section , and the comprehension and research skills portion is approximately 60 percent of the questions from this section . Mathematics sections ( edit ) This section contains 50 multiple - choice questions that assess cumulative knowledge of the mathematics traditionally taught in elementary and high school and , sometimes , in college . These questions come from three broad categories : arithmetic , algebra , and measurement and geometry . None of the questions strictly tests computation , but computational skills are required throughout the test . About 40 % of the questions on the mathematics section of the CBEST are related to arithmetic . About 20 % of the questions are related to elementary geometry , and the remaining items are related to other mathematical concepts and skills . Writing sections ( edit ) This section contains two essay questions . This portion of the CBEST assesses the ability to compose two effective essays within the given time session . The essays must answer the two topics printed in the test booklet . One topic requires an analysis of a given situation or a particular statement , and the other asks for a narrative about a personal experience . These essays test the ability to compose effective prose and to communicate ideas to an intended audience . Essay writing demonstrates the ability to think critically and to use language logically and clearly . The 30 - minute time limit for each essay allows little time to rewrite or to reflect on the writing . Therefore , the performance on this portion of the test will demonstrate the ability to organize and support ideas quickly . Scoring the exam ( edit ) One must earn a total of 123 points to get a passing status across all three sections , but you can get away with a score as low as 37 in one or two sections . However , you must make up the rest of remaining points of 123 points elsewhere . CBEST writing scores ( edit ) Essays are scored by California and Oregon educators , and they score according to standardized procedures during scoring sessions held immediately after each CBEST administration . Writing scores are determined by scoring each of the two essays holistically according to the criteria described in the CBEST Writing Score Scale . CBEST Writing Score Scale 1 - Rhetorical Force 2 - Organization 3 - Support and Development 4 - Usage 5 - Structure and conventions 6 - Appropriateness What 's new on 2008 -- 2009 version ( edit ) Computer - based testing Now available ( edit ) CBEST computer - based testing ( CBEST CBT ) is available to choose five - or six - day testing windows at Pearson Professional Centers operated by Pearson VUE . If you go to Test Dates site , it shows a list of the testing windows that are open for registration . Test Sites shows information about available test centers in California and other centers in the United States . New 2009 Basic skills testing options ( edit ) You must complete one of the following options to satisfy the California basic skills requirements . 1 - Passage of a basic skills examination from another state 2 - Passage of all three subtests of CSET : Multiple Subjects and CSET : Writing Skills 3 - Passage of the CBEST 4 - Passage of both of the English and Mathematics sections of the California State University ( CSU ) Early Assessment Program ( EAP ) , and it must have `` College Ready '' or `` Exempt '' status . 5 - Passage of both of the English Placement Test ( EPT ) and the Entry Level Mathematics ( ELM ) . The EPT passing score is 151 or higher . The current passing ELM score is 50 or higher . However , if you took ELM before March 2003 , score must be 550 or higher . California Basic skills requirements ( edit ) Who must take the CBEST ? ( edit ) You are required to take the CBEST if : 1 - You are applying for a teaching or service credential for the first time . 2 - You have not taught during the 39 months prior to a new job . 3 - You are applying for admission to either a teacher - preparation or service - credential program approved by the CCTC . Who is exempt from the CBEST ? ( edit ) You are exempt from taking the CBEST if you are : 1 - An instructor of adults in an apprenticeship program . 2 - A teacher in a children 's center . 3 - A teacher in a subject that does not require a bachelor 's degree 4 - A provider of health services 5 - A student teacher status 6 - An educational specialist in deaf and hearing impaired CBEST passing score ( edit ) All three sections of test must be passed , in order to pass the CBEST . Raw scores can range from 1 - 50 , which are then converted to scaled scores ranging from 20 - 80 . The passing scaled score on each section of the test is 41 , and a minimum total score of 123 for all three sections must be achieved to pass . Before you register ( edit ) Registration checklist ( edit ) Use this checklist to review the information that you need to register for the CBEST . 1 - Review your registration options . 2 - Prepare your payment . 3 - Gather the personal information you need to register . 4 - Review the background questions . 5 - Review the Rules of Test Participation . Test selection ( edit ) When you register for the paper - based CBEST , you will automatically be registered for all three sections . However , you may take one , two , or all three sections at a given paper - based test administration . When you register for the computer - based CBEST , you may register to take one , two , or all three sections . The test fee is the same regardless of your selection . Once you have registered , you may not change your section selection unless you withdraw and register again . Test dates & sites ( edit ) The CBEST is offered six times a year , once every two months at different locations throughout California and Oregon . It is usually given on the first or second Saturday of the months of February , April , June , August , October , and December . Specific CBEST test dates can be found at the CBEST website . A test area choice should be indicated when registering for the CBEST . A specific test site will be given based on the facilities available and appropriate for test administration . Test sites are subject to change due to scheduling conflicts . Although `` every attempt will be made to ensure that the new site is located in the same general are as the one originally requested , '' it is recommended to carefully review the test area selections as changes are made . Refer to the Pearson VUE Web site at www.pearsonvue.com/cbest for up - to - date information about all available test centers and emergency registration test areas . Test fees ( edit ) Fees for Internet and telephone registration must be paid using a credit card or a debit or check card . The fees for registration by U.S. mail and for other services requested by mail must be paid by check or money order . Test Registration Fees Test fee $41 Computer - based testing service fee ( in addition to the regular test fee ) $61 Late registration ( for paper - based testing only , in addition to the regular test fee ) $18 Emergency registration ( for paper - based testing only , in addition to the regular test fee ) $35 Additional Services Fees Score verification ( multiple - choice section of paper - based test ) $20 per test date Score verification ( essay section ) $50 per test date Additional copy of test results ( per copy ) $10 Registration options ( edit ) There are three different ways to register for the CBEST including internet registration , mail , and telephone registration . Internet registration ( edit ) Internet registration is available 24 hours a day , 7 days a week . Internet registration for the paper - based test can be utilized during regular , late , and emergency registration periods . To register through the internet go to the CBEST main website , click on `` Register Now , '' and follow the instructions listed . Telephone registration is open from 9 : 00 a.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. ( Pacific Time ) , Monday through Friday , excluding certain holidays . Registration must be completed by 5 : 00 p.m. ( Pacific Time ) on the registration deadline to be eligible for that specific registration period . Mail registration ( edit ) Mail registration deadlines are strictly enforced and must be postmarked by the regular registration deadline . Anything postmarked after the deadline may cause delays or cause you to incur additional registration fees . Telephone registration ( edit ) Telephone registration can be utilized during late and emergency registration periods only . To register by phone call ( 800 ) 262 - 5080 or ( 916 ) 928 - 4001 on the given times and dates . Confirming and changing registration ( edit ) To confirm your registration date , time , and location for the paper - based testing , select `` Confirm or Modify Registration '' on the CBEST website . Follow the instructions provided to log in and verify that all information is correct and accurate . In order to change your paper - based test you may submit a request via internet , U.S. mail or fax . Note that you can not change from a paper - based test to a computer - based test . To confirm registration for computer - based testing , click the e-mail that the evaluation systems will send to you . You will be redirected to a website in order to schedule your appointment . To change computer - based testing you may reschedule on the Pearson VUE web site . The day of test ( edit ) Reporting to test site ( edit ) The paper - based test session will begin at 8 : 00 a.m. and will end from 12 : 45 p.m. to 1 : 15 p.m. Testing times may vary at any other testing locations other than California and Oregon . The computer - based test session will vary depending on what was confirmed in the confirmation email . What to bring & test site rules ( edit ) For paper - based testing , you must bring your admission ticket , sharpened number 2 pencils with erasers , and proper identification . For computer - based testing , all you must bring is paper identification as described in `` Identification Policy . '' CBEST test sites do not allow the following on site : any smoking and the use of tobacco products , visitors , weapons of any kind , cell phones , electronic communication devices , calculators , handwritten or printed materials , packages / totes , food / drink , and unauthorized aids . During and after test ( edit ) `` During the test you will have four hours to complete the exam to work on any test section ; '' bathroom breaks are allowed , but this counts toward the four hours allotted . No type of communication is allowed during the test . When you have completed the test , the testing materials will be collected and you must leave the facility . Obtaining test results ( edit ) Scores will be mailed four to six weeks after the test date . For each section , the scores will announce whether or not the section was passed , and it will suggest areas within each section that one might need to study . The score report will also include the highest score obtained . A passing score on any section of the test will not have to be taken again . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zirkel , Perry A. `` Courtside . '' Phi Delta Kappan 81.10 ( June 2000 ) : 793 . Academic Search Premier . EBSCO . Mt . SAC Lib. , Walnut , CA . Apr. 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : CBEST : California Basic Educational Skills Test . New York : LearningExpress , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : California Basic Educational Skills Test . 2009 . Pearson Education , Inc . Apr. 28 , 2009 http://www.cbest.nesinc.com/ . Jump up ^ Andis , Mary F. , et al . The Best Test Preparation for the CBEST California Basic Educational Skills Test . New Jersey : Research & Education Association , 2003 . Jump up ^ 2008 - 09 CBEST Exam Dates : Bilingual Teacher Pathway Program . 2009 . Bilingual Teacher Pathway . Apr 24 , 2009 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ PearsonVUE. 2009. Pearson Education , Inc . Apr 29 , 2009 . http://www.vue.com/ External links ( edit ) CBEST Official Site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Basic_Educational_Skills_Test&oldid=795605730 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States Education in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing cleanup from January 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from January 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 09 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what score do you need to pass cbest	[ "One must earn a total of 123 points to get a passing status across all three sections, but you can get away with a score as low as 37 in one or two sections. However, you must make up the rest of remaining points of 123 points elsewhere." ]	[ "123 points" ]
7923073719361641835	Cuisine of the Midwestern United States	Cuisine of the Midwestern United States - wikipedia Cuisine of the Midwestern United States Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on American cuisine Regional cuisines ( show ) Northeastern New England New Jersey New York City Philadelphia Midwestern Chicago North Dakota Omaha St. Louis Mid-Atlantic Baltimore Pittsburgh Southern ( list ) Cajun Floribbean Kentucky Louisiana Creole Lowcountry New Orleans Soul food ( list ) Texas Tex - Mex Western California California fusion Pacific Northwest Rocky Mountain Southwestern New Mexican Other Hawaiian Military rations Puerto Rican Roadkill Tailgate party History ( show ) Thirteen Colonies Antebellum America Chuckwagon Culinary Revolution Ingredients and foods ( show ) List of American foods Blueberry Corn Okra Pecan Potato Pumpkin Sunflower seed Styles ( show ) Barbecue in the United States Kansas City Memphis North Carolina Oklahoma Santa Maria St. Louis Texas Fast food Fusion New American Pizza in the United States Ethnic and cultural ( show ) American Chinese Greek - American Italian - American Asian Indian - American Jewish Native American Pennsylvania Dutch Tlingit Scandinavian Holidays and festivals ( show ) Christmas Thanksgiving United States portal Food portal Midwestern cuisine is a regional cuisine of the American Midwest . It draws its culinary roots most significantly from the cuisines of Central , Northern and Eastern Europe , and Native North America , and is influenced by regionally and locally grown foodstuffs and cultural diversity . Everyday Midwestern home cooking generally showcases simple and hearty dishes that make use of the abundance of locally grown foods . Its culinary profiles may seem synonymous with `` American food . '' Quoted in a 2007 interview with the Daily Herald , Chef Stephen Langlois , a pioneer in the Midwestern local food movement , described it : `` Think of Thanksgiving dinner . Turkey and cranberry sauce and wild rice and apple pie . '' The Midwest 's restaurants also offer a diverse mix of ethnic cuisines as well as sophisticated , contemporary techniques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Urban centers 2.1 Barberton , Ohio 2.2 Chicago 2.3 Cincinnati 2.4 Cleveland 2.5 Columbus 2.6 Detroit 2.7 Indianapolis 2.8 Kansas City 2.9 Madison 2.10 Mansfield , Ohio 2.11 Milwaukee 2.12 Minneapolis and Saint Paul 2.13 Omaha 2.14 St. Louis 3 Regional specialties 3.1 Illinois 3.2 Indiana 3.3 Iowa 3.4 Kansas 3.4. 1 Alcoholic beverages 3.5 Michigan 3.6 Minnesota 3.7 Missouri 3.8 Nebraska 3.9 North Dakota 3.10 Ohio 3.11 Wisconsin 4 Dishes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Seen highlighted in red , the region known as the Midwestern United States , as currently defined by the U.S. Census Bureau Sometimes called `` the breadbasket of America , '' the Midwest serves as a center for grain production , particularly wheat , corn and soybeans . Midwestern states also produce most of the country 's wild rice . Beef and pork processing always have been important Midwestern industries , with a strong role in regional diets . Chicago and Kansas City were historically stockyard and processing centers of the beef trade and Cincinnati , nicknamed ' Porkopolis ' , was once the largest pork - producing city in the world . Iowa is the center of pork production in the U.S. Far from the oceans , Midwesterners traditionally ate little seafood , relying on local freshwater fish , such as perch and trout , supplemented by canned tuna and canned or cured salmon and herring , although modern air shipping of ocean seafood has been increasing Midwesterners ' taste for ocean fish . Dairy products , especially cheese , form an important group of regional ingredients , with Wisconsin known as `` America 's Dairyland . '' The upper Midwest , a prime fruit - growing region , sees the extensive use of apples , blueberries , cranberries , cherries , peaches and other cold - climate fruit in its cuisine . As with many American regional cuisines , Midwestern cooking has been heavily influenced by immigrant groups . Throughout the northern Midwest , northern European immigrant groups predominated , so Swedish pancakes and Polish pierogi are common . Wisconsin , Missouri , Kansas , Ohio and Illinois were destinations for many ethnic German immigrants , so pork sausages and potatoes are prevalent . In the Rust Belt , many Greeks became restaurateurs , imparting a Mediterranean influence . Native American influences show up in the uses of corn and wild rice . Traditionally , Midwestern cooks used a light hand with seasonings , preferring sage , dill , caraway , mustard and parsley to hot , bold and spicy flavors . However , with new waves of immigrants from Latin America and Asia moving into the region , these tastes are changing . This section of the region is also headquarters for several seminal hamburger chains , including McDonald 's in Oak Brook , Illinois ( founded in California , but turned into the iconic franchise by Ray Kroc beginning with a still - standing store in Des Plaines , Illinois ) . The Midwest is also home to Hardee 's in St. Louis , Missouri , Culver 's in Sauk City , Wisconsin ; Steak n Shake , founded in Normal , Illinois , and now based in Indianapolis ; Wendy 's in Dublin , Ohio . Diner chain Big Boy , known for burgers , is headquartered in Warren , Michigan . Both Pizza Hut ( now based in Plano , Texas ) and White Castle ( based in Columbus , Ohio since 1933 ) were founded in Wichita , Kansas . Besides Pizza Hut , the Midwest is home to the other largest pizza chains in the U.S. : Little Caesars and Domino 's Pizza , both based in Michigan ( respectively in Detroit and Ann Arbor ) , and Papa John 's Pizza , founded in Indiana ( though its current headquarters are just outside the federally defined Midwest in Louisville , Kentucky , across the Ohio River from the chain 's original home of Jeffersonville ) . Bratwurst with sauerkraut and potatoes A Wurst mart , sometimes spelled Wurstmart or Wurst Markt , is a variation on a fish fry found predominantly in German - American communities . Wurst marts are usually held by churches as fundraising events , where people will pay for a buffet of sausages and other side dishes . Common side dishes include mashed potatoes , gravy and sauerkraut . Wurst Mart comes from the German word `` Wurstmarkt '' , meaning sausage market . Wurst marts are found mostly in small rural German - American communities in the Midwest , particularly around St. Louis . Urban centers ( edit ) Major urban areas in the Midwest feature distinctive cuisines very different from those of the region 's rural areas , and some larger cities have world - class restaurants . Barberton , Ohio ( edit ) Main article : Barberton , Ohio Part of the greater Akron area , this small industrial city with a strong Central and Eastern European heritage has a culinary contribution called Barberton Chicken , created by Serbian immigrants , deep fried in lard , and usually accompanied by a hot rice dish , vinegar coleslaw and french fries . Chicago ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Chicago Chicago - style deep dish pizza The ethnic mix of the people of Chicago has led to a distinctive cuisine of restaurant foods exclusive to the area , such as Italian beef , the Maxwell Street Polish , the Chicago - style hot dog , Chicago - style pizza , chicken Vesuvio and the jibarito , as well as a large number of steakhouses . Chicago also boasts many gourmet restaurants , as well as a wide variety of ethnic food stores and eateries , most notably Mexican , Polish , Italian , Greek , Indian / Pakistani and Asian , often clustered in ethnic neighborhoods . Many of these cuisines have evolved significantly in Chicago . For example , the Greek cheese dish saganaki was first flambéed at the table in Greektown . Chicago is the Midwest 's center of molecular gastronomy , likely due to the influence of Grant Achatz . As a major rail hub , Chicago historically had access to a broad range of the country 's foodstuffs , so even in the 19th century , Chicagoans could easily buy items like live oysters and reasonably fresh shrimp . Chicago 's oldest signature dish , shrimp de Jonghe , was invented around the turn of the 20th century . Today , flights into O'Hare Airport bring Chicago fresh food from all over the world . Cincinnati ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Cincinnati See also : Cincinnati - style The Queen City is known for its namesake `` Cincinnati chili '' , a Greek - inspired meat sauce ( ground beef seasoned with cinnamon , nutmeg , allspice , cloves , bay leaf , cumin , chili powder , and unsweetened dark chocolate ) , served over spaghetti or hot dogs . Unlike chili con carne , Cincinnati - style chili is almost never eaten by itself and is instead consumed in `` ways '' or on cheese coneys , which are a regional variation on a chili dog . Goetta , a meat - and - grain sausage or mush made from pork and oats , is unique to the Greater Cincinnati area and `` every bit as much a Queen City icon '' as Cincinnati chili . It was inspired by the traditional porridge - like German peasant food stripgrutze but incorporates a higher proportion of meat - to - grain and is thicker , forming a sliceable loaf . Slices are typically fried like sausage patties and served for breakfast . More than a million pounds of goetta are served in the Cincinnati area per year . The city has a strong German heritage and a variety of German - oriented restaurants and menu items can be found in the area . Cincinnati 's Oktoberfest Zinzinnati , an annual food and music celebration held each September , is the second - largest in the world . Taste of Cincinnati , the longest running culinary arts festival in the United States , is held each year on Memorial Day weekend . In 2014 , local chefs and food writers organized the first annual Cincinnati Food & Wine Classic , which drew chefs and artisan food producers from the region . The area was once a national center for pork processing and is often nicknamed Porkopolis , with many references to that heritage in menu - item names and food - event names ; pigs are a `` well - loved symbol of the city . '' Four - way Cincinnati chili Pork packing in Cincinnati 1873 Taste of Cincinnati 2009 Cleveland ( edit ) Cleveland 's many immigrant groups and heavily blue - collar demographic have long played an important role in defining the area 's cuisine . Ethnically , Italian foods as well as several Eastern European cuisines , particularly those of Poland and Hungary , have become gastronomical staples in the Greater Cleveland area . Prominent examples of these include cavatelli , rigatoni , pizza , Chicken paprikash , stuffed cabbage , pierogi , and kielbasa all of which are widely popular in and around the city . Local specialties , such as the pork - based dish City Chicken and the Polish Boy ( a loaded sausage sandwich native to Cleveland ) , are dishes definitive of a cuisine that is based on hearty , inexpensive fare . Commercially , Hector Boiardi ( aka Chef Boyardee ) started his business in Cleveland 's Little Italy . Sweets specific to the Cleveland area include the coconut bar ( similar in many respects to the Australian Lamington ) . Coconut bars , which are found in many Jewish bakeries in the area , are small squares of cake that have been dipped in chocolate and rolled in coconut . In Italian bakeries around the Cleveland area , a variation of the Cassata cake is widely popular . This local version is unlike those typically found elsewhere being that it is made with layers of sponge cake custard and strawberries , then frosted with whipped cream . In a celebrity - chef nod to this version , Mario Batali as ' the best Cassata cake in the USA . ' Columbus ( edit ) Schmidt 's Sausage Haus in German Village , Columbus , Ohio The Columbus , Ohio area is the home and birthplace of many well - known fast food chains , especially those known for hamburgers . Wendy 's opened its first store in Columbus in 1969 , and is now headquartered in nearby Dublin . America 's oldest hamburger chain , White Castle , is based there . Besides burgers , Columbus is noted for the German Village , a neighborhood south of downtown where German cuisine such as sausages and kuchen are served . In recent years , local restaurants focused on organic , seasonal , and locally or regionally sourced food have become more prevalent , especially in the Short North area , between downtown and the OSU campus . Numerous Somali restaurants are also found in the city , particularly around Cleveland Avenue . Columbus is also the birthplace of the famed Marzetti Italian Restaurant , opened in 1896 . Owner Teresa Marzetti is credited with creation of the beef - and - pasta casserole named after her brother - in - law , Johnny Marzetti . The restaurant 's popular salad dressings became the foundation for the T. Marzetti Company , an international specialty foods manufacturer and distributor , headquartered in Columbus . Detroit ( edit ) Competing , neighboring Coney Island hot dog restaurants in Detroit Detroit specialties include Coney Island hot dogs , found at hundreds of unaffiliated `` Coney Island '' restaurants . Not to be confused with a chili dog , a coney is served with a ground beef sauce , chopped onions and mustard . The Coney Special has an additional ground beef topping . It is often served with French fries . Food writers Jane and Michael Stern call out Detroit as the only `` place to start '' in pinpointing `` the top Coney Islands in the land . '' Detroit also has its own style of pizza , a thick - crusted , Sicilian cuisine - influenced , rectangular type called square pizza . Other Detroit foods include zip sauce , served on steaks ; the triple - decker Dinty Moore sandwich , corned beef layered with lettuce , tomato and Russian dressing ; and a Chinese - American dish called warr shu gai or almond boneless chicken . The Detroit area has many large groups of immigrants . A large Arabic - speaking population reside in and around the suburb of Dearborn , home to many Lebanese storefronts . Detroit also has a substantial number of Greek restaurateurs . Thus , numerous Mediterranean restaurants dot the region and typical foods such as gyros , hummus and falafel can be found in many run - of - the - mill grocery stores and restaurants . A Coney Island hot dog Polish food is also prominent in the region , including popular dishes such as pierogi , borscht , and pączki . Bakeries concentrated in the Polish enclave of Hamtramck , Michigan , within the city , are celebrated for their pączki , especially on Fat Tuesday . Hungarian food is featured in east Toledo , Ohio with Packo 's hotda Chinese restaurants in the Detroit area serve Almond boneless chicken , a regional Chinese - American dish consisting of battered fried boneless chicken breasts served sliced on a bed of lettuce with a gravy - like chicken flavored sauce and slivered almonds . In nearby Ann Arbor the Chipati , a tossed salad , is served inside a freshly baked pita pocket with the `` secret '' Chipati sauce on the side . The Chipati 's origination is claimed by both Pizza Bob 's on S. State St. and by Pizza House on Church St . Indianapolis ( edit ) Indianapolis was settled predominantly by Americans of British descent and Irish and German immigrants , so much of the city 's food draws upon these influences . Much of the food is considered to be `` Classic American Cuisine '' . Later immigrants included many Jews , Poles , Eastern Europeans and Italians , all of whom influenced local food . Two of the city 's most distinct dishes are the pork tenderloin sandwich and sugar cream pie . A fast - growing immigrant population from places such as Mexico and India is also beginning to influence the local food . The area offers many diverse , locally owned ethnic restaurants , as well as nationally and internationally renowned restaurants . Indy is also home to many local pubs . Kansas City ( edit ) See also : Kansas City - style barbecue Kansas City is an important barbecue and meat - processing center with a distinctive barbecue style . The Kansas City metropolitan area has more than 100 barbecue restaurants and proclaims itself to be the `` world 's barbecue capital . '' The Kansas City Barbeque Society spreads its influence across the nation through its barbecue - contest standards . The oldest continuously operating barbecue restaurant is Rosedale Barbecue near downtown Kansas City . Other popular barbecue restaurants are Gates Bar - B-Q , Joe 's Kansas City Bar - B - Que and Arthur Bryant 's . Both Arthur Bryant 's and Gates Bar - B-Q sell bottled versions of their barbecue sauces in restaurants and specialty stores in the surrounding areas . Madison ( edit ) Main article : Madison , Wisconsin The capital and second - largest city in the state of Wisconsin , Madison has a diverse and cosmopolitan food scene . One representative is Dane County Farmers ' Market , the largest producers - only farmer 's market in the nation . Mansfield , Ohio ( edit ) Main article : Mansfield , Ohio Mansfield is the home of two well - known food companies . Isaly Dairy Company ( AKA Isaly 's ) was a chain of family - owned dairies and restaurants started by William Isaly in the early 1900s until the 1970s , famous for creating the Klondike Bar ice cream treat , popularized by the slogan `` What would you do for a Klondike Bar ? '' . Stewart 's Restaurants is a chain of root beer stands started in Mansfield by Frank Stewart in 1924 , famous for their Stewart 's Fountain Classics line of premium beverages now sold worldwide . Milwaukee ( edit ) Main article : Milwaukee German immigrants settled Milwaukee . Sauerkraut , bratwurst , beer , and other traditional German favorites continue to be popular , both in homes and at Milwaukee 's famous German restaurants . Milwaukee also offers a diverse selection of other ethnic restaurants . Served under various names , a favorite sandwich for Milwaukeeans and Wisconsinites consists of a brat ( often butterflied to lay flat ) on top of a hamburger in a kaiser roll . Frozen custard is a local favorite in the Cream City , with many competing stands throughout the area . Cheese curds are another local favorite , and Wisconsinites enjoy them `` squeaky '' ( cold ) , or fried ( usually in batter ) . Also known as Brew City , Milwaukee is home to many breweries and the traditional and nominal headquarters for national beer brands . Minneapolis and Saint Paul ( edit ) Minneapolis and Saint Paul offer a diverse array of cuisines influenced by their many immigrant groups , as well as those restaurant chefs who follow the trends of larger cities . Within Minnesota , at - home fare varies broadly within various ethnic groups and their culture , historically , the overall majority of Minnesotans were of Northern European ancestry , many with farming backgrounds and many home - cooked meals still reflect this , with comfort food items such as hotdish , hearty soups and stews and meat and potatoes commonly being served . Many Minnesotans claim some Scandinavian heritage , and while iconic dishes such as lefse and lutefisk are quite commonly served at home as well as church potlucks and community get - togethers , few Twin Cities restaurants serve these items . Traditionally wild rice has been popular in Minnesota , which has been gathered in area lakes by Native Americans for centuries ; In the fall , the Twin Cities share along with Green Bay , Wisconsin , the tradition of the neighborhood booyah , a cuisine and cultural event featuring a hodge - podge of ingredients in stews . One item of note , Minneapolis and Saint Paul pioneered the Jucy Lucy ( or `` Juicy Lucy '' ) , a hamburger with a core of melted cheese . American restaurants in the Twin Cities supply a wide spectrum of choices and styles that range from small diners offering simple short order grill fare and the typical sports bars and decades old supper clubs to high - end steakhouses and eateries that serve new American cuisine using locally grown ingredients . Most types of American regional cuisine can be found at restaurants in the Twin Cities . Barbecue restaurants in the area tend to feature a combination of the various regional styles of this type of cooking . In the inner cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , it 's not uncommon to find a few Chicago - influenced African American barbecue restaurants . Recently Minneapolis is becoming central to the newly thriving native american cuisine movement . It has been announced that A Native American restaurant by Sioux Chef author and educator Sean Sherman called Owanmi will be part of the Water Works , a park development project overlooking St. Anthony Falls and the Stone Arch Bridge , set to open in 2019 . Germans comprise the majority of the state 's ethnic heritage and one can find authentic German cuisine at the Gasthaus Bavarian Hunter in nearby Stillwater , and at the Black Forest Inn and the Gasthof zur Gemutlichkeit both found in Minneapolis . The latter restaurant is in Minneapolis ' Northeast community which is also home to thriving Czech , Polish , Ukrainian and other Eastern European restaurants such as Jax Café , Kramarczuk 's , Mayslack 's and the former Nye 's Polonaise lending this area an old world character and charm . The Twin Cities can also boast of authentic French , Irish , Italian and Russian restaurants . Spanish tapas restaurants exist , but are more trendy than homage . In the Twin Cities , pizzerias tend to be American rather than rustic Italian . Pies tend to feature thinner crusts , and are usually cut into squares ( Also known as `` tavern cut '' or `` party cut '' ) . Rustic Italian pizzerias however , are not absent . A few do exist , and feature inventive styles of pizza . Authentic Mexican and Tex - Mex restaurants are quite popular in the Twin Cities , as there are Hispanic neighborhoods in both Saint Paul and Minneapolis . Many entrepreneurs have taken authentic Mexican cuisine into the suburbs as well . Latin American purveyors are also pioneering their home cuisines from Argentina , Brazil , Cuba , Ecuador , Peru and the Spanish Speaking West Indies offering authentic churrasco and ceviche among their dining options . Asian cuisine was initially dominated by Chinese Cantonese immigrants that served Americanized offerings . In 1883 Woo Yee Sing and his younger brother , Woo Du Sing , opened the Canton Cafe in Minneapolis , the first Chinese restaurant in Minnesota . Authentic offerings began at the influential Nankin Cafe which opened in 1919 , and many new Chinese immigrants soon took this cuisine throughout the Twin Cities and to the suburbs . Authentic Chinese cuisine from the provinces of Hunan and Szechaun and from Beijing , Shanghai and Taiwan are relatively new . The cuisine of Japan has been present since the opening of the area 's very first Japanese restaurant , Fuji Ya in 1959 . Since then , sushi and teppanyaki restaurants have also become increasingly more common . In the 1970s the Twin Cities saw a large influx of Southeast Asian immigrants from Cambodia , Laos , Thailand and Vietnam . The urban areas are now proliferated by Vietnamese phở noodle shops , banh mi and Thai curry restaurants . Since 1976 Supenn Supatanskinkasem ( now Harrison ) has been cooking and serving Thai food through her Minnesota State Fair Booth , Siam Café , and Sawatdee chain of Thai restaurants . Thanks to her persistence and success , others have opened Thai restaurants and there are now more than 100 establishments throughout Minnesota offering the food of Thailand . Cambodian cuisine has also flourished given the large Hmong population familiar with it . Korean restaurants are few , as possibly their dining style and flavors have not been as adopted into the American mainstream . In the Twin Cities suburbs , Oriental buffets are popular for offering different Asian cuisines together . Restaurants offering other cuisines of Asia including those from Afghanistan , India , Nepal and the Philippines are also fairly recent additions to the Twin Cities dining scene and have been well received . Local ingredients are often integrated into Asian offerings , for example Chinese steamed walleye and Nepalese curried bison . The Twin Cities are home to many restaurants that serve the cuisines of the Mediterranean and the Middle East . There are numerous Greek restaurants that range from fine dining to casual fast food shops that specialize in gyros . In both Minneapolis and Saint Paul , there exist long established Jewish cafes and delicatessens . Lebanese restaurants have also had a long time presence in both cities . Authentic offerings of Arab cuisine , as well as other Middle Eastern cuisines , exist in the Minneapolis / St. Paul Metropolitan area . Egyptian , Iranian ( Persian ) , Kurdish , and Turkish restaurants can be found throughout the Twin Cities . Related cuisines from Northeast Africa can also be found throughout the Twin Cities metropolitan area . While restaurants that serve Ethiopian dishes have been in the Twin Cities for decades , more recent immigrants from Somalia have also opened a number of restaurants in Minnesota . Somali cuisine consists of an exotic mixture of native Somali , Ethiopian , Yemeni , Indian , Persian , Turkish and Italian culinary influences . In addition , West African immigrants have introduced their own unique cuisine in recent years . There is also a presence of Afro - Caribbean restaurants , with the famed Nicollet Avenue in Minneapolis being home to two Caribbean restaurants . The University of Minnesota has been a center for food research with inventions such as the Haralson , Honeycrisp and SweeTango apple varieties . The Minnesota State Fair offers a sampling of many cuisines each year and Twin Citians claim that the all - American Corn Dog and Pronto Pup made their very first appearances there . Much like other states in the Midwest with a significant dairy industry , deep fried cheese curds are very popular at carnivals , city festivals , baseball games , county fairs , and the aforementioned Minnesota State Fair . Additionally , many important agricultural conglomerates , including Cargill , General Mills / Pillsbury , and International Multifoods make their home in Minneapolis - Saint Paul . The Betty Crocker food brand ( named after a non-existent housewife ) was born there . Several national restaurant chains , such as Buca di Beppo , Famous Dave 's and the now defunct Chi - Chi 's started in the Twin Cities . Buffalo Wild Wings , Dairy Queen , KarmelKorn Shoppes , the former Old Country Buffet , Orange Julius and T.G.I. Friday 's ( a division of Carlson Companies ) are also well known chains headquartered in the Twin Cities . Omaha ( edit ) A Reuben sandwich is a hot sandwich of corned beef or pastrami , sauerkraut and Swiss cheese , with Russian or Thousand Island dressing on rye bread Main article : Cuisine of Omaha Omaha has some unusual steakhouses such as the famous Gorat 's , several of which are Sicilian in origin or adjacent to the Omaha Stockyards . Central European and Southern influences can be seen in the local popularity of carp and South 24th Street contains a multitude of Mexican restaurants . North Omaha also has its own barbecue style . Omaha is one of the places claiming to have invented the reuben sandwich , supposedly named for Reuben Kulakofsky , a grocer from the Dundee neighborhood . Bronco 's , Godfather 's Pizza , and the Garden Cafe are among the chain restaurants that originated in Omaha . Omaha also has a thriving local pizza scene , with popular restaurants including Zio 's , La Casa , Mama 's and Valentino 's . However , Big Fred 's and Johnny Sortino 's are the two that routinely vie for the title of the best pizza in town . The cheese frenchee is also a local favorite and staple , originating from the original King 's Food Host fast food restaurants . Today in Omaha , you can find them at Amigos / Kings Classic and Don & Millies fast food restaurants . St. Louis ( edit ) Pork steaks cooking Main article : St. Louis cuisine See also : St. Louis - style barbecue and St. Louis - style pizza The large number of Irish and German immigrants who came to St. Louis beginning in the early nineteenth century contributed significantly to the shaping of local cuisine as confirmed by a variety of uses of beef , pork and chicken , often roasted or grilled , as well as a variety of desserts including rich cakes , stollens , fruit pies , doughnuts and cookies . Even a local form of fresh stick pretzel , called Gus 's Pretzels , has been sold singly or by the bagful by street corner vendors . Mayfair salad dressing was invented at a St. Louis hotel of the same name , and is richer than Caesar salad dressing . St. Louis is also known for popularizing the ice cream cone and for inventing gooey butter cake ( a rich , soft - centered coffee cake ) and frozen custard . Iced tea is also rumored to have been invented at the World 's Fair , as well as the hot dog bun . Although St. Louis is typically not included on the list of major styles of barbecue in the United States , it was recognized by Kingsford as `` America 's Top Grilling City '' in its second annual list of `` Top 10 Grilling Cities . '' A staple of grilling in St. Louis is the pork steak , which is sliced from the shoulder of the pig and often basted with or simmered in barbecue sauce during cooking . Other popular grilled items include crispy snoots , cut from the cheeks and nostrils of the pig ; bratwurst ; and Italian sausage , often referred to as `` sah - zittsa , '' a localization of its Italian name , salsiccia . Maull 's is a popular brand of barbecue sauce in the St. Louis area . Restaurants on The Hill reflect the lasting influence of the early twentieth century Milanese and Sicilian immigrant community . Two unique Italian - American style dishes include `` toasted '' ravioli , which is breaded and fried , and St. Louis - style pizza , which has a crisp , thin crust and is usually made with Provel cheese instead of traditional mozzarella cheese . A Poor boy sandwich is the traditional name in St. Louis for a submarine sandwich . A St. Paul sandwich is a St. Louis sandwich , available in Chinese - American restaurants . A Slinger is a diner and late night specialty consisting of eggs , hash browns and hamburger , topped with chili , cheese and onion . Regional specialties ( edit ) Illinois ( edit ) See also : Quad City - style pizza The Horseshoe sandwich originates from Springfield , Illinois Illinois is a top producer of corn and soybeans , but corn , particularly sweet corn , figures most substantially in its cuisine . Chicago - style cuisine is dominant in Northeastern Illinois , while other parts of the state mirror adjoining regions . Springfield , Illinois , and the surrounding area are known for the horseshoe sandwich . Indiana ( edit ) A popular dish seen almost exclusively in Indiana is sugar cream pie , which most likely originated in the state 's Amish community . Persimmon pudding is also a favorite Indiana dessert very difficult to find outside of the Hoosier State . The pork tenderloin sandwich , a sandwich of boneless pork loin that has been pounded flat , breaded , and fried , is a popular state food ; Huntington is the likely first appearance in 1913 . Beef and noodles is another homespun Hoosier dish . Frog legs are traditional in old - fashioned Indiana restaurants , and brain sandwiches have a following . Fried biscuits with apple butter are served at many restaurants in southern Indiana , as are fried - brain sandwiches . Iowa ( edit ) See also : Quad City - style pizza Pork tenderloin sandwich as served in Cedar Rapids , Iowa Iowa is the leading pork producer in the United States . This is reflected in Iowan cuisine , which includes the pork tenderloin sandwich ( or simply ' pork tenderloin ' ) , consisting of a lean section of boneless pork loin that is pounded flat , breaded , and deep fried before being served on a seeded hamburger bun with any or all of ketchup , mustard , mayonnaise , and dill pickle slices . In Iowa , the meat of a pork tenderloin sandwich is often far larger than the area of the bun . Iowa is the center for loose - meat sandwiches , also called tavern sandwiches and appearing on many menus by each restaurant 's unique name for them . They originated in the region in the Ye Olde Tavern restaurant in 1934 before being popularized by Maid - Rite in 1936 , which now has franchises in other midwestern states . The Sioux City take - out restaurant `` Tastee Inn and Out '' originated in 1955 and is now one of the last extant tavern sandwich specialty single - restaurant operations in the country . In Illinois , this sandwich is also known as a `` loose hamburger sandwich '' . Dutch letters , pastries filled with almond paste and shaped like an ' S , ' are also common in Iowa . Iowa is the leader in Corn production in the United States therefore Iowan 's celebrate this with numerous sweet corn feeds during the summer months . Kansas ( edit ) Alcoholic beverages ( edit ) As of November 2006 , Kansas still has 29 dry counties and only 17 counties have passed liquor - by - the - drink without a food sales requirement . Today there are more than 2600 liquor and 4000 cereal malt beverage licensees in the state . Michigan ( edit ) Michigan is a large producer of asparagus , a vegetable crop widespread in Spring . Western and northern Michigan are notable in the production of apples , blueberries , and cherries . The Northwestern region of Michigan 's Lower Peninsula accounts for approximately 75 percent of the U.S. crop of tart cherries , usually about 250 million pounds ( 11.3 Gg ) . A popular dish , Michigan Chicken Salad , includes cherries and often apples . Fruit salsas are also popular with cherry salsa being especially prominent . Michigan 's wine and beer industries are substantial in the region . The Traverse City area is a popular destination to visit wineries and the state makes many varieties of wine , such as Rieslings , ice wines , and fruit wines . Micro-breweries continue to blossom creating a wide range of unique beers . Grand Rapids was voted Beer City USA 2013 in the Beer City USA poll , with Founders being the largest of Grand Rapids ' breweries . Bell 's , another large Michigan craft brewery is located further south in Kalamazoo . Michigan is the home of both Post and Kellogg , with Battle Creek being called Cereal City . Vernor 's ginger ale and Faygo pop also originate in Michigan . Vernor 's ginger ale is often used as a home remedy for an upset stomach . Coney Islands , a type of diner originating with Greek immigrants in Detroit , are fairly common throughout the state . A Coney is many times a Koegel hot dog from Flint - based Koegel Meat Company on a bun , topped with raw onion , mustard , and Coney sauce , a type of chili . Cheese may be added as well and variations are found throughout the state , with each city claiming theirs is the best . These diners usually also have gyros served with cucumber or honey mustard sauce , as well as hamburgers , sandwiches , breakfast and dinner entrees . Most Coney Islands are open 24 hours and also a popular place to get a late or early coffee . In Polish communities throughout the state Pączki can be found every year on Fat Tuesday ( Mardi Gras ) in a wide assortment of flavors including lemon , blueberry to custard . Pierogis , goulash , and polish style sausage are common specialties in many restaurants . Fish fries are common on Fridays and during Lent . Fish fries are usually set up buffet style typically consisting of items including rolls , potatoes ( typically in the form of french fries and mashed ) , salad , coleslaw , apple sauce , deep fried fish and sometimes fried shrimp and baked fish . Fish is generally popular throughout the state due to the states location on four of the Great Lakes . Trout , walleye , perch and catfish are common . Whitefish is a regional specialty usually offered along the coast , with smoked whitefish and whitefish dip being noteworthy . Cornish immigrant miners introduced the pasty to Michigan 's Upper Peninsula ( U.P. ) as a convenient meal to take to work in the numerous copper , silver , and nickel mines of that region . The pasty is today considered iconic of the U.P. Fudge is commonly sold in tourist areas , with Mackinac Island being most famous for its fudge , traditionally chocolate , but there is a wide variety of flavors from mint to maple and may include nuts , fruit , or other candy pieces . Minnesota ( edit ) A Tater Tot hotdish at the Saint Paul , Minnesota , Winter Carnival Minnesota potluck Perhaps the most iconic Minnesota dishes are lefse and lutefisk , brought to the state by Scandinavian immigrants . Lefse and lutefisk dinners are held near Christmas and have become associated with that holiday . Lutefisk is a traditional dish of the Nordic countries made from stockfish ( air - dried whitefish ) and soda lye ( lut ) . Walleye is the state fish of Minnesota and it is common to find it on restaurant menus . Its popularity with Minnesotans is such that the residents of the state consume more of the fish than does any other jurisdiction . Battered and deep - fried is a popular preparation for walleye , as is grilling . Many restaurants will feature walleye on their Friday night fish fry , which is popular at locales throughout the state . Minnesota is known for its church potlucks , where hotdish is often served . Hotdish is any of a variety of casserole dishes , which are popular throughout the United States , although the term `` hotdish '' is used mainly in Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , and South Dakota . Hotdishes are filling comfort foods that are convenient and easy to make . `` Tater Tot Hotdish '' is a popular dish , and as Minnesota is one of the leading producers of wild rice , wild rice hotdishes are quite popular . Minnesota goulash , a combination of tomatoes , macaroni , ground beef and creamed corn is popular as well . Bars are the second of the two essentials for potlucks in Minnesota . According to You Know You 're in Minnesota When ... : 101 Quintessential Places , People , Events , Customs , Lingo , and Eats of the North Star State by Berit Thorkelson , the bar is a Minnesota staple and a `` typical Minnesota dessert '' . Thorkelson notes that bars are not included in Webster 's Dictionary , and the word pronunciation of the `` ar '' is with `` a pirate - like arrr '' followed by a soft clipped s . The immigrants that settled in the state in the 1800s were predominantly from Central and Eastern Europe ( particularly Germany ) and Scandinavia . They brought with them taste preferences that largely remain to this day . Those Minnesotans with this Northern European ancestry , in general , avoid hot spices in favor of earthy or aromatic spices . In the northeastern section of the state , in the region collectively known as the Iron Range , the Mesabi Range area is known for Cornish pasties . The pasty , a meat and vegetable combination in a pastry crust , was brought to Minnesota by way of early Finnish iron miners as an easy lunch for miners working deep in the iron mines . It remains a favorite for both `` locals '' and summer tourists . A traditional Slovenian nut bread called potica served at Easter and Christmas is still very popular in northern Minnesota . It is a yeast dough rolled and stretched paper thin and spread with a mixture of ground walnuts , butter , eggs , cream , and honey or sugar . It is then rolled jellyroll fashion and baked . Traditionally it was spiraled in a round pan , but now one is more likely to find it baked as a loaf . The state is a productive area for chicken , dairy and turkey farms and crops such as corn , soybeans , and sugar beets and as such , eggs and meat along with potatoes and vegetables are mainstay foods . Warm baked goods along with stews and hearty soups are a favorite in the winter given the extreme Minnesota climate . Recipes using local wild game such as bison , deer or elk are also common . Other popular dishes statewide include glorified rice , Jell - O salad , and krumkake . Missouri ( edit ) In Missouri , much of the cuisine is influenced by that of the Ozarks . Barbecue , both pork and beef , is popular in both St. Louis and Kansas City , as well as in much of the southern half of the state . In the Bootheel , sweet tea is commonly available at restaurants . Missouri also leans heavily on beer and bratwurst , and St. Louis features the fried brain sandwich , the St. Paul sandwich , toasted ravioli , St. Louis - style pizza , gooey butter cake , the slinger , and many other dishes that are popular throughout the state . Fishing is a popular sport throughout the state , and many fish fry events feature catfish and large - mouthed bass . The `` Missouri Rhineland '' along the valley of the Missouri River is known for its wineries . Nebraska ( edit ) Square Runza sandwiches are identified with Nebraska . North Dakota ( edit ) Cuisine in North Dakota has been heavily influences by both Norwegians and Germans from Russia , ethnic groups which have historically accounted for a large portion of North Dakota 's population . Norwegian influences in the state include lefse , lutefisk , krumkake , and rosettes . Much of the Norwegian - influenced cuisine is also common in Minnesota and other states where Norwegians and their descendants live ( d ) , although Norwegian influence may be the greater in North Dakota than any other state , as Norwegians played a large role in settling the area , and nearly one - third of North Dakotans claim Norwegian ancestry . Norwegian ancestry was historically more widespread throughout the northern half and eastern third of North Dakota , and therefore plays a stronger role in local cuisine in those parts of the state . German - Russian cuisine is primarily influenced by that of the Schwarzmeerdeutsche , or Black Sea Germans , that heavily populated south - central and southwestern North Dakota ( an area known as the German - Russian Triangle ) , as well as areas of South Dakota . While large numbers of Wolgadeutsche , Germans from Russia who lived near the Volga River in Russia ( several hundred miles away from the Black Sea ) , also settled in the United States , they did not settle in large numbers in the Dakotas . Popular German - Russian cuisine includes kuchen , a thin , cheesecake - like custard pastry often filled with fruit such as cherries , apricot , prunes , and sometimes cottage cheese . Fleischkuekle ( or fleischkuechle ) is a popular meat - filled thin flatbread that is deep - fried and served hot . Another German - Russian specialty in the area is knoephla , a dumpling soup that almost always includes potatoes , and to a lesser extent , celery . Ohio ( edit ) Buckeye candy A confection popular in the state of Ohio is the local variation of a peanut butter cup known as a ' Buckeye ' . Coated in chocolate , with a partially exposed center of peanut butter fudge , in appearance the candy resembles the chestnut that grows on the state tree , commonly known as the Buckeye . Cincinnati - style chili is a Greek - inspired meat sauce , ( ground beef seasoned with cinnamon , nutmeg , allspice , cloves , bay leaf , cumin , chili powder , unsweetened dark chocolate , salt and pepper ) , used as a topping for spaghetti or hot dogs . Additionally , red beans , chopped onions , and shredded cheese are offered as extra toppings referred to as `` ways . '' A popular snack food in Ohio are Sauerkraut Balls , a meatball - sized fritter containing sauerkraut and some combination of ham , bacon , and pork . The recipe was invented in the late 1950s by two brothers , Max and Roman Gruber for their five star restaurant , Gruber 's , located in Shaker Heights , Ohio . These were a derivative of the various ethnic cultures of Northeast Ohio , which includes Akron and Greater Cleveland . An annual Sauerkraut Festival is held in Waynesville , Ohio . at which sauerkraut balls , along with other sauerkraut specialities , are served . Clam bakes are very popular in Northeast Ohio . The region , which was originally part of the Connecticut Western Reserve , was initially settled by people from Connecticut and other New England states . A typical Northeast Ohio clam bake typically includes clams , chicken , sweet potatoes , corn , and other side dishes . Unlike in New England , seaweed is not used and the clams , chicken , and sweet potatoes are all steamed together in a large pot . Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin is `` America 's Dairyland , '' and is home to numerous frozen custard stands , particularly around Milwaukee and along the Lake Michigan corridor . The state also has a special relationship with Blue Moon ice cream , being one of the only places the flavor can be found . While the flavor 's origins are not well documented , it was most likely developed by flavor chemist Bill `` Doc '' Sidon of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The state is also well known as a home to many cheesemakers . Currently , Wisconsin boasts 58 Master Cheesemakers , who are all qualified through an extensive process set by the Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board . The program is the only one of its kind outside of Europe . However , Wisconsin cheesemaking is even more diverse , ranging from artisans who hand - craft their product from the milk of their own dairy herds to large factories . Colby cheese was first created in Wisconsin in 1885 ( named after the town it came from ) , and Brick cheese was first created in the state in 1877 . The state has also played origin to Blue Marble Jack cheese , and is the only producer of Limburger cheese in the United States . Cheese curds are a common addition to many meals , and can be eaten separately `` squeaky , '' or cold , as a snack , or covered in batter and fried as an appetizer , often served with ranch dressing as a dipping sauce . Arguably the most universal Wisconsin dessert would be the cream puff , a type of profiterole that is a famous treat at the Wisconsin State Fair . The southeastern Wisconsin city of Racine is known for its Danish kringle , a sweet flaky pastry often served as a dessert . The capital city of Madison , Wisconsin was home to Carson Gulley , a famous local African American chef of the University of Wisconsin - Madison from the 1920s to the 1950s . He is credited with creating the famous dessert Fudge - Bottom pie and spreading its popularity . The Friday night fish fry , often battered and fried perch or walleye , is traditional throughout Wisconsin , while in northeast Wisconsin along Lake Michigan , the Door County fish boil holds sway . The supper club is another common phenomenon of Wisconsin culinary heritage and often a destination for fish frys , which usually feature a portion of aforementioned fish , along with various sides : a fried food such as french fries and onion rings are common , along with condiments of tartar sauce and cole slaw ( especially crimson slaw , a variety of cole slaw that incorporates Wisconsin 's cranberries ) and garnishes of parsley and lemon wedges . Besides its `` Cheesehead '' status , Wisconsin has a reputation for alcohol consumption . Common traits of `` drinking culture '' are embedded in Wisconsin traditions , from festivals and holidays to everyday life . Many large breweries were founded in Wisconsin , largely in Milwaukee , which gained the epithet `` Brew City '' before the turn of the century : Miller , Pabst , Schlitz ( all from and originally based in Milwaukee ) and Leinenkugel all began as local favorites before entering the national and international markets . Wisconsin has experienced a resurgence in this industry , however , with numerous microbreweries and craft beers now being created and exported . Several other favorites include Ale Asylum , Capital , Sprecher , and New Glarus , the latter being well known for the Spotted Cow Farmhouse Ale . Besides beer , Wisconsinites also drink large quantities of brandy , often mixed into the unique Badger libation , the `` brandy Old Fashioned , '' which can be sweet , sour , or press . Another though considerably more recent brandy - based cocktail is the Wisconsin Badger , derived from a mix of brandy , cranberry juice , and cherry schnapps -- all very Wisconsin - inspired ingredients . Pewaukee , Wisconsin is also home to the alcoholic beverage Rumchata , described as an horchata recipe containing the primary ingredients of rum and Wisconsin cream . Cooking with alcohol is also quite standard across the state . Wisconsinites commonly boil or braise their sausages ( especially bratwursts ) in several types of beer ( most often a pilsner ) with butter and onions , and `` Beer batter '' fish , typically walleye or perch , as well as cheese curds and onion rings are also common fare . Beer cheese soup is another beloved recipe , usually made from a variety of beer and a sharp cheddar or more mild colby cheese , with sausage , potatoes , and green onions . Another ubiquitous but perhaps less - mentioned recipe involving alcohol is `` Beer Butt '' or `` Beer Can '' Chicken ( similar to drunken chicken ) , a vernacular meal involving a whole chicken slow - roasted , typically over a fire , with a can of usually amber beer directly inserted into the poultry 's cavity ; the result being a tender meat soaked inside with the flavors of the beer chosen . `` Booyah '' is another very common and hearty Wisconsin meal , found especially in the Northeast region of the state . The origins of this dish are disputed , but the Wisconsin origin contends that the word is a vernacular Flemish or Walloon Belgian spelling of the French word bouillon , in this context meaning `` broth . '' Recipes vary but common ingredients usually involve chicken or other meats -- beef , pork , or ox tail are most often used -- as well as a mirepoix of vegetables , commonly onion , celery , carrots , cabbage , peas , potatoes , and rutabaga . The ingredients are all cooked together in a special kind of large , cast - iron kettle often known as a `` booyah kettle , '' over low heat for several days . Wisconsin cuisine also features a large amount of sausage , or wurst ( German for `` sausage '' ) . The state is also a major producer and consumer of summer sausage , as well as the nation 's top producer and consumer of brats . Brats are typically boiled in a mix of beer , butter , and onions , served on a bratwurst bun , and topped with sauerkraut and often a spicy , brown style mustard . The city of Madison , Wisconsin , the state 's capital , plays host to the annual `` World 's Largest '' Brat Fest , a four - day - long festival incorporating music , recreational activities , and of course bratwursts grilled on a 65 - foot - long grill . At Miller Park in the city of Milwaukee , Wisconsin 's deep affection for sausage plays out in the Sausage Race , a mascot race involving racing sausage mascots representative of some of the most common sausages found in the state : bratwurst , kielbasa , Italian sausage , the hot dog , and chorizo . Venison sausage , Andouille sausage , and Belgian trippe are a few other common sausages found in the state , though they do not constitute a part of the Sausage Race . Miller Park is also notable for being the only U.S. stadium in which brats outsell hot dogs . Seymour , Wisconsin , claims to be the birthplace of the modern hamburger , although several other locations make similar claims . Certainly , however , the `` Butter Burger '' is a uniquely Wisconsin take on the classic American dish . Traditionally , a pad of butter is worked or `` stuffed '' into the raw hamburger patty before grilling . Dishes ( edit ) These dishes , while not all exclusive to the Midwest , are typical of Midwestern foods . Although many foods are shared with other U.S. regions , they often feature uniquely Midwestern preparation styles . barbecue beans beef , especially steak , pot roast and prime rib bread - and - butter pickles beer beer cheese soup brain sandwiches brandy bratwurst Buckeyes cabbage cabbage roll , also known as stuffed cabbage cheese , including cheese curds Chicken Vesuvio Chicken paprikash chislic cole slaw Coney Island hot dog Deep - fried bacon diner fare Door County fish boil doughnuts Duck freshwater fish , including catfish , perch , trout , walleye and whitefish and other panfish , often breaded and fried fried chicken frog legs frozen custard fruit , especially apples , blueberries , cherries , cranberries , peaches and strawberries fruit wines fruit pies German potato salad goulash hamburgers head cheese horseshoe sandwich hotdish or casseroles ice cream cone Italian beef gyro ( loaf - style ) Jello salads Johnny Marzetti lefse lutefisk maple syrup meatloaf morels pancakes pasties pea salad persimmon pudding pierogi pizza , with several regional styles pork potatoes , including mashed potatoes , potato pancakes , and potato salads Ranch Dressing ramps roast beef sauerbraten sauerkraut sausage , including bratwurst , kielbasa , summer sausage , ring bologna , and other ethnic types , as well as hot dogs , with several regional styles shrimp DeJonghe steak stollen sugar cream pie sweet corn , on the cob , in creamed corn and in corn relish turkey wild rice See also ( edit ) List of regional dishes of the United States Food portal Wine portal Beer portal Drink portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crook , Nathan C. `` Foods That Matter : Constructing Place and Community at Food Festivals in Northwest Ohio . '' ( abstract ) . The Ohio Library and Information Network . Accessed July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan / Great Lakes Region . '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Community Based Food and Farming . Archived 2011 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems at Michigan State University Archived 2011 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zeldes , Leah A. ( Jan 17 , 2007 ) . `` Hearty food from the heartland satisfies him '' . Daily Herald . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved Feb 19 , 2008 . `` Stephen Langlois was one of the pioneering chefs who brought local food to national attention during the height of the contemporary awakening to American cuisine when he opened the groundbreaking Prairie in Printers Row . '' Jump up ^ `` Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States '' . Docstoc.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Liz . `` Porkopolis : Cincinnati 's Pork - Producing Past '' . Great American Country . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark . `` Diab2Cook '' . diab2cook.blogspot.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States Midwest Region Cuisine '' . My Meals are on Wheels . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuisine of The Midwest '' . World News . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ North Shore Magazine : Olives and Ends Archived 2008 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Forty years ago , the Parthenon restaurant in Chicago 's Greektown neighborhood took a patron 's suggestion and began flambéing their saganaki tableside . Jump up ^ Frank Bruni . `` Sci - Fi Cooking Tries Dealing With Reality '' . The New York Times , May 11 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Zeldes , Leah A. ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Is Chicago the capital of ' molecular gastronomy ' ? '' . Dining Chicago . Chicago 's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ VOICES , THE KANSAS COLLECTION ONLINE MAGAZINE Chicago 's busy rail yards received `` hundreds of thousands of barrels of oysters '' ^ Jump up to : Stern , Jane and Michael ( 2009 ) . 500 Things to Eat Before it 's Too Late : and the Very Best Places to Eat Them . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 0 547 05907 5 . Jump up ^ `` History of Oktoberfest '' . Oktoberfest Zinzinnati . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Niesen Gosdin , Julie . `` Cincinnati Food + Wine Classic reveals talent lineup of restaurant stars '' . WCPO . Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Polly . `` Cincinnati Food & Wine Classic crowds exceed expectations '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeMarco , Laura ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Cleveland 's best , as seen through the eyes of the rest of America '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lamingtons or Coconut Bars ? '' . playinwithmyfood.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family of Food : The Bar of Cleveland '' . familyoffood.blogspot.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corbo 's Bakery moves west with a second location at Mapleside Farm '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Almond Boneless Chicken '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Almond Boneless Chicken - Chinese - Michigan - Tina Caputo '' . Zester Daily . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Reidy , Kiyoko ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Public market gets green light from Madison City Council '' . The Badger Herald . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . The Dane County Farmers ' Market is the largest producers - only farmers ' market in the country , with additional markets around the county nearly every day of the week , Kemble said . Jump up ^ Wax , Emily ( 24 August 2012 ) . `` The Impulsive Traveler : In Wisconsin , supper clubs make a comeback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Beyond the supper clubs , one highlight of our trip that surprised me was the epic Saturday Dane County farmers market , which stretches for blocks around the capitol . It 's said to be the largest producers - only farmers market -- meaning that all items must be produced locally -- in the country . ^ Jump up to : OnMilwaukee.com Frozen custard guide `` It may be Brew City , but custard is no small matter in Milwaukee , where everyone has his or her own favorite custard stand . '' Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Breweries '' . WISN. 16 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zeldes , Leah A. ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago gave Pabst its blue ribbon '' . Dining Chicago . Chicago 's Restaurant and Entertainment Guide , Inc . Retrieved Sep 9 , 2009 . Although it was founded in Wisconsin in 1844 and promotes itself as a Milwaukee brand , the Pabst Brewing Co. has been headquartered in Woodridge since 2006 , when it relocated from Texas . Jump up ^ Dean , Lee Svitak ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' ' Sioux Chef ' serves up indigenous foods : ' It 's what paleo wants to be ' ... Sean Sherman explores diversity , hyperlocal foods and more in `` The Sioux Chef 's Indigenous Kitchen '' `` . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LeMay , Konnie ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Poet Heid Erdrich Turns Talents to a Cultural Cookbook Celebrating Indigenous Foods ' '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grumdahl , Dara Moskowitz ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sioux Chef Lands a First Home : Water Works -- The Mississippi River falls , where Minneapolis began , have always been an important center of Native American life , now they 're getting a legit Native American restaurant ' '' . Mpls. St. Paul Magazine . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rayno , Amelia ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' New waterfront restaurant by popular American Indian chef to open on original Fuji - Ya site . Owanmi : An Indigenous Kitchen will open as the featured full - service restaurant in the first phase of the upcoming Water Works project on the Mississippi River '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chinese American Experience In Minnesota Archived 2013 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmquist , June D. ( 1981 ) . They Chose Minnesota : A Survey Of The States Ethnic Groups . Minnesota Historical Society Press . ISBN 9780873512312 . Jump up ^ Chinese American Experience In Minnesota Archived 2013 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up with Sawatdee 's Supenn Harrison '' . Twin Cities Daily Planet . 21 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From the Somali table ; From meats to sweets , the food traditions of Somalia have traveled to the Twin Cities along with its people. ( TASTE ) '' . highbeam.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali , Barlin ( 2007 ) . Somali Cuisine . AuthorHouse . ISBN 1 - 4259 - 7706 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis 101 '' . Grilling.com . The Kingsford Products Company . 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois '' . stuffaboutstates.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Photo : Allen County Community Album Assistant Fire Chief Robert A. Kiles tasting beef & noodles Jump up ^ Duffy , Reid ( 2006 ) . Reid Duffy 's Guide to Indiana 's Favorite Restaurants . Indiana University Press . Jump up ^ Hefling , Kimberly . `` Craving brain food , mad cow or no : Indiana diners chow down on a disappearing delicacy '' Jump up ^ `` fried biscuits in Nashville , Indiana '' . The Indiana Insider Blog. 2014 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Craving brain food , mad cow or no '' . msnbc.com. 2004 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Pork Facts - Iowa Pork '' . Iowa Pork . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Grant and Ferrara , p. 235 . Jump up ^ `` Tastee Inn and Out '' . Jump up ^ Dondanville , p. 215 . Jump up ^ http://www.iowaartscouncil.org/programs/folk-and-traditional-arts/place_based_foods/stories2.htm Jump up ^ `` Liquor Licensee and Supplier Information '' . Alcoholic Beverage Control , Kansas Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2006 . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of Alcoholic Beverages in Kansas '' . Alcoholic Beverage Control , Kansas Department of Revenue . 2000 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ History Archived 2009 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Klobuchar wins congressional hot dish competition '' . kare11.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fertig , Judith M. ( 1999 ) . Prairie Home Cooking : 400 Recipes that Celebrate the Bountiful Harvests , Creative Cooks , and Comforting Foods of the American Heartland . Harvard Common Press . ISBN 1 - 55832 - 145 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thorkelson , Berit ( 2005 ) . You Know You 're in Minnesota When ... : 101 Quintessential Places , People , Events , Customs , Lingo , and Eats of the North Star State . The Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3895 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shortridge , Barbara ( 1998 ) . The taste of American place . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8507 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Bakery of Virginia : Italian Pastry Shop & Potica '' . potica.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elk hunting '' . state.mn.us . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Elk Breeders Recipes Archived 2014 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From the Loire to Tuscany to Napa to ... Missouri ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Crea , Joe ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Clambake season : Northeast Ohio 's favorite fall feast has its traditions and twists '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OnMilwaukee.com Bars & Clubs : Wisconsinites ' love affair with brandy '' . OnMilwaukee.com . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The Home of the Hamburger - Seymour , WI '' . homeofthehamburger.org . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of the United States . Eating Habitats Cuisine of the United States Historical Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies Thanksgiving dinner Regional List of regional dishes of the United States Allentown , Pennsylvania Appalachia California Cincinnati Kentucky Hawaii Mid-Atlantic Midwestern Chicago New England New Jersey New Mexico New Orleans New York City Omaha Pacific Northwest Philadelphia Puerto Rico Southern St. Louis Cajun Creole Lowcountry Texas Barbecue in Texas Tex - Mex Floribbean Southwest Western Ethnic American Chinese Greek American Soul food Native American Pennsylvania Dutch Asian Indian American Italian American Tlingit List articles American foods American breads American cheeses American desserts American regional and fusion cuisines American sandwiches Foods of the Southern United States Soul foods and dishes Miscellaneous Barbecue Christmas food Fast food Cuisines Regional African North West list Americas North South list Asian Central South list Caribbean Caucasian European Central Eastern list Global Latin American Mediterranean Middle - Eastern Levantine Oceanic National Afghan Albanian Algerian Angolan Argentine Armenian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Bahraini Bangladeshi Barbadian Belarusian Belgian Belizean Beninese Bhutanese Bissau - Guinean Bolivian Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazilian British English Scottish Welsh Cornish Bruneian Bulgarian Burkinabé Burmese Burundian Cambodian Cameroonian Canadian Canadian Chinese Quebec Central African Republic Chadian Chilean Chinese Tibetan Colombian Congolese Croatian Cuban Cypriot Czech Danish Djiboutian Dominican Dominican Republic Dutch East Timorese Ecuadorian Egyptian Emirati Equatorial Guinean Eritrean Estonian Ethiopian Fijian Filipino Finnish French Occitania Gabonese Gambian Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guatemalan Guianan Guinean Haitian Honduran Hong Kong Hungarian Icelandic Indian Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Sindhi Tamil Nadu Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Irish Israeli Italian Sicilian Ivorian ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Jamaican Japanese Jordanian Kazakh Kenyan Korean Kosovan Kuwaiti Kyrgyz Lao Latvian Lebanese Lesotho Liberian Libyan Liechtensteiner Lithuanian Luxembourg Macau Macedonian Malagasy Malawian Malaysian Malay Chinese Indian Eurasian Sabahan Sarawakian Maldivian Malian Maltese Mauritanian Mauritian Mexican Moldovan Monégasque Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Mozambican Namibian Nauruan Nepalese New Zealand Nigerian Nigerien Norwegian Niuean Omani Pakistani Palestinian Panamanian Peruvian Chinese Polish Portuguese Qatari Romanian Russian Rwandan Salvadoran Saint Helena Saint Lucian Sammarinese São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabian Senegalese Serbian Seychelles Sierra Leonean Singaporean Slovak Slovenian Somali South African Spanish Andalusian Asturian Basque Catalan Galician Valencian Sri Lankan Sudanese Swazi Swedish Swiss Syrian Taiwanese Tajik Tanzanian Thai Togolese Tunisian Turkish Trinidadian and Tobagonian Ugandan Ukrainian United States California Cuisine Hawaiian New American Puerto Rican Soul food Uruguayan Uzbek Venezuelan Vietnamese Vatican Western Saharan Yemeni Zambian Zimbabwean Ethnic and religious Ainu American Chinese Anglo - Indian Arab Assyrian Balochi Balinese Batak Bengali Berber Betawi Buddhist Cajun Cantonese Chechen Chinese Indonesian Chinese Islamic Christian Circassian Crimean Tatar Greek American Hindu Inuit Italian American Jain Javanese Jewish Sephardic Mizrahi American Bukharan Syrian Komi Kurdish Livonian Louisiana Creole Malay Manado Maharashtrian Mordovian Native American Okinawan Ossetian Padang Parsi Pashtun Pennsylvania Dutch Peranakan Punjabi Sami Sikh Sindhi Soul food Sundanese Tatar Udmurt Yamal Yup'ik Zanzibari Historical Ancient Egyptian Ancient Greek Ancient Israelite Ancient Roman Aztec Byzantine Early modern European Historical Chinese Historical South Asian History of seafood History of vegetarianism Inca Mayan Medieval Ottoman Peasant Soviet Thirteen Colonies Styles Cuisine classique Fast food Fusion Haute Molecular gastronomy Note by Note Nouvelle Lists List of cuisines Lists of prepared foods Food portal Drink portal Commons Cookbook WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States&oldid=827147184 '' Categories : Cuisine of the Midwestern United States Midwestern United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 01 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what cooking methods were used by the settlers in the midwest	[]	[]
-4034990650530965991	Knights Templar (Freemasonry)	Knights Templar ( Freemasonry ) - wikipedia Knights Templar ( Freemasonry ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Knights Templar ( Freemasonry ) , Great Priory of England and Wales and its Provinces Overseas and Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States of America . ( Discuss ) ( December 2017 ) This page is about the Masonic group , for the medieval Knights , see Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller . Knights Templar The United Religious , Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem , Palestine , Rhodes and Malta of England and Wales and Its Provinces Overseas The logo of the Great Priory of England and Wales and its Provinces Overseas . Formation 1791 ( as Grand Conclave ) 1895 ( as Grand Priory ) Founder Thomas Dunckerley Type Freemasonry Headquarters Mark Masons ' Hall , 86 St James 's Street St James 's London SW1A 1PL Location England and Wales Grand Master Paul Raymond Clement ( 2017 - present ) Parent organization Order of Mark Master Masons United Grand Lodge of England Affiliations Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States Sovereign Great Priory of the Knights Templar of Canada Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Scotland Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Ireland Website glmm.com/kt The United Religious , Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem , Palestine , Rhodes and Malta of England and Wales and Its Provinces Overseas , better known as the Knights Templar , is a Masonic body founded in its current form in 1895 which bases its esoteric symbolism on the historic Crusading orders , the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller ( which still exists as the Knights of Malta ) . This order accepts freemasons `` in good standing '' , who have been through the degrees of the Holy Royal Arch . In England , the order is headquartered at Mark Masons ' Hall , London and is governed under the auspices of the Order of Mark Master Masons . The organisation has no direct lineal connection to the historical Catholic military orders from which it is named . Although Crusader themes in Freemasonry were earlier initiated by the Jacobite , Andrew Michael Ramsay and continue to have some legacy in Scottish Rite freemasonry , the specific `` Knights Templar '' fraternal order connected to Freemasonry originated from Thomas Dunckerley toward the end of the 18th century , as moves to reconcile the more rationalist Premier Grand Lodge of England with the more esoteric Antient Grand Lodge of England were underway . Men such as Dunckerley wanted to promote a concept of chivalry and Christianity within a masonic framework and founded the `` Grand Conclave '' in England in 1791 . Subsequently , this fraternal network spread elsewhere in the Anglosphere and in the United States , the `` Grand Encampment of Knights Templar '' , initially under DeWitt Clinton emerged in 1816 . To this day , the Grand Encampment remains part of the American York Rite system . Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular Masonic Lodge , which only require a belief in a Supreme Being regardless of religious affiliation , the Knights Templar is one of several additional Masonic Orders in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in Christianity . One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith . The word `` United '' in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system . The individual orders ' united ' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple ( Knights Templar ) , the Knights of Malta , the Knights of St Paul , and only within the York Rite , the Knights of the Red Cross . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Knightly symbolism in Freemasonry 1.2 Grand Conclave of England 2 Administration 3 The Degrees or Orders 3.1 The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross ( Order of the Red Cross ) 3.1. 1 Teachings 3.2 The Degree of Knight of St Paul ( or Mediterranean Pass ) 3.3 The Degree of Knight of Malta ( Order of Malta ) 3.4 The Degree of Knight of the Temple ( Order of the Temple ) 3.4. 1 Organization 4 Other Rites 4.1 Degrees of the York Rite in the United States 4.2 Templar degrees in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite 4.3 Templar themes in wider Freemasonry 5 See also 5.1 Original chivalric orders 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links 7.1 Masonic Knights Templar organizations History ( edit ) Knightly symbolism in Freemasonry ( edit ) The earliest documented link between Freemasonry and the Crusades is the 1737 oration of the Chevalier Ramsay . This claimed that European Freemasonry came about from an interaction between crusader masons and the Knights Hospitaller . This is repeated in the earliest known `` Moderns '' ritual , the Berne manuscript , written in French between 1740 and 1744 . In 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance , which ritual he claimed to have received from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris . He also claimed to have met two of the `` unknown superiors '' who directed all of masonry , one of whom was Prince Charles Edward Stuart . The order went into decline when he failed to produce any evidence to support his claims , and was wound up shortly after his death . In 1779 the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge , Kilwinning , obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland . This lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree . Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed , which began to warrant Templar Lodges , and evolved into the Supreme Grand Encampment in 1836 . The Early Grand Encampment chartered several Scottish `` encampments '' one of which , having been chartered in 1805 as the `` Edinburgh Encampment No. 31 '' , then became the `` Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh '' . who then sought a charter from the Duke of Kent , Grand Master of the Order in England . It seems that the Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780 , and was recorded at York about the same time . In the five degree system developed by the York Masons , the Knights Templar degree sat between the Master Mason and the Sublime Degree of Royal Arch . Grand Conclave of England ( edit ) Thomas Dunckerley , founder of the Grand Conclave of England . He initiated modern Templar freemasonry . Templar masonry in England entered a new era in 1791 , with the formation of its first Grand Conclave , with Thomas Dunckerley as Grand Master . At that time , there were eight known Templar encampments in England , the most senior being the Encampment of Redemption at York , and the Baldwyn encampment at Bristol , at whose request Dunckerley began his mission . Under his leadership , the number of encampments steadily grew until his death in 1795 . Stasis then followed , until in 1805 their Royal Patron , Duke of Kent , became Grand Master himself , re-energising the society and launching it into an era of growth and development . Dunckerley laid the foundation for this not only by promoting the order , but by standardising the ritual and insisting on proper record keeping . The Grand Conclave went into a period of decline between 1872 and 1895 , when it was re-founded as the present day Great Priory of England and Wales . Administration ( edit ) Depending upon the geographical jurisdiction , the Knights Templar exist either as part of the York Rite or as an independent organization . Though the York Rite and the independent versions share many similarities there are key differences which are described below . Outside the York Rite , membership is by invitation only . Candidates are required to be Master Masons , and Royal Arch Masons , and to sign a declaration that they profess the Doctrine of the Holy and Undivided Trinity . In some Australian States , the requirement of being a Royal Arch Mason no longer applies . The position of the United Masonic Orders of the Temple and of Malta among the appendant bodies in England and Wales Local bodies of Knights Templar are known as Preceptories ; local bodies of Knights of St Paul are known as Chapters ; local bodies of Knights of Malta are known as Priories ; all operate under a Grand or Great Priory , often with an intermediate level of Provincial Priories . Although some jurisdictions maintain a separate Great Priory of the Temple and Great Priory of Malta ( as , for example , in England ) , the Grand Master and other officers of both Great Priories hold simultaneous equal office in both bodies . Three degrees are administered in this system : The Degree of Knight Templar ( Order of the Temple ) The Degree of Knight of St. Paul ( incorporating the Mediterranean Pass ) The Degree of Knight of Malta ( Order of Malta ) In England and Wales , the `` Great Priory of England and Wales '' for the Masonic Knights Templar is administrated from Mark Masons ' Hall , London . The degrees or orders ( edit ) The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross ( Order of the Red Cross ) ( edit ) Teachings ( edit ) The Cross pattée , symbol of the Order of the Temple in the independent body . The Order of the Red Cross continues or reverts to the period of the Royal Arch Degree when the Israelites were returning from Babylon to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple . Zerubbabel , their leader prevails upon King Darius to restore the Holy Vessels to the new Temple . They had been carried away by the Babylonian armies when the first Temple was destroyed . In presenting his plea before the King , the companion gives a powerful testimony to the almighty force of Truth . The ritual places the candidate in the role of Zerubbabel and follows him through his journey to King Darius in Persia and his role in the Immemorial Discussion , as found in the apocryphal book , 1 Esdras . The purpose is to bridge the gap between Royal Arch Masonry and the Chivalric Orders as well as between the Old Testament and the New Testament . The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross teaches the lessons of the triumph of truth . The degree of Knight of St Paul ( or Mediterranean Pass ) ( edit ) Two downward pointing swords in saltire , symbol of the Order of St Paul . This degree is conferred as a prerequisite to becoming a Knight of Malta , in both the York Rite and independent ' stand - alone ' versions of Knight Templar Freemasonry . The `` Preliminary Declarations '' of the Order of Malta ritual in England state of a candidate for the Order of Malta : `` He must also have received the Degree of Knight of St Paul , including the Mediterranean Pass '' . The exact status of the ' Mediterranean Pass ' has at times led to confusion as to whether this is the ' stub ' of a separate degree . The English ritual book clarified this in its 1989 edition ( and subsequent editions ) by stating : `` The Mediterranean Pass is one of the secrets of the Degree of Knight of St Paul '' . This degree is close to being a true ' side degree ' , in that a small group ( usually three ) of members of the degree take the candidate `` to one side '' ( i.e. apart on his own ) and simply communicate the secrets of the degree to him , without actually working the ceremonial ritual of the degree . The only respect in which the degree fails to meet the definition of a true ' side degree ' is that a Chapter of the Order is formally opened and closed by the presiding officer , on either side of the secrets being communicated . The degree of Knight of Malta ( Order of Malta ) ( edit ) The Maltese Cross , symbol of the Order of Malta . This degree is universally associated with the Masonic Knights Templar . In the York Rite system it is conferred before the Templar Degree ; in the ' stand - alone ' tradition it is conferred subsequently to the Templar Degree . It is known by varying degrees of formality as the Order of Malta , or the Order of Knights of Malta , or the Ancient and Masonic Order of St John of Jerusalem , Palestine , Rhodes , and Malta . In practice this last and fullest version of the name tends to be reserved to letterheads , rituals , and formal documents . The ceremony for conferring the degree ( which is always worked in full ) contains a mixture of masonic tradition , historical accounts of the Order of St John , moral teaching , and the communication of modes of recognition between members . A series of banners is employed in the ceremony , each representing one of the great battles of the historic medieval Order of St John , whose story is the basis of the moral teachings of the degree . The Cross and Crown , symbol of the Order of the Temple as found in the York Rite . The degree of Knight of the Temple ( Order of the Temple ) ( edit ) The original medieval Order of Knights Templar was established after the First Crusade , and existed from approximately 1118 to 1312 . There is no known historical evidence to link the medieval Knights Templar and Masonic Templarism , nor do the Masonic Knights Templar organizations claim any such direct link to the original medieval Templar organization . Though it has been said that its affiliation with Masonry is based on texts that indicate persecuted Templars found refuge within the safety of Freemasonry , the order itself states that `` there is no proof of direct connection between the ancient order and the modern order known today as the Knights Templar . '' The official motto of the Knights Templar is In Hoc Signo Vinces , the rendition in Latin of the Greek phrase `` εν τούτῳ νίκα '' , en toutōi nika , meaning `` in this ( sign ) you will conquer '' . The Knight Templar degree is associated with elaborate regalia ( costume ) the precise detail of which varies between nations . The ritual draws upon the traditions of medieval Knights Templar , using them to impart moral instruction consistent with the biblical teachings of the Christian tradition . Organization ( edit ) In England and Wales , the teachings of the Order of the Red Cross feature in the Red Cross of Babylon which forms part of the Allied Masonic Degrees . The Order of the Red Cross is often considered a compressed version of the Red Cross Degrees or Green Degrees which make up the Order of Knight Masons . The Order of the Red Cross should not be confused with the Red Cross of Constantine . Other rites ( edit ) Degrees of the York Rite in the United States ( edit ) Main article : York Rite An American freemason in 2009 . In the United States , a Knights Templar commandery is traditionally the final body that a member joins in the York Rite after the chapter of Royal Arch Masons and a council of Royal & Select Masters . Some jurisdictions , however , allow members to skip over membership in a council . A local Knights Templar commandery operates under a state - level Grand Commandery , however American commanderies also operate under The Grand Encampment of the United States . This is unique among American Masonic bodies , as most report to the state level alone . While a chapter bestows the Royal Arch degrees , and a council bestows the Cryptic degrees , a Knights Templar commandery bestows three orders and one preparatory degree onto its members . This is opposed to the standard degree system found elsewhere in Freemasonry , and they are the only ones not to deal with the Hiramic Legend . The York Rite orders are : The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross The Degree of Saint Paul ( or the Mediterranean Pass ) The Order of the Knights of Malta ( or simply Order of Malta ) The Order of the Temple Templar degrees in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite ( edit ) History and legend concerning the historical Knights Templar also play an important role in the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , notably in the Rite 's 30th Degree , Knight Kadosh . Other Scottish Rite degrees sometimes styled `` Templar Degrees '' include the 28th Degree ( Knight Commander of the Temple , formerly denominated the 27th Degree in the Southern Jurisdiction of United States ) , the 29th Degree ( Scottish Knight of Saint Andrew ) , the 32nd Degree ( Master of the Royal Secret ) , and the 33rd Degree ( Inspector General ) . Templar themes in wider Freemasonry ( edit ) Despite Freemasonry 's general disclaimer that no one Masonic organization claims a direct heritage to the medieval Knights Templar , certain degrees and orders are obviously patterned after the medieval Order . These are best described as `` commemorative orders '' or degrees . Nevertheless , in spite of the fraternity 's official disclaimers , some Masons , non-Masons , and even anti-Masons insist that certain Masonic rites or degrees originally had direct Templar influence . Below are accounts of some of these theories and references . American Masonic youth organizations , such as the Order of DeMolay for young men , are named after the last Grand Master Templar Jacques de Molay , who was executed in the final suppression of the Templar order in the early 14th century . The Knight of Rose - Croix Degree in the `` Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite '' , and honorary Orders like the Royal Order of Scotland are interpreted as evidence of a historical Templar - Masonic connection , though there is no factual basis for this belief . Rosslyn Chapel near Edinburgh has been suggested as evidence of a strong link between the Knights Templar and Freemasons ; its reliefs are believed to express Templar and Freemason symbolism . But historian Dr. Louise Yeoman , along with other mediaeval scholars , says the Knights Templar connection is false . She notes that Rosslyn Chapel was built by William Sinclair so that Masses could be said for the souls of his family . In addition , the theory that Rosslyn Chapel is connected to Freemasonry or the Templars has been vigorously disputed by Robert L.D. Cooper , the Curator of the Grand Lodge of Scotland Museum and Library . It is postulated that any existing Masonic imagery was likely added at a later date , probably in the 1860s , when James St Clair - Erskine , 3rd Earl of Rosslyn instructed Edinburgh architect David Bryce , a known Freemason , to undertake restoration work on areas of the church , including many of the carvings . Legends in certain degrees recount that Knights under the command of Sir John De Bermingham , First and Last Earl of Louth , aided Scottish King Robert the Bruce ) , who had been excommunicated , at the Battle of Bannockburn. < ref > ( https://web.archive.org/web/20060908070508/http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1988-9/nolan.htm Nolan , History Journal , 1988 - 89 < / ref . But this account is based on an 18th - century romance and is not supported by any evidence . This story is the basis for the degrees in the Royal Order of Scotland , an invitational Masonic honorary organization . Templar connections have also been suggested through the Earls of Rosslyn ( St. Clair , or Sinclair ) a family with well - documented connections with Scottish Freemasonry , one being a Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland . Many other old and new organizations have taken the name of `` Knights Templar '' . However , organizations such as the Order of the Solar Temple , Militi Templi Scotia , Ordo Templi Orientis , or the Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem are in no way related to Masonic Knights Templar , and share little or no relationship with it in history , hierarchy , or ritual . See also ( edit ) Masonic Red Cross of Constantine inspired by the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Original chivalric orders ( edit ) Knights Templar Sovereign Military Order of Malta References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Answer to the Masonic Monday Question for the week of March 16 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Grand Lodge of Minnesota . 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Knights Templar install new Grand Master '' . Freemasonry Today . 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietre - Stones Biography of Ramsay retrieved 22 June 2012 Jump up ^ Berne Manuscript ( French text ) Jump up ^ Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau German Wikipedia retrieved 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ The Temple and the Lodge , M. Baigent and R. Leigh , Arrow 1998 , p264 - 267 Jump up ^ Irish Masonic Jewels Archived 12 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . The Order of the Temple , A History , retrieved 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ History of Great Priory of Scotland retrieved 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ Masonic Dictionary retrieved 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ William James Hughan , Unpublished Records of the Craft , Kenning , 1871 , part II , pp 16 - 17 Jump up ^ issuu.com Dr. Susan Mitchell Sommers , The Revival of a Patriotic Order : Knights Templar in England and New York , Knight Templar Magazine , 2 January 2011 , retrieved 2 November 2012 Jump up ^ Great Priory Ritual No 2 , The Ancient & Masonic Order of St John of Jerusalem , Palestine , Rhodes , and Malta ( published 1989 , London ) , page 3 . Jump up ^ Knights Templar FAQ / INFO Accessed 14 August 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.knightstemplar.org/faq.html#origin ( Knights Templar FAQ - Origin ) Jump up ^ http://www.knightstemplar.org/faq.html#member ( Knights Templar FAQ - How to Become a Knight Templar ) Jump up ^ http://www.houstonscottishrite.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Templar-Degrees-of-the-SR-v3.pdf , by Pierre G. Normand , Jr. , 33 ° , retrieved 26 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Historian attacks Rosslyn Chapel for ' cashing in on Da Vinci Code ' '' . The Scotsman. 3 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Robert L.D. ( 2000 ) . An Account of the Chapel of Roslin . Grand Lodge of Scotland . ISBN 0 - 902324 - 61 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Robert L.D. ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Guide to Rosslyn Chapel . Masonic Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 9544268 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Robert L.D. ( 2006 ) . The Rosslyn Hoax ? . Lewis Masonic . ISBN 0 - 85318 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michael TRB Turnbull , Rosslyn Chapel Revealed ( review and synopsis ) , Fort Augustus Abbey School Old Boys Association , accessed 8 May 2017 Bibliography ( edit ) The History Channel , Decoding the Past : The Templar Code , 2005 , video documentary The History Channel , Mysteries of the Freemasons , 2006 video documentary Stephen Dafoe , The Compasses and the Cross , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 85318 - 298 - 1 Gordon , Franck ( 2012 ) . The Templar Code : French title : Le Code Templier . Paris , France : Yvelinedition . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84668 - 253 - 4 . Christopher L. Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 12765 - 1 Sean Martin , The Knights Templar : History & Myths , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 645 - 1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7050713.stm External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knights Templar ( Freemasonry ) . Masonic Knights Templar organizations ( edit ) Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States of America Sovereign Great Priory of the Knights Templar of Canada Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Scotland Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Ireland Knights Templar Eye Foundation The Web of Hiram Section on The Royal Exalted Religious and Military Order of Masonic Knights Templar of England and Wales at Bradford University Preceded by Holy Royal Arch Knights Templar Succeeded by Knights Templar Priest , Order of St. Thomas of Acon or Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City Masonic bodies associated with the York Rite Primary bodies Royal Arch Masonry Cryptic Masonry Knights Templar Honorary or invitational bodies Knights of the York Cross of Honour Red Cross of Constantine Allied Masonic Degrees Royal Ark Mariners Knight Masonry York Rite Sovereign College Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor Grand College of Rites Masonic Order of the Bath Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis Reformed and Rectified Rite Commemorative Order of Saint Thomas of Acon Royal Order of Scotland United Grand Lodge of England Grand Masters 19th century The Duke of Sussex ( 1813 -- 1843 ) The Earl of Zetland ( 1844 -- 1870 ) The Marquess of Ripon ( 1870 -- 1874 ) The Prince of Wales ( 1874 -- 1901 ) 20th century The Duke of Connaught ( 1901 -- 1939 ) The 1st Duke of Kent ( 1939 -- 1942 ) The Earl of Harewood ( 1942 -- 1947 ) The Duke of Devonshire ( 1947 -- 1950 ) The Earl of Scarbrough ( 1951 -- 1967 ) The 2nd Duke of Kent ( 1967 -- present ) Related articles History of Freemasonry Premier Grand Lodge of England Antient Grand Lodge of England Freemasons ' Hall , London Mark Masons ' Hall , London Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution York Rite Provincial Grand Lodges ( UGLE ) Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry Emulation Lodge of Improvement Quatuor Coronati Lodge Appendant bodies Trinitarian Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia Royal Order of Scotland Ancient and Accepted Rite Royal Order of Eri Order of Knights Templar and Knights of Malta Order of the Red Cross of Constantine Order of Holy Wisdom Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests Order of St Thomas of Acon Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City non-Trinitarian Order of the Holy Royal Arch Order of Mark Master Masons Order of the Secret Monitor Order of Athelstan Order of the Allied Masonic Degrees Order of the Royal and Select Masters Order of Knight Masons Fraternity of the Royal Ark Mariners Order of the Scarlet Cord Order of the Trowel Freemasonry portal Book Media Templates WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)&oldid=827816693 '' Categories : Masonic organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be split from December 2017 All articles to be split Use dmy dates from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	united religious and military orders of the temple	[]	[]
