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6887716964451379520 | H2O: Just Add Water | H2O : Just Add water - Wikipedia H O : Just Add water H O : Just Add Water Also known as ' H O ' Genre Children / teen drama Fantasy Created by Jonathan M. Shiff Directed by Colin Budds Jeffrey Walker Starring Cariba Heine Claire Holt ( series 1 -- 2 ) Phoebe Tonkin Angus McLaren Indiana Evans ( series 3 ) Luke Mitchell ( series 3 ) Theme music composer Shelley Rosenberg Opening theme `` No Ordinary Girl '' - Ellie Henderson ( series 1 ) - Kate Alexa ( series 2 ) - Indiana Evans ( series 3 ) Ending theme `` No Ordinary Girl '' Composer ( s ) Ricky Edwards Ric Formosa Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 78 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jonathan M. Shiff Kay Ben M'Rad ( series 1 ) Julia Adams ( series 2 -- 3 ) Producer ( s ) Jonathan M. Shiff Joanna Werner Cinematography Bruce Phillips ( series 1 ) Zenon Sawko ( series 2 -- 3 ) Editor ( s ) Geoff Lamb Strutts Psyridis Philip Watts Camera setup Single - camera Running time 23 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Jonathan M. Shiff Productions Distributor ZDF Enterprises Release Original network Network Ten Picture format PAL ( 576i ) ; HDTV ( 720p / 1080i ) Audio format Surround sound Original release 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) -- 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows Mako : Island of Secrets H O : Mermaid Adventures H O : Just Add Water , also known as H O , is an Australian dramatic fantasy television programme for children and teenagers created by Jonathan M. Shiff . It first screened on Australia 's Network Ten and runs in syndication on channels in over 120 countries and has a worldwide audience of more than 250 million . It was filmed on location at Sea World and other locations on the Gold Coast . The show revolves around three teenage girls facing everyday teen problems with an added twist : they 're mermaids with powers over water . Only two series with a total of 52 episodes were originally planned , but due to popular demand , a third series was filmed . Series one premiered in July 2006 , followed by series two in September 2007 . Series three first aired in the United Kingdom in October 2009 , with the Australian premiere occurring in May 2010 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 Multimedia 5.1 DVD releases 5.2 Soundtracks 5.3 Books 6 Awards and nominations 7 Spin - offs 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Rikki Chadwick , Emma Gilbert , and Cleo Sertori are three teenage Australian girls who find themselves stranded on the mysterious Mako Island , where they end up in a pool under a dormant volcano just as a full moon passes overhead , bathing the pool in light . The girls are rescued and brought back to shore , where they return to their normal lives , until discovering their lives have become anything but normal . The girls find out that ten seconds after coming into contact with water they transform into mermaids . After further experimentation , the girls also discover they have supernatural powers over water . The trio enlist the help of Cleo 's friend Lewis McCartney to help them keep their secret . Everyday situations , such as bathing and dealing with rainy weather , become tricky as the girls struggle with their newfound abilities , which come with many advantages and disadvantages , while also trying to keep them a secret from everyone else , including their families . They soon adapt to their new abilities and lifestyles . Series two introduces Charlotte Watsford , a rival to Cleo , for dating Lewis shortly after Cleo had broken up with him . She gains mermaid powers and becomes the main antagonist of series two . She has all three of the mermaids ' powers . In the end , Charlotte loses both her powers and Lewis . Series three sees the departure of Emma , who has left to travel the world with her parents . A new character , Bella Hartley , is introduced and it is discovered that she has been a mermaid since the age of nine . Rikki and Cleo become friends with Bella , but are soon beset by a mysterious tentacle of water with a connection to Mako Island . A new boy , Will Benjamin , also arrives and becomes friends with the trio when he discovers that they are mermaids . The girls learn that Earth is in the path of a comet that could destroy the planet . Using their powers , they manage to stop the comet from colliding with Earth . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cariba Heine as Rikki , the new girl in town at the start of the show , who tends to be aloof and rebellious . Her power is the ability to control heat in water , ranging from warming to boiling , which eventually grows to allow her to control fire and lightning . Heine appears in all series of the show , and makes a special guest appearance in the spin - off series Mako : Island of Secrets . Claire Holt as Emma ( series 1 -- 2 ) , who has a confident and responsible , if somewhat controlling , personality . She has the ability to freeze water , and later develops the ability to control clouds , ice and snow . Holt appears in series one and two , but left the show at the end of series two to film Messengers 2 : The Scarecrow , with the character 's departure explained as travelling the world with her family . Phoebe Tonkin as Cleo , who at first is shy and a little awkward and does not like water , but eventually becomes outgoing and personable . She is able to control and mould the form of water , as well as increase or decrease the amount of water present . She is later able to control the wind . Tonkin appears in all series of the show . Angus McLaren as Lewis , Cleo 's childhood friend and later boyfriend who is academically gifted and thinks of himself as a scientist . He helps the girls keep their secret and works to understand how and why the girls transformed into mermaids . After appearing in both series one and two , McLaren left the show during the third series to begin filming Packed to the Rafters , but guest starred in the final episode of the show . Indiana Evans as Bella ( series 3 ) , the new girl in series three . She is a singer and performs at Rikki 's cafe . Bella became a mermaid in the sea caves of Ireland when she was nine , and has the power to change water into gelatine and a crystalline substance . During the series , she and Will develop feelings for each other , and eventually become a couple . Luke Mitchell as Will ( series 3 ) , a skilled swimmer and free - diver who is introduced in series three . While exploring Mako Island , he finds the moon pool and is attacked by the water , causing him to search for the cause of the strange event . He is Bella 's love interest and becomes closer to the girls once he discovers they are mermaids . Supporting ( edit ) Burgess Abernethy as Zane , who is the arrogant local bad boy . In series one , he becomes obsessed with discovering the identity of the mermaids after catching a glimpse of one . He later develops an on - again , off - again relationship with Rikki . At the end of series one , when he finds out she , Emma and Cleo are mermaids , he stops his obsessive behaviour to protect Rikki . In series three , he transforms the Juice Net cafe and goes into a business partnership with Rikki , naming the cafe after her . Brittany Byrnes as Charlotte ( series 2 ) , the new girl who becomes the main antagonist of series two . She enjoys the arts and sciences , but can be controlling and manipulative . She comes into conflict with the girls , especially Cleo , when she begins to date Lewis subsequent to his break - up with Cleo . Upon transforming into a mermaid , she obtains all of the girls ' collective powers - clarified as being due to the fact that she was exposed to the transformation conditions on her own rather than the original three being present at the same time . She permanently loses her abilities after a confrontation with the trio . She does not return in series three . Craig Horner as Ash ( series 2 ) , a keen equestrian and riding coach who appears during series two . He forms a relationship with Emma , but does not learn of her being a mermaid until the season finale , when Emma reveals her identity . Horner does not appear in series three due to filming Legend of the Seeker . Taryn Marler as Sophie ( series 3 ) , an ambitious and driven character who becomes the main antagonist of series three . She is Will 's older sister and takes an immediate dislike to Bella because Sophie sees her as a threat to Will 's success as a free diver . She becomes a manager in Rikki 's cafe and does as much as possible to cause grief for the mermaids , including destroying Zane and Rikki 's relationship . She also tries to get her brother Will to go against Bella by saying she is a distraction . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of H O : Just Add Water episodes Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 26 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 26 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 26 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) Development and production ( edit ) There are three different types of mermaid tails used on the show : custom - fitted tails that the girls swim in , a `` floppy tail '' used for stationary shots , and a `` hard tail '' for stunts . The custom costumes took six months to build , with the tails and tops made from body casts and comprising individually hand - crafted scales . The finished product weighs between 12 and 15 kilograms ( 26 and 33 lb ) . Inside the tail are leg straps where the girls are strapped up and then zipped up . Once in costume , the girls have to be lifted into the water . Attempts were made to minimise the on - screen visibility of the zips on the tails , such as adding extra scales and crafting a ridge of material around the length of the zip . The tail fin itself was designed with a foot pedal to assist the actresses with swimming . This , along with the fin , adds some 60 centimetres ( 2 ft ) to the length of the costume . Multimedia ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) All series have been released on DVD in Region 4 PAL format . Series one comprises six individual DVD sets released between September 2007 and November 2008 , and a complete series set released in June 2009 . Series two comprises three individual sets released between February and September 2009 , and a complete series set released in November 2009 . Series three comprises two individual sets released in July and September 2012 , with a complete series released in December 2012 . A three - disc set , H O : Season 1 , Volume 1 , containing the first 13 episodes of series 1 for Region 1 NTSC format was released on 16 June 2009 by Nickelodeon as a manufacture - on - demand ( MOD ) DVD - R release via Amazon.com through their CreateSpace service . No follow - up DVD volume releases were made from this initial set , which was later discontinued . A complete series DVD boxed set was released in Region 1 NTSC format on 6 November 2012 from New Video , and all three series were made available for purchase individually beginning on 5 March 2013 . Title Release date Episodes H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 1 12 September 2007 1. `` Metamorphosis '' , 2. `` Pool Party '' , 3. `` Catch of the Day '' , 4. `` Party Girls '' Special features : series one trailer , profiles of main characters H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 2 12 September 2007 5. `` Something Fishy '' , 6. `` Young Love '' , 7. `` Moon Spell '' , 8. `` The Denman Affair '' Special features : photo gallery of series one H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 3 5 March 2008 9. `` Dangerous Waters '' , 10. `` Sink or Swim '' , 11. `` The Camera Never Lies '' , 12. `` The Siren Effect '' Special features : character profiles of Emma , Cleo , Rikki , Lewis and Zane H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 4 7 May 2008 13. `` Shipwrecked '' , 14. `` Surprise ! '' , 15. `` The Big Chill '' , 16. `` Lovesick '' Special features : H O quiz game H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 5 9 July 2008 17. `` Under the Weather '' , 18. `` Bad Moon Rising '' , 19. `` Hurricane Angela '' , 20. `` Hook , Line and Sinker '' , 21. `` Red Herring '' H O : Just Add Water : Series One : Volume 6 5 November 2008 22. `` Fish Out of Water '' , 23. `` In Too Deep '' , 24. `` Love Potion # 9 '' , 25. `` Dr Danger '' , 26. `` A Twist in the Tail '' H O : Just Add Water : Complete Series One 2 June 2009 All episodes of series one Special features : H O quiz game , character profiles of Emma , Cleo , Rikki , Lewis and Zane , photo gallery of series one , series one trailer , profiles of main characters H O : Just Add Water : Series 2 : Volume 1 27 January 2009 1. `` Stormy Weather '' , 2. `` Control '' , 3. `` The One That Got Away '' , 4. `` Fire and Ice '' , 5. `` Hocus Pocus '' , 6. `` Pressure Cooker '' , 7. `` In Hot Water '' , 8. `` Wrong Side of the Tracks '' Special features : series one telemovie , series two trailer H O : Just Add Water : Series 2 : Volume 2 2 June 2009 9. `` Riding For a Fall '' , 10. `` Missed the Boat '' , 11. `` In Over Our Heads '' , 12. `` Fish Fever '' , 13. `` Moonwalker '' , 14. `` Get Off My Tail '' , 15. `` Irresistible '' , 16. `` Double Trouble '' , 17. `` Moonstruck '' Special features : photo gallery of series two H O : Just Add Water : Series 2 : Volume 3 2 September 2009 18. `` The Heat is On '' , 19. `` The Gracie Code ( Part 1 ) '' , 20. `` The Gracie Code ( Part 2 ) '' , 21. `` And Then There Were Four '' , 22. `` Bubble , Bubble , Toil and Trouble '' , 23. `` Reckless '' , 24. `` Three 's Company '' , 25. `` Sea Change '' , 26. `` Unfathomable '' Special features : behind the scenes special H O : Just Add Water : Complete Series Two 4 November 2009 All episodes of series two Special features : series one telemovie , series two trailer , photo gallery of series two , behind - the - scenes special H O : Just Add Water : Series 3 : Volume 1 27 June 2012 1. `` The Awakening '' , 2. `` Jungle Hunt '' , 3. `` Keep Your Enemies Close '' , 4. `` Valentine 's Day '' , 5. `` Big Ideas '' , 6. `` Secrets & Lies '' , 7. `` Happy Families '' , 8. `` Kidnapped '' , 9. `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' , 10. `` Revealed '' , 11. `` Just a Girl At Heart '' , 12. `` Crime & Punishment '' , 13. `` To Have & To Hold Back '' , 14. `` Mermaid Magic '' H O : Just Add Water : Series 3 : Volume 2 5 September 2012 15. `` Power Play '' , 16. `` The Dark Side '' , 17. `` A Magnetic Attraction '' , 18. `` Into The Light '' , 19. `` Breakaway '' , 20. `` Queen For A Day '' , 21. `` The Jewel Thief '' , 22. `` Mako Masters '' , 23. `` Beach Party '' , 24. `` Too Close For Comfort '' , 25. `` A Date With Destiny '' , 26. `` Graduation '' Special features : behind the scenes special H O : Just Add Water : Complete Series Three 3 December 2012 All episodes of series three Special features : behind the scenes special H O : Just Add Water : Complete Series 3 December 2012 All three series in one box Special features : bonus features known from previous releases Soundtracks ( edit ) An official soundtrack for series two of the show , titled H2O : Just Add Water and recorded by singer Kate Alexa , was first released on 10 September 2007 in Australia on Liberation Records and has since been made available worldwide . Its lead track , `` No Ordinary Girl '' , is the theme song for the show . `` No Ordinary Girl '' is performed by Ellie Henderson in series one , by Kate Alexa in series two and by Indiana Evans in series three . A second soundtrack , featuring music from series three , was first released on iTunes on 17 February 2011 and later worldwide in March 2011 . It is also titled H2O : Just Add Water and was recorded by actress Indiana Evans . Books ( edit ) Several children 's books have been released by Nickelodeon UK : No Ordinary Girl -- 2 February 2009 Living with Secrets -- 2 February 2009 Fishy Business -- 5 May 2009 A Sleepover Tail -- 6 July 2009 Sequins for Sea Queens -- 7 January 2010 First Crush -- 29 April 2010 Moon Spell -- 5 August 2010 Testing Times -- 6 January 2011 Hot Stuff -- 9 June 2011 In Too Deep -- 4 August 2011 Mermaid Emotions -- 27 October 2011 Siren Status -- 2 February 2012 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Best TV Show H O : Just Add Water Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Children 's Program H O : Just Add Water Nominated 2008 AFI Awards Best Visual Effects H O : Just Add Water Won Best Children 's Television Drama H O : Just Add Water Nominated Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Phoebe Tonkin Nominated Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Brittany Byrnes Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Children 's Program H O : Just Add Water Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Best TV Drama Show H O : Just Add Water Won 2009 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Best Drama Show H O : Just Add Water Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Children 's Program H O : Just Add Water Won 2011 AACTA Awards Best Children 's Television Series H O : Just Add Water Nominated Spin - offs ( edit ) In July 2011 , the production of a 26 - episode spin - off was announced . The new series , Mako : Island of Secrets , follows the adventures of 15 - year - old Zac and mermaids Sirena , Nixie , and Lyla . In the final series of the show , Cariba Heine makes a guest appearance as Rikki . In May 2015 , an animated spin - off targeted to children premiered on Netflix , titled H O : Mermaid Adventures . See also ( edit ) Mermaids in popular culture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' H2O -- Just Add Water ' nominated for Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award Series '' ( Press release ) . LifePR. 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Tucker - Evans , Anooska ; Sourris , Marie - Christine ( 3 May 2009 ) . `` Rebecca Gibney feels like a million dollars for Logies bid '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Renee ( 21 January 2009 ) . `` Actor quits Coast TV show '' . Gold Coast . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` H2O : Just Add Water - Box Art , Slightly Changed Release Date for Season 1 , Volume 1 '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H20 Season 1 Volume 1 '' . Amazon.com. 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H2O : Just Add Water The Complete Series ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` H2O : Just Add Water - Individual Season Sets are Scheduled for All 3 Seasons '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H2O Just Add Water -- The Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` H2O : Just Add Water '' . WaterfrontRecords.com . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` H2O : Just Add Water Books '' . SimonandSchuster.co.uk . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 TV Week Logie Awards : Most Outstanding Children 's Program '' . Yahoo7.com.au . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Awards Winners '' . Australian Film Institute . 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` L'Oréal Paris 2008 AFI Awards Nominees '' . Australian Film Institute . 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Logie win a boost for Albany '' . Albany Weekender. 5 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KCA 2008 : Winners '' . Nickelodeon.com.au . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 September 2009 ) . `` 2009 Kid 's Choice Awards : Nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual TV WEEK Logie Awards winners '' . TV Week . May 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Samsung AACTA Awards '' ( PDF ) . Australian Film Institute . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New telemovies , mini-series at Nine , ABC '' . 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TV Series Index '' . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` H20 : Mermaid Adventures '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Anders , Ella ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` H2O : Mermaid Adventures '' . BSCKids . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . `` Media Kit ( Series 1 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2007 . 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9214884493313570610 | Big Little Lies (miniseries) | Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) - wikipedia Big Little Lies ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Little Lies Opening title card , showing the Bixby Creek Bridge Genre Drama Mystery Created by David E. Kelley Based on Big Little Lies by Liane Moriarty Written by David E. Kelley Directed by Jean - Marc Vallée Starring Reese Witherspoon Nicole Kidman Shailene Woodley Alexander Skarsgård Adam Scott Zoë Kravitz James Tupper Jeffrey Nordling Laura Dern Opening theme `` Cold Little Heart '' by Michael Kiwanuka Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David E. Kelley Jean - Marc Vallée Reese Witherspoon Bruna Papandrea Nicole Kidman Per Saari Gregg Fienberg Nathan Ross Producer ( s ) Barbara A. Hall Liane Moriarty Location ( s ) Monterey , California Cinematography Yves Bélanger Editor ( s ) David Berman Maxime Lahaie Sylvain Lebel Jim Vega Camera setup Single - camera Running time 52 -- 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Pacific Standard Blossom Films David E. Kelley Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution HBO Enterprises Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 19 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) -- April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) External links www.hbo.com/big-little-lies/ Big Little Lies is an American drama HBO miniseries created and written by David E. Kelley , based on the novel by Liane Moriarty . The series began filming in January 2016 . The miniseries comprises seven episodes , all directed by Jean - Marc Vallée . It premiered on February 19 , 2017 , and concluded on April 2 , 2017 . The series garnered critical acclaim and received 16 Emmy Award nominations with 8 wins , including Outstanding Limited Series . Director Jean - Marc Vallée , and actors Nicole Kidman , Alexander Skarsgård and Laura Dern won awards in their individual categories ; while writer David E. Kelley and actresses Reese Witherspoon and Shailene Woodley received nominations for their work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades 4 Possible sequel 5 Media 5.1 Soundtrack 5.2 Blu - ray and DVD 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman Alexander Skarsgård as Perry Wright , Celeste 's husband Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie , Madeline 's husband Zoë Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson , Nathan 's second wife James Tupper as Nathan Carlson , Madeline 's ex-husband Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein , Renata 's husband Laura Dern as Renata Klein Recurring ( edit ) Iain Armitage as Ziggy Chapman , Jane 's son Sarah Baker as Thea Cunningham Sarah Burns as Gabrielle P.J. Byrne as Principal Nippal Santiago Cabrera as Joseph Darby Camp as Chloe Mackenzie , Madeline 's younger daughter Hong Chau as Jackie Kelen Coleman as Harper Stimson Cameron Crovetti as Josh Wright , Celeste 's son Nicholas Crovetti as Max Wright , Celeste 's son Merrin Dungey as Detective Adrienne Quinlan Ivy George as Amabella Klein , Renata 's daughter Virginia Kull as Ms. Barnes Chloe Coleman as Skye Carlson , Bonnie 's daughter Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson , Madeline 's elder daughter Molly Hagan as Dr. Moriarty Larry Sullivan as Oren David Monahan as Bernard Kathreen Khavari as Samantha Joseph Cross as Tom , Madeline and Celeste 's favourite cafe owner Robin Weigert as Dr. Amanda Reisman , Perry and Celeste 's therapist Larry Bates as Stu Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Somebody 's Dead '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 1.13 At a public school in Monterey , a murder suddenly occurs on trivia night , but neither the victim nor the murderer are revealed . Backtracking to the first day of school , the families of five first - graders are introduced . Madeline Martha Mackenzie is a strong - willed , wealthy , and feared alpha female in town with a first - grade daughter and teenage daughter from an earlier marriage . Her friend , retired lawyer Celeste Wright , is the mother of twin sons who are also beginning at that same school . New to town is Jane Chapman -- a young single mother raising her son , Ziggy . Renata Klein 's daughter Amabella accuses Ziggy of attempting to choke her , which he denies . Madeline and Celeste befriend Jane . Secrets are revealed , including that Madeline is struggling to cope with her ex-husband Nathan 's marriage to a yoga instructor named Bonnie and also trying to build a relationship with her older daughter . Celeste appears to have a very happy life with her husband Perry , but he starts to show signs of being violent . Jane 's motives for moving to Monterey are unknown . `` Serious Mothering '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) ( online ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) ( HBO ) 0.56 Perry lashes out at Celeste when he discovers he missed orientation at the school , but Celeste lets it slide . Jane goes around looking for work with little success . Madeline goes on the warpath with Renata when it is revealed she did n't invite Ziggy to Amabella 's birthday party . Ed questions Madeline 's devotion to him when she continues to complain about seeing Nathan with Bonnie all the time . Madeline is further disturbed when Bonnie takes her oldest daughter Abby to Planned Parenthood . Nathan tries to come to a peaceful resolution with Ed about their parenting of Abby , but Ed senses Nathan trying to intimidate him and stands firm against him . Madeline 's youngest daughter Chloe and Bonnie 's daughter Skye try to mend the wounds between Ziggy and Amabella , but it leads to an incident of unwanted affection , and the parents of the four children are all called into the principal 's office , leading Jane to have a flashback of an unwanted episode . `` Living the Dream '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 1.04 Perry chokes Celeste when he believes she deliberately left him out of a family gathering , after which Celeste threatens to leave him . Renata 's party for Amabella is a huge success , but she is ultimately upset when Madeline had invited Amabella 's closest friends and Ziggy to Disney on Ice on the same day . At therapy , Perry claims his outbursts are out of fear that Celeste does not love him , which Celeste tries to deny . When Abby 's academic performance starts to decline , her guidance counselor believes it is being caused by stress at home , so Abby decides to stay with Nathan much to Madeline 's dismay . Jane gets Ziggy involved with more extracurricular activities and helps him put together a family tree for school with Madeline 's help . Jane lashes out at Ziggy when he insists on putting his father 's name on the tree , and Jane confides to Madeline that Ziggy was the result of rape by a man named Saxon Banks whom she has not seen since . `` Push Comes to Shove '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.04 Abigail moves in with Nathan and Bonnie . Celeste legally represents Joseph and Madeline in a meeting with the Mayor regarding their production of the controversial Avenue Q. Celeste successfully convinces the Mayor to allow the play to go ahead , and in the process realizes that she desires to return to work . She asks her therapist how best to broach this subject with Perry , but Dr. Reisman is more concerned with why Celeste is afraid to do so . At home , the increasingly insecure Perry tells Celeste he does not want her to attend any future meetings . When she refuses , he grabs her by the throat , but quickly relinquishes when one of their children enters the room . Joseph and Madeline kiss , and it is revealed they had an affair a year ago . Madeline locates a man named Saxon Baker whom she believes to be the alias of Saxon Banks . She shares this information with Jane and Celeste , and they plan to travel to San Luis Obispo together to confront him . Jane comments that she would kill Saxon Banks if she could , but quickly dismisses the remark as a joke when Madeline becomes concerned . Ms. Barnes notices that Amabella is quiet and suspects she is still being hurt by a classmate . Despite Amabella 's assertions that she and Ziggy are friends , Ms. Barnes requests that Jane take Ziggy to a child psychologist for evaluation . The psychologist believes that Ziggy is innocent , and that he may actually be being bullied himself . A follow - up appointment is scheduled . 5 `` Once Bitten '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.17 Nathan spots Jane at the gun range and tells Madeline . Although Jane reassures Madeline that she carries a gun solely for its psychological benefits , Madeline begins to regret tracking down Saxon Baker . Renata discovers a bite mark on Amabella 's arm , but Amabella refuses to disclose who bit her . Renata assumes it is Ziggy and a meeting is held between Jane and the school principal . Jane becomes concerned that the school community will learn Ziggy is the product of rape and be further prejudiced against him . Madeline reads on Abigail 's Facebook page that she is undertaking a `` secret project '' but is frustrated when Nathan knows nothing about it . Joseph approaches Madeline at lunch and insists she take a drive with him to talk . He wants to continue their relationship and is convinced Madeline still has feelings for him , but she maintains that their affair is over . During the drive they are involved in a car crash . Madeline is uninjured , while Joseph suffers a concussion and collapsed lung . The incident raises suspicion from community members , including Ed , and Joseph 's wife , Tori , as to why Madeline and Joseph were driving together . Perry is angered when Celeste does not ask the twins to tidy their toys . She responds by telling him to clean up the mess himself , triggering further violence from Perry , followed by aggressive sex and him breaking down in tears . Later , Dr. Reisman confronts Celeste with her belief that she is being abused and , although initially reluctant to accept this , Celeste eventually reveals that she has previously feared for her life and considered leaving Perry many times . The therapist urges Celeste to reflect on the future implications of Perry 's behavior for their children . Jane secretly travels to San Luis Obispo to confront Saxon Baker , taking her gun with her . 6 `` Burning Love '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.39 Jane reveals to Madeline that she went to confront Saxon Baker , but discovered he was not the Saxon Banks that had raped her . Madeline attempts to convince Jane to give up the search . Ms. Barnes tells Jane a petition has begun to have Ziggy suspended . Jane confronts Renata , assuming she is the culprit , and , in the heat of the altercation , gouges her eye . She later apologizes , having come to the realization that they have both been acting to protect their children . Renata forgives Jane and reveals her plan to schedule playdates with each of Amabella 's classmates to find out which one is hurting her . Celeste 's therapist advises her to prepare to leave Perry by renting an apartment and disclosing the abuse to friends , who could serve as witnesses in a potential custody battle . Later , Perry tries to initiate sex with Celeste . When rejected , he grabs her by the hair and she defensively hits him in the groin with a tennis racquet , fracturing his penis . Returning from the hospital , he tells Celeste she is `` lucky '' he did n't kill her . The following day she begins looking for an apartment . At the opening night of Avenue Q , Tori confronts Madeline with suspicions that she had an affair with Joseph , whom she believes is still in love with Madeline . At home , Madeline and Ed have another argument about her lack of passion toward him , which culminates in her alluding to having made a `` terrible mistake '' . However , before she can elaborate , Ed urges her not to say anymore . Nathan discovers that Abigail 's `` secret project '' is auctioning her virginity to raise money for Amnesty International . When Madeline is informed , she furiously confronts Abigail , disclosing her affair in the process . 7 `` You Get What You Need '' Jean - Marc Vallée David E. Kelley April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.86 Most of the episode takes place on the day of the trivia night . Following another beating , Celeste decides to leave Perry the day after the trivia night . Ziggy confesses to Jane that it was Max who choked Amabella and that he has also been violent towards Skye . Madeline talks to Joseph about his wife knowing about their affair ; their meeting ends in an argument . After confiding to Madeline over coffee , Jane tells Celeste that her son is the bully . Celeste goes home and asks Max to be truthful with her . When preparing to leave for the trivia night , Perry sees a text message on Celeste 's phone from the landlady of her secret apartment . He confronts her about it on the way to the party . Once at the venue , he tries to bar her from leaving the car , but she manages to escape when Renata and her husband come to greet them . At the party , Celeste tries to avoid Perry , and tells Renata that Max is the bully . Meanwhile , Madeline has gotten drunk and runs away during Ed 's performance . Jane goes after her and finds her on top of concrete stairs at the back of the venue . Madeline is crying and tells Jane that she cheated on Ed . Renata also goes after them and apologizes to Jane for having blamed Ziggy . Celeste joins the women , followed by Perry . Bonnie , who noticed Perry and Celeste arguing earlier , follows them and watches the group from afar . Jane realizes that Perry is the man who raped her . He pleads with Celeste to come back home with him , and when she declines , he attacks her , with Madeline , Jane and Renata struggling to control him . Bonnie rushes in and pushes Perry down the stairs , killing him . In the police interviews , the women all confirm there was a fight with Perry , but claim he fell accidentally . While one of the detectives is suspicious , the police can not prove anything as the women 's stories match each other . In the last scene , the five women and their children are shown enjoying a day on the beach while being watched by the detective through binoculars . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Big Little Lies has received wide acclaim from television critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 92 % , based on 88 reviews , with an average rating of 8.05 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Bitingly funny and highly addictive , Big Little Lies is a twisty , thrilling , enlightening ride led by a first - rate cast . '' Metacritic reported a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie or Special David Rubin Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Yves Bélanger Nominated Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series , Limited Series or Movie Alix Friedberg , Risa Garcia and Patricia McLaughlin Won Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Jean - Marc Vallée Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Michelle Ceglia , Nickole C. Jones , Lona Vigi , Frances Mathias and Jocelyn Mulhern Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Nicole Kidman Won Reese Witherspoon Nominated Outstanding Limited Series Big Little Lies Won Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Steve Artmont , Nicole Artmont , Angela Levin , Molly R Stern and Claudia Humburg Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Susan Jacobs Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie Veronique Barbe , David Berman , Justin LaChance , Maxime Lahaie , Sylvain Lebel and Jim Vega Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Gavin Fernandes , Louis Gignac and Brendan Beebe Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Alexander Skarsgård Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Laura Dern Won Shailene Woodley Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special David E. Kelley Nominated 33rd TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Nicole Kidman Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials Big Little Lies Won Program of the Year Big Little Lies Nominated Possible sequel ( edit ) In July 2017 , HBO revealed that a second season is possible , and that Moriarty had been asked to write a story for a second season . Media ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the series was released on Google Play and iTunes on March 31 , 2017 . Blu - ray and DVD ( edit ) The miniseries was released on Blu - ray and DVD on August 1 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Limited Series Starring Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon Picked Up By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Little Lies ' , starring Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon , is filming in Monterey , CA this week '' . On Location Movies . January 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jean - Marc Vallée To Direct All 7 Episodes Of HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' Gets Premiere Date On HBO '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shailene Woodley Joins HBO 's Reese Witherspoon , Nicole Kidman Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` True Blood 's Alexander Skarsgard Joins HBO Limited Series Big Little Lies as Nicole Kidman 's Husband '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Big Little Lies : Adam Scott , Laura Dern Join HBO 's Upcoming Limited Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Zoë Kravitz Joins HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard and James Tupper Join HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pint - Sized Theater Critic Iain Armitage to Appear Opposite Shailene Woodley in HBO 's BIG LITTLE LIES '' . Broadway World . January 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' : Merrin Dungey , Larry Sullivan , David Monahan Join Cast Of HBO Limited Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alexander Skarsgard , James Tupper & More Join Nicole Kidman & Reese Witherspoon in HBO 's ' Big Little Lies ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies : HBO Boss Confirms Season 2 in Early Development '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Little Lies ( Music From the HBO Limited Series ) '' . Google . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies - Official HBO Press Release and Package Art for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . 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-1426612016813950410 | Republicanism in the United States | Republicanism in the United states - wikipedia Republicanism in the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a political and social philosophy . For the United States political party , see Republican Party ( United States ) . For that party 's ideology , see Political positions of the Republican Party . 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It has been a major part of American civic thought since its founding . It stresses liberty and unalienable individual rights as central values , making people sovereign as a whole , rejects monarchy , aristocracy and inherited political power , expects citizens to be independent in their performance of civic duties , and vilifies corruption . American republicanism was founded and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century . For them , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' Republicanism was based on Ancient Greco - Roman , Renaissance , and English models and ideas . It formed the basis for the American Revolution , the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , the Constitution ( 1787 ) , the Bill of Rights , as well as the Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) . Republicanism is a type of democracy , but if protected by a Bill of Rights , may be distinguished from other forms of democracy as a Bill of Rights asserts that each individual has unalienable rights that can not be voted away by a majority of voters , unless the other type of democracies are also protected by a Bill of Rights . Alexis de Tocqueville warned about the `` tyranny of the majority '' in a democracy , and suggested the courts should try to reverse the efforts of the majority of terminating the rights of an unpopular minority . The term `` republicanism '' is derived from the term `` republic '' , but the two words have different meanings . A `` republic '' is a form of government ( one without a hereditary ruling class ) ; `` republicanism '' refers to the values of the citizens in a republic . Two major parties have used the term in their name -- the Democratic - Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson ( founded in 1793 , and often called the `` Jeffersonian Republican Party '' ) , and the current Republican Party , founded in 1854 . The Capitol exalted classical republican virtues Contents ( hide ) 1 The American Revolution 1.1 Republican virtues 1.2 Cause of revolution 1.3 Founding Fathers 1.4 Virtue vs. commerce 1.4. 1 Other influences 1.5 Historiography 2 New Nation : The Constitution 2.1 `` Republican '' as party name 2.2 Republican motherhood 2.3 National debt 2.4 Democracy 2.5 Property rights 2.6 Military service 3 Role of the South 4 Progressive Era 5 Legal terminology 5.1 Democracy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links The American Revolution ( edit ) Republican virtues ( edit ) The colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments and their effectiveness of rule . The Revolutionists were especially concerned with the history of liberty in England and were primarily influenced by the `` country party '' ( which opposed the Court Party that held power ) . Country party relied heavily on the classical republicanism of Roman heritage ; it celebrated the ideals of duty and virtuous citizenship in a republic . It drew heavily on ancient Greek city - state and Roman republican examples . The Country party shared some of the political philosophy of Whiggism as well as Tory critics in England which roundly denounced the corruption surrounding the `` court '' party in London centering on the royal court . This approach produced a political ideology Americans called `` republicanism '' , which was widespread in America by 1775 . `` Republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire Revolutionary generation . '' J.G.A. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America : The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians , John Milton , James Harrington and Sidney , Trenchard , Gordon and Bolingbroke , together with the Greek , Roman , and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu , formed the authoritative literature of this culture ; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar : a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property , perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption ; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage , faction , standing armies ( opposed to the ideal of the militia ) ; established churches ( opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion ) ; and the promotion of a monied interest -- though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement . American republicanism was centered on limiting corruption and greed . Virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives . Revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient Rome , they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the Empire . A virtuous citizen was one who ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption . The Republic was sacred ; therefore , it is necessary to serve the state in a truly representative way , ignoring self - interest and individual will . Republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good . According to Bernard Bailyn `` The preservation of liberty rested on the ability of the people to maintain effective checks on wielders of power and hence in the last analysis rested on the vigilance and moral stamina of the people ... '' Virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government . The duty of the virtuous citizen became a foundation for the American Revolution . Cause of Revolution ( edit ) The commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their property rights helped bring about the American Revolution . Britain was increasingly being seen as corrupt and hostile and that of a threat to the very idea of democracy ; a threat to the established liberties that Americans enjoyed and to American property rights . The greatest threat to liberty was thought by many to be corruption -- not just in London but at home as well . The colonists associated it with luxury and , especially , inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . Historian Thomas Kidd ( 2010 ) argues that during the Revolution Christians linked their religion to republicanism . He states , `` With the onset of the revolutionary crisis , a major conceptual shift convinced Americans across the theological spectrum that God was raising up America for some special purpose . '' Kidd further argues that `` new blend of Christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue . '' As virtuous republicans , citizens had a growing moral obligation to eradicate the corruption they saw in the monarchy . Historian Gordon Wood has tied the founding ideas to American exceptionalism : `` Our beliefs in liberty , equality , constitutionalism , and the well - being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era . So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy . '' Americans were the protectors of liberty , they had a greater obligation and destiny to assert republican virtue . In Discourse of 1759 Jonathan Mayhew states `` An absolute submission to our prince , or whether disobedience and resistance may not be justified able in some cases ... to all those who bear the title of rulers in common but only to those who actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and just authority for the good of human society . '' The notion that British rulers were not virtuous , nor exercising their authority for the `` good of human society '' prompted the colonial desire to protect and reestablish republican values in government . This need to protect virtue was a philosophical underpinning of the American Revolution . Founding Fathers ( edit ) The `` Founding Fathers '' were strong advocates of republican values , especially Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , George Washington , Thomas Paine , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and Alexander Hamilton . Thomas Jefferson defined a republic as : ... a government by its citizens in mass , acting directly and personally , according to rules established by the majority ; and that every other government is more or less republican , in proportion as it has in its composition more or less of this ingredient of the direct action of the citizens . Such a government is evidently restrained to very narrow limits of space and population . I doubt if it would be practicable beyond the extent of a New England township . The first shade from this pure element , which , like that of pure vital air , can not sustain life of itself , would be where the powers of the government , being divided , should be exercised each by representatives chosen ... for such short terms as should render secure the duty of expressing the will of their constituents . This I should consider as the nearest approach to a pure republic , which is practicable on a large scale of country or population ... we may say with truth and meaning , that governments are more or less republican as they have more or less of the element of popular election and control in their composition ; and believing , as I do , that the mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own rights , and especially , that the evils flowing from the duperies of the people , are less injurious than those from the egoism of their agents , I am a friend to that composition of government which has in it the most of this ingredient . The Founding Fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of `` republicanism . '' John Adams in 1787 defined it as `` a government , in which all men , rich and poor , magistrates and subjects , officers and people , masters and servants , the first citizen and the last , are equally subject to the laws . '' Virtue vs. Commerce ( edit ) The open question , as Pocock suggested , of the conflict between personal economic interest ( grounded in Lockean liberalism ) and classical republicanism , troubled Americans . Jefferson and Madison roundly denounced the Federalists for creating a national bank as tending to corruption and monarchism ; Alexander Hamilton staunchly defended his program , arguing that national economic strength was necessary for the protection of liberty . Jefferson never relented but by 1815 Madison switched and announced in favor of a national bank , which he set up in 1816 . John Adams often pondered the issue of civic virtue . Writing Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , he agreed with the Greeks and the Romans , that , `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' Adams insisted , `` There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honor , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . '' Adams worried that a businessman might have financial interests that conflicted with republican duty ; indeed , he was especially suspicious of banks . He decided that history taught that `` the Spirit of Commerce ... is incompatible with that purity of Heart , and Greatness of soul which is necessary for a happy Republic . '' But so much of that spirit of commerce had infected America . In New England , Adams noted , `` even the Farmers and Tradesmen are addicted to Commerce . '' As a result , there was `` a great Danger that a Republican Government would be very factious and turbulent there . '' Other influences ( edit ) A second stream of thought growing in significance was the classical liberalism of John Locke , including his theory of the `` social contract '' . This had a great influence on the revolution as it implied the inborn right of the people to overthrow their leaders should those leaders betray the agreements implicit in the sovereign - follower relationship . Historians find little trace of Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's influence in America . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans used Montesquieu 's analysis of the ideally `` balanced '' British Constitution . But first and last came a commitment to republicanism , as shown by many historians such as Bernard Bailyn and Gordon S. Wood . Historiography ( edit ) For a century , historians have debated how important republicanism was to the Founding Fathers . The interpretation before 1960 , following Progressive School historians such as Charles A. Beard , Vernon L. Parrington and Arthur M. Schlesinger , Sr. , downplayed rhetoric as superficial and looked for economic motivations . Louis Hartz refined the position in the 1950s , arguing John Locke was the most important source because his property - oriented liberalism supported the materialistic goals of Americans . In the 1960s and 1970s , two new schools emerged that emphasized the primacy of ideas as motivating forces in history ( rather than material self - interest ) . Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood from Harvard formed the `` Cambridge School '' ; at Washington University the `` St. Louis School '' was led by J.G.A. Pocock . They emphasized slightly different approaches to republicanism . However , some scholars , especially Isaac Kramnick , continue to emphasize Locke , arguing that Americans are fundamentally individualistic and not devoted to civic virtue . The relative importance of republicanism and liberalism remains a topic of strong debate among historians , as well as the politically active of present day . New nation : the Constitution ( edit ) The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its principles guaranteed liberty , with opposing , limited powers offsetting one another . They thought change should occur slowly , as many were afraid that a `` democracy '' -- by which they meant a direct democracy -- would allow a majority of voters at any time to trample rights and liberties . They believed the most formidable of these potential majorities was that of the poor against the rich . They thought democracy could take the form of mob rule that could be shaped on the spot by a demagogue . Therefore , they devised a written Constitution that could be amended only by a super majority , preserved competing sovereignties in the constituent states , gave the control of the upper house ( Senate ) to the states , and created an Electoral College , comprising a small number of elites , to select the president . They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people . In practice the electoral college soon gave way to control by political parties . In 1776 , most states required property ownership to vote , but most citizens owned farms in the 90 % rural nation , so it was not a severe restriction . As the country urbanized and people took on different work , the property ownership requirement was gradually dropped by many states . Property requirements were gradually dismantled in state after state , so that all had been eliminated by 1850 , so that few if any economic barriers remained to prevent white , adult males from voting . `` Republican '' as party name ( edit ) In 1792 -- 93 Jefferson and Madison created a new `` Democratic - Republican party '' in order to promote their version of the doctrine . They wanted to suggest that Hamilton 's version was illegitimate . According to Federalist Noah Webster , a political activist bitter at the defeat of the Federalist party in the White House and Congress , the choice of the name `` Democratic - Republican '' was `` a powerful instrument in the process of making proselytes to the party ... The influence of names on the mass of mankind , was never more distinctly exhibited , than in the increase of the democratic party in the United States . The popularity of the denomination of the Republican Party , was more than a match for the popularity of Washington 's character and services , and contributed to overthrow his administration . '' The party , which historians later called the Democratic - Republican Party , split into separate factions in the 1820s , one of which became the Democratic Party . After 1832 , the Democrats were opposed by another faction that named themselves `` Whigs '' after the Patriots of the 1770s who started the American Revolution . Both of these parties proclaimed their devotion to republicanism in the era of the Second Party System . Republican motherhood ( edit ) Under the new government after the revolution , `` republican motherhood '' became an ideal , as exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren . The first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children , and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Two generations later , the daughters and granddaughters of these `` Republican mothers '' appropriated republican values into their lives as they sought independence and equality in the workforce . During the 1830s , thousands of female mill workers went on strike to battle for their right to fair wages and independence , as there had been major pay cuts . Many of these women were daughters of independent land owners and descendants of men who had fought in the Revolutionary War ; they identified as `` daughters of freemen '' . In their fight for independence at the mills , women would incorporate rhetoric from the revolution to convey the importance and strength of their purpose to their corporate employers , as well as to other women . If the Revolutionary War was fought to secure independence from Great Britain , then these `` daughters of freemen '' could fight for the same republican values that ( through striking ) would give them fair pay and independence , just as the men had . National debt ( edit ) Jefferson and Albert Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt , unless it was paid off , would be a threat to republican values . They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base . Gallatin was the Republican Party 's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt , while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812 . Burrows says of Gallatin : His own fears of personal dependency and his small - shopkeeper 's sense of integrity , both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier , convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils -- corruption , legislative impotence , executive tyranny , social inequality , financial speculation , and personal indolence . Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible , he argued , but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures . Andrew Jackson believed the national debt was a `` national curse '' and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 . Politicians ever since have used the issue of a high national debt to denounce the other party for profligacy and a threat to fiscal soundness and the nation 's future . Democracy ( edit ) Ellis and Nelson argue that much constitutional thought , from Madison to Lincoln and beyond , has focused on `` the problem of majority tyranny . '' They conclude , `` The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities . '' Madison , in particular , worried that a small localized majority might threaten inalienable rights , and in `` Federalist # 10 '' he argued that the larger the population of the republic , the more diverse it would be and the less liable to this threat . Jefferson warned that `` an elective despotism is not the government we fought for . '' As late as 1800 , the word `` democrat '' was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party . Thus , George Washington in 1798 complained , `` that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white , as to change the principles of a profest Democrat ; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country . '' The Federalist Papers are pervaded by the idea that pure democracy is actually quite dangerous , because it allows a majority to infringe upon the rights of a minority . Thus , in encouraging the states to participate in a strong centralized government under a new constitution and replace the relatively weak Articles of Confederation , Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that a special interest may take control of a small area , e.g. a state , but it could not easily take over a large nation . Therefore , the larger the nation , the safer is republicanism . By 1805 , the `` Old Republicans '' or `` Quids '' , a minority faction among Southern Republicans , led by Johan Randolph , John Taylor of Caroline and Nathaniel Macon , opposed Jefferson and Madison on the grounds that they had abandoned the true republican commitment to a weak central government . Property rights ( edit ) Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) , made the protection of property rights by the courts a major component of American republicanism . A precocious legal scholar , Story was appointed to the Court by James Madison in 1811 . He and Chief Justice John Marshall made the Court a bastion of nationalism ( along the lines of Marshall 's Federalist Party ) and a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy . Story opposed Jacksonian democracy because it was inclined to repudiate lawful debts and was too often guilty of what he called `` oppression '' of property rights by republican governments . Story held that , `` the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property legally acquired '' was `` a great and fundamental principle of a republican government . '' Newmyer ( 1985 ) presents Story as a `` Statesman of the Old Republic '' who tried to rise above democratic politics and to shape the law in accordance with the republicanism of Story 's heroes , Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall , as well as the New England Whigs of the 1820s and 1830s , such as Daniel Webster . Historians agree that Justice Story -- as much or more than Marshall or anyone else -- did indeed reshape American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights . Military service ( edit ) Civic virtue required men to put civic goals ahead of their personal desires , and to volunteer to fight for their country . Military service thus was an integral duty of the citizen . As John Randolph of Roanoke put it , `` When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms , then you will be safe . '' Scott ( 1984 ) notes that in both the American and French revolutions , distrust of foreign mercenaries led to the concept of a national , citizen army , and the definition of military service was changed from a choice of careers to a civic duty . Herrera ( 2001 ) explains that an appreciation of self - governance is essential to any understanding of the American military character before the Civil War . Military service was considered an important demonstration of patriotism and an essential component of citizenship . To soldiers , military service was a voluntary , negotiated , and temporary abeyance of self - governance by which they signaled their responsibility as citizens . In practice self - governance in military affairs came to include personal independence , enlistment negotiations , petitions to superior officials , militia constitutions , and negotiations regarding discipline . Together these affected all aspects of military order , discipline , and life . Role of the South ( edit ) Historian Frank Lawrence Owsley in Plain Folk of the Old South ( 1949 ) depicted antebellum Southern society as a numerically dominate by a broad class of yeoman farmers who stood and worked between the slaves and poor whites at one end and the large planters at the opposite end of the economic spectrum . He complained that most scholars until then misconstrued the social structure by portraying a South controlled by rich plantation owners surrounded by lazy , inconsequential poor whites . Owsley asserted that the real South was liberal , American , and Jeffersonian , not radical or reactionary . It reflected the best of republican principles ( Owsley did not use the word `` republicanism '' but his followers did ) Agrarianism in the 20th century was a response to the industrialism and modernism that had infiltrated the South . According to Owsley , the position of the South vis - à - vis the North was created not by slavery , cotton , or states ' rights , but by the two regions ' misunderstanding of each other . J. Mills Thornton argues that in the antebellum South the drive to preserve republican values was the most powerful force , and led Southerners to interpret Northern policies as a threat to their republican values . In reaction to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , antislavery forces in the North formed a new party . The party officially designated itself `` Republican '' because the name resonated with the struggle of 1776 . `` In view of the necessity of battling for the first principles of republican government , '' resolved the Michigan state convention , `` and against the schemes of aristocracy the most revolting and oppressive with which the earth was ever cursed , or man debased , we will co-operate and be known as Republicans . '' After the war , the Republicans believed that an important aspect of securing citizenship for freedmen was to give them the franchise ; that the true political education was to be gained in exercising the right to vote and organizing for political purposes . At the time , only men were allowed to vote . Constitutional amendments were passed granting citizenship to freedmen and the franchise to men . Progressive era ( edit ) A central theme of the progressive era was fear of corruption , one of the core ideas of republicanism since the 1770s . The Progressives restructured the political system to combat entrenched interests ( for example , through the direct election of Senators ) , to ban influences such as alcohol that were viewed as corrupting , and to extend the vote to women , who were seen as being morally pure and less corruptible . Questions of performing civic duty were brought up in presidential campaigns and World War I. In the presidential election of 1888 , Republicans emphasized that the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland had purchased a substitute to fight for him in the Civil War , while his opponent General Benjamin Harrison had fought in numerous battles . In 1917 , a great debate took place over Woodrow Wilson 's proposal to draft men into the U.S. Army after war broke out in Europe . Many said it violated the republican notion of freely given civic duty to force people to serve . In the end , Wilson was successful and the Selective Service Act of 1917 was passed . Legal terminology ( edit ) The term republic does not appear in the Declaration of Independence , but does appear in Article IV of the Constitution which `` guarantee ( s ) to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government . '' What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain . The Supreme Court , in Luther v. Borden ( 1849 ) , declared that the definition of republic was a `` political question '' in which it would not intervene . During Reconstruction the Constitutional clause was the legal foundation for the extensive Congressional control over the eleven former Confederate states ; there was no such oversight over the border slave states that had remained in the Union . In two later cases , it did establish a basic definition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the court ruled that the `` equal rights of citizens '' were inherent to the idea of republic . The opinion of the court from In re Duncan ( 1891 ) held that the `` right of the people to choose their government '' is also part of the definition . It is also generally assumed that the clause prevents any state from being a monarchy -- or a dictatorship . Due to the 1875 and 1891 court decisions establishing basic definition , in the first version ( 1892 ) of the Pledge of Allegiance , which included the word republic , and like Article IV which refers to a Republican form of government , the basic definition of republic is implied and continues to do so in all subsequent versions , including the present edition , by virtue of its consistent inclusion . Democracy ( edit ) In March 1861 in his famous First Inaugural Address , Abraham Lincoln denounced secession as anarchy and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints in the American system : `` A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations , and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments , is the only true sovereign of a free people . '' Over time , the pejorative connotations of `` democracy '' faded . By the 1830s , democracy was seen as an unmitigated positive and the term `` Democratic '' was assumed by the Democratic Party and the term `` Democrat '' was adopted by its members . A common term for the party in the 19th century was `` The Democracy . '' In debates on Reconstruction , Radical Republicans , such as Senator Charles Sumner , argued that the republican `` guarantee clause '' in Article IV supported the introduction by force of law of democratic suffrage in the defeated South . After 1800 the limitations on democracy were systematically removed ; property qualifications for state voters were largely eliminated in the 1820s . The initiative , referendum , recall , and other devices of direct democracy became widely accepted at the state and local level in the 1910s ; and senators were made directly electable by the people in 1913 . The last restrictions on black voting were made illegal in 1965 . See also ( edit ) Corruption in the United States First Party System Second Party System Third Party System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Toward a Republican Synthesis : The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Richard Buel , Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p. 147 Jump up ^ Becker et al ( 2002 ) , ch 1 Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1991 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1st Vintage Books ed . ) . New York , NY : Vintage Books . ISBN 0679736883 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , Constitutional History of the American Revolution ( 2003 ) p. 76 Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , `` The Perils of ' Pure Democracy ' : Minority Rights , Liquor Politics , and Popular Sovereignty in Antebellum America , '' Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 29 , No. 4 , Winter 2009 doi : 10.1353 / jer. 0.0113 ; Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hart , ( 2002 ) , ch. 1 Jump up ^ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/early-republic/timeline-terms/democratic-republican-party Jump up ^ Robert Williams , Horace Greeley : champion of American freedom ( 2006 ) pp. 175 -- 76 Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Bowling `` A Capital before a Capitol : Republican Visions , '' in Donald R. Kennon ed . A Republic for the Ages : The United States Capitol and the Political Culture of the Early Republic ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Trevor Colbourn , The Lamp of Experience : Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution ( 1965 ) online version Jump up ^ H.T. Dickinson , ed. , A companion to eighteenth - century Britain ( 2002 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Mortimer N.S. Sellers , American republicanism ( 1994 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Robert Kelley , `` Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon , '' American Historical Review , 82 ( June 1977 ) , p. 536 Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , The Machiavellian Moment p. 507 Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America . New York : The Penguin Press . p. 325 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Bailyn . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Mass : The Belknap Press . Jump up ^ Zephyr Teachout , Corruption in America : From Benjamin Franklin 's Snuff Box to Citizens United ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution p. 9 Jump up ^ Kidd , God of Liberty , p. 8 Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution p. 525 Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , `` Introduction '' in Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States ( 2011 ) online . Jump up ^ Bernard Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution p. 92 Jump up ^ Robert E. Shalhope , `` Toward a Republican Synthesis , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor , May 28 , 1816 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . See also : James Madison on Majority Government Jump up ^ Republican Government . Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3 # 1 ( 1972 ) , pp. 119 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) p. 23 . Jump up ^ Adams 1776 quoted in Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern 2 : 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rousseau , whose romantic and egalitarian tenets had practically no influence on the course of Jefferson 's , or indeed any American , thought . '' Nathan Schachner , Thomas Jefferson : A Biography. ( 1957 ) . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution , '' William and Mary Quarterly 23 # 1 ( 1966 ) , pp. 3 -- 32 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Rodgers ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of liberty : a history of the early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) p. 214 Jump up ^ Mark B. Brown , Science in democracy : expertise , institutions , and representation ( 2009 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ When Alexander Hamilton proposed at the Constitutional Convention to drastically reduce the power of the states , he won no support and dropped the idea . Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Fawn Brodie , Thomas Jefferson ( 1974 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ quoted in John C. Miller , Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) p. 320 ; online edition of Webster p. 332 Jump up ^ Kerber 1997 Jump up ^ Dublin , Strike of 1830 Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows . `` Gallatin , Albert '' in American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) Accessed Dec 03 2013 Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson . Macmillan . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Stuart Nagel ( 1994 ) . Encyclopedia of Policy Studies ( 2nd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . pp. 503 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson , Debating the presidency ( 2009 ) p. 211 Jump up ^ Paul F. Bourke , `` The Pluralist Reading of James Madison 's Tenth Federalist , '' Perspectives in American History ( 1975 ) 9 : 271 -- 99 Jump up ^ David Tucker , Enlightened republicanism : a study of Jefferson 's Notes on the State if Virginia ( 2008 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` George Washington to James McHenry , September 30 , 1798 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 08 . Transcript . Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer , et al . The Enduring Vision ( 2010 ) vol. 1 p. 191 Jump up ^ Recently Martin has argued that Madison showed his commitment to the popular element of popular government in the `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments '' ( 1785 ) ; Robert W.T. Martin , `` James Madison and Popular Government : The Neglected Case of the ' Memorial ' '' Polity , Apr 2010 , Vol. 42 Iss. 2 , pp. 185 -- 209 Jump up ^ Garrett Ward Sheldon and C. William Hill Jr. , The Liberal Republicanism of John Taylor of Caroline ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ David Brion Davis , Antebellum American culture ( 1997 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Kermit L. Hall and Kevin T. McGuire , eds . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch ( 2005 ) p. 404 Jump up ^ R. Kent Newmyer , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story : Statesman of the Old Republic ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Presser , `` Resurrecting the Conservative Tradition in American Legal History , '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 13 # 4 ( Dec. 1985 ) , pp. 526 -- 33 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Randolph quoted in Banning ( 1978 ) p. 262 . See Lawrence D. Cress , `` Republican Liberty and National Security : American Military Policy as an Ideological Problem , 1783 to 1789 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 96 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext at Jstor Jump up ^ Samuel F. Scott , `` Foreign Mercenaries , Revolutionary War , and Citizen - soldiers in the Late Eighteenth Century . '' War & Society 1984 2 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 58 . ISSN 0729 - 2473 Jump up ^ Ricardo A. Herrera , `` Self - governance and the American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 . '' Journal of Military History 2001 65 # 1 pp. 21 -- 52 . online Jump up ^ Ricardo A. Herrera , For Liberty and the Republic : The American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 ( New York University Press , 2015 ) online review Jump up ^ Bruce Clayton , ed . The Mind of the South : Fifty Years Later ( 1992 ) pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Wood 1995 Jump up ^ Thornton , Politics and Power in a Slave Society : Alabama , 1800 -- 1860 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom ( 1988 ) quote p. 126 Jump up ^ Lewis L. Gould , Grand Old Party ( 2003 ) p. 14 Jump up ^ Richard Jensen , `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp. 149 -- 80 . online version Jump up ^ Alyn Brodsky , Grover Cleveland : a study in character ( 2000 ) p. 96 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay II Chambers , To Raise An Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Richard Zuczek ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era . Greenwood , vol. 1 p. 41 . Jump up ^ 139 U.S. 449 , ( 1891 ) Jump up ^ Herman Belz , Abraham Lincoln , Constitutionalism , and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era ( 1998 ) p. 86 Jump up ^ William Safire , Safire 's Political Dictionary ( 2008 ) pp. 175 -- 76 Jump up ^ Yonatan Eyal , The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party , 1828 -- 1861 ( 2007 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Charles O. Lerche , Jr. , `` Congressional Interpretations of the Guarantee of a Republican Form of Government during Reconstruction , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1949 ) , 15 : 192 -- 211 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Suffrage '' in Paul S. Boyer and Melvyn Dubofsky , The Oxford Companion to United States history ( 2001 ) p. 754 Further reading ( edit ) Appleby , Joyce . Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination ( 1992 ) Appleby , Joyce . `` Commercial Farming and the ' Agrarian Myth ' in the Early Republic , '' Journal of American History 68 ( 1982 ) , pp. 833 -- 49 in JSTOR Appleby , Joyce . `` Republicanism in Old and New Contexts , '' in William & Mary Quarterly , 43 ( January , 1986 ) , pp. 3 -- 34 in JSTOR Appleby , Joyce , ed . `` Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States , '' special issue of American Quarterly , Vol. 37 , No. 4 , ( 1985 ) with these articles : here Joyce Appleby , `` Republicanism and Ideology , '' pp. 461 -- 73 in JSTOR Linda K. Kerber , `` The Republican Ideology of the Revolutionary Generation , '' pp. 474 -- 95 in JSTOR Cathy Matson and Peter Onuf , `` Toward a Republican Empire : Interest and Ideology in Revolutionary America , '' pp. 496 -- 531 in JSTOR Jean Baker , `` From Belief into Culture : Republicanism in the Antebellum North , '' pp. 532 -- 50 in JSTOR James Oakes . `` From Republicanism to Liberalism : Ideological Change and the Crisis of the Old South , '' pp. 551 -- 71 in JSTOR John Patrick Diggins , `` Republicanism and Progressivism , '' pp. 572 -- 98 in JSTOR Joyce Appleby , Capitalism and a New Social Order : The Republican Vision of the 1790s , 1984 , her reprinted essays Ashworth , John , `` The Jeffersonians : Classical Republicans or Liberal Capitalists ? '' Journal of American Studies 18 ( 1984 ) , pp. 428 -- 30 Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bailyn , Bernard . The Origins of American Politics ( 1966 ) Banning , Lance . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1978 ) Becker , Peter , Jürgen Heideking and James A. Henretta , eds . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . ( 2002 ) . Brown , David . `` Jeffersonian Ideology And The Second Party System '' Historian , Fall , 1999 v62 # 1 pp. 17 -- 44 online edition Brown ; Stuart Gerry . The First Republicans : Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison ( 1954 ) . Buel , Richard . Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1972 ) J.C.D. Clark . The Language of Liberty 1660 -- 1832 : Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo - American World , 1660 -- 1832 Colbourn , Trevor . The Lamp of Experience : Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution ( 1965 ) online version Currie , James T. , The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period , 1789 -- 1801 , ( 1997 ) ; The Constitution in Congress : The Jeffersonians , 1801 -- 1829 , U. of Chicago Press , 2001 Elkins , Stanley M. , and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism ( 1993 ) standard political history of 1790s Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2007 ) Everdell , William R . The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans , ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) Foner , Eric ( 1970 ) . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) online edition Foner , Eric . `` Radical Individualism in America : Revolution to Civil War , '' Literature of Liberty , vol. 1 no . 3 , July / September 1978 pp. 1 -- 31 online Gould , Philip . `` Virtue , Ideology , and the American Revolution : The Legacy of the Republican Synthesis , '' American Literary History , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , Eighteenth - Century American Cultural Studies ( Autumn , 1993 ) , pp. 564 -- 77 Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1991 ) , 845 pp ; emphasis on political ideas and republicanism ; revised edition ( 2004 ) titled A Companion to the American Revolution Hartz , Louis . The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1952 ) Hart , Gary . Restoration of the Republic : The Jeffersonian Ideal in 21st - Century America ( 2002 ) Herrera , Ricardo A. For Liberty and the Republic : The American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 -- 1861 ( New York University Press , 2015 ) online review Jacobs , Meg , ed . The Democratic Experiment : New Directions in American Political History Kerber , Linda K . `` The Republican Mother : Women and the Enlightenment - An American Perspective , '' American Quarterly , Vol. 28 , No. 2 , ( Summer , 1976 ) , pp. 187 -- 205 in JSTOR Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) Keyssar , Alexander . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States ( 2001 ) Klein , Milton , et al. , eds. , The Republican Synthesis Revisited ( 1992 ) . Kloppenberg , James T . The Virtues of Liberalism ( 1998 ) Kramnick , Isaac . Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism : Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth - Century England and America ( 1990 ) Kramnick , Isaac and Theodore Lowi . American Political Thought ( 2006 ) , primary sources McCoy , Drew R . The Elusive Republic : Political Economy in Jeffersonian America ( 1980 ) on economic theories McCoy , Drew R . The Last of the Fathers : James Madison and the Republican Legacy ( 1989 ) . Morgan . Edmund . Inventing the People ( 1989 ) Mushkat , Jerome , and Joseph G. Rayback , Martin Van Buren : Law , Politics , and the Shaping of Republican Ideology ( 1997 ) Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) Pangle , Thomas L. The Spirit of Modern Republicanism : The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke Pocock , J.G.A. . The Machiavellian Moment : Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition ( 1975 ) . Pocock , J.G.A. . `` The Machiavellian Moment Revisited : A Study in History and Ideology , '' Journal of Modern History Vol. 53 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1981 ) , pp. 49 -- 72 in JSTOR Rakove , Jack N. Original Meanings : Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution ( 1997 ) Rodgers , Daniel T. `` Republicanism : the Career of a Concept , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 79 , No. 1 ( June , 1992 ) , pp. 11 -- 38 online in JSTOR Ross , Steven J. `` The Transformation of Republican Ideology , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1990 ) , pp. 323 -- 30 in JSTOR Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a Republican Synthesis : The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 29 ( January 1972 ) , pp. 49 -- 80 in JSTOR ; also online Shalhope , Robert E. `` Republicanism and Early American Historiography , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 39 ( April 1982 ) , pp. 334 -- 56 in JSTOR Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Watson , Harry L. Liberty and Power : The Politics of Jacksonian America ( 1990 ) ( ISBN 0 - 374 - 52196 - 4 ) White , Ed . `` The Ends of Republicanism , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Summer 2010 , Vol. 30 Issue 2 , pp. 179 -- 99 , focus on literature Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . ( 2005 ) . Wiltse , Charles Maurice . The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy ( 1935 ) Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40493 - 7 Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic 1776 -- 1787 ( 1969 ) , one of the most influential studies Wood , Walter Kirk . `` Before Republicanism : Frank Lawrence Owsley and the Search for Southern Identity , 1865 -- 1965 . '' Southern Studies ( 1995 ) 6 ( 4 ) : 65 -- 77 . ISSN 0735 - 8342 Zagari , Rosemarie . `` Morals , Manners , and the Republican Mother , '' American Quarterly Vol. 44 , No. 2 ( June 1992 ) , pp. 192 -- 215 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) `` Inventing a New Republican Culture for America '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republicanism_in_the_United_States&oldid=800890038 '' Categories : Political movements in the United States Republicanism in the United States Republicanism by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7044870167410166467 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990 | List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1990 - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one Singles of 1990 Sinéad O'Connor ( pictured ) earned her first Hot 100 number - one single with `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' , which stayed at the top position for four weeks . This is a list of the U.S. Billboard magazine Hot 100 number - ones of 1990 . The three longest running number - one singles of 1990 are `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' by Sinéad O'Connor , `` Vision of Love '' by Mariah Carey , and `` Because I Love You ( The Postman Song ) '' by Stevie B , which each attained four weeks at the top of the chart . Key The yellow background indicates the # 1 song on Billboard 's 1990 Year - End Chart of Pop Singles . Issue Date Song Artist ( s ) Reference January 6 `` Another Day in Paradise '' Phil Collins January 13 January 20 `` How Am I Supposed to Live Without You '' Michael Bolton January 27 February 3 February 10 `` Opposites Attract '' Paula Abdul with The Wild Pair February 17 February 24 March 3 `` Escapade '' Janet Jackson March 10 March 17 March 24 `` Black Velvet '' Alannah Myles March 31 April 7 `` Love Will Lead You Back '' Taylor Dayne April 14 `` I 'll Be Your Everything '' Tommy Page April 21 `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' Sinéad O'Connor April 28 May 5 May 12 May 19 `` Vogue '' Madonna May 26 June 2 June 9 `` Hold On '' Wilson Phillips June 16 `` It Must Have Been Love '' Roxette June 23 June 30 `` Step by Step '' New Kids on the Block July 7 July 14 July 21 `` She Ai n't Worth It '' Glenn Medeiros featuring Bobby Brown July 28 August 4 `` Vision of Love '' Mariah Carey August 11 August 18 August 25 September 1 `` If Wishes Came True '' Sweet Sensation September 8 `` Blaze of Glory '' Jon Bon Jovi September 15 `` Release Me '' Wilson Phillips September 22 September 29 `` ( Ca n't Live Without Your ) Love and Affection '' Nelson October 6 `` Close to You '' Maxi Priest October 13 `` Praying for Time '' George Michael October 20 `` I Do n't Have the Heart '' James Ingram October 27 `` Black Cat '' Janet Jackson November 3 `` Ice Ice Baby '' Vanilla Ice November 10 `` Love Takes Time '' Mariah Carey November 17 November 24 December 1 `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' Whitney Houston December 8 `` Because I Love You ( The Postman Song ) '' Stevie B December 15 December 22 December 29 See also 1990 in music List of number - one hits ( United States ) References Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 01 - 05 ) . `` ' Another Day in Paradise ' Remains No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Phil Collins ' Single Holds on to No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 01 - 20 ) . `` It 's out with the Old , in with the New '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Singles List Ca n't Live Without Bolton '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 02 - 02 ) . `` No. 1 LP , No. 2 Single for Abdul '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 02 - 09 ) . `` It Took ' Forever ' to Get This Double '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 02 - 16 ) . `` 2nd Straight Double for Paula Abdul '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Abdul , Jackson Poised for Battle '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Janet Jackson Wins Single Round '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Abdul , Jackson all over Again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Raitt Rides Grammy to New Heights '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 03 - 23 ) . `` 5 Women Occupy 5 No. 1 Spots '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Newcomers Dominate Singles List '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Dayne , Raitt Keep Women 's Streak Going '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Page Takes over with ' Everything ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Sinead O'Connor Courts Superstardom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 04 - 27 ) . `` On 2 Charts , Nothing Compares 2 O'Connor '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 05 - 04 ) . `` 2nd Straight Double for O'Connor '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 05 - 11 ) . `` O'Connor Holds on for 3rd Double '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 05 - 18 ) . `` ' Vogue ' Restores Madonna to No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 05 - 25 ) . `` ' Vogue ' Continues for Madonna '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 06 - 01 ) . `` 2 New Entries Cause the Fireworks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Wilson Phillips Beats Parents to No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Madonna 's ` Breathless ' Rockets up Album Chart '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Roxette 's ` Love ' Holds off New Kids '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 06 - 29 ) . `` New Kids Atop Singles , Album Lists '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 07 - 06 ) . `` New Kids ' LP Bumped from No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Kids Stay on Top Step on Singles List '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Good Week for New Edition Connections '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Mariah Carey Making Her Move '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Mariah Carey Takes over 2 Top Spots '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Mariah Carey Tops 3 Singles Lists '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 08 - 17 ) . `` 2nd Triple Play for Mariah Carey '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Jackson Puts Pressure on Carey '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Sweet Sensation 's Wishes Come True '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi 's Solo Flight a Success '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Wilson Phillips ' 2nd Single Hits No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Release Me ' Holds on to No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Nelson Matches Rick 's Early Success '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Maxi Priest Makes Long Trek to No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Michael 's ' Praying ' the Easy Winner '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 10 - 19 ) . `` James Ingram Hits No. 1 as a Solo '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Black Cat ' is Good Luck for Janet Jackson '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Vanilla Ice 's ' Ice Ice Baby ' Freezes out ' Black Cat ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Vanilla Ice Nails Hammer After 21 Weeks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Carey Holds on with ' Love Takes Time ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 11 - 23 ) . `` It 's another Bright Week for Carey '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Houston Replaces Carey at No. 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Houston 's No. 1 Song Quickly Topples '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Stevie B at Top Again , but not for Long '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Stevie B Holds on to Top Spot on Singles Chart '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ DeKnock , Jan ( 1990 - 12 - 28 ) . `` New Stars Emerge on 1990 Charts '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 22 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2008 , 12 Edition ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 2000 -- present 2017 2018 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_1990&oldid=841530059 '' Categories : 1990 record charts Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number - one songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 11 : 54 . 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-1014813491102461923 | Duma | Duma - wikipedia Duma For other uses , see Duma ( disambiguation ) . A duma ( дума ) was a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions . The term comes from the Russian verb думать ( dumat ' ) meaning `` to think '' or `` to consider '' . The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905 . The Tsar dismissed the first duma within 75 days and re-elected second duma within three months . It was dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution . Since 1993 , the State Duma is the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation . Contents 1 Boyar duma 2 Municipal dumas 3 State dumas 3.1 Russian Empire 3.2 Russian Federation 4 References Boyar Duma ( edit ) Historians use the term Boyar Duma to denote the council of boyars and junior boyars collectively within the Russian Tsardom . In 1721 Peter the Great transferred its functions to the Governing Senate . Contemporary sources always refer simply to `` the boyars '' or to `` the duma '' , but never to the `` boyar duma '' . Originally there were ten to twelve boyars and five or six paddu . By 1613 the duma had increased to twenty boyars and eight okol'nichii . Lesser nobles , `` duma gentlemen '' ( dumnye dvoriane ) and secretaries , were added to the duma and the number of okol'nichii rose in the latter half of the 17th century . In 1676 the number of boyars increased to 50 - by then they constituted only a third of the duma . Municipal dumas ( edit ) Building of the Moscow City Duma See also : Moscow City Duma and Saint Petersburg City Duma Under the reign of Alexander II , several reforms were enacted during the 1860s and 1870s . These included the creation of local political bodies known as zemstvoes . All owners of houses , tax - paying merchants and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth . The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts , representing three groups of electors very unequal in number , each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma . The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma . Under Alexander III , however , by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894 , the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos . In 1894 municipal institutions , with still more restricted powers , were granted to several towns in Siberia , and in 1895 to some in Caucasia . State dumas ( edit ) Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : State Duma ( Russian Empire ) Under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 , on 6 August 1905 , Sergei Witte issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma , initially thought to be an advisory organ . In the subsequent October Manifesto , Nicholas II pledged to introduce basic civil liberties , provide for broad participation in the State Duma , and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers . However , Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power . Just before the creation of the Duma in May 1906 , the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws . It stated in part that the tsar 's ministers could not be appointed by , and were not responsible to , the Duma , thus denying responsible government at the executive level . Furthermore , the tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished . At this first meeting of the Duma members proposed that political prisoners should be released , trade unions given rights and land reform be introduced . Nicholas II rejected these suggestions and dissolved the assembly in July , 1906 . The imperial State Duma was elected four times : in 1906 , twice in 1907 , and in 1912 . Russian Federation ( edit ) Main article : State Duma The State Duma ( Russian : Государственная дума , Gosudarstvennaya Duma , common abbreviation : Госдума , Gosduma ) in Russia is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia ( parliament ) , the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia . Under Russia 's 1993 constitution , there are 450 deputies of the State Duma ( Article 95 ) , each elected to a term of four years ( Article 96 ) ; this was changed to a five - year term in late 2008 . In previous elections of 1993 , 1995 , 1999 and 2003 one half of the deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation and one half were elected by plurality in single member districts . However , the 2007 Duma elections were carried out in a new format : all 450 deputies were elected by a system of proportional representation . Russian citizens at least 21 years old are eligible to run for the Duma ( Article 97 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Bushkovitch , Peter the Great ( Rowman and Littlefield , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Gustave Alef , `` Reflections on the Boyar Duma in the Reign of Ivan III '' , The Slavonic and East European Review , 45 , 104 ( 1967 ) : 76 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter ( 2007 ) . World Civilizations the Global Experience . New York : Pearson Education . p. 620 . ISBN 0132206994 . Jump up ^ `` The Duma '' . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Coordinates : 55 ° 45 ′ 29 '' N 37 ° 36 ′ 55 '' E / 55.75806 ° N 37.61528 ° E / 55.75806 ; 37.61528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duma&oldid=865998405 '' Categories : Government of Russia Government of the Russian Empire Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first duma created in russia | [
"A duma (дума) was a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term comes from the Russian verb думать (dumat’) meaning \"to think\" or \"to consider\". The first formally constituted duma was the State Duma introduced into the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1905. The Tsar dismissed the first duma within 75 days and re-elected second duma within three months. It was dissolved in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Since 1993, the State Duma is the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation.\n"
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5057319304574204868 | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` scared decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , and was the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . His reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn effect injuries , conventional skin injuries that cover a large area , frequently result in bacterial infection , the risk of which is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose , moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 - 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Investigations into brain development Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorbtion of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 - 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 - 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance , between the two cities is sometimes explained due to Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the dose was primarily due to absorbed neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆 者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 -- 43 , 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . August 19 , 1943 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly 2012 , pp. 183 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲 予告 ビラ 、 高山 市民 が 保管 市 内 で 展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜 新聞 社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) ) . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . 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President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slavick , Elin O'Hara ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . 7 ( 3 ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toon et al. 2007 , p. 1994 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : Manhattan Engineer District ( June 29 , 1946 ) . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Trinity Atomic . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1960 , pp. 1376 -- 1377 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago '' . psywarrior.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum '' ( PDF ) . City of Nagasaki . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Leaflets '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scoenberger 1969 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Slavinskiĭ 2004 , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hoyt 2001 , p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , pp. 283 -- 284 . ^ Jump up to : Russ 1990 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 15 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 353 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Sherwin 2003 , pp. 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline # 3 - the 509th ; The Nagasaki Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . 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Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim '' . The Japan Times . June 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list '' . The Japan Times . August 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . News from Indian Country . August 1997 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` POW 's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . September 19 , 1945 . p. 20 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yosuke Yamahata '' . www.noorderlicht.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A Veiled Truth : The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb '' . Duke East Asia Nexus . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary '' . People 's Daily . August 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 19 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Rescue and Relief Activities 長崎 市 平和 ・ 原爆 '' . City of Nagasaki . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai 長崎 市 平和 ・ 原爆 '' . City of Nagasaki . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein 1991 , pp. 149 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Voices of the Manhattan Project . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Destructive Effects '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Roger ( July 31 , 1995 ) . `` Hersey and History '' . The New Yorker . From the Archives . p. 66 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The pure horror of Hiroshima '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , pp. 434 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Michaub , Jon ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Eighty - Five from the Archive : John Hersey '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) 1977 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 -- 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Abbey Service '' . The Guardian . August 15 , 1945 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects : Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents Jump up ^ Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1 Jump up ^ Nuclear fallout medical effects . Mettler Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation Christian Streffer doi.org/10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ NAP pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ ICRP and impairment of mental function following prenatal irradiation . RH Mole . Journal of Radiological Protection , Volume 12 , Number 2 . 1992 Jump up ^ pg 354 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 . Schull Jump up ^ NAP pg 360 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 Jump up ^ Mental Retardation Following In Utero Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pediatric Radiology doi.org/10.1148/106.3.617 . `` Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found , with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose . The lower dose - effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in Nagasaki . '' Jump up ^ Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City / doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamada & Izumi 2002 , pp. 409 -- 415 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower 1996 , p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` After the Bomb '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Memorial City , Hiroshima '' . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . 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Craven , Wesley ; Cate , James , eds. ( 1953 ) . The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . OCLC 256469807 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Dietz , Suzanne Simon ; Van Kirk , Theodore Jerome ( 2012 ) . My true course : Dutch Van Kirk , Northumberland to Hiroshima . Lawrenceville , Georgia : Red Gremlin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 01676 - 3 . OCLC 797975707 . Dower , John W. ( 1996 ) . `` The Bombed '' . In Hogan , Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory . New York : Cambridge University Press . pp. 116 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56682 - 7 . OCLC 466874831 . Drea , Edward J. ( 1992 ) . MacArthur 's ULTRA : Codebreaking and the War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0504 - 5 . OCLC 23651196 . Edwards , Pail N. ( 1996 ) . The Closed World : Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 55028 - 8 . OCLC 807140394 . Ellsberg , Daniel ( 2017 ) . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . New York ; London : Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 670 - 8 . OCLC 968158870 . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1983 ) ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80189 - 1 . OCLC 932666584 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . OCLC 493738019 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Holl , Jack M. ( 1989 ) . Atoms for Peace and War , 1953 -- 1961 : Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06018 - 0 . OCLC 82275622 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation ( 2003 ) . Eyewitness Testimonies : Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors ( 3rd ed . ) . Hiroshima , Japan : Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . OCLC 853288543 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . The United States Army in World War II : Special Studies . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ISSN 1058 - 3947 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . pp. 42 -- 61 . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木 戶 幸一 日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . OCLC 959675458 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . OCLC 1212857 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131 -- 170 . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Quester , George H. ( September 1970 ) . `` Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty '' . Asian Survey . 10 ( 9 ) : 765 -- 778 . doi : 10.2307 / 2643028 . ISSN 0004 - 4687 . JSTOR 2643028 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . OCLC 32509950 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Athens : Ohio University Press . OCLC 959500725 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. ( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) . Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! 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-8530513734741300705 | Enoch (ancestor of Noah) | Enoch ( ancestor of Noah ) - wikipedia Enoch ( ancestor of Noah ) Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Enoch the Patriarch God took Enoch , as in Genesis 5 : 24 : `` And Enoch walked with God , and he was no longer , for God had taken him '' ( JP ) , illustration from the 1728 Figures de la Bible ; illustrated by Gerard Hoet Antediluvian Patriarch Venerated in Armenian Apostolic Church Armenian Catholic Church Enochian Christian sects ( see John Dee ) Islam Medieval Rabbinical Judaism Some New Age cults devoted to angelology , Baha'i Faith Feast July 30 Enoch ( / ˈiːnək / ; Hebrew : חֲנוֹךְ , Modern H̱anokh , Tiberian Ḥănōḵ ; Arabic : أَخْنُوخ ʼAkhnūkh , ( commonly in Qur'ānic literature ) : إِدْرِيس ʼIdrīs ) is a figure in Biblical literature . `` In the seventh generation from Adam , '' he was considered the author of the Book of Enoch and also called Enoch the scribe of judgment . In addition to an appearance in the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible , Enoch is the subject of many Jewish , Christian , and Muslim writings . Enoch was the son of Jared ( Genesis 5 : 19 -- 21 ) , the father of Methuselah , and the great - grandfather of Noah . At 65 years old , he begot Methuselah . Regim and Gaidad are also mentioned as his sons according to 2 Enoch . The Bible says that Enoch lived 365 years before he was taken by God . The text reads that Enoch `` walked with God : and he was no more ; for God took him '' ( Gen 5 : 21 -- 24 ) , which some Christians interpret as Enoch entering Heaven alive . This Enoch is not to be confused with Cain 's son Enoch ( Genesis 4 : 17 ) . The Christian New Testament has three references to Enoch from the lineage of Seth ( Luke 3 : 37 , Hebrews 11 : 5 , Jude 1 : 14 -- 15 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enoch in the Book of Genesis 2 Apocryphal Books of Enoch 2.1 Enoch in Book of Giants 2.2 Septuagint 2.3 Enoch in classical Rabbinical literature 3 Enoch in Christianity 3.1 New Testament 3.2 Early Christianity 3.3 Medieval and Reformation 3.4 Modern Christianity 3.5 In LDS theology 4 Enoch in Islam 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Enoch in the Book of Genesis ( edit ) Enoch appears in the Book of Genesis of the Pentateuch as the seventh of the ten pre-Deluge Patriarchs . Genesis recounts that each of the pre-Flood Patriarchs lived for several centuries . Genesis 5 provides a genealogy of these ten figures ( from Adam to Noah ) , providing the age at which each fathered the next , and the age of each figure at death . Enoch is considered by many to be the exception , who is said to `` not see death '' . ( Hebrews 11 : 5 ) Furthermore , Genesis 5 : 22 -- 29 states that Enoch lived 365 years which is extremely short in the context of his peers , who are all recorded as dying at over 700 years of age . The brief account of Enoch in Genesis 5 ends with the cryptic note that `` he ( was ) not ; for God took him '' . Apocryphal books of Enoch ( edit ) Three extensive apocryphal works are attributed to Enoch : 1st Book of Enoch , or simply the Book of Enoch , written in Ge'ez ( Ethiopic ) , first time brought in Europe by James Bruce and translated in English by August Dillmann and Reverent Schoode - recognized by the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible and usually dated between the third century BC and the first century AD . 2nd Book of Enoch or the Book of the Secrets of Enoch , written in Old Bulgarian , Russian , Serbian and other slav languages , first translated in English by William Morfill - recognized by the Old Slavonic Bible usually dated to the first century AD . 3rd Book of Enoch , a Rabbinic text in Hebrew usually dated to the fifth century AD . These recount how Enoch was taken up to Heaven and was appointed guardian of all the celestial treasures , chief of the archangels , and the immediate attendant on God 's throne . He was subsequently taught all secrets and mysteries and , with all the angels at his back , fulfils of his own accord whatever comes out of the mouth of God , executing His decrees . Much esoteric literature like the 3rd Book of Enoch identifies Enoch as the Metatron , the angel which communicates God 's word . In consequence , Enoch was seen , by this literature , and the Rabbinic kabbala of Jewish mysticism , as having been the one which communicated God 's revelation to Moses , in particular , the dictator of the Book of Jubilees . Enoch in Book of giants ( edit ) The Book of Giants is a pseudepigraphical Jewish work from the 3rd century BC and resembles the Book of Enoch . At least six and as many as eleven copies were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls collections . Septuagint ( edit ) The third - century BC translators who produced the Greek Septuagint rendered the phrase `` God took him '' with the Greek verb metatithemi ( μετατίθημι ) meaning moving from one place to another . Sirach 44 : 16 , from about the same period , states that `` Enoch pleased God and was translated into paradise that he may give repentance to the nations . '' The Greek word used here for paradise , ' paradeisos ' ( παράδεισος ) , was derived from an ancient Persian word meaning `` enclosed garden '' , and was used in the Septuagint to describe the garden of Eden . Later , however , the term became synonymous for heaven , as is the case here . Enoch in classical rabbinical literature ( edit ) In classical Rabbinical literature , there are various views of Enoch . One view regarding Enoch was that found in the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan , which thought of Enoch as a pious man , taken to Heaven , and receiving the title of Safra rabba ( Great scribe ) . After Christendom was completely separated from Judaism , this view became the prevailing rabbinical idea of Enoch 's character and exaltation . According to Rashi ( from Genesis Rabba ) , `` Enoch was a righteous man , but he could easily be swayed to return to do evil . Therefore , the Holy One , blessed be He , hastened and took him away and caused him to die before his time . For this reason , Scripture changed ( the wording ) in ( the account of ) his demise and wrote , ' and he was no longer ' in the world to complete his years . '' Among the minor Midrashim , esoteric attributes of Enoch are expanded upon . In the Sefer Hekalot , Rabbi Ishmael is described as having visited the 7th Heaven , where he met Enoch , who claims that earth had , in his time , been corrupted by the demons Shammazai , and Azazel , and so Enoch was taken to Heaven to prove that God was not cruel . Similar traditions are recorded in Sirach . Later elaborations of this interpretation treated Enoch as having been a pious ascetic , who , called to mix with others , preached repentance , and gathered ( despite the small number of people on Earth ) a vast collection of disciples , to the extent that he was proclaimed king . Under his wisdom , peace is said to have reigned on earth , to the extent that he is summoned to Heaven to rule over the sons of God . In a parallel with Elijah , in sight of a vast crowd begging him to stay , he ascends to Heaven on a horse . Enoch in Christianity ( edit ) New Testament ( edit ) The New Testament contains three references to Enoch . The first is a brief mention in one of the genealogies of the ancestors of Jesus by Luke ( Luke 3 : 37 ) . The second mention is in Hebrews 11 : 5 ( KJV ) which says , `` By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death ; and was not found , because God had translated him : for before his translation he had this testimony , that he pleased God . '' This suggests he did not experience the mortal death ascribed to Adam 's other descendants which is consistent with Genesis 5 : 24 ( KJV ) , which says , `` And Enoch walked with God : and he ( was ) not ; for God took him . '' The third mention is in the Epistle of Jude ( 1 : 14 - 15 ) where the author attributes to `` Enoch , the Seventh from Adam '' a passage not found in Catholic and Protestant canons of the Old Testament . The quotation is believed by most modern scholars to be taken from 1 Enoch 1 : 9 which exists in Greek , in Ge'ez ( as part of the Ethiopian Orthodox canon ) , and also in Aramaic among the Dead Sea Scrolls . Though the same scholars recognise that 1 Enoch 1 : 9 itself is a midrash of the words of Moses `` he came from the ten thousands of holy ones '' from Deuteronomy 33 : 2 . The introductory phrase `` Enoch , the Seventh from Adam '' is also found in 1 Enoch ( 1 En. 60 : 8 ) , though not in the Old Testament . In the New Testament this Enoch prophesies `` to '' ungodly men , that God shall come with His holy ones to judge and convict them ( Jude 1 : 14 - 15 ) . Early Christianity ( edit ) Early Christianity contains various traditions concerning the `` translation '' of Enoch . Regarding the quotation in Jude , most of early Christianity considered it an independent quotation pre-dating the flood . Regarding the Book of Enoch itself Origen , Jerome and Augustin mention it , but as of no authority . Justin , Athenagoras , Irenaeus , Clemens Alexandrinus , Lactantius , and others borrowed an opinion out of this book of Enoch , that the angels had sexual relations with the daughters of men , of whom they had offspring ( ' the giants of the past ' ) . Tertullian , in several places , speaks of this book with esteem and would persuade us that it was preserved by Noah during the deluge . Elijah and Enoch - seventeenth - century icon , Historic Museum in Sanok , Poland Medieval and reformation ( edit ) According to the Figurists ( a group of Jesuit missionaries mainly led by Joachim Bouvet into China at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century and based on ideas of Matteo Ricci 1552 to 1610 ) , Fu Xi in China 's ancient history is actually Enoch . Modern Christianity ( edit ) Enoch is not counted as a saint in Roman Catholic tradition , though Enoch has a saint 's day , July 26 , in the Armenian Apostolic Church . The `` St. Enoch '' in the place name St. Enoch 's Square , Glasgow , is a corruption from the site of a medieval chapel to Saint Teneu , the legendary mother of Saint Mungo , and unconnected with Enoch . Enoch is revered in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church , and the Enochic texts Jubilees and 1 Enoch regarded as the 13th and 14th books , respectively , of the Tewahedo Old Testament canon . Most churches , including the Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Protestant churches , do not accept the books . Some Church Fathers , like St. John of Damascus , as well as some modern Evangelical commentators consider Enoch to be one of the Two Witnesses in the Book of Revelation due to the fact that he did not die according to Genesis 5 : 24 . Two televangelists holding this view , for example , are Pastor John Hagee of Christians United for Israel and Hebrew Roots Bible teacher Perry Stone . In LDS theology ( edit ) Among the Latter Day Saint movement and particularly in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , Enoch is viewed as having founded an exceptionally righteous city , named Zion , in the midst of an otherwise wicked world . This view is encountered in the Mormon scripture ( see Standard Works ) , the Pearl of Great Price and the Doctrine and Covenants , which states that not only Enoch , but the entire peoples of the city of Zion , were taken off this earth without death , because of their piety . ( Zion is defined as `` the pure in heart '' and this city of Zion will return to the earth at the Second Coming of Jesus Christ . ) The Doctrine and Covenants further states that Enoch prophesied that one of his descendants , Noah , and his family , would survive a Great Flood and thus carry on the human race and preserve the Scripture . The Book of Moses in the Pearl of Great Price has several chapters that give an account of Enoch 's preaching , visions and conversations with God . In these same chapters are details concerning the wars , violence and natural disasters in Enoch 's day , and notable miracles performed by Enoch . The Book of Moses is itself an excerpt from Joseph Smith 's translation of the Bible , which is published in full , complete with these chapters concerning Enoch , by Community of Christ , as the Holy Scriptures / Inspired Version of the Bible , where it appears as part of the Book of Genesis . D&C 104 : 24 ( CofC ) / 107 : 48 - 49 ( LDS ) states that Adam ordained Enoch to the higher priesthood ( now called the Melchizedek , after the great high priest ) at age 25 , that he was 65 when Adam blessed him , and he lived 365 years after that until he was translated , so making him 430 years old when that occurred . Additionally in LDS theology , Enoch is implied to be the scribe who recorded Adam 's blessings and prophecies at Adam - ondi - Ahman , as recorded in D&C 107 : 53 - 57 ( LDS ) / D&C 104 : 29b ( CofC ) . The left column lists the Bible 's teachings about Enoch , plus some not from the Bible ; the right column lists additional information found in the LDS canon . What the Bible teaches What Latter - day revelation adds Jared , when 165 years old , fathered Enoch ( see Gen. 5 : 18 ) . Enoch , at 65 , fathered Methuselah and also , over the years , a large posterity ( see Gen. 5 : 21 -- 22 ) . Enoch was 25 years old when Adam ordained him to the priesthood , and he was 65 when Adam again blessed him ( see D&C 107 : 48 ) . By his own voice , the Lord called Enoch , apparently at age 65 , to be a prophet and seer ( see Moses 6 : 25 -- 27 ) . At that time the Lord showed him the first of three visions of the future recorded in Moses ( see Moses 6 : 36 ) . Enoch taught gospel principles as they had been revealed by God and angels to Adam ( see Moses 6 : 47 -- 68 ) . Enoch foresaw the Canaanites annihilating the people of Shum ( see Moses 7 : 6 -- 7 ) . In doing so , the Canaanites forfeited their right to gospel blessings and Enoch was forbidden to preach to them ( see Moses 7 : 12 ) . He defeated the enemies of the people of the Lord through priesthood miracles , moving mountains and turning rivers from their courses . As a result , his people gained security and peace ( see Moses 7 : 13 -- 17 ) . The seer 's people flourished and established a city of holiness called Zion ( see Moses 7 : 17 -- 19 ) . Three years before Adam 's death , Enoch , with other righteous leaders , attended a great convocation called by Adam at Adam - ondi - Ahman . There Adam bestowed his last blessing upon his children and related , by the power of prophecy , what should happen to his posterity to the end of time ( see D&C 107 : 53 -- 56 ) . The prophecy was recorded in the book of Enoch ( see D&C 107 : 57 ) . Enoch foresaw the first coming of the Savior , his crucifixion and death , and the great destructions of the earth associated therewith ( see Moses 7 : 45 -- 47 , 55 -- 56 ) . Enoch prophesied that the Lord would come `` with ten thousands of his saints , to execute judgment upon all '' ( Jude 1 : 14 -- 15 ) . He foresaw the Second Coming of the Lord , the building up of Zion in the last days , and the return of his city to the earth ( see Moses 7 : 60 -- 67 ) . The Lord personally met with Enoch on many occasions over the 365 years of his ministry ( see D&C 107 : 49 ) . Enoch had lived for 365 years when he was taken by the Lord through translation ( see Gen. 5 : 23 ; Heb. 11 : 5 ) . Enoch was actually 430 years old when he was translated . At that time , Zion had been in existence for 365 years ( see Moses 7 : 68 ; Moses 8 : 1 ) . When the world in general had rejected the law of God , the Lord translated Enoch and his people , taking them and the `` government of heaven '' off the earth ( see History of the Church , 5 : 64 ; D&C 38 : 4 ) . The Lord appointed Enoch to minister to terrestrial bodies and `` to those who shall be heirs of salvation . '' In this capacity , Enoch appeared to Jude , author of the Epistle of Jude ( see History of the Church , 4 : 209 ) . The Savior himself spoke of the future glory of both Enoch 's Zion and the Zion of the last days , testifying that they would eventually be reunited and that he would personally abide there . Then the earth would rest for a thousand years ( see 3 Ne. 21 : 1 ; Moses 7 : 62 -- 64 ; History of the Church , 3 : 34 ) . Enoch in Islam ( edit ) Main article : Idris ( prophet ) In Islam , Enoch ( Arabic : ʼAkhnūkh أَخْنُوخ , ( commonly in Islamic literature ) : ʼIdrīs إِِدْرِيس ) ) is identified with Idris , as for example by the History of Al - Tabari intrepretation and the Meadows of Gold . The Quran contains two references to Idris ; in Surah Al - Anbiya ( The Prophets ) verse number 85 , and in Surah Maryam ( Mary ) verses 56 - 57 : ( The Prophets , 21 : 85 ) : `` And the same blessing was bestowed upon Ismail and Idris and Zul - Kifl , because they all practised fortitude . '' ( Mary 19 : 56 - 57 ) : `` And remember Idris in the Book ; he was indeed very truthful , a Prophet . And We lifted him to a lofty station '' . Idris is closely linked in Muslim tradition with the origin of writing and other technical arts of civilization , including the study of astronomical phenomena , both of which Enoch is credited with in the Testament of Abraham . Nonetheless , although some Muslims view Enoch and Idris as the same prophet while others do not , many Muslims still honor Enoch as one of the earliest prophets , regardless of which view they hold . See also ( edit ) Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Entering Heaven alive Metatron Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 65 years according to the Masoretic Text ; 165 years according to the Septuagint . Jump up ^ The use of dative toutois in the Greek text ( προεφήτευσεν δὲ καὶ τούτοις instead of the normal genitive with προφητεύω prophēteuō peri auton , `` concerning them '' ) has occasioned discussion among commentators including : Ben Witherington , John Twycross , and Cox S . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 18 -- 24 Jump up ^ http://biblehub.com/jude/1-14.htm Jump up ^ August Dillmann and R. Charles ( 1893 ) . The Book of Enoch , translation from Geez pdf . Jump up ^ 1Enoch , chap. 12 Jump up ^ Larsson , Gerhard . `` The Chronology of the Pentateuch : A Comparison of the MT and LXX . '' Journal of Biblical Literature , vol. 102 , no . 3 , 1983 , pp. 402 . www.jstor.org/stable/3261014 . Jump up ^ William Morfill ( 1896 ) . The Book of the Secrets of Enoch , Chap. 2 . Jump up ^ 2Enoch , chap. 2 : Mathusal ( Methuselah / Меѳоусала ) , Regim ( Регима ) and Gaidad ( Гаидада ) . Jump up ^ Genesis 5 : 24 , KJV Jump up ^ `` SCHODDE -- The Book of Enoch ( 1882 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` MORFILL -- The Book of the Secrets of Enoch ( 1896 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Eisenman , Robert ; Wise , Michael ( 1992 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered ( 6 ed . ) . Shaftesbury , Dorset : Element Books , Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 1852303689 . Jump up ^ 5 : 24 καὶ εὐηρέστησεν Ενωχ τῷ θεῷ καὶ οὐχ ηὑρίσκετο ὅτι μετέθηκεν αὐτὸν ὁ θεός Jump up ^ LSJ metatithemi Jump up ^ G3857 παράδεισος Strong 's Greek Lexicon . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 Strong 's Greek 3857_ παράδεισος ( paradeisos ) -- a park , a garden , a paradise Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 ^ Jump up to : `` Jewish Encyclopedia ' ' Enoch ' ' '' . Jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Rashi 's Commentary on Genesis 5 : 24 . See also Commentary of Ibn Ezra . Jump up ^ 25 : 1 Jump up ^ 4Q Enoch ( 4Q204 ( 4QENAR ) ) COL I 16 - 18 Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh '' , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , p. 711 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ `` The initial oracle in chapters 1 - 5 is a paraphrase of part of Deuteronomy 33 , 24 '' George W.E. Nickelsburg , The nature and function of revelation 1 Enoch , Jubilees and some Qumranic documents , 1997 Jump up ^ Lars Hartman , Asking for a Meaning : A Study of 1 Enoch 1 - 5 ConBib NT Series 12 Lund Gleerup , 1979 22 - 26 . Jump up ^ George WE Nickelsburg & James C Vanderkam , 1 Enoch , Fortress 2001 Jump up ^ R.H. Charles , The Book of Enoch , London SPCK , 1917 Jump up ^ E. Isaac , 1 Enoch , a new Translation and Introduction in Old Testament Pseudepigrapha ed . Charlesworth , Doubleday 1983 - 85 Jump up ^ Richard Bauckham Jude and the relatives of Jesus in the early church p206 etc . Jump up ^ Ben Witherington , Letters and Homilies for Jewish Christians : A Socio - Rhetorical Commentary on Hebrews , James and Jude : `` who might be tempted to follow the teachers ' example ) , nonetheless , Jude says that this prophecy refers to these ( toutois ) false teachers in Jude 14 '' p624 Jump up ^ John Twycross , The New Testament in the original Greek : with notes by C. Wordsworth His warning is addressed to them as well to those of his own and future ages . p140 Jump up ^ Cox S. , Slandering Celestial Beings Hyderabad 2000 `` ... but instead Jude wrote proepheteusen toutois ( verb + dative case pronoun plural ) `` prophesied TO these men '' ... '' p16 Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Joachim Bouvet '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brock , H. ( 1907 ) . Joachim Bouvet . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` 白 晉 '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Etat présent de la Chine , en figures gravées par P. Giffart sur les dessins apportés au roi par le P.J. Bouvet ( Paris , 1697 ) Jump up ^ Portrait histoique de l'empereur de la Chine ( Paris , 1697 ) Jump up ^ Li , Shenwen , 2001 , Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle - France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle , Les Presses de l'Université Laval , L'Harmattan , ISBN 2 - 7475 - 1123 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Tewahedo Orthodox Church '' . Ethiopianorthodox.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Alexander Philip S. Biblical Figures Outside the Bible p. 118 ed . Michael E. Stone , Theodore A. Bergren 2002 p118 `` twice in the Qur'an ... was commonly identified by Muslim scholars with the biblical Enoch , and that this identification opened the way for importing into Islam a substantial body of postbiblical Jewish legend about the character and ... '' ^ Jump up to : History of Prophets in Islam and Judaism , B.M. Wheeler , Enoch Jump up ^ Lives of the Prophets , L. Azzam , S. Academy Publishing External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enoch . The Descendants of Adam , The Legacy of Cain , The Souls Elijah and Enoch Catholic Encyclopedia Henoch ( 1914 ) Andrei A. Orlov essays on 2 Enoch : Enoch as the Heavenly Priest , Enoch as the Expert in Secrets , Enoch as the Scribe and Enoch as the Mediator Ed . Philip P. Wiener Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Cosmic Voyages ( 1973 ) Dr. Reed C. Durham , Jr . Comparison of Masonic legends of Enoch and Mormon scriptures description of Enoch ( 1974 ) Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . Extra-Quranic Prophets of Islam In Stories of the Prophets Enoch Eber Khidr Joshua Samuel Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Ezra Daniel In Islamic tradition Seth Shem Eli Ahijah Shemaiah Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Urijah Hananiah , Mishael , and Azariah Berechiah Samī Joel Amos Obadiah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Malachi Hanzalah Khaled bin Sinan In Quranic exegesis Abel Saduq , Masduq , and Shalum Hosea Zechariah , son of Berechiah Adam to David according to the Bible Creation to Flood Adam Seth Enos Kenan Mahalalel Jared Enoch Methuselah Lamech Noah Shem Cain line Adam Cain Enoch Irad Mehujael Methusael Lamech Tubal - cain Patriarchs after Flood Arpachshad Cainan Shelah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Abraham Isaac Jacob Tribe of Judah to Kingdom Judah Perez Hezron Ram Amminadab Nahshon Salmon Boaz Obed Jesse David Names in italics only appear in the Greek Septuagint version Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)&oldid=808154621 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Torah people Old Testament apocrypha people Christian saints from the Old Testament Enoch ( ancestor of Noah ) Bereshit ( parsha ) Biblical people in Islam People in the Catholic Epistles Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 05 : 45 . 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3292203581894997489 | Santa Fe, Texas | Santa Fe , Texas - wikipedia Santa Fe , Texas City in Texas , United States Santa Fe , Texas City Santa Fe Texas Post Office Location of Santa Fe , Texas Santa Fe Location of Santa Fe , Texas Santa Fe Santa Fe ( the US ) Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 29 ° 22 ′ 50 '' N 95 ° 6 ′ 15 '' W / 29.38056 ° N 95.10417 ° W / 29.38056 ; - 95.10417 Coordinates : 29 ° 22 ′ 50 '' N 95 ° 6 ′ 15 '' W / 29.38056 ° N 95.10417 ° W / 29.38056 ; - 95.10417 Country United States State Texas County Galveston Area Total 17.3 sq mi ( 44.9 km ) Land 17.1 sq mi ( 44.4 km ) Water 0.2 sq mi ( 0.5 km ) Elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 12,222 Density 710 / sq mi ( 270 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 77510 , 77517 Area code ( s ) 409 FIPS code 48 - 65726 GNIS feature ID 1351043 Santa Fe ( English : Holy Faith ) is a city in Galveston County , Texas , United States . It is named for the Santa Fe Railroad ( now part of BNSF Railway ) which runs through the town alongside State Highway 6 . The population of Santa Fe at the 2010 census was 12,222 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Government and infrastructure 5 Education 5.1 Primary and secondary schools 5.1. 1 Public schools 5.2 Public libraries 6 Transportation 7 Notable residents 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1877 , the Gulf , Colorado and Santa Fe Railway was built through the western part of Galveston county . By the turn of the century , three small , unincorporated towns had formed along the railway : Alta Loma , Arcadia and Algoa . The Santa Fe Independent School District , named after the railway , was established shortly afterward to serve the area . Santa Fe City Hall In the mid-1970s , the neighboring city of Hitchcock attempted to annex the Morningview neighborhood in eastern Alta Loma , to which the neighborhood residents were opposed . To avoid annexation , a petitioning effort was begun to incorporate the area into a new city . On January 21 , 1978 , a ballot proposal to incorporate Alta Loma and parts of Arcadia ( a total of nine square miles ) passed by a wide margin , and the city of Santa Fe was born . In the years since , Santa Fe has grown to include all of Arcadia and parts of Algoa , and has become an affluent area of Galveston County . On February 14 , 1981 , the Ku Klux Klan hosted a fish fry on a private farm in Santa Fe to protest the growing presence of Vietnamese shrimpers in the Gulf . During the event , a Vietnamese fishing boat was ceremonially burned . That controversy , as well as similar conflicts in nearby port towns like Rockport , led to a decision of the United States District Court , S.D. Texas , Houston Division Vietnamese Fishermen 's Association v. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan , and also served as the basis for the 1985 Ed Harris film Alamo Bay . On June 19 , 2000 , the Supreme Court ruled that the Santa Fe Independent School District 's policy of permitting `` student - led , student - initiated '' prayer at football games and other school events violated the Constitution 's prohibitions against the establishment of state religion . On the morning of May 18 , 2018 , at Santa Fe High School , there were reports of an active shooting . Students and faculty evacuated the building when a fire alarm was activated . According to CBS News , there are at least ten fatalities and one suspect in custody as of May 18 at 10 : 42 A.M. local time . Geography ( edit ) Map of Santa Fe Santa Fe is located at 29 ° 22 ′ 50 '' N 95 ° 6 ′ 15 '' W / 29.38056 ° N 95.10417 ° W / 29.38056 ; - 95.10417 ( 29.380651 , − 95.104163 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 17.3 square miles ( 44.9 km ) , of which 17.1 square miles ( 44.4 km ) is land and 0.19 square miles ( 0.5 km ) , or 1.10 % , is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1980 6,172 -- 8,429 36.6 % 2000 9,548 13.3 % 12,222 28.0 % Est. 2016 13,205 8.0 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 , there were 12,222 people and 4,564 households residing in the city . The population density was 682.5 people per square mile ( 275.31 / km2 ) . There were 4,957 housing units at an average density of 289.2 per square mile ( 111.66 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 93.8 % White , 0.4 % African American , 0.5 % Native American , 0.5 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.3 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.6 % of the population . There were 4,583 households out of which 36.8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 57.7 % were married couples , 12.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 23.7 % were non-families. 27.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 19.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.03 . In the city , the population was spread out with 27.2 % under the age of 20 , 5.2 % from 20 to 24 , 23.9 % from 25 to 44 , 29.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.3 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 40.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 99.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 97.2 males . The median income for a household in the city was $60,797 , and the median income for a family was $69,841 . Males had a median income of $57,619 versus $36,445 for females . The per capita income for the city was $27,863 . About 7.3 % of families and 9.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.3 % of those under age 18 and 5.7 % of those age 65 or over . Government and infrastructure ( edit ) The Santa Fe Post Office is located at 13002 Highway 6 . The Santa Fe Justice Center is located at 3650 FM 646 N . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) The city is served by the Santa Fe Independent School District . The schools in the city include : R.J. Wollam Elementary School ( Pre-K through 2 ) Dan J. Kubacak Elementary ( 3 through 5 ; formerly Santa Fe Elementary North ) Santa Fe Junior High School ( 6 through 8 ) Santa Fe High School ( 9 through 12 ) All of Santa Fe is served by the College of the Mainland . Public libraries ( edit ) Santa Fe owns the Mae S. Bruce Library at 13302 6th Street . The Santa Fe Community Library opened inside a former World War II army barracks in 1975 . By 2011 the barracks became overwhelmed by the library 's increasing size . A group of residents established a building committee and , with Moody Foundation and Kempner Fund grants and donations from the community , purchased a 1,920 - square - foot ( 178 m ) metal portable building on land leased from the Santa Fe Independent School District . The portable was across Highway 6 from the barracks . After continuing growth of the library , in 1987 Mae S. Bruce presented a 6,400 - square - foot ( 590 m ) brick structure to the city . The library moved to the structure and was renamed after Bruce . Transportation ( edit ) Airports in unincorporated areas near Santa Fe include : Creasy Airport Kami - Kazi Airport Airports with scheduled commercial airline service for the area , located in Houston , are William P. Hobby Airport and George Bush Intercontinental Airport . Scholes International Airport in nearby Galveston is available for general aviation and non-scheduled commercial service . Notable residents ( edit ) Country music star Johnny Lee , best known for his 1980 hit single `` Lookin ' for Love '' , was raised on a dairy farm in Santa Fe ( then known as Alta Loma ) and graduated from Santa Fe High School in 1964 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Santa Fe city , Texas '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SANTA FE , TX The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) Jump up ^ Claudia Kolker , San Francisco Chronicle , 11 September 2000 , URL : http://www.sfgate.com:80/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/09/11/MN95611.DTL Jump up ^ Still Shrimping : Vietnamese American shrimpers 25 years after the second wave AsianWeek Jump up ^ 543 F. Supp. 198 Jump up ^ The KKK and Vietnamese Fishermen Jump up ^ FindLaw Cases and Codes Jump up ^ `` Multiple fatalities reported after Texas high school shooting - live updates '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Santa Fe city , Texas '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4865726.html Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- SANTA FE . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Mae S. Bruce Library ! . '' Mae S. Bruce Library . Retrieved on December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Mae S. Bruce Library ! . '' Mae S. Bruce Library . Retrieved on December 6 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Fe , Texas . City of Santa Fe official website Santa Fe , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Santa Fe , Texas Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Counties Austin Brazoria Chambers Fort Bend Galveston Harris Liberty Montgomery Waller `` Principal '' cities Houston The Woodlands Sugar Land Baytown Conroe Other cities Alvin Angleton Bellaire Clute Deer Park Dickinson Freeport Friendswood Galena Park Galveston Humble Jacinto City Katy Lake Jackson La Marque La Porte League City Manvel Missouri City Pasadena Pearland Richmond Rosenberg South Houston Stafford Texas City West University Place For a complete listing , see list of cities and towns in Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land MSA Unincorporated areas Atascocita Channelview Cloverleaf Crosby Cypress Fresno Hockley Klein Port Bolivar Spring The Woodlands Bodies of water Buffalo Bayou Galveston Bay Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Houston Ship Channel San Jacinto River Trinity River Lake Houston Lake Conroe Municipalities and communities of Galveston County , Texas , United States County seat : Galveston Cities Bayou Vista Clear Lake Shores Dickinson Friendswood ‡ Galveston Hitchcock Jamaica Beach Kemah La Marque League City ‡ Santa Fe Seabrook ‡ Texas City Village Tiki Island CDPs Bacliff Bolivar Peninsula San Leon Unincorporated communities Algoa Bayview Caplen Crystal Beach Gilchrist High Island Port Bolivar Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe,_Texas&oldid=844026912 '' Categories : Santa Fe , Texas Cities in Texas Cities in Galveston County , Texas Greater Houston Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 03 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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-5065156988481943836 | Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award | Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year award - wikipedia Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year award AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award Given for Offensive player of the year in the National Football League Presented by Associated Press History First award 1972 Most wins Marshall Faulk & Earl Campbell ( 3 ) Most recent Todd Gurley The Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award is given annually by the Associated Press ( AP ) to the offensive player in the National Football League ( NFL ) deemed to have had the most outstanding season . The winner is chosen by votes from a nationwide panel of sportswriters who regularly follow the NFL . Multiple - time awardees include Marshall Faulk and Earl Campbell , both of whom won the award three times , each consecutively . Jerry Rice , Barry Sanders , Tom Brady , Terrell Davis , Drew Brees , and Peyton Manning have each won the award twice . The award is currently held by running back Todd Gurley of the Los Angeles Rams , who received it for the 2017 NFL season after leading the league with 2,093 all - purpose yards . Every winner of the award has been either a running back or a quarterback , with the exception of Rice , who won twice as a wide receiver . Running backs have been awarded 26 times , followed by quarterbacks , with 19 awards . Of the 46 winners , 27 were also named the AP NFL Most Valuable Player in the same season . Since 2011 , both awards have been given out at the annual NFL Honors ceremony along with other AP awards , including the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award and AP NFL Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year Award . Players are often awarded after record - breaking or near - record - breaking offensive seasons . Running back O.J. Simpson won the award for 1973 after rushing for a record 2,003 yards , becoming the first NFL player to rush for 2,000 yards in a season . When his record was broken by Eric Dickerson in 1984 , Dickerson placed second in voting behind quarterback Dan Marino , who that year was the first to pass for 5,000 yards in a season . Marino 's 5,084 yards stood as the record for 27 years before being broken by Drew Brees in 2011 , who won that season 's award . In turn , 2013 winner Peyton Manning set league single - season records for passing yards ( 5,477 ) and passing touchdowns ( 55 ) . Winners ( edit ) 2006 winner LaDainian Tomlinson set NFL single - season records for rushing touchdowns ( 28 ) , touchdowns from scrimmage ( 31 ) , and points scored ( 186 ) . Adrian Peterson won the award in 2012 after rushing for 2,097 yards , the second most all time by a player in a single season . Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player has received the award AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners Season Player Position Team Ref 1972 Brown , Larry Larry Brown Running back Washington Redskins 1973 Simpson , O.J. O.J. Simpson Running back Buffalo Bills Stabler , Ken Ken Stabler Quarterback Oakland Raiders Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton Quarterback Minnesota Vikings 1976 Jones , Bert Bert Jones Quarterback Baltimore Colts 1977 Payton , Walter Walter Payton Running back Chicago Bears 1978 Campbell , Earl Earl Campbell Running back Houston Oilers 1979 Campbell , Earl Earl Campbell ( 2 ) Running back Houston Oilers 1980 Campbell , Earl Earl Campbell ( 3 ) Running back Houston Oilers 1981 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson Quarterback Cincinnati Bengals 1982 Fouts , Dan Dan Fouts Quarterback San Diego Chargers Theismann , Joe Joe Theismann Quarterback Washington Redskins 1984 Marino , Dan Dan Marino Quarterback Miami Dolphins 1985 Allen , Marcus Marcus Allen Running back Los Angeles Raiders 1986 Dickerson , Eric Eric Dickerson Running back Los Angeles Rams Rice , Jerry Jerry Rice Wide receiver San Francisco 49ers Craig , Roger Roger Craig Running back San Francisco 49ers Montana , Joe Joe Montana Quarterback San Francisco 49ers Moon , Warren Warren Moon Quarterback Houston Oilers 1991 Thomas , Thurman Thurman Thomas Running back Buffalo Bills Young , Steve Steve Young Quarterback San Francisco 49ers Rice , Jerry Jerry Rice ( 2 ) Wide receiver San Francisco 49ers Sanders , Barry Barry Sanders Running back Detroit Lions 1995 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Quarterback Green Bay Packers Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis Running back Denver Broncos Sanders , Barry Barry Sanders ( 2 ) Running back Detroit Lions 1998 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis ( 2 ) Running back Denver Broncos 1999 Faulk , Marshall Marshall Faulk Running back St. Louis Rams 2000 Faulk , Marshall Marshall Faulk ( 2 ) Running back St. Louis Rams Faulk , Marshall Marshall Faulk ( 3 ) Running back St. Louis Rams 2002 Holmes , Priest Priest Holmes Running back Kansas City Chiefs 2003 Lewis , Jamal Jamal Lewis Running back Baltimore Ravens Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning Quarterback Indianapolis Colts 2005 Alexander , Shaun Shaun Alexander Running back Seattle Seahawks 2006 Tomlinson , LaDainian LaDainian Tomlinson Running back San Diego Chargers 2007 Brady , Tom Tom Brady Quarterback New England Patriots 2008 Brees , Drew Drew Brees Quarterback New Orleans Saints 2009 Johnson , Chris Chris Johnson Running back Tennessee Titans Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 ) Quarterback New England Patriots 2011 Brees , Drew Drew Brees ( 2 ) Quarterback New Orleans Saints 2012 Peterson , Adrian Adrian Peterson Running back Minnesota Vikings 2013 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning ( 2 ) Quarterback Denver Broncos 2014 Murray , DeMarco DeMarco Murray Running back Dallas Cowboys 2015 Newton , Cam Cam Newton Quarterback Carolina Panthers 2016 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Quarterback Atlanta Falcons 2017 Gurley , Todd Todd Gurley Running back Los Angeles Rams See also ( edit ) Associated Press NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Year Kansas City Committee of 101 AFC and NFC Offensive Players of the Year References ( edit ) General `` AP Offensive Player of the Year Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Knoblauch , Austin ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Todd Gurley named NFL Offensive Player of the Year '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Hope , Dan ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Ranking the Top 25 NFL Offensive Player of the Year Candidates '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . The award is typically given to the league 's most productive quarterback or running back . Of the 41 times it has been given , it 's been won 39 times by either a quarterback or running back . The exception is San Francisco 49ers wide receiver Jerry Rice , who won the award in both 1987 and 1993 . Jump up ^ `` First - ever ' NFL Honors ' show will be hosted by Baldwin in Indy '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simpson Offensive Winner '' . Kentucky New Era . Associated Press . January 4 , 1974 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - breaking Marino wins top offensive honor '' . Gadsden Times . Associated Press . December 19 , 1984 . p . D2 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints ' Brees wins AP Offensive Player of the Year award '' . NFL.com . NFL . February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broncos ' Peyton Manning earns Offensive Player of the Year '' . NFL.com . NFL . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilner , Barry ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` L.T. Wins AP Offensive Player Award '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Peterson tabbed AP Offensive Player of the Year '' . NFL.com . NFL . February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football Encyclopedia of Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top NFL Offensive Player : Larry Brown Does n't Like Comparisons With Others '' . Observer - Reporter . Associated Press . January 5 , 1973 . p . B - 4 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Stabler Named NFL 's Offensive Player Of Year '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . Associated Press . January 8 , 1975 . p. 1C . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tarkenton Honored '' . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press . January 13 , 1976 . p. 2B . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offensive Award to Bert Jones '' . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press . December 30 , 1976 . p. 1B . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's Payton Picked Offensive Player Of Year '' . Herald - Journal . Associated Press . January 5 , 1978 . p . C3 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell Wins Offensive Title '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Associated Press . January 12 , 1979 . p. 6B . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell Walks With Second Offensive Title '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News . Associated Press . December 24 , 1979 . p. 33 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( January 18 , 1981 ) . `` Earl Campbell : a triple champ '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 10 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anderson is top offensive player '' . The Telegraph . Associated Press . January 8 , 1982 . p. 18 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fouts Tops On Offense '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . January 7 , 1983 . p. 18 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowitt , Bruce ( December 23 , 1983 ) . `` Theismann crowned as top offensive player '' . Daily News . Associated Press . p. 3B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nadel , John ( December 30 , 1983 ) . `` Allen sweeps offensive honors '' . The Free Lance - Star . Associated Press . p. 5 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dickerson earns offensive honor '' . The Free Lance - Star . Associated Press . December 30 , 1986 . p. 10 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rice is Offensive Player of the year '' . The Evening News . Associated Press . December 30 , 1987 . p. 2B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( December 29 , 1988 ) . `` Craig earns offensive award '' . The Times - News . Associated Press . p. 20 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young named Offensive Player of the Year '' . The Times - News . Associated Press . January 5 , 1993 . p. 1B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moon top offensive player '' . Bangor Daily News . Associated Press . January 10 , 1991 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No more doubting Thomas : Bills ' back selected as Offensive Player of Year '' . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press . December 30 , 1991 . p . B1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 6 , 1994 ) . `` Rice Offensive Player of the Year '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . p. 1B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders are players of the year '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Associated Press . December 29 , 1994 . p. 3C . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Favre voted best on offense '' . The News . Associated Press . December 30 , 1995 . p. 3C . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver running back Davis is Offensive Player of the Year '' . The Argus - Press . Associated Press . December 27 , 1996 . p. 10 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Wilner ( December 26 , 1997 ) . `` Detroit 's Sanders named Offensive Player of Year '' . Daily News . Associated Press . p. 1B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 6 , 1999 ) . `` Davis named Offensive Player of the Year '' . Boca Raton News . Associated Press . p. 4B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faulk is overwhelming choice for offensive player of the year '' . The Southeast Missourian . Associated Press . January 13 , 2000 . p. 1B . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faulk : Offensive Player of Year '' . Gadsden Times . January 5 , 2001 . p . D3 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Faulk wins Offensive Player of the Year '' . The Argus - Press . Associated Press . January 18 , 2002 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 10 , 2003 ) . `` Honored Holmes : Chiefs back voted top offensive player '' . The Victoria Advocate . Associated Press . p. 5B . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' Lewis named AP 's offensive player of the year '' . Athens Banner - Herald . Associated Press . January 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manning claims offensive award '' . TimesDaily . Associated Press . January 6 , 2005 . p. 3C . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Alexander named NFL MVP , top offensive player '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady adds AP Offensive Player of Year to MVP '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brees named AP offensive player of year '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson makes fast impression '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady wins AP offensive player of year award '' . The Denver Post . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Offensive Player of the Year : DeMarco Murray beats Aaron Rodgers '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton named NFL MVP and offensive player of the year '' . The Guardian . Associated Press . February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClure , Vaughn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Falcons QB Matt Ryan wins NFL MVP , Offensive Player of Year '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . hide Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Gurley hide NFL Honors Ceremonies 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AP awards presented Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Assistant Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Offensive Rookie of the Year Defensive Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Other awards presented Walter Payton Man of the Year FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Year Play of the Year Pepsi Rookie of the Year NFL.com Fantasy Player of the Year Salute to Service Award Don Shula High School Coach of the Year Greatness on the Road Award Deacon Jones Award Art Rooney Award Former awards presented Madden Most Valuable Protectors Award ( 2011 ) GMC Never Say Never Moment of the Year ( 2011 -- 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press_NFL_Offensive_Player_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=833335347 '' Categories : National Football League trophies and awards Associated Press awards Awards established in 1972 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 23 : 07 . 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-4581534765120707209 | FIFA Women's World Cup | FIFA Women 's World Cup - wikipedia FIFA Women 's World Cup This article is about the women 's association football tournament . For the men 's tournament , see FIFA World Cup . FIFA Women 's World Cup Founded 16 November 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 11 - 16 ) ( as the FIFA Women 's World Championship ) Region FIFA ( International ) Number of teams 24 ( finals ) Current champions United States ( 3rd title ) Most successful team ( s ) United States ( 3 titles ) Website FIFA Women 's World Cup 2019 France The BC Place hosting a 2015 Women 's FIFA World Cup match Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the FIFA Women 's World Championship , was held in China . Under the tournament 's current format , national teams vie for 23 slots in a three - year qualification phase . ( The host nation 's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot . ) The tournament proper , alternatively called the World Cup Finals , is contested at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about one month . The seven FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments have been won by four national teams . The current champion is the United States , after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Contents 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Hosts and results 4 All - time performance 5 Overall team records 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting 8 Awards 9 Player records 9.1 Most goals 9.2 Most tournaments 9.3 Most matches 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) In 1988 -- 58 years after the first Men 's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women 's football was eliminated in 1971 -- FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women 's World Cup was feasible . Twelve national teams took part in the competition -- four from UEFA , three from AFC , two from CONCACAF and one each from CONMEBOL , CAF and OFC . The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1 -- 0 in the final to win the tournament , while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout . The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup , which was to take place in 1991 again in China . Again , twelve teams competed , this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2 - 1 . In the 1999 edition , one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain 's victory celebration after scoring the Cup - winning penalty kick against China . She took off her jersey and waved it over her head ( as men frequently do ) , showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated . The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California had an attendance of 90,185 , a world record for a women 's sporting event . The 1999 and 2003 Women 's World Cups were both held in the United States ; in 2003 China was supposed to host it , but the tournament was moved because of SARS . As compensation , China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation , and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , as decided by vote in October 2007 . In March 2011 , FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams . During the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups , a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players . Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women 's World Cup match , at the age of 40 years . In March 2015 , FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup over South Korea . The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019 ; both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais , a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organised by their respective confederations : Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) , Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL , Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) , and Union of European Football Associations UEFA ) . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones , based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals . Since the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24 . Final tournament ( edit ) The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty - four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams are drawn into groups of four teams each . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . In the 2015 24 - team format , the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16 , also called the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows : Greatest number of points in group matches Greatest goal difference in group matches Greatest number of goals scored in group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 . This is followed by the quarter - finals , semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . Hosts and results ( edit ) See also : FIFA Women 's World Cup hosts and List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals # Year Host Champions Score Runners - up Third place Score Fourth place Teams 1991 China United States 2 -- 1 Norway Sweden 4 -- 0 Germany 12 1995 Sweden Norway 2 -- 0 Germany United States 2 -- 0 China PR 12 1999 United States United States 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 4 p ) China PR Brazil 0 -- 0 ( 5 -- 4 p ) Norway 16 2003 United States Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.g.g.e.t. ) Sweden United States 3 -- 1 Canada 16 5 2007 China Germany 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 4 -- 1 Norway 16 6 2011 Germany Japan 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 1 p ) United States Sweden 2 -- 1 France 16 7 2015 Canada United States 5 -- 2 Japan England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Germany 24 8 2019 France 24 No extra time was played . All - time performance ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA Women 's World Cup # Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Total United States 3 ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1995 , 2003 , 2007 ) -- 7 Germany 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 1 ( 1995 ) -- 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 5 Norway 1 ( 1995 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2007 ) Japan 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 2015 ) -- -- 5 Sweden -- 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2011 ) -- 6 Brazil -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 1999 ) -- 7 China PR -- 1 ( 1999 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 8 England -- -- 1 ( 2015 ) -- 9 Canada -- -- -- 1 ( 2003 ) France -- -- -- 1 ( 2011 ) Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Rank Team Part Pld GF GA GD Points United States 7 43 33 6 112 35 + 77 105 Germany 7 39 26 5 8 111 37 + 74 83 Norway 7 35 22 10 86 45 + 41 69 Sweden 7 33 18 5 10 59 42 + 17 59 5 Brazil 7 30 18 8 59 35 + 24 58 6 China PR 6 29 15 6 8 52 29 + 23 51 7 Japan 7 29 13 13 36 54 - 18 42 8 England 19 10 5 30 25 + 5 34 9 Canada 6 23 6 5 12 30 49 - 19 23 10 France 14 6 5 22 16 + 6 21 11 Australia 6 22 5 5 12 29 44 - 15 20 12 Russia 8 0 16 14 + 2 12 13 Nigeria 7 22 16 18 56 - 38 12 14 North Korea 13 8 12 20 - 8 11 15 Italy 7 11 8 + 3 10 16 Denmark 14 10 19 26 - 7 10 17 Cameroon 0 9 + 5 6 18 Colombia 7 9 - 5 5 19 Netherlands - 1 20 South Korea 7 5 5 19 - 14 21 Ghana 9 7 6 30 - 24 22 Switzerland 0 11 5 + 6 23 Thailand 0 10 - 7 24 Chinese Taipei 0 15 - 13 25 New Zealand 12 0 9 7 29 - 22 26 Mexico 9 0 6 6 30 - 24 27 Costa Rica 0 - 1 28 Spain 0 - 2 29 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 7 - 5 0 30 Ivory Coast 0 0 16 - 13 0 31 Ecuador 0 0 17 - 16 0 32 Argentina 6 0 0 6 33 - 31 0 33 Chile - - - - - - - - - Attendance ( edit ) Tournament Matches Attendance Ref Total Average Highest 1991 China 26 510,000 18,344 65,000 1995 Sweden 26 112,213 4,316 17,158 1999 USA 32 1,214,209 37,944 90,185 2003 USA 32 679,664 21,240 34,144 5 2007 China 32 1,190,971 37,218 55,832 6 2011 Germany 32 845,751 26,430 73,680 7 2015 Canada 52 1,353,506 26,029 54,027 Notes : The 2003 Women 's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men 's FIFA World Cup . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup broadcasters As of 2017 , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid , more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup . It was also the most watched Spanish - language broadcast in tournament history . More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide . Awards ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently seven awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1991 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively . The Golden Boot ( also known as the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively . If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals , tiebreakers are used in the following order : Most assists . Fewest minutes played . The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group . First awarded in 2007 as `` Best Goalkeeper '' ; current award name adopted in 2011 . The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2011 ) . The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The All - Star Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first selected in 1999 ) . The Dream Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com ( first selected in 2015 ) . Another award is presented a week after the final match : The Goal of the Tournament , consisting of the tournament 's best goal , as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA 's web administrators ( first awarded in 2015 ) . One past award is no longer presented : The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( awarded in 2003 and 2007 ) . Player records ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup records Most goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup goalscorers Marta of Brazil is the all - time leading scorer of the World Cup . Birgit Prinz is tied for the second most goals in all tournaments , and won the title twice representing Germany . Rank Name World Cup Total ' 91 ' 95 ' 99 ' 03 ' 07 ' 11 ' 15 Marta 7 15 Birgit Prinz 7 5 0 14 Abby Wambach 6 14 Michelle Akers 10 0 12 5 Sun Wen 7 11 Bettina Wiegmann 11 7 Ann Kristin Aarønes 6 10 Heidi Mohr 7 10 9 Linda Medalen 6 9 Hege Riise 5 0 9 Christine Sinclair 9 Formiga and Homare Sawa are the only players to appear in six Women 's World Cup editions . Most tournaments ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA Women 's World Cups # Player Appearances Formiga 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Homare Sawa 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Kristine Lilly 5 ( 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Bente Nordby 5 ( 1991 * , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Birgit Prinz 5 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) Karina LeBlanc 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 , 2007 * , 2011 , 2015 * ) Nadine Angerer 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 * , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Christie Rampone 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) * Did not play but was part of the squad . Most matches ( edit ) # Player Matches Kristine Lilly 30 Abby Wambach 25 Formiga 24 Julie Foudy 24 Birgit Prinz 24 Homare Sawa 24 7 Joy Fawcett 23 Mia Hamm 23 9 Bente Nordby 22 Hege Riise 22 Bettina Wiegmann 22 See also ( edit ) FIFA Women 's Club World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Women 's association football portal Association football portal Women 's Sport portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Women 's Football '' . England Football Association . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA KOs Greece . El Mundo Deportivo , 01 / 07 / 88 Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup History '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 25 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Naomi ( 3 May 2003 ) . `` FIFA moves Women 's World Cup from China because of SARS '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Canada gets 2015 Women 's World Cup of soccer '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan legend Sawa makes cut for sixth World Cup '' . Reuters. 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 'S Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women 's World Cup '' . Huffington Post . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France to host the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2019 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA FINALE DU MONDIAL FEMININ 2019 AU PARC OL ! '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Groupama Stadium . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Champions : USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . U.S. Soccer. 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil takes third '' . SI / CNN . 10 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2002 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 109 -- 110 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key figures from the FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 TM '' . FIFA. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's World Cup Final Is Most - watched Soccer Match in U.S. History '' . U.S. Soccer. 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinog , Mark ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` More Americans watched the Women 's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup 24 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking FIFA Women 's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers '' . FIFA. 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA official site UEFA 's page on the FIFA Women 's World Cup Photos : FIFA Women 's World Cup China 2007 on Time.com RSSSF 's pages FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions FIFA Women 's World Cup Tournaments China 1991 Sweden 1995 United States 1999 United States 2003 China 2007 Germany 2011 Canada 2015 France 2019 TBD 2023 Qualification 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 Finals 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Squads 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Miscellaneous Hosts Team appearances Player appearances Goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Multiple winners Records Awards Broadcasters Mascots International women 's association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Rankings Player of the Year The Best FIFA Women 's Player Asia AFC Women 's Asian Cup U-19 U-16 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Africa CAF Women Cup of Nations U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , COSAFA , WAFU ) North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL Copa América Femenina U-20 U-17 Oceania OFC Women 's Nations Cup U-20 U-17 Europe UEFA Women 's Championship U-19 U-17 Non-FIFA NF - Board Women 's Viva World Cup Games African Games Asian Games Central America and Caribbean Central American Games Pan American Games Pacific Games Indian Ocean Island Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games Universiade Worldwide World Cup U-17 U-20 Albena Cup Algarve Cup Brazil Cup China Cup Cyprus Women 's Cup Turkish Women 's Cup Istria Cup Peace Queen Cup SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Yongchuan International Tournament Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Geography Codes Player of the Century Men 's football World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football Blind Football CP Football Para Ice Hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Boccia Cycling Track cycling Road cycling DanceSport Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - 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cross indoor mountain bike marathon trials Darts BDO PDC Finswimming Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike trail Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller Sports aggressive roller freestyle artistic skating inline alpine inline downhill inline freestyle inline speed skating skateboarding Swimming short course Triathlon Aquathlon Duathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Continental Cup Athletics World Cup Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fencing Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Pool ( nine - ball ) Pitch and putt Rowing Motorsport enduro Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Individual Archery Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Diving Equestrian dressage Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Speedway motorcycle Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Curling Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup&oldid=853625727 '' Categories : FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA competitions for women 's national teams Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Women 's world championships World championships in association football Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - 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4861991659705188576 | Congress of Vienna | Congress of Vienna - wikipedia Congress of Vienna For other uses , see Congress of Vienna ( disambiguation ) . `` Vienna peace congress '' redirects here . For the 2015 congress on Syria , see Vienna peace talks for Syria . The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna ( German : Wiener Kongress ) also called Vienna Congress , was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich , and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815 , though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814 . The objective of the Congress was to provide a long - term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace . The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution , both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe . France lost all its recent conquests while Prussia , Austria and Russia made major territorial gains . Prussia added smaller German states in the west , Swedish Pomerania and 60 % of the Kingdom of Saxony ; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy . Russia gained parts of Poland . The new Kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before , and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium . Frontispiece of the Acts of the Congress of Vienna The immediate background was Napoleonic France 's defeat and surrender in May 1814 , which brought an end to 25 years of nearly continuous war . Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon 's dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March to July 1815 . The Congress 's `` final act '' was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815 . The Congress has often been criticized for causing the subsequent suppression of the emerging national and liberal movements , and it has been seen as a reactionary movement for the benefit of traditional monarchs . However , others praise it for having created relatively long - term stability and peaceful conditions in most of Europe . In a technical sense , the `` Congress of Vienna '' was not properly a congress : it never met in plenary session , and most of the discussions occurred in informal , face - to - face sessions among the Great Powers of Austria , Britain , France , Russia , and sometimes Prussia , with limited or no participation by other delegates . On the other hand , the congress was the first occasion in history where , on a continental scale , national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages among the several capitals . The Congress of Vienna settlement , despite later changes , formed the framework for European international politics until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminaries 2 Participants 2.1 Four Great Powers and Bourbon France 2.2 Other signatories of the Treaty of Paris , 1814 2.3 Others 3 Talleyrand 's role 3.1 Polish - Saxon crisis 4 Final Act 4.1 Other changes 5 Later criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Primary sources 8.2 Other languages 9 External links Preliminaries ( edit ) The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 had reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814 - 15 . They included the establishment of a confederated Germany , the division of Italy into independent states , the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain , and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 became modern Belgium . The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance that formed the balance of power for decades . Other partial settlements had already occurred at the Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition , and the Treaty of Kiel that covered issues raised regarding Scandinavia . The Treaty of Paris had determined that a `` general congress '' should be held in Vienna and that invitations would be issued to `` all the Powers engaged on either side in the present war '' . The opening was scheduled for July 1814 . Participants ( edit ) 1 . Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington 2 . Joaquim Lobo Silveira , 7th Count of Oriola 3 . António de Saldanha da Gama , Count of Porto Santo 4 . Count Carl Löwenhielm 5 . Jean - Louis - Paul - François , 5th Duke of Noailles 6 . Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich 7 . André Dupin 8 . Count Karl Robert Nesselrode 9 . Pedro de Sousa Holstein , 1st Count of Palmela 10 . Robert Stewart , Viscount Castlereagh 11 . Emmerich Joseph , Duke of Dalberg 12 . Baron Johann von Wessenberg 13 . Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky 14 . Charles Stewart , 1st Baron Stewart 15 . Pedro Gómez Labrador , Marquis of Labrador 16 . Richard Le Poer Trench , 2nd Earl of Clancarty 17 . Wacken ( Recorder ) 18 . Friedrich von Gentz ( Congress Secretary ) 19 . Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt 20 . William Cathcart , 1st Earl Cathcart 21 . Prince Karl August von Hardenberg 22 . Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord 23 . Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions ; however , a large portion of the Congress was conducted informally at salons , banquets , and balls . Four Great powers and Bourbon France ( edit ) The Four Great Powers had previously formed the core of the Sixth Coalition . On the verge of Napoleon 's defeat they had outlined their common position in the Treaty of Chaumont ( March 1814 ) , and negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) with the Bourbons during their restoration : Austria was represented by Prince Metternich , the Foreign Minister , and by his deputy , Baron Johann von Wessenberg . As the Congress 's sessions were in Vienna , Emperor Francis was kept closely informed . Britain was represented first by its Foreign Secretary , Viscount Castlereagh ; then by the Duke of Wellington , after Castlereagh 's return to England in February 1815 . In the last weeks it was headed by the Earl of Clancarty , after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the Hundred Days . Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister , Count Karl Robert Nesselrode . The tsar had two main goals , to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations . He succeeded in forming the Holy Alliance ( 1815 ) , based on monarchism and anti-secularism , and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism . Prussia was represented by Prince Karl August von Hardenberg , the Chancellor , and the diplomat and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt . King Frederick William III of Prussia was also in Vienna , playing his role behind the scenes . France , the `` fifth '' power , was represented by its foreign minister , Talleyrand , as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary the Duke of Dalberg . Talleyrand had already negotiated the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) for Louis XVIII of France ; the king , however , distrusted him and was also secretly negotiating with Metternich , by mail . Other signatories of the Treaty of Paris , 1814 ( edit ) These parties had not been part of the Chaumont agreement , but had joined the Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) : Spain -- Marquis Pedro Gómez de Labrador Portugal -- Plenipotentiaries : Pedro de Sousa Holstein , Count of Palmela ; António de Saldanha da Gama , Count of Porto Santo ; Joaquim Lobo da Silveira . Sweden -- Count Carl Löwenhielm Others ( edit ) Denmark -- Count Niels Rosenkrantz , foreign minister . King Frederick VI was also present in Vienna . The Netherlands -- Earl of Clancarty , the British Ambassador at the Dutch court , and Baron Hans von Gagern Switzerland -- Every canton had its own delegation . Charles Pictet de Rochemont from Geneva played a prominent role . The Papal States -- Cardinal Ercole Consalvi Republic of Genoa -- Marquise Agostino Pareto , Senator of the Republic On German issues , Bavaria -- Maximilian Graf von Montgelas Württemberg -- Georg Ernst Levin von Wintzingerode ( de ) Hanover , then in a personal union with the British crown -- Georg Graf zu Münster . ( King George III had refused to recognize the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and maintained a separate diplomatic staff as Elector of Hanover to conduct the affairs of the family estate , the Duchy of Brunswick - Lüneburg , until the results of the Congress were concluded establishing the Kingdom of Hanover . ) Mecklenburg - Schwerin -- Leopold von Plessen ( de ) Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna -- more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress . In addition , there were representatives of cities , corporations , religious organizations ( for instance , abbeys ) and special interest groups -- e.g. , a delegation representing German publishers , demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press . The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment : according to a famous joke it did not move , but danced . Talleyrand 's role ( edit ) Talleyrand proved an able negotiator for the defeated French . Initially , the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations , but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself into `` her inner councils '' in the first weeks of negotiations . He allied himself to a Committee of Eight lesser powers ( including Spain , Sweden , and Portugal ) to control the negotiations . Once Talleyrand was able to use this committee to make himself a part of the inner negotiations , he then left it , once again abandoning his allies . The major Allies ' indecision on how to conduct their affairs without provoking a united protest from the lesser powers led to the calling of a preliminary conference on protocol , to which Talleyrand and the Marquis of Labrador , Spain 's representative , were invited on 30 September 1814 . Congress Secretary Friedrich von Gentz reported , `` The intervention of Talleyrand and Labrador has hopelessly upset all our plans . Talleyrand protested against the procedure we have adopted and soundly ( be ) rated us for two hours . It was a scene I shall never forget . '' The embarrassed representatives of the Allies replied that the document concerning the protocol they had arranged actually meant nothing . `` If it means so little , why did you sign it ? '' snapped Labrador . Talleyrand 's policy , directed as much by national as personal ambitions , demanded the close but by no means amicable relationship he had with Labrador , whom Talleyrand regarded with disdain . Labrador later remarked of Talleyrand : `` that cripple , unfortunately , is going to Vienna . '' Talleyrand skirted additional articles suggested by Labrador : he had no intention of handing over the 12,000 afrancesados -- Spanish fugitives , sympathetic to France , who had sworn fealty to Joseph Bonaparte , nor the bulk of the documents , paintings , pieces of fine art , and books that had been looted from the archives , palaces , churches and cathedrals of Spain . Polish - Saxon Crisis ( edit ) The most dangerous topic at the Congress was the so - called Polish - Saxon Crisis . Russia wanted most of Poland , and Prussia wanted all of Saxony , whose king had allied with Napoleon . The tsar would become king of Poland . Austria was fearful this would make Russia much too powerful , a view which was supported by Britain . The result was deadlock , for which Talleyrand proposed a solution : Admit France to the inner circle , and France would support Austria and Britain . The three nations signed a secret treaty on 3 January 1815 , agreeing to go to war against Russia and Prussia , if necessary , to prevent the Russo - Prussian plan from coming to fruition . When the tsar heard of the secret treaty he agreed to a compromise that satisfied all parties on 24 October 1815 . Russia received most of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw as a `` Kingdom of Poland '' -- called Congress Poland , with the tsar as king ruling it independently of Russia . Russia , however , did not receive the province of Posen ( Poznań ) , which was given to Prussia as the Grand Duchy of Posen , nor Kraków , which became a free city . Furthermore , the tsar was unable to unite the new domain with the parts of Poland that had been incorporated into Russia in the 1790s . Prussia received 60 percent of Saxony - later known as the Province of Saxony , with the remainder returned to King Frederick Augustus I as his Kingdom of Saxony . Final Act ( edit ) In pink , territories left to France in 1814 but removed after the Hundred Days . The Final Act , embodying all the separate treaties , was signed on 9 June 1815 ( a few days before the Battle of Waterloo ) . Its provisions included : Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw ( Poland ) and was allowed to keep Finland ( which it had annexed from Sweden in 1809 and held until 1917 ) . Prussia was given three fifths of Saxony , parts of the Duchy of Warsaw ( the Grand Duchy of Posen ) , Danzig , and the Rhineland / Westphalia . A German Confederation of 39 states was created from the previous 300 of the Holy Roman Empire , under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor . Only portions of the territory of Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation . The Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands ( approx . modern - day Belgium ) were united in a monarchy , the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , with the House of Orange - Nassau providing the king ( the Eight Articles of London ) . To compensate for the Orange - Nassau 's loss of the Nassau lands to Prussia , the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were to form a personal union under the House of Orange - Nassau , with Luxembourg ( but not the Netherlands ) inside the German Confederation . Swedish Pomerania , given to Denmark a year earlier in return for Norway , was ceded by Denmark to Prussia . France received back Guadeloupe from Sweden in return for yearly installments to the Swedish king . The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed . Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark , but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of Münster and by the formerly Prussian East Frisia , and made a kingdom . Most of the territorial gains of Bavaria , Württemberg , Baden , Hesse - Darmstadt , and Nassau under the mediatizations of 1801 -- 1806 were recognized . Bavaria also gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate and parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt . Hesse - Darmstadt , in exchange for giving up the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia , received Rhenish Hesse with its capital at Mainz . Austria regained control of the Tyrol and Salzburg ; of the former Illyrian Provinces ; of Tarnopol district ( from Russia ) ; received Lombardy - Venetia in Italy and Ragusa in Dalmatia . Former Austrian territory in Southwest Germany remained under the control of Württemberg and Baden , and the Austrian Netherlands were also not recovered . Habsburg princes were returned to control of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena . The Papal States were under the rule of the pope and restored to their former extent , with the exception of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin , which remained part of France . Britain was confirmed in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa ; Tobago ; Ceylon ; and various other colonies in Africa and Asia . Other colonies , most notably the Dutch East Indies and Martinique , were restored to their previous owners . The King of Sardinia was restored in Piedmont , Nice , and Savoy , and was given control of Genoa ( putting an end to the brief proclamation of a restored Republic ) . The Duchies of Parma , Piacenza and Guastalla were given to Marie Louise , Napoleon 's wife . The Duchy of Lucca was created for the House of Bourbon - Parma , which would have reversionary rights to Parma after the death of Marie Louise . The Bourbon Ferdinand IV , King of Sicily was restored to control of the Kingdom of Naples after Joachim Murat , the king installed by Bonaparte , supported Napoleon in the Hundred Days and started the Neapolitan War by attacking Austria . The slave trade was condemned . Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers , notably the Rhine and the Danube . The Final Act was signed by representatives of Austria , France , Portugal , Prussia , Russia , Sweden - Norway , and Britain . Spain did not sign the treaty but ratified it in 1817 . Other changes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alexander I of Russia ( 1812 ) considered himself a guarantor of European security . The Congress 's principal results , apart from its confirmation of France 's loss of the territories annexed between 1795 -- 1810 , which had already been settled by the Treaty of Paris , were the enlargement of Russia , ( which gained most of the Duchy of Warsaw ) and Prussia , which acquired the district of Poznań , Swedish Pomerania , Westphalia and the northern Rhineland . The consolidation of Germany from the nearly 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire ( dissolved in 1806 ) into a much less complex system of thirty - nine states ( 4 of which were free cities ) was confirmed . These states formed a loose German Confederation under the leadership of Austria and Prussia . Representatives at the Congress agreed to numerous other territorial changes . By the Treaty of Kiel , Norway had been ceded by the king of Denmark - Norway to the king of Sweden . This sparked the nationalist movement which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Norway on May 17 , 1814 and the subsequent personal Union with Sweden . Austria gained Lombardy - Venetia in Northern Italy , while much of the rest of North - Central Italy went to Habsburg dynasties ( the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , the Duchy of Modena , and the Duchy of Parma ) . The Papal States were restored to the Pope . The Kingdom of Piedmont - Sardinia was restored to its mainland possessions , and also gained control of the Republic of Genoa . In Southern Italy , Napoleon 's brother - in - law , Joachim Murat , was originally allowed to retain his Kingdom of Naples , but his support of Napoleon in the Hundred Days led to the restoration of the Bourbon Ferdinand IV to the throne . A large United Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed for the Prince of Orange , including both the old United Provinces and the formerly Austrian - ruled territories in the Southern Netherlands . Other , less important , territorial adjustments included significant territorial gains for the German Kingdoms of Hanover ( which gained East Frisia from Prussia and various other territories in Northwest Germany ) and Bavaria ( which gained the Rhenish Palatinate and territories in Franconia ) . The Duchy of Lauenburg was transferred from Hanover to Denmark , and Prussia annexed Swedish Pomerania . Switzerland was enlarged , and Swiss neutrality was established . Swiss mercenaries had played a significant role in European wars for a couple of hundred years : the Congress intended to put a stop to these activities permanently . During the wars , Portugal had lost its town of Olivença to Spain and moved to have it restored . Portugal is historically Britain 's oldest ally , and with British support succeeded in having the re-incorporation of Olivença decreed in Article 105 of the Final Act , which stated that the Congress `` understood the occupation of Olivença to be illegal and recognized Portugal 's rights '' . Portugal ratified the Final Act in 1815 but Spain would not sign , and this became the most important hold - out against the Congress of Vienna . Deciding in the end that it was better to become part of Europe than to stand alone , Spain finally accepted the Treaty on 7 May 1817 ; however , Olivença and its surroundings were never returned to Portuguese control and this question remains unresolved . Great Britain received parts of the West Indies at the expense of the Netherlands and Spain and kept the former Dutch colonies of Ceylon and the Cape Colony as well as Malta and Heligoland . Under the Treaty of Paris , Britain obtained a protectorate over the United States of the Ionian Islands and the Seychelles . Later criticism ( edit ) The Congress of Vienna has frequently been criticized by 19th century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses , and for imposing a stifling reaction on the Continent . It was an integral part in what became known as the Conservative Order , in which the liberties and civil rights associated with the American and French Revolutions were de-emphasized , so that a fair balance of power , peace and stability , might be achieved . In the 20th century , however , many historians came to admire the statesmen at the Congress , whose work prevented another widespread European war for nearly 100 years ( 1815 -- 1914 ) . Among these is Henry Kissinger , who in 1954 wrote his doctoral dissertation , A World Restored , on it . Historian Mark Jarrett argues that the Congress of Vienna and the Congress System marked `` the true beginning of our modern era '' . He says the Congress System was deliberate conflict management , and was the first genuine attempt to create an international order based upon consensus rather than conflict . `` Europe was ready , '' Jarrett states , `` to accept an unprecedented degree of international cooperation in response to the French Revolution . '' Historian Paul Schroeder argues that the old formulae for `` balance of power '' were in fact highly destabilizing and predatory . He says the Congress of Vienna avoided them and instead set up rules that produced a stable and benign equilibrium . The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe , which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe . It served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations in 1919 and the United Nations in 1945 . Before the opening of the Paris peace conference of 1918 , the British Foreign Office commissioned a history of the Congress of Vienna to serve as an example to its own delegates of how to achieve an equally successful peace . Besides , the main decisions of the Congress were made by the Four Great Powers and not all the countries of Europe could extend their rights at the Congress . The Italian peninsula became a mere `` geographical expression '' as divided into seven parts : Lombardy -- Venetia , Modena , Naples -- Sicily , Parma , Piedmont -- Sardinia , Tuscany , and the Papal States under the control of different powers . Poland remained partitioned between Russia , Prussia and Austria , with the largest part , the newly created Kingdom of Poland , remaining under Russian control . The arrangements made by the Four Great Powers sought to ensure future disputes would be settled in a manner that would avoid the terrible wars of the previous 20 years . Although the Congress of Vienna preserved the balance of power in Europe , it could not check the spread of revolutionary movements across the continent some 30 years later . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic timeline for 1815 Concert of Europe European balance of power Battle of Waterloo International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1814 ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart -- Shadle , Robert ( 1991 ) . Historical dictionary of European imperialism , Greenwood Press , p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26257 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Mark Jarrett , The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy : War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon ( 2013 ) pp. 353 , xiv , 187 . ^ Jump up to : Paul W. Schroeder , `` Did the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of power ? '' American Historical Review ( 1992 ) 97 # 3 pp 683 - 706 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz , Reaction & Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) p 110 Jump up ^ Article XXXII . See Harold Nicolson , The Congress of Vienna , chap. 9 . Jump up ^ King , David ( 2008 ) . Vienna 1814 : How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love , War , and Peace at the Congress of Vienna . Crown Publishing Group . p. 334 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33716 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; a Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Malettke , Klaus ( 2009 ) . Die Bourbonen 3 . Von Ludwig XVIII . bis zu den Grafen von Paris ( 1814 -- 1848 ) ( in German ) . 3 . Kohlhammer . p. 66 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 020584 - 6 . Jump up ^ Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal , January 22 , 1815 . 5 George IV . London : His Majesty 's Statute and Law Printers. 1824 . p. 650 . Jump up ^ Freksa , Frederick ( 1919 ) . A peace congress of intrigue . trans . Harry Hansen ( 1919 ) . New York : The Century Co. p. 116 . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . : `` ( ... ) the Danish plenipotentiary Count Rosenkrantz . '' Jump up ^ Couvée , D.H. ; G. Pikkemaat ( 1963 ) . 1813 -- 15 , ons koninkrijk geboren . Alphen aan den Rijn : N. Samsom nv . pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` ( Castlereagh , during his stay in The Hague , in January 1813 ) induced the Dutch to leave their interests entirely in British hands . '' On page 65 of Nicolson ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; a Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . p. 197 . : `` Baron von Gagern -- one of the two plenipotentiaries for the Netherlands . '' Jump up ^ Page 195 of Nicolson ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . : `` The Pope 's envoy to Vienna , Cardinal Consalvi ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Fritz Apian - Bennewitz : Leopold von Plessen und die Verfassungspolitik der deutschen Kleinstaaten auf dem Wiener Kongress 1814 / 15 . Eutin : Ivens 1933 ; Hochschulschrift : Rostock , Univ. , Diss. , 1933 Jump up ^ Page 2 of King ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 258 , 295 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . Jump up ^ According to King ( 2008 ) , it was Prince de Ligne , an attendee at the conference , who wryly quipped , `` the congress does not move forward , it dances . '' ( `` Le congrès danse beaucoup , mais il ne marche pas . '' ) Jump up ^ William , Sir Ward Adolphus ( 2009 ) . The Period of Congresses , BiblioLife , p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 44924 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 2001 ) . The Congress of Vienna : A Study in Allied Unity : 1812 -- 1822 Grove Press ; Rep. Ed . pp. 140 -- 164 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3744 - X Jump up ^ Susan Mary Alsop ( 1984 ) . The Congress Dances . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa - Urrutia , Marqués de Villa - Urrutia , España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. Pedro Gómez Labrador , Marqués de Labrador . Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada ( Madrid : Francisco Beltrán , 1928 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ Antonio Rodríguez - Moñino ( ed . ) , Cartas Políticas ( Badajoz : Imprenta Provincial , 1959 ) , 14 ( Letter IV , 10 July 1814 ) . Labrador 's letters are full of such pungent remarks , and include his opinions on bad diplomats , the state of the postal system , the weather , and his non-existent salary and coach and accompanying livery for the Congress . Jump up ^ Villa - Urrutia , España en el Congreso de Viena , 61 -- 2 . Joseph had left Madrid with a huge baggage train containing pieces of art , tapestries , and mirrors . The most rapacious of the French was Marshal Nicolas Soult , who left Spain with entire collections , which disappeared to unknown , separate locations around the world . According to Juan Antonio Gaya Nuño , at least `` ( the paintings ) have come to spread the prestige of Spanish art around the whole word . '' Jump up ^ W.H. Zawadzki , `` Russia and the Re-Opening of the Polish Question , 1801 - 1814 , '' International History Review ( 1985 ) 7 # 1 pp 19 - 44 . Jump up ^ Couvée , D.H. ; G. Pikkemaat ( 1963 ) . 1813 -- 15 , ons koninkrijk geboren . Alphen aan den Rijn : N. Samsom nv . pp. 127 -- 130 . ^ Jump up to : Stearns , Peter N. -- Langer , William Leonard ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopedia of world history : ancient , medieval , and modern , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ; 6th ed. p. 440 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 Jump up ^ Hammond , Richard James ( 1966 ) . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Study in Tropical Development ) , Stanford Univ Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0296 - 9 Jump up ^ Ragsdale , Hugh -- Ponomarev , V.N. ( 1993 ) . Imperial Russian foreign policy , Cambridge University Press ; 1st ed . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44229 - X Jump up ^ Benedict , Bertram ( 2008 ) . A History of the Great War , BiblioLife . Vol . I , p. 7 , ISBN 0 - 554 - 41246 - 2 Jump up ^ Willner , Mark -- Hero , George -- Weiner , Jerry Global ( 2006 ) . History Volume I : The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution , Barron 's Educational Series , p. 520 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5811 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Chapman , Tim . The Congress of Vienna 1814 - 1815 ( Routledge , 1998 ) Dakin , Douglas . `` The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 and its Antecedents '' in Alan Sked , ed. , Europe 's Balance of Power 1815 -- 1848 ( London : Macmillan , 1979 ) , pp. 14 -- 33 . Ferraro , Guglielmo . The Reconstruction of Europe ; Talleyrand and the Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1941 ) Gulick , E.V. `` The final coalition and the Congress of Vienna , 1813 - 15 '' in C.W. Crawley , ed. , The New Cambridge Modern History , vol 9 , 1793 - 1830 ( 1965 ) pp 639 -- 67 . Jarrett , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy : War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon . London : I.B. Tauris & Company , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1780761169 . online review King , David ( 2008 ) . Vienna 1814 ; How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love , War , and Peace at the Congress of Vienna . Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33716 - 0 . Kissinger , Henry A . `` The Congress of Vienna : A Reappraisal , '' World Politics ( 1956 ) 8 # 2 pp. 264 -- 280 in JSTOR Kissinger , Henry ( 1957 ) . A World Restored ; Metternich , Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace , 1812 -- 22 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . Kraehe , Enno E. Metternich 's German Policy . Vol. 2 : The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1984 ) 443 pp Oaks , Augustus ; R.B. Mowat ( 1918 ) . The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ( `` Chapter II The restoration of Europe '' ) Nicolson , Harold ( 1946 ) . The Congress of Vienna : A Study in Allied Unity , 1812 -- 1822 . Constable & co . ltd . Spiel , Hilde ( 1968 ) . The Congress of Vienna ; an Eyewitness Account . Philadelphia : Chilton Book Co . Rowell , Christopher and Wolf Burchard , ' The British Embassy at Palais Stahremberg : Furniture from the Congress of Vienna at Mount Stewart ' , Furniture History LIII ( 2017 ) : 191 - 224 . Schroeder , Paul W. `` Did the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of power ? '' American Historical Review ( 1992 ) 97 # 3 pp 683 -- 706 . in JSTOR Schroeder , Paul W . The Transformation of European Politics , 1763 -- 1848 ( 1996 ) , pp 517 -- 82 advanced diplomatic history online Vick , Brian . The Congress of Vienna . Power and Politics after Napoleon . Harvard University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72971 - 1 . Webster , C.K. `` The pacification of Europe '' in A.W. Ward and G.P. Gooch , eds . The Cambridge history of British foreign policy , 1783 - 1919 , ( 1922 ) Volume 1 ch IV online pp 392 -- 521 also published as Webster , Charles . The Congress of Vienna , 1814 -- 1815 ( 1919 ) , a British perspective Webster , C.K. The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh , 1812 -- 1815 , Britain and the Reconstruction of Europe ( 1931 ) 618pp online Zamoyski , Adam ( 2007 ) . Rites of Peace ; the Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 077518 - 6 . Primary sources ( edit ) British diplomacy , 1813 -- 1815 : Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe ( 1921 ) ; 409pp Other languages ( edit ) Ghervas , Stella ( 2008 ) . Réinventer la tradition . Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte - Alliance . Paris : Honoré Champion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7453 - 1669 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Congress of Vienna . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration at the Congress of Vienna Wikisource has original text related to this article : Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Vienna ( Seventh Coalition ) Animated map Europe and nations , 1815 -- 1914 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Map of Europe in 1815 Congress of Vienna ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Search Results at Internet Archive Coordinates : 48 ° 12 ′ 30 '' N 16 ° 22 ′ 23 '' E / 48.20833 ° N 16.37306 ° E / 48.20833 ; 16.37306 BNF : cb11949509b ( data ) GND : 2026986 - 9 HDS : 8922 LCCN : n50055590 SUDOC : 027458601 VIAF : 147367697 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Vienna&oldid=850462709 '' Categories : Diplomatic conferences in Austria 19th - century diplomatic conferences Peace treaties Treaties involving territorial changes 1814 in international relations 1814 in law 1814 in the Austrian Empire 1815 in international relations 1815 in the Austrian Empire 1815 in law 1815 conferences 1815 treaties 1815 in Europe 1815 in Switzerland 19th century in Vienna European political history Modern history of Italy Treaties of the Austrian Empire Treaties of the Bourbon Restoration Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia Treaties of the Russian Empire Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) Treaties of the Spanish Empire Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 粵語 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 01 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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4185082440066073181 | The Book Thief | The Book Thief - Wikipedia The Book Thief Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film adaptation , see The Book Thief ( film ) . For other uses , see The Book Thief ( disambiguation ) . The Book Thief First edition cover Author Markus Zusak Illustrator Trudy White Cover artist Colin Anderson / X Pictures / Getty Images Country Australia Language English , German Genre Novel - Historical Fiction Published 2005 Picador Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 584 ISBN 033036426X OCLC 183612599 LC Class PZ7. Z837 Boo 2007 For additional editions see The Book Thief > Editions at Goodreads.com The Book Thief is a 2005 historical novel by Australian author Markus Zusak and is his most popular work . Published in 2005 , The Book Thief became an international bestseller and was translated into several languages . It was adapted into a 2013 feature film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Liesel Meminger 2.2 Hans Hubermann ( Papa ) 2.3 Rosa Hubermann ( Mama ) 2.4 Rudy Steiner 2.5 Max Vandenburg 2.6 Ilsa Hermann 2.7 Werner Meminger 2.8 Liesel 's Mother 3 Themes 3.1 Mortality 3.2 Language , reading , and writing 3.3 Love 4 Recognition 5 Film adaptation 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) After the death of Liesel 's young brother , Liesel arrives at the home of her new foster parents , Hans and Rosa Hubermann , distraught and withdrawn . During her time there , she is exposed to the horrors of the Nazi regime , caught between the innocence of childhood and the maturity demanded by her destructive surroundings . As the political situation in Germany deteriorates , her foster parents harbor a Jewish boxer named Max . Hans , who has developed a close relationship with Liesel , teaches her to read in secret . Recognizing the power of writing and sharing the written word , Liesel not only begins to steal books that the Nazi party is looking to destroy , but also writes her own stories , and shares the power of language with Max . Characters ( edit ) Liesel Meminger ( edit ) The protagonist of the story , she is an adopted girl on the verge of adolescence , with blonde hair that is `` a close enough brand of German blonde '' and a `` smile that is starving '' when she shows it . Her eyes , however , are brown . She is fostered by the Hubermanns after her biological father `` abandons '' their family , her brother dies , and her mother is forced to send her to a foster home due to her political belief ( communism ) , which is forbidden at the time . Liesel is the `` book thief '' referred to in the title . Liesel is fascinated by the power of words , as shown in the quotation , `` I have hated the words and I have loved them . '' She steals books from snow , fire , and the mayor 's wife . Hans Hubermann ( papa ) ( edit ) Liesel 's foster father and husband of Rosa , Hans is a former German soldier during World War I , accordion player , and painter . He develops a close and loving relationship with Liesel , and becomes a main source of strength and support for her throughout the novel . He , like Liesel , does n't have much experience with reading . Together , the two help each other with reading and write all the words they learn on a wall in the basement with his cans of white paint . Rosa Hubermann ( mama ) ( edit ) Liesel 's sharp - tongued , often abrasive , foster mother , she has a `` wardrobe '' build and a displeased face , brown - grey tightly - cinched hair often tied up in a bun , and `` chlorinated '' eyes . Despite her temper , she is a loving wife to Hans and mother to Liesel . To supplement the household income , she does washing and ironing for five of the wealthier households in Molching . Rudy Steiner ( edit ) Liesel 's neighbor , Rudy , has bony legs , blue eyes , lemon - colored hair and a penchant for getting in the middle of situations when he should n't . Despite having the appearance of an archetypal German , he does not directly support the Nazis . As a member of a relatively poor household with six children , Rudy is habitually hungry . He is known throughout the neighborhood because of the `` Jesse Owens incident '' , in which he colored himself black with mud one night and ran one hundred meters at the local sports field . He is academically and athletically gifted , which attracts the attention of Nazi Party officials , leading to an attempted recruitment . His lack of support for the Nazi party becomes problematic as the story progresses . Rudy becomes Liesel 's best friend , and eventually falls in love with her , always trying to get a kiss out of her . Max Vandenburg ( edit ) A Jewish fist - fighter who takes refuge from the Nazi regime in the Hubermann 's basement . He is the son of a WWI German soldier who fought alongside Hans Hubermann , and the two developed a close friendship during the war . He has brown , feather - like hair and swampy brown eyes . During the Nazi reign of terror , Hans agrees to shelter Max and hide him from the Nazi party . During his stay at the Hubermanns ' house , Max befriends Liesel , because of their shared affinity for words . He writes two books for her and presents her with a sketchbook that contains his life story , which helps Liesel to develop as a writer and reader . Ilsa hermann ( edit ) The wife of the mayor of Molching who employs Rosa Hubermann . She entered depression after the death of her only son in the Great War . Ilsa allows Liesel to visit and read books in her personal library . She also gives Liesel a diary , which leads Liesel to write her own story , `` The Book Thief '' . Werner Meminger ( edit ) Liesel 's little brother , who died suddenly on the train with his mother , while being transported to their foster parents . Liesel 's mother ( edit ) Liesel 's mother is only mentioned in the story a few times . Liesel 's father was taken away by the Nazi 's prior to the novel starting because he was a Communist , and the reasons her mother - Paula Meminger - was taking both her children to foster care was to save them from Nazi persecution . Liesel 's mother met the same fate as her father , but Liesel eventually realizes her mother gave her away to protect her . Themes ( edit ) Mortality ( edit ) The book is introduced by the character / narrator Death , which underlines that mortality is very present in the lives of each character . Throughout the novel , the deaths of prominent characters reaffirm the presence of mortality . Because the novel takes place during World War II , death and genocide are nearly omnipresent in the novel . Death is presented in a manner that is less distant and threatening . Because Death narrates and explains the reasons behind each character 's destruction , as well as explains how he feels that he must take the life of each character , death is given a sense of care rather than fear . At one point , Death states `` even death has a heart , '' which reaffirms that there is a care present in the concept of death and dying . Language , reading , and writing ( edit ) These three things act as symbols of freedom and expression throughout the story . As symbolic elements , they provide liberation and identity to the characters who are able to wield their power . They also provide a framework for Liesel 's coming of age . In the beginning of the novel , she obtains a book at her brother 's funeral , one that she is unable to read . As the story progresses , she slowly learns how to read and write because of the tutelage of her foster father Hans . At the end of the story , her character arc is heavily defined by her ability to read and write . The development of her literacy mirrors her physical growth and strength developing over the course of the story . Language , reading , and writing also serve as social markers . The wealthy citizens in the story are often portrayed as owning their own libraries and being literate , while the poor characters are illiterate and do not own any books . The Nazi burning of books is also represented in the novel . Symbolically , Liesel 's continuous rescue of the books the Nazis burn represents her reclaiming freedom and fight against being controlled by the Nazis . Love ( edit ) In the midst of the damage that war , death , and loss have caused Liesel and the other characters in the book , love is seen as an agent of change and freedom . Liesel overcomes her traumas by learning to love and be loved by her foster family and her friends . In the beginning of the novel , Liesel is traumatized not only by the death of her brother and her separation from her only family , but also as a result of the larger issues regarding war - torn Germany and the destruction by the Nazi party . As Liesel 's foster father Hans develops a relationship with her , healing and growth are a direct result . This pattern is reflected in the relational dynamic between the Hubermann family and Max . In the midst of governmental policies that reflect on who is worthy of love and acceptance , the Hubermanns ' relationship with Max defies the Nazi regime . Further , the love that Max and Liesel develop through their friendship creates a strong contrast to the hate that is the backdrop of the story . The theme of love also intertwines with the themes of identity and language / reading because all of these themes have the purpose of providing freedom and power in the midst of chaos and control . Recognition ( edit ) 2006 : Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best Book ( South East Asia & South Pacific ) 2006 : School Library Journal Best Book of the Year 2006 : Daniel Elliott Peace Award 2006 : Publishers Weekly Best Children 's Book of the Year 2006 : National Jewish Book Award for Children 's and Young Adult Literature 2006 : Bulletin Blue Ribbon Book 2007 : Michael L. Printz Honor Book The Printz award is given to the best book for teens , based only on the quality of the writing . 2007 : Book Sense Book of the Year Award for Children 's Literature Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Book Thief ( film ) A film adaptation was released on November 2013 . It was directed by Brian Percival . Michael Petroni wrote the script . Geoffrey Rush and Emily Watson portrayed the Hubermanns , Ben Schnetzer was Max Vandenburg , Nico Liersch was Rudy Steiner , and Sophie Nélisse was Liesel Meminger . John Williams wrote the music soundtrack . Much of the movie was filmed in Görlitz , Germany . Many of the characters are missed out , giving Franz Deutscher ( Levin Liam ) , who is a boy who picks on Liesel and the leader of Rudy 's Hitler youth squad , a bigger role . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zusak , Markus ( 2005 ) . The Book Thief . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ^ Jump up to : `` Concept Analysis The Book Thief '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jewish Book Council . `` NJBA Winners '' . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Blue Ribbons '' . The Bulletin of the Center for Children 's Books . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael L. Printz Winners and Honor Books '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Book Thief ' sets November release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Score ' The Book Thief ' -- Film Music Reporter '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Jump up ^ drjgardner ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` The Book Thief ( 2013 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott . `` ' The Book Thief ' Begins Shooting in Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Book Thief movie adaptation gets a director By Molly Driscoll '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Book Thief on FantasticFiction.co.uk The Book Thief study guide , quotes , themes , literary devices , teacher resources Schaefer , Sandy . `` ' Downton Abbey ' Director Hired For ' The Book Thief ' '' . Screen Rant . The Book Thief on IMDb Who exactly is The Book Thief aimed at ? The Guardian ( hide ) Works by Markus Zusak The Underdog ( 1999 ) Fighting Ruben Wolfe ( 2000 ) When Dogs Cry ( 2001 ) The Messenger ( 2002 ) The Book Thief ( 2005 ) Underdogs ( 2011 ) Bridge of Clay ( TBC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_Thief&oldid=816217677 '' Categories : 2005 Australian novels Holocaust literature Novels by Markus Zusak World War II novels Personifications of death in fiction Nazis in fiction Works about reading Australian novels adapted into films Works about censorship Novels about death Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use Australian English from August 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 48 . 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2243547314130404631 | Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens | Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Jordan . As of May 2018 , Jordanian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 50 countries and territories , ranking the Jordanian passport 85th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Algerian and Egyptian passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Citizens of Jordan do need a passport when traveling to Lebanon . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 2.1 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 3 See also 4 References and Notes Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens Jordan Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Visitors born in Afghanistan , born to Afghan parents or with parents born in Afghanistan are exempt from any visa requirements ; a copy of the parent 's passport is required . Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline . Visas on arrival are available at Hamid Karzai International Airport to United Nations employees , Interpol employees , business visitors , journalists , athletes , airline staff and passengers in transit from countries that do not have a diplomatic mission of Afghanistan . All visitors are fingerprinted . Albania Visa required Any visitor who holds a valid , multiple entry and previously used visa issued by a Schengen Area country , United States , or the United Kingdom can enter Albania without a visa for 90 days . Visa must have been used at least once before arrival to Albania . The visa exemption also applies to valid Green Card holders and holders of resident permits issued by a Schengen country for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days . Visitors of Albanian ethnicity do not require a visa to enter Albania for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within 180 days . Algeria Visa required Visas are not required for visitors with a re-entry permit or a residence permit ( or Carte Personelle ) issued by Algeria . Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel . Andorra Visa required Although no visa requirements exist , apply the relevant regulations of France or Spain , whichever must be transited to reach Andorra . Angola Visa required An International Certificate of Vaccination is required . The personnel of oil companies established in Angola may obtain a visa on arrival , provided they are holding the necessary documents which includes a visa on arrival application that must be submitted by the oil company at least 2 weeks prior to arrival . Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa Permanent residents of the United States and Canada and holders of valid visas issued by the United States , Canada , Schengen Area and the United Kingdom do not require a visa for an allowed stay of up to 30 days . A visa waiver fee of 100 USD ( ~ 71 JOD ) is payable upon arrival . Visitors must have a printed e-visa confirmation . Antigua and Barbuda apply a stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds , a return ticket and accommodation . Antigua & Barbuda has a 70 XCD ( ~ 18 JOD ) airport Departure tax . Cruise ship visitors who would normally require a visa do not require one provided that they arrive in Antigua and Barbuda in the morning and depart the same evening . Argentina Visa required All visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry . Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit without a visa for a maximum time of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . A visa on arrival costs 15,000 AMD ( ~ 22 JOD ) . Visitors may apply for an e-visa which allows applicants an allowed stay of up to 120 days with a 31 USD ( ~ 22 JOD ) fee or 21 days with a 6 USD ( 4.25 JOD ) fee . Visas are granted on arrival at the following entry points : Zvartnots International Airport ( Yerevan ) , Shirak Airport ( Gyumri ) , Ayrum railway station ( border with Georgia ) , Bagratashen ( border with Georgia ) , Bavra ( border with Georgia ) , Gogavan ( border with Georgia ) , Meghri ( border with Iran ) . Australia Online e600 Visitor Visa required Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit at Gold Coast Airport or any other international airport in Australia without a visa for a maximum time of 2 hours as long as they are arriving and departing on the same aircraft ( excluding Gold Coast Airport ) . Holders of confirmed onward tickets may also stay in transit without a visa at any international airport in Australia ( except for Gold Coast Airport ) for a maximum time of 8 hours . Austria Visa required Passengers entering Austria on a one - way ticket without sufficient funds to purchase a return / onward ticket could be refused entry . Valid visas in travel documents that are full and invalidated are accepted when accompanied by a new travel document . Visitors with a family member residence card issued by Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Ireland , Romania or the United Kingdom to family members of a national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180 - day period . This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit . Visitors with a residence permit issued by Monaco or a Schengen Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180 - day period ( residence permits issued by Malta must be biometric ) . Visitors ' means of subsistence during their stay are assessed on a case - by - case basis and may be refused entry if inadequate . Azerbaijan ASAN Electronic Visa 30 days Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit without a visa for a maximum time of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days , the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan . Holders of diplomatic passports or official / service passports do not require a visa to visit Azerbaijan for up to 90 days . Due to a state of war with Armenia , the Government of Azerbaijan bans the entry of citizens from Armenia , as well as citizens of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( though there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . The government of Azerbaijan strictly bans any visit of foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto Nagorno - Karabakh Republic ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without prior consent of the Government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included into the `` list of persona non grata '' . ASAN Electronic Visa applications are also available directly at the ports of entry at the border with Georgia , Russia , Turkey , and Iran . The e-visa should be printed and presented together with the passport ( that should be valid at least 3 months more than the validity period of the electronic visa ) at the border checkpoint . Holders of an official invitation letter issued by the State Migration Service of Azerbaijan or any other Azerbaijani government authority can be granted a visa on arrival . Bahamas Visa required Holders of confirmed onward tickets may stay in transit without a visa for a maximum time of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . A visa is not required for visitors with a permanent resident card issued by Canada or a Permanent Resident / Resident Alien Card ( Form I - 551 ) issued by the United States for a maximum allowed stay of 30 days . Cruise ship passengers travelling to and returning from the Bahamas are required to obtain a visa for entry . Both entry and departure must be by a cruise ship . Bahrain eVisa 14 days Holders of diplomatic passports or official / service passports can obtain a visa on arrival . Holders of a pre-arranged Stopover Paid by Carrier ( STPC ) issued to those in transit for a minimum of 8 hours and a maximum of 24 hours are permitted to leave the Airport and proceed to their hotel , if holding passports valid for at least 3 months and subject to immigration approval . Passengers with a visa issued by Saudi Arabia and permitted entry by land can obtain a 24 hour transit visa on arrival if continuing their journey by land using the King Fahd Causeway . Visitors may also apply for a multiple entry visa valid for one year for an allowed stay of 90 days or a multiple entry visa valid for three months for an allowed stay of one month . Residents of Gulf Cooperation Council countries who have already stayed for more than six months in their country of residence and their professions are in an approved list are eligible for either a 72 hour or a 7 day visa upon their arrival at the airport . eVisa applicants must supply scanned copies of their air tickets , passports and hotel bookings and are valid for 30 days from the date of approval . Bangladesh Visa required Crew members traveling for non-duty purposes can obtain a visa on arrival ( Fee : ~ 50 USD / ~ 35 JOD ) if holding Crew Member Identification Cards . Otherwise , the same regulations as for passengers apply . Passengers with a diplomatic passport and a return / onward ticket can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 30 days . They can apply to extend their stay . Passengers with a return / onward ticket and a confirmation letter issued by the Bangladesh Board of Investment ( BOI ) traveling on business can obtain a visa on arrival . The letter must contain a BOI registration number and the accredited inviting organization must notify the Immigration authorities prior to arrival . Passengers with an onward ticket can obtain a transit visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . Passengers with a return / onward ticket and proof of being of Bangladeshi origin can , along with their spouses and children obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 30 days which can be extended if need be . Bangladeshi diplomatic missions provide a No Visa Required ( NVR ) seal for Bangladeshis holding a foreign passport / nationality , No Visa Required ( NVR ) seals are provided to non-Bangladeshis who are descendants or spouses of Bangladeshis as well . This seal allows the passenger to travel to Bangladesh on multiple occasions without restrictions on duration within the validity of the visa . The No Visa Required ( NVR ) facility is valid until the validity of the passport ends and can be transferred to the new passport of the same person as required . Barbados Visa required Visas are not required for visitors with a Travel Certificate issued by the Caribbean Development Bank . Passengers with a confirmed onward ticket can obtain a transit visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 12 hours . Belarus Visa required All visitors are required to have adequate health insurance which can be purchased on arrival at Minsk National Airport . The Foreign Admissions Division at Minsk National Airport of the Consular Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issues visas on arrival if the support documents were submitted no later than 3 business days before the expected date of arrival . Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 5 days is mandatory . No transit without a visa under any circumstance . Belgium Visa required Valid visas in travel documents that are full and invalidated are accepted when accompanied by a new travel document . Visitors with a family member residence card issued by Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Ireland , Romania or the United Kingdom to family members of a national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days . This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit . Visitors without the following means of subsistence during their stay may be refused entry : 45 EUR ( ~ 37 JOD ) per day for aliens staying with a private individual ; 95 EUR ( ~ 78 JOD ) per day for aliens staying at a hotel . Belize Visa required A visa is not required for visitors with a valid visa issued by a Schengen Area Member State for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days . Visitors with a US Permanent Resident / Resident Alien Card ( Form I - 551 ) or a multiple - entry visa issued by the United States can obtain a visa on arrival for a fee of 50 USD ( ~ 35 JOD ) . All visitors are required to have sufficient funds , 75 USD per day , and the documents required for their next destination . Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required All foreigners must obtain a visa before visiting Bhutan . Foreign tourists must use a licensed Bhutanese tour operator or one of their international partners to pre-arrange their visa and book their holiday . A daily fee is charged for every day of stay . Upon entering Bhutan , all foreigners are issued a 7 or 14 days `` Entry Permit '' by default , valid for Thimphu and Paro only . The rest of Bhutan is considered a restricted area , and foreigners need a `` Restricted - Area Permit '' to enter . Foreigners wishing to visit Buddhist temples must obtain a `` Temple Permit '' from the Ministry of Culture . Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days 90 days within one year Extension of stay is possible . Holders of diplomatic and official / service passports do not require a visa for up to 90 days . Visitors may obtain a visa on arrival only when holding a hotel confirmation or an invitation letter issued by the Bolivian Immigration Authorities , as well as an outbound ticket . Alternatively , the visa may be obtained at any Bolivian embassy or consulate free of charge . Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required Holders of diplomatic or official / service passports do not require a visa for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days . Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival in Bosnia and Herzegovina is mandatory . Valid multiple entry visa holders and residents of the Schengen Area member states and Monaco can enter Bosnia and Herzegovina without a visa for a maximum allowed stay of 15 days . They must arrive from one of the Schengen Area member states , Monaco or a third country that has a bilateral readmission agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina . Botswana Visa required 90 days Visitors wishing to stay in Botswana for more than 90 days should apply for an extension prior to arrival . Brazil Visa required A valid visa in an expired passport is accepted if : the page containing the valid visa has not been invalidated or mutilated and the visa is clearly legible . the passenger holds a valid passport of the same nationality . a handwritten annotation does not appear in the passport . Holders of diplomatic or official / service passports do not require a visa to visit Brazil for up to 30 days . Visas issued to Tourist Visa applicants are valid for first entry within 90 days , and the validity of the visa begins on the day of the first entry to Brazil . All foreigners staying in Brazil for more than 90 days must register with the Federal Police in Brazil and obtain an identity card . Brunei Visa required Immigration offences , such as overstay of visa , have been punishable by caning since June 12 , 2004 . This punishment , often combined with a jail sentence , concerns business travelers to Brunei who overstay their work visas , as well as their work associates , and others who do n't abide by immigration laws . Passengers transiting through Brunei International Airport for less than 24 hours ( 1 day ) do not require a visa . Those traveling to a third country can obtain a transit visa on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . Bulgaria Visa required Holders of short stay and transit visas issued by Croatia , Cyprus and Romania can enter Bulgaria for the duration of their visa . National visas issued by Bulgaria or Schengen visas issued by a Schengen Member State in expired , full or invalidated travel documents are accepted if accompanied by a new valid travel document of the same nationality . Visitors with a family member residence card issued by Switzerland or another EEA Member State are visa exempt and allowed a total stay of 90 days within a period of 180 days . The card must be issued to family members of a national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State . They must travel with or travel to join the national of Switzerland or an EEA Member State . This does not apply to visitors with a different type of residence permit . Visitors with a residence permit issued by Croatia , Cyprus , Romania or a Schengen Member State are visa exempt for a maximum allowed stay of 90 days within a 180 - day period ( residence permits issued by Malta must be biometric ) . Holders of a Schengen visa can enter Bulgaria for up to 90 days within a 180 - day period during the validity of their Schengen visa ( must hold a double or multiple entry C or D visa ) without having to apply for a Bulgarian visa . Burkina Faso Visa required Passengers holding confirmed onward tickets may transit through airports of Burkina Faso for up to 24 hours ( 1 day ) without a transit visa . A transit visa can be obtained on arrival for a maximum allowed stay of 72 hours ( 3 days ) . Visa on arrival is available to holders of consular , diplomatic , special or official / service passports free of charge . An International Certificate of Vaccination is required . Burundi Visa required Passengers with an Entry Authorization letter issued by the authorities of Burundi before departure are eligible for a visa on arrival at Bujumbura International Airport for a maximum allowed stay of 1 month . They can apply to extend their stay . All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival in Burundi . Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa required China Visa required Colombia Visa required Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa required Côte d'Ivoire Visa required Croatia Visa required Cuba Tourist card required Tourist card must be obtained in advance via travel agency , airline or at the embassy . Cyprus Visa required Czech Republic Visa required Denmark Visa required Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 21 days Dominican Republic Visa required Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt Visa not required 3 months Visitors must be holding a normal 5 - year passport , provided passport does not contain a stamp from the Jordanian Registration Office on the reverse side cover of the passport . El Salvador Visa required Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa required Ethiopia eVisa Fiji Visa required Finland Visa required France Visa required Visa exemption agreement has been signed for Jordanian Diplomatic passports . Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa required Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany Visa required Ghana Visa required Greece Visa required Grenada Visa required Guatemala Visa required Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa required Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa required Hungary Visa required Iceland Visa required India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa required Israel Visa required Confirmation from Israeli government is required before a visa is issued . Italy Visa required Jamaica Visa required Japan Visa required Kazakhstan Visa required Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa required North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa required Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport or Osh Airport or through land crossings with China ( at Irkeshtam and Torugart ) , Kazakhstan ( at Ak - jol , Ak - Tilek , Chaldybar , Chon - Kapka ) , Tajikistan ( at Bor - Dobo , Kulundu , Kyzyl - Bel ) and Uzbekistan ( at Dostuk ) . Laos Visa required Latvia Visa required Lebanon Visa not required 3 months ID card valid . Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa not required 1 month Visitors must be holding a 5 - year passport , which must be valid for at least one year on arrival . Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa required Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 90 days Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa required Marshall Islands Visa required Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa on arrival 60 days Mexico Visa required Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa required Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand -- Tachileik , Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India -- Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu . eVisa is available for tourism only . Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa on arrival 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa required Philippines Visa required Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar eVisa Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa required Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa required Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa required Serbia Visa required Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa required Slovakia Visa required Visa exemption agreement has been signed for Jordanian Diplomatic passports . Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . South Africa Visa not required 30 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa required Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa not required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days Visa on arrival available at Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival 3 months Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa required Tunisia Visa not required 90 days Turkey Visa not required 90 days Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa required United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa required United States Visa required Uruguay Visa required Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa required Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa required Vietnam Visa required Yemen Visa on arrival 90 days Zambia eVisa Zimbabwe eVisa Dependent , disputed , or Restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Jordanian citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above , and restricted zones : Africa Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte Visa required Réunion Visa required 90 days per 6 - month period for up to 15 days at a time Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa required Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Saint Helena eVisa Somaliland Visa required 30 days Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Asia Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) Baikonur & Priozersk Special permission required Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Priozersk near Almaty . Bhutan outside Thimpu or Paro Restricted - Area Permit required All of Bhutan outside of the Paro and Thimphu valleys is classified as a restricted area . Tour operators obtain a ' road permit ' for the places on your itinerary , and this permit is checked and endorsed by the police at immigration checkpoints strategically located at important road junctions . The tour operator must return the permit to the government at the completion of the tour , and it is scrutinized for major deviations from the authorized program . There are immigration checkpoints in Hongtsho ( east of Thimphu ) , Chhukha ( between Thimphu and Phuentsholing ) , Rinchending ( above Phuentsholing ) , Wangdue Phodrang , Chazam ( near Trashigang ) , Wamrong ( between Trashigang and Samdrup Jongkhar ) and in Samdrup Jongkhar . All are open from 5am to 9pm daily . Foreigners wishing to visit Buddhist temples must obtain a `` Temple Permit '' from the Ministry of Culture . May apply online . British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Hainan Visa required Hong Kong Visa not required 30 days India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required A Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) is required for the whole of the state of Sikkim and parts of the states of Arunachal Pradesh , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Manipur , Mizoram , Nagaland Rajasthan and Uttaranchal . A Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) is required for the whole of the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of the state of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa required 14 days Passport holders with the country of birth being Iraq are exempt from the 14 - day stay restrictions , even if a citizen of another country . Jeju - do Visa not required 30 days Kish Island Visa not required 14 days Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone Visits to the Korean Demilitarized Zone must be done with a tour operator . Macau Visa on arrival 30 days Maldives outside Malé Permission required Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives . Mecca and Medina Special access required Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry . However , many parts of Medina , notably the outskirts and the Medina Airport , are open to all . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) . North Sentinel Island Restricted zone Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to the Gaza Strip is not allowed . Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Qeshm Island Visa not required 14 days Visitors to Qeshm Island do not require a visa . Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Taiwan Visa required Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) Anguilla Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom and holders of diplomatic passports do not require a visa . Aruba Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined . Bermuda Visa required Visa free for a maximum stay of 3 months if transiting through the United Kingdom . British Virgin Islands Visa required Caribbean Netherlands Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period ( Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire , Saba and St. Eustatius ) 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined . Cayman Islands Visa required A maximum visa - free stay of 30 days is also granted to permanent residents of the United States when arriving directly from the United States , Canada when arriving directly from Canada or the United States , or the United Kingdom when arriving directly from the United Kingdom . Curacao Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined . French West Indies Visa required 3 months ( French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy ) Greenland Visa required Margarita Island Visa required Montserrat e-Visa Navassa Island Special permit required Puerto Rico Visa required Visa not required if holding a valid multiple - entry visa issued by USA . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Sint Maarten Visa required 90 days within any 180 day period 90 days in Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required Europe Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) Abkhazia Visa required Tourists from all countries ( except Georgia ) can visit Abkhazia for a period not exceeding 24 hours as part of an organized tourist group . Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required The visa policy is the same as for Cyprus , which follows the visa policy of the Schengen Area . However , stays longer than 28 days per 12 - month period require a permit . The territory has open borders with Cyprus , but maintains border checks with Northern Cyprus . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Augustów Canal Visa not required 5 days Visitors to the Augustów Canal holding the relevant document ( filled out by a travel agency , the form being different for individual and group visits ) are entitled to visit the areas listed as follows upon entry to Belarus via Rudawka -- Liasnaja , Kuźnica -- Bruzgi , Švendubrė -- Pryvalka and Raigardas -- Pryvalka border checkpoints : Augustów Canal recreational park Grodno part of Grodno District -- territory of rural councils of Hoža Kapcioŭka Adeĺsk Padlabiennie Sapockin The visa exemption will remain in force until the end of 2017 unless prolonged . Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required 3 days Visitors must first obtain an electronic pass . Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa required Gibraltar Visa required UK Visa / Schengen residence permit covers entry . Guernsey Visa required UK Visa covers entry . Isle of Man Visa required UK Visa covers entry . Jan Mayen Permit required 24 hours Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and a permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Jersey Visa required UK Visa covers entry . Kosovo Visa not required 90 days within any 6 month period in the Republic of Kosovo . Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Closed cities of Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . Principality of Sealand Visa required South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Svalbard Visa not required Unlimited ( Svalbard Treaty ) No one requires a visa to enter Svalbard but it 's practically impossible to board a flight / ferry to Svalbard without entering Norway . Hence a double entry Schengen visa would be required to go and come back from Svalbard to mainland Norway . Transnistria Visa not required 24 hours Registration required after 24h . Oceania Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) American Samoa Visa required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorization required A written authorization of the Director of National Parks and Wildlife is required . Christmas Island Online Visitor visa ( e600 ) required ( if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland ) Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland . However , photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration . Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Online Visitor visa ( e600 ) required ( if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland ) Passports and visas are not required when travelling from the Australian mainland . However , photographic identification must be produced for clearance through Customs and Immigration . Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Coral Sea Islands Special authorization required A written authorization of the Director of National Parks and Wildlife is required . French Polynesia Visa required Guam Visa required Lau Province Special permission required Macquarie Island Special authorization required A written authorization of the Director of National Parks and Wildlife is required . New Caledonia Visa required Niue Visa not required 30 days Norfolk Island Online Visitor visa ( e600 ) required ( if arriving from outside of the Australian Mainland ) As of 1 July 2016 all movements between Norfolk Island and Australian mainland are considered as domestic movements , however all passengers are still required to carry passports and pass Customs and Immigration . Normal Australian Customs and Immigration procedures apply when entry is made from outside Australia . Passengers not carrying their passports are not eligible to purchase duty - free goods on Norfolk Island . Northern Mariana Islands Visa required Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Tokelau Entry permit required All visitors must obtain a permit to enter Tokelau from the Tokelau Apia Liaison Office in Apia , at least 2 weeks prior to travel . Tokelau can only be reached by boat from Samoa and a permit from the Samoan Immigration Authorities is required to leave and re-enter Samoa . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for : Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Wallis and Futuna Visa required South America Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) French Guiana Visa required Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Territory Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees unless otherwise noted ) Antarctica Special permits required Special permits required for : Argentine Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory Bouvet Island British Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Ross Dependency Falkland Islands Visa required South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . See also ( edit ) Jordan portal Visa policy of Jordan Jordanian passport References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ `` Foreign Entry Requirements - Afghanistan to Azerbaijan '' . U.S. Passport Service Guide . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . ^ migration ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Afghanistan to issue visas on arrival to cut red tape , boost business '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . ^ Nordland , Rod ( 2011 - 11 - 19 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . 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Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Wallis and Futuna , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ `` Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements '' . www.diplomatique.gouv.fr . Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ `` Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements '' . www.diplomatique.gouv.fr . Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ `` Pre-Registration For Galapagos Visit '' . www.divethegalapagos.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ GalapagosIslands.com . `` Galapagos Trip Checklist GalapagosIslands.com '' . www.galapagosislands.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Tourists will be able to fly Argentina to Antarctica from 2018 '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ Government of the British Antarctic Territory , Polar Regions Department ( April 2016 ) . `` Antarctica - Formalities '' . www.noonsite.com . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . ^ `` Environmental approvals for tour and expedition organisers '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Bouvet Island : The Most Remote Island in the World '' . oceanwide-expeditions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Bouvet Island Travel Guide - Open Travel '' . opentravel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Antarctic tourism - British Antarctic Survey '' . ^ M , Raul Silva ( 2014 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Chile : Tourist Information and News : * Chilean Antarctic Province '' . Chile . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Advance Notification - IAATO '' . iaato.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . ^ `` Peter I Island - Antarktis Antarctica '' . www.antarctic.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ Rognhaug , Magnus Hovind ( August 2014 ) . `` Norway in The Antarctic '' ( PDF ) . brage.bibsys.no . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ `` What to expect when traveling to Antarctica Antarctica New Zealand '' . www.antarcticanz.govt.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ `` Arriving in the Islands '' . www.falklands.gov.fk . The Falkland Islands . 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK '' . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Madurai Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana eSwatini Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands , Greenland Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty . Part of the Kingdom of Denmark , not part of the Schengen Area . Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Passports Africa Central CEMAC Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo , Republic of the Equatorial Guinea Gabon Angola Congo , Democratic Republic of the São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Somaliland South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Western Mauritania Saint Helena ECOWAS Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands CARICOM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Dominica Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Costa Rica Panama CARICOM Belize Central America - 4 El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua North Bermuda Canada Greenland France ( Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) Mexico United States Iroquois League South Chile Venezuela Andean Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru CARICOM Guyana Suriname Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong ( SAR , BN ( O ) ) Macao Japan Korea , North Korea , South Mongolia Taiwan South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Abkhazia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Other Europe Abkhazia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kazakhstan Kosovo Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta , Sovereign Military Order of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Norway Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Switzerland Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia Aboriginal Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia , Federated States of Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu International organizations Defunct passports Passport types International organizations European Union laissez - passer International Committee of the Red Cross Interpol United Nations laissez - passer Defunct British Indian Empire Czechoslovakia East Germany Korean Empire Nansen ( refugee ) Mandatory Palestine Rhodesia Soviet Union UNMIK Travel Document Yugoslavia Types Biometric Camouflage Diplomatic Fake Fantasy passport Hajj Horse Internal International Machine - readable Pet Travel document alien refugee stateless person World Notes A ) Includes Crown dependencies , British Overseas Territories , and former British plantations , crown colonies , colonies , protectorates , protected states , mandates , trust territories and other British possessions . B) The Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union , but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union ; the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey , and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves ( unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status ) , are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union . C ) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union . Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Turkey has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Kazakhstan has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and Western Asia . Egypt has a small part of its territory in Western Asia called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Not recognized by any other state . Special administrative regions of China The Soviet Union was a transcontinental country located in Eurasia Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Jordanian_citizens&oldid=865565278 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Jordan Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with German - language external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with French - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 18 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1208551444515352437 | Columbus, Ohio | Columbus , Ohio - Wikipedia Columbus , Ohio Capital of Ohio State capital and city in Ohio , United States Columbus , Ohio State capital and city City of Columbus Images , from top left to right : Downtown Columbus , Ohio Statehouse Capitol Square , University Hall ( Ohio State University ) , Short North , Nationwide Arena , Santa Maria replica Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Discovery City , Arch City , Indie Art Capital , Cowtown , The Biggest Small Town in America , Cbus Location in Franklin County Columbus , Ohio Location in Ohio , United States & North America Columbus , Ohio Columbus , Ohio ( the US ) Columbus , Ohio Columbus , Ohio ( North America ) Show map of Ohio Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 39 ° 59 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W / 39.983 ° N 82.983 ° W / 39.983 ; - 82.983 Coordinates : 39 ° 59 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W / 39.983 ° N 82.983 ° W / 39.983 ; - 82.983 Country United States State Ohio Counties Delaware , Fairfield , Franklin Settled February 14 , 1812 Named for Christopher Columbus Government Mayor Andrew J. Ginther ( D ) City Council Members ( show ) Elizabeth C. Brown ( D ) Mitchell J. Brown ( D ) Shannon G. Hardin ( D ) Zachary M. Klein ( D ) Jaiza N. Page ( D ) Michael Stinziano ( D ) Priscilla R. Tyson ( D ) Area State capital and city 223.11 sq mi ( 577.85 km ) Land 217.17 sq mi ( 562.47 km ) Water 5.94 sq mi ( 15.38 km ) Elevation 902 ft ( 275 m ) Population ( 2010 ) State capital and city 787,033 Estimate ( 2017 ) 879,170 Rank US : 14th Density 3,960.44 / sq mi ( 1,399.2 / km ) Urban 1,368,035 ( US : 36th ) Metro 2,078,725 ( US : 32nd ) CSA 2,424,831 ( US : 25th ) Demonym ( s ) Columbusite Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes Zip codes ( show ) 43085 , 43201 - 43207 , 43209 - 43224 , 43226 - 43232 , 43234 - 43236 , 43240 , 43251 , 43260 , 43266 , 43268 , 43270 - 43272 , 43279 , 43287 , 43291 Area codes 614 , 380 FIPS code 39 - 18000 GNIS feature ID 1080996 Website City of Columbus Columbus ( / kəˈlʌmbəs / kə - LUM - bəs ) is the state capital and the most populous city in Ohio . It is the 14th-most populous city in the United States , with a population of 879,170 as of 2017 estimates , and is one of the fastest growing large cities in the United States . This makes Columbus the 3rd-most populous state capital in the United States after Phoenix , Arizona and Austin , Texas and the second-most populous city in the Midwestern United States , after Chicago . It is the core city of the Columbus , Ohio , Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses ten counties . With a population of 2,078,725 , it is Ohio 's second - largest metropolitan area . Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County . The municipality has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County , Pickaway County and Fairfield County . Named for explorer Christopher Columbus , the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers , and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816 . The city has a diverse economy based on education , government , insurance , banking , defense , aviation , food , clothes , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . Columbus is home to the Battelle Memorial Institute , the world 's largest private research and development foundation ; Chemical Abstracts Service , the world 's largest clearinghouse of chemical information ; NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet ; and The Ohio State University , one of the largest universities in the United States . As of 2013 , the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U.S. Fortune 500 : Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , American Electric Power , L Brands , Big Lots , and Cardinal Health . The food service corporations Wendy 's , Donatos Pizza , Bob Evans , Max & Erma 's and White Castle and the nationally known companies Red Roof Inn , Rogue Fitness , and Safelite are also based in the metropolitan area . In 2016 , Money Magazine ranked Columbus as one of `` The 6 Best Big Cities '' , calling it the best in the Midwest , citing a highly educated workforce and excellent wage growth . In 2012 , Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeek 's 50 best cities in America . In 2013 , Forbes gave Columbus an `` A '' rating as one of the top cities for business in the U.S. , and later that year included the city on its list of Best Places for Business and Careers . Columbus was also ranked as the No. 1 up - and - coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008 , and the city was ranked a top - ten city by Relocate America in 2010 . In 2007 , fDi Magazine ranked the city no . 3 in the U.S. for cities of the future , and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no . 1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ohio Country 1.2 Virginia Military District 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century to the present 1.4. 1 Aviation 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2000 census 3.2 2010 census 3.3 Rankings 4 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Landmarks 5.1. 1 Landmark photos 5.2 Museums 5.3 Performing arts 5.3. 1 Film 6 Sports 6.1 Professional teams 6.2 Ohio State Buckeyes 6.3 Other sports 7 Parks and attractions 7.1 Fairs and festivals 7.2 Shopping 8 Law and government 8.1 Mayor and city council 8.2 Law 9 Education 9.1 Colleges and universities 9.2 Primary and secondary schools 9.3 Libraries 10 Media 10.1 Print 10.2 Television 10.3 Radio 11 Transportation 11.1 Grid and address system 11.2 Highways 11.3 Bridges 11.4 Airports 11.5 Mass transit 11.6 Bicycle 11.7 Modal share 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Columbus , Ohio Ohio country ( edit ) Map of the Ohio Country between 1775 -- 1794 depicting locations of battles and massacres surrounding the area that would eventually become Ohio . The area including modern - day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country , under the nominal control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763 . In the 18th century , European traders flocked to the area , attracted by the fur trade . The area found itself frequently caught between warring factions , including American Indian and European interests . In the 1740s , Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them . In the early 1750s , the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey . Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War ( 1754 - 1763 ) became part of the international Seven Years ' War ( 1756 - 1763 ) . During this period , the region routinely suffered turmoil , massacres , and battles . The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire . Virginia Military district ( edit ) After the American Revolution , the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District , under the control of the United States . Colonists from the East Coast moved in , but rather than finding an empty frontier , they encountered people of the Miami , Delaware , Wyandot , Shawnee , and Mingo nations , as well as European traders . The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States , leading to years of bitter conflict . The decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville , which finally opened the way for new settlements . By 1797 , a young surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River and Olentangy River . An admirer of Benjamin Franklin , Sullivant chose to name his frontier village `` Franklinton '' . The location was desirable for its proximity to navigable rivers -- but Sullivant was initially foiled when , in 1798 , a large flood wiped out the new settlement . He persevered , and the village was rebuilt . 19th century ( edit ) Old City Hall , completed in 1872 and burned in 1921 After Ohio achieved statehood in 1803 , political infighting among prominent Ohio leaders led to the state capital moving from Chillicothe to Zanesville and back again . Desiring to settle on a location , the state legislature considered Franklinton , Dublin , Worthington , and Delaware before compromising on a plan to build a new city in the state 's center , near major transportation routes , primarily rivers . Named in honor of Christopher Columbus , the city was founded on February 14 , 1812 , on the `` High Banks opposite Franklinton at the Forks of the Scioto most known as Wolf 's Ridge . '' At the time , this area was a dense forestland , used only as a hunting ground . The `` Burough of Columbus '' ( sic ) was officially established on February 10 , 1816 . Nine people were elected to fill the various positions of Mayor , Treasurer , and several others . Although the recent War of 1812 had brought prosperity to the area , the subsequent recession and conflicting claims to the land threatened the new town 's success . Early conditions were abysmal with frequent bouts of fevers and an outbreak of cholera in 1833 . The National Road reached Columbus from Baltimore in 1831 , which complemented the city 's new link to the Ohio and Erie Canal and facilitated a population boom . A wave of European immigrants led to the creation of two ethnic enclaves on the city 's outskirts . A large Irish population settled in the north along Naghten Street ( presently Nationwide Boulevard ) , while the Germans took advantage of the cheap land to the south , creating a community that came to be known as the Das Alte Südende ( The Old South End ) . Columbus 's German population constructed numerous breweries , Trinity Lutheran Seminary , and Capital University . The Great Southern Hotel in downtown Columbus was completed in 1897 With a population of 3,500 , Columbus was officially chartered as a city on March 3 , 1834 . On that day the legislature carried out a special act , which granted legislative authority to the city council and judicial authority to the mayor . Elections were held in April of that year , with voters choosing one John Brooks as the first mayor . Columbus annexed the then - separate city of Franklinton in 1837 . In 1850 , the Columbus and Xenia Railroad became the first railroad into the city , followed by the Cleveland , Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad in 1851 . The two railroads built a joint Union Station on the east side of High Street just north of Naghten ( then called North Public Lane ) . Rail traffic into Columbus increased -- by 1875 , eight railroads served Columbus , and the rail companies built a new , more elaborate station . On January 7 , 1857 , the Ohio Statehouse finally opened after 18 years of construction . Legendary Columbus native James Thurber , subject of TIME Magazine 's July 9 , 1951 , cover Before the abolition of slavery in the South in 1863 , the Underground Railroad was active in Columbus ; led , in part , by James Preston Poindexter . Poindexter arrived in Columbus in the 1830s and became a Baptist Preacher and leader in the city 's African - American community until the turn of the century . During the Civil War , Columbus was a major base for the volunteer Union Army . It housed 26,000 troops and held up to 9,000 Confederate prisoners of war at Camp Chase , at what is now the Hilltop neighborhood of west Columbus . Over 2,000 Confederate soldiers remain buried at the site , making it one of the North 's largest Confederate cemeteries . North of Columbus , along the Delaware Road , the Regular Army established Camp Thomas , where the 18th U.S. Infantry organized and trained . By virtue of the Morrill Land - Grant Colleges Act , the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College ( which became The Ohio State University ) founded in 1870 on the former estate of William and Hannah Neil . Waterford Tower , shadowed by the Miranova Condominiums in downtown Columbus . By the end of the 19th century , Columbus was home to several major manufacturing businesses . The city became known as the `` Buggy Capital of the World , '' thanks to the two dozen buggy factories -- notably the Columbus Buggy Company , founded in 1875 by C.D. Firestone . The Columbus Consolidated Brewing Company also rose to prominence during this time , and might have achieved even greater success were it not for the Anti-Saloon League in neighboring Westerville . In the steel industry , a forward - thinking man named Samuel P. Bush presided over the Buckeye Steel Castings Company . Columbus was also a popular location for labor organizations . In 1886 , Samuel Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor in Druid 's Hall on S. Fourth Street , and in 1890 the United Mine Workers of America was founded at old City Hall . In 1894 , James Thurber , who would go on to an illustrious literary career in Paris and New York City , was born in the city . Today the Ohio State 's theater department has a performance center named in his honor , and his youthful home near the Discovery District is on the National Register of Historic Places . 20th century to the present ( edit ) Street arches returned to the Short North in late 2002 `` The Columbus Experiment '' was an internationally recognized environmental project in 1908 , which involved construction of the first water plant in the world to apply filtration and softening , designed and invented by two brothers , Clarence and Charles Hoover . Those working to construct the project included Jeremiah O'Shaughnessy , name - bearer of the Columbus metropolitan area 's O'Shaughnessy Dam . This invention helped drastically reduce typhoid deaths . The essential design is still used today . Columbus earned one of its nicknames , The Arch City , because of the dozens of wooden arches that spanned High Street at the turn of the 20th century . The arches illuminated the thoroughfare and eventually became the means by which electric power was provided to the new streetcars . The city tore down the arches and replaced them with cluster lights in 1914 but reconstructed them from metal in the Short North district in 2002 for their unique historical interest . On March 25 , 1913 , the Great Flood of 1913 devastated the neighborhood of Franklinton , leaving over ninety people dead and thousands of West Side residents homeless . To prevent flooding , the Army Corps of Engineers recommended widening the Scioto River through downtown , constructing new bridges , and building a retaining wall along its banks . With the strength of the post-World War I economy , a construction boom occurred in the 1920s , resulting in a new Civic center , the Ohio Theatre , the American Insurance Union Citadel , and , to the north , a massive new Ohio Stadium . Although the American Professional Football Association was founded in Canton in 1920 , its head offices moved to Columbus in 1921 to the New Hayden Building and remained in the city until 1941 . In 1922 , the association 's name was changed to the National Football League . A decade later , in 1931 , at a convention in the city , the Jehovah 's Witnesses took that name by which they are known today . Columbus Convention Center , downtown The effects of the Great Depression were less severe in Columbus , as the city 's diversified economy helped it fare better than its Rust Belt neighbors . World War II brought many new jobs and another population surge . This time , most new arrivals were migrants from the `` extraordinarily depressed rural areas '' of Appalachia , who would soon account for more than a third of Columbus 's growing population . In 1948 , the Town and Country Shopping Center opened in suburban Whitehall , and it is now regarded as one of the first modern shopping centers in the United States . Columbus artist James Mason 's French Topiary Gardens at the Old Deaf School Park , constructed in 1989 in downtown , was conceptually conceived from Georges Seurat 's A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte . The construction of the interstate highway signaled the arrival of rapid suburb development in central Ohio . To protect the city 's tax base from this suburbanization , Columbus adopted a policy of linking sewer and water hookups to annexation to the city . By the early 1990s , Columbus had grown to become Ohio 's largest city in land area and in population . Efforts to revitalize downtown Columbus have had some success in recent decades , though like most major American cities , some architectural heritage was lost in the process . In the 1970s , landmarks such as Union Station and the Neil House Hotel were razed to construct high - rise offices and big retail space . The National City Bank building was constructed in 1977 , as well as the Nationwide Plazas and other towers that sprouted during this period . The construction of the Greater Columbus Convention Center has brought major conventions and trade shows to the city . The Scioto Mile is a showcase park being developed along the riverfront , an area that already had the Miranova Corporate Center and The Condominiums at North Bank Park . Corporate interests have developed Capitol Square , including the local NBC affiliate at the corner of Broad and High . The 2010 United States foreclosure crisis forced the city to purchase numerous foreclosed , vacant properties to renovate or demolish them -- at a cost of tens of millions of dollars . As of February 2011 , Columbus had 6,117 vacant properties , according to city officials . Charles Lindbergh visited in 1928 for an aviation campaign . Aviation ( edit ) In 1907 , 14 - year - old Cromwell Dixon built the SkyCycle , a pedal - powered blimp , which he flew at Driving Park . Three years later , one of the Wright Brothers ' exhibition pilots , Phillip Parmalee , conducted the world 's first commercial cargo flight when he flew two packages containing 88 kilograms of silk 70 miles ( 110 km ) from Dayton to Columbus in a Wright Model B . Military aviators from Columbus distinguished themselves during World War I. Six Columbus pilots , led by top ace Eddie Rickenbacker , achieved forty - two `` kills '' -- a full 10 % of all US aerial victories in the war , and more than the aviators of any other American city . After the war , Port Columbus Airport became the axis of a coordinated rail - to - air transcontinental system that moved passengers from the East Coast to the West . TAT , which later became TWA , provided commercial service , following Charles Lindbergh 's promotion of Columbus to the nation for such a hub . Following the failure of a bond levy in 1927 to build the airport , Lindbergh campaigned in the city in 1928 , and the next bond levy passed that year . On July 8 , 1929 the airport opened for business with the inaugural TAT west - bound flight from Columbus to Waynoka , Oklahoma . Among the 19 passengers on that flight was Amelia Earhart , with Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone attending the opening ceremonies . In 1964 , Ohio native Geraldine Fredritz Mock became the first woman to fly around the world , leaving from Columbus and piloting the Spirit of Columbus . Her flight lasted nearly a month , and set a record for speed for planes under 3,858 pounds ( 1,750 kg ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Columbus , Ohio Skyline of Columbus . John Glenn Columbus International Airport taken from the International Space Station The confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers occurs just north - west of Downtown Columbus . Several smaller tributaries course through the Columbus metropolitan area , including Alum Creek , Big Walnut Creek , and Darby Creek . Columbus is considered to have relatively flat topography thanks to a large glacier that covered most of Ohio during the Wisconsin Ice Age . However , there are sizable differences in elevation through the area , with the high point of Franklin County being 1,132 ft ( 345 m ) above sea level near New Albany , and the low point being 670 ft ( 200 m ) where the Scioto River leaves the county near Lockbourne . Numerous ravines near the rivers and creeks also add variety to the landscape . Tributaries to Alum Creek and the Olentangy River cut through shale , while tributaries to the Scioto River cut through limestone . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 223.11 square miles ( 577.85 km ) , of which 217.17 square miles ( 562.47 km ) is land and 5.94 square miles ( 15.38 km ) is water . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main article : Neighborhoods in Columbus , Ohio Arena District Brewery District Clintonville Downtown East Columbus Easton Town Center Forest Park Franklinton German Village Harrison West Hilltop Italian Village King - Lincoln Bronzeville Merion Village Near East Side Northland Old Oaks Olde Towne East The Short North University District Uptown Victorian Village Climate ( edit ) The city 's climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) transitional with the humid subtropical climate to the south characterized by hot , muggy summers and cold , dry winters . Columbus is within USDA hardiness zone 6a . Winter snowfall is relatively light , since the city is not in the typical path of strong winter lows , such as the Nor'easters that strike cities farther east . It is also too far south and west for lake - effect snow from Lake Erie to have much effect , although the lakes to the North contribute to long stretches of cloudy spells in winter . The highest temperature recorded in Columbus was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , which occurred twice during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s -- once on July 21 , 1934 , and again on July 14 , 1936 . The lowest recorded temperature was − 22 ° F ( − 30 ° C ) , occurring on January 19 , 1994 . ( wind chill was − 63 ° F ( − 53 ° C ) ) . Columbus is subject to severe weather typical to the Midwestern United States . Severe thunderstorms can bring lightning , large hail and on rare occasion tornadoes , especially during the spring and sometimes through fall . A tornado that occurred on October 11 , 2006 caused F2 damage . Floods , blizzards , and ice storms can also occur from time to time . show Climate data for Columbus , Ohio ( Port Columbus Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1878 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 78 ( 26 ) 85 ( 29 ) 90 ( 32 ) 96 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 106 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 91 ( 33 ) 80 ( 27 ) 76 ( 24 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 58.7 ( 14.8 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 74.8 ( 23.8 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 93.5 ( 34.2 ) 92.7 ( 33.7 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 82.1 ( 27.8 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 61.3 ( 16.3 ) 94.9 ( 34.9 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 81.6 ( 27.6 ) 84.9 ( 29.4 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 77.0 ( 25 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 62.6 ( 17 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 25.0 ( − 3.9 ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 42.6 ( 5.9 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 61.5 ( 16.4 ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 64.1 ( 17.8 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 26.8 ( − 2.9 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 0.8 ( − 17.3 ) 5.5 ( − 14.7 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 36.9 ( 2.7 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 29.9 ( − 1.2 ) 20.4 ( − 6.4 ) 7.4 ( − 13.7 ) − 3.4 ( − 19.