340564885262693043	Battle of Lone Pine	Battle of Lone Pine - wikipedia Battle of Lone Pine Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Lone Pine Part of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War Detail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist , 1921 Date 6 -- 10 August 1915 Location Gallipoli , Ottoman Empire ( present - day Turkey ) Result ANZAC victory Belligerents British Empire Australia New Zealand Ottoman Empire Commanders and leaders Harold Walker Esat Pasa Strength 1 brigade , reinforced by 2 more battalions 2 battalions , reinforced by 3 regiments Casualties and losses 2,277 ~ 5,000 -- 7,000 Gallipoli Campaign Naval operations Landing at Cape Helles 1st Krithia 2nd Krithia 3rd Krithia Gully Ravine Krithia Vineyard Landing at Anzac Cove Kumkale * 1st Anzac Cove 2nd Anzac Cove 3rd Anzac Cove No. 3 Post Baby 700 Landing at Suvla Bay Sari Bair The Nek Lone Pine Chunuk Bair Scimitar Hill Hill 60 The Battle of Lone Pine ( also known as the Battle of Kanlı Sırt ) was fought between Australian and Ottoman Empire forces during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War , between 6 and 10 August 1915 . The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away from the main assaults against Sari Bair , Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 , which became known as the August Offensive . The Australians , initially at brigade strength , managed to capture the main Ottoman trench line from the battalion that was defending the position in the first few hours of the fighting ; however , the fighting continued for the next three days as the Ottomans brought up reinforcements and launched numerous counterattacks in an attempt to recapture the ground they had lost . As the counterattacks intensified the Australians brought up two fresh battalions . Finally , on 9 August the Ottomans called off any further attempts and by 10 August offensive action ceased , leaving the Australians in control of the position . Nevertheless , despite the Australian victory , the wider August Offensive of which the attack had been a part failed and a situation of stalemate developed around Lone Pine which lasted until the end of the campaign in December 1915 when Allied troops were evacuated from the peninsula . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Terrain 1.2 Military situation 2 Battle 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Initial assault 2.3 Ottoman counterattacks 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Prelude ( edit ) Terrain ( edit ) The Lone Pine battlefield , named for a solitary Turkish pine that stood there at the start of the fighting , was situated near the centre of the eastern line of the Australian and New Zealand trenches around Anzac Cove on a rise known as `` 400 Plateau '' that joined `` Bolton 's Ridge '' to the south with the ridge along the east side of `` Monash Valley '' to the north . Being towards the southern end of the area around Anzac Cove , the terrain in the Lone Pine region was comparatively gentle and the opposing trenches were separated some distance with a flat no - man 's land intervening . Due to its location relative to the beachhead and the shape of the intervening ground , Lone Pine 's importance lay in the fact that its position provided a commanding view of the Australian and New Zealand rear areas . From the 400 Plateau it was possible to observe as far south as Gaba Tepe and its possession would have afforded the Ottomans the ability to place the approaches to the Second Ridge under fire , preventing the flow of reinforcements and supplies from the beachhead to the forward trenches . The main features of the area surrounding Anzac Cove . Lone Pine lies on the south - west arm of the kidney - shaped 400 Plateau . `` Johnson 's Jolley '' lies on the north - west arm of the 400 Plateau , while `` Owen 's Gulley '' lies in the crook of the 400 Plateau . `` Anderson Knoll '' lies to the south - west , while Monash Valley lies to the north . `` Gun Ridge '' was also referred to as the `` Third Ridge '' . `` Legge Valley '' lies in between Lone Pine and the `` Anderson Knoll '' . The main part of the Australian position at Lone Pine was centred on a feature known as `` The Pimple '' , where a salient had developed at the point where the Australians ' position was closest to the Ottoman line . To the east of the salient , opposite The Pimple , the Ottoman line extended from the head of a gully -- known as `` Owen 's Gulley '' by the Australians -- south for 400 yards ( 370 m ) towards the neck of Bolton 's Ridge and continued south along a spur called `` Sniper 's Ridge '' . Because of the salient around The Pimple , the Ottomans had focused on developing the trenches along the flanks of the position more than the centre , and had placed the firing positions in the centre in depth in order to gain the advantage of being able to pour enfilade fire upon any attacking force . At the rear of the Ottoman line , near Owen 's Gully , was a depression called `` The Cup '' that was not visible from the Australians ' position on The Pimple . Despite overflights of the area by British reconnaissance aircraft in June , the Australians were unaware of The Cup 's existence , and at the time of the attack they believed this area to be flat and to consist of further trench lines . In reality it was actually a reserve area where the Ottomans had established a regimental headquarters and sited a series of bivouacs in terraces and at the time of the attack there were large numbers of reinforcements camped there . Military situation ( edit ) Prior to the battle , isolated fighting around Lone Pine had begun early in the Gallipoli campaign . At around 7 : 00 a.m. on the first day of the Australian and New Zealand landings at Anzac Cove , 25 April 1915 , elements of the Australian force had pushed through to Lone Pine in an effort to destroy an Ottoman artillery battery that had been firing down upon the landing beach . Before the Australians could engage the battery , the Ottomans had withdrawn to a ridge to the south - west , which the Australians later dubbed `` Third Ridge '' ( or `` Gun Ridge '' ) . Pressing further inland , troops from the 6th Battalion had attempted to reach the ridge , crossing a wide valley ( later known as `` Legge Valley '' ) , but they were pushed back when an Ottoman regiment , the 27th , had launched a counterattack from the south - east towards Lone Pine at 10 : 00 a.m. , with the objective of retaking the 400 Plateau . Rolling up the 6th Battalion , the Ottomans pushed the Australians back to Pine Ridge , a finger of land that jutted south from Lone Pine towards Gaba Tebe . Taking heavy casualties , the Australians withdrew north to Lone Pine , where they were able to establish a defensive position . As reinforcements were brought up from New Zealand units , in the afternoon a second Ottoman regiment , the 77th , arrived and heavy hand - to - hand fighting ensued before the counterattack was blunted . Further fighting around Lone Pine continued throughout the early stages of the campaign , but eventually a stalemate developed in which neither side was able to advance and static trench warfare began . In early July 1915 , while making plans for an offensive to break the deadlock that had developed around the Gallipoli Peninsula following the initial landings in April , the commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps , Lieutenant General William Birdwood , had determined that an attack at Lone Pine could be used to divert Ottoman attention away from a main attack that would be launched further north around Sari Bair , Chunuk Bair and Hill 971 . The Australian 1st Infantry Brigade was chosen to undertake the attack , and consisted of about 3,000 men , under the command of Colonel Nevill Smyth . Along with the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades , the 1st Infantry Brigade was part of the Australian 1st Division . The division 's commander was Brigadier General Harold Walker , a British officer who had replaced Major General William Bridges as temporary commander after Bridges had been killed by a sniper in May . Walker did not like the idea of launching an attack at Lone Pine , let alone a mere diversion , but when General Sir Ian Hamilton , the British commander , insisted the attack proceed , through thorough planning , Walker endeavoured to give his troops the best chance of success possible on such an unfavourable battleground . The Ottoman forces opposing the Australians at Lone Pine consisted of two battalions from the 47th Regiment , under the command of Tevfik Bey . These battalions amounted to a total of about 1,000 men , of which 500 were positioned in the trenches along the front , while another 500 were positioned further back in depth . Sitting further back in divisional reserve , to the north - east on `` Mortar Ridge '' , was a battalion from the 57th Regiment , which had been relieved from its position on the front line north of Lone Pine by an Arab battalion of the 72nd Regiment . The positions north and south of the Ottoman line at Lone Pine were held by the 125th Regiment at Johnston 's Jolly in the north and the 48th Regiment in the south along Pine Ridge . Battle ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The width of the front of the attack was 160 yards ( 150 m ) and the distance between the two trench lines was about 60 -- 100 yards ( 55 -- 91 m ) . To reduce the distance to be crossed , the Australians projected a number of tunnels towards the Ottoman trenches from The Pimple . Immediately after the attack , one of these tunnels was to be opened along its length to make a communications trench through which reinforcements could advance without having to cross the exposed ground . Some of the attackers would have to make the advance over open ground from the Australian trench line . To provide some measure of protection for these men , three mines were set by engineers to make craters in which they could seek shelter . The preliminary bombardment was stretched over three days -- initially confined to a limited `` slow shoot '' , building up to a final intense bombardment an hour before the assault -- and was successful in cutting much of the barbed wire that the Ottomans had placed in front of their position . The preparation stage of the attack began at 2 : 00 p.m. on 6 August , when the Australians detonated the three mines they had dug in front of the Ottoman lines , in an attempt to create cover for the advancing troops . Two and a half hours later the final heavy preliminary bombardment commenced , with Australian , British and New Zealand artillery batteries firing on the Ottoman trench line , while naval gunfire support from the British cruiser HMS Bacchante provided counter-battery fire on Ottoman artillery positioned along Third Ridge . Retreating into tunnels which had been cut as part of mining operations , the majority of the forward Ottoman troops were able to find shelter from the bombardment that lasted for an hour . While the artillery prepared the ground for the attack , behind the Australian lines the assault formations moved up towards The Pimple . Smyth sited his brigade headquarters at a position called `` Brown 's Dip '' , which was about 200 metres ( 220 yd ) south of the firing line . Due to the small front along which the attack was to be launched , the initial assault was to be undertaken in three waves by the 2nd , 3rd and 4th Battalions while the 1st Battalion was to remain back at Brown 's Dip in reserve , ready to be brought up to consolidate any gains or respond in the event of a counterattack . Once the 1st Battalion had taken up its position , the assault battalions moved through them towards the forward line at The Pimple . Once the attack was launched , half the force would go via tunnels that had been dug out into no man 's land , while the other half would simply go `` over the top '' . By 5 : 00 p.m. all the troops had taken up their positions and as the barrage came to a conclusion , the tunnels were opened and final preparations were made . Each soldier in the first two waves had been issued a total of 200 rounds of ammunition for his rifle , along with rations for one day , and miscellaneous equipment including a gas mask . The third wave had received the same amount of ammunition , but was also issued entrenching equipment that would be used to construct positions to defend the initial gains against the inevitable Ottoman counterattack . In support , each battalion had four Vickers medium machine - guns , which had been issued with 3,500 rounds , and contributed a platoon whose job would be to throw the 1,200 grenades that the brigade had been allocated for the attack . A small section of engineers was also allocated to undertake demolitions . Initial assault ( edit ) Australian troops in a captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine , 6 August 1915 At 5 : 30 p.m. the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade attacked as the first wave of 1,800 men threw themselves forward . To their north , the troops of the 2nd Infantry Brigade laid down suppressing fire on the supporting Ottoman troops at Johnston 's Jolly , while the 3rd Infantry and 2nd Light Horse Brigades held the line opposite Sniper 's Ridge . Half the force went via the prepared tunnels and half crossed the exposed ground between the trench lines . Dubbed the `` Daisy Patch '' , it amounted to a distance of about 100 metres ( 110 yd ) and it was raked with Ottoman artillery and small arms fire . From his headquarters overlooking the fighting , the senior Ottoman commander Esad Pasa , began to co-ordinate the response , passing orders for reinforcements to be brought up and calling down artillery . Casualties among the first wave of attackers were `` relatively light '' as the defenders in the front line of Ottoman trenches were still sheltering from the preliminary bombardment and had not had time to return to their fire steps after it had been lifted . When the Australians reached the Ottoman trenches they found them roofed with pine logs with no easy entrance , which had not been identified by aerial reconnaissance during the planning stages . As the Ottoman defenders recovered from the artillery barrage , they began firing at the Australians through specially cut holes at point blank range . As the second and third waves of the attack came up , some of the Australians fired , grenaded and bayoneted from above , while some found their way inside through gaps or by lifting the logs , which were in places as thick as 4 inches ( 10 cm ) by 9 inches ( 23 cm ) . Others ran on past to the open communications and support trenches behind , where they were able to gain access to the trenches ; about 70 Ottoman troops were captured as they attempted to escape and ran into the Australians entering the trenches . Small groups of Australians managed to push through to The Cup where they were stopped by Ottoman troops who were hastily assembled to defend their regimental headquarters . In the ensuing fighting there , almost all of the Australians were killed , while a handful were taken prisoner . In the Ottoman trenches , the darkness and cramped conditions led to considerable confusion amongst the attackers . Due to concerns of shooting their comrades , the Australians were unable to fire their rifles initially , and the fighting devolved into a melee as the soldiers attacked each other with bayonets and grenades . The first Australians to enter the position were picked off by the defenders , but as the Australians established themselves in strength , they were able to break into the position before the defenders that had been sheltering in the tunnels behind the front line were able to fully respond . Over the space of half an hour the Australians took control of the position and , after ejecting the remaining Ottomans from the main trench , they established a number of defensive positions along the line . These amounted to positions in the communication trenches on the flanks of the captured ground and about seven or eight posts in the centre that were `` isolated '' but connected by hastily dug saps . For the Australians , the attack had been successful , as they had gained possession of the main Ottoman line , and after being halted at The Cup they began preparing to defend their gains . Hastily erecting sandbag barriers along the parapet , they settled down to wait for the first counterattack . As they did so , the brigade reserve -- the 1st Battalion -- was brought up . Due to crowding in the tunnels that had been used for the attack , the reinforcements were sent via the open ground that had been in front of the old Ottoman positions ; despite being behind the recently captured position , the ground was still subjected to heavy Ottoman artillery and machine - gun fire , which was being poured down from positions in overwatch on the flanks . Nevertheless , in company lots , the 1st Battalion moved up and began filling in the gaps between the assault battalions , while engineers from the 2nd Field Company began the task of extending the tunnels from The Pimple towards the new Australian line . Ottoman counterattacks ( edit ) Shortly after dark , around 7 : 00 p.m. , the first Ottoman counterattack came after a group from the 1st Battalion , 57th Regiment , under Major Zeki Bey , arrived to reinforce the battalions of the 47th . Attacking with hand grenades , the fighting took place in the complicated maze of the former Ottoman trench system . The close quarters meant that some of the grenades would travel back and forth up to three times before exploding . The Australians held the old Ottoman fire trench and had footholds deeper in Ottoman lines . They blocked the Ottoman communications trenches as best they could , often with the bodies of the dead , to thwart raids . Other bodies were moved to unused communication trenches and saps , and where possible the wounded were evacuated , however , the fighting was so intense , the conditions so cramped and the men so exhausted that in many cases they were left to lie at the bottom of the trench . Throughout the night of 6 / 7 August , the Ottomans brought up reinforcements from the 5th Division 's 13th Regiment under Ali Riza Bey , which marched from Kojadere , south - east of the position known to the Australians as `` Scrubby Knoll '' . The 9th Division , under German Colonel Hans Kannengiesser , also received orders to begin moving towards Lone Pine from its position between Helles and Anzac from Esad Pasa . Although the 9th Division was later diverted , after 8 : 00 p.m. the 15th Regiment , from the 5th Division , under the command of Ibrahim Sukru , was committed to the fighting , moving south from its position around the Kurt Dere , near Chunuk Blair . A captured Ottoman trench at Lone Pine For the next three days the Ottomans continued to launch incessant and ultimately unsuccessful counterattacks in an effort to recapture the ground they had lost . In total three regiments were dispatched . The Australians also brought up reinforcements , moving up men from two battalions from the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades -- the 7th and 12th Battalions -- to hold the 1st Brigade 's gains . Throughout 7 August , the fighting devolved into a series of hand grenade duels . To keep up the supply , Australians put about 50 soldiers to work at Anzac Cove manufacturing makeshift grenades out of empty jam tins : over 1,000 were sent up to the 1st Infantry Brigade late on 7 August . The fighting continued throughout the night of 7 / 8 August as the 47th Regiment , launched a determined counterattack ; suffering heavy casualties , including the regimental commander , Tewfik Bey , the attack was unsuccessful in retaking the main front - line trenches , but succeeded in regaining some of the ground in the north and also pushed the Australians back a little way from The Cup . As Ali Riza Bey , the commander of the 13th Regiment , took charge of the Ottoman effort around Lone Pine , the grenading continued into the next day as the Ottomans began to prepare for a large - scale counterattack . Throughout the morning the remaining Australian positions overlooking The Cup were abandoned before the fighting stopped briefly as both the Australians and Ottomans evacuated their wounded and removed the dead from the front - line . By this time the 1st and 2nd Battalions , which had been defending the heavily counterattacked southern flank , had suffered so many casualties that they were withdrawn from the line , with the 7th Battalion moving into their positions late in the afternoon . The 3rd , 4th and 12th Battalions remained holding the north and centre of the Australian line . Further attacks were mounted by the Ottomans all along the Australian line after 3 : 00 p.m. , but after dark they focused their efforts on the 7th Battalion 's position in the south ; there the Ottomans succeeded in taking part of the Australian line late in the night , and fierce hand - to - hand fighting followed until early in the morning of 9 August as the Australians retook these positions . More grenade attacks were launched by Ottoman troops later that morning and as the Australian trenches were brought under fire from the Ottoman positions around Johnston 's Jolly , an attack was launched at the junctions between the Australian battalions . Achieving a break - in in the centre , they reached the 1st Infantry Brigade 's headquarters -- which had advanced forward from Brown 's Dip following the initial gains -- where the brigade commander , Smyth , joined the defence that eventually drove them back . Around midday the Ottomans put in another attack , but this too was repulsed . The positions on the southern Australian flank continued to be subjected to grenading , so the 5th Battalion was brought up to relieve the 7th . The 2nd Battalion , having received a brief respite , also came forward , replacing the 4th Battalion with the support of a dismounted squadron from the 7th Light Horse Regiment . As the fresh units settled in , the Australians prepared for renewed fighting along the line . In the end , the expected attack never came and finally , late in the afternoon of 9 August , the Ottoman commanders called off further attempts to dislodge the Australians . The next day , the fighting `` subsided '' as both the Ottomans and the Australians worked to consolidate their positions . Aftermath ( edit ) The fighting was `` some of the fiercest '' the Australians experienced during the campaign to that point . The ground captured during the battle amounted to a total of about 150 metres ( 160 yd ) across a 300 - metre ( 330 yd ) front . Amidst scenes of considerable devastation , the Australian divisional commander , Walker , believed the result `` disastrous '' . The higher commanders believed it to have been a tactical success , however , with Hamilton describing it as a `` desperate fine feat '' . Though a tactical victory for the Australians in terms of the fact that they remained in possession of the ground captured , and had managed to draw off some Ottoman reinforcements , nevertheless the wider repercussions of the attack at Lone Pine weighed heavily on the outcome at Chunuk Bair . Sent north to reinforce Lone Pine , due to the effectiveness of the Australian attack , Kannengiesser 's 9th Division was directed instead to proceed on to Chunuk Bair where , at the time , there was only one Ottoman artillery battery and a covering force of 20 infantrymen . His force arrived in time to seriously delay the New Zealand attack , and ultimately the wider offensive of which the battle was a part failed . Afterwards , a stalemate situation developed on the Gallipoli peninsula although there were brief periods of localised fighting . In September , the troops of the Australian 1st Division who had taken the position at Lone Pine were relieved by the 23rd and 24th Battalions . The cemetery at Lone Pine Dominated by the heights of Baby 700 , the position was regularly shelled and was subsequently described by one Australian soldier , Trooper Ion Idriess , as `` the most dangerous spot '' in the Australian lodgement and it ultimately proved a `` liability '' for the troops tasked with holding it . Opposed by troops from the Ottoman 47th Regiment , for the remaining three months of the campaign , the two Australian battalions would alternate their positions in the front line as the Ottoman and Australians engaged in mining and countermining operations against each other 's positions . The stalemate continued as both the Australians and Ottomans lacked the strength to mount a determined attack and this situation ultimately lasted until the Allied evacuation in December 1915 . In most sources , Ottoman losses are estimated at between 5,000 -- 6,000 , although Kenan Celik from Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , has placed their losses as high as 7,164 , broken down as 1,520 killed , 4,700 wounded , 760 listed as missing and 134 captured by the Australians . These included the commanding officers of both the 47th and 15th Regiments . Of the Australian force that had launched the attack , almost half became casualties . Australian losses during the battle amounted to 2,277 men killed or wounded , out of the total 4,600 men committed to the fighting over the course of the battle . These represent some of the highest casualties of the campaign . The toll was particularly heavy amongst the Australian officers ; both the commanding officers of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were killed leading their troops . After the battle , the dead were so thick on the ground that one Australian , Captain Harold Jacobs of the 1st Battalion , remarked `` ( t ) he trench is so full of our dead that the only respect that we could show them was not to tread on their faces , the floor of the trench was just one carpet of them , this in addition to the ones we piled into Turkish dugouts . '' Later , over 1,000 dead were removed from Australian position to be hastily buried . Seven Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions during the fighting at Lone Pine , including four men from the 7th Battalion , which had been rushed forward to help relieve the 1st Brigade at the height of the Ottoman counterattacks . One of the recipients was Corporal William Dunstan , who after the war became the general manager of The Herald newspaper in Melbourne . Another VC recipient was Captain Alfred Shout who had already earned the Military Cross and been Mentioned in Despatches earlier in the Gallipoli campaign . He was mortally wounded at Lone Pine and was later buried at sea . The other VC recipients were Privates Leonard Keysor and John Hamilton , Corporal Alexander Burton and Lieutenants Frederick Tubb and William Symons . After the war , an Australian military historical mission was sent to Gallipoli , led by Charles Bean . On Bean 's advice the Australian government sought permission from the newly formed Turkish Republic to establish an official war cemetery in the area . In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified , and through its provisions the Lone Pine cemetery was established in the area , dubbed the Daisy Patch by the Australians . There are a total of 1,167 graves in the cemetery and as of 2012 , the identities of 471 bodies interred in the cemetery remain unknown . Also standing within the cemetery 's grounds is the Lone Pine memorial . It is the main Australian and New Zealand memorial at Gallipoli and commemorates all the Australian and some of the New Zealanders who died during the campaign , including those who have no known grave and those buried at sea . As a result of the battle 's significance to the Australians , Lone Pine is the site of the annual Australian Anzac Day dawn service at Gallipoli . After the service Australian visitors congregate at the memorial to remember all their countrymen who fought and died at Gallipoli . At the New Zealand National World War I Museum , there is an exhibit for the Battle of Lone Pine , and there is also one in the Australian War Memorial . Memorial `` Lone Pine '' trees have also been planted in Australia , New Zealand and Gallipoli to commemorate the battle and the Gallipoli campaign in general , seeded from specimens taken from Gallipoli . There are also many places in Australia named after the battle . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Kanlı Sırt '' is roughly translated as `` Bloody Ridge '' . Jump up ^ The modern nation of Turkey did not exist until 1923 and at the time of the fighting at Gallipoli , the peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire , which had been founded in 1299 . Nevertheless , many English - language sources on the First World War use the term `` Turkey '' instead of `` Ottoman Empire '' . The sources used in this article vary in the approach they take . Fewster , Basarin & Basarin use `` Ottoman '' , while Wahlert , Bean , Cameron , Coulthard - Clark and others use `` Turk '' or `` Turkish '' . Jump up ^ The Ottomans called this position `` Sehidler Tepesi '' , which is translated into English as `` Martyr 's Hill '' . Jump up ^ The Ottoman name for Chunuk Bair was `` Conk Bayiri '' , while Hill 971 was known as `` Koca Cimen Tepe '' , which is translated as `` Hill of the Great Pasture '' . Jump up ^ The Ottomans called this position `` Edirne Sirt '' , which is translated into English as `` Adrianople Spur '' . Jump up ^ Johnston 's Jolly was known to the Ottomans as `` Kirmizi Sirt '' . Jump up ^ Known to the Ottomans as `` Kilic Bayir '' , or `` Sword Ridge '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 566 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 1998 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Kenan Celik . `` Gallipoli : The August Offensive . A Turkish View '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Coulthard - Clark 1998 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Wahlert 2008 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2007 , p. xviii . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 497 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 508 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ekins 2009 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 528 . ^ Jump up to : Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , pp. 526 -- 527 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , pp. 499 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 503 . ^ Jump up to : Crawley 2007 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Crawley 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gray 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Coulthard - Clark 1998 , pp. 107 -- 108 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 519 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 39 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 532 . ^ Jump up to : Bean 1941 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Bean 1941 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011a , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , pp. 123 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : Broadbent 2005 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011a , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Gray 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ekins 2009 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Broadbent 2005 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Fewster , Basarin & Basarin 2003 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Gray 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Battalion '' . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron 2011b , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Matthew ( 1988 ) . `` Shout , Alfred John ( 1882 -- 1915 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Dudley ( 1983 ) . `` Keysor , Leonard Maurice ( 1885 -- 1951 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 . Melbourne University Press . pp. 582 -- 583 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2011b , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , pp. 324 -- 325 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Pine Memorial '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Wahlert 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Hawker 1990 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cameron 2012 , p. 328 . References ( edit ) Bean , Charles ( 1941 ) . The Story of ANZAC from 4 May , 1915 , to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula . Official History of Australia in the War of 1914 -- 1918 . II ( 11th ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 220898941 . Broadbent , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Gallipoli : The Fatal Shore . Camberwell , Victoria : Penguin Group Australia . ISBN 0 - 670 - 04085 - 1 . Cameron , David ( 2007 ) . 25 April 1915 : The Day the Anzac Legend Was Born . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74114 - 980 - 7 . Cameron , David ( 2011a ) . The August Offensive : At ANZAC , 1915 . Australian Army Campaigns . Canberra : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870 - 5747 - 1 . Cameron , David ( 2011b ) . Gallipoli : The Final Battles and Evacuation of Anzac . Newport , New South Wales : Big Sky Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9808140 - 9 - 5 . Cameron , David ( 2012 ) . The Battle for Lone Pine : Four Days of Hell at the Heart of Gallipoli . Camberwell , Victoria : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6700 - 7629 - 1 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1998 ) . Where Australians Fought : The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles ( 1st ed . ) . St Leonards , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86448 - 611 - 2 . Crawley , Rhys ( April 2007 ) . `` Lone Pine : Worth the Cost ? '' . Wartime ( 38 ) : 14 -- 17 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Ekins , Ashley ( 2009 ) . `` Bloody Ridge : The Assault of Lone Pine '' . Wartime ( 47 ) : 12 -- 14 , 16 -- 18 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Fewster , Kevin ; Basarin , Vecihi ; Basarin , Hatice Hurmuz ( 2003 ) ( 1985 ) . Gallipoli : The Turkish Story . Crows Nest , New South Wales : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 74114 - 045 - 5 . Gray , Andrew ( April 2006 ) . `` Courage at Lone Pine '' . Wartime ( 34 ) : 18 -- 21 . ISSN 1328 - 2727 . Hawker , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Lone Pine '' . Conifer Society of Australia Newsletter. 8 : 6 -- 7 . OCLC 224944593 . Wahlert , Glenn ( 2008 ) . Exploring Gallipoli : An Australian Army Battlefield Guide . Campbell , Australian Capital Territory : Army History Unit . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804753 - 5 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lone Pine . Gallipoli and the Anzacs : Bravery Awards at Gallipoli : The Battle of Lone Pine Lone Pine : A Famous Assault at Lone Pine , 1915 Gallipoli 1915 - The Making of a Nation : Lone Pine Lone Pine and The Nek Ottoman battles in the 20th century Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) Preveza Tobruk Kywayfia Kunfuda Bay Derna Beirut Rhodes Zanzur Balkan Wars ( 1912 -- 13 ) Sarantaporo Kırcalı ( Kardzhali ) Beşpınar ( Pente Pigadia ) Sorovich Kumanovo Kirk Kilise İşkodra ( Scutari ) Lüleburgaz Edirne ( Adrianople ) Prilep Himara Monastir First Çatalca Varna ( Kaliakra ) Merhamli İmroz ( Elli ) Korytsa Lemnos Bolayır Şarköy Bizani Second Çatalca Edirne ( Adrianople ) First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) Köprüköy ( Bergmann ) Sarikamish Ardahan Suez Canal Naval operations Katya Seddülbayır ( Cape Helles ) Kumkale 1st Arıburnu ( Anzac Cove ) Baby 700 1st Kirte Battle of Dilman 2nd Arıburnu ( 2nd Anzac Cove ) 2nd Kirte No. 3 Post 3rd Arıburnu ( 3rd Anzac Cove ) 3rd Kirte Zığındere Manzikert Kara Killisse Kirte Bağları ( Krithia Vineyard ) Kanlısırt ( Lone Pine ) Anafartalar Conkbayır Sarıbayır Kılıçbayır ( The Nek ) Hill 60 Yusufçuktepe ( Scimitar Hill ) Selman'ı Pak ( Ctesiphon ) 1st Kut Sağ Sahil Erzurum Offensive Wadi Felahiye ( Hanna ) Sabis Trebizond Mecca Erzincan Aqaba Bitlis Romani Bir el Abd Yanbu Magdhaba Rafa Nekhl Bir el Hassana 2nd Kut Samarrah Jebel Hamlin 1st Gaza 2nd Gaza Istabulat Aqaba Ramadi Wadi Musa Beersheba Khuweilfe 3rd Gaza Baghdad Hareira and Sheria Wadi el Hesi Huj Mughar Ridge Ayun Kara Jerusalem Jaffa Jericho Tell ' Asur Khan Baghdadi Hijla 1st Amman Berukin and 1st Arara 2nd Transjordan Abaran Sardarabad Karakilisa Baku Arsuf German Expedition Abu Tellul 2nd Arara Megiddo Tabsor Tulkarm Afulah and Beisan Nazareth Jenin Haifa Samakh Tiberias Irbid Jisr Benat Yakub Kaukab Damascus Kiswe Jisr ed Damieh Sharqat Aleppo Khan Ayash 2nd Amman Haritan For the battles before 1900 see List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire Coordinates : 40 ° 13 ′ 49 '' N 26 ° 17 ′ 14 '' E / 40.23028 ° N 26.28722 ° E / 40.23028 ; 26.28722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lone_Pine&oldid=802408480 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1915 1915 in the Ottoman Empire Battles of the Gallipoli Campaign Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire August 1915 events Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Italiano Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was involved in the battle of lone pine	[ "\n\n\n\nBattle of Lone Pine\n\n\nPart of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War\n\n\n\nDetail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist, 1921\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n6–10 August 1915\n\n\nLocation\nGallipoli, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)\n\n\nResult\nANZAC victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\n\n Ottoman Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nHarold Walker\nEsat Pasa\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n1 brigade, reinforced by 2 more battalions[1]\n2 battalions, reinforced by 3 regiments[1][2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n2,277[3]\n~5,000–7,000[3][4]\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\n\nBattle of Lone Pine\n\n\nPart of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War\n\n\n\nDetail from The Taking of Lone Pine by Fred Leist, 1921\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n6–10 August 1915\n\n\nLocation\nGallipoli, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey)\n\n\nResult\nANZAC victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n\n British Empire\n\n Australia\n New Zealand\n\n\n Ottoman Empire\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nHarold Walker\nEsat Pasa\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n1 brigade, reinforced by 2 more battalions[1]\n2 battalions, reinforced by 3 regiments[1][2]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n2,277[3]\n~5,000–7,000[3][4]\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "British Empire", "Ottoman Empire" ]
3395342562526255147	Jagged Little Pill	Jagged Little Pill - wikipedia Jagged Little Pill Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jagged Little Thrill . For the Degrassi : The Next Generation episode , see Jagged Little Pill ( D : TNG episode ) . Jagged Little Pill Studio album by Alanis Morissette Released June 13 , 1995 Recorded 1994 -- 1995 Studio Westlake Recording Studios and Signet Sound , Hollywood Genre Alternative rock pop rock post-grunge Length 57 : 23 Label Maverick , Reprise Producer Glen Ballard Alanis Morissette chronology Now Is the Time ( 1992 ) Now Is the Time 1992 Jagged Little Pill ( 1995 ) Space Cakes ( 1995 ) Space Cakes 1995 Singles from Jagged Little Pill `` You Oughta Know '' Released : July 6 , 1995 `` Hand in My Pocket '' Released : October 31 , 1995 `` Ironic '' Released : February 27 , 1996 `` You Learn '' Released : July 9 , 1996 `` Head over Feet '' Released : September 16 , 1996 `` All I Really Want '' Released : December 1 , 1996 Jagged Little Pill is the third album by Canadian singer Alanis Morissette , released in 1995 through Maverick . It was Morissette 's first album released outside Canada . Morissette began work on her next album after moving from her hometown , Ottawa , to Toronto ; she made little progress until she traveled to Los Angeles , where she met producer Glen Ballard . Morissette and Ballard had an instant connection and began co-writing and experimenting with sounds . The experimentation resulted in an alternative rock album that takes influence from post-grunge and pop rock , and features guitars , keyboards , drum machines , and harmonica . The lyrics touch upon themes of aggression and unsuccessful relationships , while Ballard introduced a pop sensibility to Morissette 's angst . Jagged Little Pill topped the charts in ten countries ; with sales of over 33 million units worldwide , it is one of the best - selling albums of all time and made Morissette the first Canadian to achieve double diamond sales . Jagged Little Pill was nominated for nine Grammy Awards , winning five , including Album of the Year , making Morissette the youngest artist in history to win the honor , a record she held until 2010 , when Taylor Swift won this prize with Fearless . Rolling Stone ranked Jagged Little Pill number 327 on its 2003 list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Content 4 Release and promotion 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Impact 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Decade - end charts 10.3 All - time charts 10.4 Year - end charts 11 Certifications 12 Notes 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) In 1991 , MCA Records Canada released Morissette 's debut studio album Alanis , which went Platinum in Canada . Her second album Now Is the Time was a commercial failure , selling a little more than half the copies of her first album . With her two - album deal complete , Morissette was left without a recording contract . In 1993 , Morissette 's publisher Leeds Levy at MCA Music Publishing introduced her to manager Scott Welch . Welch told HitQuarters he was impressed by her `` spectacular voice '' , her character and her lyrics . At the time she was still living with her parents in Ottawa . Together they decided it would be best for her career to move to Toronto and start writing with other people . After graduating from high school , Morissette made the move . Her publisher funded part of her development and when she met producer and songwriter Glen Ballard , he believed in her talent enough to let her use his studio . The two wrote and recorded Morissette 's first internationally released album , Jagged Little Pill , and by the spring of 1995 , she had signed a deal with Maverick Records . According to Welch , every label they approached passed on Morissette apart from Maverick . Recording ( edit ) Jagged Little Pill was recorded in Hollywood after Morissette relocated there and met with Glen Ballard . Morissette co-wrote the album solely with Glen Ballard , who also produced the album . The demo recording sessions started in 1994 at Ballard 's home studio and included only Morissette and the producer , who recorded the songs as they were being written . Ballard provided the rough tracks , playing the guitars , keyboards , and programming drum machines , and Morissette played harmonica . The duo sought to write and record one song a day , in twelve - or sixteen - hour shifts , with minimal overdubbing later . All of Morissette 's singing on the album respects that rule , each recorded in one or two takes . The tracks that were redone later in a professional studio used the original demo vocals . Ballard met Morissette in 1994 when his publishing company matched them up . According to Ballard , the connection was `` instant '' , and within 30 minutes of meeting each other they had begun experimenting with different sounds in Ballard 's home studio in San Fernando Valley , California . Ballard also declared to Rolling Stone that , `` I just connected with her as a person , and , almost parenthetically , it was like ' Wow , you 're 19 ? ' She was so intelligent and ready to take a chance on doing something that might have no commercial application . Although there was some question about what she wanted to do musically , she knew what she did n't want to do , which was anything that was n't authentic and from her heart . '' The first track the pair wrote was `` The Bottom Line '' , which was not included on the album 's initial release , but was included on the album 's 2015 re-release . The song was written in one hour , immediately after they met . The album 's most successful single `` Ironic '' was the third track to be written for the album . In an interview with Christopher Walsh of Billboard , Ballard explained how he and Morissette met , and how `` Ironic '' was written . He commented : `` I 'm telling you , within 15 minutes we were at it -- just writing . ' Ironic ' was the third song we wrote . Oh God , we were just having fun . I thought ' I do n't know what this is -- what genre it is -- who knows ? It 's just good ' '' . The album 's lead single , `` You Oughta Know '' , contained a guitar which was contributed by Dave Navarro along with bass that was provided by Flea . Navarro and Flea created the song in the studio together and was written with a different instrumentation , the pair were then asked to re-write the music something Navarro described as being `` A lot like a remix '' . Speaking about the song 's conception Navarro said `` The structure of the song was in place but there were no guide tracks , we just had the vocal to work from . It was just a good time and we basically jammed until we found something we were both happy with . Alanis was happy too . '' The first song to be shown to A&R and record company people was `` Perfect '' , with a simple arrangement containing only Morissette 's vocals and Ballard 's acoustic guitar . In 1995 , around the time that Morissette penned a deal with Maverick Records , the duo took the demos to a studio and began working on full band arrangements for some tracks . Content ( edit ) Jagged Little Pill was noted as being a departure from Morissette 's previous releases , which predominantly featured dance - pop music . Unlike her previous albums Alanis and Now Is the Time , the album strayed from her typical dance and bubblegum pop . In contrast , this album is seen as a landmark in alternative rock . Lyrically , most of the songs were written by Morissette and Glen Ballard . The album opens with `` All I Really Want '' . The song features the use of a harmonica , swirly guitars and canned drums and is based in a grunge - pop genre , the song 's lyrics talk about `` intellectual intercourse '' and a mental connection with another angry , frustrated , frightened , uncomfortable soul . `` You Oughta Know '' features themes of `` raw anger and frank portrayal of female sexuality . `` Perfect '' is a pristine ballad , that talks about `` pushy '' parents , the following song `` Hand In My Pocket '' is a cataloging of contradictions set over fuzzy guitar and a ' 90s drum machine , the song also portrays a lighter side to Morissette , with lyrics that touch upon themes of self - effacing and hopefulness side . `` Right Through You '' is a nondescript grunge song whilst `` Forgiven '' was compared to the work of Madonna , due to its Catholic undertones . `` You Learn '' is a mid-tempo self - help rock song , the song features Morissette giving out advice ; `` Ditch the fear , open your heart , speak your mind , and when the going gets tough , walk around the house naked . '' `` Head Over Feet '' is ballad that contains guitar and drum box backing , with plainspoken vocals , the song lyrically talks about Morissette being a `` handful '' , and that she 's not the type to get emotional . `` Mary Jane '' is built over a ballad 's tense , and ringing electric guitar , and hears Morissette tries to reassure a friend who 's having a rough go of things . `` Ironic '' is a pop rock song , set in the time signature of common time , composed in a moderate tempo of eighty - two beats per minute . The song 's usage of the word `` ironic '' attracted media attention for an improper application of the term , because according to Jon Pareles of The New York Times , the song gives a distinct `` unironic '' sense in its implications . According to the Oxford English Dictionary `` irony '' is `` a figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used '' . Thus , lyrics such as `` It 's like rain on your wedding day '' and `` A traffic jam when you 're already late '' are not ironic . `` Not the Doctor '' features gnarlier guitars , and features acoustic strumming and languid drum loop with needle - sharp lyrics . The final song `` Wake Up '' takes shape of a cry for help to an apathetic world . Release and promotion ( edit ) Following the success of the album , Morissette embarked on an 18 - month tour . Maverick Records released Jagged Little Pill internationally in 1995 . The album was expected only to sell enough for Morissette to make a follow - up , but the situation changed quickly when KROQ - FM , an influential Los Angeles modern rock radio station , began playing `` You Oughta Know '' , the album 's lead single . The song instantly garnered attention for its scathing , explicit lyrics , and a subsequent music video went into heavy rotation on MTV and MuchMusic . After the success of `` You Oughta Know '' , the album 's other hit singles helped send Jagged Little Pill to the top of the charts . `` All I Really Want '' and `` Hand in My Pocket '' followed , but the fourth U.S. single , `` Ironic '' , became Morissette 's biggest hit . `` You Learn '' and `` Head over Feet '' , the fifth and sixth singles , respectively , kept Jagged Little Pill ( 1995 ) in the top twenty on the Billboard 200 albums chart for more than a year . Due to the success of the album , Morissette toured worldwide for a total of 18 months . A DVD and VHS was released , under the title Jagged Little Pill , Live . That had received positive reviews from music critics as well . The tour had spanned from different countries ( which was eventually featured on the VHS ) where she had travelled to Australia , New Zealand , Germany , United Kingdom , South America , Asia , United States and her native Canada . It had won a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video . In 2005 , Morissette re-released an acoustic version of the album , Jagged Little Pill Acoustic , on the tenth anniversary of the original album 's release . This album was originally sold through Starbucks ' Hear Music brand in an exclusive six - week deal that ended on July 26 , 2005 . For the duration of this partnership , music retailer HMV boycotted the sale of Morissette 's entire catalogue in Canada . The album was released on June 15 , 2005 , ten years to the day after the original United States release . The artwork of the acoustic version is similar to the original version , but is sepia tinted instead . On October 30 , 2015 , Jagged Little Pill was reissued by Rhino Records and Warner Music Group to mark its 20th anniversary . A two - disc deluxe edition contains a newly remastered version of the album , appended with ten demo recordings , two of which were previously released on the `` Joining You '' single in 1999 . A limited four - disc collector 's edition also adds 2005 's Acoustic album and a full live concert recorded in London at Subterranea on September 28 , 1995 . As with the Acoustic release , this edition also updated the cover artwork ; this time presented in white & gold and labeled as `` Jagged Little Pill Collector 's Edition '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune Christgau 's Consumer Guide B+ Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly C+ Los Angeles Times NME 7 / 10 Q The Rolling Stone Album Guide USA Today Jagged Little Pill received generally positive reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave it a very positive review , giving it four - and - a-half out of five stars . He mostly complimented the album 's standout talent saying `` It 's remarkable that Alanis Morissette 's Jagged Little Pill struck a sympathetic chord with millions of listeners , because it 's so doggedly , determinedly insular . '' He concludes , `` As slick as the music is , the lyrics are unvarnished and Morissette unflinchingly explores emotions so common , most people would be ashamed to articulate them . This does n't make Jagged Little Pill great , but it does make it a fascinating record , a phenomenon that 's intensely personal . '' Robert Christgau gave it a B+ grade , mainly praising its thematic content : `` she 's happy to help 15 million girls of many ages stick a basic feminist truth in our faces : privileged phonies have identity problems too . Not to mention man problems . '' David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave it a middling review , stating that the album `` is ( a hard ) swallow . What sounds arresting on a single grows wearing over a full album . Producer - co-songwriter Glen Ballard 's arrangements are clunky mixtures of alternative mood music and hammy arena rock , and the 21 - year - old Morissette tends to wildly oversing every other line . '' When listing the album at 45 on the `` 100 Best Albums of the Nineties '' , Rolling Stone commented : `` Jagged Little Pill is like a Nineties version of Carole King 's Tapestry : a woman using her plain soft - rock voice to sift through the emotional wreckage of her youth , with enough heart and songcraft to make countless listeners feel the earth move '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Jagged Little Pill is one of the most successful albums of the 1990s . It peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and was the first album to reach both 12 million ( in February 1997 ) and 13 million ( in August 1998 ) in sales in the US since 1991 , when Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales . It was certified 16 × Platinum for shipments of 16 million copies . On the week ending June 21 , 2015 the album sold 5,000 bringing the sales to just over 15 million , making the album one of only three albums to have sold at least 15 million copies in the United States since Nielsen Music began tracking data in 1991 . and a further 350,000 units through BMG music club . The album also peaked at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling over 2 million copies , being certified 2 × Diamond . Jagged Little Pill was very successful worldwide . In Oceania , the album had debuted at number 46 in Australia , and rose to peak at number one , staying there for 10 consecutive weeks . It was certified 14 × Platinum , selling over 980,000 copies there . It is currently the 11th best selling album in Australian history . The album debuted at number 46 in New Zealand , then rose to number one , staying there for 11 non-consecutive weeks . The album had been certified 14 × Platinum , selling over 200,000 copies . It is currently the 14th best selling album in New Zealand . In Europe , the album peaked at number six on the French Albums Chart , staying in the charts for 37 weeks . It was certified Platinum in that country . The album debuted at number 76 in the United Kingdom but peaked at number one , and stayed in the charts for a total of 221 weeks . The album was certified 10 × Platinum , shipping over 3 million copies . Overall , the album sold 33 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the most successful albums in music history . One of the best selling albums worldwide , in 1996 it was the best selling worldwide with 18.7 million copies sold with 500,000 or more copies sold during more than 15 non-consecutive weeks . As of 2009 , it has sold 33 million copies worldwide . Impact ( edit ) The album received numerous awards and accolades . Morissette and the album won six Juno Awards in 1996 , including the Album of the Year , Single of the Year for `` You Oughta Know '' , Female Vocalist of the Year , Songwriter of the Year and Best Rock Album . At the 1996 Grammy Awards , she won Best Female Rock Vocal Performance , Best Rock Song ( both for `` You Oughta Know '' ) , Best Rock Album and Album of the Year . `` Ironic '' was nominated for two 1997 Grammy Awards -- Record of the Year and Best Music Video , Short Form -- and won Single of the Year at the 1997 Juno Awards , where Morissette also won Songwriter of the Year and the International Achievement Award . The video Jagged Little Pill , Live , which was co-directed by Morissette and chronicled the bulk of her tour , won a 1998 Grammy Award for Best Music Video , Long Form . In October 2002 , Rolling Stone ranked it number 31 on its Women In Rock -- The 50 Essential Albums list , and in 2003 the magazine ranked it number 327 on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . The album also appears on the National Association of Recording Merchandisers ' `` Definitive 200 '' list at number 26 . The album ranked at number 50 on Rolling Stone 's 2012 list of `` Women Who Rock : The 50 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . The album was included on Billboard 's `` Best Selling Pop album of the 1990s '' where it was placed at number one . The album peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making Morissette the first Canadian woman to top the chart . Morissette 's success with Jagged Little Pill ( 1995 ) was credited with leading to the introduction of female singers such as Shakira , Tracy Bonham , Meredith Brooks , and in the early 2000s , Pink , Michelle Branch , and fellow Canadian Avril Lavigne . American singer Katy Perry cites Jagged Little Pill as a significant musical inspiration , and opted to work with Morissette 's frequent collaborator Ballard as a result . Perry stated , `` Jagged Little Pill was the most perfect female record ever made . There 's a song for anyone on that record ; I relate to all those songs . They 're still so timeless . '' Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Alanis Morissette ; all music composed by Morissette and Glen Ballard , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` All I Really Want '' 4 : 45 2 . `` You Oughta Know '' 4 : 09 3 . `` Perfect '' 3 : 08 4 . `` Hand in My Pocket '' 3 : 42 5 . `` Right Through You '' 2 : 56 6 . `` Forgiven '' 5 : 00 7 . `` You Learn '' 4 : 00 8 . `` Head over Feet '' 4 : 27 9 . `` Mary Jane '' 4 : 41 10 . `` Ironic '' 3 : 50 11 . `` Not the Doctor '' 3 : 48 12 . `` Wake Up '' 4 : 54 13 . `` You Oughta Know '' ( Jimmy the Saint Blend ) / `` Your House ( a cappella ) '' ( Hidden track ) 8 : 13 Total length : 57 : 23 ( show ) Japanese edition No . Title Length 12 . `` Wake Up '' / `` Your House ( Acappella ) '' ( Hidden track ) 8 : 56 13 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic version ) 3 : 06 20th anniversary collector 's edition Disc 2 : Demos No . Title Length 1 . `` The Bottom Line '' 4 : 11 2 . `` Superstar Wonderful Weirdos '' ( Morissette , Ballard , Terrance Sawchuk ) 4 : 23 3 . `` Closer Than You Might Believe '' 3 : 35 4 . `` No Avalon '' 4 : 21 5 . `` Comfort '' ( Morissette , Sawchuk ) 4 : 05 6 . `` Gorgeous '' 4 : 03 7 . `` King of Intimidation '' 3 : 20 8 . `` Death of Cinderella '' 3 : 15 9 . `` London '' 4 : 32 10 . `` These Are the Thoughts '' 3 : 16 Total length : 39 : 02 ( show ) Disc 3 : Jagged Little Pill Acoustic No . Title Length 1 . `` All I Really Want '' ( Acoustic ) 5 : 24 2 . `` You Oughta Know '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 58 3 . `` Perfect '' ( Acoustic ) 3 : 26 4 . `` Hand in My Pocket '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 32 5 . `` Right Through You '' ( Acoustic ) 3 : 40 6 . `` Forgiven '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 43 7 . `` You Learn '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 10 8 . `` Head over Feet '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 17 9 . `` Mary Jane '' ( Acoustic ) 5 : 08 10 . `` Ironic '' ( Acoustic ) 3 : 57 11 . `` Not the Doctor '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 26 12 . `` Wake Up '' / `` Your House '' ( Acoustic ) 9 : 56 Total length : 54 : 37 ( show ) Disc 4 : Live at Subterranea , London 09 / 28 / 95 No . Title Length 1 . `` All I Really Want '' ( Live ) 8 : 18 2 . `` Right Through You '' ( Live ) 4 : 06 3 . `` Not the Doctor '' ( Live ) 6 : 47 4 . `` Hand in My Pocket '' ( Live ) 4 : 43 5 . `` Mary Jane '' ( Live ) 6 : 39 6 . `` Ironic '' ( Live ) 4 : 28 7 . `` You Learn '' ( Live ) 5 : 06 8 . `` Forgiven '' ( Live ) 6 : 00 9 . `` You Oughta Know '' ( Live ) 5 : 23 10 . `` Wake Up '' ( Live ) 8 : 07 11 . `` Head over Feet '' ( Live ) 4 : 23 12 . `` Perfect '' ( Live ) 3 : 31 Total length : 67 : 37 Personnel ( edit ) The following people contributed to Jagged Little Pill : Musicians Alanis Morissette -- harmonica ( tracks 1 , 4 , 8 ) , vocals ( all tracks ) Glen Ballard -- guitar ( tracks 1 , 3 , 4 , 7 -- 12 ) , keyboards ( tracks 1 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 ) , programming ( tracks 1 , 2 , 7 , 12 ) Dave Navarro -- guitar on `` You Oughta Know '' Basil Fung -- guitar ( tracks 3 , 10 ) Michael Landau -- guitar on `` Forgiven '' Joel Shearer -- guitar on `` Right Through You '' Lance Morrison -- bass ( 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 ) Flea -- bass on `` You Oughta Know '' Michael Thompson -- organ ( tracks 3 , 10 ) Benmont Tench -- organ ( tracks 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 12 ) Rob Ladd -- percussion on `` Ironic '' , drums ( tracks 3 , 10 ) Matt Laug -- drums ( tracks 2 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 ) Gota Yashiki -- groove activator on `` All I Really Want '' Production Glen Ballard -- producer , engineering , mixing Ted Blaisdell -- additional engineering David Schiffman -- additional engineering Victor McCoy -- assistant engineer Rich Weingart -- assistant engineer Chris Fogel -- engineering and mixing Francis Buckley -- additional mixing Jolie Levine -- production coordination Chris Bellman -- mastering Tom Recchion -- art direction , design John Patrick Salisbury -- photography Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australian Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart Belgian Albums Chart ( Flanders ) Belgium Albums Chart ( Walliona ) Canadian Albums Chart Danish Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart European Albums Chart Finnish Albums Chart French Albums Chart German Albums Chart Hungarian Albums Chart Irish Albums Chart Italian Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart Norwegian Albums Chart Portuguese Albums Chart Scottish Albums Chart Spanish Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart Swiss Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 26 UK Albums ( OCC ) 5 US Billboard 200 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( All - time ) Position New Zealand Albums Chart 29 UK Albums Chart 41 US Billboard 200 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canadian Albums ( RPM ) 9 UK Albums ( OCC ) 49 US Billboard 200 14 Chart ( 1996 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Canadian Albums ( RPM ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 5 French Albums ( SNEP ) 13 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Italian Albums ( Hit Parade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 11 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 26 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 74 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 43 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 66 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 UK Albums ( OCC ) 46 US Billboard 200 23 Chart ( 1998 ) Position UK Albums ( OCC ) 106 Chart ( 1999 ) Position UK Albums ( OCC ) 164 Chart ( 2000 ) Position Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 79 UK Albums ( OCC ) 117 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) Platinum 60,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 14 × Platinum 1,020,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 2 × Platinum 500,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Diamond 2,000,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Platinum 65,860 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 411,600 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 4 × Platinum 400,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 50,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 10 × Platinum 2,742,868 United States ( RIAA ) 16 × Platinum 15,350,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) 7 × Platinum 7,000,000 Worldwide 33,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Notes ( edit ) In the U.S. , previous to 5 December 1998 , songs were not allowed to appear on the main Billboard Hot 100 chart unless a physical single was issued . Maverick Records only physically released `` Ironic '' and `` You Learn '' in the American market , thus they were the only singles from Jagged Little Pill to chart on the Hot 100 . Following Morissette 's performance of `` You Oughta Know '' at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards , Maverick Records physically released the live version as a B - side to `` You Learn '' , therefore the chart performance of the latter is often referred as `` You Learn / You Oughta Know '' as a double A-side single . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in Australia List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums in the United States List of best - selling albums in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Michael ; Jack , Ian A.D. ; Schneider , Jason ( 2011 ) . Have Not Been the Same The Canrock Renaissance 1985 - 1995 ( 10th Anniversary ed . ) . ECW Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9781550229929 . Jump up ^ `` 38th Annual Grammy Awards -- 1996 '' . Rock On The Net . 1996 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Who Rock : The 50 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Search Certification Database '' Archived 2009 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Canadian Recording Industry Association . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript : Profiles of Alanis Morissette , Margaret Cho '' . CNN People in the News . January 4 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Wild , David . `` Adventures Of Miss Thing '' . Rolling Stone . November 2 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Scott Welch '' . HitQuarters . August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine -- June 30 , 2001 '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( November 2 , 1995 ) . `` Alanis Morissette : The Adventures of Miss Thing '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette Shares Unreleased ' Jagged Little Pill ' Track `` The Bottom Line '' ( LISTEN ) `` . Music Times . Jump up ^ Walsh , Christopher ( June 30 , 2001 ) . `` Boutique Distributors Make Noise Under The Radar '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 113 ( 26 ) : 38 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Dave ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday 10 '' . 6767 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jagged Little Pill Review Alanis Morissette Compact Discs Reviews '' . Ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` alanis - morissette - jagged - little - pill - anniversary - review '' . Billboard . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ironic -- Alanis Morissette '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ironic -- Alanis Morissette Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Universal Music Publishing Ltd . Musicnotes Inc . MN0072613 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Waltonen , Karma ; Du Vernay , Denise ( 2010 ) . The Simpsons in the classroom : embiggening the learning experience with the wisdom of Springfield ( XVIII ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc . Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4490 - 8 . OCLC 492091426 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( May 16 , 2004 ) . `` MUSIC ; The Solipsisters Sing Out Once Again '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ irony , n . ( Second ed . ) . 1989 ( 1900 ) . Online version March 2011 . Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horberry , Roger ( 2010 ) . Sounds Good on Paper : How to Bring Business Language to Life ( XVII ed . ) . London , England : A & C Black Publishers Ldt . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2231 - 0 . OCLC 659730168 . A common misconception is that ' ironic ' is a direct synonym for coincidental . The lyrics of Alanis Morissette 's UK top 11 ( and US top five ) hit Ironic describe a number of apparently ironic situations , each verse ending with the refrain ' Is n't it ironic ? ' To which the answer must be a polite but firm ' no ' , as the lyrics are in fact a succinct explanation of what irony is n't . How ironic . Jump up ^ `` Jagged Little Pill '' . G-pop.net . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kawashima , Dale . `` Great Publishing Story : John Alexander & Alanis Morissette '' . Songwriter Universe Magazine . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ jimmyplm ( 1 July 1997 ) . `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill -- Live ( Video 1997 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill -- Live ( Video 1997 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill - Live - Awards - IMDb Jump up ^ McMartin , Trent ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` HMV To Boycott Alanis Morissette '' . Soulshine . Canada . Jump up ^ `` Jagged Little Pill : Collector 's Edition '' . Rhino Records . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( July 13 , 1995 ) . `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill ( Maverick ) '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill '' . Christgau 's Consumer Guide : Albums of the ' 90s . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24560 - 2 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( August 4 , 1995 ) . `` Jagged Little Pill '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve ( July 2 , 1995 ) . `` Alanis Morissette , ' Jagged Little Pill ' ( Maverick / Reprise ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill '' . NME : 47 . September 9 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette : Jagged Little Pill '' . Q ( 108 ) : 118 . September 1995 . Jump up ^ Abowitz , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Alanis Morissette '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . pp. 558 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Anne ( June 13 , 1995 ) . `` Listen up : Alanis Morissette , Jagged Little Pill and Jennifer Trynin , Cockamamie '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Albums of the Nineties : Alanis Morissette , ' Jagged Little Pill ' Rolling Stone '' . rollingstone.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Coldplay Sets 2014 Sales Record '' . Yahoo Chart Watch . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Alanis Morissette 's ' Jagged Little Pill ' Hits 15 Million in U.S. Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mi2N.com -- SHANIA , BACKSTREET , BRITNEY , EMIMEN AND JANET TOP ALL TIME SELLERS '' . mi2n.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Platinum Database '' . Musiccanada.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` New Zealand charts portal '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . Chart Stats. 1995 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` BPI Certified Awards '' . Bpi.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glen Ballard : Biography '' . Glen Ballard Official Site . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 26th Juno Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1995 38th Grammy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1996 39th Grammy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1997 27th Juno Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1997 40th Grammy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 23 March 2010 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2074 - 2 . Jump up ^ Billboard -- Google . Books.google.co.kr . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1995 ) . Alanis & Her Canadian Chart Sisters . Nielsen Business Media . p. 94 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Thanks to Peter Howell , rock critic for The Toronto Star , for noting that Morissette is the first Canadian female artist to have a No. 1 album in America . Jump up ^ Mayer , Andre . `` What a Pill '' . CBC Arts . June 13 , 2005 . Archived August 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Katy Perry Q&A : Billboard 's Woman of the Year 2012 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette / Jagged Little Pill '' . Warner Music Japan . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jagged Little Pill Articles and Information '' . Neohumanism.org. 1995 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Denmark '' . Billboard . August 3 , 1996 . p. 65 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Eurochart '' . Billboard . September 14 , 1996 . p. 63 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . finnishcharts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ musicline.de / PhonoNet GmbH . `` Morissette , Alanis : Jagged Little Pill '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hungarian Albums Chart '' . Mahasz.hu . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Ireland '' . Billboard . July 6 , 1996 . p. 57 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Italy '' . Billboard . September 7 , 1996 . p. 68 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Portugal '' . Billboard . September 28 , 1996 . p. 69 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World -- Spain '' . Billboard . September 14 , 1996 . p. 62 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bestenlisten - 90er - Album '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive - 1990s Albums '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Albums '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The UK 's 60 official biggest selling albums of all time revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1995 '' . OCC . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Year - end Charts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1996 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jahreshitparade 1996 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Album 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Albums - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts 1996 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gli album più venduti del 1996 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 1996 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 40 Album Russetid 1996 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Disco '' . Top Disco Blog . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Album ( inkl samlingar ) -- År 1996 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1996 '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1996 '' . OCC . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Year - end Charts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1997 '' . ARIA . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Album 1997 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Album - Jahrescharts 1997 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Albums of 1997 '' . RIANZ . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Album Chart Top 100 - 1997 '' . OCC . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Year - end Charts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepiej sprzedające się albumy w W. Brytanii w 1998r '' ( in Polish ) . Z archiwum ... rocka . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepiej sprzedające się albumy w W. Brytanii w 1999r '' ( in Polish ) . Z archiwum ... rocka . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Album 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Najlepiej sprzedające się albumy w W. Brytanii w 2000r '' ( in Polish ) . Z archiwum ... rocka . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discos de Oro y Platino -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in Spanish ) . Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` The music Australia loved '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Alanis Morissette in the field Interpret . Enter Jagged Little Pill in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . Music Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Alanis Morissette '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Ventes Réelles des Albums depuis 1968 '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Alanis Morissette ; ' Jagged Little Pill ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Alanis Morissette ; ' Jagged Little Pill ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Jagged Little Pill in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Adele 's 25 back on top as sales surge 231 % '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2002 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . External links ( edit ) Jagged Little Pill ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net ( streamed copy where licensed ) Jagged Little Pill ( U.S. Version ) ( Adobe Flash ) at Myspace ( streamed copy where licensed ) Alanis Morissette Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums Alanis Now Is the Time Jagged Little Pill Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie Under Rug Swept So - Called Chaos Flavors of Entanglement Havoc and Bright Lights Compilation albums Feast on Scraps iTunes Originals Jagged Little Pill Acoustic The Collection Other releases Space Cakes The Singles Box The Prayer Cycle Live releases Jagged Little Pill , Live MTV Unplugged Live in the Navajo Nation Feast on Scraps Live at Montreux 2012 Concert tours Ca n't Not Tour Junkie Tour 5 1⁄2 Weeks Tour One Tour So - Called Chaos Tour Au Naturale Tour Diamond Wink Tour Flavors of Entanglement Tour Guardian Angel Tour Intimate and Acoustic Related articles Wade Morissette ( brother ) Book : Alanis Morissette Alanis Morissette singles Alanis `` Too Hot '' `` Walk Away '' `` Feel Your Love '' `` Plastic '' Now Is the Time `` An Emotion Away '' `` No Apologies '' `` Real World '' `` ( Change Is ) Never a Waste of Time '' Jagged Little Pill `` You Oughta Know '' `` Hand in My Pocket '' `` Ironic '' `` You Learn '' `` Head over Feet '' `` All I Really Want '' Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie `` Thank U '' `` Joining You '' `` Unsent '' `` So Pure '' MTV Unplugged `` That I Would Be Good '' `` King of Pain '' `` You Learn '' Under Rug Swept `` Hands Clean '' `` Precious Illusions '' So - Called Chaos `` Everything '' `` Out Is Through '' `` Eight Easy Steps '' Jagged Little Pill Acoustic `` Hand in My Pocket '' The Collection `` Crazy '' Flavors of Entanglement `` Underneath '' `` In Praise of the Vulnerable Man '' `` Not as We '' Havoc and Bright Lights `` Guardian '' `` Lens '' `` Receive '' Other releases Soundtrack songs `` Uninvited '' `` Still '' `` Let 's Do It ( Let 's Fall in Love ) '' `` Wunderkind '' `` I Remain '' `` Professional Torturer '' Promotional singles `` Flinch '' `` 21 Things I Want in a Lover '' `` So Unsexy '' `` Surrendering '' `` Utopia '' `` Simple Together '' `` My Humps '' Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) Juno Award for Album of the Year ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980s 1980 : Anne Murray -- New Kind of Feeling 1981 : Anne Murray -- Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits 1982 : Loverboy -- Loverboy 1983 : Loverboy -- Get Lucky 1984 : Bryan Adams -- Cuts Like a Knife 1985 : Bryan Adams -- Reckless 1986 : Glass Tiger -- The Thin Red Line 1987 : Kim Mitchell -- Shakin ' Like a Human Being 1988 : no award ceremony held 1989 : Robbie Robertson -- Robbie Robertson 1990s 1990 : Alannah Myles -- Alannah Myles 1991 : Celine Dion -- Unison 1992 : Tom Cochrane -- Mad Mad World 1993 : k.d. lang -- Ingénue 1994 : Neil Young -- Harvest Moon 1995 : Celine Dion -- The Colour of My Love 1996 : Alanis Morissette -- Jagged Little Pill 1997 : The Tragically Hip -- Trouble at the Henhouse 1998 : Sarah McLachlan -- Surfacing 1999 : Celine Dion -- Let 's Talk About Love ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) 1990 : ... But Seriously ( Phil Collins ) 1991 : Stars ( Simply Red ) 1992 : Stars ( Simply Red ) 1993 : Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( Meat Loaf ) 1994 : Cross Road ( Bon Jovi ) 1995 : Robson & Jerome ( Robson & Jerome ) 1996 : Jagged Little Pill ( Alanis Morissette ) 1997 : Be Here Now ( Oasis ) 1998 : Talk on Corners ( The Corrs ) 1999 : Come On Over ( Shania Twain ) 2000 : 1 ( The Beatles ) 2001 : No Angel ( Dido ) 2002 : Escapology ( Robbie Williams ) 2003 : Life for Rent ( Dido ) 2004 : Scissor Sisters ( Scissor Sisters ) 2005 : Back to Bedlam ( James Blunt ) 2006 : Eyes Open ( Snow Patrol ) 2007 : Back to Black ( Amy Winehouse ) 2008 : Rockferry ( Duffy ) 2009 : I Dreamed a Dream ( Susan Boyle ) Complete list ( 1956 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2029 ) Chart successions Preceded by Cracked Rear View by Hootie & the Blowfish Waiting to Exhale ( soundtrack ) by Various artists All Eyez on Me by 2Pac Anthology 2 by The Beatles Beats , Rhymes and Life by A Tribe Called Quest US Billboard 200 number - one album October 7 -- 20 , 1995 February 24 -- March 1 , 1996 March 16 -- April 5 , 1996 April 13 -- May 3 , 1996 August 24 -- September 13 , 1996 Succeeded by Daydream by Mariah Carey All Eyez on Me by 2Pac Anthology 2 by The Beatles Evil Empire by Rage Against the Machine No Code by Pearl Jam Preceded by Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness by The Smashing Pumpkins Anthology 1 by The Beatles Trouble at the Henhouse by The Tragically Hip New Beginning by Tracy Chapman Canadian Nielson Soundscan number - one album November 8 -- December 2 , 1995 ( 3 weeks ) January 13 -- May 18 , 1996 ( 19 weeks ) June 15 , 1996 ( 1 week ) September 7 , 1996 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by Anthology 1 by The Beatles Trouble at the Henhouse by The Tragically Hip Load by Metallica No Code by Pearl Jam Preceded by Greatest Hits by Take That 18 til I Die by Bryan Adams Recurring Dream by Crowded House UK number one album May 4 , 1996 -- May 17 , 1996 June 29 , 1996 -- July 5 , 1996 July 20 , 1996 -- September 13 , 1996 Succeeded by 1977 by Ash Recurring Dream by Crowded House Coming Up by Suede Preceded by ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? by Oasis Australian ARIA Albums Chart number - one album March 10 -- 23 , 1996 March 31 -- May 11 , 1996 May 19 -- 25 , 1996 June 9 -- 15 , 1996 Succeeded by Falling into You by Celine Dion Preceded by Thriller by Michael Jackson Billboard Top Album of Decade 1990 's Succeeded by No Strings Attached by ' N Sync Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagged_Little_Pill&oldid=802476189 '' Categories : 1995 albums Alanis Morissette albums Maverick Records albums Grammy Award winners for Album of the Year Albums produced by Glen Ballard Post-grunge albums Grammy Award for Best Rock Album English - language albums Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the songs on jagged little pill	[]	[]
-7095642524236463203	The Crown (TV series)	The Crown ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Crown ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crown Genre Historical drama Created by Peter Morgan Starring Claire Foy Matt Smith Vanessa Kirby Eileen Atkins Jeremy Northam Victoria Hamilton Ben Miles Greg Wise Jared Harris John Lithgow Alex Jennings Lia Williams Anton Lesser Matthew Goode Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Composer ( s ) Rupert Gregson - Williams Lorne Balfe Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Morgan Stephen Daldry Andy Harries Philip Martin Suzanne Macki Matthew Byam - Shaw Robert Fox Tanya Seghatchian Nina Wolarsky Allie Goss Producer ( s ) Andrew Eaton Location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 54 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Sony Pictures Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crown is a historical drama television series , created and principally written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . The first season covers the period from her marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 to the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will continue on from 1964 , covering Harold Wilson 's two terms as the Queen 's Prime Minister until 1976 , while the fourth season will see Margaret Thatcher 's premiership and a focus on Diana , Princess of Wales . The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one - hour episodes per season , covering Elizabeth 's life from her younger years to her reign , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . Olivia Colman will take over for Foy as the Queen in the third and fourth seasons . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting at various locations throughout the United Kingdom . The first season was released on Netflix on November 4 , 2016 , while the second was released on December 8 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season . The Crown has received widespread critical acclaim for its acting , directing , writing , cinematography , production merits , and the relatively accurate historical accounts of Queen Elizabeth 's reign . Significant praise in the first season was directed towards the performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill . The series has received several accolades , including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow , respectively , and receiving thirteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Season one 2.2. 2 Season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 The Royal family 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 to the present day . The first season , which sees Claire Foy portraying the Queen in the early part of her reign , depicts events up to 1955 , with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen 's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend . The second season covers from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will see Olivia Colman portraying the Queen , and will cover the two terms of Harold Wilson as the Queen 's Prime Minister , starting in 1964 with his first , until 1976 at the end of his second . It will also include Princess Margaret 's five - year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn , and see the introduction of Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer . Spencer will be more of a focus in the fourth season , which also sees Margaret Thatcher 's premiership . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II . Matt Smith as Philip , Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , Elizabeth 's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret , Elizabeth 's younger sister . Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary , Elizabeth 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden , Churchill 's Foreign Secretary , who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth , George VI 's wife and Elizabeth 's mother , known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter 's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend , George VI 's equerry , who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Philip 's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI , Elizabeth 's father , known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , the Queen 's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward , Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson ; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , Edward 's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan , who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister ( season 2 ) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones , known as Tony , a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret ( season 2 ) Featured ( edit ) The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role . Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland , a noted artist who paints a portrait of the aging Churchill ( season 1 ) Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell , a secretary whom Altrincham works with and types up his editorial ( season 2 ) John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham , a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen ( season 2 ) Paul Sparks as Billy Graham , a prominent American minister with whom Elizabeth consults ( season 2 ) Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen ( season 2 ) Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy , the First Lady of the United States ( season 2 ) Burghart Klaussner as Dr. Kurt Hahn , the founder of Gordonstoun , where Philip and Charles went to school ( season 2 ) Finn Elliot as school - aged Prince Philip ( season 2 ) Julian Baring as school - aged Prince Charles ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles Harry Hadden - Paton as Martin Charteris Daniel Ings as Mike Parker Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret `` Bobo '' MacDonald Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk Will Keen as Michael Adeane James Laurenson as Doctor Weir Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton Michael Culkin as Rab Butler George Asprey as Walter Monckton James Hillier as Equerry Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden Nick Hendrix ( season 1 ) and Tom Durant - Pritchard ( season 2 ) as Billy Wallace Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith David Shields ( season 1 ) and Pip Carter ( season 2 ) as Colin Tennant Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell Joseph Kloska as Porchey Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu Season one ( edit ) Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret Jo Stone - Fewings as Collins Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson Season two ( edit ) Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Alice of Battenberg Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore Tim Steed as John Profumo Lyla Barrett - Rye as young Princess Anne Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop Patrick Warner as Peter Cook Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr David Annen as Alec Douglas - Home Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Wolferton Splash '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In November 1947 , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth , King George VI 's elder daughter and heiress presumptive . The newlyweds move to Malta , where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne . In 1951 , the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer . After being told that he has months to live , the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign . Meanwhile , former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour Party government . `` Hyde Park Corner '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1952 , with King George still in ill health , Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place . While the couple is on safari in Kenya , the King is found dead in his bed . His wife Queen Elizabeth , younger daughter Margaret , and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George 's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world . Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth , who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief . `` Windsor '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In February 1952 , as the Royal Family prepares for King George 's funeral , Elizabeth 's uncle Edward , Duke of Windsor , who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936 , arrives in the United Kingdom , causing the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife . Elizabeth meets with Churchill to discuss Philip 's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace . The Prime Minister displays a reluctance to bend to either request , but Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward . Churchill later informs Elizabeth the date for her coronation has been set for the following year , which she recognizes as an attempt to secure his position against his own party , who are eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him . `` Act of God '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In December 1952 , as a great smog affects London and kills thousands , Elizabeth 's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill , who referred to the event as an `` act of God , '' to step down . While initially reluctant to do so , the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the Opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting . Before the meeting , Churchill 's eyes are finally opened to the smog 's effects when his beloved secretary , Venetia Scott , is killed by a double - decker bus . He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia 's body is being held , promising a longer - term approach to preventing future smog . His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place . Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend , who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret . 5 5 `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Following Queen Mary 's death in March 1953 , the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth 's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth 's coronation and learning that Wallis will not be receiving an invitation . Elizabeth places Philip in charge of coronation preparations only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he forego kneeling to pay homage when she is being crowned and antagonizes the committee with his insistence that the event should be televised . On June 2 , Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey while Edward and Wallis view the coronation from their villa in Paris and spitefully mock the new Queen . 6 6 `` Gelignite '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) When Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth 's permission to marry , the Queen promises to give her support while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it . As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship , Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty - five . Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend , who is set to be posted to Brussels , with them on a trip to Northern Ireland , but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised , causing a lasting rift between the two sisters . 7 7 `` Scientia Potentia Est '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In August 1953 , Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon . At the last minute , Churchill falls victim to a stroke which inhibits his ability to govern , prompting conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret . Meanwhile , Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris . She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science and related subjects , which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her . 8 8 `` Pride & Joy '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth , Margaret takes on more royal engagements while the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position and buys a castle . Philip , meanwhile , grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers . While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to hand over the recording , she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument and realize they must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public 's sake . Churchill visits Margaret and , after explaining that the general public does not want someone with passion or personality , tells her she will no longer be taking on royal engagements . 9 9 `` Assassins '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Philip begins spending more time out of the house while Elizabeth begins spending more time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord `` Porchey '' Porchester . The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace and culminates in a heated confrontation . Elizabeth later tells Philip that , to the disappointment of many , he is the only man she has ever loved . He , in turn , silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill 's eightieth birthday dinner . Meanwhile , Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament . The Prime Minister , however , hates its accuracy and , after a heated confrontation with Sutherland , admits his pain at what aging has done to him . The portrait is later destroyed on secret instructions from Clementine . 10 10 `` Gloriana '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1956 , Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves and officials from both Parliament and the Church of England disapprove of Margaret 's relationship with Townsend . As Elizabeth tries to persuade Margaret against the relationship , the Queen Mother starts complaining about Philip 's domineering attitude towards Charles . At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother , Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow . A five - month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia is later added to Philip 's itinerary , to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him find a public role . Meanwhile , Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in a escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Misadventure '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In February 1957 , Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon , ultimately recognizing that divorce is not an option . Five months earlier , as Philip prepares to embark on his royal tour , Elizabeth becomes convinced he is having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase . Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden 's solution to Egypt nationalizing the Suez Canal but later agrees that the best course of action is military intervention . Philip 's uncle Louis Mountbatten overhears the plan and warns Elizabeth , who confronts Eden after hearing reports that Israel has invaded the Sinai Peninsula . Eden explains that the invasion was part of a secret plan spearheaded by the Israeli , French and British governments to reclaim the canal and overthrow Egyptian President Nasser without support from Parliament or the United Nations . Elizabeth gives her support and allows British forces to begin launching air raids on Egypt before going to see Ulanova perform . 12 `` A Company of Men '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In December 1956 , Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure before going on a vacation to Jamaica on the grounds of ill health . Philip , meanwhile , continues his royal tour , with his adventures punctuated by a newspaper interview that ends when the reporter presses him for information about his family 's past and a shipwrecked fisherman briefly joining the tour after being rescued . On Christmas , Philip gives a speech on the radio , prompting Elizabeth to let him know his family is waiting for him while giving the Royal Christmas Message . Meanwhile , Eileen Parker , the wife of Philip 's private secretary Michael , initiates divorce proceedings after finding proof that her husband has been engaging in an affair . Elizabeth 's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane about Eileen , noting that her filing for divorce could cause the press to question the state of Elizabeth and Philip 's marriage . 13 `` Lisbon '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Eden returns from Jamaica only to find himself forced out of Downing Street by his cabinet and the Conservative Party , who blame him for the repercussions of the Suez Crisis . As Macmillan settles into the role of Prime Minister , Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to make Eileen change her mind about the divorce proceedings . When his plan fails and Elizabeth , Philip , and Parker learn about the decision , Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off the announcement only to be rebuffed . The story later goes public , prompting Philip to force Parker to resign . Elizabeth arranges for Philip 's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon , where Philip tells her that he resents that his son outranks him and he needs respect from the `` mustaches '' . On February 22 , 1957 , Philip is given the title of Prince and styled `` His Royal Highness the Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh '' . 14 `` Beryl '' Benjamin Caron Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Shortly before her birthday , Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace only to break off the engagement when she finds him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the announcement , which was set to take place during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip 's tenth wedding anniversary . Sometime later , she meets photographer Antony Armstrong - Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him . He later invites her to his studio for a sitting . Bored with her traditional birthday picture , she gives one of the photographs , which suggest she is nude , to the newspapers . The following day , the picture is published , shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family . Macmillan 's wife Dorothy decides to end her longtime affair , only for Macmillan to overhear her talking to her lover on the telephone . 15 5 `` Marionettes '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Lord Altrincham , a minor peer and magazine editor , sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article that contains personal criticism of Elizabeth . The piece was written after Altrincham had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone - deaf speech of hers , written by her aides and members of the court , to the workers of a car factory . While both the local newspapers and the general public are initially against him , they side with him after he appears on ITV and states that the monarchy needs to adapt to the current post-war and post-Suez British society . Macmillan reminds Elizabeth about the trend of nations abolishing monarchies , prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret . She later implements two of his suggestions , specifically that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised and that the Debutante Ball be opened to select citizens . Six months later , the Queen Mother expresses her embarrassment over the monarchy slowly losing its authority while hosting a garden party with middle - class citizens in attendance . 16 6 `` Vergangenheit '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1945 Germany , a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top - secret diplomatic papers . Sometime later , after discovering that the translated files contain information about `` Windsor '' , Winston Churchill informs King George about the situation and is tasked with ensuring that the files are never published . In 1958 , shortly before meeting with American evangelist Billy Graham , Elizabeth receives a letter from Edward asking for permission to re-enter the United Kingdom and try to find employment . She grants the request and he immediately starts convincing former sycophants to support his return . When a group of historians previously tasked with publishing German war files unearths the papers , which have been reorganised into a series of volumes entitled the Marburg Files , Macmillan brings the issue to Elizabeth . He and the Queen Mother proceed to explain that one volume , which the United States wants to be published , concerns Edward 's clandestine relationship with Nazi High Command . After a confrontation with Edward does not go as planned , Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice only to learn the extent of the relationship . Elizabeth then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before exiling Edward for betraying his country and allowing the volume to be published . 17 7 `` Matrimonium '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) After learning that Peter Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman , Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong - Jones into proposing marriage . Because Elizabeth is pregnant , royal protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement . Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong - Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with several other women , as well as with his best male friend and his wife , who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong - Jones 's child . On February 19 , 1960 , Elizabeth gives birth to her son Andrew . She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong - Jones 's sexual activity . Three months later , on May 6 , 1960 , Margaret and Armstrong - Jones are married at Westminster Abbey . 18 8 `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In June 1961 , Elizabeth invites newly - inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner . The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady only to become annoyed the following day after learning that Jackie insulted both her and Buckingham Palace at a party . Feeling challenged , she travels to Ghana to meet with President Kwame Nkrumah , whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan . Elizabeth successfully convinces him to cut all ties with the Soviet Union and realign Ghana 's interests with the United Kingdom in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with her . Shortly afterward , Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the United Kingdom and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle , where she apologizes for insulting her behind her back and explains that she was under the influence of `` substances '' at the time . Elizabeth later confides in Philip , asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way . Two years later , after watching the news coverage of President Kennedy 's assassination , Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place throughout the United Kingdom before writing a personal letter of sympathy to Jackie . 19 9 `` Paterfamilias '' Stephen Daldry Tom Edge and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In May 1962 , Charles attends Gordonstoun School in Scotland on Philip 's insistence . Elizabeth and Louis , both of whom are against the idea , recommend Eton College only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to force her to agree with him . As he personally escorts Charles to Scotland , Philip recalls his time at the school , in which he was punished for fighting a fellow student by being forced to construct the school 's front gate during the winter break , and the death of his favourite sister Cecile and her family in a plane crash , for which his father Andrew blamed him . Charles , meanwhile , starts having difficulties in keeping up with Gordonstoun 's rigorous curriculum and , when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge , is found crying by his security detail . While flying back to England , Philip admonishes Charles for being `` bloody weak '' . 20 10 `` Mystery Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In April 1963 , the government erupts into chaos after an affair between Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becomes public knowledge . When the media begins to speculate about a `` mystery man '' seen in a photograph of a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward , who is charged with a series of immorality offences , Margaret and Tony notice similarities between Philip and the mystery man . Sometime later , Ward commits suicide and the police find a hand - drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings . An embarrassed Macmillan resigns and is succeeded by Alec Douglas - Home , whose appointment sparks controversy due to his relationship with the Royal Family . Elizabeth later asks Philip if he is the mystery man , and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova . Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity , having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck . He denies attending any of Ward 's weekend parties , then reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth . On March 10 , 1964 , Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Edward , her fourth child . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Morgan , who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience , is the main scriptwriter for The Crown . The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry , Philip Martin , Julian Jarrold , and Benjamin Caron . The first 10 - part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date , costing at least £ 100 million . A second season was commissioned , with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons . By October 2017 , `` early production '' had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season , and by the following January , Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season . Casting ( edit ) By November 2014 , Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series . The following May , Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret . In June 2015 , John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill , and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip ; Foy was confirmed to be portraying Queen Elizabeth II . Also starring in the first season include Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , and Eileen Atkins . The series producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons , as the series timeline moves forward and the characters age . In October 2017 , Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons . By January 2018 , Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip , respectively , for the third and fourth seasons . Filming ( edit ) An estimated 25 % of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with the remainder filmed on location , with the season filmed over 152 days . Sets for private quarters , the interior of a private jet , the cabinet room , and the exterior of 10 Downing Street were built at Elstree Studios , while Lancaster House , Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used for scenes to double as Buckingham Palace . Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while filming in South Africa doubled as Kenya . Additional filming locations in the United Kingdom included Eltham Palace , the Royal Naval College , Goldsmiths ' Hall , Shoreham Airport , New Slains Castle , Balmoral Castle , Cruden Bay , Lyceum Theatre , Loseley Park , Hatfield House , The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Southwark Cathedral , Ardverikie House , Englefield House , and Glenfeshie Estate . Filming on the second season began in early October 2016 . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan of marrying Group Captain Peter Townsend . Evidence is clear that efforts were under way to prevent any further delay of the marriage . In contradiction to the TV dramatization this plan would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance , stay in the country and even continue with her public duties . In the dramatization , the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she will no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . The re-enactment of the King 's surgery , originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas , to remove a lung tumour , was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak , specialist registrar in transplant surgery , Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . Mr Chandak and his surgical team then became part of the real scene . The production team donated the surgical model of King George VI to the Gordon Museum of Pathology to be used as teaching aid . Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal was critical of the historical accuracy of the series . Release ( edit ) The series ' first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 . The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4 , 2016 . The second season was released on December 8 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Lithgow won a Critics ' Choice Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and a Primetime Emmy Award , and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance as Winston Churchill . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90 % approval rating for the first season based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top - notch production worthy of its grand subject . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The Guardian 's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that `` Netflix can rest assured that its £ 100m gamble has paid off . This first series , about good old British phlegm from first to last , is the service 's crowning achievement so far . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Ben Lawrence said , `` The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors , a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before . It is a portrait of an extraordinary family , an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one . '' Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series and said , `` Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting . '' Writing for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert lauded the series saying , `` The show , created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost / Nixon is thoroughly engaging , gorgeously shot , beautifully acted , rich in the historical events of postwar England , and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance . '' Vicki Hyman of The Star - Ledger said , `` A sumptuous , stately but never dull look inside the life of Queen Elizabeth ( Claire Foy ) . '' The A.V. Club 's Gwen Ihnat said , `` The Crown easily rises far above , adding a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family . The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task . '' The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said , `` We 're clearly meant to see the duke ( of Windsor ) as a wastrel with heart . It does n't quite come off -- Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty - hearted scoundrel -- but it 's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work . '' Television critic Robert Lloyd writing for Los Angeles Times said , `` As television it 's excellent -- beautifully mounted , movingly played and only mildly melodramatic . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively : `` Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series , taken in as shorter , intently focused films like The Queen and another Morgan achievement , the play and film versions of Frost / Nixon . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said , `` This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value ; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups . '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg reviewed the series positively and said , `` The first chapter of Peter Morgan 's chronicle of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics , finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth 's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette . '' Other publications such as USA Today , Indiewire , The Atlantic , CNN and Variety all reviewed the series positively . Some were more critical towards the show . In a less enthusiastic review for Time magazine , Daniel D'Addario wrote , `` The show will be compared to Downton Abbey , but that late soap opera was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes , ( Claire ) Foy struggles mightily , but she 's given little : Avoiding her children , her husband , and her subjects in favor of meetings at which she either acquiesces to her advisors or puts off acquiescing until fifteen minutes later , The Crown 's Elizabeth is more than unknowable . She 's a bore '' . Vulture 's Matt Zoller Seitz quipped , `` The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic , much less bestow complexity on characters outside England 's innermost circle . '' Verne Gay of Newsday said , `` Sumptuously produced but glacially told , The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside . The scenery keeps changing , but remains the same . '' Slate magazine 's Willa Paskin , expressed `` It will scratch your period drama itch -- and leave you itchy for action . '' Writing for The Mail on Sunday , Hugo Vickers , an English biographer of the Royal Family , was of the opinion that `` while ( The Crown ) certainly holds the attention , it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity . '' Season 2 ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the second season based on 69 reviews , with an average rating of 8.45 / 10 . The websites critical consensus read `` The Crown continues its reign with a self - assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes . '' On Metacritic , the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , retaining the first season 's indication of `` universal acclaim '' . Claire Foy and Matt Smith both respectively earned significant praise from critics in their reprisal of their roles . Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` As always , Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance . '' Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote `` Matt Smith , too , has seldom been better . If the scripts do them justice , we could be in for another memorable series . '' Hugo Rifkind of The Times said `` While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going , for the rest of us it 's getting better and better . '' Alison Keene of Collider said `` Like its first season , each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story , all while staying linked to Elizabeth 's journey as a monarch , mother , and wife . It 's another exceptionally strong season of television , full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur . '' Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide wrote `` Season 2 is centered on why the public - at - large ( especially those outside of Britain ) still engage with the royals at all : celebrity and star power . The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham . '' Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic `` This personal , complex portrayal of a monarch who by her own admission in the show would rather be living any other life is riveting enough . But The Crown is also a history lesson , as my colleague David Sims has put it , albeit a selective one . It 's gorgeously shot , with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward . And it 's surprisingly funny . '' The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said `` The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex . Margaret , à la Ms. Kirby 's interpretation , smolders , as does Elizabeth , at least on occasion . '' Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote `` Season Two of The Crown continues to romanticize the British royal family , but the romance comes from how they 're normal , not divine . '' Lesser praising reviews saw the series criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first season . John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail `` Yes , it is still so lavishly made that it is breathtaking . But The Crown now leans toward a three - hanky weeper about marriage . It is less than it was , like the monarchy itself , and of interest to monarchy fans only . '' Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added `` Many of the season 's wounds are self - inflicted in particular Morgan 's mystifying fascination with Prince Philip , who despite Matt Smith 's best efforts still comes across as a whiny man child . '' Critic Phil Owen of The Wrap criticized Jeremy Northam 's reprisal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden , saying `` I 'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy . There 's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he 's having a nervous breakdown in every scene . '' The royal family ( edit ) Adam Helliker from the Daily Express reported in May 2017 that Queen Elizabeth II and her third son Prince Edward and his wife Sophie had watched the first season together . Other royal family members who were fans of the first season included the queen 's granddaughters Princess Eugenie , Zara Tindall and her husband Mike Tindall . While the Queen was reported to have enjoyed the series , she found some depictions of events to be over-dramatised . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Jared Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Hans Zimmer Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film John Lithgow Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Yan Miles ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jared Harris Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Michele Clapton Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year The Crown Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Claire Foy Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Online First / Streaming The Crown Won Best Actor Matt Smith Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Writer Peter Morgan Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Editing Úna Ní Dhonghaíle Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam , Robert Bentley Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Best Director : Fiction Stephen Daldry Nominated Best Photography and Lightning : Fiction Adriano Goldman Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs Nominated Best Special , Visual and Graphic Effects Úna Ní Dhonghaíle , Molinare Won Best Title and Graphic Identity Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks Nominated Best Writer : Drama Peter Morgan Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Lithgow Nominated Jared Harris Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Crown Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Claire Foy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Nominees ( show ) Michele Clapton , Alex Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac , Amy Riley Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Nominees ( show ) Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks , Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Nominees ( show ) Ben Turner , Tom Debenham , Standish Millennas , Kim Phelan , Oliver Cubbage , Lionel Heath , Charlie Bennet , Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won 2018 ASC Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs ( for `` A Company of Men '' , `` Beryl '' , `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Nominees ( show ) Chris Ashworth , Lee Walpole , Stuart Hilliker , Martin Jensen , Rory de Carteret , Philip Clements ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Series Jane Petrie Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Crown Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam and Robert Bentley Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won See also ( edit ) British Royal Family The Crown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season Two ( Soundtrack from the Netflix Original Series ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : Claire Foy and Matt Smith on the making of the £ 100m Netflix series '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown '' . Real or Fake 4K . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` £ 100m Netflix Series Recreates Royal Wedding '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Russ ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : What year did Series 1 finish ? What will be in season 2 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Matthew Goode is joining the cast of Netflix 's The Crown '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Adds Michael C Hall & Jodi Balfour As Jack & Jackie Kennedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , Nick ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown : Paul Bettany in talks to play Prince Philip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Olivia ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Colman Joins ' The Crown ' as Queen Elizabeth for Seasons 3 and 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 3 : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailers for Netflix series ' The Crown , ' and ' The Get Down ' '' . Geeks of Doom . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kenji ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown trailer : First look at Peter Morgan 's Netflix drama '' . Final Reel . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Britain 's psyche is gripped by a different kind of royal fever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown Season Two : Representation vs Reality '' . Netflix . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sarah ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Filming The Crown : on the set of the lavish Netflix series -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruccio , John ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The trailer for Netflix 's royal drama series , `` The Crown '' `` . TMStash . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the UK : The Crown '' . British Film Commission . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : the Royal family are ' nervous ' about Netflix 's new £ 100 million series '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith starring in Netflix series , The Crown '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Julia ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV royalty : £ 100million drama The Crown descends on Trafalgar Square to film second season ... after Netflix debut is met with rave reviews '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's glittering Crown could leave BBC looking a little dull '' . The Guardian . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' Finds Its Queen In Claire Foy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Kirby To Play Princess Margaret In Netflix 's ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Matt Smith Cast in Netflix 's ' The Crown ' with John Lithgow , Claire Foy '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Queen Elizabeth Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown will replace Matt Smith , Claire Foy and its ENTIRE CAST after two seasons '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Helena Bonham Carter Poised To Play Princess Margaret '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix period drama The Crown filmed on location throughout the UK and South Africa '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? Page 2 '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( 2016 ) '' . Kent Film Office . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fedko - Blake , Vaira ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Where Was The Expensive New Drama Filmed ? '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons replace actors in The Crown 's King George VI operation scene '' . AOL UK . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Gordon Museum -- King 's Alumni Community '' . alumni.kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-lies-of-the-crown-and-the-post-1514505833 Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( Season 1 , Episodes 1 & 2 ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Smith 's Netflix drama The Crown gets premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Foy and Matt Smith face the challenges of royal life in new extended trailer for Netflix drama The Crown '' . Radio Times . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Sets Premiere Date , Releases First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown review -- the £ 100m gamble on the Queen pays off royally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown , spoiler - free review : Netflix 's astonishing £ 100 million gamble pays off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` A royal feast ... now just watch me binge ! Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' bows to the queen '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' review : ' Downton Abbey ' fans , meet your new ( and better ) obsession '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown is a visually sumptuous family drama fit for a queen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : The Making of Elizabeth II '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is a winning tale of royals and the weight of tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is best when viewed like separate little movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix Does Queen Elizabeth II in ' The Crown , ' No Expense Spared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Crown ' is sumptuous miniseries with stellar cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : Netflix Period Drama Came to Reign in Made - To - Order Emmys Contender '' . Indiewire . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Is a Sweeping , Sumptuous History Lesson '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' regally explores reign of Queen Elizabeth '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown Makes the Most of an Unknowable Queen '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's The Crown Is Tedious , But Anglophiles Will Like It '' . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Review : Queen Elizabeth Story Falls Flat '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sumptuous $100 million drama about the British monarchy delivers exactly what it promises . That is n't enough '' . Slate . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Hugo ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` With a £ 100million budget Netflix 's eagerly - anticipated new show The Crown is the most lavish biopic ever , says royal expert Hugo Vickers , but it 's marred by sensationalist errors and some remarkable lapses into vulgarity '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . metacritic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown premiere recap : ' Misadventure ' '' . Entertainment . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown , season 2 , episode 1 review : a glittering account of the Windsors in crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Hugo Rifkind on The Grand Tour '' . The Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Another Exquisite , Compelling Portrait of Royal Life '' . Collider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season 2 Lightens the Weight of Colonialism with Karmic Comeuppance '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Netflix 's Best Superhero Show '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' and ' Family Guy ' Review : Messy Family Affair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Claire Foy Still Reigns Supreme '' . Decider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown slips into silly escapist eye - catching candy '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Looks Tarnished By Too Much Philip in Season Two '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Just Trashy Enough to Work '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Helliker , Adam ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Queen tickled by her own series ... '' Daily Express . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` TV Honorees Heavy on Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . AFI Awards . Jump up ^ `` HBO leads television nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice awards with 22 nominations '' . Critics ' Choice . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21st Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television nominations '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Manager , The Crown , Planet Earth II and Desert Island Discs take top prizes at 43rd Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Craft Awards nominees 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' The Crown ' , ' The Night Manager ' , ' National Treasure ' -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I loved playing someone who fought for change ! ' The Crown star Vanessa Kirby gives a shout out to female empowerment as she leads the winners at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AIRING JUNE 1 , 2016 -- MAY 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies and Three Billboards Top Golden Globe Nominations '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Crown on IMDb The Crown on Netflix The Crown at Rotten Tomatoes The Crown at Metacritic Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Everything Sucks ! The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Seven Seconds Ugly Delicious Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Former Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Ask the StoryBots ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Upcoming B : the Beginning ( 2018 ) A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) On My Block ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) Alexa & Katie ( 2018 ) O Mecanismo ( 2018 ) Requiem ( 2018 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Lost in Space ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La Casa de las Flores ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Rain ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Innocents ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Works by Peter Morgan Television The Jury ( 2002 , 2011 ) The Deal ( 2003 ) Henry VIII ( 2003 ) Colditz ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Film Martha , Meet Frank , Daniel and Laurence ( 1998 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) 360 ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Shorts Dear Rosie ( 1990 ) Theatre Frost / Nixon ( 2006 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom Ancestry and family Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( husband ) wedding wedding dress Charles , Prince of Wales ( son ) Anne , Princess Royal ( daughter ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( son ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( son ) George VI ( father ) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ( mother ) Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( sister ) Mountbatten - Windsor ( family ) Accession and coronation Coronation Royal Guests Participants in the procession Coronation gown Medal Honours Award The Queen 's Beasts Treetops Hotel Proclamation of accession MacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilis Household Lithgow Plot Marcus Sarjeant incident Michael Fagan incident Personality and image Prime Ministers Operation London Bridge Jubilees Silver Jubilee Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway Golden Jubilee Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Diamond Jubilee Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours Sapphire Jubilee Sapphire Jubilee Commonwealth tours Australia Official openings Canada Ships used HMS Vanguard ( 23 ) SS Gothic ( 1947 ) HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVI President Michael D. Higgins President Xi Jinping Titles and honours Head of the Commonwealth List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II Royal Family Order Elizabeth Cross Queen 's Official Birthday Flags Depictions Documentaries Royal Journey ( 1951 ) A Queen Is Crowned ( 1953 ) The Queen in Australia ( 1954 ) The Royal Tour of the Caribbean ( 1966 ) Royal Family ( 1969 ) Elizabeth R : A Year in the Life of the Queen ( 1992 ) Monarchy : The Royal Family at Work ( 2007 ) The Queen ( TV serial ) The Diamond Queen ( 2012 ) Elizabeth at 90 : A Family Portrait ( 2016 ) The Coronation ( 2018 ) Film and television A Question of Attribution ( 1992 TV ) Her Majesty ( 2001 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Happy and Glorious ( 2012 ) A Royal Night Out ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Plays A Question of Attribution ( 1988 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) Handbagged Portraits Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II -- An 80th Birthday Portrait Pietro Annigoni 's Portraits The Queen Songs God Save the Queen Her Majesty Stamps Machin series ( List ) Wilding series Castle series Canadian domestic rate stamp Country definitives Animals Corgis Dookie Susan Horses Aureole Burmese Carrozza Dunfermline Estimate Height of Fashion Highclere Pall Mall Winston Related Elizabeth II 's jewels Sagana Lodge Villa Guardamangia Children 's Party at the Palace Jeannette Charles Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Drama The X-Files ( 1996 ) NYPD Blue ( 1997 ) Oz ( 1998 ) The West Wing ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2001 ) CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2002 ) The Shield ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2004 ) House ( 2005 ) House ( 2006 ) Dexter ( 2007 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Breaking Bad ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad ( 2010 ) Justified ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) The Knick ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 ) Vikings ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Crown_(TV_series)&oldid=827828186 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s British drama television series 2016 American television series debuts 2016 British television programme debuts Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners British drama television series Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill Cultural depictions of Gamal Abdel Nasser Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy Cultural depictions of Charles , Prince of Wales Cultural depictions of John Profumo English - language television programs Netflix original programming Screenplays by Peter Morgan Television series by Left Bank Pictures Television shows filmed in South Africa Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the duke of edinburgh on the crown	[ "\nClaire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II.[5]\nMatt Smith as Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband[5]\nVanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister.[5]\nEileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother[12] (season 1)\nJeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister[13]\nVictoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign[5]\nBen Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret[14]\nGreg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great-grandson of Queen Victoria\nJared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie[5]\nJohn Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister[5]\nAlex Jennings as Edward, Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David[15]\nLia Williams as Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife[15]\nAnton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister[16] (season 2)\nMatthew Goode as Antony Armstrong-Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret[7] (season 2)\n" ]	[ "Matt Smith" ]
-2611803760903047175	1990 FIFA World Cup	1990 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1990 FIFA World Cup `` Italia 90 '' and `` Italy 1990 '' redirect here . For the video games , see World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 and Italy 1990 ( video game ) . `` 1990 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 1990 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 1990 FIFA World Cup Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia ' 90 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Italy Dates 8 June -- 8 July ( 31 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions West Germany ( 3rd title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 115 ( 2.21 per match ) Attendance 2,516,215 ( 48,389 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 goals ) Best player Salvatore Schillaci Best young player Robert Prosinečki Fair play award England ← 1986 1994 → The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football tournament . It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy , the second country to host the event twice ( the first being Mexico in 1986 ) . Teams representing 116 national football associations entered and qualification began in April 1988 . 22 teams qualified from this process , along with host nation Italy and defending champions Argentina . The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title . They beat Argentina 1 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier . Italy finished third and England fourth , after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts . This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany , with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October , as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991 , as the Soviet Union , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances . Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals . As of 2018 , this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico . The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups . It generated an average 2.2 goals per game -- a record low that still stands -- and a then - record 16 red cards , including the first ever dismissal in a final . This World Cup saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag ( then inscribed with `` Fair Play Please '' ) to encourage fair play . Defensive tactics led to the introduction of the back - pass rule in 1992 and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups . Nonetheless , the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament . This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan 's NHK . At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers , but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Groups 6.1 Seedings 6.2 Final draw 7 Tournament review 7.1 Negative tactics 7.2 Emergence of Cameroon 7.3 All - champion final four 8 Results 8.1 Group stage 8.1. 1 Group A 8.1. 2 Group B 8.1. 3 Group C 8.1. 4 Group D 8.1. 5 Group E 8.1. 6 Group F 8.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Round of 16 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals 8.2. 3 Semi-finals 8.2. 4 Third - place play - off 8.2. 5 Final 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 10.1 All - star team 11 Final standings 12 Statistics 13 See also 14 References and footnotes 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich , Switzerland . Here , the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid , the USSR , by 11 votes to 5 . This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments , after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship . Austria , England , France , Greece , West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline . A month later , only England , Greece , Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew . All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983 , with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved . In early 1984 , England and Greece also withdrew , leading to a two - horse race in the final vote . The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games , announced on the eve of the World Cup decision , was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively , although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup , including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions , who were both granted automatic qualification . Thus , the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations , with 114 initially entering the qualification competition . Due to rejected entries and withdrawals , 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , two by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , two by CAF teams ( Africa ) , two by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and two by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining place was decided by a play - off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC ( Oceania ) . Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process ; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament , the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands , which caused the match to be abandoned . Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence . Three teams made their debuts , as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland , and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates . Returning after long absences were Egypt , who appeared for the first time since 1934 , the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950 , Colombia , who appeared for the first time since 1962 , Romania , who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands , both of which last qualified in 1978 . Austria , Cameroon , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France ( missing out their first World Cup since 1974 ) , Denmark , Poland ( for the first time since 1970 ) , Portugal and Hungary . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF ( 2 ) Egypt Cameroon OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Costa Rica United States CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England Italy ( hosts ) Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden West Germany Yugoslavia Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup . The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin 's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup . The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament , forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes . Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia , with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid . Due to structural constraints , several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required . Like Espana ' 82 , the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other . Group A only played in Rome and Florence ( Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome , except for their semi-final and third place matches , which were played in Naples and Bari , respectively ) , Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari ( except for Argentina vs. Cameroon , which was the opening match of the tournament , played in Milan ) , Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa , Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna , Group E played only in Udine and Verona , and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo . The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy : Rome and Milan , each hosting six matches , and Bari , Naples and Turin each hosted five matches . Cagliari , Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches . The England national team , at the British government 's request , were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia . Hooliganism , rife in English football in the 1980s , had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent -- the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA 's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland . Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan 's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match , security around Cagliari during England 's three matches there was extremely heavy -- in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri , highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises . The Italian authorities ' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari , leading to a number of injuries , arrests and even deportations . Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £ 550 million ( approximately $935 million ) . Rome 's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall , while Udine 's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia ( opened 14 years prior ) , cost the least to redevelop . Milan Rome Turin Naples San Siro Stadio Olimpico Stadio delle Alpi Stadio San Paolo 45 ° 28 ′ 40.89 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 27.14 '' E / 45.4780250 ° N 9.1242056 ° E / 45.4780250 ; 9.1242056 ( San Siro ) 41 ° 56 ′ 1.99 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 17.23 '' E / 41.9338861 ° N 12.4547861 ° E / 41.9338861 ; 12.4547861 ( Stadio Olimpico ) 45 ° 06 ′ 34.42 '' N 7 ° 38 ′ 28.54 '' E / 45.1095611 ° N 7.6412611 ° E / 45.1095611 ; 7.6412611 ( Stadio delle Alpi ) 40 ° 49 ′ 40.68 '' N 14 ° 11 ′ 34.83 '' E / 40.8279667 ° N 14.1930083 ° E / 40.8279667 ; 14.1930083 ( Stadio San Paolo ) Capacity : 74,559 Capacity : 73,603 Capacity : 62,628 Capacity : 59,978 Bari Rome Milan Naples Turin Bari Verona Florence Cagliari Bologna Udine Palermo Genoa Florence Stadio San Nicola Stadio Comunale 41 ° 5 ′ 5.05 '' N 16 ° 50 ′ 24.26 '' E / 41.0847361 ° N 16.8400722 ° E / 41.0847361 ; 16.8400722 ( Stadio San Nicola ) 43 ° 46 ′ 50.96 '' N 11 ° 16 ′ 56.13 '' E / 43.7808222 ° N 11.2822583 ° E / 43.7808222 ; 11.2822583 ( Stadio Artemio Franchi ) Capacity : 51,426 Capacity : 38,971 Verona Udine Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi Stadio Friuli 45 ° 26 ′ 7.28 '' N 10 ° 58 ′ 7.13 '' E / 45.4353556 ° N 10.9686472 ° E / 45.4353556 ; 10.9686472 ( Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ) 46 ° 4 ′ 53.77 '' N 13 ° 12 ′ 0.49 '' E / 46.0816028 ° N 13.2001361 ° E / 46.0816028 ; 13.2001361 ( Stadio Friuli ) Capacity : 35,950 Capacity : 35,713 Cagliari Bologna Palermo Genoa Stadio Sant'Elia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara Stadio La Favorita Stadio Luigi Ferraris 39 ° 11 ′ 57.82 '' N 9 ° 8 ′ 5.83 '' E / 39.1993944 ° N 9.1349528 ° E / 39.1993944 ; 9.1349528 ( Stadio Sant'Elia ) 44 ° 29 ′ 32.33 '' N 11 ° 18 ′ 34.80 '' E / 44.4923139 ° N 11.3096667 ° E / 44.4923139 ; 11.3096667 ( Stadio Renato Dall'Ara ) 38 ° 9 ′ 9.96 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 32.19 '' E / 38.1527667 ° N 13.3422750 ° E / 38.1527667 ; 13.3422750 ( Stadio Renzo Barbera ) 44 ° 24 ′ 59.15 '' N 8 ° 57 ′ 8.74 '' E / 44.4164306 ° N 8.9524278 ° E / 44.4164306 ; 8.9524278 ( Stadio Luigi Ferraris ) Capacity : 35,238 Capacity : 34,520 Capacity : 33,288 Capacity : 31,823 Squads ( edit ) Further information : 1990 FIFA World Cup squads Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players , as for the previous tournament in 1986 . Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA 's discretion . Two goalkeepers -- Argentina 's Ángel Comizzo and England 's Dave Beasant -- entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ) . Match officials ( edit ) 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament . Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup ( a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts ) . show List of match officials Africa Mohamed Hansal Neji Jouini Jean - Fidèle Diramba Asia Jamal Al Sharif Jassim Mandi Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Emilio Soriano Aladrén George Courtney Pietro D'Elia Erik Fredriksson Siegfried Kirschen Helmut Kohl Tullio Lanese Michał Listkiewicz Rosario Lo Bello Carlo Longhi Pierluigi Magni Peter Mikkelsen Pierluigi Pairetto Zoran Petrović Joël Quiniou Kurt Röthlisberger Aron Schmidhuber Carlos Silva Valente George Smith Alan Snoddy Alexey Spirin Marcel Van Langenhove Michel Vautrot North and Central America Edgardo Codesal Vincent Mauro Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Richard Lorenc South America Juan Daniel Cardellino Armando Pérez Hoyos Elías Jácome Juan Carlos Loustau Carlos Maciel Hernán Silva José Roberto Wright Groups ( edit ) Seedings ( edit ) The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989 . The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank ( 1st seed to Group A , 2nd seed to Group B , etc . ) . The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations ' performance in , primarily , the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence . Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament , the missing nations being Mexico ( quarter - final in 1986 ) and France ( third place ) . Italy -- who were seeded first as hosts -- had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three ( qualified ) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter - finals : Brazil , England or Spain . Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record , Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings . FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain . Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties , albeit by fourth - placed Belgium , while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina ; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event , playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain , but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify . FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded . Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F , the group to be held off the Italian mainland , in a bid to contain England 's hooliganism problems . Their coach Luis Suárez said , `` We feel we 've been cheated ... they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs . So they invented this formula '' . FIFA countered that `` the formula was based on the teams ' respective showings during the previous two World Cups . England merited the sixth position . This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism '' . Meanwhile , the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form , they should be seeded , as the winners of the 1988 European Championship , in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages , while Belgium ( fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain , and thus seeded in 1990 ) had failed to even qualify : but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups , which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them . As it happened , the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded , namely Spain and the Netherlands , were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations , namely Belgium and England : and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out . England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands : while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position , by defeating Belgium to top their own group , in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986 . Seeds Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Italy ( 1st ) Argentina ( 2nd ) Brazil ( 3rd ) West Germany ( 4th ) Belgium ( 5th ) England ( 6th ) Cameroon Costa Rica Egypt South Korea United Arab Emirates United States Colombia Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Romania Sweden Uruguay Austria Netherlands Scotland Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Final draw ( edit ) Ciao , a stick figure in the colours of the Italy Tricolore , was the mascot for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo , with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter . The draw show was FIFA 's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl - Heinz Rummenigge appearing , as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament 's official song `` To Be Number One '' by Giorgio Moroder , performed as `` Un'estate italiana '' by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini . The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup , Ciao , a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word `` ITALIA '' when deconstructed and reconstructed . Its name is a greeting in Italian . Tournament review ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July . The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four . The top two teams and four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage , which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged . In total , 52 games were played . Negative tactics ( edit ) The tournament generated a record low goals - per - game average and a then - record of 16 red cards were handed out . In the knockout stage , many teams played defensively for 120 minutes , with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot - out , rather than risk going forward . Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy , the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time . There were four penalty shoot - outs , a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 , 2014 and 2018 tournaments . Eight matches went to extra time , a record equalled in the 2014 tournament . Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play ; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games . Losing finalists Argentina , meanwhile , scored only five goals in the entire tournament ( a record low for a finalist ) . Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot - outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final . Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back - pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time - waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up . Three , rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play . Emergence of Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon reached the quarter - finals , where they were narrowly defeated by England . They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina , before topping the group ahead of them , Romania and European Championship runners - up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38 - year - old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla 's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament 's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight . Most of Cameroon 's squad was made up of players who played in France 's premier football league , Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon , it being a former French territory . In reaching this stage , they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before ; a feat only equalled twice since ( by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ) . Their success was African football 's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament . All - champion final four ( edit ) Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon , Colombia , Ireland , Romania and Costa Rica , the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina , England , Italy and West Germany , all previous World Cup winners , with eight previous titles between them . After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred . The teams which finished first , second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated The Group stage saw the twenty - four teams divided into six groups of four teams . Each group was a round - robin of six games , where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group . Teams were awarded two points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16 . The four best third - placed teams would also advance to the next stage . Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe , the matches all started at either 5 : 00 or 9 : 00 in the evening ; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer , which would soar past 86F ( 30C ) all over Italy . If teams were level on points , they were ranked on the following criteria in order : Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches If teams remained level after those criteria , a mini-group would be formed from those teams , who would be ranked on : Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie If teams remained level after all these criteria , FIFA would hold a drawing of lots Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record . They beat Austria 1 -- 0 thanks to substitute Salvatore ' Totò ' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament . A second 1 -- 0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners - up in the group , while the USA 's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy ( H ) 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Czechoslovakia 0 6 + 3 Austria 0 − 1 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 9 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Stadio Olimpico , Rome 10 June 1990 United States 1 -- 5 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 14 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 United States Stadio Olimpico , Rome 15 June 1990 Austria 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 19 June 1990 Italy 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Stadio Olimpico , Rome Austria 2 -- 1 United States Stadio Comunale , Florence Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group B Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina . Despite ending the match with only nine men , the African team held on for a shock 1 -- 0 win , with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik : François Omam scoring the winning goal , shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul . In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2 -- 1 win over Romania , Milla scoring twice from the bench ( making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament ) . With progression assured , Cameroon slumped to a 4 -- 0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union ( in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union ) , who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2 -- 0 defeats . Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper , Nery Pumpido , to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR : his replacement , Sergio Goycochea , proved to be one of the stars of their tournament . In the final match , a 1 -- 1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through , equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored : Romania were thus second , Argentina qualified as one of the best third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Cameroon 0 5 − 2 Advance to knockout stage Romania + 1 Argentina + 1 Soviet Union 0 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon San Siro , Milan 9 June 1990 Soviet Union 0 -- 2 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 13 June 1990 Argentina 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Stadio San Paolo , Naples 14 June 1990 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 18 June 1990 Argentina 1 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Paolo , Naples Cameroon 0 -- 4 Soviet Union Stadio San Nicola , Bari Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group C Costa Rica beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first match , lost 1 -- 0 to Brazil in their second , then saw off Sweden 2 -- 1 to claim a place in the second round . Brazil took maximum points from the group . They began with a 2 -- 1 win over Sweden , then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1 -- 0 . Scotland 's 2 -- 1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest - ranked third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Costa Rica 0 + 1 Scotland 0 − 1 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 10 June 1990 Brazil 2 -- 1 Sweden Stadio delle Alpi , Turin 11 June 1990 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 16 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 20 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Costa Rica Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D featured the most goals of all the groups , most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2 -- 0 to Colombia , 5 -- 1 to West Germany and 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . The West Germans topped the group after a 4 -- 1 opening victory over group runners - up Yugoslavia . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 10 + 7 5 Advance to knockout stage Yugoslavia 0 6 5 + 1 Colombia + 1 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 9 June 1990 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia San Siro , Milan 14 June 1990 Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates San Siro , Milan 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia San Siro , Milan Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group E The winners of Group E were Spain , for whom Michel hit a hat - trick as they beat South Korea 3 -- 1 in an unbeaten group campaign . Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress ; Uruguay 's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third - placed sides to remain in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 5 + 3 5 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 + 3 Uruguay − 1 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 12 June 1990 Belgium 2 -- 0 South Korea Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona 13 June 1990 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 17 June 1990 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 1 -- 3 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 21 June 1990 Belgium 1 -- 2 Spain Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 0 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Friuli , Udine Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F , featured the Netherlands , England , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt . In the six group games , no team managed to score more than once in a match . England beat Egypt 1 -- 0 , the only match with a decisive result , and that was enough to win the group . The group containing England , Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship , which had eventually been won by the Netherlands , with England crashing out with three losses ( to Ireland , the Netherlands and the USSR ) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR . The results of the 1990 group , however , were different : England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland , but Sheedy 's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils . The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier , only drawing against Egypt : they had taken a 1 - 0 lead , but without impressing , and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani . England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands : indeed they had the ball in the net once , from a free - kick by Pearce , but it was disallowed . For the second World Cup in succession , however , England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament , just over halfway through their second match . Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0 - 0 draw : after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws , 1 goal for and 1 goal against . England 's victory over Egypt , thanks to a 58th - minute goal from Mark Wright , put them top of the group : in the other match , Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland , but Niall Quinn scored a second - half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third , still with identical records . Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records . With both teams assured of progressing , they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place . 11 June 1990 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 12 June 1990 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 16 June 1990 England 0 -- 0 Netherlands Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 17 June 1990 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 21 June 1990 England 1 -- 0 Egypt Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina + 1 Advance to knockout stage Colombia + 1 Netherlands 0 0 0 Uruguay − 1 5 Austria 0 − 1 6 Scotland 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F : the Netherlands were the only third - placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any : they progressed with three draws ( 3 points ) , ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses ( 2 points ) . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were : round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , final . There was also a play - off to decide third / fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot - out ( five penalties each , if neither team already had a decisive advantage , and more if necessary ) to determine who progressed to the next round . Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( p ) . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Turin Brazil 0 30 June -- Florence Argentina Argentina ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) 26 June -- Verona Yugoslavia 0 ( 2 ) Spain 1 3 July -- Naples Yugoslavia ( aet ) Argentina ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 25 June -- Genoa Italy 1 ( 3 ) Republic of Ireland ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) 30 June -- Rome Romania 0 ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 0 25 June -- Rome Italy Italy 8 July -- Rome Uruguay 0 Argentina 0 23 June -- Bari West Germany Czechoslovakia 1 July -- Milan Costa Rica 1 Czechoslovakia 0 24 June -- Milan West Germany West Germany 4 July -- Turin Netherlands 1 West Germany ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 23 June -- Naples England 1 ( 3 ) Third place Cameroon ( aet ) 1 July -- Naples 7 July -- Bari Colombia 1 Cameroon 2 Italy 26 June -- Bologna England ( aet ) England 1 England ( aet ) Belgium 0 All times listed are local ( UTC + 2 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) Two of the ties -- Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay -- pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final . The all - South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time , to slow him down in the second half . Initially discredited by the press , Branco would be publicly proven right years later , when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina . As for Italy , a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2 -- 0 , thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena . The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan , and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs ( Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ) . After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players ( including Rijkaard spitting on Völler ) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off . As the players walked off the pitch together , Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time . Early in the second half , Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left . A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2 -- 1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship . Meanwhile , the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia . Milla was introduced as a second - half substitute with the game goalless , eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time . Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper , René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal , leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net . Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2 -- 1 , Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter - finals . Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia , for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament 's second and final hat - trick . The Republic of Ireland 's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5 -- 4 on penalties . David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland 's place in the quarter - finals . Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright . Yugoslavia beat Spain 2 -- 1 after extra time , with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs ' goals . England were the final qualifier against Belgium , as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot - out . 23 June 1990 17 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Colombia Milla 106 ' , 108 ' Report Redín 115 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 50,026 Referee : Tullio Lanese ( Italy ) 23 June 1990 21 : 00 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 24 June 1990 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 1 Argentina Report Caniggia 80 ' Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 61,381 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) 24 June 1990 21 : 00 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Klinsmann 51 ' Brehme 82 ' Report R. Koeman 89 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 74,559 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania Report Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) 25 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 2 -- 0 Uruguay Schillaci 65 ' Serena 83 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) 26 June 1990 17 : 00 Spain 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Salinas 83 ' Report Stojković 78 ' , 92 ' Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) 26 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Platt 119 ' Report Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Attendance : 34,520 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side , reduced to 10 men after only half an hour , play out a goalless stalemate . The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 , despite Maradona having his penalty saved . A second Argentine miss ( by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea -- playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage -- rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs ' final two spotkicks . The Republic of Ireland 's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter - final with hosts Italy . West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty . The quarter - final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter - final to produce more than one goal . Despite Cameroon 's heroics earlier in the tournament , David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute . At half - time , Milla was brought on . In the second half , the game was turned on its head during a five - minute stretch : first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser ; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead . Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty , which Gary Lineker converted . Midway through extra time , England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot . England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior . 30 June 1990 17 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Report Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Maradona Troglio Dezotti 3 -- 2 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić Stadio Comunale , Florence Attendance : 38,971 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Report Schillaci 38 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) 1 July 1990 17 : 00 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 25 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 73,347 Referee : Helmut Kohl ( Austria ) 1 July 1990 21 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Kundé 61 ' ( pen . ) Ekéké 65 ' Report Platt 25 ' Lineker 83 ' ( pen . ) , 105 ' ( pen . ) Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 55,205 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final featured the host nation , Italy , and the world champions , Argentina in Naples . ' Toto ' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute , but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half , breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament . There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona ( who played for Naples in Serie A at the time ) showing glimpses of magic , but there was a sending - off : Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time . Argentina went through on penalties , winning the shoot - out 4 -- 3 after more heroics from Goycochea . The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half - time . Then , in the 60th minute , a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net . England equalised with ten minutes left ; Gary Lineker was the scorer . The game ended 1 -- 1 . Extra time yielded more chances . Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post . England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside . The match went to penalties , and West Germany went on to win the shoot - out 4 -- 3 . 3 July 1990 20 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Caniggia 67 ' Report Schillaci 17 ' Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona 4 -- 3 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 59,978 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) 4 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Brehme 60 ' Report Lineker 80 ' Penalties Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon 4 -- 3 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 62,628 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) The game saw three goals in a 15 - minute spell . Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England 's goalkeeper Peter Shilton , in his final game before international retirement , presented a simple opportunity . A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later , leading to a penalty . Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament 's Golden Boot for his six - goal tally . Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later , but the hosts claimed third place . England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award , having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match . 7 July 1990 20 : 00 Italy 2 -- 1 England Baggio 71 ' Schillaci 86 ' ( pen . ) Report Platt 81 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 51,426 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest - quality of all World Cup Finals . In the 65th minute , Argentina 's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann . Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final . Argentina , weakened by suspension and injury , offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans , who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities . The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany , after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests . Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest . In the closing moments , Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti , who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match , received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play . The 1 -- 0 scoreline provided another first : Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final . With its third title ( and three second - place finishes ) West Germany -- in its final tournament before national reunification -- became the most successful World Cup nation at the time . West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain ( in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team , and only the second man ( after Mário Zagallo of Brazil ) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager . It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup . This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour , after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982 . In total , 115 goals were scored by 75 players ( none credited as own goals ) . 6 goals Salvatore Schillaci 5 goals Tomáš Skuhravý 4 goals Roger Milla Gary Lineker Míchel Lothar Matthäus 3 goals David Platt Andreas Brehme Jürgen Klinsmann Rudi Völler 2 goals Claudio Caniggia Careca Müller Bernardo Redín Michal Bílek Roberto Baggio Gabi Balint Marius Lăcătuș Davor Jozić Darko Pančev Dragan Stojković 1 goal Andreas Ogris Gerhard Rodax Jorge Burruchaga Pedro Monzón Pedro Troglio Jan Ceulemans Lei Clijsters Michel De Wolf Marc Degryse Enzo Scifo Patrick Vervoort Eugène Ekéké Emmanuel Kundé François Omam - Biyik Freddy Rincón Carlos Valderrama Juan Cayasso Róger Flores Rónald González Hernán Medford Ivan Hašek Luboš Kubík Milan Luhový Magdi Abdelghani Mark Wright Giuseppe Giannini Aldo Serena Ruud Gullit Wim Kieft Ronald Koeman Niall Quinn Kevin Sheedy Mo Johnston Stuart McCall Hwangbo Kwan Igor Dobrovolski Oleh Protasov Oleksandr Zavarov Andrei Zygmantovich Alberto Górriz Julio Salinas Tomas Brolin Johnny Ekström Glenn Strömberg Khalid Ismaïl Ali Thani Jumaa Paul Caligiuri Bruce Murray Pablo Bengoechea Daniel Fonseca Uwe Bein Pierre Littbarski Robert Prosinečki Safet Sušić Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot winner Golden Ball winner Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Salvatore Schillaci Salvatore Schillaci Robert Prosinečki England All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . West Germany 7 5 0 15 5 + 10 12 Argentina 7 5 + 1 7 Italy 7 6 0 10 + 8 13 England 7 8 6 + 2 9 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Yugoslavia 5 8 6 + 2 7 6 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 5 + 5 6 7 Cameroon 5 0 7 9 - 2 6 8 Republic of Ireland 5 0 − 1 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Brazil 0 + 2 6 10 Spain 6 + 2 5 11 Belgium 0 6 + 2 12 Romania + 1 13 Costa Rica 0 6 − 2 14 Colombia 0 15 Netherlands 0 − 1 16 Uruguay 5 − 3 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Soviet Union 0 0 18 Austria 0 − 1 Scotland 0 − 1 20 Egypt 0 − 1 21 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 22 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 23 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 24 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Statistics ( edit ) Most wins : Italy ( 6 ) Most defeats : South Korea , Sweden , UAE , United States ( 3 ) First goal : François Omam Biyik ( for Cameroon vs Argentina ; Group B , 8 June ) Fastest goal in a match : 3 minutes 59 seconds -- Safet Sušić ( for Yugoslavia vs UAE ; Group D , 19 June ) Latest goal scored in a match ( apart from penalty shoot - outs ) : 119 minutes -- David Platt ( for England vs Belgium ; Round of 16 , 26 June ) Biggest win : 5 -- 1 -- by Czechoslovakia vs United States , and by West Germany vs UAE Most goals in the tournament ( team ) : West Germany ( 15 ) Most goals in the tournament ( player ) : Salvatore Schillaci ( Italy ) ( 6 ) Fewest goals in the tournament ( team ) : Egypt and South Korea ( 1 ) Most goals in a game : 6 ( United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5 ; West Germany 5 UAE 1 ) Most goals in a game ( player ) : 3 , by Míchel ( for Spain vs South Korea ) and Tomáš Skuhravý ( for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica ) Fewest goals conceded : Brazil , Egypt and Italy ( 2 ) Total goals scored : 115 ( average 2.21 goals per game , a record low in World Cup history ) Most clean sheets : Italy ( 5 ) Total penalties awarded : 18 ( 13 scored , 5 missed ) Most yellow cards in a game : 9 -- Austria vs United States ( Group A , 19 June ) Most yellow cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 22 ) Total yellow cards : 162 Most red cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 3 ) Total red cards : 16 ( a record high for a 24 team World Cup ) Highest attendance : 74,765 -- West Germany vs Yugoslavia ( Group D , 10 June ) Lowest attendance : 27,833 -- Yugoslavia vs UAE ( Group D , 19 June ) Average attendance : 48,391 ( 5th highest in World Cup history ) Oldest player : Peter Shilton ( England ) ( 40 years 292 days ) Youngest player : Rónald González Brenes ( Costa Rica ) ( 19 years 307 days ) Italy 's performance of 6 wins , 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup . The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match ( Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew ) . See also ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 1990 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup . HarperSport . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722916 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Record -- Organisation '' . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup and Television '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986 -- 2006 di Marzio Barbero e Natasha Shpuza '' . Crit.rai.it . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy gain vote over Soviet rival '' . The Times . London . 21 May 1984 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 3 August 1983 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 2 September 1983 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup formats '' . The Times . London . 12 November 1983 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Romania could join the boycott '' . The Times . London . 22 May 1984 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico given ban in soccer '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/sports/world-cup-90-fan-violence-at-world-cup-finals.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-11/sports/sp-210_1_riot-police ^ Jump up to : `` WM 1990 Sonderheft '' . Kicker ( in German ) . May -- June 1990 . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup ' 90 : The Complete Collection '' . Orbis . ^ Jump up to : `` England Is Seeded Sixth in 1990 World Cup in Italy '' . The New York Times . 8 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cup seedings revealed '' . The New York Times . 30 November 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times guide to the draw for the World Cup finals '' . The Times . London . 9 December 1989 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Paul ( 10 December 1989 ) . `` U.S. must face Italy in cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Como Maradona `` envenenou '' Branco na Copa de 90 `` . UOL . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 9 July 1990 ) . `` Winning Ugly , Losing Ugly , Just Plain Ugly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A poor display bare of class '' . The Times . London . 9 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2018 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber and Faber . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 32556 - 6 . After half - time , the game grew harsher , when Klaus Augenthaler was blantanly tripped in the box by Goycoecha , Germany had far stronger claims for a penalty than that which won the match . Sensini bought down Völler in the area Codesal gave a penalty , Argentina protested furiously , and seemed to have a pretty good case . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1990 in Italy - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Figure does not include shoot - outs ; penalties were missed during games by : Michal Bílek ( Czechoslovakia v USA ) , Rubén Sosa ( Uruguay v Spain ) , Faruk Hadžibegić ( Yugoslavia v Colombia ) , Gianluca Vialli ( Italy v USA ) and Enzo Scifo ( Belgium v Spain ) Jump up ^ Figure does not include second yellow cards that led to a red card Jump up ^ Argentina defeated Italy in the semi-finals by a penalty shoot - out which , by FIFA regulations counts as a draw for statistical reasons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1990 . 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) , ( Part 4 ) , ( Part 5 ) and ( Part 6 ) Planet World Cup -- Italy 1990 1990 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Cameroon v Colombia Final General information Qualification Squads Matches Discipline 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 2111663 - 5 SUDOC : 172044820 VIAF : 150781541 Association football portal 1990s portal Italy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=854640519 '' Categories : 1990 FIFA World Cup 1990 in association football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Italy 1989 -- 90 in Italian football June 1990 sports events in Europe July 1990 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 20 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did england lose to in italia 90	[ "The tournament was won by West Germany, their third World Cup title. They beat Argentina 1–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, a rematch of the previous final four years earlier. Italy finished third and England fourth, after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts. This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany, with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October, as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991, as the Soviet Union, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances. Costa Rica, Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals. As of 2018, this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico.\n" ]	[ "semi-finals" ]
-8430188366881868843	Ford Fox platform	Ford Fox platform - wikipedia Ford Fox platform Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ford Fox platform Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production 1979 -- 1993 model years Body and chassis Class Compact Mid-size Personal luxury car Pony car Layout FR Body style ( s ) two - door convertible two - door coupe three - door hatchback Vehicles see below Chronology Successor Ford SN - 95 platform Ford D2C platform Ford MN12 platform Ford D186 platform Ford CE14 platform The Ford Fox platform is an automobile platform that was used by Ford Motor Company in North America for various compact and mid-size vehicles for the Ford , Mercury , and Lincoln divisions . Using a rear - wheel drive , unibody chassis configuration , the Fox platform was used by Ford from 1978 to 1993 ; a substantial redesign of the Ford Mustang extended its life another eleven years to the 2004 model year . With the exception of the Panther platform , the Fox platform is the longest - produced vehicle architecture by Ford Motor Company . Designed to be relatively lightweight and simple , the Fox platform was originally intended as the replacement for derivatives of the original Ford Falcon architecture ( dating from 1960 ) ; the Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zepyhr were introduced to replace the Ford Maverick and Mercury Comet , respectively . As downsizing expanded beyond full - size vehicles at the end of the 1970s and early 1980s , the Fox platform came into wider use , included in many redesigns and central to several Ford product line revisions . During the mid-1980s , Ford reduced its usage of the Fox platform as mid-size sedans and station wagons were transitioned to front - wheel drive . After the 1988 model year , only the Ford Mustang and Lincoln Mark VII coupes remained . The 2005 Ford D2C platform underpinning the fifth - generation Ford Mustang would become the fifth and final vehicle architecture to serve as a Fox - platform replacement ( the second under the Mustang nameplate ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chassis overview 2 Design history 2.1 1983 model year changes 2.2 SN - 95 2.3 Discontinuation 3 Vehicles 4 References Chassis overview ( edit ) The Fox platform , like most compact and mid-size cars of the late 1970s , was designed with a rear - wheel drive layout . In contrast to the full - size Fords and Mercurys of the time , the Fox platform used unibody construction . For the first time in a rear - wheel drive Ford , the Fox platform used MacPherson strut front suspension , continuing the use of a live rear axle suspension configuration . Initially configured with rear drum brakes , 4 - wheel disc brakes were added to higher - performance vehicles , including the Lincoln Continental Mark VII , Ford Mustang SVO , 1994 - 2004 Ford Mustang , and the Ford Thunderbird Turbo Coupe / Mercury Cougar XR7 . Due to the use of strut front suspension , the Fox platform was designed with a wider engine bay than its Falcon - chassis predecessor . As a result , the chassis was flexible in its use of longitudinal engines , accommodating a wide variety of powertrains , including four - cylinder ( naturally - aspirated and turbocharged ) , inline - 6 , V6 , and V8 engines , ranging from a 2.3 L inline - 4 to a 5.8 L V8 ( the most powerful Fox - platform car is the 2003 - 2004 Mustang SVT Cobra with a 390 hp supercharged 4.6 L V8 ) . To further improve the fuel economy of Lincoln Fox - platform vehicles in the 1980s , the platform was adapted for the use of BMW diesel inline - 6 engines . The Fox platform was produced in four separate wheelbases , 100.5 inches ( for the Ford Mustang / Mercury Capri ; lengthened to 101.3 for the SN95 redesign ) , 104.2 inches ( 1983 - 1988 Thunderbird / Cougar ) , 105.5 inches ( `` standard '' ; sedans / wagons ) , and 108.5 inches ( `` long '' ; 1980 Thunderbird / Cougar XR7 / Lincoln Mark VII / Continental ) Design history ( edit ) 1983 model year changes ( edit ) During the early 1980s , the Fox platform would be involved in major changes to many Ford nameplates . In the marketplace , redesigns of the Ford Granada , Ford Thunderbird , and Mercury Cougar had been poorly received by consumers , leading to a collapse in sales for all three nameplates from 1980 to 1982 . In addition , fuel prices had stabilized to the point where consumers had shifted back to full - size cars , leading the company to postpone its planned discontinuation of the full - size Panther - platform vehicles . To rectify the sales collapse and capitalize on the move to full - size vehicles , Ford began a major model shift of many of its best - selling vehicle nameplates in all three divisions . For 1981 , Lincoln saw the first changes , as the Lincoln Continental was rechristened the Lincoln Town Car ; the Lincoln Continental nameplate went on hiatus until 1982 , reappearing on a mid-size sedan ( again giving Lincoln a Cadillac Seville competitor ) . To eliminate further duplication , the Continental Mark VI lived out its model cycle and was replaced by the far more contemporary Mark VII for 1984 . For 1983 , the Ford and Mercury product ranges saw a number of extensive changes . To move its full - size nameplates upmarket , the Ford LTD Crown Victoria and Mercury Grand Marquis became the sole full - size sedans , with the restyled Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis replacing the Granada and Cougar sedan / station wagon . To reverse the sales collapse of the Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar ( now solely a coupe ) , Ford redesigned the two coupes with streamlined aerodynamic bodystyling . The revision effectively tripled the size of the Lincoln model range while eliminating the duplication of several Ford / Mercury vehicles ( the Ford Granada / Fairmont and Mercury Cougar / Cougar XR7 / Zephyr ) ; the midsize Fairmont / Zephyr were replaced by the compact Ford Tempo / Mercury Topaz for 1984 and the Cougar reverted to its coupe - only bodystyle . SN - 95 ( edit ) See also : Ford Mustang ( fourth generation ) By the early 1990s , the Ford Mustang had become the sole model produced on the Fox platform . For the 1994 model year , as the Mustang underwent a major redesign ( under the body family program code name Fox - 4 ) , the Fox platform itself saw major changes to its architecture . As part of the upgrade , nearly 60 % of its parts were redesigned , with major changes to the suspension and improvements to noise , vibration , and harshness ( NVH ) ; the updated Mustang - specific platform became known as the SN - 95 platform . The 2003 - 2004 Mustang SVT Cobra became the penultimate development of the Fox / SN95 platform , with a 390 hp supercharged 4.6 L DOHC V8 . The SN95 platform would be produced for 11 years , extending the life of the Fox platform to 26 years of production . For 2005 , the Mustang was completely redesigned , using the all - new Ford D2C platform . Discontinuation ( edit ) As the company entered the 1980s , Ford became part of a growing trend among automobile manufacturers using front - wheel drive in its vehicles . As part of the 1983 changes to the Ford product range , the Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr were phased out in favor of the front - wheel drive Ford Tempo / Mercury Topaz , introduced as 1984 models . Based on a long - wheelbase version of the Ford Escort , the Tempo / Topaz were downsized to compete against the Chevrolet Cavalier and imported sedans such as the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord ( of the time ) . Introduced in 1982 as the Ford Granada and Mercury Cougar , the Ford LTD and Mercury Marquis were replaced by the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable in 1986 . As the Lincoln Continental shifted to front - wheel drive after the 1987 model year , sedan production of the Fox platform ended . For 1989 , Ford moved the Thunderbird and the Mercury Cougar to the all - new MN12 platform ; while still rear - wheel drive , the new chassis introduced a number of suspension advances over the Fox platform . As the Lincoln Mark VII was replaced by the Mark VIII for 1993 , the Ford Mustang became the sole Fox - platform produced by Ford . During its 1994 redesign , many upgrades to the suspension and chassis were made , retaining largely the floorpan from the original design . Vehicles ( edit ) In total , a total of fifteen distinct vehicles were produced on the Ford Fox platform , with the Ford Fairmont , Mercury Zephyr , Ford Durango , Ford Mustang SVO , and Lincoln Mark VII produced exclusively on the architecture . The platform would be produced in a variety of body styles , including two - door and four - door sedans , two - door coupes , three - door hatchbacks , five - door station wagons , two - door convertibles ( marking the return of the bodystyle to Ford ) , and a two - door coupe utility ( the last coupe utility produced by Ford in North America ) . Vehicle name Image Production Predecessor Successor Wheelbase Notes Fox - platform vehicles ( compact ) Ford Fairmont 1978 -- 1983 Ford Maverick Ford Tempo 105.5 in ( 2,679.7 mm ) Mercury Zephyr 1978 -- 1983 Mercury Comet Mercury Topaz Ford Durango 1981 -- 1982 Ford Ranchero The Durango was a limited - production factory - commissioned conversion of the Ford Fairmont Futura two - door by National Coach Corporation . Approximately 200 were produced . Fox - platform vehicles ( mid-size ) Ford Granada 1981 -- 1982 Ford Granada ( 1975 -- 80 ) Ford LTD 105.5 in ( 2,679.7 mm ) The Granada was updated and took on the LTD name for 1983 . The 1982 Granada was the first American Ford to wear the revived `` blue oval '' badge . Ford LTD 1983 -- 1986 Ford Granada Ford Taurus The LTD was an updated version of the 1981 -- 1982 Ford Granada . Mercury Cougar ( fifth generation ; sedan / station wagon ) 1981 - 1982 Mercury Monarch Mercury Marquis Cougar sedan and wagon models were discontinued after the 1982 model year . Mercury Marquis 1983 -- 1986 Mercury Cougar Mercury Sable Lincoln Continental ( sixth generation ) 1982 -- 1987 Lincoln Versailles Lincoln Continental ( D186 / seventh generation ) 108.5 in ( 2,755.9 mm ) Fox - platform vehicles ( Pony car ) Ford Mustang 1979 -- 1993 Ford Mustang II Ford Mustang ( SN - 95 ) 100.5 in ( 2,552.7 mm ) Ford Mustang SVO 1984 - 1986 none Ford Mustang SVT Cobra ( 1993 ) Ford Mustang with 2.3 L turbocharged engine and suspension , brake , and bodywork modifications . Ford Mustang ( SN - 95 ) 1994 -- 2004 Ford Mustang Ford Mustang ( S197 ) 101.3 in ( 2,573.0 mm ) Mercury Capri 1979 -- 1986 Mercury Capri II 100.5 in ( 2,552.7 mm ) Mercury version of Ford Mustang ; different rear bodywork from 1983 - 1986 Fox - platform vehicles ( personal luxury car ) Ford Thunderbird ( eighth generation ) 1980 - 1982 Ford Thunderbird ( seventh generation ) 108.5 in ( 2,755.9 mm ) First Thunderbird produced with 6 - cylinder engine as standard . Ford Thunderbird ( ninth generation ) 1983 -- 1988 Ford Thunderbird ( tenth generation / MN - 12 ) 104.2 in ( 2,646.7 mm ) Turbo Coupe is first four - cylinder Thunderbird . Mercury Cougar XR7 ( fifth generation ) 1980 - 1982 Mercury Cougar ( 1977 - 1979 ) 108.5 in ( 2,755.9 mm ) Separate wheelbase and bodyshell from Cougar sedan / station wagon ; same powertrains as Ford Thunderbird . Mercury Cougar ( sixth generation ) 1983 -- 1988 Mercury Cougar ( seventh generation / MN - 12 ) 104.2 in ( 2,646.7 mm ) Return to single model line ; Cougar XR7 is sold as Mercury version of Thunderbird Turbo Coupe from 1983 - 1986 , replaced with V8 engine in 1987 . Lincoln Continental Mark VII 1984 -- 1992 Lincoln Continental Mark VI Lincoln Mark VIII 108.5 in ( 2,755.9 mm ) The Mark VII was the first American - market car sold with composite headlamps and anti-lock brakes . ( hide ) Ford Motor Company Fox platform timeline Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 Compact Ford Fairmont Mercury Zephyr Pickup Ford Durango Mid-size Ford Granada ( second generation ) Ford LTD ( fifth generation ) Mercury Cougar ( fifth generation ) Mercury Marquis ( fifth generation ) Lincoln Continental ( seventh generation ) Pony car Ford Mustang ( third generation ) Ford Mustang ( fourth generation ) Mercury Capri ( second generation ) Personal luxury Ford Thunderbird ( eighth generation ) Ford Thunderbird ( ninth generation ) Mercury Cougar ( sixth generation ) Lincoln Continental Mark VII References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lamas , Jonathan . `` Third Generation Mustang ( 1979 - 1993 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sass , Rob ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Few Thrills With a Diesel Continental '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lamas , Jonathan . `` Fourth Generation Mustang ( 1994 - 2004 ) '' . About.com . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mercury Cougar Jump up ^ Mercury Cougar Ford platforms Ford Motor Company Subcompact cars Current B3 Historic Mazda DA Compact cars Current C1 Historic CE14 Mazda B C170 Mid-size cars Current CD3 CD4 DEW EUCD Historic Fox D186 CDW27 Mazda G Full - size cars Current Ford D3 Historic Full - size Ford Full - size Lincoln Panther EA26 EA169 E8 Other cars Current S550 ( pony car ) Historic FN10 / MN12 ( personal luxury car ) SN - 95 ( pony car ) D2C / S197 ( pony car ) Trucks / SUVs / crossovers / Vans Current P2 / P3 ( full - size pickup ) T1 ( full - size SUV ) D4 ( full - size CUV ) V363N ( full - size van ) V227 ( compact MPV ) Historic CD2 ( compact CUV ) E265 ( mid-size CUV ) U2 ( mid-size SUV ) V ( front - wheel drive minivan ) VN1 ( rear / AWD mid-size van ) VN ( full - size van ) Mazda S ( minivan ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Fox_platform&oldid=797063041 '' Categories : Ford platforms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2009 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 18 : 53 . About Wikipedia	why do they call it a fox body	[]	[]
2015851348364371245	Green River (Duwamish River)	Green River ( Duwamish River ) - wikipedia Green River ( Duwamish River ) Jump to : navigation , search Green River River Looking upriver from suspension bridge in Isaac Evans Park , Auburn , Washington Country United States State Washington County King Cities Auburn , Kent , Tukwila Source Cascade Range - elevation 3,283 ft ( 1,001 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 8 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ W / 47.133 ° N 121.300 ° W / 47.133 ; - 121.300 Mouth Duwamish River - elevation 57 ft ( 17 m ) - coordinates 47 ° 28 ′ N 122 ° 15 ′ W / 47.467 ° N 122.250 ° W / 47.467 ; - 122.250 Coordinates : 47 ° 28 ′ N 122 ° 15 ′ W / 47.467 ° N 122.250 ° W / 47.467 ; - 122.250 Length 65 mi ( 105 km ) Basin 440 sq mi ( 1,140 km ) Discharge for Auburn , Washington - average 1,316 cu ft / s ( 37 m / s ) - max 28,100 cu ft / s ( 796 m / s ) - min 81 cu ft / s ( 2 m / s ) Map of the Duwamish / Green River watershed with the Green River highlighted The Green River is a 65 - mile ( 105 km ) long river in the state of Washington in the United States , arising on the western slopes of the Cascade Range south of Interstate 90 . The upper Green River valley forms the western approach to Stampede Pass , and was once home to many small railroad and logging towns such as Weston , Lester , Green River Hot Springs , Nagrom , Maywood , Humphreys , Eagle Gorge , Lemolo , and Kanaskat . Shortly before World War I , the City of Tacoma , Washington , filed for water rights on the Green River . Today , much of the upper valley has become a gated water supply watershed for Tacoma and access is heavily restricted , creating controversy among recreation enthusiasts . Between 1880 and 1888 , the Northern Pacific Railway explored and surveyed the Green River . The railway constructed the first direct rail link across Washington 's Cascade Range with the opening of their Stampede Tunnel in 1888 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Course 3 Green River Killer 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Maps showing the changes of course and nomenclature of rivers in the Duwamish Valley , 1899 - 1959 . Until 1906 , the Green River flowed into the White in downtown Auburn . In 1906 , however , the White River changed course above Auburn following a major flood and emptied into the Puyallup River as it does today . The lower portion of the historic White River -- from historic confluence of the White and Green Rivers to the historic confluence with the Black River at Tukwila that forms the Duwamish -- is now considered part of the Green River . Then , with the opening of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916 , the lake 's level dropped nearly nine feet and the Black River dried up . From that time forward , the point of the name change from Green to Duwamish is no longer a confluence of rivers , though it has not changed location . Thus , the Green River now becomes the Duwamish River , flowing into the industrialized estuary known as the Duwamish Waterway and thence Elliott Bay in Seattle . By contrast , the White turns south at Auburn , and flows into the Puyallup River and later Commencement Bay in Tacoma . In October 2009 , giant sandbags were placed along the levee from Fort Dent through Kent and the Green River Trail was closed to cyclists . The sandbags mitigated the flood potential due to a weakness discovered in the Howard A. Hanson Dam following a January 2009 storm . Repairs strengthening the partially earthen dam by the Army Corps of Engineers have reduced this flood threat significantly . In September 2012 , the Green River Trail was reopened following the removal of all giant sandbags . Course ( edit ) Most of the river above and including Eagle Gorge Reservoir are part of the Green River Watershed , which is closed to public access , creating controversy among recreation proponents for some time . West of the Green River Watershed at Kanaskat , the river passes through the Green River Gorge with cliffs rising sharply as much as 300 feet ( 91 m ) from the riverbed . Flaming Geyser State Park , Nolte State Park , and Kanaskat - Palmer State Park are located in this area . The river is a popular tubing spot in the Summer . Downstream from the Green River Gorge is the half - mile wide Green River Valley , where farmland has been protected from development . An attempt to locate a bike trail along the valley walls has encountered fierce resistance from farmers . As a result , bikes must share the road with autos as it winds through the pastoral landscape . At Auburn , the Green River emerges from the Green River Valley and enters the much larger Auburn / Kent Valley , which was created by glacial action during the Pleistocene ice ages , then filled in by river sediments and lahars from Mount Rainier . After flowing generally west from its source , at Auburn the river turns north , entering a zone of light - industrial and retail development . A public multiuse trail runs along the river through most of this valley . Green River killer ( edit ) Main article : Green River Killer The Green River is infamous as the location where the first victims of serial killer Gary Ridgway were found in the early 1980s . Most of these victims were prostitutes that worked an active `` stroll '' along Pacific Highway South . Although only a few bodies were found in the river , the unidentified killer was known as the `` Green River Killer '' . These murders went unsolved for over 20 years . For many years , Dave Reichert led the investigation as a detective of the King County Sheriff 's Office . Ridgway made a plea agreement with King County Prosecuting Attorney Norm Maleng to cooperate with police in order to escape execution . In November 2003 , Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of Aggravated First Degree Murder . King County Superior Court Judge Richard A. Jones sentenced Ridgway to 48 consecutive life sentences . Ridgway will never be eligible for parole . See also ( edit ) List of rivers in Washington Patton Bridge ( Auburn , Washington ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for Green River source coordinates . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : USGS ; U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Green River ; retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Google Earth elevation for Green River mouth coordinates . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : USGS ; Water Data Report WA - 05 - 1 , file : Duwamish River Basin ; retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Green - Duwamish : A River System Re-Plumbed '' , The Green - Duwamish River : Connecting people with a diverse environment . Duwamish River Cleanup Coalition / TAG . No date , appears to be 2008 or 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Trail in Kent to close -- making way for giant sandbags '' . Kent Reporter . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All sandbags removed in Kent along Green River Trail '' . Kent Reporter . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Regional Trail '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Home of the Green River Killer Information Pages '' . Jump up ^ Guillen , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Green River Killings '' . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ `` Aggravated First Degree Murder : RCW 10.95. 020 '' . Jump up ^ `` Sentence for Aggravated First Degree Murder : RCW 10.95. 030 '' . Guillen , Tomas ( 2007 ) . `` Serial Killers : Issues Explored Through the Green River Murders '' , Pearson Prentice Hall , New Jersey , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green River ( Washington ) . Green River flows and forecasts Interurban / Green River Trail U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website : Howard A. Hanson Dam and Reservoir Historylink essay : Howard A. Hanson Dam Historylink essay : Howard A. Hanson Dam Howard Hanson Dam & the Green River : Depicting the Flood Risk ( video ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_River_(Duwamish_River)&oldid=814902071 '' Categories : Rivers of Washington ( state ) Rivers of King County , Washington Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the green river start in washington	[ "\n\nGreen River\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nLooking upriver from suspension bridge in Isaac Evans Park, Auburn, Washington\n\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nWashington\n\n\nCounty\nKing\n\n\n\n\n\nCities\nAuburn, Kent, Tukwila\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nCascade Range\n\n\n - elevation\n3,283 ft (1,001 m) [1]\n\n\n - coordinates\n47°8′N 121°18′W / 47.133°N 121.300°W / 47.133; -121.300 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nDuwamish River\n\n\n - elevation\n57 ft (17 m) [3]\n\n\n - coordinates\n47°28′N 122°15′W / 47.467°N 122.250°W / 47.467; -122.250Coordinates: 47°28′N 122°15′W / 47.467°N 122.250°W / 47.467; -122.250 [2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n65 mi (105 km) [2]\n\n\nBasin\n440 sq mi (1,140 km2) [4]\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Auburn, Washington\n\n\n - average\n1,316 cu ft/s (37 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n - max\n28,100 cu ft/s (796 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n81 cu ft/s (2 m3/s)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMap of the Duwamish/Green River watershed with the Green River highlighted\n\n\n" ]	[ "Cascade Range" ]
9016625365554785957	United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio	United States District court for the Southern District of Ohio - wikipedia United States District court for the Southern District of Ohio United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio ( S.D. Ohio ) Location Columbus More locations Potter Stewart U.S. Courthouse ( Cincinnati ) Dayton St. Clairsville Steubenville Appeals to Sixth Circuit Established February 10 , 1855 Judges 8 Chief Judge Edmund A. Sargus Jr . www.ohsd.uscourts.gov The United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio ( in case citations , S.D. Ohio ) is one of two United States district courts in Ohio and includes forty - eight of the state 's eighty - eight counties . Appeals from the court are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit at Cincinnati ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The court is divided into two divisions . The Eastern Division , which sits in the Joseph P. Kinneary United States Courthouse at Columbus , serves the counties of Athens , Belmont , Coshocton , Delaware , Fairfield , Fayette , Franklin , Gallia , Guernsey , Harrison , Hocking , Jackson , Jefferson , Knox , Licking , Logan , Madison , Meigs , Monroe , Morgan , Morrow , Muskingum , Noble , Perry , Pickaway , Pike , Ross , Union , Vinton , and Washington The Western Division sits at both Cincinnati and Dayton . Cases from the counties of Adams , Brown , Butler , Clermont , Clinton , Hamilton , Highland , Lawrence , Scioto , and Warren are heard at Cincinnati in the Potter Stewart United States Courthouse . Cases from the counties of Champaign , Clark , Darke , Greene , Miami , Montgomery , Preble , and Shelby are heard at Dayton . The court , as of 2006 , has eight active judges ( the maximum authorized by law ) , six senior judges and seven magistrates . The chief judge is Edmund A. Sargus Jr ... The United States Attorney 's Office of the Southern District of Ohio represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court . As of February 4 , 2017 , the Acting United States Attorney is Benjamin C. Glassman . On February 12 , 2014 Peter C. Tobin was confirmed to be the United States Marshal . Contents 1 History 2 Current judges 3 Vacancies and pending nominations 4 Former judges 5 Chief judges 6 Succession of seats 7 Attorneys 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links History ( edit ) The United States District Court for the District of Ohio was established on February 19 , 1803 , by 2 Stat. 201 . The act of authorized one judgeship for the court . The district court in Ohio , not being assigned to a judicial circuit , was granted the same jurisdiction as U.S. circuit courts , except in appeals and writs of error , which were the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . By the act of February 24 , 1807 , 2 Stat. 420 , the authority of the Ohio district court to exercise the jurisdiction of a U.S. circuit court was repealed , and Ohio was assigned to the newly organized Seventh Circuit . It also provided for a U.S. circuit court for the District of Ohio . The District was subdivided into Northern and Southern Districts on February 10 , 1855 , by 10 Stat. 604 . The district judge serving the District of Ohio , Humphrey H. Leavitt , was reassigned to the Southern District of Ohio . On July 23 , 1866 , by 14 Stat. 209 , Congress reorganized the circuits and assigned Ohio to the Sixth Circuit . Additional judgeships were created in 1910 , 1937 , 1966 , 1970 , 1978 , 1984 , and 1990 . Current judges ( edit ) # Title Judge Duty station Term of service Appointed by Active Chief Senior 29 Chief Judge Edmund A. Sargus Jr . Columbus 1953 1996 -- present 2015 -- present -- Clinton 30 District Judge Algenon L. Marbley Columbus 1954 1997 -- present -- -- Clinton 33 District Judge Michael H. Watson Cincinnati Columbus 1956 2004 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 34 District Judge Michael Ryan Barrett Cincinnati 1951 2006 -- present -- -- G.W. Bush 35 District Judge Timothy Black Cincinnati Dayton 1953 2010 -- present -- -- Obama 36 District Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 37 District Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 38 District Judge vacant -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 Senior Judge Walter Herbert Rice Dayton 1937 1980 -- 2004 1996 -- 2003 2004 -- present Carter 24 Senior Judge Herman Jacob Weber Cincinnati 1927 1985 -- 2002 -- 2002 -- present Reagan 25 Senior Judge James L. Graham Columbus 1939 1986 -- 2004 2003 -- 2004 2004 -- present Reagan 26 Senior Judge George Curtis Smith Columbus 1935 1987 -- 2002 -- 2002 -- present Reagan 27 Senior Judge Sandra Beckwith Cincinnati 1943 1992 -- 2009 2004 -- 2009 2009 -- present G.H.W. Bush 28 Senior Judge Susan J. Dlott Cincinnati 1949 1995 -- 2018 2009 -- 2015 2018 -- present Clinton 31 Senior Judge Thomas M. Rose Dayton 1948 2002 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- present G.W. Bush Vacancies and pending nominations ( edit ) Seat Seat last held by Vacancy reason Date of vacancy Nominee Date of nomination Gregory L. Frost Retirement May 2 , 2016 Sarah D. Morrison April 12 , 2018 9 Thomas M. Rose Senior Status June 30 , 2017 Matthew W. McFarland -- 6 Susan J. Dlott May 31 , 2018 -- -- 5 Michael Ryan Barrett February 15 , 2019 -- -- Former judges ( edit ) # Judge State Born -- died Active service Chief Judge Senior status Appointed by Reason for termination Humphrey H. Leavitt OH 1796 -- 1873 1855 -- 1871 -- -- Jackson retirement Philip Bergen Swing OH 1820 -- 1882 1871 -- 1882 -- -- Grant death George Read Sage OH 1828 -- 1898 1883 -- 1898 -- -- Arthur retirement Albert C. Thompson OH 1842 -- 1910 1898 -- 1910 -- -- McKinley death 5 John Elbert Sater OH 1854 -- 1937 1907 -- 1924 -- -- T. Roosevelt retirement 6 Howard Clark Hollister OH 1856 -- 1919 1910 -- 1919 -- -- Taft death 7 John Weld Peck OH 1874 -- 1937 1919 -- 1923 -- -- Wilson resignation 8 Smith Hickenlooper OH 1880 -- 1933 1923 -- 1929 -- -- Harding appointment to 6th Cir . 9 Benson W. Hough OH 1875 -- 1935 1925 -- 1935 -- -- Coolidge death 10 Robert Reasoner Nevin OH 1875 -- 1952 1929 -- 1952 1948 -- 1952 -- Coolidge death 11 Mell G. Underwood OH 1892 -- 1972 1936 -- 1965 1953 -- 1962 1965 -- 1972 F. Roosevelt death 12 John H. Druffel OH 1886 -- 1967 1937 -- 1961 -- 1961 -- 1967 F. Roosevelt death 13 Lester LeFevre Cecil OH 1893 -- 1982 1953 -- 1959 -- -- Eisenhower appointment to 6th Cir . 14 Carl Andrew Weinman OH 1903 -- 1979 1959 -- 1973 1962 -- 1973 1973 -- 1979 Eisenhower death 15 John Weld Peck II OH 1913 -- 1993 1961 -- 1966 -- -- Kennedy appointment to 6th Cir . 16 Joseph Peter Kinneary OH 1905 -- 2003 1966 -- 1986 1973 -- 1975 1986 -- 2003 L. Johnson death 17 Timothy Sylvester Hogan OH 1909 -- 1989 1966 -- 1979 1975 -- 1977 1979 -- 1989 L. Johnson death 18 David Stewart Porter OH 1909 -- 1989 1966 -- 1979 1977 -- 1979 1979 -- 1989 L. Johnson death 19 Carl Bernard Rubin OH 1920 -- 1995 1971 -- 1995 1979 -- 1990 -- Nixon death 20 Robert Morton Duncan OH 1927 -- 2012 1974 -- 1985 -- -- Nixon resignation 21 John David Holschuh OH 1926 -- 2011 1980 -- 1996 1990 -- 1996 1996 -- 2011 Carter death 23 S. Arthur Spiegel OH 1920 -- 2014 1980 -- 1995 -- 1995 -- 2014 Carter death 32 Gregory L. Frost OH 1949 -- present 2003 -- 2016 -- -- G.W. Bush retirement Jump up ^ Reassigned from District of Ohio Jump up ^ Recess appointment ; formally nominated on December 18 , 1883 , confirmed by the United States Senate on January 7 , 1884 , and received commission on January 7 , 1884 . Jump up ^ Recess appointment ; formally nominated on December 13 , 1898 , confirmed by the United States Senate on December 20 , 1898 , and received commission on December 20 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Recess appointment ; formally nominated on December 8 , 1908 , confirmed by the United States Senate on March 1 , 1909 , and received commission on March 1 , 1909 . Jump up ^ Recess appointment ; formally nominated on November 16 , 1937 , confirmed by the United States Senate on December 8 , 1937 , and received commission on December 14 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Recess appointment ; formally nominated on January 15 , 1962 , confirmed by the United States Senate on April 11 , 1962 , and received commission on April 12 , 1962 . Chief judges ( edit ) Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to their district court . Unlike the Supreme Court , where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief , the office of chief judge rotates among the district court judges . To be chief , a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year , be under the age of 65 , and have not previously served as chief judge . A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges . The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70 , whichever occurs first . The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position . When the office was created in 1948 , the chief judge was the longest - serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge . After August 6 , 1959 , judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old . The current rules have been in operation since October 1 , 1982 . Succession of seats ( edit ) Seat 1 Seat reassigned from District of Ohio on February 10 , 1855 by 10 Stat. 604 Leavitt 1855 -- 1871 Swing 1871 -- 1882 Sage 1884 -- 1898 Thompson 1898 -- 1910 Seat abolished on January 26 , 1910 ( temporary judgeship expired ) Seat 2 Seat established on February 25 , 1907 by 34 Stat. 928 ( temporary ) Seat became permanent upon the abolition of Seat 1 on January 26 , 1910 Sater 1909 -- 1924 Hough 1925 -- 1935 Underwood 1936 -- 1965 Kinneary 1966 -- 1986 Smith 1987 -- 2002 Frost 2003 -- 2016 vacant 2016 -- present Seat 3 Seat established on February 24 , 1910 by 36 Stat. 202 Hollister 1910 -- 1919 Peck 1919 -- 1923 Hickenlooper 1923 -- 1927 Nevin 1929 -- 1952 Cecil 1953 -- 1959 Weinman 1959 -- 1973 Duncan 1974 -- 1985 Graham 1986 -- 2004 Watson 2004 -- present Seat 4 Seat established on August 25 , 1937 by 50 Stat. 805 Druffel 1937 -- 1961 Seat abolished on September 30 , 1961 ( temporary judgeship expired ) Seat 5 Seat established on May 19 , 1961 by 75 Stat. 80 ( temporary ) Seat became permanent upon the abolition of Seat 4 on September 30 , 1961 Peck II 1961 -- 1966 Hogan 1966 -- 1979 Rice 1980 -- 2004 Barrett 2006 -- present Seat 6 Seat established on March 18 , 1966 by 80 Stat. 75 Porter 1966 -- 1979 Spiegel 1980 -- 1995 Dlott 1995 -- 2018 vacant 2018 -- present Seat 7 Seat established on June 2 , 1970 by 84 Stat. 294 Rubin 1971 -- 1995 Sargus , Jr . 1996 -- present Seat 8 Seat established on October 20 , 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 Holschuh 1980 -- 1996 Marbley 1997 -- present Seat 9 Seat established on July 10 , 1984 by 98 Stat. 347 Weber 1985 -- 2002 Rose 2002 -- 2017 vacant 2017 -- present Seat 10 Seat established on December 1 , 1990 by 104 Stat. 5089 Beckwith 1992 -- 2009 Black 2010 -- present Attorneys ( edit ) Term start Term end United States Attorney 1855 1856 Hugh J. Jewett 1856 1858 John O'Neill 1858 1861 Stanley Matthews 1861 1865 Flamen Ball 1865 1866 Richard Corwine 1866 1869 Durbin Ward 1869 1877 Warner Bateman 1877 1885 Channing Richards 1885 1887 Philip Kumler 1887 1889 William Burnet 1889 1894 John Herron 1894 1898 Harlan Cleveland 1898 1903 William Bundy 1903 1916 Sherman McPherson 1916 1920 Stuart Bolin 1920 1922 James Clark 1922 1923 Thomas Morrow 1923 1925 Benson W. Hough 1925 1934 Haveth Mau 1934 1939 Francis Canny 1939 1939 James Cleveland 1939 1944 Leo Crawford 1944 1946 Byron B. Harlan 1946 1953 Ray O'Donnell 1953 1961 Hugh Martin 1961 1966 Joseph Peter Kinneary 1966 1969 Robert Draper 1969 1969 Roger Makley 1969 1977 William Milligan 1977 1978 James Rattan 1978 1982 James Cissell 1982 1985 Christopher Barnes 1985 1986 Anthony Nyktas 1986 1993 Michael Crites 1993 1993 Barbara Beran 1993 Edmund A. Sargus Jr . 1997 Dale Goldberg 1997 2001 Sharon Zealey 2001 2001 Salvador Dominguez 2001 2009 Gregory Lockhart 2009 2016 Carter M. Stewart 2016 Incumbent Benjamin C. Glassman ( Acting ) See also ( edit ) Courts of Ohio List of United States federal courthouses in Ohio United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio United States federal judicial district Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Asbury Dickens , A Synoptical Index to the Laws and Treaties of the United States of America ( 1852 ) , p. 392 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. District Courts of Ohio , Legislative history , Federal Judicial Center . Jump up ^ Future Judicial Vacancies Jump up ^ `` History of the U.S. Attorney Southern District of Ohio '' . United States Attorney 's Office Southern District of Ohio . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) The court 's official site U.S. Attorney 's site , with map of district Current active district judges of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals E. Kentucky Caldwell Reeves Bunning Van Tatenhove Boom Wier W. Kentucky McKinley Stivers Hale Boom Jennings E. Michigan Hood Borman Roberts Lawson Cox Ludington Murphy Goldsmith Drain Berg Leitman Levy Michelson Parker 1 seat vacant W. Michigan Jonker Maloney Neff 1 seat vacant N. Ohio Gaughan Oliver Gwin Polster Adams Boyko Zouhary Lioi Pearson Helmick 1 seat vacant S. Ohio Sargus Marbley Watson Barrett Black 3 seats vacant E. Tennessee Varlan Mattice Reeves McDonough 1 seat vacant M. Tennessee Crenshaw Trauger Campbell Richardson W. Tennessee Anderson Fowlkes Lipman Parker Norris ( Designate ) Current senior district judges of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals E. Kentucky Bertelsman Wilhoit Hood W. Kentucky Simpson Russell E. Michigan Harvey Churchill Cohn Newblatt Friedman Cleland Edmunds O'Meara Steeh Tarnow Battani W. Michigan Bell Quist N. Ohio Carr Economus Nugent S. Ohio Rice Weber Graham Smith Beckwith Dlott Rose E. Tennessee Edgar Jordan Collier Phillips Greer M. Tennessee Wiseman Nixon W. Tennessee Todd McCalla Mays Breen United States district and territorial courts List of United States district and territorial courts District Courts Alabama ( M , N , S ) Alaska Arizona Arkansas ( E , W ) California ( C , E , N , S ) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida ( M , N , S ) Georgia ( M , N , S ) Hawaii Idaho Illinois ( C , N , S ) Indiana ( N , S ) Iowa ( N , S ) Kansas Kentucky ( E , W ) Louisiana ( E , M , W ) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan ( E , W ) Minnesota Mississippi ( N , S ) Missouri ( E , W ) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( E , N , S , W ) North Carolina ( E , M , W ) North Dakota Ohio ( N , S ) Oklahoma ( E , N , W ) Oregon Pennsylvania ( E , M , W ) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee ( E , M , W ) Texas ( E , N , S , W ) Utah Vermont Virginia ( E , W ) Washington ( E , W ) West Virginia ( N , S ) Wisconsin ( E , W ) Wyoming Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China Coordinates : 39 ° 06 ′ 06.8 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 38.4 '' W / 39.101889 ° N 84.510667 ° W / 39.101889 ; - 84.510667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Ohio&oldid=863944740 '' Categories : United States district courts Ohio law Columbus , Ohio Cincinnati Dayton , Ohio 1855 establishments in Ohio Courthouses in Ohio Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 02 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	us district court for the southern district of ohio	[]	[]
-8023195038883414801	Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens	Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens Jump to : navigation , search A non-biometric Sri Lankan passport Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Sri Lanka . As of 1 January 2017 , Sri Lankan citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 38 countries and territories , ranking the Sri Lankan passport 95th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Bangladeshi and Iranian passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index. Although Sri Lanka is a middle income country , successive Sri Lankan governments have made little or no efforts to improve the standing of the passport . Considering the extent of the Sri Lankan diaspora , a passport with wider access to the world could contribute to a more competitive and future ready society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Dependent and autonomous territories 4 Passport validity 5 Limitations on passport use 6 Fingerprinting 7 See also 8 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens Sri Lanka Visa Free Visa available on arrival Electronic authorization or eVisa required Visa available both on arrival or online Visa Required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa required Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid Or previously used visa issued by a Schengen area country , United States , or the United Kingdom Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa de facto required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry . Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa Argentina Visa required Armenia Visa required Australia and territories Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Austria Visa required Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain Visa required Visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 14 days who holds a valid residency permit Gulf Cooperation Council countries , who have already stayed for more than six months in their country of residence Bangladesh Visa required Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa required Belgium Visa required Belize Visa required Benin eVisa Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry for 15 days Botswana Visa required Brazil Visa required Visa Free for Diplomatic & Official Passport holders Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia Visa on arrival Must arrive through designated airports Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa required China Visa required 30 days VISA on arrival for Official Passport holders Colombia Visa required Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa required Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire Visa required Croatia Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry Cuba Visa required Visa Free for Diplomatic & Official Passport holders Cyprus Visa required Czech Republic Visa required Denmark Visa required Djibouti Visa on arrival Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa required Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt Visa required El Salvador Visa required Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa required Ethiopia Visa required Fiji Visa required Finland Visa required France Visa required Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days ; must obtain an entry clearance from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel Georgia Visa required eVisa available for holders of a valid Schengen visa or a valid visa from any of the OECD member countries ; or a valid residence permit of a Schengen or OECD country or holders of visas or residence permits of other GCC ( Gulf Cooperation Council ) countries can travel to Georgia visa - free for a period of 90 days . They get an entry stamp to Georgia upon arrival . However , it must be noted that the GCC resident permit should be at least 6 - month old for Georgia visa exemption . Germany Visa required Ghana Visa required Greece Visa required Grenada Visa not required 3 months Guatemala Visa required Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa required Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa required Hungary Visa required Iceland Visa required India e-Visa 60 days ; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa required Visa is issued free of charge . Israel Visa required Italy Visa required Jamaica Visa required Japan Visa required Jordan Visa required Kazakhstan Visa required Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa required Maximum touristic stay of 30 days if holding a valid visa or e-visa from Schengen states , Ireland , USA , UK , New Zealand , Australia , Canada or Cyprus , and travelling to or from those countries . Kuwait Visa required GCC residents can apply for e-Visa if they have residency in one of the GCC countries ( Saudi Arabia - Bahrain - Qatar - United Arab Emirates - Oman ) Kyrgyzstan eVisa Laos Visa required Latvia Visa required Lebanon Visa required In addition to a visa , an approval should be obtained from the Immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security ( La Surete Generale ) . Lesotho Visa not required 90 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry for a maximum of 15 days , and at least 5 more than the stay . Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia eVisa May apply online . Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa required Visa Free for only diplomatic passport holders Marshall Islands Visa required Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa on arrival 60 days Mexico Visa required Holders of a valid visa for Canada , Japan , USA , UK or a Schengen member state may stay for a maximum of 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova eVisa May apply online . Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry for a maximum of 30 days Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon International Airport . Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa required New Zealand and territories Visa required Nicaragua Visa required Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Foreigners residing in GCC countries may obtain a visa on arrival in Oman . Entry visas are issued to residents of any GCC country who arrive directly from any GCC county . Restrictions apply to non-degree related professions ( e.g. labourers , carpenters ) . Entry visas are also granted to members of the resident 's family as long as they enter together . Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa required Philippines Visa required 30 Days Visa - Free for Diplomatic & Official passport holders Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar eVisa Romania Visa required Multiple - entry Schengen visa covers entry Russia Visa required 30 Days Visa - Free for Diplomatic & Official passport holders Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required Saint Lucia Visa required Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Visa is obtained online . Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa on arrival Serbia Visa required Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States . Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa required 30 days visa on arrival , provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival . South Africa Visa required South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa required Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa required Tanzania Visa required Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa required Tunisia Visa required Turkey Visa required Conditional E-Visa . Maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States . Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . May apply online . Ukraine Visa required United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom excluding some Overseas territories Visa required United States and territories Visa required Uruguay Visa required Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa required Vietnam Visa required Prearranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang airports . Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa Zimbabwe eVisa Dependent and autonomous territories ( edit ) Countries Conditions of access Notes United Kingdom Anguilla Visa required Bermuda Visa not required British Virgin Islands Visa not required Cayman Islands Visa not required Falkland Islands Visa required Gibraltar Visa required Visa exemptions for holders of a valid UK multiple entry visa Or holders of an EU family residence permit Guernsey Visa not required Isle of Man Visa required Jersey Visa required Montserrat Visa not required China Hong Kong Visa required Macau Visa required Denmark Faroe Islands Visa required Greenland Visa required Netherlands Aruba Visa required Caribbean Netherlands Visa required Includes Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba Curaçao Visa required Sint Maarten Visa required France French Guiana Visa required French Polynesia Visa required French West Indies Visa required Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy Mayotte Visa required New Caledonia Visa required Réunion Visa required Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required Wallis and Futuna Visa required New Zealand Cook Islands Visa not required Niue Visa not required Tokelau Visa required United States American Samoa Visa required Guam Visa required Northern Mariana Islands Visa required U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required Puerto Rico Visa required Passport validity ( edit ) Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages . Limitations on passport Use ( edit ) Visitors Holding Israeli passport or any passports showing evidence of travelling to Israel are not allowed to Enter the Arab League countries due to Arab League boycott of Israel , many Arab League countries refuse entry to travelers whose passport shows evidence of entry into Israel or hold an unused Israeli visa . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival . See also ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Visa policy of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan passport Foreign relations of Sri Lanka References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa free travel '' . Sunday Observer. 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . Jump up ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . Jump up ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . Jump up ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . Jump up ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . Jump up ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . Jump up ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic Jump up ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . Jump up ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/Visa%20Requirements%20for%20Belize%20December%202013%20-Web%20version.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . Jump up ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . Jump up ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Jump up ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . Jump up ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . Jump up ^ ( www.mofat.gov.bn/Pages/Visa-Information.aspx Country category for visa application ) , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . Jump up ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . Jump up ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . Jump up ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gabon e-Visa Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Entry clearance is not required if traveling as tourists on a charter flight . Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.evisa.gov.ge/GeoVisa/Countries/Index.html Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . Jump up ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . Jump up ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Jump up ^ e-Visa Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . Jump up ^ No fee required Jump up ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/visa/application/index.jsp?menu=m_40_10 Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ `` Visa Online Applications '' . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ `` Visa Online Applications '' . Jump up ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Myanmar eVisa Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . Jump up ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . Jump up ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ UK visa requirements : list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom , 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ http://www.vietseatourist.vn/News/category1/news-57/No-visa-required-for-tourists-to-Phu-Quoc-on-short-stay.html Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . Jump up ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . Jump up ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . Jump up ^ Immigration Ordinance 1999 , Falkland Islands Government , 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar . Jump up ^ Immigration Details for the Isle of Man Jump up ^ Visa and passport requirements for visitors Jump up ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . Jump up ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . Jump up ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Ruling of 4 February 2015 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Mayotte , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Ruling of 22 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of New Caledonia , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements Jump up ^ Visas and immigration , Discover Cook Islands . Jump up ^ Travelling to Niue , Niue Tourism Office . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . Jump up ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters Editorial ( 20 November 2007 ) . `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors '' . Jump up ^ Cambodia Country Specific Information Jump up ^ Malaysia Country Specific Information Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . SecureIDNews . Jump up ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management '' . Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Africa Kenya South Africa Americas Cuba United States Asia Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Malaysia Maldives Pakistan Philippines Europe Denmark Estonia Holy See Hungary Russia Switzerland United Kingdom Oceania Australia Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Minister ) Diplomatic missions of / in Sri Lanka List of heads of missions from Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Overseas Service Bandaranaike International Diplomatic Training Institute Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies International organizations United Nations G77 IAEA IMF ISO Commonwealth of Nations NAM SAARC UNESCO WHO WTO SAEU BIMSTEC Ministry of Foreign Affairs website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Sri_Lankan_citizens&oldid=818146533 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	countries you can travel with sri lankan passport	[]	[]
-7371981527993737277	Mountain	Mountain - wikipedia Mountain Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mountain ( disambiguation ) . Mount Ararat , Armenia A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area , usually in the form of a peak . A mountain is generally steeper than a hill . Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism . These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth . Mountains erode slowly through the action of rivers , weather conditions , and glaciers . A few mountains are isolated summits , but most occur in huge mountain ranges . High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level . These colder climates strongly affect the ecosystems of mountains : different elevations have different plants and animals . Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate , mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation , such as mountain climbing . The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia , whose summit is 8,850 m ( 29,035 ft ) above mean sea level . The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m ( 69,459 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Geology 2.1 Volcanoes 2.2 Fold mountains 2.3 Block mountains 2.4 Erosion 3 Climate 4 Ecology 5 Mountains and humans 5.1 Mountain societies and economies 5.2 Mountaneering 6 Superlatives 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Definition Peaks of Mount Kenya Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea There is no universally accepted definition of a mountain . Elevation , volume , relief , steepness , spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain . In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as `` a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which , relatively to the adjacent elevation , is impressive or notable . '' Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage . Mount Scott outside Lawton , Oklahoma is only 251 m ( 823 ft ) from its base to its highest point . Whittow 's Dictionary of Physical Geography states `` Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) as mountains , those below being referred to as hills . '' In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland , a mountain is usually defined as any summit at least 2,000 feet ( or 610 metres ) high , whilst the official UK government 's definition of a mountain , for the purposes of access , is a summit of 600 metres or higher . In addition , some definitions also include a topographical prominence requirement , typically 100 or 500 feet ( 30 or 152 m ) . For a while , the US defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) or taller . Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill . However , today , the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) concludes that these terms do not have technical definitions in the US . The UN Environmental Programme 's definition of `` mountainous environment '' includes any of the following : Elevation of at least 2,500 m ( 8,200 ft ) ; Elevation of at least 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) , with a slope greater than 2 degrees ; Elevation of at least 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) , with a slope greater than 5 degrees ; Elevation of at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) , with a 300 m ( 980 ft ) elevation range within 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) . Using these definitions , mountains cover 33 % of Eurasia , 19 % of South America , 24 % of North America , and 14 % of Africa . As a whole , 24 % of the Earth 's land mass is mountainous . Geology Main articles : Mountain formation and List of mountain types There are three main types of mountains : volcanic , fold , and block . All three types are formed from plate tectonics : when portions of the Earth 's crust move , crumple , and dive . Compressional forces , isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward , creating a landform higher than the surrounding features . The height of the feature makes it either a hill or , if higher and steeper , a mountain . Major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs , indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity . Volcanoes Main article : Volcano Geological cross-section of Fuji volcano Volcanoes are formed when a plate is pushed below another plate , or at a mid-ocean ridge or hotspot . At a depth of around 100 km , melting occurs in rock above the slab ( due to the addition of water ) , and forms magma that reaches the surface . When the magma reaches the surface , it often builds a volcanic mountain , such as a shield volcano or a stratovolcano . Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines . The magma does not have to reach the surface in order to create a mountain : magma that solidifies below ground can still form dome mountains , such as Navajo Mountain in the US . Fold mountains Illustration of mountains that developed on a fold that thrusted . Main article : Fold mountains Fold mountains occur when two plates collide : shortening occurs along thrust faults and the crust is overthickened . Since the less dense continental crust `` floats '' on the denser mantle rocks beneath , the weight of any crustal material forced upward to form hills , plateaus or mountains must be balanced by the buoyancy force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle . Thus the continental crust is normally much thicker under mountains , compared to lower lying areas . Rock can fold either symmetrically or asymmetrically . The upfolds are anticlines and the downfolds are synclines : in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and overturned folds . The Jura Mountains are an example of fold mountains . Block mountains Main article : Block mountains The Catskills in Upstate New York represent an eroded plateau . Block mountains are caused by faults in the crust : a plane where rocks have moved past each other . When rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other , it can form a mountain . The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts . The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben : these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems . This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa , the Vosges , the Basin and Range Province of Western North America and the Rhine valley . These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned . Erosion Main article : Erosion Kitty Ann Mountain is an eroded mountain in the Ramapo mountain range in New Jersey and New York During and following uplift , mountains are subjected to the agents of erosion ( water , wind , ice , and gravity ) which gradually wear the uplifted area down . Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that form the mountains themselves . Glacial processes produce characteristic landforms , such as pyramidal peaks , knife - edge arêtes , and bowl - shaped cirques that can contain lakes . Plateau mountains , such as the Catskills , are formed from the erosion of an uplifted plateau . In earth science , erosion is the action of surface processes ( such as water flow or wind ) that removes soil , rock , or dissolved material from one location on the Earth 's crust , and then transport it away to another location ( not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement ) . The particulate breakdown of rock or soil into clastic sediment is referred to as physical or mechanical erosion ; this contrasts with chemical erosion , where soil or rock material is removed from an area by its dissolving into a solvent ( typically water ) , followed by the flow away of that solution . Eroded sediment or solutes may be transported just a few millimeters , or for thousands of kilometers . Climate Main article : Alpine climate A combination of high latitude and high altitude makes the northern Urals in picture to have climatic conditions that make the ground barren . Climate in the mountains becomes colder at high elevations , due an interaction between radiation and convection . Sunlight in the visible spectrum hits the ground and heats it . The ground then heats the air at the surface . If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space , the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K ( 60 ° C ; 140 ° F ) , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height . However , when air is hot , it tends to expand , which lowers its density . Thus , hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward . This is the process of convection . Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel at air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings . Air is a poor conductor of heat , so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat . This is known as an adiabatic process , which has a characteristic pressure - temperature dependence . As the pressure gets lower , the temperature decreases . The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the adiabatic lapse rate , which is approximately 9.8 ° C per kilometer ( or 5.4 ° F per 1000 feet ) of altitude . Note that the presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection . Water vapor contains latent heat of vaporization . As air rises and cools , it eventually becomes saturated and can not hold its quantity of water vapor . The water vapor condenses ( forming clouds ) , and releases heat , which changes the lapse rate from the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the moist adiabatic lapse rate ( 5.5 ° C per kilometer or 3 ° F per 1000 feet ) The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location . Therefore , moving up 100 meters on a mountain is roughly equivalent to moving 80 kilometers ( 45 miles or 0.75 ° of latitude ) towards the nearest pole . This relationship is only approximate , however , since local factors such as proximity to oceans ( such as the Arctic Ocean ) can drastically modify the climate . As the altitude increases , the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase . The effect of the climate on the ecology at an elevation can be largely captured through a combination of amount of precipitation , and the biotemperature , as described by Leslie Holdridge in 1947 . Biotemperature is the mean temperature ; all temperatures below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) are considered to be 0 ° C. When the temperature is below 0 ° C , plants are dormant , so the exact temperature is unimportant . The peaks of mountains with permanent snow can have a biotemperature below 1.5 ° C ( 34.7 ° F ) . Ecology Main article : Montane ecology An alpine mire in the Swiss Alps The colder climate on mountains affects the plants and animals residing on mountains . A particular set of plants and animals tend to be adapted to a relatively narrow range of climate . Thus , ecosystems tend to lie along elevation bands of roughly constant climate . This is called altitudinal zonation . In regions with dry climates , the tendency of mountains to have higher precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions , which enhances zonation . Some plants and animals found in altitudinal zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus constrain their movements or dispersal . These isolated ecological systems are known as sky islands . Altitudinal zones tend to follow a typical pattern . At the highest elevations , trees can not grow , and whatever life may be present will be of the alpine type , resembling tundra . Just below the tree line , one may find subalpine forests of needleleaf trees , which can withstand cold , dry conditions . Below that , montane forests grow . In the temperate portions of the earth , those forests tend to be needleleaf trees , while in the tropics , they can be broadleaf trees growing in a rain forest . Mountains and humans See also : List of highest cities in the world The silver - rich Cerro Rico in Potosí , Bolivia , was in colonial times an immerse source of wealth for the Spanish administration . The highest known permanently tolerable altitude is at 5,950 metres ( 19,520 ft ) . At very high altitudes , the decreasing atmospheric pressure means that less oxygen is available for breathing , and there is less protection against solar radiation ( UV ) . Above 8,000 metres ( 26,000 ft ) elevation , there is not enough oxygen to support human life . This is known as the `` death zone '' . The summits of Mount Everest and K2 are in the death zone . Mountain societies and economies Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands , because of harsh weather and little level ground suitable for agriculture . While 7 % of the land area of Earth is above 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) , only 140 million people live above that altitude and only 20 - 30 million people above 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ) elevation . About half of mountain dwellers live in the Andes , Central Asia , and Africa . With limited access to infrastructure , only a handful of human communities exist above 4,000 metres ( 13,000 ft ) of elevation . Many are small and have heavily specialized economies , often relying on industries such as agriculture , mining , and tourism . An example of such a specialized town is La Rinconada , Peru , a gold - mining town and the highest elevation human habitation at 5,100 metres ( 16,700 ft ) . A counterexample is El Alto , Bolivia , at 4,150 metres ( 13,620 ft ) , which has a highly diverse service and manufacturing economy and a population of nearly 1 million . Traditional mountain societies rely on agriculture , with higher risk of crop failure than at lower elevations . Minerals often occur in mountains , with mining being an important component of the economics of some montane societies . More recently , tourism supports mountain communities , with some intensive development around attractions such as national parks or ski resorts . About 80 % of mountain people live below the poverty line . Most of the world 's rivers are fed from mountain sources , with snow acting as a storage mechanism for downstream users . More than half of humanity depends on mountains for water . In geopolitics mountains are often seen as preferable `` natural boundaries '' between polities . Mountaneering Mountain climbers ascending Mount Rainier Mountaineering , mountain climbing , or alpinism is the sport , hobby or profession of hiking , skiing , and climbing mountains . While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big mountains it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three areas : rock - craft , snow - craft and skiing , depending on whether the route chosen is over rock , snow or ice . All require experience , athletic ability , and technical knowledge to maintain safety . Superlatives Main article : List of highest mountains Mount Everest , the highest peak on Earth Chimborazo , Ecuador . The point on Earth 's surface farthest from its center . Heights of mountains are typically measured above sea level . Using this metric , Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth , at 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) . There are at least 100 mountains with heights of over 7,200 metres ( 23,622 ft ) above sea level , all of which are located in central and southern Asia . The highest mountains above sea level are generally not the highest above the surrounding terrain . There is no precise definition of surrounding base , but Denali , Mount Kilimanjaro and Nanga Parbat are possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure . The bases of mountain islands are below sea level , and given this consideration Mauna Kea ( 4,207 m ( 13,802 ft ) above sea level ) is the world 's tallest mountain and volcano , rising about 10,203 m ( 33,474 ft ) from the Pacific Ocean floor . The highest mountains are not generally the most voluminous . Mauna Loa ( 4,169 m or 13,678 ft ) is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area ( about 2,000 sq mi or 5,200 km ) and volume ( about 18,000 cu mi or 75,000 km ) . Mount Kilimanjaro is the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area ( 245 sq mi or 635 km ) and volume ( 1,150 cu mi or 4,793 km ) . Mount Logan is the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area ( 120 sq mi or 311 km ) . The highest mountains above sea level are also not those with peaks farthest from the centre of the Earth , because the figure of the Earth is not spherical . Sea level closer to the equator is several miles farther from the centre of the Earth . The summit of Chimborazo , Ecuador 's tallest mountain , is usually considered to be the farthest point from the Earth 's centre , although the southern summit of Peru 's tallest mountain , Huascarán , is another contender . Both have elevations above sea level more than 2 kilometres ( 6,600 ft ) less than that of Everest . See also Mountains portal Environment portal Ecology portal Latin names of mountains List of mountain ranges List of peaks by prominence List of ski areas and resorts Lists of mountains Mountain hut Notes ^ Jump up to : Gerrard 1990 . Jump up ^ Whittow , John ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of Physical Geography . London : Penguin . p. 352 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 051094 - X . Jump up ^ Nuttall , John & Anne ( 2008 ) . England . The Mountains of England & Wales . 2 ( 3rd ed . ) . Milnthorpe , Cumbria : Cicerone . ISBN 1 - 85284 - 037 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Survey turns hill into a mountain '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Mountain is a Mountain -- is n't it ? '' . www.go4awalk.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` mountain '' . dictionary.reference.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Listing the Irish hills and mountains '' ( PDF ) . Irish Geography . Coleraine : University of Ulster. 34 ( 1 ) : 89 . doi : 10.1080 / 00750770109555778 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What is a `` Mountain '' ? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that ... '' Metric Views . Archived from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Helman , Adam ( 2005 ) . The Finest Peaks - Prominence and Other Mountain Measures . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1412059954 . Jump up ^ `` What is the difference between lake and pond ; mountain and hill ; or river and creek ? '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Blyth 2002 , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth 2002 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Panos ( 2002 ) . `` High Stakes '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Mountain building '' . Science matters : earth and beyond ; module 4 . Pearson South Africa . 2002 . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 7986 - 6059 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Butz , Stephen D ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Plate tectonics '' . Science of Earth Systems . Thompson / Delmar Learning . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 3391 - 7 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerrard 1990 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Searle , Michael P ( 2007 ) . `` Diagnostic features and processes in the construction and evolution of Oman - , Zagros - , Himalayan - , Karakoram - , and Tibetan type orogenic belts '' . In Robert D. Hatcher Jr. ; MP Carlson ; JH McBride ; JR Martinez Catalán. 4 - D framework of continental crust . Geological Society of America . p. 41 ff . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 1200 - 9 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Press , Frank ; Siever , Raymond ( 1985 ) . Earth ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1743 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Scott ( 2006 ) . `` Figure 13 - 1 '' . CliffsQuickReview Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78937 - 2 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Fraknoi , Morrison & Wolff 2004 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Goody , Richard M. ; Walker , James C.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Atmospheric Temperatures '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheres . Prentice - Hall . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate '' . tpub.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Blyth 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Factors affecting climate '' . The United Kingdom Environmental Change Network . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Blyth 2002 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Lugo , Ariel E. ; Brown , Sandra L. ; Dodson , Rusty ; Smith , Tom S. ; Shugart , Hank H. ( 1999 ) . `` The Holdridge Life Zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping '' . Journal of Biogeography. 26 ( 5 ) : 1025 -- 1038 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.1999. 00329. x . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Daubenmire , R.F. ( June 1943 ) . `` Vegetational Zonation in the Rocky Mountains '' . Botanical Review . 9 ( 6 ) : 325 -- 393 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02872481 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau : C. Hart Merriam and the Life Zones Concept '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tweit , Susan J. ( 1992 ) . The Great Southwest Nature Factbook . Alaska Northwest Books . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 0 - 88240 - 434 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Tree '' . Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2003 . Microsoft Corporation . 2002 ( 1993 ) . 60210 - 442 - 1635445 - 74407 . Jump up ^ West , JB ( 2002 ) . `` Highest permanent human habitation '' . High Altitude Medical Biology . 3 ( 4 ) : 401 -- 7 . doi : 10.1089 / 15270290260512882 . PMID 12631426 . Jump up ^ `` Everest : The Death Zone '' . Nova . PBS . 24 February 1998 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Lorna G. ( 2001 ) . `` Human Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude '' . High Alt Med Biol. 2 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 279 . doi : 10.1089 / 152702901750265341 . PMID 11443005 . Jump up ^ Cook , James D. ; Boy , Erick ; Flowers , Carol ; del Carmen Daroca , Maria ( 2005 ) . `` The influence of high - altitude living on body iron '' . Blood . 106 ( 4 ) : 1441 -- 1446 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2004 - 12 - 4782 . PMID 15870179 . Jump up ^ Finnegan , William ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Tears of the Sun '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` El Alto , Bolivia : A New World Out Of Differences '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Blyth 2002 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Blyth 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` International Year of Freshwater 2003 '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Institute '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 7 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Kolossov , V. ( 2005 ) . Border studies : changing perspectives and theoretical approaches . Geopolitics , 10 ( 4 ) , 606 - 632 . Jump up ^ Van Houtum , H. ( 2005 ) . The geopolitics of borders and boundaries . Geopolitics , 10 ( 4 ) , 672 - 679 . Jump up ^ Cox , Steven M. ; Fulsaas , Kris , eds. ( 2009 ) ( 2003 ) . Mountaineering : The Freedom of the Hills ( 7 ed . ) . Seattle : The Mountaineers . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 828 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Highest ' Spot on Earth '' . Npr.org. 7 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest 's height '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Helman , Adam ( 2005 ) . The Finest Peaks : Prominence and Other Mountain Measures . Trafford . p. 9 . ISBN 1412236649 . the base to peak rise of Denali is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level , some 18,000 feet . Jump up ^ `` Mountains : Highest Points on Earth '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaye , G.D. ( 2002 ) . `` Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano , Hawaii '' . 98th Annual Meeting . Geological Society of America . Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert ( 7 April 2007 ) . `` The ' Highest ' Spot on Earth ? '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . References Blyth , S. ; Groombridge , B. ; Lysenko , I. ; Miles , L. ; Newton , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Mountain Watch '' ( PDF ) . UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre , Cambridge , UK . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Fraknoi , A. ; Morrison , D. ; Wolff , S. ( 2004 ) . Voyages to the Planets ( 3rd ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson Books / Cole . ISBN 9780534395674 . Gerrard , A.J. ( 1990 ) . Mountain Environments : An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262071284 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountain . `` Mountain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Quotations related to Mountains at Wikiquote ( hide ) Earth 's landforms List of landforms Mountainous Table Butte Flat Hill Mountain Mountain range Plateau Ridge Valley Continental plain Ice sheet Plain Steppe Tundra Fluvial Alluvial fan Beach Canyon Cave Channel Cliff Floodplain Lake Levee Meander Oasis Pond Rapids River River delta River mouth River valley Strait Swamp Waterfall Glacial Arête Cirque Esker Fjord Glacier Tunnel valley Oceanic and coastal landforms Atoll Bay Cape Channel Coast Continental shelf Coral reef Estuary High island Island Isthmus Lagoon Mid-ocean ridge Oceanic trench Peninsula Seamount Volcanic Caldera Crater lake Geyser High island Mid-ocean ridge Lava dome Lava field Lava plateau Submarine volcano Guyot Volcanic crater Volcanic plug Volcano Wall rock Aeolian Desert Dry lake Dune Sandhill Tundra Artificial Artificial island Artificial reef Bridge Building Canal ( man - made ) Dam Ditch Land reclamation Levee Polder Quarry Reservoir Road Tunnel See also : Geographical feature GND : 4144619 - 7 NARA : 10647488 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain&oldid=840904839 '' Categories : Mountains Geography terminology Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from January 2018 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Iñupiak IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand ꆇꉙ Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo ГӀалгӀай Lingua Franca Nova 165 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how tall does a hill have to be a mountain	[]	[]