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 20 ( − 29 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 35 ( 2 ) 43 ( 6 ) 39 ( 4 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 17 ( − 8 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 17 ( − 27 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.73 ( 69.3 ) 2.25 ( 57.2 ) 3.02 ( 76.7 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 4.17 ( 105.9 ) 4.01 ( 101.9 ) 4.79 ( 121.7 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 2.84 ( 72.1 ) 2.61 ( 66.3 ) 3.20 ( 81.3 ) 2.97 ( 75.4 ) 39.31 ( 998.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 9.2 ( 23.4 ) 6.1 ( 15.5 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 1.1 ( 2.8 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 5.0 ( 12.7 ) 26.7 ( 67.8 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 14.0 11.4 12.8 13.7 13.9 11.2 10.6 9.2 8.4 9.4 11.4 13.2 139.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 9.1 6.6 4.5 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.8 6.5 29.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71.4 69.5 64.5 62.5 66.5 68.5 70.6 72.8 72.8 69.3 71.8 74.1 69.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 110.6 126.3 162.0 201.8 243.4 258.1 260.9 235.9 212.0 183.1 104.2 84.3 2,182.6 Percent possible sunshine 37 42 44 51 55 57 57 56 57 53 35 29 49 Source : NOAA ( sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1830 2,435 -- 1840 6,048 148.4 % 1850 17,882 195.7 % 1860 18,554 3.8 % 1870 31,274 68.6 % 1880 51,647 65.1 % 1890 88,150 70.7 % 1900 125,560 42.4 % 1910 181,511 44.6 % 1920 237,031 30.6 % 1930 290,564 22.6 % 1940 306,087 5.3 % 1950 375,901 22.8 % 1960 471,316 25.4 % 1970 539,677 14.5 % 1980 564,871 4.7 % 1990 632,910 12.0 % 2000 711,470 12.4 % 787,033 10.6 % Est. 2017 879,170 11.7 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate hide Racial composition 1990 1970 1950 White 61.5 % 74.4 % 81.0 % 87.5 % -- Non-Hispanic 59.3 % 73.8 % 80.4 % n / a Black or African American 28.0 % 22.6 % 18.5 % 12.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 5.6 % 1.1 % 0.6 % n / a Asian 4.1 % 2.4 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Map of racial distribution in Columbus , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian Hispanic , or Other ( yellow ) In 1900 , whites made up 93.4 % of the population . Though European immigration has been on a decline , the Columbus metropolitan area has recently experienced increases in African , Asian , and Latin American immigration , including groups from Mexico , India , Somalia , and China . Although the Asian population is diverse , the city 's Hispanic community is mainly made up of Mexicans , though there is a notable Puerto Rican population . Many other countries of origin are represented in lesser numbers , largely due to the international draw of The Ohio State University . 2008 estimates indicate roughly 116,000 of the city 's residents are foreign - born , accounting for 82 % of the new residents between 2000 -- 2006 at a rate of 105 per week . 40 % of the immigrants came from Asia , 23 % from Africa , 22 % from Latin America , and 13 % from Europe . The city had the second largest Somali and Somali American population in the country , as of 2004 . Due to its demographics , which include a mix of races and a wide range of incomes , as well as urban , suburban , and nearby rural areas , Columbus is considered a `` typical '' American city , leading retail and restaurant chains to use it as a test market for new products . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the 2000 census , 711,470 people , 301,534 households , and 165,240 families lived in the city . The population density was 3,383.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,306.4 / km ) . There were 327,175 housing units at an average density of 1,556.0 per square mile ( 600.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 67.93 % White , 24.47 % Black or African American , 0.29 % Native American , 3.44 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 1.17 % from other races , and 2.65 % from two or more races. 2.46 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . The five most common ancestries reported were German ( 19.4 % ) , Irish ( 11.7 % ) , English ( 7.9 % ) , Polish ( 7.2 % ) , and Italian ( 5.0 % ) . The Ohio State University attracts thousands of students from all over the world There were 301,534 households out of which 28.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 36.1 % were married couples living together and 45.2 % were non-families. 34.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.01 . The age distribution is 24.2 % under the age of 18 , 14.0 % from 18 to 24 , 35.1 % from 25 to 44 , 17.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 31 years . For every 100 females , there were 94.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.9 males . The median income for a household in the city was $37,897 , and the median income for a family was $47,391 . Males had a median income of $35,138 versus $28,705 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,450 . About 10.8 % of families and 14.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.7 % of those under age 18 and 10.9 % of those age 65 or over . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 787,033 people , 331,602 households , and 176,037 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,624.0 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,399.2 / km ) . There were 370,965 housing units at an average density of 1,708.2 per square mile ( 659.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 61.5 % White , 28.0 % African American , 0.3 % Native American , 4.1 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 2.9 % from other races , and 3.3 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.6 % of the population . Of the 331,602 households , 29.1 % had children under the age of 18 , 32.0 % were married couples living together , 15.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.1 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46.9 % were non-families. 35.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.04 . The median age in the city was 31.2 years . 23.2 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 14 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 32.3 % were from 25 to 44 ; 21.8 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 8.6 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.8 % male and 51.2 % female . According to the `` 2013 Japanese Direct Investment Survey '' by the Consulate - General of Japan in Detroit , 705 Japanese nationals lived in Columbus , making it the municipality with the state 's second largest Japanese national population , after Dublin . Rankings ( edit ) Columbus was ranked as the 15th most literate city in the country in 2008 by Central Connecticut State University , and the 19th best educated . In 2006 , Columbus was ranked by CNN Money as the 8th best big city in the country to live in . In 2012 , Columbus was ranked by Bloomberg Businessweek as America 's 20th Best City , the highest - ranked city in Ohio . In 2010 , the city was ranked as the second most manly city in the country by Sperling 's BestPlaces , up from number 7 in 2009 . Also , that same year , the Dole Nutrition Institute named Columbus as a top city for salad consumption . In 2013 , the Intelligent Communities Forum named Columbus the most intelligent city in the United States . Religion ( edit ) Holy Name Church is located in the University District of Columbus According to Sperling 's BestPlaces , 37.6 % of Columbus residents are religious . Of this group , 15.7 % identify as Protestant , 13.7 % as Catholic , 1.5 % as Jewish , 0.6 % as Muslim , and 0.5 % as Mormon . Places of worship include St. Paul 's Lutheran Church and Lamb of God Lutheran Church of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod , ISKCON Columbus , Trinity Episcopal Church , Global Community United Methodist Church , Christian Community Church North , the Glenwood United Methodist Church , Broad Street United Methodist Church , First Unitarian Universalist Church of Columbus , Second Presbyterian Church , St. Paul 's Episcopal Church , Shiloh Baptist Church , Roman Catholic Church 's St. Joseph 's Cathedral , ( the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus ) , the St. Thomas More Newman Center ( Catholic ) , Holy Name Catholic Church , Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church , Columbus Chinese Christian Church , All Nations Christian Fellowship ( ANCF ) , Veritas Community Church , the Indianola Church of Christ , the Greek Orthodox Church 's Annunciation Cathedral , North Columbus Friends Meeting ( Quaker ) , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Columbus Ohio Temple , Russian Baptist Church of Columbus ( in Dublin , OH ) , the Ahlul Bayt Islamic Center , the Muslim Noor Islamic Cultural Center , Beth Jacob Synagogue ( Orthodox Jewish ) and the Reform Jewish Temple Israel , the oldest synagogue in Columbus , Life Church at Easton in NE Columbus and The First Baptist Church of Columbus , Ohio , one of the oldest baptist churches in Columbus , in East Columbus . Megachurches include Xenos Christian Fellowship , Vineyard Columbus , World Harvest Church in a southeast suburb and the First Church of God in Southeast Columbus off of State Route 104 and Refugee Road . Religious teaching institutions include the Trinity Lutheran Seminary and the Pontifical College Josephinum . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Columbus OPERS building , downtown Columbus has a generally strong and diverse economy based on education , insurance , banking , fashion , defense , aviation , food , logistics , steel , energy , medical research , health care , hospitality , retail , and technology . In 2010 , it was one of the 10 best big cities in the country , according to Relocate America , a real estate research firm . MarketWatch ranked Columbus and its metro area as the No. 7 best place in the country to operate a business in 2008 . In 2012 , Forbes Magazine ranked the city as the best city for working moms . In 2007 , the city was ranked No. 3 in the United States by fDi magazine for `` Cities of the Future '' , and No. 4 for most business - friendly in the country . Columbus was ranked as the seventh strongest economy in the United States in 2006 , and the best in Ohio , according to Policom Corp . According to the Federal Reserve of St. Louis , the GDP of Columbus in 2016 was $131 billion . SERS building , downtown During the recession beginning in late 2007 , Columbus 's economy was not impacted as much as the rest of the country , due to decades of diversification work by long - time corporate residents , business leaders , and political leaders . The administration of former mayor Michael B. Coleman continued this work , although the city faced financial turmoil and had to increase taxes , allegedly due in part to fiscal mismanagement . Because Columbus is the state capital , there is a large government presence in the city . Including city , county , state , and federal employers , government jobs provide the largest single source of employment within Columbus . In 2013 , the city had four corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list : Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , American Electric Power , L Brands , and Big Lots , with Cardinal Health in suburban Dublin . Other major employers in the area include numerous schools ( for example , The Ohio State University ) and hospitals , hi - tech research and development including the Battelle Memorial Institute , information / library companies such as OCLC and Chemical Abstracts , steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer Worthington Industries , financial institutions such as JP Morgan Chase and Huntington Bancshares , as well as Owens Corning . Wendy 's and White Castle are also headquartered in Columbus . Major foreign corporations operating or with divisions in the city include Germany - based Siemens and Roxane Laboratories , Finland - based Vaisala , Tomasco Mulciber Inc. , AY Manufacturing , as well as Switzerland - based ABB Group and Mettler Toledo . Landmarks ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Columbus , Ohio Columbus has several notable buildings , including the Greek Revival State Capitol , the art - deco Ohio Judicial Center and the Peter Eisenman - designed Wexner Center and Greater Columbus Convention Center . Other buildings of interest include the Rhodes State Office Tower , LeVeque Tower , and One Nationwide Plaza . The Ohio Statehouse construction began in 1839 on a 10 - acre ( 4 ha ) plot of land donated by four prominent Columbus landowners . This plot formed Capitol Square , which was not part of the city 's original layout . Built of Columbus limestone from the Marble Cliff Quarry Co. , the Statehouse stands on foundations 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) deep , laid by prison labor gangs rumored to have been composed largely of masons jailed for minor infractions . The Statehouse features a central recessed porch with a colonnade of a forthright and primitive Greek Doric mode . A broad and low central pediment supports the windowed astylar drum under an invisibly low saucer dome that lights the interior rotunda . Unlike many U.S. state capitol buildings , the Ohio State Capitol owes little to the architecture of the national Capitol . During the Statehouse 's 22 year construction , seven architects were employed . Relations between the legislature and the architects were not always cordial : Nathan B. Kelly , who introduced heating and an ingenious system of natural forced ventilation , was dismissed because the commissioners found his designs too lavish for the committee 's original intentions . The Statehouse was opened to the legislature and the public in 1857 and completed in 1861 . It is at the intersection of Broad and High Streets in downtown Columbus . In 1941 , a New Deal artist named Rainey Bennett painted a 13 panel oil on canvas mural for the Neil House Hotel in Columbus . The building was destroyed to make way for the Huntington Center and the panels ' locations are unknown . Founded in 1975 , The Jefferson Center for Learning and the Arts is a campus of nonprofit organizations and a center for research , publications , and seminars on nonprofit leadership and governance . Located at the eastern edge of downtown Columbus , The Jefferson Center has restored 11 turn - of - the - century homes , including the childhood residence of James Thurber . These locations are used for nonprofits in human services , education and the arts . A to - scale replica of the Santa Maria is found on the Scioto Riverfront . It was installed in 1992 to commemorate the 500 - year anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus 's namesake . As of 2013 , the Santa Maria has been removed from the riverfront to make way for the Scioto Greenways project , a restoration of the Scioto River through downtown . Currently there are no plans to return the replica as it needs significant renovations . Within the Driving Park heritage district lies the original home of Eddie Rickenbacker , the famous World War I fighter pilot ace . Reconstruction of the home is underway . Established in 1848 , Green Lawn Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries in the Midwestern United States . Landmark photos ( edit ) The Ohio Statehouse , Capitol Square LeVeque Tower , Downtown Franklin Park Conservatory , Franklin Park Museums ( edit ) Columbus Museum of Art , downtown The Columbus Museum of Art opened in 1931 , and its collection focuses on European and American art up to early modernism that includes extraordinary examples of Impressionism , German Expressionism and Cubism . The Wexner Center for the Arts , a contemporary art gallery and research facility , is on the Campus of The Ohio State University . Also on campus is the Ohio State University Athletics Hall of Fame , in the Jerome Schottenstein Center ( home of the basketball and men 's ice hockey teams ) , as well as the Jack Nicklaus museum next door . Located on 88 acres ( 36 ha ) , just east of Downtown in Franklin Park , the Franklin Park Conservatory is a botanical garden that opened in 1895 . It features over 400 species of plants in a large Victorian style glass greenhouse building that includes rain forest , desert , and Himalayan mountain biomes . COSI Columbus , ( Center of Science and Industry ) , is a large science museum . The present building , the former Central High School , was completed in November 1999 , opposite downtown on the west bank of the River . In 2009 , Parents magazine named COSI one of the ten best Science Centers for families in the country . The Ohio History Connection is headquartered in Columbus , with its flagship museum , the 250,000 - square - foot ( 23,000 m ) Ohio History Center , 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) north of downtown . Along with the museum is Ohio Village , a replica of a village around the time of the American Civil War . The Kelton House Museum and Garden is a museum devoted to Victorian life . Built in 1852 , it was home to three generations of the Kelton Family and was a documented station on the Underground Railroad . In 1989 , Columbus hosted the `` Son of Heaven : Imperial Arts of China , '' a cultural exchange display from China featuring the artifacts of the ancient Chinese emperors . Performing arts ( edit ) The Ohio Theatre is a National Historic Landmark Columbus is the home of many renowned performing arts institutions including the Columbus Symphony Orchestra , Opera Columbus , BalletMet Columbus , the ProMusica Chamber Orchestra , CATCO , Columbus Children 's Theatre , Shadowbox Cabaret and the Columbus Jazz Orchestra . Throughout the summer , the Actors ' Theatre of Columbus offers free performances of Shakespearean plays in an open - air amphitheatre in Schiller Park in historic German Village . The Columbus Youth Ballet Academy was founded in the 1980s by internationally celebrated ballerina and artistic director Shir Lee Wu , a discovery of Martha Graham . Wu is now the artistic director of the Columbus City Ballet School , while her instruction remains in strong demand globally . Her students of the last couple decades have furthered their education at institutions such as The Juilliard School , School of American Ballet , and the Houston Ballet Academy , while some have gone on to perform with companies such as the New York City Ballet , Pacific Northwest Ballet , Martha Graham Contemporary Dance Company , and BalletMet Columbus . Her students have won gold medals at the Youth American Grand Prix competition in New York and others have been finalists in competitions such as the Concord De Dance de Paris . The Southern Theatre , built in 1896 , is a federally designated historic site Columbus has several large concert venues , including the Nationwide Arena and Jerome Schottenstein Center . The EXPRESS LIVE ! ( formerly LC Pavilion ) ( formerly the PromoWest Pavilion ) , Veterans Memorial Auditorium ( under reconstruction ) , Mershon Auditorium , and the Newport Music Hall round out the city 's music performance spaces . In May 2009 , the Lincoln Theatre , formerly a center for Black culture in Columbus , reopened after an extensive restoration . Not far from the Lincoln Theatre is the King Arts Complex , which hosts a variety of cultural events . The city also has several theatres downtown , including the historic Palace Theatre , the Ohio Theatre , and the Southern Theatre . Broadway Across America often presents touring Broadway musicals in these larger venues . The Vern Riffe Center for Government and the Arts houses the Capitol Theatre and three smaller studio theatres , providing a home for resident performing arts companies . Film ( edit ) Academy Award - winning movies filmed in Columbus and the central Ohio area include Steven Soderbergh 's Traffic in 2000 . Other movies filmed in Columbus and the central Ohio area include Horrors of War ( by local filmmakers Peter John Ross , John Whitney , and producer Philip R. Garrett ) in 2006 , Little Man Tate , Fallen Angels in 2006 , Steven Soderbergh 's Bubble in 2005 , Criminal Minds in 1998 , Wolfgang Petersen 's Air Force One in 1997 , Tango & Cash in 1989 , Speak in 2004 , Parker in 2013 and Teachers in 1984 . Sports ( edit ) Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer - specific stadium in the U.S. , and home to Columbus Crew SC . Columbus professional and major NCAA D1 teams Club League Sport Venue ( capacity ) Founded Titles Average Attendance Ohio State Buckeyes NCAA Football Ohio Stadium ( 105,000 ) 1890 8 105,261 Columbus Crew SC MLS Soccer Mapfre Stadium ( 19,968 ) 16,881 Ohio State Buckeyes NCAA Basketball Value City Arena ( 19,000 ) 1892 16,511 Columbus Blue Jackets NHL Ice hockey Nationwide Arena ( 18,500 ) 2000 0 16,659 Columbus Clippers IL Baseball Huntington Park ( 10,100 ) 1977 10 9,212 Ohio Machine MLL Field lacrosse Fortress Obetz ( 6,500 ) 2011 -- Professional teams ( edit ) Nationwide Arena , home of the NHL 's Columbus Blue Jackets , Arena District Columbus hosts two major league professional sports teams : the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) which play at Nationwide Arena and Columbus Crew SC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) which play at Mapfre Stadium , the first soccer - specific stadium built in the United States for a Major League Soccer team . The Crew were one of the original members of MLS , and won their first MLS Cup in 2008 . The Columbus Clippers , Triple A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians ( formerly a long - time affiliate of the New York Yankees through 2006 , and the Washington Nationals through 2008 ) , play in Huntington Park , which opened in 2009 . The city was home to the Tigers football team from 1901 -- 1926 . In the 1990s the Columbus Quest won the only two championships during American Basketball League 's existence . The Ohio Aviators were based in Obetz , Ohio and began play in the only PRO Rugby season before the league folded . Ohio State Buckeyes ( edit ) The Ohio Stadium , on the OSU Campus , is the 7th - largest non-racing stadium in the world and one of the largest football stadiums in the United States . Columbus is home to one of the most competitive intercollegiate programs in the nation , the Ohio State Buckeyes of The Ohio State University . The program has placed in the top - 10 final standings of the Director 's Cup five times since 2000 -- 2001 , including No. 3 for the 2002 -- 2003 season and No. 4 for the 2003 -- 2004 season . The university funds 36 varsity teams , consisting of 17 male , 16 female , and three co-educational teams . In 2007 -- 2008 and 2008 -- 2009 , the program generated the second-most revenue for college programs behind the Texas Longhorns of The University of Texas at Austin . The Ohio State Buckeyes are a member of the NCAA 's Big Ten Conference , and the football team plays home games at Ohio Stadium . The Ohio State - Michigan football game ( known colloquially as `` The Game '' ) is the final game of the regular season and is played in November each year , alternating between Columbus and Ann Arbor , Michigan . In 2000 , ESPN ranked the Ohio State - Michigan game as the greatest rivalry in North American sports . Moreover , `` Buckeye fever '' permeates Columbus culture year - round and forms a major part of Columbus 's cultural identity . Former New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner , an Ohio native who studied at Ohio State at one point and who coached in Columbus , was an Ohio State football fan and major donor to the university , having contributed for the construction of the band facility at the renovated Ohio Stadium , which bears his family 's name . During the winter months , the Buckeyes basketball and hockey teams are also major sporting attractions . Nick Foligno , captain of the NHL Columbus Blue Jackets . Other sports ( edit ) Columbus hosts the annual Arnold Classic fitness expo and competition in early March . Hosted by Arnold Schwarzenegger , the event has grown to eight Olympic sports and 12,000 athletes competing in 20 events . In conjunction with the Arnold Classic , the city hosted three consecutive Ultimate Fighting Championships events between 2007 -- 2009 , as well as other mixed martial arts events . Automotive racing star Jeff Gordon 's company , Jeff Gordon Inc. , along with Arshot Investment Corp. , have plans to construct the Center for Automotive Research & Technology at Cooper Park , a proposed racing venue and center just west of downtown . Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing , a business venture owned by Indianapolis 500 winner Bobby Rahal , television personality David Letterman , and entrepreneur Mike Lanigan , is based in the Columbus area . Columbus has a long history in motorsports , hosting the world 's first 24 - hour car race at the Columbus Driving Park in 1905 , organized by the Columbus Auto Club . The Columbus Motor Speedway was built in 1945 and held their first motorcycle race in 1946 . In 2010 the Ohio State University student - built Buckeye Bullet 2 , a fuel cell vehicle , set a FIA world speed record for electric vehicles in reaching 303.025 mph , eclipsing the previous record of 302.877 mph . The annual All American Quarter Horse Congress , the world 's largest single breed horse show , attracts approximately 500,000 visitors to the Ohio Expo Center each October . The Columbus Bullies were two - time champions of the American Football League ( 1940 -- 1941 ) . The Columbus Thunderbolts were formed in 1991 for the Arena Football League , and then relocated to Cleveland as the Cleveland Thunderbolts ; the Columbus Destroyers were the next team of the AFL , playing from 2004 until the league 's demise in 2008 . Parks and attractions ( edit ) Schiller Park , German Village Goodale Park , Victorian Village The Columbus and Franklin County Metropolitan Park District includes Inniswood Metro Gardens , a collection of public gardens ; Highbanks Metro Park ; Battelle - Darby Creek Metro Park ; as well as many others . Battelle - Darby Creek Metro Park is notable for its re-introduction of wild bison to the park in 2011 , a herd that has grown to 11 bison that are often on view for park visitors . The Big Darby Creek in the southwestern part of town is considered to be especially significant for its beauty and ecological diversity . Clintonville is home to Whetstone Park , which includes the Park of Roses , a beautiful 13 - acre ( 5.3 ha ) rose garden . The Chadwick Arboretum on the OSU campus features a large and varied collection of plants . Downtown , the famous painting Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte is represented in topiary at Columbus 's Old Deaf School Park . Also near downtown , a new Metro Park on the Whittier Peninsula opened in 2009 . The park includes a large Audubon nature center focused on the excellent bird watching the area is known for . The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium 's collections include lowland gorillas , polar bears , manatees , Siberian tigers , cheetahs , and kangaroos . Its director emeritus , Jack Hanna , frequently appears on national television , including on The Tonight Show and the Late Show with David Letterman . In 2009 , it was ranked as the best zoo in the United States . Also in the zoo complex is the Zoombezi Bay water park and amusement park . Fairs and festivals ( edit ) Greek Festival is held in August or September at the Greek Orthodox Church , downtown . The Ohio State Fair and Expo is held in late July to early August . Annual festivities in Columbus include the Ohio State Fair -- one of the largest state fairs in the country -- as well as the Columbus Arts festival and the Jazz and Ribs Festival , both of which occur on the downtown riverfront . In the middle of May , Columbus is home to Rock on the Range , marketed as `` America 's Biggest Rock Festival . '' The festival , which takes place on a Friday , Saturday , and Sunday , and has hosted Metallica , Red Hot Chili Peppers , Slipknot , and other notable bands . During the first weekend in June , the bars of Columbus 's trendy North Market District host the Park Street Festival , which attracts thousands of visitors to a massive party in bars and on the street . June 's second - to - last weekend sees one of the Midwest 's largest gay pride parades , reflecting the city 's sizable gay population . During the last weekend of June , Goodale Park hosts ComFest ( short for `` Community Festival '' ) , an immense three - day music festival marketed as the largest non-commercial festival in the U.S. , with art vendors , live music on multiple stages , hundreds of local social and political organizations , body painting , and beer . The Short North district hosts the `` Gallery Hop '' monthly . The Hot Times festival , a celebration of music , arts , food , and diversity , is held annually in the historic Olde Towne East neighborhood . The city 's largest dining events , Restaurant Week Columbus , are held in mid-July and mid-January . In 2010 , more than 40,000 diners went to 40 participating restaurants , and $5,000 was donated the Mid-Ohio Foodbank on behalf of sponsors and participating restaurants . The Juneteenth Ohio Festival is held each year at Franklin Park on Father 's Day weekend . Started by Mustafaa Shabazz , JuneteenthOhio is one of the largest African American festivals in the United States , including three full days of music , food , dance , and entertainment by local and national recording artists . The festival holds a Father 's Day celebration , honoring local fathers . Around the Fourth of July , Columbus hosts Red , White , and Boom ! on the Scioto riverfront downtown , attracting crowds of over 500,000 people . The popular Doo Dah Parade is held at this time , as well . During Memorial Day Weekend , the Asian Festival is held in Franklin Park . Hundreds of restaurants , vendors , and companies open up booths , traditional music and martial arts are performed , and cultural exhibits are set up . In recent years , it has drawn more than 100,000 people . The Jazz and Rib Fest is a free downtown event held each July featuring jazz artists like Randy Weston , D. Bohannon Clark , and Wayne Shorter , along with rib vendors from around the country . The Short North is host to the monthly `` Gallery Hop '' , which attracts hundreds to the neighborhood 's art galleries ( which all open their doors to the public until late at night ) and street musicians . The Hilltop Bean Dinner is an annual event held on Columbus 's West Side that celebrates the city 's Civil War heritage near the historic Camp Chase Cemetery . At the end of September , German Village throws an annual Oktoberfest celebration that features authentic German food , beer , music , and crafts . The Short North also hosts HighBall Halloween , Masquerade on High , a fashion show and street parade that closes down High Street . In 2011 , in its fourth year , HighBall Halloween gained notoriety as it accepted its first Expy award . HighBall Halloween has much to offer for those interested in fashion and the performing and visual arts or for those who want to celebrate Halloween and with food and drinks from all around the city . Each year the event is put on with a different theme and it increases in size and popularity . Columbus also hosts many conventions in the Greater Columbus Convention Center , a pastel - colored deconstructivist building on the north edge of downtown that resembles jumbled blocks , or a train yard from overhead . Completed in 1993 , the 1,700,000 square feet ( 160,000 m ) convention center was designed by architect Peter Eisenman , who also designed the Wexner Center . Shopping ( edit ) Developer Richard E. Jacobs built the area 's first three major shopping malls in the 1960s : Westland , Northland , and Eastland . Of these , only Eastland remains in operation . Columbus City Center was built downtown in 1988 , alongside the first location of Lazarus ; this mall closed in 2009 and was demolished in 2011 . Easton Town Center was built in 1999 , and Polaris Fashion Place in 2001 . Law and government ( edit ) See also : List of Mayors of Columbus , Ohio and Columbus City Council City Hall Police headquarters Mayor and city council ( edit ) The city is administered by a mayor and a seven - member unicameral council elected in two classes every two years to four - year terms . The mayor appoints the director of safety and the director of public service . The people elect the auditor , municipal court clerk , municipal court judges and city attorney . A charter commission , elected in 1913 , submitted , in May 1914 , a new charter offering a modified Federal form , with a number of progressive features , such as nonpartisan ballot , preferential voting , recall of elected officials , the referendum , and a small council elected at large . The charter was adopted , effective January 1 , 1916 . The current mayor of Columbus is Andrew Ginther . Law ( edit ) Municipal police duties are performed by the Columbus Division of Police . In 2009 , Columbus was ranked the 38th-most - dangerous U.S. city in the United States by CQ Press , using weighted crime statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation . In 2011 , Columbus had 92 homicides , an average year for the city , and 658 violent crimes for every 100,000 people . Columbus has the highest rate of African - Americans killed by police per year . The Strategic Analysis and Information Center ( SAIC ) fusion center , one of the few in the country that uses state , local , federal , and private resources , is the primary public intelligence hub in the state and located in the Hilltop neighborhood . Education ( edit ) See also : List of Ohio State University people Columbus College of Art and Design , Discovery District The Ohio State University 's Drinko Hall is home of the Michael E. Moritz College of Law Colleges and universities ( edit ) Columbus is the home of two public colleges : The Ohio State University , one of the largest college campuses in the United States , and Columbus State Community College . In 2009 , The Ohio State University was ranked No. 19 in the country by U.S. News & World Report for best public university , and No. 56 overall , scoring in the first tier of schools nationally . Some of OSU 's graduate school programs placed in the top 5 , including : No. 5 for best veterinary program and No. 5 for best pharmacy program . The specialty graduate programs of social psychology was ranked No. 2 , dispute resolution was ranked No. 5 , vocational education No. 2 , and elementary education , secondary teacher education , administration / supervision No. 5 . Private institutions in Columbus include Capital University Law School , the Columbus College of Art and Design , Fortis College , DeVry University , Ohio Business College , Miami - Jacobs Career College , Ohio Institute of Health Careers , Bradford School and Franklin University , as well as the religious schools Bexley Hall Episcopal Seminary , Mount Carmel College of Nursing , Ohio Dominican University , Pontifical College Josephinum , and Trinity Lutheran Seminary . Three major suburban schools also have an influence on Columbus 's educational landscape : Bexley 's Capital University , Westerville 's Otterbein University , and Delaware 's Ohio Wesleyan University . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) Columbus Downtown High School Columbus City Schools ( CCS ) , formerly Columbus Public Schools , is the largest district in Ohio , with 55,000 pupils . CCS operates 142 elementary , middle , and high schools , including a number of magnet schools ( which are referred to as alternative schools within the school system ) . The suburbs operate their own districts , typically serving students in one or more townships , with districts sometimes crossing municipal boundaries . The Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus also operates several parochial elementary and high schools . The area 's second largest school district is South - Western City Schools , which encompasses southwestern Franklin County . There are also several private schools in the area . St. Paul 's Lutheran School is a K - 8 Christian school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Columbus . Some sources claim the first kindergarten in the United States was established here by Louisa Frankenberg , a former student of Friedrich Fröbel . Frankenberg immigrated to the city in 1838 . In addition , Indianola Junior High School ( now the Graham Expeditionary Middle School ) became the nation 's first junior high in 1909 , helping to bridge the difficult transition from elementary to high school at a time when only 48 % of students continued their education after the 9th grade . Libraries ( edit ) The Columbus Metropolitan Library ( CML ) has been serving residents of central Ohio since 1873 . With a collection of 3 million items , the system has 22 locations throughout the area . This library is one of the country 's most - used library systems and is consistently among the top - ranked large city libraries according to `` Hennen 's American Public Library Ratings . '' CML was rated the No. 1 library system in the nation in 1999 , 2005 , and 2008 . It has been in the top four every year since 1999 when the rankings were first published in American Libraries magazine , often challenging up - state neighbor Cuyahoga County Public Library for the top spot . CML was named Library of the Year by the Library Journal in 2010 . Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) The Columbus Dispatch building in 2008 , Capitol Square Several weekly and daily newspapers serve Columbus and Central Ohio . The major daily newspaper in Columbus is The Columbus Dispatch ; its erstwhile main competitor , The Columbus Citizen - Journal , ceased publication on December 31 , 1985 . There are also neighborhood / suburb specific papers , such as the Dispatch Printing Company 's ThisWeek Community News , which serves 23 suburbs and Columbus , the Columbus Messenger , and the independently owned Short North Gazette . The Lantern and UWeekly serves The Ohio State University community . `` Alternative '' arts / culture / politics - oriented papers include Outlook Media 's Outlook : Columbus ( serving the LGBT community in Columbus ) , and aLIVE ( formerly the independent Columbus Alive and now owned by the Columbus Dispatch ) . The newest addition to the Columbus media scene is Live Local ! Columbus , a free , quarterly magazine that focuses on local arts , culture , and events . The Columbus Magazine , CityScene , ( 614 ) Magazine , and Columbus Monthly are the city 's magazines . Online media publication ColumbusUnderground.com also serves the Columbus region as an independently owned alternative voice . The city 's business community is served by The Daily Reporter , central Ohio 's only printed daily business and legal newspaper ; Columbus Business First , a daily online / weekly print business publication that is part of the Charlotte - based American City Business Journals , and Columbus CEO , a monthly business magazine . Gongwer News Service , a daily independent political newsletter , provides extensive Statehouse coverage . Television ( edit ) Columbus is the base for 12 television stations and is the 32nd largest television market as of September 24 , 2016 . WCMH - TV 4 ( NBC ) WDEM - CD 17 ( TMD ) WOSU - TV 34 ( PBS ) WSYX 6 ( ABC ) W23BZ - D 23 ( Ind ) WCPX - LP 48 ( MXC ) WGCT - CD 8 ( Ind ) WTTE 28 ( Fox ) WSFJ - TV 51 ( TBN ) WBNS - TV 10 ( CBS ) WCSN - LD 33 ( multiple networks ) WWHO 53 ( CW ) Television stations in Central Ohio and Greater Columbus Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Network O&Os are in bold Commercial stations WCMH - TV ( 4.1 NBC , 4.2 MeTV , 4.3 Ion , 4.4 Laff ) WSYX ( 6.1 ABC , 6.2 MyTV / This TV , 6.3 Antenna TV ) WBNS - TV ( 10.1 CBS , 10.2 H&I , 10.3 Decades ) WDEM - CD ( 17.1 Telemundo , 17.2 Justice Network , 17.3 Bounce TV , 17.4 Azteca ) WCBZ - CD ( 22.1 AccuWeather , 22.2 GritTV , 22.3 Escape , 22.4 GetTV ) W23BZ - D ( 23.1 Bounce TV , 23.2 Justice Network , 23.3 Telemundo , 23.4 Azteca ) WTTE ( 28.1 FOX , 28.2 TBD , 28.3 Stadium ) WCSN - LD ( 32.1 Movies ! , 32.2 Infomercials , 32.3 Dalmar TV , 32.4 Biz TV , 32.5 Guide Us TV , 32.6 Cozi TV , 32.7 Lifehacks DRTV , 32.8 Youtoo America ) W44DC - D ( 44.1 HSN ) WWHO ( 53.1 The CW , 53.2 Charge ! , 53.3 Comet ) Non-profit stations Public television WOSU - TV ( 34.1 PBS , 34.2 The Ohio Channel , 34.3 Create , 34.4 PBS Kids ) Religious WGCT - CD ( 39.1 TCT , 39.2 Buzzr , 39.3 Daystar , 39.4 QVC , 39.5 Light TV ) WCLL - CD ( 19.1 Daystar ) WSFJ ( 51.1 TBN Now channel sharing on the WCLL - CD frequency ) Outlying areas WOCB - CD / WXCB - CD ( 39.1 TCT , 39.2 Buzzr , 39.3 Daystar , 39.4 QVC , 39.5 Light TV ) WOUB - TV ( 20.1 PBS , 20.2 PBS Classic , 20.3 PBS Life ) WOUC - TV ( 44.1 PBS , 44.2 PBS Encore , 44.3 World ) WMFD - TV ( 68.1 Independent , 68.2 Weather , 68.3 Light TV ) Cable - only stations Fox Sports Ohio The Ohio Channel SportsTime Ohio Spectrum Sports Adjacent locals Cleveland WKYC ( 3.1 NBC , 3.2 Justice , 3.3 Cozi , 3.4 Quest ) WEWS - TV ( 5.1 ABC , 5.2 Grit , 5.3 Laff ) WJW ( 8.1 Fox , 8.2 ANT , 8.3 Comet , 8.4 Charge ! ) Dayton WHIO - TV ( 7.1 CBS , 7.2 MeTV , 7.3 Laff ) Lima WTLW ( 44.1 Ind. , 44.2 WOSN ) Toledo WTOL ( 11.1 CBS , 11.2 MeTV , 11.3 Grit ) Zanesville WHIZ - TV ( 18.1 NBC ) Defunct ONN WCPX - LP 48 WGSF 31 ( PBS ) WSFJ ( TBN Now channel sharing on the WCLL - CD frequency ) Ohio broadcast television Charleston / Huntington , West Virginia Cincinnati Cleveland / Akron Columbus Dayton Ft . Wayne , Indiana Lima Marietta / Parkersburg , West Virginia Steubenville / Wheeling , West Virginia Toledo Youngstown Zanesville Warner Cable introduced its two - way interactive QUBE system in Columbus in December 1977 , which consisted of specialty channels that would evolve into national networks Nickelodeon , MTV and The Movie Channel . QUBE also displayed one of the earliest uses of Pay - per - view and video on demand . Radio ( edit ) Columbus is home to the 36th largest radio market . The following box contains all of the radio stations in the area , as well as their current format : Map showing radio market areas in Ohio . Frequency Call letters Format Premiere date City of license 610 AM WTVN News / Talk NewsRadio 610 WTVN Columbus 820 AM WVSG Religious St. Gabriel Radio Columbus 880 AM WRFD Christian Talk AM 880 WRFD Columbus - Worthington 920 AM WMNI Adult Standards WMNI AM 920 Columbus 1230 AM WYTS Sports Talk Fox Sports Radio AM 1230 Columbus 1460 AM WBNS Sports Talk 1460 ESPN Columbus Columbus 1550 AM WDLR Adult Contemporary Local 1550 Delaware 1580 AM WVKO Gospel The Praise Columbus 88.1 FM WWGV Religious American Family Radio Grove City 88.7 FM WUFM Christian Rock RadioU Columbus 89.7 FM WOSU Public Radio 89.7 fm NPR News Columbus 90.5 FM WCBE Public Radio 90.5 WCBE Columbus 91.5 FM WHKC Christian Contemporary 91.5 FreedomFM Columbus 92.3 FM WCOL Country 92.3 WCOL Columbus 93.3 FM WODC Adult Hits 93.3 The Bus Ashville 94.7 FM WSNY Adult Contemporary Sunny 95 Columbus 95.5 FM WXMG Urban Adult Contemporary Magic 95.5 Lancaster 96.3 FM WLVQ Classic Rock Q - FM 96 Columbus 97.1 FM WBNS Sports Talk 97.1 The Fan Columbus 97.5 FM WOBN College 97.5 The Wildcard Westerville 97.9 FM WNCI CHR 97.9 WNCI Columbus 98.3 FM W252AY Community Columbus Community Radio 102.1 / 98.3 Columbus 98.9 FM WTOH Talk 98.9 The Answer Upper Arlington 99.7 FM WRKZ Active Rock 99.7 The Blitz Columbus 100.3 FM WCLT Country T - 100 Newark 101.1 FM WOSA Classical Classical 101fm Grove City 101.7 FM WNKO Classic Hits KOOL 101.7 New Albany 102.1 FM WCRM - LP Community Columbus Community Radio 102.1 / 98.3 Columbus 102.1 FM WCBX - LP Jazz Jazz 102.1 Columbus 102.5 FM WWCD Alternative CD102. 5 Baltimore 103.1 FM WVKO Spanish Adult Contemporary La Mega 103.1 Johnstown 103.5 FM WNND Classic Hits Rewind 103.5 / 104.3 Pickerington 103.9 FM WJKR Variety Hits 103.9 Jack FM Worthington 104.3 FM WNNP Classic Hits Rewind 103.5 / 104.3 Richwood 104.9 FM WCVO Christian Contemporary 104.9 The River Gahanna 105.7 FM WXZX Alternative 105.7 The X Hilliard 106.3 FM WBMO Classic Hip Hop Boom 106.3 London 106.7 FM WZCB Hip Hop 106.7 The Beat Dublin 107.1 FM WJYD Gospel Joy 107.1 Circleville 107.5 FM WCKX Hip Hop Power 107.5 Columbus 107.9 FM WVMX Hot Adult Contemporary Mix 107.9 Westerville Radio stations in the Columbus , Ohio market By FM frequency 88.1 88.7 89.7 90.5 91.5 91.9 92.3 92.7 92.9 93.3 94.1 94.7 95.1 95.5 95.9 96.3 96.7 97.1 97.5 97.9 98.3 98.5 98.9 99.3 99.7 100.3 101.1 101.7 102.1 ( Northeast Columbus / WCRM - LP ) 102.1 ( Northeast Columbus / WCRX - LP ) 102.5 103.1 103.5 103.9 104.3 104.5 104.9 105.3 105.7 106.3 106.7 107.1 107.5 107.9 By AM frequency 610 820 880 920 1230 1270 1320 1430 1460 1550 1580 Digital Radio 89.7 - 1 89.7 - 2 92.3 - 1 92.3 - 2 93.3 - 1 93.3 - 2 93.3 - 3 94.7 - 1 97.1 - 1 97.1 - 2 97.9 - 1 97.9 - 2 98.9 - 1 By callsign W225CS W236CZ W240CX W252AY W257CU W283CL W287CP WBMO WBNS WBNS - FM WCBE WCKX WCLT WCLT - FM WCOL - FM WCRM - LP WCRS - LP WCRX - LP WCVO WDLR WGRN - LP WHKC WJKR WJVG - LP WJYD WKCD WLOH WLVQ WMNI WNCI WNKO WNND WNNP WOBN WODC WOSA WOSB - FM WOSU - FM WQTT WRFD WRKZ WSNY WTOH WTVN WUFM WUOV - LP WVKO WVKO - FM WVMX WVSG WWCD WXMG WXZX WYTS WZCB Defunct WSLN ( 98.7 FM ) Now internet - only Ohio radio markets Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Lima Marietta Toledo Youngstown -- Warren Other Ohio radio regions Ashtabula Ironton Mid-Ohio Sandusky Southern Ohio Wheeling / Steubenville See also List of radio stations in Ohio Transportation ( edit ) Columbus has numerous pedestrian skywalks linking together downtown buildings . Grid and address system ( edit ) The city 's street plan originates downtown and extends into the old - growth neighborhoods , following a grid pattern with the intersection of High Street ( running north -- south ) and Broad Street ( running east -- west ) at its center . North - South streets run 12 degrees west of due North , parallel to High Street ; the Avenues ( vis . Fifth Avenue , Sixth Avenue , Seventh Avenue , and so on . ) run east -- west . The address system begins its numbering at the intersection of Broad and High , with numbers increasing in magnitude with distance from Broad or High . Numbered Avenues begin with First Avenue , about 1 ⁄ mi ( 2.0 km ) north of Broad Street , and increase in number as one progresses northward . Numbered Streets begin with Second Street , which is two blocks west of High Street , and Third Street , which is a block east of High Street , then progress eastward from there . Even - numbered addresses are on the north and east sides of streets , putting odd addresses on the south and west sides of streets . A difference of 700 house numbers means a distance of about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) ( along the same street ) . For example , 351 W 5th Avenue is approximately ⁄ mi ( 800 m ) west of High Street on the south side of Fifth Avenue . Buildings along north -- south streets are numbered in a similar manner : the building number indicates the approximate distance from Broad Street , the prefixes ' N ' and ' S ' indicate whether that distance is to measured to the north or south of Broad Street and the street number itself indicates how far the street is from the center of the city at the intersection of Broad and High . Locations of numbered streets and avenues This street numbering system does not hold true over a large area . The area served by numbered Avenues runs from about Marble Cliff to South Linden to the Airport , and the area served by numbered Streets covers Downtown and nearby neighborhoods to the east and south , with only a few exceptions . There are quite few intersections between numbered Streets and Avenues . Furthermore , named Streets and Avenues can have any orientation . For example , while all of the numbered avenues run east -- west , perpendicular to High Street , many named , non-numbered avenues run north -- south , parallel to High . The same is true of many named streets : while the numbered streets in the city run north -- south , perpendicular to Broad Street , many named , non-numbered streets run east -- west , perpendicular to High Street . The addressing system , however , covers nearly all of Franklin County , with only a few older suburbs retaining self - centered address systems . The address scale of 700 per mile results in addresses approaching , but not usually reaching , 10,000 at the county 's borders . Other major , local roads in Columbus include Main Street , Morse Road , Dublin - Granville Road ( SR - 161 ) , Cleveland Avenue / Westerville Road ( SR - 3 ) , Olentangy River Road , Riverside Drive , Sunbury Road , Fifth Avenue and Livingston Avenue . Highways ( edit ) Columbus is bisected by two major Interstate Highways , Interstate 70 running east -- west , and Interstate 71 running north to roughly southwest . The two Interstates combine downtown for about 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) in an area locally known as `` The Split '' , which is a major traffic congestion point within Columbus , especially during rush hour . U.S. Route 40 , originally known as the National Road , runs east -- west through Columbus , comprising Main Street to the east of downtown and Broad Street to the west . U.S. Route 23 runs roughly north -- south , while U.S. Route 33 runs northwest - to - southeast . The Interstate 270 Outerbelt encircles the vast majority of the city , while the newly redesigned Innerbelt consists of the Interstate 670 spur on the north side ( which continues to the east past the Airport and to the west where it merges with I - 70 ) , State Route 315 on the west side , the I - 70 / 71 split on the south side , and I - 71 on the east . Due to its central location within Ohio and abundance of outbound roadways , nearly all of the state 's destinations are within a 2 or 3 hour drive of Columbus . Lane Avenue Bridge , University District Bridges ( edit ) The Columbus riverfront hosts a few notable bridges which have been built since 2000 . The 700 ft ( 210 m ) Main Street Bridge opened on July 30 , 2010 and is the first bridge of its kind in North America . The bridge is directly south of COSI on the Scioto river , featuring three lanes of traffic ( one westbound and two eastbound ) and another separated lane for pedestrians and bikes . The Rich Street Bridge opened in July 2012 and is adjacent to the Main Street Bridge connecting Rich Street on the east side of the river with Town Street on the west . The Lane Avenue Bridge is a cable - stayed bridge that opened on November 14 , 2003 in the University District and spans the Olentangy river with three lanes of traffic each way . Airports ( edit ) John Glenn International Airport The city 's primary airport , John Glenn International Airport ( CMH ) , is on the city 's east side , with several smaller airports in the region as well . John Glenn , formerly known as Port Columbus , provides service to Toronto , Canada and Cancun , Mexico ( on a seasonal basis ) , as well as to most domestic destinations , including all the major hubs except San Francisco , Salt Lake City , and Seattle . The airport was a hub for discount carrier Skybus Airlines and continues to be a home to NetJets , the world 's largest fractional ownership air carrier . According to a 2005 market survey , John Glenn Columbus International Airport attracts about 50 % of its passengers from outside of its 60 - mile ( 97 km ) radius primary service region . It is the 52nd - busiest airport in the United States by total passenger boardings . Rickenbacker International Airport , in southern Franklin County , is a major cargo facility and is utilized by the Ohio Air National Guard . Allegiant Air offers nonstop service from Rickenbacker to various Florida destinations . Ohio State University Don Scott Airport and Bolton Field are significant general - aviation facilities in the Columbus area . Mass Transit ( edit ) Columbus maintains a widespread municipal bus service called the Central Ohio Transit Authority ( COTA ) . Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound , Barons Bus Lines , Miller Transportation , GoBus , and other carriers . Currently , Columbus does not have any type of passenger rail service . Columbus used to have a major train station downtown called Union Station , most notably as a stop along Amtrak 's National Limited train service until 1977 . The station itself was razed in 1979 , and the Greater Columbus Convention Center now stands in its place . Until the founding of Amtrak in 1971 the Penn Central ran the Cincinnati Limited to Cincinnati to the southwest ( in prior years the train continued to New York City to the east ) ; and the Penn Central ran the Ohio State Limited between Cincinnati and Cleveland , with Union Station serving as a major intermediate stop ( the train going unnamed between 1967 and 1971 ) . The station was also a stop along the Pennsylvania Railroad , the New York Central Railroad , the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , the Norfolk and Western Railroad , the Cleveland , Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad and the Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , Chicago and St. Louis Railroad . Columbus is now the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. without either a local rail or intercity rail connection ( Phoenix opened a light - rail system in 2008 , but still lacks an Amtrak connection . ) However , studies are underway towards reintroducing passenger rail service to Columbus via the Ohio Hub project . Plans are in the works to open a high - speed rail service connecting Columbus with Cincinnati and to the proposed hub in Cleveland which offers rail service to the east , including Pittsburgh , Washington , D.C. , Philadelphia , and New York City . Bicycle ( edit ) Cycling as transportation is steadily increasing in Columbus with its relatively flat terrain , intact urban neighborhoods , large student population , and off - road bike paths . The city has put forth the 2012 Bicentennial Bikeways Plan as well as a move toward a Complete Streets policy . Grassroots efforts such as Bike To Work Week , Consider Biking , Yay Bikes , Third Hand Bicycle Co-op , Franklinton Cycleworks , and Cranksters , a local radio program focused on urban cycling , have contributed to cycling as transportation . Columbus also hosts urban cycling `` off - shots '' with messenger - style `` alleycat '' races as well as unorganized group rides , a monthly Critical Mass ride , bicycle polo , art showings , movie nights , and a variety of bicycle - friendly businesses and events throughout the year . All this activity occurs despite Columbus 's frequently inclement weather . The new Main Street Bridge features a dedicated bike and pedestrian lane separated from traffic , as does the Rich Street Bridge . The city has its own public bicycle system . CoGo Bike Share system has a network of 335 bicycles and 41 docking stations ( 2016 ) . PBSC Urban Solutions , a company based in Canada , supplies technology and equipment . Modal Share ( edit ) The city of Columbus has a higher than average percentage of households without a car . In 2015 , 9.8 percent of Columbus households lacked a car , and decreased slightly to 9.4 percent in 2016 . The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016 . Columbus averaged 1.55 cars per household in 2016 , compared to a national average of 1.8 . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Columbus , Ohio Sister Cities ( edit ) Columbus has eleven sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International . Columbus established its first Sister City relationship in 1955 with Genoa , Italy . To commemorate this relationship , Columbus received as a gift from the people of Genoa , a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus . The statue , sculpted by artist Edoardo Alfieri , overlooks Broad Street in front of Columbus City Hall . Genoa , Italy ( 1955 ) Tainan City , Taiwan ( 1980 ) Hefei , China ( 1988 ) Odense , Denmark ( 1988 ) Seville , Spain ( 1988 ) Dresden , Germany ( 1992 ) Herzliya , Israel ( 1996 ) Ahmedabad , India ( 2008 ) Niš , Serbia ( 2000 ) Curitiba , Brazil ( 2014 ) Accra , Ghana ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Battelle Hall National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbus , Ohio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Columbus were kept at downtown from July 1878 to December 1947 , and at Port Columbus Int'l since January 1948 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ohio STEM Learning Network / Columbus '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A century ago , Columbus was the nation 's ' Arch City ' '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus was once known as ' Arch City ' '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indie Art Capital = It 's Official '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sources for the nickname `` Cowtown '' include : The Columbus Dispatch , April 6 , 2014 : `` Blue Jackets ' big win warranted bigger presence '' pp. C3 ( By Ray Stein ) The Columbus Dispatch , December 22 , 2013 : `` Checking In -- Columbus should have a cow for new year '' pp. G1 , 6 ( By Cindy Decker ) The Columbus Dispatch , April 7 , 2013 : `` Elite Eight appearance not enough for some Matta critics '' pp. C3 ( By Ray Stein / J.T. Fermenti ) Columbus Dispatch , February 14 , 2012 : `` People , places make for one great city '' pp. A1 , 7 ( By Jeb Phillips ) Columbus Alive , February 2 , 2012 : `` City : Cow - town image lives on at airport '' ( By John Ross ) The Columbus Dispatch , August 23 , 2011 : `` She 's no longer in Cowtown '' People in the News pp. D6 ( By Colleen Wright ) The Columbus Dispatch , November 21 , 2010 : `` Despite its attributes , Columbus lacks a catchy moniker '' pp. E1 - 2 ( By Joe Blundo ) The Cincinnati Enquirer , February 19 , 2008 : `` Columbus Strives To Build A Big City Reputation '' pp. B2 ( By Julie Carr Smyth -- The Associated Press ) The Columbus Dispatch , April 16 , 2006 : `` Some do n't like OSU 's new jerseys ; others just do n't like those who do n't '' pp. E3 ( By Ray Stein ) The Columbus Dispatch , September 5 , 1998 : `` So To Speak -- Civic self - esteem ? We 'll let you know after football season '' pp. D1 ( By Joe Blundo ) National Geographic Magazine , March 1998 , America 's First Highway , pp. 82 -- 99 ( By William R. Newcott -- National Geographic Senior Staff ) The Columbus Dispatch , June 1 , 1997 : `` Simply Bovine ! Here 's a moo - vable feast of cowtown facts and fancies '' pp. J1 , 2 ( By Joe Blundo ) The Columbus Dispatch , May 11 , 1997 : `` Many feel moved to boo , moo after arena issue loses '' pp. 3F ( By George Strode ) The Columbus Dispatch , March 25 , 1994 : `` Amphitheater without alcohol will draw drugs '' pp. A8 ( By Jack McEowen ) The Columbus Dispatch , March 12 , 1994 : `` Columbus could support sports arena , NHL team '' pp. A7 ( By Randy Campbell ) The Columbus Dispatch , July 25 , 1989 : `` Use of cowbells at stadium promotes the cowtown image '' pp. 8A ( By Lawrence S. O'Connor ) The Columbus Dispatch , June 9 , 1989 : `` Lowly image does n't seem to bother us '' pp. F1 ( By Mike Harden ) The Columbus Dispatch , June 30 , 1988 : `` City sleeps , Ocean rocks '' ( By Steve Wright -- Dispatch Popular Music Critic ) Vinyl Ecstasy -- The Second Q - FM - 96 Hometown Album -- LP Liner Notes 1980 ( By Steve Runner -- Program Director Q - FM - 96 ) Jump up ^ Gapp , Paul ( March 29 , 1980 ) . `` The American City -- Challenge of The ' 80s '' . Chicago Tribune . pp. 1 , 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch , May 11 , 1986 : `` Progress , growth are not in ' Hicksville ' dictionary '' pp. B2 ( By Bob Young ) Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch , April 26 , 1986 : `` Bigger is not always better , growth not always progress '' pp. 10A ( By Brenda Petruzzella ) Jump up ^ `` Like it or not , Cbus now city 's nickname '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' , City of Columbus. Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 610 WTVN Jump up ^ `` Zip Code Lookup '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/news/2017/05/25/columbus-overtakes-indianapolis-now-countrys-14th.html Jump up ^ Rinehart , Earl . `` We 're No. 14 ! Columbus tops Indianapolis in population '' . Jump up ^ `` columbus - population - keeps - rising '' Columbus Dispatch. 2014 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` The South Is Home to 10 of the 15 Fastest - Growing Large Cities '' . Jump up ^ Neese , Alissa Widman . `` Columbus retains position as 14th - largest city , for now '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` The South Is Home to 10 of the 15 Fastest - Growing Large Cities '' . The United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico : 1990 and 2000 ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . December 30 , 2003 . Retrieved on 2007 - 11 - 20 from https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t29/tab03a.pdf . Jump up ^ `` 2 counties added to Columbus metro area '' Columbus Dispatch. 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Places in Franklin County , OH '' . Find a County . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fortune 500 features 5 Central Ohio companies , down from 6 last year '' , Columbus Business First . 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 6 Best Big Cities '' . MONEY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 50 Best Cities -- The Best Places to Live -- Business Week '' . Images.businessweek.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus , Ohio '' , Forbes . Accessed June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places For Business and Careers -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Up - And - Coming Tech Cities '' , William Pentland . Forbes Magazine . March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Best Big Cities '' Archived August 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN Money , Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking : Columbus among top 10 big cities '' , BizJournals . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Location Overview '' Archived February 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Ohio Equities , Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 10 Zoos in America '' . USA Travel Guide . February 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The testing grounds of modern empire : the making of colonial racial order in the American Ohio country and the South African Eastern Cape , 1770s -- 1850s '' , Christoph Strobel . Peter Lang , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 4331 - 0123 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4331 - 0123 - 6 . p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Chapter One : The Anglo - French Contest for the Ohio Country '' , Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire : The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 ( reprint ed . ) . Norton . p. 351 . ISBN 9780393303025 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 33 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 101 Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 41 -- 43 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 122 Jump up ^ Moore , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Moore , pp. 138 -- 140 Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Lentz , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 156 Jump up ^ Google Books . Books.google.com. April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darbee , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Taking the Cars : A History of Columbus Union Station . Columbus : The Ohio Historical Society . ISBN 0 - 9742573 - 0 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Cole , Charles Chester ( 2001 ) . A Fragile Capital : Identity and the Early Years of Columbus , Ohio . Ohio State University Press . pp. 193 -- 204 . ISBN 9780814208533 . Jump up ^ A Notable Colored Man has just Passed Away , Xenia Daily Gazette ( Xenia , Ohio ) February 8 , 1907 , page 7 , accessed October 5 , 2016 at https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6906223// Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 78 Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 57 Jump up ^ `` Columbus Buggy Company '' . touringohio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ `` General Water Treatment Process '' , Department of Public Utilities , City of Columbus ( 2007 ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` NFL History '' . CBS Sportsline.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lentz , pp. 116 -- 118 Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 122 Jump up ^ `` 1001 Gardens You Must See Before You Die '' , Rae Spencer - Jones , Elizabeth Scholtz . Barron 's Educational Series , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 6005 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 6005 - 9 . p. 80 Jump up ^ Lentz , p. 129 Jump up ^ Schneider , Keith ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Open Spaces Bring Light to Downtown Columbus '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ferenchik , Mark ( February 26 , 2011 ) . `` City spends millions renovating , demolishing eyesore properties '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 75 Years of Flight in Columbus '' , Port Columbus International Airport . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Air Cargo and Airmail from the 18th Century '' , Camille Allaz. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9548896 - 0 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548896 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lyon , C.C. ( March 30 , 1919 ) . `` Six Columbus , O. , Airmen Shot Down 42 Hun Planes '' . The Washington Herald . Washington , DC . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Geraldine Fredritz Mock Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . at Ohio History Central ^ Jump up to : Ringle , Dean C. ( 2007 ) . `` Franklin County Ohio Road Map & Street Locator '' . Franklin County , Ohio : Franklin County Engineer . ^ Jump up to : Records for Columbus . Archived December 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . National Weather Service . Retrieved on 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tullis , Matt ; Mark Ferenchik ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Ruin , relief and rebuilding Tornado aftermath '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. NEWS 01A . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : OH COLUMBUS PORT COLUMBUS INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records for Columbus '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for COLUMBUS WSO AP , OH 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus ( city ) , Ohio '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ Pyle , Encarnacion ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` Columbus becoming a mini melting pot '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. News 01A . ^ Jump up to : `` Capacity Building Initiative : Immigrant and Refugee Organizations '' Archived May 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Columbus Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dalayad Haji Hashi Jama , 72 ; Somalia 's Former First Lady '' . Los Angeles Times . 2004 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Barnet D. ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Fresch Approach Long John Silver 's test site tries grilling on for size '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Columbus , Ohio ( OH ) Detailed Profile '' . City-Data.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Japanese Direct Investment Survey : Summary of Ohio Results ( as of October 1 , 2013 ) '' ( Archive ) . Consulate - General of Japan in Detroit . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved on June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Dan . `` Japanese companies added 2,700 Ohio jobs in 2013 , survey finds . '' Columbus Business First . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved on June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Literate Cities '' Archived May 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Central Connecticut State University , Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Most Literate Cities '' Archived May 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Central Connecticut State University , Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's 50 Best Cities '' , Bloomberg Businessweek , Retrieved February 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Columbus No. 2 In Manliest City Ranking '' Archived June 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Columbus Dispatch . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` America 's Manliest Cities '' , Sperling 's BestPlaces , Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Is a Top 2010 Salad City '' Archived October 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lucas ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Group names Columbus one of world 's most intelligent cities The Columbus Dispatch '' . Dispatch.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Religion '' , Sperling 's BestPlaces , Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to St. Paul 's ! '' . Jump up ^ `` What We Believe '' . Jump up ^ Market Watch , Best Places to do business Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Best Cities for Working Mothers , Forbes , Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Columbus has Ohio 's best economy '' , Columbus Biz Journals , Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved March 31 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Recount Still Possible '' Archived July 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , This Week Community Papers , Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBC 4 , Columbus Budget Shortfall , Tax Increase Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 U.S. metro economies '' Archived June 3 , 2010 , at WebCite , U.S. Conference of Mayors . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Statehouse Facts '' . December 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Deal / W.P.A. Artist Biographies '' . wpamurals.org . WPA Murals . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Jefferson Center '' . October 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus Museum of Art Columbus OH Arts & Events '' . Columbusarts.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Park Conservatory - Welcome to Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens '' . www.fpconservatory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cicero , Karen . `` The 10 Best Science Centers '' . Parents . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Columbus City Ballet School Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Jim ( August 19 , 2006 ) . `` Theater 's future about more than politics , mayor says '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. News 05D . Jump up ^ Siegel , Jim ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` State readies projects budget '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. News 01D . Jump up ^ Ohio Theatre , History of Shows Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Film Columbus , Movies filmed in Columbus metropolitan area Archived February 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports '' , Glenn Wong . Jones & Bartlett Learning , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 2884 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2884 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Professional rugby team to begin play in Obetz in April '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Biggest Sports Stadiums In The World '' , Top Ten Land . 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford has built the nation 's most successful athletics program '' , John Reid. Mercury News . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Ohio State Athletics '' , Ohio State University . 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : OSU No. 2 for sports revenue '' , BizJournals . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten expansion : E-mails hint eyes are upon Texas '' Archived August 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bill Rabinowitz . Columbus Dispatch . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.go.com '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Biz Journals , George Steinbrenner Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger : A Biography Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cooper Park takes next step '' , Mark Ferenchik . Columbus Dispatch . August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Sports , 24 Hour Race , Columbus Driving Park '' . Motorsport.com . March 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Buckeye Bullet 2 '' Archived September 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Green Muze . August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All American Quarter Horse Congress '' , Experience Columbus . 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Battelle Darby Creek - Metro Parks - Central Ohio Park System '' . Metro Parks - Central Ohio Park System . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Bison at the Battelle Darby Creek MetroPark Choosy Traveler '' . Choosy Traveler . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Big Darby Creek Watershed '' . November 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gebolys , Debbie ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Grange donating $4 million '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. Business 01G . Jump up ^ `` 5 Largest Zoos In The United States '' . 2016 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Eat614.com , Restaurant Week Columbus Jump up ^ Budzak , Gary ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Revelry is plentiful not too far away '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robison , Elwin ( 1994 ) . `` Eisenman 's chip - board fantasy : The Greater Colombus Convention Center , Columbus , Ohio '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Showalter , Kathy ( March 3 , 2003 ) . `` New owners poised to revive Westland '' . Columbus Business First . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New International Encyclopedia . Volume 5 ( Second ed . ) . Dodd and Mead . 1914 . p. 637 . Jump up ^ NBC 4 , Columbus Police Helicopters Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CQ Press Crime Ranking 2009 '' ( PDF ) . November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio 's Capital City Sees Dip in Homicides in 2011 '' . NBC 4 -- Columbus . January 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Decker , Theodore ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` City 's crime numbers drop '' . Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus is Number One ! ( in killing black people ) '' , Bob Fitrakis . Columbus Free Press . May 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Ohio center fuses intelligence data '' , Jim Siegel . Columbus Dispatch . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 24 feb 2017 Jump up ^ `` Strategic Analysis and Information Center '' , Ohio Homeland Security . Retrieved 24 feb 2017 Jump up ^ U.S. News and Reports , Best Colleges Archived August 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohio State University , News Release Archived July 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus City Schools -- Employment Website '' . Columbus City Schools . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know St. Paul 's '' . Jump up ^ `` Ohio History Central '' . Ohio History Central . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jeb ( October 5 , 2005 ) . `` Check it out : Columbus Library notches no . 1 rating '' . The Columbus Dispatch . pp. News 01B . Jump up ^ `` HAPLR 100 for 1999 to 2006 '' . Hennen 's American Public Library Ratings. 1999 -- 2006 . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/docs/solutions/measurement/television/2016-2017-nielsen-local-dma-ranks.pdf Jump up ^ `` Nick History '' . Viacom . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` iTV Warner 's Qube '' . Media Visions . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arbitron Radio Market Rankings : Spring 2010 , Arbitron , Spring 2010 , Retrieved May 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 127 Jump up ^ `` Main Street Bridge : Steel Structure Makes Dramatic Visual Impact on Downtown Columbus Skyline '' . Downtown Columbus . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Fireworks spectators first to use Rich Street bridge The Columbus Dispatch '' . Dispatch.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rich Street Bridge Replacement '' ( PDF ) . City of Columbus . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Airports economic impact study , Wilbur Smith Associates , Inc. , January 2005 , Chap 1 pp2 - 4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Columbus Dispatch , February 26 , 2012 : `` Ca n't get there from here ( At least , not without a layover '' ) , pp. D1 - 2 ( By Steve Wartenberg ) Jump up ^ http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm Jump up ^ `` Columbus Union Station '' . October 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Areas Served by Amtrak '' . November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix debuts light - rail system '' . December 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Columbus Dispatch , High Speed Rail Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus ( OH ) Bikeways Plan '' . Altaprojects.net . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Public Service Home '' . publicservice.columbus.gov . Jump up ^ Reed , Michael . `` About Us Yay Bikes ! Columbus , Oh '' . Yay Bikes ! . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Third Hand Bike Co-Op '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WCRS LP Columbus Community Radio ( November 15 , 2008 ) . `` Cranksters WCRS LP Columbus Community Radio '' . Wcrsfm.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Critical Mass Columbus '' . Comacrew.homestead.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet CoGo Bike Share '' . www.cogobikeshare.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Austen , Ian ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) . `` The Uphill Push to Save a Bike - Share Pioneer '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map '' . Governing . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SCI : Sister City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franken , Harry ( 1991 ) . Columbus : The Discovery City . Chatsworth , CA : Windsor Publications . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 89781 - 397 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil '' . Greater Columbus Sister Cities Int'l . September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Ferenchik . `` Ceremony makes Accra , Ghana , a sister city to Columbus '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lentz , Ed ( 2003 ) . Columbus : The Story of a City . Making of America series . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9780738524290 . Moore , Opha ( 1930 ) . History of Franklin County Ohio . Topeka - Indianapolis : Historical Publishing Company . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Columbus , Ohio Cole , Charles Chester ( 2001 ) . A Fragile Capital : Identity and the Early Years of Columbus , Ohio . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio State University Press . ISBN 9780814208533 . Hunker , Henry L. ( 2000 ) . Columbus , Ohio : A Personal Geography . Ohio State University Press . ISBN 9780814208571 . Meyers , David ; Walker , Elise Meyers ; Vollmer , Nyla ( 2017 ) . Carrying Coal to Columbus : Mining in the Hocking Valley . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781625858122 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutColumbus , Ohioat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Experience Columbus Columbus Convention and Visitor Bureau `` Columbus , Ohio '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . A program that featured the history of and literary life in Columbus . The program aired on September 1 -- 2 , 2012 . Columbus , Ohio Neighborhoods and Areas Arena District Argyle Park The Bottoms Berwick Brewery District Briggsdale Near South and South Neighborhoods Cherry Creek Clintonville Downtown Driving Park East Broad Street Eastside Flytown Forest Park Franklinton Georgian Heights German Village Glen Echo Greater Hilltop Harrison West High Five Hilltop Holly Hill Italian Village King - Lincoln Bronzeville Lincoln Village Linden Milo - Grogan Mount Vernon Murray Hill Near East Side Northwood Park Old North Columbus Old Oaks Olde Towne East Olentangy West Riverbend San Margherita Short North South End University District Victorian Village Weinland Park Westgate Woodland Greater Columbus and Suburbs Amlin Bexley Blacklick Brice Canal Winchester Delaware Dublin Gahanna Galloway Grandview Heights Grove City Groveport Harrisburg Hilliard Lewis Center Lockbourne Marble Cliff Marysville Minerva Park New Albany New Rome Obetz Pataskala Pickerington Powell Reynoldsburg Riverlea Shawnee Hills Unionville Center Upper Arlington Urbancrest Valleyview Westerville Whitehall Worthington Counties Delaware Fairfield Franklin Attractions Actors ' Theatre of Columbus Beulah Park Racetrack Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum Columbus City Hall Columbus Commons Columbus Metropolitan Library Columbus Museum of Art Columbus Zoo and Aquarium COSI Express Live ! Franklin Park Conservatory Goodale Park Greater Columbus Convention Center Hollywood Casino Columbus Huntington Park Jack Nicklaus Museum Jerome Schottenstein Center Jungle Jack 's Landing Kelton House LeVeque Tower Lincoln Theatre Mapfre Stadium Marble Cliff Quarry Co . 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-2054628228468316263 | Major League Baseball wild card | Major league Baseball wild card - wikipedia Major league Baseball wild card Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the wild card teams are the two teams in each of the two leagues ( American and National ) that have qualified for the postseason despite failing to win their division . Both teams in each league possess the two best winning percentages in their respective league after the three division winners . The wild card was first instituted in MLB in 1994 , with one wild - card team per league advancing to the Division Series in the postseason to face a division winner . In 2012 , the system was modified to add a second wild - card team per league and put each league 's wild - card teams against each other in a play - in game -- the MLB Wild Card Game -- the winner of which would then advance to the Division Series and play the team with the best record . This system ensures that the team with the second - best record in each league , after the three division winners and the team with the first - best record in the league that is a non-division winner , will also get a postseason berth , even if it is n't a division champion . Contents 1 One wild card per league ( 1994 -- 2011 ) 2 Historic anomalies 3 Two wild cards per league ( 2012 -- present ) 4 Wild - card winners by year and by most wild - card titles 5 Combined postseason series record as wild - card winners 6 Notable wild - card team achievements 7 See also 8 Footnotes One wild card per league ( 1994 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) From 1969 through 1993 , division leaders in each league advanced to the League Championship Series , with the winners of each LCS meeting in the World Series . However , an expanding number of teams over the years made making the playoffs increasingly difficult . The new system was instituted in 1994 ( but first used in 1995 because a players strike canceled the 1994 playoffs ) when Major League Baseball expanded from two to three divisions per league . In the new three - division leagues , each league had four teams in the playoffs . In addition to the three division winners , a wild - card team made the playoffs as the fourth seed . This was the team with the most wins amongst non-division winners . The wild - card matchup was played in the first round between the League leader in wins and the wild - card team , unless both teams were in the same division , which resulted in the wild card facing the second - best division winner in the league . Historic anomalies ( edit ) A `` wild card '' rule was used in the 1981 season after a players ' strike wiped out the `` middle third '' of the season . The owners decided that the winners ( in each division ) of either `` half '' of the abbreviated season would make playoffs , with the caveat that if the same team won both halves then the team from the division with the second - best record from the second half would enter the playoffs as a wild card . However , the wild - card rule was not actually used since all four divisions had different first half and second - half winners . As a result of the hastily contrived format , the Cincinnati Reds finished the regular season with the best record in all of baseball ( 66 - 42 . 611 ) but failed to qualify for the playoffs because they finished 0.5 game behind the Dodgers in the first half and 1.5 games behind the Astros in the second half . The Astros finished 8 games back in the first half and the Dodgers 6 back in the second . Two wild cards per league ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : Major League Baseball Wild Card Game On November 17 , 2011 , MLB announced that it would be adding two wild - card teams to the postseason . The two wild - card teams in each league face each other in a one - game playoff . The winner of this game advances to meet the top seed in the Division Series . The revised playoff system began with the 2012 season . Wild - card winners by year and by most wild - card titles ( edit ) For each league 's list of wild - card winners by year and teams with most wild - card titles , see : List of American League Wild Card winners List of National League Wild Card winners Combined postseason Series record as wild - card winners ( edit ) Wild - card team Series record * World Series wins Playoff losses Arizona Diamondbacks 1 -- 1 2017 NLDS Atlanta Braves 0 -- 2 2010 NLDS , 2012 NLWC Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 3 1996 ALCS , 2012 ALDS , 2016 ALWC Boston Red Sox 6 -- 6 2004 World Series 1998 ALDS , 1999 ALCS , 2003 ALCS , 2005 ALDS , 2008 ALCS , 2009 ALDS Chicago Cubs 2 -- 3 1998 NLDS , 2015 NLCS , 2018 NLWC Cincinnati Reds 0 -- 1 2013 NLWC Cleveland Indians 0 -- 1 2013 ALWC Colorado Rockies 3 -- 5 1995 NLDS , 2007 World Series , 2009 NLDS , 2017 NLWC , 2018 NLDS Detroit Tigers 2 -- 1 2006 World Series Houston Astros 4 -- 3 2004 NLCS , 2005 World Series , 2015 ALDS Kansas City Royals 3 -- 1 2014 World Series Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3 -- 0 2002 World Series Los Angeles Dodgers 0 -- 2 1996 NLDS , 2006 NLDS Miami Marlins 6 -- 0 1997 World Series , 2003 World Series Milwaukee Brewers 0 -- 1 2008 NLDS Minnesota Twins 0 -- 1 2017 ALWC New York Mets 3 -- 3 1999 NLCS , 2000 World Series , 2016 NLWC New York Yankees 4 -- 7 1995 ALDS , 1997 ALDS , 2007 ALDS , 2010 ALCS , 2015 ALWC , 2017 ALCS , 2018 ALDS Oakland Athletics 0 -- 3 2001 ALDS , 2014 ALWC , 2018 ALWC Pittsburgh Pirates 1 -- 3 2013 NLDS , 2014 NLWC , 2015 NLWC San Francisco Giants 6 -- 2 2014 World Series 2002 World Series , 2016 NLDS Seattle Mariners 1 -- 1 2000 ALCS St. Louis Cardinals 5 -- 2 2011 World Series 2001 NLDS , 2012 NLCS Tampa Bay Rays 1 -- 2 2011 ALDS , 2013 ALDS Texas Rangers 0 -- 1 2012 ALWC Toronto Blue Jays 2 -- 1 2016 ALCS ( * ) -- Counts one - game wild - card playoff in the statistics . Notable wild - card team achievements ( edit ) The following wild - card teams have won the World Series : the Florida Marlins , in 1997 and 2003 ; the Anaheim Angels , in 2002 ; the Boston Red Sox , in 2004 ; the St. Louis Cardinals , in 2011 ; and the San Francisco Giants , in 2014 . Thus , three consecutive titles , from 2002 to 2004 , were won by a wild card . A wild - card team appeared in the World Series each year from 2002 to 2007 . So far , the 2002 World Series and the 2014 World Series have been the only times when both teams were wild cards . The Baltimore Orioles , in 1996 , were the first wild - card team to win a Division Series . The Marlins , in 1997 , were the first wild - card team to reach the World Series and the first to win the World Series . By winning again in 2003 , they became the first team to win the World Series twice as a wild card . The Marlins are also the only team to win the World Series without ever winning a division title . The Red Sox and New York Yankees have been a wild card seven times . The Cardinals , the Houston Astros , the Colorado Rockies , and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been a wild card three times each . The Houston Astros were the first team to have won a wild card in different leagues . NL ( 2004 - 2005 ) and AL ( 2015 ) The following teams have qualified as a wild card in consecutive years : the Red Sox ( 1998 - 1999 , 2003 - 2005 , 2008 - 2009 ) , the Astros ( 2004 - 2005 ) , the New York Mets ( 1999 - 2000 ) , the Cardinals ( 2011 - 2012 ) , the Pirates ( 2013 - 2015 ) , the Yankees ( 2017 - 2018 ) , and the Rockies ( 2017 - 2018 ) . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Wild card ( sports ) # Major League Baseball Wild card ( sports ) # Record disparities Major League Baseball division winners ( and wild - card winners ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lacques , Gabe ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` MLB adds 2 wild cards , moves Astros to AL '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Wild Card Game American League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Wild Card winners NL Wild Card winners Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_wild_card&oldid=863569586 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions 1995 introductions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 16 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many teams make the playoff in mlb | [] | [] |
-5983560846661865416 | Battle of Bataan | Battle of Bataan - wikipedia Battle of Bataan Jump to : navigation , search For the battle that occurred in 1945 , see Battle of Bataan ( 1945 ) . Battle of Bataan Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II Japanese tank column advancing in Bataan Date 7 January -- 9 April 1942 ( 3 months and 2 days ) Location Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in Luzon Island , Philippines Result Japanese victory Bataan Death March Belligerents United States Philippines Japan Commanders and leaders Douglas MacArthur Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV George M. Parker Edward P. King Vicente Lim Masaharu Homma Susumu Morioka Kineo Kitajima Kameichiro Nagano Strength 120,000 U.S. and Filipino troops 75,000 Japanese troops Casualties and losses 106,000 10,000 killed , 20,000 wounded , 76,000 imprisoned 8,406 - 22,250 3,107 killed , 230 missing , 5,069 wounded , ( show ) Philippines Campaign ( 1941 -- 42 ) Batan Island ( Camiguin Island ) Vigan ( Bactonan ) Aparri ( Gonzaga ) Legazpi ( Naga , Sipocot ) Davao ( Jolo Island ) Lingayen Gulf Lamon Bay Barrio Piis Bataan Death march Corregidor Luzon Visayas Mindanao The Battle of Bataan ( Filipino : Labanan sa Bataan ) ( 7 January -- 9 April 1942 ) represented the most intense phase of Imperial Japan 's invasion of the Philippines during World War II . In January 1942 , forces of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy invaded Luzon along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the bombing of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor . The commander - in - chief of all Filipino and U.S. forces in the islands , General Douglas MacArthur , consolidated all of his Luzon - based units on the Bataan Peninsula to fight against the Japanese invaders . By this time , the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia . The Bataan peninsula and the island of Corregidor were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region . Despite a lack of supplies , Filipino and American forces managed to fight the Japanese for three months , engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward . As the combined Filipino and American forces made a last stand , the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific . The surrender at Bataan , with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether , was the largest in American and Filipino military histories , and was the largest United States surrender since the American Civil War 's Battle of Harper 's Ferry . Soon afterwards , Filipino and U.S. prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 War Plan Orange - 3 3 The battle 3.1 The fighting retreat 3.1. 1 Layac Line 3.1. 2 Porac - Guagua Line 3.1. 3 Abucay - Mauban Line 3.2 The stand 3.2. 1 Battle of Trail Two 3.2. 2 Battle of the Pockets 3.2. 3 Battle of the Points 3.3 The fall of Bataan 4 Aftermath 5 Legacy 6 In film and television 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) The capture of the Philippine Islands was crucial to Japan 's effort to control the Southwest Pacific , seize the resource - rich Dutch East Indies , and protect its Southeast Asian flank . After Japanese carrier planes attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the morning of 7 December 1941 ( 8 December , Manila time ) , Taiwan - based aircraft , within seven hours , pounded the main bases of the American Far East Air Force at Clark Field in Pampanga , Iba Field in Zambales , Nichols Field near Manila , and the headquarters of the United States Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines , at Cavite . Many American planes were caught on the ground and summarily destroyed . In one day , the Japanese had gained air superiority over the Philippine Islands . This forced the U.S. Asiatic Fleet to withdraw its surface ships from its naval base in Cavite and retreat southwards , leaving only the submarine force to resist the Japanese . From 8 to 10 December , scattered resistance by ground troops and remaining American air and naval forces failed to stop preliminary landings to seize airfields at Batan Island , Aparri , and Vigan City . Army air force B - 17s , often with a minimal or no fighter escort , attacked Japanese ships offloading at Gonzaga and the Vigan landings on Luzon . Submarines of the Asiatic Fleet were also assigned to the effort . In one last coordinated action by the Far East Air Force , U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports , the flagship Nagato , a destroyer , and sank one minesweeper . These air attacks and naval actions , however , did not significantly delay the Japanese assault . These small - scale landings preceded the main assault on 22 December 1941 , at Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan and Lamon Bay , Tayabas , by the 14th Japanese Imperial Army , led by Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma . By effectively neutralizing U.S. air and naval power in the Philippines , the Japanese gained supremacy that isolated the Philippines from reinforcement and resupply , and provided itself with both airfields for support of its invasion forces and staging bases for further operations in the Dutch East Indies . War plan Orange - 3 ( edit ) When MacArthur returned to active duty , the latest revision plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands had been completed in April 1941 and was called WPO - 3 , based on the joint Army - Navy War Plan Orange of 1938 , which involved hostilities between the United States and Japan . Under WPO - 3 , the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces and ground forces were to prevent enemy landings . If the enemy prevailed , they were to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula , which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay . It was to be defended to the `` last extremity . '' In addition to the regular U.S. Army troops , the defenders could rely on the Philippine Army , which had been organized and trained by General MacArthur . However , in April 1941 , the Navy estimated that it would require at least two years for the Pacific Fleet to fight its way across the Pacific . Army planners in early 1941 believed supplies would be exhausted within six months and the garrison would fall . MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO - 3 as defeatist , preferring a more aggressive course of action . He recommended -- among other things -- a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago . His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved . Due to MacArthur 's decision , with tacit approval from Washington , to change the plan under War Plan Rainbow 5 , it was ordered that the entire archipelago would be defended , with the necessary supplies dispersed behind the beachheads for defending forces to use while defending against the landings . With the return to War Plan Orange 3 , the necessary supplies to support the defenders for the anticipated six - month - long defensive position were not available in the necessary quantities for the defenders who would withdraw to Bataan . The battle ( edit ) When the Japanese made their first landings on 10 and 12 December at the northern and southern extremities of Luzon , General MacArthur made no disposition to contest them . He correctly surmised that these landings were designed to secure advance air bases and that the Japanese had no intention of driving on Manila from any of these beachheads . He did not regard the situation as serious enough to warrant a change in his plan to oppose the main attack , when it came , with an all - out defense at the beaches . The MacArthur Plan , then , remained in effect . On December 20 , US Navy submarine USS Stingray spotted a large convoy of troop ships with escorts . This was General Homma 's landing force , and included 85 troop transports , two battleships , six cruisers , and two dozen destroyers . The convoy was engaged by three submarines : USS Stingray , USS Saury , and USS Salmon , who fired torpedo after torpedo into the convoy , most of which failed to explode , due to the Mark XIV torpedo 's defective detonators . In all , just two troop ships were sunk before Japanese destroyers chased the submarines away . The fighting retreat ( edit ) Japanese troops occupy Manila , 2 January 1942 General MacArthur intended to move his men with their equipment and supplies in good order to their defensive positions . He charged the North Luzon Force under Maj. Gen. Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV with holding back the main Japanese assault and keeping the road to Bataan open for use by the South Luzon Force of Maj. Gen. George Parker , which proceeded quickly and in remarkably good order , given the chaotic situation . To achieve this , Wainwright deployed his forces in a series of five defensive lines outlined in WPO - 3 : D1 -- Aguilar to San Carlos to Urdaneta City , D2 -- Agno River D3 -- Santa Ignacia to Gerona to Guimba to San Jose , D4 -- Tarlac to Cabanatuan City and D5 -- Bamban to Sibul Springs . Layac line ( edit ) WWII First Line of Defense Memorial ( Dinalupihan , Bataan , Philippines ) . The main force of General Homma 's 14th Area Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December . The defenders failed to hold the beaches . By the end of the day , the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain . Facing Homma 's troops were four Filipino divisions : the 21st , the 71st , the 11th , and the 91st , as well as a battalion of Philippine Scouts backed by a few tanks . Along Route 3 -- a cobblestone road that led directly to Manila -- the Japanese soon made contact with the Filipino 71st Division . At this point the action of the American artillery stalled the Japanese attack . However , Japanese planes and tanks entering the action routed the Filipino infantry , leaving the artillery uncovered . A second Japanese division landed at Lamon Bay , south of Manila , on December 23 and advanced north . It was now evident to General Wainwright that he could no longer hold back the Japanese advance . Late on the afternoon of the 23rd , Wainwright telephoned General MacArthur 's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was `` impracticable . '' He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River . MacArthur weighed two choices : either make a firm stand on the line of the Agno and give Wainwright his best unit , the Philippine Division , for a counterattack ; or withdraw all the way to Bataan in planned stages . He decided on the latter , thus abandoning his own plan for defense and reverting to the old ORANGE plan . Having made his decision to withdraw to Bataan , MacArthur notified all force commanders on the night of 23 December that `` WPO - 3 is in effect . '' Meanwhile , Manuel L. Quezon , the President of the Philippine Commonwealth , together with his family and government staff were evacuated to Corregidor , along with MacArthur 's United States Army Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) headquarters , on the night of 24 December 1941 , while all USAFFE military personnel were removed from the major urban areas . On the 26th Manila was officially declared an open city and MacArthur 's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio . The Japanese were not notified officially of the proclamation but learned of it through radio broadcasts . The next day , and thereafter , they bombed the port area , from which supplies were being shipped to Bataan and Corregidor . Defense of the Layac Junction approach to Bataan 2 -- 6 January 1942 . After General Douglas MacArthur had withdrawn his army down the island of Luzon 's central plain into the Bataan Peninsula , one last line existed before the Japanese invaders reached the main line of resistance . The Americans attempted to slow the Japanese entry into Bataan by fighting a delaying action at Layac , thus gaining time and deceiving the enemy as to the location of the main defensive positions . For the first time in World War II , American troops faced Japanese soldiers on the ground . Porac - Guagua line ( edit ) Historical Marker ( 6 January 1942 ) From 1 to 5 January 1942 , as the entire USAFFE converged from south and north , delaying actions were fought to allow the struggling withdrawal to Bataan . The fiercest fighting occurred at the hastily emplaced Porac - Guagua Line , where the 11th and 21st divisions , respectively led by Brigadier Generals William E. Brougher and Mateo Capinpin , with the 26th Cavalry Regiment of Colonel Clinton A. Pierce in reserve , held the line , mostly on open and unprepared ground , against massive aerial and artillery bombardment , strong tank assaults , and infantry banzai attacks by the Takahashi and Tanaka detachments . Both sides suffered heavy casualties . Overlooked in this report are the actions of the 23rd Infantry Regiment of the PA , led by senior instructor Col. Wallace A Mead . The 23rd Regiment established the defensive line at Porac - Pampanga on or around 2 January 1942 . Colonel Mead was later awarded the Silver Star for his actions there . The 23rd 's defense allowed Capinpin 's forces to withdraw and establish new defensive positions . It was Capinpin 's recount of the fighting that day that was offered as support for Mead 's citation . Abucay - Mauban line ( edit ) The Abucay Line 9 -- 23 January 1942 . War Plan Orange 3 called for two defensive lines across Bataan . The first extended across the peninsula from Mauban in the west to Mabatang , Abucay in the east . General Wainwright , commanding the newly organised I Philippine Corps of 22,500 troops , held the western sector . I Corps included the Philippine Army 's 1st Regular , 31st , and 91st Divisions , the 26th Cavalry ( Philippine Scouts ( PS ) ) and a battery of field artillery and self - propelled guns . General Parker and the new II Philippine Corps , which included the Philippine Army 's 11th , 21st , 41st , and 51st divisions and the 57th Infantry ( PS ) , and numbered 25,000 men , defended the eastern sector . All of the divisions , already under strength at the onset of war , had suffered serious combat losses , particularly to desertions . The U.S. Army 's Philippine Division , made up of the 31st Infantry , the 45th Infantry ( PS ) , and supporting units became the `` Bataan Defense Force Reserve '' . Mount Natib , a 4,222 - foot ( 1,287 m ) - high mountain that split the peninsula , served as the boundary line between the two corps . The commanders anchored their lines on the mountain , but , since they considered the rugged terrain impassable , they did not extend their forces far up its slopes . The two corps were therefore not in direct contact with each other , leaving a serious gap in the defense line . With the fighting withdrawal completed , the Abucay - Mauban line , the USAFFE 's main battle position was now in place . The stand ( edit ) The Mauban Line positions 18 -- 25 January 1942 On 9 January , Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Susumu Morioka assaulted the eastern flank of the Abucay - Mauban Line , and were repulsed by the 91st Division of Brigadier General Luther Stevens and Colonel George S. Clark 's 57th Infantry ( PS ) . On 12 January , amid fierce fighting , 2nd Lieutenant Alexander R. Nininger , a platoon leader in the 57th Infantry , sacrificed his life when , armed with only a rifle and hand grenades , he forced his way into enemy foxholes during hand - to - hand combat , permitting his unit to retake Abucay Hacienda ; for his actions , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . Another extreme act of bravery was put forth by a Filipino named Narcisco Ortilano . He was on a water - cooled heavy machine gun when the Japanese burst out of a canebrake in a banzai attack . He shot dozens of the Japanese with his machine gun , then pulled out his Colt . 45 and shot five more when the machine gun jammed . Then , when one Japanese soldier stabbed at him with a bayonet , he desperately tried to grab the gun , got his thumb cut off , but still held on , and then with a sudden burst of adrenaline he turned the gun on the enemy soldier and stabbed him in the chest . When another Japanese soldier swung a bayonet at him , he turned his rifle on the soldier and shot him dead . Narcisco received the Distinguished Service Cross . Another attack on 14 January at the boundary of positions held by the 41st and 51st Divisions of Brigadier Generals Vicente Lim and Albert M. Jones , respectively , aided by the 43rd and Colonel Wallace A Mead 's 23rd Infantry , stubbornly refused the Japanese their left flank . The Japanese advanced to the Salian River Valley through a gap made by the 51st Infantry 's withdrawal . But a patrol discovered the infiltration , and units of the 21st Division rushed to the valley and repulsed the attackers after a savage encounter . At another engagement farther to the west , a Japanese force surprised and routed the 53rd Infantry of Colonel John R. Boatwright . This force also penetrated deep behind the Abucay - Mauban Line along the Abo - Abo River Valley , but their advance was held up by combined units of the 21st and 51st Divisions , the 31st Division of Brigadier General Clifford Bluemel , and Colonel John H. Rodman 's 92nd Infantry at the Bani - Guirol Forest area . The 31st Infantry and the 45th Infantry , Philippine scouts of Colonel Thomas W. Doyle , partially restored the abandoned line of the 51st Division . On 15 January , the reinforced 1st Regular Division of Brigadier General Fidel Segundo , defending the Morong sector , came under heavy bombardment , but held the line . The Japanese penetrated through a huge gap in the Silangan - Natib area and established a roadblock on Mauban Ridge , threatening to cut off the division 's rear . Repeated attacks by the 91st Division and 71st Division , and 92nd Infantry failed to dislodge the Japanese . The attackers ' nightly raids and infiltration tactics became more frequent . Previously , General Parker 's II Corps had prevented a similar encirclement at the Salian River battle , but the position of General Wainwright 's I Corps was deemed indefensible , and the Abucay - Mauban Line was abandoned on 22 January . Battle of Trail two ( edit ) Japanese flamethrower in action against a bunker on the Orion - Bagac Line Within four days , the Orion - Bagac Line was formed . But the defenders had yet to complete their withdrawal to the reserve battle position when the Japanese struck again , through a gap held by I Corps . General Bluemel hastily organized a defense along Trail Two , consisting of 32nd Infantry , 41st Infantry and 51st Division reinforcements , in time to stop a major offensive and plug the gap . Battle of the pockets ( edit ) The Orion - Bagac line showing the U.S. positions around 27 January 1942 The remaining Japanese troops managed to get through , however , and held out at some rear sectors of the Orion - Bagac Line at the Tuol River Valley behind the 11th Division , and in the Gogo - Cotar River behind the 1st Regular Division . From 23 January to 17 February , coordinated action by the defenders to eliminate these salients of resistance became known as the `` Battle of the pockets '' . Fierce fighting marked the action . Captain Alfredo M. Santos , of the 1st Regular Division , outmaneuvered the enemy during their attempt to pocket the area . In both attempts , his unit successfully broke through the Gogo - Cotar and Tuol pockets , thus earning for himself the moniker `` hero of the pockets '' . For his successes , he was promoted to major in the field . Major Santos was then given the hazardous mission of closing the gaps and annihilating the enemy troops who had infiltrated the lines , as the gap posed a serious threat to the positions and the security of the division . He led a counterattack against the strong and numerically superior Japanese forces positioned between the MLR and the Regimental Reserve Line ( RRL ) . The fighting began at dawn on 29 January 1942 , and the Americans restored the defensive sector assigned to the 1st Regular Division . On 3 February 1942 , 1st Lieutenant Willibald C. Bianchi of the 45th Infantry , Philippine scouts , led a reinforced platoon forward against two enemy machine - gun nests , silenced them with grenades , and then manned an antiaircraft machine gun until dying of his wounds . His Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously . Of the 2,000 Japanese soldiers engaged , 377 were reported to have escaped . Battle of the Pockets on the Orion - Bagac Line General Homma , on 8 February , ordered the suspension of offensive operations in order to reorganize his forces . This could not be carried out immediately , because the 16th Division remained engaged trying to extricate the pocketed 3rd Battalion , 20th Infantry . With further casualties , the remnants of the 3rd Battalion , 378 officers and men , were extricated on 15 February . On 22 February , the 14th Army line was withdrawn a few miles to the north , with USAFFE forces re-occupying positions evacuated by the Japanese . Battle of the points ( edit ) Japanese landings on Bataan 23 January - 1 February 1942 In an attempt to outflank I Corps and isolate the service command area commanded by USAFFE deputy commander Brigadier General Allan C. McBride , Japanese troops of the 2nd Battalion , 20th Infantry , 16th Division , were landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January . Intercepted by U.S. PT - 34 , two barges were sunk and the rest scattered in two groups , neither of which landed on the objective beach . The Japanese forces were contained on their beachheads by members of Philippine constabulary units , a hastily organized naval infantry battalion , and by personnel of several U.S. Army Air Corps pursuit squadrons fighting as infantry , including Ed Dyess and Ray C. Hunt . The naval infantry consisted of 150 ground crewmen from Patrol Wing Ten , 80 sailors from the Cavite Naval Ammunition Depot , and 130 sailors from USS Canopus ( AS - 9 ) , with 120 sailors from the base facilities at Cavite , Olongapo , and Mariveles , and 120 Marines from an antiaircraft battery . Sailors used the Canopus machine shop to fabricate makeshift mountings for machine guns salvaged from Patrol Wing Ten 's damaged aircraft . The Marines were distributed through the ranks , and the sailors were told to `` watch them and do as they do . '' The sailors attempted to make their white uniforms more suitable for jungle combat by dying them with coffee grounds . The result was closer to yellow than khaki , and the diary of a dead Japanese officer described them as a suicide squad dressed in brightly colored uniforms and talking loudly in an attempt to draw fire and reveal the enemy positions . Japanese commanders , in an attempt to hold onto their lodgements , reinforced the beachheads piecemeal , but could not break out . Battles were fought ferociously against a company - sized group at the Lapay - Longoskawayan points from 23 to 29 January , at the Quinawan - Aglaloma points from 22 January to 8 February , and at the Silalim - Anyasan points from 27 January to 13 February . Out of the 2,000 Japanese troops committed to these battles , only 43 wounded returned to their lines . These engagements were collectively termed the `` Battle of the Points '' . The Fall of Bataan ( edit ) Japanese tanks and infantry advance through the Bataan jungle Fall of Bataan historical marker , Bataan , Capitolio On the night of 12 March , General MacArthur , his family , and several USAFFE staff officers left Corregidor for Mindanao aboard four PT boats commanded by Lieutenant Commander John D. Bulkeley . For this , and a number of other feats over the course of four months and eight days , Bulkeley was awarded the Medal of Honor , the Navy Cross , the Distinguished Service Cross and other citations . MacArthur was eventually flown to Australia where he broadcast to the Filipino people his famous `` I Shall Return '' promise . MacArthur 's departure marked the end of the USAFFE , and by 22 March , the defending army was renamed the United States Forces in the Philippines ( USFIP ) , and Lieutenant General Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV was placed in command . After the failure of their first attack against Bataan , the Japanese general headquarters sent strong artillery forces to the Philippines in order to smash the American fortifications . They had 190 artillery pieces , which included bigger guns like 150 mm cannons and the rare Type 45 240 mm howitzer . The 1st Artillery headquarters , under Major General Kineo Kitajima , who was a known authority on IJA artillery , also moved to the Philippines along with the main forces to command and control these artillery units . Also , the Japanese high command reinforced General Homma 's 14th Imperial Army , and toward the end of March , the Japanese forces prepared for the final assault . On 3 April , the entire Orion - Bagac Line was subjected to incessant bombings by 100 aircraft and artillery bombardment by 300 artillery pieces from 9 : 00 a.m. to 3 : 00 p.m. , which turned the Mount Samat stronghold into an inferno . Over the course of the next three days ( Good Friday to Easter Sunday , 1942 ) , the Japanese 65th Brigade and 4th Division spearheaded the main attack at the left flank of II Corps . Everywhere along the line , the American and Filipino defenders were driven back by Japanese tanks and infantry . Based on his two prior attempts , General Homma had estimated that the final offensive would require a week to breach the Orion - Bagac Line and a month to liquidate two final defense lines he believed had been prepared on Bataan . When the opening attack required just three days , he pushed his forces on 6 April to meet expected counterattacks head - on . The Japanese launched a drive into the center , penetrated into flanks held by the 22nd and 23rd Regiments of the 21st Division , captured Mount Samat and outflanked all of II Corps . Counterattacks by the U.S. Army and Philippine Scout regulars held in reserve were futile ; only the 57th Infantry gained any ground , soon lost . MG Edward King discusses terms of surrender with Japanese officers All along the battle front , units of I Corps , together with the devastated remnants of II Corps , crumbled and straggled to the rear . The commanders on Bataan lost all contact with their units , except by runner in a few instances . In the last two days of the defense of Bataan , the entire Allied defense progressively disintegrated and collapsed , clogging all roads with refugees and fleeing troops . By 8 April , the senior U.S. commander on Bataan , Major General Edward P. King , saw the futility of further resistance , and put forth proposals for capitulation . The next morning , 9 April 1942 , General King met with Major General Kameichiro Nagano and , after several hours of negotiations , the remaining weary , starving and emaciated American and Filipino defenders on the battle - swept Bataan Peninsula surrendered . Radio Broadcast -- Voice of Freedom -- Malinta Tunnel -- Corregidor -- 9 April 1942 : `` Bataan has fallen . The Philippine - American troops on this war - ravaged and bloodstained peninsula have laid down their arms . With heads bloody but unbowed , they have yielded to the superior force and numbers of the enemy . The world will long remember the epic struggle that Filipino and American soldiers put up in the jungle fastness and along the rugged coast of Bataan . They have stood up uncomplaining under the constant and grueling fire of the enemy for more than three months . Besieged on land and blockaded by sea , cut off from all sources of help in the Philippines and in America , the intrepid fighters have done all that human endurance could bear . For what sustained them through all these months of incessant battle was a force that was more than merely physical . It was the force of an unconquerable faith -- something in the heart and soul that physical hardship and adversity could not destroy . It was the thought of native land and all that it holds most dear , the thought of freedom and dignity and pride in these most priceless of all our human prerogatives . The adversary , in the pride of his power and triumph , will credit our troops with nothing less than the courage and fortitude that his own troops have shown in battle . Our men have fought a brave and bitterly contested struggle . All the world will testify to the most superhuman endurance with which they stood up until the last in the face of overwhelming odds . But the decision had to come . Men fighting under the banner of unshakable faith are made of something more than flesh , but they are not made of impervious steel . The flesh must yield at last , endurance melts away , and the end of the battle must come . Bataan has fallen , but the spirit that made it stand -- a beacon to all the liberty - loving peoples of the world -- can not fall ! '' Aftermath ( edit ) Japanese soldiers guard American and Filipino prisoners of war The continued resistance of the force on Bataan after Singapore and the Indies had fallen made heartening news among the Allied peoples . But the extension of time gained by the defence was very largely a result of the transfer of the 48th Division from Homma 's army at a critical time , and the exhaustion of the weakened force that remained . It cost a far stronger Japanese army as many days of actual combat to take Malaya and Singapore Island as it cost Homma to take Bataan and Corregidor . The surrender of Bataan hastened the fall of Corregidor a month later . There is a suggestion that without this stand , the Japanese might have quickly overrun all of the U.S. bases in the Pacific , and could have quickly invaded Australia . Willoughby , MacArthur 's Intelligence Officer , asserted after the war that the epic operation in Bataan and Corregidor became a decisive factor in the ultimate winning of the war , that it disrupted the Japanese Timetable ' in a way that was to prove crucial ' , and that , ' because of Bataan the Japanese never managed to detach enough men , planes , ships , and material to nail down Guadalcanal ' . This assertion is contradicted by simple facts of history , geography and arithmetic . Rather than allowing the operations on Luzon to upset their general timetable , the Japanese took steps that resulted in prolonging the resistance of Luzon in order to speed up their conquest of the Indies . And between the time of their advance into the Solomons and the American counter-landing on Guadalcanal in August , three months after the fall of Corregidor , they had ample troops available to build up their strength in the South Seas Ultimately , more than 60,000 Filipino and 15,000 American prisoners of war were forced into the Bataan Death March . However , about 10,000 - 12,000 of these eventually escaped from the march to form guerrilla units in the mountains , tying down the occupying Japanese . On 7 September 1944 , the Japanese ship Shinyo Maru was sunk by USS Paddle ; on board the Maru were U.S. POWs of whom 668 died and 82 survived . After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific , General Douglas MacArthur initiated the Campaign for the Liberation of the Philippines , fulfilling his promise to return to the country he had left in 1942 . As part of the campaign , the Battle for the recapture of Bataan ( 31 January to 21 February 1945 ) by Allied forces and Philippine guerrillas avenged the surrender of the defunct United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) to invading Japanese forces . Legacy ( edit ) Araw ng Kagitingan ( Day of Valour ) , 9 April , the day Bataan fell into Japanese hands , was declared a national holiday in the Philippines . Previously called Bataan Day , the day is now known as Araw ng Kagitingan or Day of Valour , commemorating both the Fall of Bataan ( 9 April 1942 ) and the Fall of Corregidor ( 6 May 1942 ) . Mariveles , Bataan Memorial Shrine ( Km . Zero , starting point of Death March , 9 -- 17 April 1942 ) . The Dambana ng Kagitingan ( Shrine of Valor ) is a memorial shrine erected on top of Mount Samat in Pilar , Bataan , in the Philippines . The war memorial grounds feature a colonnade that houses an altar , esplanade , and a museum . On the peak of the mountain is the memorial cross standing about 311 ft ( 95 m ) high . USS Bataan ( LHD - 5 ) USS Bataan ( LHD - 5 ) , commissioned on 20 September 1997 , the United States Navy Wasp class amphibious assault ship commemorates `` those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific '' . USS Bataan ( CVL - 29 ) , commissioned on 17 November 1943 , the United States Navy Independence class aircraft carrier commemorated `` those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific '' until her decommissioning on 9 April 1954 . A U.S. Army member posts the flag of the `` Battling Bastards of Bataan '' at the opening ceremony of the Bataan Memorial Death March The Bataan Death March Memorial Monument , erected in April , 2001 , is the only monument funded by the U.S. federal government dedicated to the victims of the Bataan Death March during World War II . The memorial was designed and sculpted by Las Cruces artist Kelley Hester and is located in Veterans Park along Roadrunner Parkway in New Mexico . Bataan - Corregidor Memorial Bridge is a bascule bridge on State Street in Chicago , Illinois , where it crosses the Chicago River . It was built in 1949 and rededicated on 9 April 1998 , commemorating not only the Day of Valour but also the centennial of the declaration of Philippine independence from Spain in 1898 . Other memorials : memorials to Bataan Death March victims In film and television ( edit ) Among the many films and television programs that feature the story of Bataan are Bataan ( 1943 ) starring Robert Taylor , the John Ford classic They Were Expendable ( 1945 ) , starring Robert Montgomery , John Wayne , and Donna Reed , Back to Bataan ( 1945 ) starring Wayne and Anthony Quinn , and two movies about the nurses of Bataan So Proudly We Hail ! ( 1943 ) and Cry ' Havoc ' ( 1943 ) . Dozens of documentaries have also featured stories from the Battle of Bataan including Ghosts of Bataan ( 2005 ) and an episode of the History Channel series Shootout , entitled Raid on the Bataan Death Camp ( 2006 ) . Though largely focusing on the Cabanatuan Raid in 1945 , this last program also featured stories from the 1942 battle ; notably the stand of the 57th Infantry Regiment ( PS ) at Mabatang . See also ( edit ) Angels of Bataan Frank Adamo -- called by Life magazine `` Bataan 's medical hero '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Philippines ( Bataan ) ( 1942 ) '' . The War . WETA. 2005 . The 76,000 prisoners of war of the battle for Bataan - some 64,000 Filipino soldiers and 12,000 U.S. soldiers - then were forced to endure what came to be known as the Bataan Death March as they were moved into captivity . Elizabeth M. Norman ; Michael Norman ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Bataan Death March '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Bataan Death March , march in the Philippines of some 66 miles ( 106 km ) that 76,000 prisoners of war ( 66,000 Filipinos , 10,000 U.S. ) were forced by the Japanese military to endure in April 1942 , during the early stages of World War II . Roy C. Mabasa ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` U.S. salutes Filipino vets '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Eric Morris ( 5 September 2000 ) . Corregidor : The American Alamo of World War II . Cooper Square Press . p. 405 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 6092 - 7 . Oliver L. North ( 28 March 2012 ) . War Stories II : Heroism in the Pacific . Regnery Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 305 - 2 . Jump up ^ Senshi Sōsho ( 戦史 叢書 ) ( in Japanese ) . 2 . Asagumo Shimbunsha. 1966 . Jump up ^ Irvin Alexander ( April 2005 ) . Surviving Bataan and Beyond : Colonel Irvin Alexander 's Odyssey as a Japanese Prisoner of War . Stackpole Books . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3248 - 2 . Yuma Totani ( 16 February 2015 ) . Justice in Asia and the Pacific Region , 1945 - 1952 . Cambridge University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 08762 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 606 . ^ Jump up to : William L. O'Neill , A Democracy at War : America 's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II , p 115 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Morton , Louis ( 1953 ) . The Fall of the Philippines . US Army Center of Military History . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kevin C. ( 2014 ) . Inside the Bataan Death March : Defeat , Travail and Memory . McFarland . p. 328 . ISBN 978 - 0786496815 . Jump up ^ Louis Morton . `` The Decision To Withdraw to Bataan '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . United States Army . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Arthur ( 2016 ) . Douglas McArthur : American Warrior . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0812994892 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Darman , Peter ( 2012 ) . Attack on Pearl Harbor : America Enters World War II . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 1448892333 . ^ Jump up to : None More Courageous -- American War Heroes of Today , Stewart H. Holbrook , retrieved 14 January 2010 Jump up ^ Dyess , W.E. , 1944 , The Dyess Story , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons Jump up ^ Hunt , Ray C. , and Norling , Bernard , 1986 , Behind Japanese Lines : An American Guerrilla in the Philippines , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1604 - X Jump up ^ Gordon , John IV , Capt . USA `` The Navy 's Infantry at Bataan '' United States Naval Institute Proceedings Supplement March 1985 pp. 64 -- 69 Jump up ^ College Writing and Reading . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 327 -- 328 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 0571 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( Long G , `` MacArthur as Military Commander '' ( 1969 ) , Angus and Robertson ( Australia ) , p. 83 . ) Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy at War : America 's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II , p 116 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ ( Long G , `` MacArthur as Military Commander '' ( 1969 ) , Angus and Robertson ( Australia ) , p. 83 . ) Jump up ^ `` Republic Act no . 9188 '' . The LawPhil Project . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bataan `` Bataan Death March Memorial '' Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Las Cruces Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative plaque '' . Historic Bridges.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Photo -- Memorial Plate '' . Historic Bridges.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 21 . Sources ( edit ) Robertson , Jr , James I. ( 1997 ) . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York , NY : MacMillan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Bartsch , William H. ( 2003 ) . 8 December 1941 : MacArthur 's Pearl Harbor . College Station , TX , USA : Texas A&M University Press . Burton , John ( 2006 ) . Fortnight of Infamy : The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor . US Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 096 - X . Connaughton , Richard ( 2001 ) . MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines . New York : The Overlook Press . Mallonee , Richard C. ( 2003 ) . Battle for Bataan : An Eyewitness Account . I Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7450 - 3 . Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2005 ) . Japanese Army in World War II : Conquest of the Pacific 1941 -- 42 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 789 - 5 . Whitman , John W. ( 1990 ) . Bataan : Our Last Ditch : The Bataan Campaign , 1942 . Hippocrene Books . ISBN 0 - 87052 - 877 - 7 . Young , Donald J. ( 1992 ) . The Battle of Bataan : A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 757 - 3 . Further Reading ( edit ) Morton , Louis ( 2000 ) ( 1960 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Decision to Withdraw to Bataan '' . In Kent Roberts Greenfield . Command Decisions ( reissue ) . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 70 - 7 . Morton , Louis ( 1953 ) . The Fall of the Philippines . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 5 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bataan . `` Marines in the Defense of the Philippines '' Photos and Text World War II Medal of Honor Recipients A-F at the United States Army Center of Military History World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S at the United States Army Center of Military History Animated History of The Battle of Bataan and Corregidor Battle for Bataan Info on the Dambana ng Kagitingan Shrine ( archived from the original on 13 July 2007 ) . 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-318555121554164583 | The Grand Tour (TV series) | The Grand Tour ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Grand Tour ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Grand Tour Genre Motoring Entertainment Created by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Andy Wilman Written by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Richard Porter Directed by Phil Churchward Brian Klein Kit Lynch - Robinson Gavin Whitehead Presented by Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Starring Mike Skinner Abbie Eaton Composer ( s ) Paul Leonard - Morgan Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 15 Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Wilman Producer ( s ) Chris Hale Greg Vince Richard Evans Ronan Browne Cinematography Ben Joiner Editor ( s ) James Hart Dan James Chris Denton Joe Orr Camera setup Multi-camera setup Running time 44 -- 71 minutes Production company ( s ) W. Chump & Sons Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) 23.976 fps HDR Original release 18 November 2016 -- present External links Website www.amazon.co.uk/thegrandtour The Grand Tour is a British motoring television series for Amazon Video , presented by Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , and James May , and produced by Andy Wilman . The four agreed to produce the series following their departures from the BBC series Top Gear with an initial agreement of 36 episodes over three years . Episodes are scheduled to be released weekly to those with Amazon Prime Video accounts in the United Kingdom , United States , Germany , Austria and Japan , beginning November 2016 . Tent segments for the first series were filmed between 17 July and 11 December 2016 , and premiered on 18 November 2016 . In the days following the launch it became Amazon Video 's most watched premiere episode . As of December 2016 the show was made available to an additional 195 countries and various territories . Repeats of the first series began airing on traditional broadcasters in late 2017 . A teaser trailer for the second series was released on 11 July 2017 , featuring a Mercedes AMG GT R , Ripsaw EV - 2 , McLaren 720S , Bugatti Chiron , Audi TT RS , Rimac Concept One , a Grumman American AA - 5 light aircraft and an armoured personnel carrier visiting the Dubai Mall . A second trailer , released on 1 November 2017 , featured a Lamborghini Aventador S , Honda NSX , Ariel Nomad and Kia Stinger GT . The second series filmed its studio segments on Tuesdays , Wednesdays and Fridays between 25 October and 19 December 2017 , and premiered on 8 December 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Features 2.1 Test tracks 2.1. 1 Eboladrome 2.1. 2 Enstone 2.2 Celebrity Face Off 2.3 Conversation Street 2.4 Running gags 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.1. 1 Notes 3.2 Series 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Tent 4.2 Naming 4.3 Filming 4.4 Promotion 4.5 Sponsorship 5 Reception 6 Broadcast 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) The intended format was initially for individual television films , using location shooting without studio segments , but after the title reveal it was announced that there will be studio segments shot in large tents at various locations . Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos described the deal as being `` very , very , very expensive '' . W. Chump & Sons is the production company for the programme , and Amazon.com is distributing the show . Studio recording for the first series began in Johannesburg , South Africa on 17 July 2016 . Recording in the United States took place on 25 September 2016 in Southern California , with further recording taking place in Nashville on 21 November 2016 . Studio recording in the United Kingdom took place in Whitby on 13 October 2016 , with further recordings taking place at Loch Ness in December 2016 . Further studio recording took place in Rotterdam on 22 October 2016 and Lapland on 3 November 2016 . Stuttgart ( Ludwigsburg ) was also a filming location . The final studio filming took place in Dubai in December 2016 . For the second series , due to Clarkson 's Pneumonia and Hammond 's car crash , it was decided that there would no longer be a travelling tent . Instead the tent would be left in one location near Clarkson 's home in the Cotswolds as this would be more convenient for the crew to operate . It also would be useful for new features such as Celebrity Face Off . Features ( edit ) Test tracks ( edit ) Eboladrome ( edit ) `` Eboladrome '' test track at RAF Wroughton The show has a dedicated test track called the `` Eboladrome '' , at the former RAF Wroughton . Clarkson states in the first episode that the name is due to its shape resembling the structure of the Ebola virus . It is designed to `` trip cars up '' , according to Clarkson . Section names include the `` Is n't Straight '' , `` Your Name Here '' ( sponsored by Dental Care Swindon as of episode 2 ) , `` Old Lady 's House '' , `` Substation '' and `` Field of Sheep '' . In the first episode , the track was said to have been modified following the discovery of an unexploded Second World War bomb . Cars are tested by British racing driver Abbie Eaton ( formerly NASCAR driver Mike Skinner , known as `` The American '' ) . According to the presenters , Amazon insisted the driver be an American , which is why Skinner was hired . In November 2017 it was announced that Skinner would not return for the second series and was replaced by Eaton . Prior to the airing of the first episode the lap - board had been pre-populated with ten lap - times by a selection of cars . The laps themselves were not shown , only their lap - times . The first car to be shown , with an on - screen lap - time , was a 2016 BMW M2 with a time of 1 : 26.2 set by Skinner . The Eboladrome is also used for general filming and testing by the presenters , meaning that other vehicles -- such as a Ferrari 488 used in episode one -- may appear on the track , but do not set a lap - time set by the racing driver . Lap board Car Time Condition Episode Aston Martin Vulcan 1 : 15.5 McLaren 650S 1 : 17.9 not shown Mercedes AMG GT R 1 : 18.7 15 Audi R8 V10 Plus 1 : 19.2 not shown Porsche 911 GT3 RS 1 : 20.4 not shown Nissan GT - R 1 : 21.2 not shown Porsche 911 C2S 1 : 21.4 not shown BMW M4 GTS 1 : 22.4 Porsche 718 Boxster S 1 : 23.4 not shown BMW M5 1 : 24.2 not shown BMW M3 1 : 24.3 not shown Honda NSX 1 : 26.0 Wet 9 BMW M2 1 : 26.2 Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio 1 : 27.1 Wet 10 Honda Civic Type R 1 : 28.2 not shown Ford Focus RS 1 : 28.4 6 Lexus GS - F 1 : 29.6 Damp 12 Ford Mustang GT 1 : 29.6 6 Ford Fiesta ST200 1 : 32.8 not shown Fiat Abarth 124 Spider 1 : 33.7 Wet 11 Enstone ( edit ) For the second series , a new test track was created at Enstone Airfield , close to the fixed studio tent location , and which the production team had previously tried to use for Top Gear . The main Eboladrome track was planned to continue to serve for the testing of loud and fast cars . Celebrity Face off ( edit ) Following complaints regarding the `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' segment in the first series , this segment was replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' . Two celebrities join the show each week , with a similar background or connection and from different countries , to see which one of the two is faster . The car used for this segment is a Jaguar F - Type coupe , racing around a half gravel , half asphalt track at Enstone . Lap board Celebrity Time Condition Episode Ricky Wilson 1 : 20.1 14 David Hasselhoff 1 : 24.1 14 Kevin Pietersen 1 : 17.2 15 Brian Wilson 1 : 17.5 15 Hugh Bonneville TBA 16 Casey Anderson TBA 16 Nick Mason TBA S2 Stewart Copeland TBA S2 Bill Goldberg TBA S2 Anthony Joshua TBA S2 Conversation Street ( edit ) The trio discuss car news . Running jokes include Hammond `` oversharing '' intimate personal information , and Clarkson being cut off after asking `` Can I talk about ... ? '' before either Hammond or May introduce the next segment ; frequently , the subject he attempts to raise is Alfa Romeo and their new cars . The video introduction to the segment shows the men , in silhouette talking animatedly : in each episode the silhouettes change in various ways . Running gags ( edit ) The first series included several running gags . During the opening titles of each episode , a camera drone was destroyed . From episode three onward , one of the presenters ' names is always seen misspelt during the opening . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , celebrity guests are humorously `` killed '' in an accident while making their way to the tent . After each `` death '' , May asks `` Does that mean he / she 's not coming on then ? '' to which Hammond deadpans `` No James , they 're not '' while bluntly outlining how `` dead '' the celebrity is . This element of the show reflects the BBC 's efforts to stop The Grand Tour from interviewing celebrity guests , as had been the focus of the Top Gear `` Star in a Reasonably Priced Car '' segment . It was announced on 16 November 2017 that both `` The American '' and `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' would not be returning and will be replaced for the second series as they had been being unpopular with the viewers . The segment will be replaced by `` Celebrity Face Off '' in which celebrities compete for the best lap times around a new track in a Jaguar F - Type . Episodes ( edit ) Hothouse Flowers playing for the opening sequence of `` The Holy Trinity '' episode in the Lucerne Valley , California Series 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Tent location Cars tested Special guests Original air date `` The Holy Trinity '' Lucerne Valley , California , United States McLaren P1 , Porsche 918 , LaFerrari , BMW M2 Hothouse Flowers , Chris Goodwin , Jérôme d'Ambrosio , Armie Hammer , Jeremy Renner , Carol Vorderman 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) Clarkson , Hammond and May launch their new programme with a film showing Clarkson leaving London to fly to Los Angeles where he meets Hammond and May . As the Hothouse Flowers play `` I Can See Clearly Now '' the trio drive Ford Mustangs through the California desert to Rabbit Dry Lake , accompanied by a range of cars and a fly - over by the Breitling Jet Team . Following a sequence where they greet the audience and viewers , and introduce the tent , the first feature shows the three presenters testing three hybrid hypercars ; with Clarkson in the McLaren P1 , Hammond in the Porsche 918 and May in the Ferrari LaFerrari at the Algarve International Circuit in Portugal . Later , Clarkson introduces the show 's new test track , the `` Eboladrome '' with laps by a Ferrari 488 and then tests a BMW M2 . Jeremy Renner , Armie Hammer and Carol Vorderman are all humorously `` killed '' before being able to take part in the show . Returning to Portugal , Jérôme d'Ambrosio performs timed laps in the hypercars . The episode ends with Hammond and May declaring that they will demolish Clarkson 's house as forfeit for losing a bet : that the McLaren P1 would be fastest in a timed lap and beat the Porsche 918 and LaFerrari . `` Operation Desert Stumble '' Johannesburg , South Africa Aston Martin Vulcan , Audi S8 Plus Johan Ackermann 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) The tent is at the Cradle of Humankind nature reserve overlooking Johannesburg . The presenters discuss President of South Africa Jacob Zuma , the Nkandla compound firepool controversy and carjacking . Clarkson tests the Aston Martin Vulcan at the Eboladrome . Producer Andy Wilman sends the presenters to the King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Centre ( KASOTC ) outside Amman , Jordan for a SAS - style military training exercise . Car - builder Johan Ackermann shows his self - built replica of a Sauber Mercedes C9 . May visits Soweto to take part in South African motorsport of `` Spinning '' where cars generate smoke by performing doughnuts set to rap music until the tyres blowout . A person introduced as actress Charlize Theron is pounced on by a lion and `` killed '' . Finally the presenters return to KASOTC in Jordan to review an Audi S8 Plus while rescuing a VIP and transporting them to the `` British Embassy '' . `` Opera , Arts and Donuts '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Rolls - Royce Dawn , Aston Martin DB11 , Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Simon Pegg 2 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) The tent is on the quayside of Whitby harbour in North Yorkshire . The presenters go `` Grand Touring '' in Italy with May in the Rolls - Royce Dawn , Clarkson in the Aston Martin DB11 and Hammond in the Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat . Clarkson and May 's tour starts at the Palio di Siena horse race , before viewing The Birth of Venus painting at Uffizi Gallery in Florence . Clarkson and Hammond race each other the Mugello Circuit . In the tent the presenters discuss Whitby jet . Returning to Italy , Hammond visits the Lamborghini Museum whilst Clarkson and May watch Carmen staged at the Verona Arena , in the Piazza Bra . The tour continues via the Piazza dei Signori , Vicenza and ends up in the Venetian Lagoon . Simon Pegg `` falls to his death '' from Whitby Swing Bridge . Clarkson presents his take on automated vehicles . Fulfilling their bet from episode one , Hammond and May destroy Clarkson 's house at Diddly Squat Farm in Chadlington , Oxfordshire . `` Enviro - mental '' Whitby , England , United Kingdom Porsche 911 GT3 RS , BMW M4 GTS Jimmy Carr 9 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) Clarkson reviews the Porsche 911 GT3 RS and compares it to the BMW M4 GTS at the Eboladrome ; despite criticising the M4 GTS for sacrificing creature comforts for no overall gain in performance , he declares it the winner simply because Hammond owns a GT3 RS . The presenters travel to South Wales and set out to make the most environmentally friendly car bodies using the platform of a Land Rover Discovery . They take an 11 mile road trip to a dirt track , where they race against three normal cars . The idea of environmentally friendly car bodies is abandoned after Clarkson 's meat car is infested with maggots , Hammond 's garden car catches fire , and May 's mud and hay car falls apart . Jimmy Carr is the guest of `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but his jet ski collides with a boat on his way to the tent . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce an Audi TT Mk1 Quattro with Hammond hidden behind the rear bumper to show a new smuggling technique used by illegal immigrants , as well as using Hammond as an improvised parking sensor . 5 5 `` Moroccan Roll '' Rotterdam , Netherlands Mazda MX - 5 , Zenos E10S , Alfa Romeo 4C Spider Golden Earring 16 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) The tent is at the Port of Rotterdam . To settle an argument over the best affordable roadster , the presenters go to Marrakech , Morocco with Hammond in a Mazda MX - 5 , May in a Zenos E10S and Clarkson in an Alfa Romeo 4C Spider . During the road trip Clarkson suddenly pulls over due to a leg cramp while driving the 4C . Later , he challenges Hammond and May to weigh their cars to prove that the 4C is lighter , using an improvised scale and animal carcasses as counterweight . The scale breaks just as Hammond is about to remove the MX - 5 from it , and the crew are ordered to leave the premises due to their use of animal carcasses . Clarkson and the film crew leave Hammond and May to focus on the 4C . The presenters stop at Atlas Corporation Studios in Ouarzazate to perform timed laps with their cars . Hammond wins , despite crashing into an Egyptian statue prop . Also in the episode , Hammond and May play an explosive game of Battleships using old cars as the `` ships '' and several G - Wizes as `` missiles '' . Dutch band Golden Earring perform live outside the tent , but are electrocuted on stage . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a V - 8 engine to inflate a blow - up doll . 6 6 `` Happy Finnish Christmas '' Saariselkä , Lapland , Finland Ford Mustang GT , Ford Focus RS Bob Geldof 23 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) The tent is at the forests of Saariselkä . At the Port of London , Hammond welcomes the new right - hand - drive Ford Mustang GT and gives it a tour of London and Stonehenge before Clarkson arrives and proceeds to argue that Mustang has no place in Britain and that the Ford Focus RS is a better option . This escalates to a chase between both cars up to Cheddar Gorge . The Mustang beats the Focus in a drag race , but is slower around the Eboladrome . In `` Conversation Street '' , Clarkson and May debate over which confectionery creates more mess in a car -- a Flake or a Double Decker . A person introduced as a drunk Kimi Räikkönen arrives outside the tent for `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , but collapses from drinking too much vodka and is left to die in the arctic temperatures . To fill in the time , the presenters introduce their `` Santaland Grotto '' , where they talk about their Christmas gift ideas , mostly consisting of everyday items emblazoned with car - manufacturer logos . May introduces Bob Geldof via tablet on a Double telerobot . He then talks about the historic 24 Hours of Le Mans rivalry between Ford and Ferrari , which gave birth to the Ford GT40 and the Ferrari P3 . 7 7 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 1 '' Namibia ( no audience ) None None 30 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) The presenters are set a challenge by their producer , Andy Wilman , who wishes to show that beach buggies are poor vehicles . Their challenge is to drive one thousand miles ( 1,600 km ) along Namibia 's Skeleton Coast in three beach buggies , each built to their personal specifications but all derived from the Volkswagen Beetle . After 36 hours of going nowhere , the presenters camp by the shipwreck of Eduard Bohlen before venturing to the Namib Desert . The trio climb and descend several dunes and travel through harsh terrain before finally reaching a road . Clarkson 's buggy breaks down and is abandoned by Hammond and May , who arrive in Windhoek to have a beer while Clarkson struggles with overheating problems on his way to town . 8 8 `` The Beach ( Buggy ) Boys -- Part 2 '' Namibia ( no tent ) None None 31 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) Clarkson finally arrives in Windhoek to meet up with Hammond and May and prepare for the second leg of their journey to the Namibia - Angola border . The rough road takes its toll on Clarkson and May 's buggies until May suggests they continue off - road , which ends up being worse terrain and they end up in softer sand before returning to the road . After the trio sets camp , May attempts to sabotage Clarkson 's buggy when he accidentally sets fire to the front end of his own car . With a third of a mile away from the border , the presenters create a cable car line to cross through a crocodile infested river . Clarkson and May cross successfully , but Hammond is stuck within 200 metres from the goal . Because of this , Clarkson concludes that their failure has proven Wilman right . 9 9 `` Berks to the Future '' Ludwigsburg , Stuttgart , Germany Honda NSX Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Eden Hazard , Oscar , Willian 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) The tent is within the courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace near Stuttgart , where Clarkson praises Germany as the `` cradle of the automobile . '' May reviews the new Honda NSX at the Eboladrome . Clarkson fuses the body of a 1978 MGB Roadster with the chassis of a Land Rover Discovery to make a `` proper '' sport utility vehicle , but when the MG body falls off , he replaces it with a 1980s Mercedes - Benz SL and christens it `` The Excellent '' . He then gives Hammond and May a ride in it to the Cobham Training Centre of Chelsea Football Club before having it displayed at the Coys of Kensington car auction , where it fetches £ 4,000 ( it cost £ 14,000 to make ) . A human figure introduced as German singer Nena is carried away from the courtyard by 99 red balloons . The presenters develop alternative means to recharge mobile phone batteries . May then demonstrates how much power a gym generates to recharge a G - Wiz . Hammond tries his hand on post-apocalyptic `` Bug Out '' vans , made out of a Volkswagen Transporter T25 ; Ford Transit Mk. 3 and an Alvis Stalwart but it is not long before Clarkson and May destroy his creations using a rocket - propelled grenade , Scimitar and Challenger 2 tanks , and a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun on HMS Richmond . 10 10 `` Dumb Fight at the O.K. Coral '' Nashville , Tennessee , United States Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio Brian Johnson 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The tent is in Nashville facing the Cumberland River . Clarkson drives the Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio in Wales and at the Eboladrome . The presenters then travel to Barbados to solve the problem of dying coral reefs by dumping five car body shells into the ocean , but they lose four of the cars , a boat , and a raft due to their numerous mishaps . Eventually , they pull a Land Rover into the ocean before Clarkson ditches his partners to chase a trimaran . They reach the reef site and sink the Land Rover . Former AC / DC vocalist Brian Johnson is tackled and trampled to death by American football players on his way to the tent before the presenters instigate a verbal clash with the audience over the meaning of the word `` football '' . 11 11 `` Italian Lessons '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Fiat Abarth 124 Spider Chris Hoy 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) The tent is on the shore of Loch Ness . Hammond test drives the new Fiat Abarth 124 Spider at the Eboladrome . To prove that a second - hand Maserati priced under £ 8,000 is a better buy than a used Ford Focus , the presenters travel to Circuit de Croix - en - Ternois in France for a series of tests with Clarkson 's Biturbo S Coupé , Hammond 's 430 Saloon , and May 's Zagato Spyder . Because May injured his right arm prior to the challenge , he bought an automatic variant . The presenters then embark on a road trip through Northern France before racing back to England via the Port of Le Havre , with the loser selling his Maserati . Clarkson 's Biturbo dies , but he continues the race with it on a tow truck . He reaches the ferry port , but discovers that his Biturbo fell off the tow truck while chasing Hammond . May launches his Spyder toward a boat and crashes in spectacular fashion . The presenters conclude that buying a second - hand Maserati will result in a 66 % chance of it working . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , Chris Hoy rows toward the tent , but his boat hits an underwater mine . To fill in the time , Clarkson uses a Bulgarian man to demonstrate a new hands - free system for any car and a Thai woman as an inexpensive massaging back seat . 12 12 `` ( censored ) to ( censored ) '' Loch Ness , Scotland , United Kingdom Lexus GS - F , Bentley Bentayga , Range Rover , Jaguar F - Pace Tim Burton 27 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) The tent remains at the west end of Loch Ness because Hammond and May are convinced that the Loch Ness Monster is deep in the water . Clarkson test drives the Lexus GS - F at the Eboladrome , driving past many animal - like figures . The presenters travel to Wank , Germany , where May in a Bentley Bentayga , Clarkson in a Range Rover , and Hammond in a Jaguar F - Pace plan a road trip on the Romantic Road via Kissing , Bavaria , then Petting , Bavaria , to Fucking , Austria . After passing Landsberg Prison and staying overnight in Fucking , Clarkson and Hammond suggest to May that they should skip Wedding , Germany , and head for the Nürburgring instead . A mistake in the voice recognition of May 's navigation system leads them to the Nuremberg Norisring , after which the trio find a quarry to perform timed laps in . Clarkson cheats by climbing a hill and crossing the water to beat Hammond and May 's times by two minutes . Tim Burton crosses Loch Ness in a mini-submarine , which implodes before reaching the tent . During the final announcements a mysterious object is seen rising from the loch in the background . 13 13 `` Past v Future '' Dubai , United Arab Emirates Volkswagen Golf GTI , BMW i3 Roger Daltrey , Wilko Johnson , Daniel Ricciardo , Steve Biagioni , Bartek Ostałowski , Conor Shanahan 3 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) The tent is in Dubai . Clarkson compares his Volkswagen Golf GTI to May 's BMW i3 with a drag race at an airstrip and a road trip from London to Dartmoor to attend a Roger Daltrey and Wilko Johnson concert . Clarkson and Hammond make May hang out with `` winchers '' who drive their 4x4s deep into mud . For `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , F1 racer Daniel Ricciardo drives a hovercraft toward the tent , but crashes before being sucked into the hovercraft 's fan . Hammond defeats the Bugatti Veyron in a drag race with the Porsche 918 Spyder , but quickly loses to a 1900 horsepower Nissan Patrol . Later , he travels to Michelin 's proving grounds in France to learn how to drift . He must then prove his skills against two professional drifters -- double amputee Bartek Ostałowski and 13 - year - old Conor Shanahan -- at Rockingham Motor Speedway . May ends the episode with a series of outtakes of Clarkson and Hammond attempting to drift cars . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clarkson drove a blue Fisker - Galpin Rocket Mustang , Hammond a red Shelby GT350 Mustang , and May a white Roush Stage 3 Mustang . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 18 November 2016 ; Episode 1 became available 20 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 17 November 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Neither credited , or identifiable . Jump up ^ Advertised as being released at 00 : 01 UTC on 25 November 2016 ; Episode 2 became available 60 minutes earlier , before midnight , on the previous day ( 24 November 2016 ) Jump up ^ This actually happened . The team demolished Clarkson 's Oxfordshire home , which was scheduled for demolition , and filmed it for The Grand Tour . Series 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Cars tested Special guests Original air date 14 `` Past , Present or Future '' Lamborghini Aventador S , Honda NSX , Rimac Concept One David Hasselhoff , Ricky Wilson 8 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) The tent is now in the Cotswolds and will remain there for the duration of the series . To determine whether the past , present or future of motoring is best , the presenters visit Switzerland with Clarkson in a petrol powered Lamborghini Aventador S representing the past , May in a hybrid powered Honda NSX representing the present and Hammond in an all electric Rimac Concept One representing the future . After starting at the top of the Gotthard Pass , Hammond brings the trio to a stay at the Park Weggis ( de ) health retreat and visit the Swiss Museum of Transport and other museums in Lucerne close to a charging station for the Rimac car . May and Clarkson reject this and go to a hill climbing race at Hemberg instead . As Clarkson can not fit into the Aventador whilst wearing a mandatory racing helmet , Clarkson cheats and sends a Lamborghini test driver in his place , thus setting the fastest time of all three . Hammond crashes after completing the course , destroying the Rimac in a fire . Footage taken from YouTube shows the wreckage being extinguished and Hammond being airlifted by the Swiss Air - Rescue ( REGA ) to hospital . Celebrity Brain Crash is replaced by Celebrity Face Off , in which David Hasselhoff ( representing the US ) and singer Ricky Wilson ( representing Yorkshire ) compete for the best lap time around a new track in a Jaguar F - Type with Wilson setting the faster time . 15 `` The Falls Guys '' Ford GT , Mercedes AMG GT R Kevin Pietersen , Brian Wilson 15 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) The presenters race from Central Park in Manhattan , New York City , to an observation tower overlooking the Niagara Falls . Clarkson drives a Ford GT whilst May and Hammond ( on crutches ) use public transport . After Hammond and May complete their journey using the New York City Subway , AirTrain JFK , a JetBlue Embraer E190 flight , plus two Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority buses , they find that Clarkson has beaten them using the car . Clarkson reviews the Mercedes AMG GT R after which new test driver Abbie Eaton takes it for a timed lap . Kevin Pietersen and Brian Wilson compete during Celebrity Face Off , recording two new faster times with Pietersen winning overall . 16 `` Bah Humbug - atti '' Bugatti Chiron , Kia Stinger GT , Jaguar XJ220 , Bugatti EB110 Hugh Bonneville , Casey Anderson 22 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Production ( edit ) The Grand Tour tent hidden behind school buses in the Lucerne Valley , California for the first episode of series 1 The format of segments in the programme are a result of needing to ensure differentiation from the team 's previous work on Top Gear for the BBC . The show is presented from a pair of large tents on a Grand Tour around the world . The presenters sit around a trestle table , with the studio audience seated in front of them . The `` Conversation Street '' segment allows discussion of current events at the time of filming . Lap times are shown on an electronic scoreboard . A recurring test driver used for lap times is a named NASCAR character , portraying a stereotypical redneck accent and viewpoints , and prone to tangential speech . Any celebrity guests booked for the `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' segment are shown being `` killed off '' before they can be interviewed by the presenters . Tent ( edit ) The studio tent location varied during the first series . In September 2017 West Oxfordshire District Council gave planning permission for three months of filming from a fixed tent location on the Great Tew Estate near Chipping Norton . Two - hundred parking spaces already used for hosting the Cornbury Music Festival on the same site would be used to accommodate 350 guests per week , plus 80 members of staff . The time window allowed for the series 2 filming was between October and December 2017 . Naming ( edit ) The presenting line - up consists of Richard Hammond , James May and Jeremy Clarkson . The show 's title was announced as The Grand Tour on 11 May 2016 . The show 's logo was unveiled by Clarkson on Twitter on 28 June 2016 . There was speculation that the show could be called Gear Knobs after a trademark application was made for that name by an associated company , but Clarkson stated in October 2015 that this would not be the title . He explained in April 2016 that the word `` Gear '' could not be used for legal reasons . A short trailer was released on 8 April 2016 portraying Clarkson , Hammond and May brainstorming for a suitable name for the new series , before ending with the hashtag # TheStillVeryMuchUntitledClarksonHammondMayAmazonPrimeShowComingAutumn2016 . Another short trailer was posted by Clarkson on Facebook , yet again portraying the trio attempting to conjure up a suitable name . But this time , they end up getting distracted and completely forgetting the task at hand . Shortly afterwards , the trailer was released on the Amazon Video UK YouTube channel . Filming ( edit ) United Broadcast Facilities ( UBF ) in The Netherlands won the contract for the outside broadcasting tent segments . Fourteen microphones are used for recording the audience reaction laugh track within the tent . The mobile studio audio setup uses Lawo mixing desks connected via MADI for live sound mixing , recording and talkback intercoms . In July 2016 following the completion of filming for The Grand Tour an offshore powerboat racing powerboat C - 237 belonging to Sunus Racing was stopped in the San Marco basin and impounded by police near to San Zaccaria , Venice , for only having insurance during filming itself , and not afterwards . Promotion ( edit ) The Grand Tour parcel tape used for orders in November 2016 Following the public naming of the show , Amazon offered new customers a £ 20 discount for their first year on Amazon Prime during 14 -- 16 May 2016 . A trailer announcing the release date of the show as 18 November 2016 was posted on the show 's YouTube channel on 15 September 2016 . A second , full - length trailer , was released on 6 October 2016 . Trailers have used the music `` Come with Me Now '' by Kongos . As part of their marketing campaign , Amazon placed crashed Toyota Prius cars at Hackescher Markt in Berlin , in front of London King 's Cross railway station , and on the Hollywood Walk of Fame outside the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . Sponsorship ( edit ) In mid-2016 DHL began sponsoring the transport costs of the tent and mobile studio . In June 2016 , in connection with the sponsorship deal , the presenters had uploaded videos of themselves attempting to assemble DHL - branded shipping boxes . The first episode stated that `` promotional consideration '' had been given by the Breitling Jet Team , DHL and Samsung . Eight of the Breitling Jet aircraft took part in the opening sequence flyovers . For episode 2 , the list included 5.11 Tactical . A DHL Boeing 757 was featured in the opening sequence of episode 5 , the tent was located in Rotterdam , and the DHL logo is featured on part of the crash barrier at the Eboladrome . Reception ( edit ) As of November 2016 the show has received positive reviews from critics , with The Guardian saying `` Jeremy Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . Daily Express TV reporter , Neela Debnath commented that the first episode `` resembled a Hollywood blockbuster '' and added that `` ( The Grand Tour is ) basically Top Gear on steroids '' . However , BBC Arts Editor , Will Gompertz said of the opening that `` there is no irony . It feels uncomfortably hubristic '' but once the presenters were in the tent `` Normal service has been resumed '' and that `` It seemed to me that Grand Tour is a TV show that wants to be -- and quite possibly should be -- a movie '' The Independent described The Grand Tour as `` the best of Top Gear but with a greater budget '' TheWrap reported an estimate by Symphony Advanced Media that the opening weekend viewer count for The Grand Tour was three times the size of the opening weekend of The Man in the High Castle . Episode 2 was somewhat less favourably received by fans and critics . The Telegraph wrote about the Jordan segment : `` ( ... ) a tedious action movie segment suggested that they were in danger of losing the run of themselves slightly and that Amazon 's hands - off policy towards the production had potential downsides . '' Radio Times said that `` many of the viewers were disgruntled to say the least , branding the show as dull and not funny . '' Richard Hammond was criticised by Stonewall , Peter Tatchell , and Olly Alexander , amongst others , for a comment he made in episode six where he implied that men who eat ice - cream are homosexual . It was later revealed that the comment was an in - joke for the Finnish audience as a reference to a controversial TV commercial that aired in Finland . The Grand Tour received a nomination in the Original OTT Streamed category at the 2017 Television and Radio Industries Club Awards . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant gave the show a positive review , stating `` Fans can rest assured Top Gear has n't gone anywhere , it 's just hiding out at Amazon under a different name . '' Sonia Saraiya of Variety was also positive of the show , stating `` When it comes to the cars , The Grand Tour delivers gearhead porn in spades ... Clarkson , Hammond , and May 's love for machinery ... is still present , pure , and appealing , even with the shift in networks and formats . '' Conversely , in April 2017 Brad Anderson of CarScoops stated that he prefers Top Gear to The Grand Tour . According to Anderson , Top Gear had `` become even better '' , whereas the Grand Tour `` seemed more scripted , less natural and at stages , forced ... attention is often skewed away from the cars as the presenters , namely Clarkson , seemed to chase controversy and headlines '' . Anderson continues that in - studio segments became repetitive quickly , particularly `` Celebrity Brain Crash '' , also noting that all three hosts seem to spend far too much time needling each other , and test driver Mike Skinner offers no worthwhile commentary . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season of The Grand Tour has a `` fresh '' rating of 86 % , based on 7 reviews , with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 . Digital Spy was positive of season 2 , episode 1 , calling it `` An understated premiere for a show that feels like it 's finding its feet . '' The Times was also positive , giving the show 4 out of 5 stars , stating `` Some parts of the show are flat but mostly it works , the production values remain high and it has clearly been hit with a juggernaut of money . '' The Daily Telegraph , while not as positive , still approved of the episode , stating `` The writing is still rather ropey . Clarkson 's suggestion of a new nickname for May -- `` Dingleberry Handpump '' -- failed to raise a titter even among the super-fans gathered for the London premiere '' but also said that `` for each wobble , there are just as many moments when The Grand Tour manages the clever trick Top Gear could pull off at its best : raising a chuckle while sneaking in a bit of serious journalism at the same time . '' and ultimately gave the episode 3 out of 5 stars . Jeremy Clarkson himself believed that they had `` hit the ground running with season 2 of the Grand Tour '' . Broadcast ( edit ) Australian free - to - air network Seven Network started broadcasting the first series of The Grand Tour in mid-October 2017 . French channel RMC Découverte started broadcasting the first series with the Namibian special episodes on 29 November 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Amazon DriveTribe , an automotive enthusiast website by Clarkson , Hammond and May . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : From episode 15 credits ^ Jump up to : Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The program will be U.K. based ^ Jump up to : @ @ thegrandtour ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` GMT , it 's a British show '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Juss , Mindy . `` ' The Grand Tour ' with executive producer Andy Wilman '' . Edinburgh International Television Festival . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sharples , Sarah ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Lawo gears up for The Grand Tour with former Top Gear presenters '' . Pro Sound News Europe . NewBay . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilman , Andy ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Masterclass '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Elaine Bedell . Edinburgh : Edinburgh International Television Festival . Retrieved 7 November 2016 -- via YouTube . ( 2 : 01 ) ... they want everything in 4k , they want a specific framerate , they want it in HDR ... ( 17 : 35 ) ... built a new server to deal with the 4k framerate , the 23.98 ... ( 22 : 18 ) first show ... comes out at 70 - odd minutes ... we 're trying to discipline ourselves to 60 minutes Jump up ^ `` Clarkson delighted with terms of new Amazon show '' . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . The new motoring show , which will be available to Amazon Prime customers next year , will feature at least 36 episodes over three years . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Why Jeremy Clarkson 's ' Top Gear ' Team Went to Amazon '' . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . will be 12 episodes in each of the three series , and each episode will run for around an hour ... deal was brokered by Amazon U.K. film and TV strategy director Chris Bird and Conrad Riggs , the U.S. company 's head of TV production . Jump up ^ Martinson , Jane ( 16 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon to stream The Grand Tour in 200 countries and territories '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Launch Date '' . YouTube . 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Antuan ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour hits the road with Amazon Prime on November 18 '' . Cnet.com . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : A Message from the Guys '' . YouTube . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The First Stop of Clarkson , Hammond , and May 's ' Grand Tour ' Is South Africa '' . www.roadandtrack.com . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season One Finale : Burj Khalifa Gets a Giant Jeremy Face and More '' . www.grandtournation.com . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour breaks Amazon Prime streaming record with debut episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Despite the difficulty , the trio 's debut was an undisputed success , becoming Amazon Prime 's most - watched premiere in the streaming service 's history . The previous record - holder was The Man In The High Castle . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour is going global '' . Amazon . Amazon . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Repeats of The Grand Tour are coming to your TV -- MotoringBox '' . www.motoringbox.com . Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 11 July 2017 ) . The Grand Tour Season 2 Sneak Peek ( trailer ) . Retrieved 13 July 2017 -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How to get in the studio audience of Jeremy Clarkson 's The Grand Tour '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . the studio tent has a new location in the Cotswolds , ... filming taking place every week , usually on Wednesdays , from October 25 until December 19 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` James May reveals when The Grand Tour is returning to Amazon for series 2 '' . Digitalspy.com . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour is no longer going on tour with the hosts cased in the Cotswolds -- BBC Newsbeat '' . 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` James May : Top Gear 's Cenotaph stunt was ' possibly a little unwise ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` James May : ' We are not in a race with Chris Evans ' Top Gear ' '' . Guardian . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Quinn , James ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Amazon 's Jeff Bezos : With Jeremy Clarkson , we 're entering a new golden age of television '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Bezos ( said ) he 's `` very excited '' about the concept ... the show will be `` very , very , very expensive '' for Amazon . `` They 're worth a lot and they know it . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter : `` This is it . The Grand Tour 's first studio day . '' `` . Twitter.com. 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Chris ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Nashville -- How to Get Tickets for Clarkson , Hammond , and May '' . Roadandtrack.com . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Jeremy ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour show one : Los Angeles . Show two : Johannesburg . Show three : Whitby obviously . Tickets available now '' . Twitter . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour on Twitter : `` Thank you for a great show Rotterdam . '' `` . Twitter.com. 19 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour -- Timeline '' . Facebook . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon Instant Video '' . Amazon.de . Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour 's final location is unveiled '' . 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson reveals he nearly died from pneumonia in hospital '' . theguardian.com. 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond airlifted to hospital following car crash in Switzerland '' . theguardian.com. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson 's found a new permanent home for his Amazon show '' . uk.businessinsider.com. 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Holy Trinity '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 18 November 2016 . Event occurs at 42 : 33 . Amazon Video . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour has SCRAPPED its American version of ' The Stig ' from season two '' . 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rufford , Nick ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` Our year from hell : Clarkson , Hammond and May on The Grand Tour season 2 , overcoming disaster , ' that ' crash and ill - health '' . The Sunday Times : Driving . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . The show has a new test track in Enstone , ... there planning problems when ( Clarkson ) tried once before to use the Enstone track , back in Top Gear days ... The noisier testing of fast cars will continue to be done in Wiltshire at RAF Wroughton ... nicknamed `` the Eboladrome '' ^ Jump up to : Ivie , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Goes Back to Its Top Gear Roots '' . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . a future episode ( ... ) will see Nick Mason and Stewart Copeland competing for the title of fastest rock drummer . ^ Jump up to : Finnerty , Joe . `` WWE legend Goldberg and world heavyweight champ Anthony Joshua go head - to - head on The Grand Tour '' . The Sun . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Emma ( 26 November 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson forced to ' kill off ' celebs on The Grand Tour after BBC ' bans Top Gear rip - off star interviews ' '' . The Sun . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kristen ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Brain Crash ' Axed On The Grand Tour Season 2 '' . jalopnik.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 confirms celebrity guests including The Hoff , Jack Bauer and Luke Evans '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Tony ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour : 3 Mustangs from the Opening Sequence of the Premiere Episode '' . Grand Tour Nation . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Launching 18 November , 2016 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Alex ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon upload first episode of Jeremy Clarkson 's Grand Tour 20 minutes Early '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Clarkson surprised fans by launching the Grand Tour half an hour early on Amazon Prime this evening ^ Jump up to : Fane Saunders , Tristram ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` What really happens in The Grand Tour ? Episode - by - episode details for Jeremy Clarkson 's Amazon show revealed '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson blows up old home to make way for new Cotswold farmhouse '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Grand Tour boss said there would be no Christmas specials -- so what are all these photos about ? '' . Radio Times . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . travelling studio tent to Kakslauttanen , Finland ... Even the title gives it away : Happy Finnish Christmas ... on Friday 30th December , wo n't even be coming from the travelling tent at all ... The Grand Tour abandons its usual travelling tent for a road trip across Namibia Jump up ^ `` Clarkson , Hammond und May in Stuttgart : Amazon Prime `` The Grand Tour '' kommt nach Deutschland -- GQ '' ( in German ) . Gq-magazin.de. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PS - Fernsehen im Residenzschloss -- Geheimsache Autoshow -- Landkreis Ludwigsburg -- Stuttgarter Zeitung '' ( in German ) . stuttgarter-zeitung.de. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chris ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Chelsea stars mock Jeremy Clarkson over his custom car on The Grand Tour '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . inspections from Eden Hazard , Diego Costa , Thibaut Courtois , Gary Cahill , Willian and Oscar . Jump up ^ `` Book tickets for the Grand Tour Dubai '' . 7 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . 10th December 2016 ^ Jump up to : McKellar , Sean ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Behind the scenes with The Grand Tour in Switzerland '' . Motoring Box . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . `` It 's the past , the present and the future , '' says Clarkson ... the Gotthard Pass ... Today it is closed for The Grand Tour to film . The Swiss authorities have granted them all of ten minutes ... they head to the top of the pass and do ' the walkaround . ' ... we end the day at the Verkehrshaus , aka the Swiss Transport Museum , ... town of Kriens , 20 minutes from Lucerne , ... home to EVTech , ... We follow Hammond as he plugs in his Rimac and then ... Waits ... why we end the day in the Kriens Chess Museum Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/thegrandtour/status/938062061950717952 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` The Grand Tour season 2 : Richard Hammond is on crutches in episode 2 after horrifying crash '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . second episode titled The Falls Guys , Clarkson drives ... Ford GT from New York city to Niagara Falls , with James May making the same journey via public transport with Hammond ... Celebrity Face Off ... cricketer Kevin Pietersen and baseball 's Brian Wilson Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Season 2 Episode 3 '' . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Michael ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour vs Top Gear : how do they compare ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ( Test driver ) Mike Skinner . A stubbly , Commie - hating 59 - year - old Californian prone to drawling Jump up ^ St. John , Allen ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's Expensive ' Grand Tour ' Is Really Just ' Top Gear ' On Steroids '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grubb , Sophie ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Plans passed for TV filming rumoured to be Jeremy Clarkson 's The Grand Tour '' . Oxford Mail . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . West Oxfordshire District Council has given approval for 13 weeks of filming at the Great Tew Estate , near Chipping Norton ... temporary studio ... Chump Productions , the production company owned by Jeremy Clarkson , James May , Richard Hammond and producer Andy Wilman ... shoot will involve 80 staff members and 350 ticketed guests , with the latter expected to generate 150 -- 200 cars on a filming day ... during two five - week periods between October and December ... 200 parking spaces , a marquee and a catering bus ... parking during the Cornbury festival will be utilised Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's Amazon show to be called The Grand Tour '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter -- The Grand Tour logo '' . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Horton , Helena ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson 's new Amazon Top Gear - style show could be called Gear Knobs '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . ' Gear Knobs ' is trademarked to new company Newincco 1361 Limited which has also trademarked ' Gear Nobs ' , and the name ' Speedbird ' which is speculated to be a charater ( sic ) on the show . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Clarkson ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` I see that many people think our new show is called Gear Knobs . Well you heard it here first . It is n't '' . Twitter . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Alanis ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` The Top Gear Guys ' New Amazon Show Will Not Be Called ' Gear Knobs , ' Thankfully '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Thanks for your suggestions . But be aware : for legal reasons , we can not use a name with the word `` gear '' in it `` . Twitter . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ; Hammond , Richard ; May , James ( 8 April 2016 ) . Clarkson , Hammond & May Brainstorm Names for Their New Amazon Prime Show . Amazon Video UK . YouTube . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson joins Facebook and posts a video of their latest efforts in finding a name for the show . The video was later released on YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super motoscafo per le riprese di `` Top Gear '' sic fermato in Bacino senza assicurazione '' ( Powerboat used for filming `` Top Gear '' sic stopped in the Basin uninsured ) . Venice Today ( in Italian ) . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bolide a Venezia per le riprese della trasmissione `` Top Gear '' sic fermato dai carabinieri '' ( Meteor in Venice for the television show `` Top Gear '' sic stopped by police ) . La Nuova ( in Italian ) . Venice . 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To celebrate The Grand Tour , join Amazon Prime for £ 59 and save £ 20 on your first year 's membership '' . Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 15 September 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : Launch Date , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( 6 October 2016 ) , The Grand Tour : The Official Trailer , retrieved 9 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' The Grand Tour '' ya tiene fecha en Amazon Prime '' ( The Grand Tour now has a date on Amazon Prime ) . Ñandutí , 1020 AM ( in Spanish ) . Paraguay. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . El tráiler oficial , al ritmo de Come with Me Now , de Kongos Jump up ^ Okulski , Travis ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour Is Leaving Crashed Priuses All Over the World '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jonny ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour moves into Top Gear with Clarkson , Hammond and May 's Amazon debut '' . Belfast Telegraph . DHL sponsorship Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` Grand Tour special : `` We 're back ! With all guns blazing '' `` . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Happily , a magnificent company called DHL then rode into the equation , offering to meet our transport costs in something called a `` sponsorship deal '' Jump up ^ `` This video of Jeremy Clarkson assembling a box got better reviews than Top Gear '' . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . shows Jeremy Clarkson assembling a DHL flat - pack box Jump up ^ `` The Holy Trinity '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 1 . 17 November 2016 . Event occurs at 01 : 10 : 45 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Breitling Jet Team DHL Samsung Jump up ^ The Grand Tour ( @ thegrandtour ) ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` 8 Breitling jets , the # BurningVan festival , and a flotilla of over 40 cars . Stream episode 1 of # TheGrandTour on Amazon Prime Video now '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 24 November 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Operation Desert Stumble '' . The Grand Tour . Series 1 . Episode 2 . 24 November 2016 . Event occurs at 00 : 57 : 14 . Amazon Video . `` Promotional Consideration Provided By DHL Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd 5.11 Jump up ^ Warner , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour gets rave reviews from critics as Jeremy Clarkson and co make triumphant Amazon Prime debut '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour review -- Clarkson and co leave the BBC in their dust '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` So how many DID tune in to The Grand Tour ? Amazon cagily announces Clarkson 's premiere its ' biggest ever success ' for Prime Video ( but refuses to release viewing figures ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gompertz , Will ( 18 November 2016 ) , The Grand Tour Review : Clarkson returns in ' filmic ' show Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour episode 1 review : The best of Top Gear with a bigger budget '' . The Independent . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Amazon 's ' Grand Tour ' Triples ' Man in the High Castle ' Viewers '' ( Exclusive ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( 25 November 2016 ) . `` The Grand Tour episode two review : Operation Desert Stumble and Jeremy Clarkson is still off the leash -- plus all the talking points '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers divided over `` difficult second episode '' of The Grand Tour `` . RadioTimes . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Richard Hammond under fire for ' ice - cream is gay ' line on The Grand Tour '' . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . In front of a live audience , Clarkson pointed to an image of the interior of a Rolls Royce , saying : `` The only problem is that in one of those , you could n't enjoy a chocolate Magnum ice - cream . '' `` It 's all right , I do n't eat ice - cream '' , replied Hammond . `` It 's something to do with being straight . '' Jump up ^ `` Richard Hammond is criticised for gay ice cream joke on Amazon show , The Grand Tour '' . 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Simon ( 2 January 2017 ) . `` Richard Hammond 's controversial ' gay ice cream joke ' on The Grand Tour may not have been all it seemed '' . The Sun . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TRIC Award Nominees '' . Television and Radio Industries Club . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour Series Premiere Review & Discussion '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : Jeremy Clarkson 's ' The Grand Tour ' on Amazon '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Brad ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Sorry The Grand Tour , Top Gear Is Again The World 's Best Car Show '' . Car Scoops . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour : Season 1 -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 episode 1 review : We 're in safe hands as Clarkson , Hammond and May return '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television review : The Grand Tour on Amazon Prime '' . The Times . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Tour season 2 , episode 1 review : Has Jeremy Clarkson finally found his groove ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Jeremy ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Jeremy Clarkson on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Trevor . `` Clarkson , Hammond & May 's The Grand Tour coming to Channel 7 free to air ! '' . EFTM . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates in `` The Grand Tour ( TV series ) '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` The Grand Tour ( TV series ) '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Official website The Grand Tour on IMDb The Grand Tour 's channel on YouTube Geographic data related to The Grand Tour 's `` Eboladrome '' test track at OpenStreetMap Quotations related to The Grand Tour at Wikiquote Amazon Video original programming Original series Current Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Lore ( 2017 -- present ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new jeremy clarkson show start | [
"A teaser trailer for the second series was released on 11 July 2017, featuring a Mercedes AMG GT R, Ripsaw EV-2, McLaren 720S, Bugatti Chiron, Audi TT RS, Rimac Concept One, a Grumman American AA-5 light aircraft and an armoured personnel carrier visiting the Dubai Mall.[18] A second trailer, released on 1 November 2017, featured a Lamborghini Aventador S, Honda NSX, Ariel Nomad and Kia Stinger GT. The second series filmed its studio segments on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays between 25 October and 19 December 2017,[19] and premiered on 8 December 2017.[20][21]"
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"8 December 2017"
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-9210487228675193311 | Awake! | Awake ! - Wikipedia Awake ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religious magazine . For other uses , see Awake ( disambiguation ) . Awake ! Cover of Awake ! ( No. 5 , 2017 ) Categories Religious Frequency Bimonthly Circulation 60,240,000 Publisher Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , Inc . First issue October 1 , 1919 ( as The Golden Age ) Company Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania Country United States Based in Warwick , New York , United States Language 121 languages Website Awake ! ISSN 0005 - 237X Part of a series on Jehovah 's Witnesses Overview Organizational structure Governing Body Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society Corporations History Bible Student movement Leadership dispute Splinter groups Doctrinal development Unfulfilled predictions Demographics By country Beliefs Practices Salvation Eschatology The 144,000 Faithful and discreet slave Hymns God 's name Blood Discipline Literature The Watchtower Awake ! New World Translation List of publications Bibliography Teaching programs Kingdom Hall Gilead School People Watch Tower presidents W.H. Conley C.T. Russell J.F. Rutherford N.H. Knorr F.W. Franz M.G. Henschel D.A. Adams Formative influences William Miller Henry Grew George Storrs N.H. Barbour John Nelson Darby Notable former members Raymond Franz Olin Moyle Opposition Criticism Persecution Supreme Court cases by country Awake ! is an illustrated religious magazine published every second month by Jehovah 's Witnesses via the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . It is considered to be a companion magazine of The Watchtower , and is distributed by Jehovah 's Witnesses in their door - to - door ministry . Awake ! is the second most widely distributed magazine in the world ( after the Public Edition of The Watchtower ) , with a total worldwide circulation of over 60 million copies in 121 languages per issue . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose 3 Content 3.1 Authorship 4 Distribution 4.1 Cost 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The magazine was originally published `` every other Wednesday '' under the name The Golden Age on October 1 , 1919 , by the International Bible Students Association . ( In 1930 it was published in Danish under the name New World . ) On October 6 , 1937 , it was renamed Consolation and continued to be published bi-weekly until July 31 , 1946 . On August 22 , 1946 , the magazine was renamed Awake ! and until 2005 was published semi-monthly in major languages ( on the 8th and 22nd ) , monthly in many languages , and quarterly in a few languages . As of January 2006 , the magazine was published monthly , and as of 2016 it was published every second month . As of early 2018 , it is published every four months , in March , July , and November of each year . Purpose ( edit ) The stated purpose of the magazine has changed over time . From 1982 to 1995 , each issue of the magazine included a mission statement which stated `` this magazine builds confidence in the Creator 's promise of a peaceful and secure new order before the generation that saw 1914 passes away '' . When their belief regarding the `` generation '' of 1914 was changed to a less literal sense , the aim was restated as `` this magazine builds confidence in the Creator 's promise of a peaceful and secure new world that is about to replace the present wicked , lawless system of things '' . Content ( edit ) Awake ! contains articles about general - interest topics such as nature , geography , family life , and also the Bible and biblical history , from the Watchtower Bible And Tract Society 's perspective . It has also presented medical opinions of various medical conditions . Conditions that have been featured in Awake ! include dementia , stroke , infectious diseases , bipolar disorder , and postpartum depression . Many issues claim that mankind is living in the end times . Authorship ( edit ) The magazine 's editor under the titles of The Golden Age and Consolation was Clayton J. Woodworth , who later served on the boards of several corporations of Jehovah 's Witnesses . When the magazine was renamed Awake ! , the journal 's editorship became anonymous . ( Autobiographical articles credited to individual members about their experiences and circumstances occasionally appear . ) Publication is overseen by the Writing Committee of the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Distribution ( edit ) The magazine is printed in nineteen countries ; about 25 % of the total is printed at one of the organization 's printeries in Toronto , Canada . Awake ! is considered to be the second most widely distributed magazine in the world ( after The Watchtower -- Public Edition ) , with a worldwide circulation of 60,240,000 each issue . The magazine is distributed by Jehovah 's Witnesses in the course of their house - to - house ministry . They are also distributed by approaching people in public places , given informally to acquaintances and professionals , or left as reading material in places such as bus terminals and laundromats . Awake ! is available , in selected languages , on audio compact disc and online in various digital formats . Cost ( edit ) Until March 1990 , Awake ! was available for a small charge that varied over time and in different countries . For example , in the United States , the suggested donation per issue was $0.05 in 1950 , gradually increasing to $0.25 in 1989 . On January 17 , 1990 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Jimmy Swaggart that sales of religious literature were subject to taxation , which introduced ambiguity into the formerly tax - free practice of suggesting a particular donation in exchange for the magazines . The Watch Tower Society supported Swaggart in the case , arguing that the perceived sale of religious literature should be exempt from taxation . From March 1 , 1990 , the journals were made available at no cost , on a freewill donation basis in the United States , with the stated purpose of simplifying their Bible educational work and distinguishing themselves from those who commercialize religion . An article in the May 1990 issue of Our Kingdom Ministry -- a newsletter provided to members -- stated that `` there are growing pressures against all religious elements '' and went on to say that their main concern was to move ahead in the worldwide preaching work , `` without hindrance . '' The sale of Jehovah 's Witnesses ' literature was gradually phased out in other countries , and Awake ! has been distributed free of charge worldwide since early 2000 , its printing being funded by voluntary donations from Jehovah 's Witnesses and members of the public . See also ( edit ) Jehovah 's Witnesses publications List of Watch Tower Society publications List of magazines by circulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Awake ! No. 6 2017 issue , page 2 Jump up ^ The Watchtower , April 1 , 1990 , page 28 , `` In 1930 the magazine The Golden Age ( now Awake ! ) began to be published in Danish under the name The New World . '' Jump up ^ Revelation - Its Grand Climax At Hand , pages 146 - 147 Jump up ^ Watch Tower Publications , Watchtower Publications Index , 2008 Jump up ^ Our Kingdom Ministry , March 2005 , published by the Christian Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses , `` beginning with its January 2006 issue , Awake ! will be published as a monthly magazine . This will result in considerable simplification in the preparation , translation , and shipping of our literature . This change will affect about 40 percent of the languages in which Awake ! is published . In most languages , Awake ! is already a monthly or a quarterly publication . '' Jump up ^ Awake ! 8th November 1995 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Awake ! '' October 2010 page. 4 Jump up ^ Awake ! , September 22 , 1998 Jump up ^ Awake ! , February 8 , 1998 Jump up ^ Awake ! , July 22 , 1999 Jump up ^ Awake ! , September 8 , 2001 Jump up ^ Awake ! , March 8 , 2003 Jump up ^ Woodworth was editor except during a brief period of incarceration in 1918 and 1919 in connection with his commentary on Revelation in The Finished Mystery Jump up ^ `` Announcements '' . The Watchtower . February 15 , 1952 . p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` '' Do Not Tire Out `` '' . The Watchtower. April 15 , 2013 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ The Watchtower , November 1 , 2005 , page 27 Jump up ^ `` Contents page '' . Awake ! . February 2017 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Question Box '' , Our Kingdom Ministry , March 1988 , page 4 , `` Perhaps some back issues of the magazines could be distributed free when visiting nursing homes and hospitals . They could be left at Laundromats or in the lobbies of residential buildings where our work is restricted . However , good judgment should be exercised as to how many and how often magazines are left at one place ... No literature of any kind should be left in mailboxes '' Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses website -- Audio recordings and digital formats of magazines Jump up ^ `` Publication details '' . The Watchtower . May 15 , 1950 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Announcements '' . Our Kingdom Ministry . October 1989 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Edmond C. Gruss ( 2003 ) . The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society ( Jehovah 's Witnesses ) . Xulon Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Our Literature Wisely '' . Our Kingdom Ministry . May 1990 . p. 7 . At the end of February 1990 , it was explained that magazines and literature will be provided to publishers and to the interested public on a complete donation basis , that is , without asking or suggesting that a specific contribution be made as a precondition to receiving an item . Jump up ^ 2001 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . p. 18 . Another factor in reaching more people with the good news has been the simplified literature distribution arrangement ... The voluntary donation arrangement is explained to people , but no charge is made for the literature . As of January 2000 , that arrangement was extended to all lands where it was not already in operation . External links ( edit ) The Watchtower and Awake ! magazines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Awake!&oldid=816061230 '' Categories : 1919 in Christianity American monthly magazines Audio periodicals Downloadable magazines Free magazines Jehovah 's Witnesses magazines Magazines established in 1919 Religious magazines Magazines published in Pennsylvania English - language magazines Multilingual magazines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 00 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the religious pamphlets and books distributed by the american tract society | [] | [] |
3790782798207494469 | Indo-Tibetan Border Police | Indo - Tibetan border Police - wikipedia Indo - Tibetan border Police Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police Common name Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Abbreviation ITBPF Motto Shaurya -- Dridhata -- Karm Nishtha Valour -- Steadfastness and Commitment Agency overview Formed 24 October , 1962 Employees 89,432 active personnel Annual budget ₹ 4,824.31 crore ( US $750 million ) ( 2016 - 17 est . ) Legal personality Non government : Central Armed Police Forces Jurisdictional structure Federal agency IN Governing body Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) Constituting instrument Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Act , 1992 General nature Federal law enforcement Civilian agency Specialist jurisdictions Paramilitary law enforcement , counter insurgency , armed response to civil unrest , counter terrorism , special weapons operations . National border patrol , security , and integrity . Operational structure Headquarters New Delhi , India Minister responsible Rajnath Singh , Union Home Minister Agency executive RK Pachnanda , Director General of ITBP Parent agency Central Armed Police Forces Facilities Boats 30 Planes 2 Helicopters Website ( 1 ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police . Sarahan , Himachal Pradesh , India . The Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of India , raised on 24 October 1962 , under the CRPF Act , in the wake of the Sino - Indian War of 1962 . The ITBP was intended for deployment along India 's border with China 's Tibet Autonomous Region . In September 1996 , the Parliament of India enacted the `` Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force Act , 1992 '' to `` provide for the constitution and regulation '' of the ITBP `` for ensuring the security of the borders of India and for matters connected therewith '' . The first head of the ITBP , designated Inspector General , was Balbir Singh , a police officer previously belonging to the Intelligence Bureau . The ITBP , which started with 4 battalions , has since restructuring in 1978 has undergone expansion to a force of 56 battalions as of 2017 with a sanctioned strength of 89,432 . The ITBP is trained in Civil Medical Camp , disaster management , and nuclear , biological and chemical disasters . ITBP personnel have been deployed abroad in UN peacekeeping missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Western Sahara , Sudan , Afghanistan and elsewhere . Two battalions of ITBP are deputed to National Disaster Response Force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Command Control superstructure 2 Roles 3 Training centres 4 Education and Stress Counselling Services in ITBP 5 Equipment 6 Fatalities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Command control superstructure ( edit ) ITBP , for the first two decades since its raising in 1962 , till 1983 , was headed by Inspector Generals of Police ( IGs ) , all drawn from the IPS . In this period ( 1963 -- 83 ) , IGs had stable tenures , for instance B Chatterjee , IG , was head of the force from 02 - 06 - 1964 to 31 - 08 - 1974 , and RN Sheopory , as IG , was head from 03 - 09 - 1974 to 22 - 12 - 1980 . In 1983 , the Indira Gandhi led Congress Government , upgraded ITBP head to Director General ( DG ) . Since then , there has exponentially expansion of higher ranks , accompanied by volatility in the tenures of the head of ITBP . Instead of one IG as in 1983 , ITBP now has 16 DG / IGs , and over 40 DIGs . The average tenure of DGs is about a year plus , and in some cases barely a few weeks , for instance B.B. Nandy , IPS , was DG ( 10 - 01 - 1997 to 03 - 04 - 1997 ) , for just 28 weeks . Going by the trend of short tenures of DGs , it would appear that the Government is not overly concerned about command control , or in maintaining command continuity in the ITBP . The post of DG was again upgraded by the Manmohan Singh led UPA Government in 2008 . Item DG IGs DIGs Remarks Hqs 7 13 - Frontier hqs - 7 - - Sector hqs - - 15 - Training - 12 - Total 15 40 - Roles ( edit ) ITBP is a multi-dimensional force which primarily has 5 functions : Vigil on the northern borders , detection and prevention of border violations , and promotion of the sense of security among the local populace . Check illegal immigration and trans - border smuggling Provide security to sensitive installations and threatened VIPs Restore and preserve order in any area in the event of disturbance to maintain the peace Ski Contingent of the ITBP during their 53rd Raising Day Parade , 2014 Presently , battalions of ITBP are deployed on border guard duties from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Diphu La in Arunachal Pradesh , covering 3488 km of the India - China border . Manned border posts are at altitudes as high as 21,000 feet ( 6,400 m ) in the western , middle & eastern sector of the border . ITBP is a mountain trained force and most of the officers & men are professionally trained mountaineers and skiers . The force is under an expansion plan in order to provide relief to its troops from constant deployment in high altitude areas under dynamic and professional leadership of Shri Subhash Goswami , IPS . The border posts manned by ITBP are exposed to high velocity storms , snow blizzards , avalanches , and landslides , besides the hazards of high altitude and extreme cold , where temperature dips up to minus 40 - degree Celsius . ITBP conducts Long Range and Short Range patrols to keep an effective vigil on inaccessible and unmanned areas on the border . The ITBP has recently taken on a disaster management role . Being the first responder for natural Disaster in Himalayas , ITBP was the first to establish 06 ( now 08 ) Regional Response Centres in Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand and Northeast India and carried out numerous rescue and relief operations in various disaster situations , which took place in our areas of responsibility as well as other parts of the country . ITBP has already trained 1032 personnel in Disaster Management including 98 personnel in Radiological and Chemical and Biological emergencies . ITBP has established a National Centre for Training in Search , Rescue & Disaster response at Bhanu , Haryana which is imparting training to personnel of ITBP and other Paramilitary / State Police Forces . There is also a training centre for the Dogs at Basic Training centre situated at Bhanu . The centre is known as NICD . ITBP Commando units provide security to the Embassy and consulates of India in Afghanistan . Besides this two Companies of the ITBP are providing security in Afghanistan . One company of ITBP is deployed in United Nation Mission in Congo since November , 2005 . A National Centre for UNCIVPOL training has been set up at ITBP Camp , Tigri , Khanpur , Delhi for providing systematic training to Indian Police Officers for deployment in UN Mission . ITBP is also providing security to the pilgrims during Annual Kailash Mansarovar Yatra from 1981 . ITBP provides communication , security and medical cover to the yatries from Gunji to Lipulekh Pass and back to Gunji in co-ordination with MEA and Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam . Chitkul Village , as seen from the road to the ITBP checkpost ITBP 's major training centre is located at Mussoorie , in Uttarakhand . The Training Academy has been established in 1976 , and imparts training to Officers , Subordinate officers , and promotional course . Specialised training programmes in rock craft , explosives handling etc. are also conducted here. Ace mountaineer and Padma Shri awardee , Shri Harbhajan Singh , IG heads this institution . Keeping in view the evolving security scenario of the country , ITBP has established a Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School ( CIJW ) at an altitude of 6000 feet in the heart of extremely tough Himalayan mountains , at Mahidanda in Uttarkashi district , under dynamic vision of the then DG of the Force Shri Vikram Srivasatava , IPS . He provided top rated leadership to the force . The CIJW school provides state of the art training to ITBP 's men and officers to enable them to take on the 21st century 's security challenges in the form of anti Naxal Operations . Jungle warfare , handling of explosives , rock craft , survival in adverse conditions , unarmed combat , and guerrilla warfare are some of the subjects trained here . The training regime , formulated under close supervision of Shri Rajiv Mehta , IPS and executed on ground by Sanjeev Raina , DIG is extremely demanding both mentally and physically , needing special preparation . The presence of the force along the Indo China border , maintains vigil along the extremely difficult high altitude border area . The troops of the force keeps a sharp eye on any violation of the border , trans border smuggling , and affords a sense of security to the remotely located isolated settlements . The altitude where the troops are deployed range up to 18800 feet , and the temperature plummets to minus 30 degrees during winter with snow fall of more than ten feet . The force is synonymous with adventure and dare - devilry and has undertaken numerous mountaineering expeditions . Its skiers have been national champions , who have competed winter Olympics . Its river rafters have created international history in rafting through the turbulent white waters of the mighty Brahmaputra , the Indus and the Ganges . The Force has created a milestone by becoming the first Central Para Military Force to grab up the Best Marching Contingent Trophy in the Republic Day parades in 1998 , 1999 , 2000 and 2011 . It broke new ground in 1998 when it sent the first ever police tableau of the country to participate in the Republic Day Parade . ITBP is in the forefront of movement for the preservation of Himalayan environment and ecology . ITBP has taken up in a big way the task of greening the Himalayan regions especially in Inner Himalayas . Being the only human presence in areas close to China border , it has taken on itself the task of maintaining the delicate balance of flora and fauna . ITBP being deployed in mountains has developed the expertise in rescue & relief operations in mountains , which entail different specialised skills of very high standard . It is always first in extending rescue & relief in case of natural calamity . ITBP conducts a large number of civic action programmes in remote border and terrorist affected areas to provide free and expert medical , health and hygiene care to the civilian population in remote villages . ITBP Academy has been given the status of `` Centre of Excellence '' by the Government of India and now is on the path of modernisation of its training infra - structure . As of June 2004 , the Academy has trained 3,785 GOs , 7,776 SOs and 27,476 Other Ranks from ITBP and CPOs / State Police Forces . Training centres ( edit ) ITBP training centres develop amongst the trainees the qualities of : professional skills , esprit de corps and leadership . They are taught the values of integrity , impartiality and respect for all castes , creeds and religions . Maintaining the highest tradition of supreme sacrifice in the service of motherland the Himveers are also taught to function effectively while always keeping in mind human rights and the codes of war which always guide their conduct . The Basic Training Centre at Bhanu , ITBP Academy at Mussourie , and the Mountaineering & Skiing Institute at Auli run the training programmes and conduct indoor and outdoor training activities , in pursuance of this mission . The motto of the ITBP , Shaurya , dridata , karm nishtha ( Valour , determination , devotion to duty ) has always inspired its men in accepting challenges to bring glory to the nation and honour to the force . In the course of active duties , the force has earned a number of Civil and Service honours , and decorations like Padma Shree -- 2 , Shaurya Chakra -- 1 , Sena Medal -- 1 , President 's Police Medal for Gallantry -- 3 , Police Medal for Gallantry -- 44 , President 's Police Medal for Distinguished Service -- 63 , Police Medal for Meritorious Service -- 292 and the Prime Minister 's Life Saving Medal -- 54 . ITBP has undergone a massive expansion plan to provide much needed relief to its troops who remain deployed in the tough high altitude terrain for most part of their service . 13 units were raised in the year 2006 -- 07 , followed by another 7 units the following year . ITBP is building full fledge recreation and Training centre in Belgaum at Halbhavi , Belgaum provides the best climate for recreation and ITBP will relocate the personal and will have large family bases in Belgaum for its soldiers after high altitude stressful . Education and stress counselling services in ITBP ( edit ) ITBP is the only Central Armed Police Force in India , which has combatised stress counsellors in its Field units , Formations Including the Ranks - Deputy Commandants ESC , Assistant Commandant - ESC , Inspector - ESC , Sub Inspector - ESC and Head Constable - ESC . These uniformed stress counsellors also play a major role in improving education for ITBP wards and the local children near ITBP Units . There are 21 ITBP Public Schools across the country run by ESC personnel of ITBPolice Force . A school run by ESC personnel of ITBP ITBP Schools are located at remote areas like Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Leh and Sonipat , Dwarka Delhi . Equipment ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Pistol Auto 9mm 1A 9mmx19 mm Heckler & Koch MP5 A3 9mmx19 mm SMG AKM INSAS 5.56 mmx45 mm Assault Rifle FN FAL self - loading rifle ( Indian origin , has been phased out 90 % , with INSAS ) INSAS LMG Bren LMG FN MAG MMG Carl Gustav 84 mm recoilless rifles AGS - 30 Automatic Grenade Launcher 81 mm Mortar 51mm Mortar Fatalities ( edit ) Assistant Commandant Ashok Kumar Rana was killed in 1998 at Chirwar , in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents . Deputy Commandant Joy Lal , was killed in a land mine blast . Inspector Raj Kumar was killed in 1997 in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents at Wangam in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Constable Suresh Kumar was killed in December 1994 in an encounter with Kashmiri insurgents in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Constable Kishan Ram killed in March 1994 in an encounter with insurgents in District Anantnag in the state of Jammu and Kashmir , and was posthumously decorated . Three members of the ITBP were also killed in an attempt to climb Mount Everest during a severe storm in 1996 . Ct Ajay Pathania and Roop Singh were killed when a suicide bomber attacked the Indian Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan on 7 July 2008 . Both the officers have been honoured with Kirti Chakra on 15 August 2008 . Six ITBP personnel were killed during rescue operations in flood hit Uttarakhand when the Mi - 17V5 helicopter of IAF crashed due to bad weather . See also ( edit ) Assam Rifles Border outpost Border Security Force Central Industrial Security Force Central Reserve Police Force Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( Water Wing ) Ministry of Home Affairs National Security Guard Sashastra Seema Bal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/EnglAnnualReport2016-17_17042017.pdf Jump up ^ `` Rs 78,000 crore budget for # MHA ; Rs 1,577 crore for # IntelligenceBureau in # Budget2017 hike '' . Live Mint. 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/index.html Jump up ^ `` THE INDO - TIBETAN BORDER POLICE FORCE ACT , 1992 ACT No. 35 OF 1992 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY AND ROLE OF ITBP '' . ITBP . ITBP . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MHA Annual Report 2016 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : MHA ( 2016 ) . `` official website of Indo - Tibetan Border Police Force , MHA , GOI '' . MHA . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Department of Personnel & Training ( DOPT ) . `` INDIAN POLICE SERVICE ( PAY ) RULES , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Government Of India Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances & ... Department of Personnel & Training ( DOPT ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://itbpolice.nic.in/itbpwebsite/itbpschools.html Jump up ^ ITBP Assistant Commandant GD LDCE Result UGCTET . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo - Tibetan Border Police . ITBP website ITBP Academy Law enforcement in India Cross civil service : Indian Administrative Service , Indian Police Service and Indian Revenue Service Union Home Ministry Ministry of Home Affairs State Home Departments Bihar Home Department Tamil Nadu Home Department Uttar Pradesh Home Department West Bengal Home Department Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Andaman and Nicobar Police Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Chandigarh Police Commando Battalion for Resolute Action ( COBRA ) Delhi Police Dadra and Nagar Haveli Police Daman and Diu Police Home Guard Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) Lakshadweep Police National Security Guard ( NSG ) Puducherry Police Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Rapid Action Force ( RAF ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Federal Intelligence Agencies Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) National Technical Research Organisation Federal Investigative Agencies Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) State police forces Andhra Pradesh Police Arunachal Pradesh Police Assam Police Bihar Police Chhattisgarh Police Goa Police Gujarat Police Haryana Police Himachal Pradesh Police Jammu and Kashmir Police Jharkhand Police Karnataka Police Kerala Police Madhya Pradesh Police Maharashtra Police Manipur Police Meghalaya Police Mizoram Police Nagaland Police Odisha Police Punjab Police Rajasthan Police Sikkim Police Tamil Nadu Police Telangana Police Tripura Police Uttar Pradesh Police Uttarakhand Police West Bengal Police Police Commissionerates North India Delhi Police East India Asansol -- Durgapur Police Commissionerate Barrackpore Police Commissionerate Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate Howrah Police Commissionerate Kolkata Police Siliguri Police Commissionerate Central India Bhubaneswar -- Cuttack Police Commissionerate West India Mumbai Police Nagpur Police Pune Police South India Bangalore City Police Coimbatore City Police Chennai Metropolitan Police Hyderabad City Police Kochi City Police Kollam City Police Nizamabad Police Thrissur City Police Thiruvananthapuram City Police Visakhapatnam City Police Border guards Africa Ghana Border Guard Unit Customs Excise and Preventive Service Asia Bangladesh Mainland China Border Security Force Georgia Hong Kong , China Immigration Department Customs and Excise India Border Security Force Indo - Tibetan Border Police Rashtriya Rifles Sashastra Seema Bal Special Frontier Force Assam Rifles Iran Israel Macau , China Malaysia Nepal Japan Immigration Bureau of Japan Pakistan Frontier Corps Rangers Singapore South Korea Korea Immigration Service Military Police Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Thailand Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia European Union Finland France Border Police Directorate - General of Customs and Indirect Taxes Germany Guernsey Ireland Italy Carabinieri Guardia di Finanza Polizia di Stato Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Police Garrison of Sør - Varanger Poland Straż Graniczna Służba Celna Portugal Romania Russian Federation San Marino Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada United States Oceania Australia Border Force Department of Agriculture New Zealand Immigration Customs Service South America Argentina Colombia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police&oldid=807166549 '' Categories : Federal law enforcement agencies of India Specialist law enforcement agencies Specialist law enforcement agencies of India Border guards Non-government law enforcement agencies 1962 establishments in India Border guarding forces of India Government agencies established in 1962 Paramilitary forces of India China -- India border Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2014 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has taken charge as the new director general of the indo tibetan border police | [