-4253732813776764776	Packed red blood cells	Packed red blood cells - wikipedia Packed red blood cells Jump to : navigation , search Packed red blood cells Bag of packed red blood cells . Clinical data Synonyms stored packed red blood cells , packed cells , red cell concentrate Routes of administration IV ATC code B05AX01 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none Packed red blood cells , also known as red cell concentrate and packed cells , are red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusion . They are typically used in anemia that is either resulting in symptoms or when the hemoglobin is less than 70 -- 80 g / L ( 7 -- 8 g / dL ) . One unit brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g / L ( 1 g / dL ) . Repeated transfusions may be required in people receiving cancer chemotherapy or who have hemoglobin disorders . Cross matching is typically required before the blood is given . It is given by injection into a vein . Side effects include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , volume overload , and lung injury . With current preparation methods in the developed world the risk of viral infections such as hepatitis C and HIV / AIDS are less than one in a million . Packed red blood cells are gotten from whole blood or by apheresis . They typically last for three to six weeks . The widespread use of packed red blood cells began in the 1960s . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . In the United Kingdom they cost about 120 pounds per unit . A number of other versions also exist including whole blood , leukocyte reduced red blood cells , and washed red blood cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Side effects 3 Compatibility testing 4 Collection , processing , and use 5 Name 6 See also 7 References Medical uses ( edit ) Blood transfusion is typically recommended when hemoglobin levels reach 70 g / L ( 7 g / dL ) in those who have stable vital signs . For those with heart disease or having surgery it is recommended at 8 g / dL . RBCs are used to restore oxygen - carrying capacity in people with anemia due to trauma or other medical problems , and are by far the most common blood component used in transfusion medicine . Historically they were transfused as part of whole blood , are now typically used separately as RBCs and plasma components . The process of identifying a compatible blood product for transfusion is complicated . Side effects ( edit ) Side effects can include allergic reactions including anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , and lung injury . Giving incompatible RBCs to a person can be fatal . Compatibility testing ( edit ) To avoid transfusion reactions , the donor and recipient blood are tested , typically ordered as a `` type and screen '' for the recipient . The `` type '' in this case is the ABO and Rh type , specifically the phenotype , and the `` screen '' refers to testing for atypical antibodies that might cause transfusion problems . The typing and screening are also performed on donor blood . The blood groups represent antigens on the surface of the red blood cells which might react with antibodies in the recipient . The ABO blood group system has four basic phenotypes : O , A , B , and AB . In the former Soviet Union these were called I , II , III , and IV , respectively . There are two important antigens in the system : A and B. Red cells without A or B are called type O , and red cells with both are called AB . Except in unusual cases like infants or seriously immunocompromised individuals , all people will have antibodies to any ABO blood type that is n't present on their own red blood cells , and will have an immediate hemolytic reaction to a unit that is not compatible with their ABO type . In addition to the A and B antigens , there are rare variations which can further complicate transfusions , such as the Bombay phenotype . The Rh blood group system consists of nearly around 50 different antigens , but the one of the greatest clinical interest is the `` D '' antigen , though it has other names and is commonly just called `` negative '' or `` positive . '' Unlike the ABO antigens , a recipient will not usually react to the first incompatible transfusion because the adaptive immune system does not immediately recognize it . After an incompatible transfusion the recipient may develop an antibody to the antigen and will react to any further incompatible transfusions . This antibody is important because it is the most frequent cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn . Incompatible red blood cells are sometimes given to recipients who will never become pregnant , such as males or postmenopausal women , as long as they do not have an antibody , since the greatest risk of Rh incompatible blood is to current or future pregnancies . For RBCs , type O negative blood is considered a `` universal donor '' as recipients with types A , B , or AB can almost always receive O negative blood safely . Type AB positive is considered a `` universal recipient '' because they can receive the other ABO / Rh types safely . These are not truly universal , as other red cell antigens can further complicate transfusions . There are many other human blood group systems and most of them are only rarely associated with transfusion problems . A screening test is used to identify if the recipient has any antibodies to any of these other blood group systems . If the screening test is positive , a complex set of tests must follow to identify which antibody the recipient has by process of elimination . Finding suitable blood for transfusion when a recipient has multiple antibodies or antibodies to extremely common antigens can be very difficult and time - consuming . Because this testing can take time , doctors will sometimes order a unit of blood transfused before it can be completed if the recipient is in critical condition . Typically two to four units of O negative blood are used in these situations , since they are unlikely to cause a reaction . A potentially fatal reaction is possible if the recipient has pre-existing antibodies , and uncrossmatched blood is only used in dire circumstances . Since O negative blood is not common , other blood types may be used if the situation is desperate . Collection , processing , and use ( edit ) Most frequently , whole blood is collected from a blood donation and is spun in a centrifuge . The red blood cells are denser and settle to the bottom , and the majority of the liquid blood plasma remains on the top . The plasma is separated and the red blood cells are kept with a minimal amount of fluid . Generally , an additive solution of citrate , dextrose , and adenine is mixed with the cells to keep them alive during storage . This process is sometimes done as automated apheresis , where the centrifuging and mixing take place at the donation site . Red blood cells are sometimes modified to address specific patient needs . The most common modification is leukoreduction , where the donor blood is filtered to remove white cells , although this is becoming increasingly universal throughout the blood supply ( over 80 % in the US , 100 % in Europe ) . The blood may also be irradiated , which destroys the DNA in the white cells and prevents graft versus host disease , which may happen if the blood donor and recipient are closely related , and is also important for immunocompromized patients . Other modifications , such as washing the RBCs to remove any remaining plasma , are much less common . With additive solutions , RBCs are typically kept at refrigerated temperatures for up to 45 days . In some patients , use of RBCs that are much fresher is important ; for example , US guidelines call for blood less than seven days old to be used for neonatals , to `` ensure optimal cell function '' . However , the phenomenon of RBC storage lesion and its implications for transfusion efficacy are complex and remain controversial ( see blood bank and blood transfusion articles ) . With the addition of glycerol or other cryoprotectants , RBCs can be frozen and thus stored for much longer ( this is not common ) . Frozen RBCs are typically assigned a ten - year expiration date , though older units have been transfused successfully . The freezing process is expensive and time - consuming and is generally reserved for rare units such as ones that can be used in patients that have unusual antibodies . Since frozen RBCs have glycerol added , the added glycerol must be removed by washing the red blood cells using special equipment , such as the IBM 2991 cell processor in a similar manner to washing RBCs . The processing ( often termed `` manufacture '' , since the end result is deemed a biologic biopharmaceutical product ) and the storage can occur at a collection center and / or a blood bank . RBCs are mixed with an anticoagulant and storage solution which provides nutrients and aims to preserve viability and functionality of the cells ( limiting their so - called `` storage lesion '' ) , which are stored at refrigerated temperatures for up to 42 days ( in the US ) , except for the rather unusual long - term storage in which case they can be frozen for up to 10 years . The cells are separated from the fluid portion of the blood after it is collected from a donor , or during the collection process in the case of apheresis . The product is then sometimes modified after collection to meet specific patient requirements . Name ( edit ) The product is typically abbreviated RBC , pRBC , PRBC , and sometimes StRBC or even LRBC ( the latter being to indicate those that have been leukoreduced , which is now true for the vast majority of RBC units ) . The name `` Red Blood Cells '' with initial capitals indicates a standardized blood product in the United States . Without capitalization , it is simply generic without specifying whether or not the cells comprise a blood product , patient blood , etc. ( with other generic terms for it being `` erythrocyte '' and `` red cell '' ) . See also ( edit ) Blood bank Blood donation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Connell , NT ( December 2016 ) . `` Transfusion Medicine '' . Primary care . 43 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 659 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2016.07. 004 . PMID 27866583 . Jump up ^ Carson , JL ; Guyatt , G ; Heddle , NM ; Grossman , BJ ; Cohn , CS ; Fung , MK ; Gernsheimer , T ; Holcomb , JB ; Kaplan , LJ ; Katz , LM ; Peterson , N ; Ramsey , G ; Rao , SV ; Roback , JD ; Shander , A ; Tobian , AA ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB : Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds and Storage '' . JAMA. 316 ( 19 ) : 2025 -- 2035 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9185 . PMID 27732721 . Jump up ^ Plumer , Ada Lawrence ( 2007 ) . Plumer 's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 423 . ISBN 9780781759441 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Linton , Adrianne Dill ( 2015 ) . Introduction to Medical - Surgical Nursing . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 287 . ISBN 9781455776412 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Parsons , Polly E. ; Wiener - Kronish , Jeanine P. ( 2012 ) . Critical Care Secrets5 : Critical Care Secrets . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 385 . ISBN 0323085008 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Das , P.C. ; Smit - Sibinga , C.T. h ; Halie , M.R. ( 2012 ) . Supportive therapy in haematology . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 190 . ISBN 9781461325772 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Yentis , Steven M. ; Hirsch , Nicholas P. ; Ip , James ( 2013 ) . Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z : An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 147 . ISBN 9780702053757 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carson , Jeffrey L. ; Guyatt , Gordon ; Heddle , Nancy M. ; Grossman , Brenda J. ; Cohn , Claudia S. ; Fung , Mark K. ; Gernsheimer , Terry ; Holcomb , John B. ; Kaplan , Lewis J. ; Katz , Louis M. ; Peterson , Nikki ; Ramsey , Glenn ; Rao , Sunil V. ; Roback , John D. ; Shander , Aryeh ; Tobian , Aaron A.R. ( 12 October 2016 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB '' . JAMA . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9185 . Jump up ^ `` Complications of Transfusion : Transfusion Medicine : Merck Manual Professional '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Blood Component Substitution in Adults '' ( PDF ) . Provincial Blood Coordinating Program , Newfoundland and Labrador . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells '' ( PDF ) . National Health Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components '' ( PDF ) . AABB . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components '' ( PDF ) . AABB . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 21 CFR 640.10 '' . GPO . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Intravenous therapy Infused substances Blood - based product Whole blood PF24 / Fresh frozen plasma ( Cryosupernatant + Cryoprecipitate ) Blood substitute Hemoglobin - based Volume expander Lactated Ringer 's Normal saline Sugar solution Buffers Lactated Ringer 's , Sodium bicarbonate Medications Intravenous immunoglobulin Parenteral nutrition Sugar Other Drug injection Access points Peripheral venous catheter Peripherally inserted central catheter ( Seldinger technique ) Central venous catheter Other equipment Infusion pump CVC SLC MLC PICC Implantable catheters Ports Thermodilution catheters Hemodialysis catheters Specific risks Air embolism Extravasation Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packed_red_blood_cells&oldid=832354209 '' Categories : Blood cells Blood products Hematology Transfusion medicine World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does prbc stand for in medical terms	[]	[]
-731598348361525448	SPSS	SPSS - Wikipedia SPSS For other uses , see SPSS ( disambiguation ) . SPSS Logo icon , v23 Developer ( s ) IBM Corporation Initial release 1968 ; 50 years ago ( 1968 ) Stable release 25.0 / August 8 , 2017 ; 11 months ago ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) Operating system Windows , macOS , Linux on z Systems , Linux and UNIX Platform Java Size ~ 700 MB Type Statistical analysis , data mining , text analytics , data collection License Trialware or SaaS Website www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/spss-statistics SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive , or batched , statistical analysis . Long produced by SPSS Inc. , it was acquired by IBM in 2009 . The current versions ( 2015 ) are named IBM SPSS Statistics . The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , reflecting the original market , although the software is now popular in other fields as well , including the health sciences and marketing . Contents 1 Overview 2 Versions and ownership history 2.1 IDA ( Interactive Data Analysis ) 2.2 SCSS - Conversational / Columnar SPSS 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Overview ( edit ) SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science . It is also used by market researchers , health researchers , survey companies , government , education researchers , marketing organizations , data miners , and others . The original SPSS manual ( Nie , Bent & Hull , 1970 ) has been described as one of `` sociology 's most influential books '' for allowing ordinary researchers to do their own statistical analysis . In addition to statistical analysis , data management ( case selection , file reshaping , creating derived data ) and data documentation ( a metadata dictionary is stored in the datafile ) are features of the base software . Statistics included in the base software : Descriptive statistics : Cross tabulation , Frequencies , Descriptives , Explore , Descriptive Ratio Statistics Bivariate statistics : Means , t - test , ANOVA , Correlation ( bivariate , partial , distances ) , Nonparametric tests , Bayesian Prediction for numerical outcomes : Linear regression Prediction for identifying groups : Factor analysis , cluster analysis ( two - step , K - means , hierarchical ) , Discriminant Geo spatial analysis , simulation R extension ( GUI ) , Python The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull - down menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language . Command syntax programming has the benefits of reproducible output , simplifying repetitive tasks , and handling complex data manipulations and analyses . Additionally , some complex applications can only be programmed in syntax and are not accessible through the menu structure . The pull - down menu interface also generates command syntax : this can be displayed in the output , although the default settings have to be changed to make the syntax visible to the user . They can also be pasted into a syntax file using the `` paste '' button present in each menu . Programs can be run interactively or unattended , using the supplied Production Job Facility . Additionally a `` macro '' language can be used to write command language subroutines . A Python programmability extension can access the information in the data dictionary and data and dynamically build command syntax programs . The Python programmability extension , introduced in SPSS 14 , replaced the less functional SAX Basic `` scripts '' for most purposes , although SaxBasic remains available . In addition , the Python extension allows SPSS to run any of the statistics in the free software package R. From version 14 onwards , SPSS can be driven externally by a Python or a VB.NET program using supplied `` plug - ins '' . ( From Version 20 onwards , these two scripting facilities , as well as many scripts , are included on the installation media and are normally installed by default . ) SPSS Statistics places constraints on internal file structure , data types , data processing , and matching files , which together considerably simplify programming . SPSS datasets have a two - dimensional table structure , where the rows typically represent cases ( such as individuals or households ) and the columns represent measurements ( such as age , sex , or household income ) . Only two data types are defined : numeric and text ( or `` string '' ) . All data processing occurs sequentially case - by - case through the file ( dataset ) . Files can be matched one - to - one and one - to - many , but not many - to - many . In addition to that cases - by - variables structure and processing , there is a separate Matrix session where one can process data as matrices using matrix and linear algebra operations . The graphical user interface has two views which can be toggled by clicking on one of the two tabs in the bottom left of the SPSS Statistics window . The ' Data View ' shows a spreadsheet view of the cases ( rows ) and variables ( columns ) . Unlike spreadsheets , the data cells can only contain numbers or text , and formulas can not be stored in these cells . The ' Variable View ' displays the metadata dictionary where each row represents a variable and shows the variable name , variable label , value label ( s ) , print width , measurement type , and a variety of other characteristics . Cells in both views can be manually edited , defining the file structure and allowing data entry without using command syntax . This may be sufficient for small datasets . Larger datasets such as statistical surveys are more often created in data entry software , or entered during computer - assisted personal interviewing , by scanning and using optical character recognition and optical mark recognition software , or by direct capture from online questionnaires . These datasets are then read into SPSS . SPSS Statistics can read and write data from ASCII text files ( including hierarchical files ) , other statistics packages , spreadsheets and databases . SPSS Statistics can read and write to external relational database tables via ODBC and SQL . Statistical output is to a proprietary file format ( *. spv file , supporting pivot tables ) for which , in addition to the in - package viewer , a stand - alone reader can be downloaded . The proprietary output can be exported to text or Microsoft Word , PDF , Excel , and other formats . Alternatively , output can be captured as data ( using the OMS command ) , as text , tab - delimited text , PDF , XLS , HTML , XML , SPSS dataset or a variety of graphic image formats ( JPEG , PNG , BMP and EMF ) . The SPSS logo used prior to the renaming in January 2010 . Several variants of SPSS Statistics exist . SPSS Statistics Gradpacks are highly discounted versions sold only to students . SPSS Statistics Server is a version of SPSS Statistics with a client / server architecture . Add - on packages can enhance the base software with additional features ( examples include complex samples which can adjust for clustered and stratified samples , and custom tables which can create publication - ready tables ) . SPSS Statistics is available under either an annual or a monthly subscription license . SPSS Statistics launched version 25 on Aug 08 , 2017 . SPSS v25 adds new and advanced statistics , such as random effects solution results ( GENLINMIXED ) , robust standard errors ( GLM / UNIANOVA ) , and profile plots with error bars within the Advanced Statistics and Custom Tables add - on . V25 also includes new Bayesian Statistics capabilities , a method of statistical inference and publication ready charts , such as powerful new charting capabilities , including new default templates and the ability to share with Microsoft Office applications . Versions and ownership history ( edit ) The software was released in its first version in 1968 as the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) after being developed by Norman H. Nie , Dale H. Bent , and C. Hadlai Hull . Those principals incorporated as SPSS Inc. in 1975 . Early versions of SPSS Statistics were written in Fortran and designed for batch processing on mainframes , including for example IBM and ICL versions , originally using punched cards for data and program input . A processing run read a command file of SPSS commands and either a raw input file of fixed format data with a single record type , or a ' getfile ' of data saved by a previous run . To save precious computer time an ' edit ' run could be done to check command syntax without analysing the data . From version 10 ( SPSS - X ) in 1983 , data files could contain multiple record types . Prior to SPSS 16.0 , different versions of SPSS were available for Windows , Mac OS X and Unix . SPSS Statistics version 13.0 for Mac OS X was not compatible with Intel - based Macintosh computers , due to the Rosetta emulation software causing errors in calculations . SPSS Statistics 15.0 for Windows needed a downloadable hotfix to be installed in order to be compatible with Windows Vista . From version 16.0 the same version runs under Windows , Mac , and Linux . The graphical user interface is written in Java . The Mac OS version is provided as a Universal binary , making it fully compatible with both PowerPC and Intel - based Mac hardware . SPSS Inc announced on July 28 , 2009 that it was being acquired by IBM for US $1.2 billion . Because of a dispute about ownership of the name `` SPSS '' , between 2009 and 2010 , the product was referred to as PASW ( Predictive Analytics SoftWare ) . As of January 2010 , it became `` SPSS : An IBM Company '' . Complete transfer of business to IBM was done by October 1 , 2010 . By that date , SPSS : An IBM Company ceased to exist . IBM SPSS is now fully integrated into the IBM Corporation , and is one of the brands under IBM Software Group 's Business Analytics Portfolio , together with IBM Algorithmics , IBM Cognos and IBM OpenPages . Companion software in the `` IBM SPSS '' family are used for data mining and text analytics ( IBM SPSS Modeler ) , and realtime credit scoring services ( IBM SPSS Collaboration and Deployment Services ) . SPSS Data Collection and SPSS Dimensions were sold in 2015 to UNICOM Systems , Inc. , a division of UNICOM Global , and merged into the integrated software suite UNICOM Intelligence ( survey design , survey deployment , data collection , data management and reporting ) . IDA ( interactive data analysis ) ( edit ) ' IDA an Interactive Data Analysis , was a software package that originated at what formerly was the National Opinion Research Center ( NORC ) , at the University of Chicago . Initially offered on the HP - 2000 , somewhat later , under the ownership of SPSS , it was also available on DEC 's DECSYSTEM - 20 . SCSS - Conversational / columnar SPSS ( edit ) ' SCSS was a software product intended for online use of IBM mainframes . Although the `` C '' was for Conversational , it also represented a distinction regarding how the data was stored : it used a column - oriented rather than a row - oriented ( internal ) database . This gave good interactive response time for the SPSS Conversational Statistical System ( SCSS ) , whose strong point , as with SPSS , was Cross-tabulation . See also ( edit ) Comparison of statistical packages SPSS Modeler PSPP , a free SPSS replacement from the GNU Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quintero , Dino ; et al. `` Workload Optimized Systems : Tuning POWER7 for Analytics '' . Abstract . Jump up ^ `` KDnuggets Annual Software Poll : Analytics / Data mining software used ? '' . KDnuggets . May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.au/books/about/SPSS_statistical_package_for_the_social.html?id=gKFXAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Jump up ^ Wellman. 1998 . pp. 71 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` What 's New in SPSS Statistics 25 & Subscription - SPSS Predictive Analytics '' . SPSS Predictive Analytics. 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ IBM press release . 2009 . Jump up ^ Sachdev , Ameet ( September 27 , 2009 ) . `` IBM 's $1.2 billion bid for SPSS Inc. helps resolve trademark dispute '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` IBM SPSS Data Collection Divestiture '' . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UNICOM ® Global Acquires IBM ® Data Collection Suite from IBM Corp '' . 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://teamblue.unicomsi.com/products/unicom-intelligence/ Jump up ^ or Analyzer Jump up ^ `` IDA : An Approach to Interactive Data Analysis in Teaching '' . Jump up ^ `` IDA '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ SCSS : A User 's Guide to the SPSS Conversational Statistical System . Jump up ^ `` SCSS from SPSS , Inc '' . ComputerWorld . September 26 , 1977 . p. 28 . Further Reading ( edit ) Argyrous , G. Statistics for Research : With a Guide to SPSS . London : SAGE . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 1948 - 7 . Bryman , Alan ; Cramer , Duncan ( 2011 ) . Quantitative Data Analysis with IBM SPSS 17 , 18 and 19 : A Guide for Social Scientists . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 57918 - 6 . Levesque , R. ( 2007 ) . SPSS Programming and Data Management : A Guide for SPSS and SAS Users ( 4th ed . ) . Chicago , Illinois : SPSS Inc . ISBN 1 - 56827 - 390 - 8 . SPSS 15.0 Command Syntax Reference . Chicago , Illinois : SPSS Inc. 2006 . Wellman , B. ( 1998 ) . `` Doing It Ourselves : The SPSS Manual as Sociology 's Most Influential Recent Book '' . In Clawson , Dan . Required Reading : Sociology 's Most Influential Books . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 71 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 153 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SPSS . Wikiversity has learning resources about SPSS Official website Official SPSS User Community 50 years of SPSS history Raynald Levesque 's SPSS Tools -- library of worked solutions for SPSS programmers ( FAQ , command syntax ; macros ; scripts ; Python ) Archives of SPSSX - L Discussion -- SPSS Listserv active since 1996 . Discusses programming , statistics and analysis UCLA ATS Resources to help you learn SPSS -- Resources for learning SPSS UCLA ATS Technical Reports -- Report 1 compares Stata , SAS , and SPSS against R ( R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics ) . SPSS Community ? ref = wikipedia -- Support for developers of applications using SPSS products , including materials and examples of the Python and R programmability features Biomedical Statistics - An educational website dedicated to statistical evaluation of biomedical data using SPSS software How to use SPSS in Vietnam IBM History History of IBM Mergers and acquisitions Think ( motto ) Operating Systems Products Cell microprocessor Mainframe Personal Computer IBM Power Systems Information Management Software Lotus Software Rational Software SPSS ILOG Tivoli Software : Service Automation Manager WebSphere alphaWorks Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History Mashup Center PureQuery Redbooks FlashSystem Fortran Connections Business entities Center for The Business of Government Cloud computing Global Services International subsidiaries jStart Kenexa Research The Weather Company ( Weather Underground ) Facilities Towers 1250 René - Lévesque , Montreal , QC One Atlantic Center , Atlanta , GA Software Labs Rome Software Lab Toronto Software Lab IBM Buildings 330 North Wabash , Chicago , IL Johannesburg Seattle Research Labs Africa Almaden Austin Laboratory Australia Brazil China Laboratory Haifa Laboratory India Laboratory Ireland Thomas J. Watson Center , New York Tokyo Zurich Laboratory Facilities Hakozaki Facility Yamato Facility Cambridge Scientific Center IBM Hursley Canada Head Office Building IBM Rochester Somers Office Complex Initiatives Academy of Technology Centers for Advanced Studies : CASCON Deep Thunder IBM Fellow Pulse conference The Great Mind Challenge DeveloperWorks : Develothon Linux Technology Center IBM Virtual Universe Community Smarter Planet World Community Grid Inventions Automated teller machine Electronic keypunch Hard disk drive Floppy disk DRAM Relational model Selectric typewriter Financial swaps Universal Product Code Magnetic stripe card Sabre airline reservation system Scanning tunneling microscope Terminology Globally Integrated Enterprise Commercial Processing Workload Consumability e-business CEOs Thomas J. Watson ( 1914 -- 1956 ) Thomas Watson Jr. ( 1956 -- 1971 ) T. Vincent Learson ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Frank T. Cary ( 1973 -- 1981 ) John R. Opel ( 1981 -- 1985 ) John Fellows Akers ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Louis V. Gerstner Jr. ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Samuel J. Palmisano ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Ginni Rometty ( 2012 -- present ) Board of directors Alain Belda William R. Brody Kenneth Chenault Michael L. Eskew David Farr Shirley Ann Jackson Andrew N. Liveris James McNerney James W. Owens Samuel J. Palmisano Virginia M. Rometty Joan E. Spero Sidney Taurel Lorenzo Zambrano Other A Boy and His Atom Common Public License / IBM Public License Customer engineer Deep Blue Deep Thought Dynamic infrastructure GUIDE International IBM and the Holocaust IBM international chess tournament Lucifer cipher Mathematica IBM Plex SHARE computing ScicomP Watson Quantum Experience Statistical software Public domain Dataplot Epi Info CSPro X-12 - ARIMA Open - source ADMB DAP gretl JASP JAGS JMulTi Julia GNU Octave H2O OpenBUGS Orange PSPP R ( RStudio ) SageMath SimFiT SOFA Statistics Stan XLispStat Freeware BV4. 1 CumFreq SegReg XploRe WinBUGS Commercial Cross-platform Data Desk GAUSS GraphPad InStat GraphPad Prism IBM SPSS Statistics IBM SPSS Modeler JMP Maple Mathcad Mathematica MATLAB OxMetrics RATS Revolution Analytics SAS SmartPLS Stata StatView SUDAAN S - PLUS TSP World Programming System ( WPS ) Windows only BMDP EViews GenStat LIMDEP LISREL MedCalc Microfit Minitab MLwiN NCSS SHAZAM SigmaStat Statistica StatsDirect StatXact SYSTAT The Unscrambler UNISTAT Excel add - ons Analyse - it SPC XL SigmaXL UNISTAT for Excel XLfit RExcel Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPSS&oldid=854313821 '' Categories : IBM software Java platform software Proprietary commercial software for Linux Science software for Linux Statistical programming languages Statistical software Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 12 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is statistical package for the social sciences (spss)	[]	[]
-1875176566923786215	In the Mood	In the Mood - wikipedia In the Mood Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the big band - era song popularized by Glenn Miller . For other uses , see In the Mood ( disambiguation ) . `` In the Mood '' Single by Glenn Miller B - side `` I Want to Be Happy '' Released September 1939 Format 10 '' 78rpm Recorded 1 August 1939 Genre Big band , Swing Label Bluebird Records Songwriter ( s ) Wingy Manone ( c ) , Andy Razaf ( w ) , Joe Garland ( a ) `` In the Mood '' Single by Ernie Fields B - side `` Christopher Columbus '' Released October 1959 Format 7 '' 45rpm Genre Jazz Length 2 : 29 Label Rendezvous Songwriter ( s ) Wingy Manone ( c ) , Andy Razaf ( w ) , Joe Garland ( a ) Ernie Fields singles chronology `` In the Mood '' ( 1959 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1960 ) `` In the Mood '' ( 1959 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1960 ) `` In the Mood '' is a popular big band - era # 1 hit recorded by American bandleader Glenn Miller . It topped the charts for 13 straight weeks in 1940 in the U.S. and one year later was featured in the movie Sun Valley Serenade . The first recording of `` In the Mood '' was released by Edgar Hayes and his Orchestra in 1938 ( see `` Origins '' below ) . In 1983 , the Glenn Miller recording from 1939 was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 1999 , National Public Radio ( NPR ) included the 1939 Glenn Miller recording on RCA Bluebird on the NPR 100 , the list of `` The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century '' . In 2004 , the 1939 Glenn Miller recording on RCA Victor was inducted into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry which consists of recordings that are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Origins 3 Personnel 4 Reception 5 Wartime release 6 Renditions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) `` In the Mood '' opens with a now - famous sax section theme based on repeated arpeggios that are rhythmically displaced ; trumpets and trombones add accent riffs . The arrangement has two solo sections ; a `` tenor fight '' or chase solo -- in the most famous recording , between Tex Beneke and Al Klink -- and a 16 - bar trumpet solo by Clyde Hurley . The arrangement is also famous for its ending : a coda that climbs triumphantly , then sounds a simple sustained unison tonic pitch with a rim shot . The final recording consisted of musical contributions by Joe Garland , Glenn Miller , Eddie Durham , and Chummy MacGregor in what can be termed a `` head arrangement '' . Origins ( edit ) `` In the Mood '' was an arrangement by Joe Garland based on a pre-existing melody . Lyrics were added by Andy Razaf . The main theme , featuring repeated arpeggios rhythmically displaced , previously appeared under the title of `` Tar Paper Stomp '' credited to jazz trumpeter and bandleader Wingy Manone . Manone recorded `` Tar Paper Stomp '' on August 28 , 1930 in Richmond , Indiana and released it as a 78 single on Champion Records as by Barbecue Joe and his Hot Dogs , re-released in 1935 as by Wingy Manone 's Orchestra . The recording was re-released in 1937 as a Decca 78 single as by Wingy Manone and his Orchestra . Horace Henderson used the same riff in `` Hot and Anxious '' , recorded by his brother 's band , Fletcher Henderson and his Orchestra , on March 19 , 1931 , which was released on Columbia Records as by the Baltimore Bell Boys . Don Redman recorded `` Hot and Anxious '' in 1932 on Brunswick Records . Under copyright laws , a tune that had not been written down and registered with the copyright office could be appropriated by any musician with a good ear . Wingy Manone had brought up the issue of the similarity between `` Tar Paper Stomp '' and `` In the Mood '' to Joe Garland and to the publishing company of the song , Shapiro , Bernstein , and Company of New York . Manone also discussed the issue in Down Beat magazine . `` Tar Paper Stomp '' was copyrighted on November 6 , 1941 as a pianoforte version by Peer International . The first recording of Joe Garland 's version of `` In the Mood '' was made by Edgar Hayes and his Orchestra in 1938 , with Garland participating , released as a B side to their recording of `` Stardust '' on Decca Records . In this recording there was a baritone sax duet rather than a tenor sax battle . The riff had appeared in a 1935 recording by the Mills Blue Rhythm Band entitled `` There 's Rhythm In Harlem '' released on Columbia Records which had been composed and arranged by Garland . Before offering it to Glenn Miller , Garland sold the tune to Artie Shaw in 1938 , who chose not to record it because the original arrangement was too long . However , he did perform it in concert . The initial Artie Shaw performance was over six minutes in length with a lackluster audience response . The arranger of the Shaw version was Jerry Gray , who would join the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1940 . The band subsequently performed a shorter version . The Hayes recording was over three minutes in length to fit on one side of a 78 record . Joe Marsala released a song entitled `` Hot String Beans '' on Vocalion in 1938 that also featured the riff from `` Tar Paper Stomp '' . Wingy Manone recorded a new song entitled `` Jumpy Nerves '' on April 26 , 1939 that incorporated the riff from `` Tar Paper Stomp '' which was released as a 78 single that year on RCA Bluebird . The tune was finally sold in 1939 to Glenn Miller , who played around with its arrangement for a while . Although the arrangers of most of the Miller tunes are known , things are a bit uncertain for `` In the Mood '' . It is often thought that Eddie Durham ( who contributed other arrangements on the recording date of `` In the Mood '' , August 1 , 1939 as well ) , John Chalmers , Chummy MacGregor ( the pianist , composer , and arranger in the Glenn Miller Orchestra ) and Miller himself contributed most to the final version . According to the account by MacGregor , `` all they used of the original arrangement were the two front saxophone strains and another part that occurred later on in the arrangement . '' Both MacGregor and Miller were involved in creating the final arrangement : `` MacGregor mentioned that additional solos were added to the original arrangement and he wrote the finishing coda . Miller probably edited some of the arrangement along with MacGregor . '' Two editions of the sheet music are in common circulation . The 1939 publication , credited to Garland and Razaf , is in A ♭ and has lyrics beginning , `` Mister What - cha - call - em , what - cha doin ' tonight ? '' The 1960 reprint , credited only to Garland ( with piano arrangement by Robert C. Haring ) , is in G and has lyrics beginning , `` Who 's the livin ' dolly with the beautiful eyes ? '' Personnel ( edit ) The personnel on the landmark August 1 , 1939 session at RCA studios in New York were : Glenn Miller , Al Mastren , and Paul Tanner , trombones ; Clyde Hurley , Lee Knowles , and Dale McMickle , trumpets ; Wilbur Schwartz , clarinet ; Hal McIntyre , alto sax ; Tex Beneke , Al Klink , and Harold Tennyson , tenor saxes ; Chummy MacGregor , piano ; Richard Fisher , guitar ; Rowland Bundock , string bass ; and Moe Purtill , drums . Reception ( edit ) Glenn Miller 's `` In the Mood '' became the best selling swing instrumental . While indisputably a hit , it represents an anomaly for chart purists . `` In the Mood '' was released in the period immediately prior to the inception of retail sales charts in Billboard magazine . While it led the Record Buying Guide ( jukebox list ) for 13 weeks and stayed on the Billboard charts for 30 weeks , it never made the top 15 on the sheet music charts , which were considered by many to be the true measure of popular success . The popular Your Hit Parade program ranked it no higher than ninth place , for one week only ( 1940 ) . The Glenn Miller 1939 recording on RCA Bluebird , B - 10416 - A , was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1983 . It is one of the most recognized and popular instrumentals of the 20th century . A sample of the recording is heard in The Beatles ' # 1 1967 single `` All You Need is Love '' , and in the Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers ' worldwide 1989 hit , `` Swing the Mood '' . `` In the Mood '' also appeared in the 1941 20th Century Fox film Sun Valley Serenade , the 1953 Universal International film The Glenn Miller Story , as well as in The Way We Were , Woody Allen 's Radio Days , 1941 , Wild at Heart , Hope and Glory , Dorian Blues , The Philadelphia Experiment , The Marriage of Maria Braun , the 1998 remake of The Parent Trap , Shining Through , The Radioland Murders , `` Rookie of the Year '' , The Black Dahlia , and Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . It has also appeared on television in The Simpsons , The Golden Girls , Dancing with the Stars , 90210 , ' Scrubs , and Doctor Who . Wartime release ( edit ) 1944 release as a U.S. Army V - Disc , No. 123B . In February 1944 , the Glenn Miller RCA Bluebird 1939 studio recording of `` In the Mood '' was released as a V - Disc , one of a series of recordings sent free by the U.S. War Department to overseas military personnel during World War II . Its designation was V - Disc 123B . The recording was also released as a Navy V - Disc as 132A . A second version , recorded by Glenn Miller 's Overseas Band in 1945 , was released as V - Disc 842B in May 1948 . A new recording by Glenn Miller with the American Band of the Allied Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) was broadcast to Germany in 1944 on the radio program The Wehrmacht Hour . This piece of music was not new in Europe . The first Swiss record of `` In the Mood '' were released in April 1940 by Teddy Stauffer und seine Original Teddies in Zurich . Another interpretation was made by Ernst va n't Hoff in February 1941 in Berlin . Stauffer and va n't Hoff were very well - known Big Band Leader at that time in Europe . Renditions ( edit ) 1939 sheet music cover , `` Introduced by Glenn Miller '' , Shapiro , Bernstein , and Co. , New York . Notable artists who have recorded big - band versions of `` In The Mood '' include Harry James in 1964 , Joe Loss and his Orchestra , Xavier Cugat , Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington on Ellington ' 55 , Benny Goodman in November , 1939 on the Camel Caravan radio program , Ray Anthony , Frankie Carle , Artie Shaw , The Casa Loma Orchestra , Lubo D'Orio , The Brian Setzer Orchestra , The Shadows , John Williams with the Boston Pops Orchestra , Sid Ramin , Nappy Lamare , Paul Kuhn , James Last , Doc Severinsen , Al Donahue with Paula Kelly on vocals , The Four King Sisters with Alvino Rey , The Six Swingers , and Bert Kaempfert . Non-big band renditions were recorded by the Andrews Sisters in 1952 and released on the album Sing , Sing , Sing and a 78 single , Jerry Lee Lewis , Chet Atkins , Bill Haley & His Comets , Bad Manners , and the Puppini Sisters . The song charted at number 16 in 1953 in a version by Johnny Maddox . In December 1959 , the rendition of In The Mood that Ernie Fields and his Orchestra recorded had peaked at number 4 by means of the Billboard popular hit parade and number 7 by means of both the Rhythm and Blues and the Cash Box hit parades . Jonathan King scored a UK Top 50 hit with his version of the song in 1976 , under the alter ago name of SOUND 9418 ( 1 ) . In the 1950s , former Bando da Lua musician , producer Aloisio de Oliveira , wrote a humorous Portuguese lyric to this song , re-titling it as `` Edmundo '' . This version was recorded by artists like Elza Soares and Brazilian surf rock / new wave group João Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados . In 1951 a Ferranti Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester played `` In the Mood '' , one of the first songs to be played by a computer , and the oldest known recording of digitally generated music . Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers recorded a version of the song as part of a medley entitled `` Swing the Mood '' which went no . 1 in the UK for 5 weeks . The record reached # 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States where it also went gold . It was the 2nd best - selling single of 1989 in the UK . An arrangement of the song has been performed since 1991 by the Minnesota Marching Band in halftime shows as part of a formation known as the `` Mound of Sound '' . Bluesman John Lee Hooker has said that `` In the Mood '' was the inspiration for `` I 'm In the Mood '' which became a # 1 hit on the R&B Singles chart . See also ( edit ) List of 1930s jazz standards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NPR 100 . The 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Dave ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Hurley , Clyde Lanham , Jr '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . With Miller Hurley was recorded playing perhaps the orchestra 's most famous solo , the one for trumpet on Miller 's `` In the Mood . '' ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1994 ) . Pop Chronicles the 40s : The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s ( audiobook ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55935 - 147 - 8 . OCLC 31611854 . Tape 2 , side A . Jump up ^ Updike , John ( 2008 ) . The Widows of Eatwick . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Wingy Manone . Red Hot Jazz . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , pp. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Tar Paper Stomp . Catalog of Copyright Entries . Musical Compositions , 1941 . Jump up ^ Rickert , David ( December 27 , 2005 ) . `` Glenn Miller : In the Mood '' . All About Jazz . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Flower , John ( 1972 ) . Moonlight Serenade : a bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band . New Rochelle , NY : Arlington House , pages 79 - 81 . ISBN 0 - 87000 - 161 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Flower 1972 , pp. 79 - 81 . Jump up ^ Grudens , Richard ( 2004 ) . Chattanooga Choo Choo : The Life and Times of the World Famous Glenn Miller Orchestra . Stonybrook , NY : Celebrity Profiles , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Jasen , David A. ( 2003 ) . Tin Pan Alley : An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song . New York , NY : Routledge . Jump up ^ In the Mood ( U.S. government German - language broadcast recording ) . learnnc.com . Jump up ^ Glenn Miller German Wehrmacht Hour . RadioEchoes.com . Jump up ^ Heiner Bontrup , E. Dieter Fränzel : Wiederentdeckung einer Swing - Legende . Die Ernst Höllerhagen Story . Ein Jazzmusiker zwischen Nationalsozialismus und Wirtschaftswunder . Mit Diskographie 1934 − 1955 . Nordpark , Wuppertal 2011 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 935421 - 42 - 3 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ `` In the Mood '' , Orchester Ernst va n't Hoff , Polydor 47522 , Matrix number 8925 GD - 2 , produced in Berlin , February 1941 Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 201 . Jump up ^ BBC World 17 June 2008 , Oldest computer music unveiled Jump up ^ mrjbening ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) , UofM Marching Band Mound of Sound , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 Jump up ^ The Very Best of John Lee Hooker . Rhino Records R2 71915 . Liner Notes , Pg. 7 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Library of Congress essay on recordings addition to the National Recording Registry . Bette Midler Discography Studio albums The Divine Miss M Bette Midler Songs for the New Depression Broken Blossom Thighs and Whispers No Frills Some People 's Lives Bette of Roses Bathhouse Betty Bette Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook Cool Yule It 's the Girls ! Soundtracks The Rose Beaches For the Boys Gypsy Live albums Live at Last Divine Madness Mud Will Be Flung Tonight Compilations The Best of Bette The Best of Bette ( II ) Just Hits Experience the Divine : Greatest Hits ( Jackpot ! ) The Best Bette Memories of You A Gift of Love Video albums Divine Madness The Bette Midler Show Diva Las Vegas The Showgirl Must Go On Singles `` Do You Want to Dance ? '' `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' `` Friends '' `` In the Mood '' `` Strangers in the Night '' `` Old Cape Cod '' `` Buckets of Rain '' `` Hang on in There Baby '' `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' `` The Rose '' `` Chapel of Love '' `` All I Need to Know '' `` Favorite Waste of Time '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' `` From a Distance '' `` Night and Day '' `` In My Life '' `` In This Life '' `` You Do n't Own Me '' `` I 'm Beautiful '' `` White Christmas '' `` Fever '' `` Be My Baby '' Other songs `` We Are the World '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' `` Somewhere Along the Way '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' Tours Experience the Divine Diva Las Vegas Kiss My Brass The Showgirl Must Go On Divine Intervention Tour Books The Saga of Baby Divine Book Glenn Miller Glenn Miller Orchestra The Modernaires The Crew Chiefs Compositions `` Moonlight Serenade '' `` Room 1411 ( Goin ' to Town ) '' `` Sold American '' `` Solo Hop '' `` Introduction to a Waltz '' `` Annie 's Cousin Fannie '' `` Dese Dem Dose '' `` When Icky Morgan Plays the Organ '' `` Doin ' the Jive '' `` Community Swing '' `` Sometime '' `` Boom Shot '' `` Seven - O - Five '' `` I Sustain the Wings '' `` I 'm Headin ' for California '' `` I Swung the Election '' `` Wings on Parade : The Flaming Sword of Liberation '' `` After Tonight '' `` Morning Mood '' `` The Technical Training Command '' `` Jinky '' `` Let 's Give Them a Break '' `` SHAEF Presents '' `` Chesterfield # 1 '' `` Chesterfield # 2 '' `` 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone '' `` You 're Breakin ' Me Down '' `` Tomorrow 's Another Day '' `` Harlem Chapel Chimes '' `` Basin Street Blues '' Billboard hit records Solo Hop ( 1935 ) Every Day 's a Holiday ( 1938 ) Moonlight Serenade ( 1939 ) Little Brown Jug ( 1939 ) The Woodpecker Song ( 1940 ) PEnnsylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1940 ) Tuxedo Junction ( 1940 ) In the Mood ( 1940 ) Stardust ( 1940 ) Danny Boy ( 1940 ) Crosstown ( 1940 ) The Nearness of You ( 1940 ) The Song of the Volga Boatmen ( 1941 ) It Happened in Sun Valley ( 1941 ) Chattanooga Choo Choo ( 1941 ) I Know Why ( And So Do You ) ( 1941 ) Elmer 's Tune ( 1941 ) I Dreamt I Dwelt in Harlem ( 1941 ) A String of Pearls ( 1942 ) Moonlight Cocktail ( 1942 ) ( I 've Got a Gal In ) Kalamazoo ( 1942 ) At Last ( 1942 ) American Patrol ( 1942 ) Serenade In Blue ( 1942 ) That Old Black Magic ( 1943 ) It Must Be Jelly ( ' Cause Jam Do n't Shake like That ) ( 1944 ) Here We Go Again ( 1944 ) Albums Glenn Miller ( 1945 ) Glenn Miller Masterpieces , Volume II ( 1947 ) Glenn Miller Plays Selections From the Film `` The Glenn Miller Story '' ( 1954 ) The Glenn Miller Carnegie Hall Concert ( 1958 ) Pure Gold ( 1975 ) Civilian Band alumni Trigger Alpert Ray Anthony Tex Beneke Johnny Best Ernie Caceres Addison Collins Jr . Johnny Desmond Ray Eberle Jerry Gray Bobby Hackett Peanuts Hucko Al Klink Jack Lathrop Norman Leyden Hal McIntyre Ray McKinley Artie Malvin Billy May Ralph Patt Mel Powell Wilbur Schwartz George Siravo Charlie Spivak Kay Starr Paul Tanner Filmography The Big Broadcast of 1936 ( 1935 ) Sun Valley Serenade ( 1941 ) Orchestra Wives ( 1942 ) Film short Upbeat in Music ( 1943 ) Books Glenn Miller 's Method for Orchestral Arranging ( 1943 ) Related articles Discography Bluebird Records RCA Victor Brunswick Records Dorsey Brothers Orchestra The Glenn Miller Story The Glenn Miller Story ( soundtrack ) ( 1954 ) Glenn Miller Orchestra ( 1956 -- present ) Jerry Lee Lewis Studio albums Jerry Lee Lewis Jerry Lee 's Greatest Soul My Way The Golden Cream of the Country Who 's Gonna Play This Old Piano ? Southern Roots : Back Home to Memphis Last Man Standing Mean Old Man Rock & Roll Time Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison ) Million Dollar Quartet ( with Johnny Cash , Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley ) Live albums Live at the Star Club , Hamburg The Survivors Live Last Man Standing Live Soundtrack albums Jamboree ( 1957 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ! ( 1989 ) Dick Tracy ( 1990 ) Compilation albums All Killer , No Filler : The Anthology Songs `` Baby Baby Bye Bye '' `` Baby , Hold Me Close '' `` Breathless '' `` Chantilly Lace '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Come as You Were '' `` Crazy Arms '' `` Do n't Let Me Cross Over '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Down the Line '' `` End of the Road '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Hi - Heel Sneakers '' `` High School Confidential '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` In the Mood '' `` Invitation to Your Party '' `` It 'll Be Me '' `` Jackson '' ( with Linda Gail Lewis ) `` Lewis Boogie '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` One Has My Name ( The Other Has My Heart ) '' `` One Minute Past Eternity '' `` She Even Woke Me Up to Say Goodbye '' `` She Still Comes Around ( To Love What 's Left of Me ) '' `` Sixteen Candles '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` Sweet Little Sixteen '' `` There Must Be More to Love Than This '' `` To Make Love Sweeter for You '' `` Turn On Your Love Light '' `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' `` What 'd I Say '' `` When He Walks on You ( Like You Have Walked On Me ) '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Would You Take Another Chance on Me '' `` You Win Again '' Filmography Jamboree ( 1957 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) American Hot Wax ( 1978 ) Family Mickey Gilley Linda Gail Lewis Carl McVoy Jimmy Swaggart Related articles Discography Great Balls of Fire ! Walk the Line Kenny Lovelace Mack Vickery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Mood&oldid=814619318 '' Categories : United States National Recording Registry recordings 1939 songs Glenn Miller songs Bill Haley songs Bette Midler songs Ray Stevens songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Andy Razaf American jazz songs 1930s jazz standards Swing jazz standards Benny Goodman songs Eddie Cochran songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was in the mood by glenn miller written	[]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.