"\n\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police\n\n\nCommon name\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police Force\n\n\nAbbreviation\nITBPF\n\n\n\n\n\nMotto\nShaurya – Dridhata – Karm Nishtha\nValour – Steadfastness and Commitment\n\n\nAgency overview\n\n\nFormed\n24 October, 1962\n\n\nEmployees\n89,432 active personnel[1]\n\n\nAnnual budget\n₹4,824.31 crore (US$750 million) (2016-17 est.)[2]\n\n\nLegal personality\nNon government: Central Armed Police Forces\n\n\nJurisdictional structure\n\n\nFederal agency\nIN\n\n\nGoverning body\nMinistry of Home Affairs (India)\n\n\nConstituting instrument\nIndo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act, 1992\n\n\nGeneral nature\n\n\nFederal law enforcement\nCivilian agency\n\n\n\n\nSpecialist jurisdictions\n\n\nParamilitary law enforcement, counter insurgency, armed response to civil unrest, counter terrorism, special weapons operations.\nNational border patrol, security, and integrity.\n\n\n\n\nOperational structure\n\n\nHeadquarters\nNew Delhi, India\n\n\nMinister responsible\nRajnath Singh, Union Home Minister\n\n\nAgency executive\nR K Pachnanda[3], Director General of ITBP\n\n\nParent agency\nCentral Armed Police Forces\n\n\nFacilities\n\n\nBoats\n30\n\n\nPlanes\n2 Helicopters\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\n[1]\n\n"
] | [
"R K Pachnanda"
] |
6759229512493982190 | End of World War II in Europe | End of World war II in Europe - wikipedia End of World war II in Europe Jump to : navigation , search The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims , 8 May 1945 West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Allies took place in late April and early May 1945 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of surrenders and deaths 2 See also 3 Citations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Timeline of surrenders and deaths ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners : The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy . In the three to four months up to the end of April , over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front . In early April , the first Allied - governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces , not POWs ( prisoners of war ) . The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants . By October , thousands had died in the camps from starvation , exposure and disease . The Dachau death train consisted of nearly forty railcars containing the bodies of between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners who were evacuated from Buchenwald on 7 April 1945 . Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps and refugees : Allied forces began to discover the scale of The Holocaust . The advance into Germany uncovered numerous Nazi concentration camps and forced labor facilities . Up to 60,000 prisoners were at Bergen - Belsen when it was liberated on 15 April 1945 , by the British 11th Armoured Division . Four days later troops from the American 42nd ( Rainbow ) Infantry Division found Dachau . Allied troops forced the remaining SS guards to gather up the corpses and place them in mass graves . Due to the prisoners ' poor physical condition , thousands continued to die after liberation . Captured SS guards were subsequently tried at Allied war crimes tribunals where many were sentenced to death . However , up to 10,000 Nazi war criminals eventually fled Europe using ratlines such as ODESSA . German forces leave Finland : On 25 April 1945 , the last German formations withdrew from Finnish Lapland into occupied Norway . On 27 April 1945 , the Raising the Flag on the Three - Country Cairn photograph was taken . Mussolini 's death : On 25 April 1945 , Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin . On 27 April 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans . It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland ( through the Splügen Pass ) , and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion . On 28 April , Mussolini was executed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ) ; the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there . The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city . On 29 April , Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta . This included Army Group Liguria . Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic . The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . Final positions of the Allied armies , May 1945 Axis - held territory at the end of the war in Europe shown in blue Keitel signs surrender terms , 8 May 1945 in Berlin Hitler 's death : On 30 April , as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ended with American and British occupation , in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city , along with his escape route cut off by the Americans , realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini 's fate , German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun , his long - term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide . In his will , Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , his second - in - command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich . Hitler appointed his successors as follows ; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ( `` President of Germany '' ) and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler ( Chancellor of Germany ) . However , Goebbels committed suicide the following day , leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany . German forces in Italy surrender : On 29 April , the day before Hitler died , Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner , plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , signed a surrender document at Caserta after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies , which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace . In the document , the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May . Accordingly , after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May , nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May . German forces in Berlin surrender : The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May . On that date , General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defense Area , unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army . On the same day the officers commanding the two armies of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin , ( General Kurt von Tippelskirch , commander of the German 21st Army and General Hasso von Manteuffel , commander of Third Panzer Army ) , surrendered to the Western Allies. 2 May is also believed to have been the day when Hitler 's deputy Martin Bormann died , from the account of Artur Axmann who saw Bormann 's corpse in Berlin near the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station after encountering a Soviet Red Army patrol . Lehrter Bahnhof is close to where the remains of Bormann , confirmed as his by a DNA test in 1998 , were unearthed on 7 December 1972 . German forces in North West Germany , Denmark , and the Netherlands surrender : On 4 May 1945 , the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans - Georg von Friedeburg , and General Eberhard Kinzel , of all German forces `` in Holland ( sic ) , in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands , in Schleswig - Holstein , and in Denmark ... includ ( ing ) all naval ships in these areas '' , at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath ; an area between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen . The number of German land , sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men . On 5 May , Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases . At 16 : 00 , General Johannes Blaskowitz , the German commander - in - chief in the Netherlands , surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard ( acting as commander - in - chief of the Dutch Interior Forces ) . German forces in Bavaria surrender : At 14 : 30 on 4 May 1945 , General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the American 6th Army Group . Central Europe : On 5 May 1945 , the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising . The following day , the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive . In Dresden , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large - scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched . Within two days , Mutschmann abandoned the city , but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape . Hermann Göring 's surrender : On 6 May , Reichsmarshall and Hitler 's second - in - command , Hermann Göring , surrendered to General Carl Spaatz , who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe , along with his wife and daughter at the Germany - Austria border . He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive . German forces in Breslau surrender : At 18 : 00 on 6 May , General Hermann Niehoff , the commandant of Breslau , a ' fortress ' city surrounded and besieged for months , surrendered to the Soviets . Jodl and Keitel surrender all German armed forces unconditionally : Thirty minutes after the fall of `` Festung Breslau '' ( Fortress Breslau ) , General Alfred Jodl arrived in Reims and , following Dönitz 's instructions , offered to surrender all forces fighting the Western Allies . This was exactly the same negotiating position that von Friedeburg had initially made to Montgomery , and like Montgomery the Supreme Allied Commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , threatened to break off all negotiations unless the Germans agreed to a complete unconditional surrender to all the Allies on all fronts . Eisenhower explicitly told Jodl that he would order western lines closed to German soldiers , thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets . Jodl sent a signal to Dönitz , who was in Flensburg , informing him of Eisenhower 's declaration . Shortly after midnight , Dönitz , accepting the inevitable , sent a signal to Jodl authorizing the complete and total surrender of all German forces . At 02 : 41 on the morning of 7 May , at SHAEF headquarters in Reims , France , the Chief - of - Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command , General Alfred Jodl , signed an unconditional surrender document for all German forces to the Allies , committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin . General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May . It included the phrase `` All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8 , 1945 . '' The next day , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin , and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender , explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF . The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst ; it now houses the German - Russian Museum Berlin - Karlshorst . German forces on the Channel Islands surrender : At 10 : 00 on 8 May , the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15 : 00 during which he announced : `` Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight , but in the interests of saving lives the ' Cease fire ' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front , and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today . '' VE - Day : News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May , and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire . In the US , Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day . As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May . German units cease fire : Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) -- the German Armed Forces High Command ) , not all commanders did so . The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler 's last will and testament . On 8 May , Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria ; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive , forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May . The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal : The Second Army , under the command of General von Saucken , on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads , on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May , as did the forces on the Greek islands ; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France , in Saint - Nazaire , La Rochelle ( after the Allied siege ) , and Lorient . Battle of Slivice , the last battle in Czechoslovakia , on 12 May On 13 May , the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe . Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date . People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill 's victory speech , 8 May 1945 The garrison on Alderney , one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans , surrendered on 16 May , one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May . The Georgian Uprising of Texel ( 5 April -- 20 May ) was Europe 's last battlefield in World War II . It was fought between Georgian Nazi - collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island . Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia ( today 's Slovenia ) , on 14 and 15 May , known as the Battle of Poljana . Last battle in Europe , Battle of Odžak between yugoslav partisans and NDH forces , concludes on 25 of May . The remaining NDH soldiers escape to the forest . A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945 ; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , two days after the Surrender of Japan . Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower : Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state , but his Flensburg government ( so - called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town ) , was not recognized by the Allies . On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria . The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested . On 23 May , acting on SHAEF 's orders and with the approval of the Soviets , American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest , and that their government was dissolved . The Allies had a problem , because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally , SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the `` European Advisory Commission '' ( EAC ) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government . This was considered a very important issue , because just as the civilian , but not military , surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the `` stab in the back '' argument , the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel . Order JCS 1067 was signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945 . This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength . This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr . In 1947 , JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a `` stable and productive Germany '' ; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan . Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June . It included the following : The Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic , hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government , the High Command and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . The assumption , for the purposes stated above , of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany . -- US Department of State , Treaties and Other International Acts Series , No. 1520 . The Oder - Neisse Line It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation -- the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state . The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 12 August 1945 . In connection with this , the leaders of the United States , Britain and the Soviet Union planned the new postwar German government , resettled war territory boundaries , de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder - Neisse line , and mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east . They also ordered German demilitarization , denazification , industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations . But , as France ( at American insistence ) had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference , so the French representatives on the Allied Control Council subsequently refused to recognise any obligation to implement the Potsdam Agreement ; with the consequence that much of the programme envisaged at Potsdam , for the establishment of a German government and state adaquate for accepting a peace settlement , remained a dead letter . The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany , highlighting the Soviet zone ( red ) , the inner German border ( heavy black line ) and the zone from which British and US troops withdrew in July 1945 ( purple ) . The provincial boundaries are those of pre-Nazi Weimar Germany , before the present Länder were established . Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany , specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany . On 30 August , the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation , which informed the German people of the Council 's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders - in - Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council . Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman . Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers ( Italy , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Finland ; although Italy by some was considered a major power ) . The Federal Republic of Germany , that had been founded on 23 May 1949 ( when its Basic Law was promulgated ) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October . End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950 . In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949 , it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war , but the request could not be granted . The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons , and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since `` the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany '' . At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France , the UK , and the US in New York from 12 September -- 19 December 1950 , it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany 's position in the Cold War that the western allies would `` end by legislation the state of war with Germany '' . In 1951 , many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany : Australia ( 9 July ) , Canada , Italy , New Zealand , the Netherlands ( 26 July ) , South Africa , the United Kingdom ( 9 July ) , and the United States ( 19 October ) . The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955 . `` The full authority of a sovereign state '' was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn -- Paris conventions . The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory , but the three occupying powers retained some special rights , e.g. vis - à - vis West Berlin . Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany : Under the terms of this peace treaty , the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany , including Berlin . As a result , Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 . Under the terms of the Treaty , the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 ( articles 4 and 5 ) . In accordance with the Treaty , occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline . US soldiers view the corpses of prisoners which lie strewn along the road in the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal History portal End of World War II in Asia Aftermath of World War II Allied Commissions Council of Foreign Ministers Effects of World War II German Instrument of Surrender Line of contact Surrender of Japan Western betrayal German prisoners of war in northwest Europe Citations ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original text , the transcription used in the Avalon source for the paragraph is erroneous . In this case , `` effect '' is correct . The implication is that annexation of Germany did not occur with the assumption of all the powers of the German state by the four Allied powers . However the next paragraph explicitly stated that the `` ( four Allied powers ) will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory '' . Jump up ^ Although the Allied powers considered this a debellatio ( The human rights dimensions of population , UNHCR web site , p. 2 § 138 ) other authorities have argued that the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory ; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist ( Junker , Detlef ( 2004 ) , Junker , Detlef ; Gassert , Philipp ; Mausbach , Wilfried ; et al. , eds. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 -- 1990 : A Handbook , 2 , Cambridge University Press , co-published with German Historical Institute , Washington D.C. , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79112 - X . ) References Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Story of the War , ( January 1st to October 9th 1945 ) page 153 ^ Jump up to : the Times , 1 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ ( Biddiscombe 1998 , p. 253 ) Jump up ^ Davidson , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Death and Life of Germany . University of Missouri Press . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1249 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Armoured Division ( Great Britain ) '' , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Jump up ^ `` Station 11 : Crematorium -- Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site '' . Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 2002 ) . After the Darkness : Reflections on the Holocaust . New York , NY : Schocken Books . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Knoch , Habbo ( 2010 ) . Bergen - Belsen : Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940 -- 1945 , Concentration Camp 1943 -- 1945 , Displaced Persons Camp 1945 -- 1950 . Catalogue of the permanent exhibition . Wallstein . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8353 - 0794 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , Joshua ( 2003 ) . Justice At Dachau : The Trials Of An American Prosecutor . New York : Broadway . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wiesenthal , Simon ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Odessa '' . Justice not Vengeance . George Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Jump up ^ Kulju , Mika ( 2017 ) . `` Chpt. 4 '' . Käsivarren sota -- lasten ristiretki 1944 -- 1945 ( The war in the Arm -- children 's crusade 1944 -- 1945 ) ( e-book ) ( in Finnish ) . Gummerus . ISBN 978 - 951 - 24 - 0770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Ernest F. Fisher Jr : United States Army in WWII , The Mediterranean - Cassino to the Alps . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Story of the War fifth volume page 153 Jump up ^ Dollinger , Hans . The Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 . p. 239 Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Viking - Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Karacs , Imre ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The German Surrender Documents -- WWII Jump up ^ `` Monty Speech & German Surrender 1945 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved December 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ the Times , 5 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ World War II Timeline : western Europe : 1945 Archived 22 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ron Goldstein Field Marshal Keitel 's surrender BBC additional comment by Peter -- WW2 Site Helper Jump up ^ ( Page 228 , `` The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan '' , Hans Dollinger ( de ) , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 ) ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : During the summers of World War II , Britain was on British Double Summer Time which meant that the country was ahead of CET time by one hour . This means that the surrender time in the UK was `` effective from 0001 hours on May 9 ''. RAF Site Diary 7 / 8 May Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990 , p. 258 last paragraph . Jump up ^ The Churchill Centre : The End of the War in Europe Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry ( 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany ( The original memorandum from 1944 , signed by Morgenthau ) ( text and facsimile ) '' . Box 31 , Folder Germany : Jan. - Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum ( published 27 May 2004 ) . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Demilitarization of Germany : It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R ( 2003 ) . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 0743244540 . ^ Jump up to : Plenipotentiaries 1945 , p. 1 ( 3 PDF ) . Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , Retrieved 14 September 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission ( 1997 ) , Law reports of trials of war criminals : United Nations War Crimes Commission , Wm . S. Hein , p. 13 , ISBN 1 - 57588 - 403 - 8 Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission ( PDF ) , II Part Two , 1993 , p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Werner v. United States ( 188 F. 2d 266 ) Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit , 4 April 1951 . Website of Public.Resource.Org Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Step Forward Time Magazine Monday , 28 November 1949 Jump up ^ Staff . Full text of `` Britannica Book Of The Year 1951 '' Open - Access Text Archive . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ War 's End Time Magazine , 16 July 1951 Jump up ^ Elihu Lauterpacht , C.J. Greenwood . International law reports . Volume 52 , Cambridge University Press , 1979 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46397 - 1 . p. 505 Jump up ^ James H. Marsh . World War II : Making the Peace , The Canadian Encyclopedia , Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ 1951 in History BrainyMedia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ H. Lauterpacht ( editor ) , International law reports Volume 23 . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 949009 - 37 - 7 . p. 773 Jump up ^ US Code -- Title 50 Appendix -- War and National Defense Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Government Printing Office Archived 29 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Spreading Hesitation Time Magazine Monday , 7 February 1955 References ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking - Penguin Books , p. 342 Plenipotentiaries ( 5 June 1945 ) , `` Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with respect to Germany by the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the provisional government of the French Republic ( facsimile ) '' , Germany No . i ( 1945 ) : Unconditional Surrender of Germany Declaration and other Documents issued by the Governments of the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( PDF ) , pp. 1 -- 6 ( 3 -- 7 PDF ) , retrieved December 2013 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin : End of the Third Reich , London : Macdomald & Co , p. 128 Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1990 ) , `` Chapter XV : The Victory Sealed : Surrender at Reims '' , The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944 -- 1946 , Center of Military History , United States Army , Washington , D.C. , Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75 - 619027 Further reading ( edit ) Deutsche Welle special coverage of the end of World War II -- features a global perspective . On this Day 7 May 1945 : Germany signs unconditional surrender Account of German surrender , BBC Charles Kiley ( Stars and Stripes Staff Writer ). 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"late April and early May 1945"
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1658003642873109130 | Earth | Earth - Wikipedia Earth Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the planet itself . For its human aspects , see World . For other uses , see Earth ( disambiguation ) . Earth The Blue Marble photograph of Earth , taken during the Apollo 17 lunar mission in 1972 Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 152 100 000 km ( 94 500 000 mi ; 1.017 AU ) Perihelion 147 095 000 km ( 91 401 000 mi ; 0.983 27 AU ) Semi-major axis 149 598 023 km ( 92 955 902 mi ; 1.000 001 02 AU ) Eccentricity 6998167086000000000 ♠ 0.016 7086 Orbital period 365.256 363 004 d ( 1.000 017 420 96 yr ) Average orbital speed 29.78 km / s ( 107 200 km / h ; 66 600 mph ) Mean anomaly 7000625904740362451 ♠ 358.617 ° Inclination 6999124878307980194 ♠ 7.155 ° to the Sun 's equator ; 6998275533383683093 ♠ 1.578 69 ° to invariable plane ; 6993872664625997166 ♠ 0.000 05 ° to J2000 ecliptic Longitude of ascending node 3000803464756118225 ♠ − 11.260 64 ° to J2000 ecliptic Argument of perihelion 7000199330266505796 ♠ 114.207 83 ° Satellites 1 natural satellite : the Moon 5 quasi-satellites > 1 400 operational artificial satellites > 16 000 space debris Physical characteristics Mean radius 6371.0 km ( 3958.8 mi ) Equatorial radius 6378.1 km ( 3963.2 mi ) Polar radius 6356.8 km ( 3949.9 mi ) Flattening 6997335280000000000 ♠ 0.003 3528 1 / 7002298257222101000 ♠ 298.257 222 101 ( ETRS89 ) Circumference 40 075.017 km equatorial ( 24 901.461 mi ) 40 007.86 km meridional ( 24 859.73 mi ) Surface area 510 072 000 km ( 196 940 000 sq mi ) 148 940 000 km land ( 57 510 000 sq mi ; 29.2 % ) 361 132 000 km water ( 139 434 000 sq mi ; 70.8 % ) Volume 7021108320999999999 ♠ 1.083 21 × 10 km ( 7011259876000000000 ♠ 2.598 76 × 10 cu mi ) Mass 7024597237000000000 ♠ 5.972 37 × 10 kg ( 7024597236001731600 ♠ 1.316 68 × 10 lb ) ( 7024596565000000000 ♠ 3.0 × 10 M ) Mean density 5.514 g / cm ( 0.1992 lb / cu in ) Surface gravity 9.807 m / s ( 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 g ; 32.18 ft / s ) Moment of inertia factor 0.3307 Escape velocity 11.186 km / s ( 40 270 km / h ; 25 020 mph ) Sidereal rotation period 7004861641003520000 ♠ 0.997 269 68 d ( 23h 56m 4.100 s ) Equatorial rotation velocity 0.4651 km / s ( 1674.4 km / h ; 1040.4 mph ) Axial tilt 6999409092629495479 ♠ 23.439 2811 ° Albedo 0.367 geometric 0.306 Bond Surface temp . min mean max Kelvin 184 K 288 K 330 K Celsius − 89.2 ° C 15 ° C 56.7 ° C Fahrenheit − 128.5 ° F 59 ° F 134 ° F Atmosphere Surface pressure 7005101325000000000 ♠ 101.325 kPa ( at MSL ) Composition by volume 78.08 % nitrogen ( N ; dry air ) 20.95 % oxygen ( O ) 0.930 % argon 0.0402 % carbon dioxide ~ 1 % water vapor ( climate - variable ) Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life . According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence , Earth formed over 4 billion years ago . Earth 's gravity interacts with other objects in space , especially the Sun and the Moon , Earth 's only natural satellite . Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days , a period known as an Earth year . During this time , Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times . Earth 's axis of rotation is tilted , producing seasonal variations on the planet 's surface . The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides , stabilizes the Earth 's orientation on its axis , and gradually slows its rotation . Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets . Earth 's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years . About 71 % of Earth 's surface is covered with water , mostly by its oceans . The remaining 29 % is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes , rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere . The majority of Earth 's polar regions are covered in ice , including the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice of the Arctic ice pack . Earth 's interior remains active with a solid iron inner core , a liquid outer core that generates the Earth 's magnetic field , and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics . Within the first billion years of Earth 's history , life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earth 's atmosphere and surface , leading to the proliferation of aerobic and anaerobic organisms . Some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago . Since then , the combination of Earth 's distance from the Sun , physical properties , and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive . In the history of the Earth , biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion , occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events . Over 99 % of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct . Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely ; most species have not been described . Over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival . Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures ; politically , the world has about 200 sovereign states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 2 Chronology 2.1 Formation 2.2 Geological history 2.3 Origin of life and evolution 2.4 Future 3 Physical characteristics 3.1 Shape 3.2 Chemical composition 3.3 Internal structure 3.4 Heat 3.5 Tectonic plates 3.6 Surface 3.7 Hydrosphere 3.8 Atmosphere 3.8. 1 Weather and climate 3.8. 2 Upper atmosphere 3.9 Gravitational field 3.10 Magnetic field 3.10. 1 Magnetosphere 4 Orbit and rotation 4.1 Rotation 4.2 Orbit 4.3 Axial tilt and seasons 5 Habitability 5.1 Biosphere 5.2 Natural resources and land use 5.3 Natural and environmental hazards 6 Human geography 7 Moon 8 Asteroids and artificial satellites 9 Cultural and historical viewpoint 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name and etymology The modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms , which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe . It has cognates in every Germanic language , and their proto - Germanic root has been reconstructed as * erþō . In its earliest appearances , eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ ( gē ) : the ground , its soil , dry land , the human world , the surface of the world ( including the sea ) , and the globe itself . As with Terra and Gaia , Earth was a personified goddess in Germanic paganism : the Angles were listed by Tacitus as among the devotees of Nerthus , and later Norse mythology included Jörð , a giantess often given as the mother of Thor . Originally , earth was written in lowercase , and from early Middle English , its definite sense as `` the globe '' was expressed as the earth . By early Modern English , many nouns were capitalized , and the earth became ( and often remained ) the Earth , particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies . More recently , the name is sometimes simply given as Earth , by analogy with the names of the other planets . House styles now vary : Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common , with the capitalized form an acceptable variant . Another convention capitalizes `` Earth '' when appearing as a name ( e.g. `` Earth 's atmosphere '' ) but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the ( e.g. `` the atmosphere of the earth '' ) . It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as `` what on earth are you doing ? '' Chronology Main article : History of Earth Formation Artist 's impression of the early Solar System 's planetary disk The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 7000456720000000000 ♠ 4.5672 ± 0.0006 billion years ago ( Bya ) . By 7000454000000000000 ♠ 4.54 ± 0.04 Bya the primordial Earth had formed . The formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun . In theory , a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse , which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk , and then the planets grow out of that disk along with the Sun . A nebula contains gas , ice grains , and dust ( including primordial nuclides ) . According to nebular theory , planetesimals formed by accretion , with the primordial Earth taking 10 -- 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 million years ( Mys ) to form . A subject of on - going research is the formation of the Moon , some 4.53 Bya . A working hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars - sized object , named Theia , impacted Earth . In this scenario , the mass of Theia was approximately 10 % of that of Earth , it impacted Earth with a glancing blow , and some of its mass merged with Earth . Between approximately 4.1 and 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 Bya , numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon , and by inference , to that of Earth . Geological history Main article : Geological history of Earth Hoodoos at the Bryce Canyon National Park , Utah Earth 's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing that included water vapor . The origin of the world 's oceans was condensation augmented by water and ice delivered by asteroids , protoplanets , and comets . In this model , atmospheric `` greenhouse gases '' kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70 % of its current luminosity . By 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bya , Earth 's magnetic field was established , which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind . A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid . The two models that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present - day forms or , more likely , a rapid growth early in Earth history followed by a long - term steady continental area . Continents formed by plate tectonics , a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth 's interior . On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years , the supercontinents have assembled and broken apart . Roughly 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 million years ago ( Mya ) , one of the earliest known supercontinents , Rodinia , began to break apart . The continents later recombined to form Pannotia , 600 -- 7002540000000000000 ♠ 540 Mya , then finally Pangaea , which also broke apart 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 Mya . The present pattern of ice ages began about 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Mya and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Mya . High - latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw , repeating about every 40,000 -- 7012315576000000000 ♠ 100 000 years . The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago . Origin of life and evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : Abiogenesis and Evolutionary history of life Speculative phylogenetic tree of life on Earth based on rRNA analysis Chemical reactions led to the first self - replicating molecules about four billion years ago . A half billion years later , the last common ancestor of all life arose . The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun 's energy to be harvested directly by life forms . The resultant molecular oxygen ( O ) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation , formed a protective ozone layer ( O ) in the upper atmosphere . The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes . True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized . Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer , life colonized Earth 's surface . Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone in Western Australia , biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland , remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . During the Neoproterozoic , 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 to 580 Mya , much of Earth might have been covered in ice . This hypothesis has been termed `` Snowball Earth '' , and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion , when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity . Following the Cambrian explosion , 7002535000000000000 ♠ 535 Mya , there have been five major mass extinctions . The most recent such event was 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mya , when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles , but spared some small animals such as mammals , which then resembled shrews . Over the past 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Mys , mammalian life has diversified , and several million years ago an African ape - like animal such as Orrorin tugenensis gained the ability to stand upright . This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain , which allowed the evolution of humans . The development of agriculture , and then civilization , led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues today . Future Main article : Future of Earth See also : Global catastrophic risk Earth 's expected long - term future is closely tied to that of the Sun . Over the next 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 Bys , solar luminosity will increase by 10 % , and over the next 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Bys by 40 % . The Earth 's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic CO cycle , reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants ( 6995099999999999999 ♠ 10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis ) in approximately 500 -- 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 Mys . The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere , and animal life will become extinct . After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 7002343150000000000 ♠ 70 ° C ( 7002343150000000000 ♠ 158 ° F ) . From that point , the Earth is expected to be habitable for another 7016157788000000000 ♠ 500 Ma , possibly up to 7016725824800000000 ♠ 2.3 Ga if nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere . Even if the Sun were eternal and stable , 27 % of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle in one billion years , due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges . The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Bys . Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU ( 150 million km ; 93 million mi ) , which is about 250 times its present radius . Earth 's fate is less clear . As a red giant , the Sun will lose roughly 30 % of its mass , so , without tidal effects , Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU ( 250 million km ; 160 million mi ) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius . Most , if not all , remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun 's increased luminosity ( peaking at about 5,000 times its present level ) . A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth 's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag , causing it to enter the Sun 's atmosphere and be vaporized . Physical characteristics Shape Shape of planet Earth . Shown are distances between surface relief and the geocentre . The South American Andes summits are visible as elevated areas . Data from the Earth2014 global relief model . Main article : Figure of the Earth The shape of Earth is approximately oblate spheroidal . Due to rotation , the Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and bulging around the equator . The diameter of the Earth at the equator is 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) larger than the pole - to - pole diameter . Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth 's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador . The average diameter of the reference spheroid is 12,742 kilometres ( 7,918 mi ) . Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid , although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth 's radius : The maximum deviation of only 0.17 % is at the Mariana Trench ( 10,911 metres ( 35,797 ft ) below local sea level ) , whereas Mount Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) above local sea level ) represents a deviation of 0.14 % . In geodesy , the exact shape that Earth 's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid . More precisely , the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level . Chemical composition See also : Abundance of elements on Earth Chemical composition of the crust Compound Formula Composition Continental Oceanic silica SiO 60.2 % 48.6 % alumina Al O 15.2 % 16.5 % lime CaO 5.5 % 12.3 % magnesia MgO 3.1 % 6.8 % iron ( II ) oxide FeO 3.8 % 6.2 % sodium oxide Na O 3.0 % 2.6 % potassium oxide K O 2.8 % 0.4 % iron ( III ) oxide Fe O 2.5 % 2.3 % water H O 1.4 % 1.1 % carbon dioxide CO 1.2 % 1.4 % titanium dioxide TiO 0.7 % 1.4 % phosphorus pentoxide P O 0.2 % 0.3 % Total 99.6 % 99.9 % Earth 's mass is approximately 7024597000000000000 ♠ 5.97 × 10 kg ( 5,970 Yg ) . It is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) , with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . Due to mass segregation , the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides : chlorine , sulfur , and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1 % . Over 99 % of the crust is composed of 11 oxides , principally silica , alumina , iron oxides , lime , magnesia , potash , and soda . Internal structure Main article : Structure of the Earth Earth 's interior , like that of the other terrestrial planets , is divided into layers by their chemical or physical ( rheological ) properties . The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust , which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle . The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The thickness of the crust varies from about 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6 km ( kilometers ) under the oceans to 30 -- 50 km for the continents . The crust and the cold , rigid , top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere , and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed . Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere , a relatively low - viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides . Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 7005660000000000000 ♠ 660 km below the surface , spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle . Beneath the mantle , an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core . The Earth 's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet , advancing by 0.1 -- 0.5 ° per year . The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth . Geologic layers of Earth Earth cutaway from core to exosphere . Not to scale . Depth km Component layer Density g / cm 0 -- 60 Lithosphere -- 0 -- 35 Crust 2.2 -- 2.9 35 -- 60 Upper mantle 3.4 -- 4.4 35 -- 2890 Mantle 3.4 -- 5.6 100 -- 700 Asthenosphere -- 2890 -- 5100 Outer core 9.9 -- 12.2 5100 -- 6378 Inner core 12.8 -- 13.1 Heat Main article : Earth 's internal heat budget Earth 's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion ( about 20 % ) and heat produced through radioactive decay ( 80 % ) . The major heat - producing isotopes within Earth are potassium - 40 , uranium - 238 , and thorium - 232 . At the center , the temperature may be up to 6,000 ° C ( 10,830 ° F ) , and the pressure could reach 360 GPa . Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay , scientists postulate that early in Earth 's history , before isotopes with short half - lives were depleted , Earth 's heat production was much higher . At approximately 7016946728000000000 ♠ 3 Ga , twice the present - day heat would have been produced , increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics , and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as komatiites that are rarely formed today . Present - day major heat - producing isotopes Isotope Heat release W / kg isotope Half - life years Mean mantle concentration kg isotope / kg mantle Heat release W / kg mantle U 94.6 × 10 4.47 × 10 30.8 × 10 2.91 × 10 U 569 × 10 0.704 × 10 0.22 × 10 0.125 × 10 Th 26.4 × 10 14.0 × 10 124 × 10 3.27 × 10 29.2 × 10 1.25 × 10 36.9 × 10 1.08 × 10 The mean heat loss from Earth is 87 mW m , for a global heat loss of 4.42 × 10 W. A portion of the core 's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes , a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher - temperature rock . These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts . More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics , by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges . The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere , the majority of which occurs under the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents . Tectonic plates Earth 's major plates Plate name Area 10 km Pacific Plate 103.3 African Plate 78.0 North American Plate 75.9 Eurasian Plate 67.8 Antarctic Plate 60.9 Indo - Australian Plate 47.2 South American Plate 43.6 Main article : Plate tectonics The mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth , the lithosphere , is divided into pieces called tectonic plates . These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries : convergent boundaries , at which two plates come together , divergent boundaries , at which two plates are pulled apart , and transform boundaries , in which two plates slide past one another laterally . Earthquakes , volcanic activity , mountain - building , and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries . The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere , the solid but less - viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates . As the tectonic plates migrate , oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries . At the same time , the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges . The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle . Due to this recycling , most of the ocean floor is less than 7015315576000000000 ♠ 100 Ma old in age . The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and has an estimated age of 7015631152000000000 ♠ 200 Ma . By comparison , the oldest dated continental crust is 7017127177128000000 ♠ 4030 Ma . The seven major plates are the Pacific , North American , Eurasian , African , Antarctic , Indo - Australian , and South American . Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate , the Caribbean Plate , the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean . The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Mya . The fastest - moving plates are the oceanic plates , with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm / year and the Pacific Plate moving 52 -- 69 mm / year . At the other extreme , the slowest - moving plate is the Eurasian Plate , progressing at a typical rate of 21 mm / year . Surface Main articles : Lithosphere , Landform , and Extreme points of Earth Present - day Earth altimetry and bathymetry . Data from the National Geophysical Data Center . The total surface area of the Earth is about 7008510000000000000 ♠ 510 million km ( 197 million sq mi ) . Of this , 70.8 % , or 7008361130000000000 ♠ 361.13 million km ( 139.43 million sq mi ) , is below sea level and covered by ocean water . Below the ocean 's surface are much of the continental shelf , mountains , volcanoes , oceanic trenches , submarine canyons , oceanic plateaus , abyssal plains , and a globe - spanning mid-ocean ridge system . The remaining 29.2 % ( 7008148940000000000 ♠ 148.94 million km , or 57.51 million sq mi ) not covered by water has terrain that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains , deserts , plains , plateaus , and other landforms . Tectonics and erosion , volcanic eruptions , flooding , weathering , glaciation , the growth of coral reefs , and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape the Earth 's surface over geological time . The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite . Less common is basalt , a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors . Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together . Nearly 75 % of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks , although they form about 5 % of the crust . The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock , which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures , high temperatures , or both . The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth 's surface include quartz , feldspars , amphibole , mica , pyroxene and olivine . Common carbonate minerals include calcite ( found in limestone ) and dolomite . The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of − 418 m at the Dead Sea , to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest . The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 metres ( 2,615 ft ) . The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth 's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes . The total arable land is 10.9 % of the land surface , with 1.3 % being permanent cropland . Close to 40 % of Earth 's land surface is used for cropland and pasture , or an estimated 1.3 × 10 km of cropland and 3.4 × 10 km of pastureland . Hydrosphere Main article : Hydrosphere Elevation histogram of Earth 's surface The abundance of water on Earth 's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the `` Blue Planet '' from other planets in the Solar System . Earth 's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans , but technically includes all water surfaces in the world , including inland seas , lakes , rivers , and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 metric tons or about 1 / 4400 of Earth 's total mass . The oceans cover an area of 7014361800000000000 ♠ 3.618 × 10 km with a mean depth of 7003368200000000000 ♠ 3682 m , resulting in an estimated volume of 7018133200000000000 ♠ 1.332 × 10 km . If all of Earth 's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere , the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km . About 97.5 % of the water is saline ; the remaining 2.5 % is fresh water . Most fresh water , about 68.7 % , is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % salt ) . Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks . The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases , which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms . Sea water has an important influence on the world 's climate , with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir . Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts , such as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . Atmosphere Main article : Atmosphere of Earth Satellite image of Earth cloud cover using NASA 's Moderate - Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer The atmospheric pressure on Earth 's surface averages 101.325 kPa , with a scale height of about 8.5 km . It has a composition of 78 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen , with trace amounts of water vapor , carbon dioxide , and other gaseous molecules . The height of the troposphere varies with latitude , ranging between 8 km at the poles to 17 km at the equator , with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors . Earth 's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere . Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000 ♠ 2.7 Gya , forming the primarily nitrogen -- oxygen atmosphere of today . This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and , indirectly , the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O into O . The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation , permitting life on land . Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor , providing useful gases , causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface , and moderating temperature . This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect : trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground , thereby raising the average temperature . Water vapor , carbon dioxide , methane , nitrous oxide , and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere . Without this heat - retention effect , the average surface temperature would be − 18 ° C , in contrast to the current + 15 ° C , and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form . In May 2017 , glints of light , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere . Weather and climate Main articles : Weather and Climate Hurricane Felix seen from low Earth orbit , September 2007 Lenticular cloud with a pressure ridge near Mount Discovery , Antarctica , November 2013 Massive clouds above the Mojave Desert , February 2016 Earth 's atmosphere has no definite boundary , slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space . Three - quarters of the atmosphere 's mass is contained within the first 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) of the surface . This lowest layer is called the troposphere . Energy from the Sun heats this layer , and the surface below , causing expansion of the air . This lower - density air then rises and is replaced by cooler , higher - density air . The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy . The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30 ° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30 ° and 60 ° . Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate , particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions . Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere . When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm , humid air , this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation . Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes . This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods . Precipitation patterns vary widely , ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter . Atmospheric circulation , topographic features , and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region . The amount of solar energy reaching Earth 's surface decreases with increasing latitude . At higher latitudes , the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles , and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere . As a result , the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 ° C ( 0.7 ° F ) per degree of latitude from the equator . Earth 's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate . Ranging from the equator to the polar regions , these are the tropical ( or equatorial ) , subtropical , temperate and polar climates . This latitudinal rule has several anomalies : Proximity to oceans moderates the climate . For example , the Scandinavian Peninsula has more moderate climate than similarly northern latitudes of northern Canada . The wind enables this moderating effect . The windward side of a land mass experiences more moderation than the leeward side . In the Northern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is west - to - east , and western coasts tend to be milder than eastern coasts . This is seen in Eastern North America and Western Europe , where rough continental climates appear on the east coast on parallels with mild climates on the other side of the ocean . In the Southern Hemisphere , the prevailing wind is east - to - west , and the eastern coasts are milder . The distance from the Earth to the Sun varies . The Earth is closest to the Sun ( at perihelion ) in January , which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere . It is furthest away ( at aphelion ) in July , which is summer in the Northern Hemisphere , and only 93.55 % of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given square area of land than at perihelion . Despite this , there are larger land masses in the Northern Hemisphere , which are easier to heat than the seas . Consequently , summers are 2.3 ° C ( 4 ° F ) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions . The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density . The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups ( humid tropics , arid , humid middle latitudes , continental and cold polar ) , which are further divided into more specific subtypes . The Köppen system rates regions of terrain based on observed temperature and precipitation . The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 ° C ( 134.1 ° F ) in Furnace Creek , California , in Death Valley , in 1913 . The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was − 89.2 ° C ( − 128.6 ° F ) at Vostok Station in 1983 , but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as − 94.7 ° C ( − 138.5 ° F ) in East Antarctica . These temperature records are only measurements made with modern instruments from the 20th century onwards and likely do not reflect the full range of temperature on Earth . Upper atmosphere This view from orbit shows the full Moon partially obscured by Earth 's atmosphere . Above the troposphere , the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere , mesosphere , and thermosphere . Each layer has a different lapse rate , defining the rate of change in temperature with height . Beyond these , the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer , a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth . The Kármán line , defined as 100 km above Earth 's surface , is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space . Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth 's gravity . This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space . Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass , it can achieve escape velocity more readily , and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases . The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth 's atmosphere and surface from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one . Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen , but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere . Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth . In the current , oxygen - rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape . Instead , most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere . Gravitational field Main article : Gravity of Earth Earth 's gravity measured by NASA 's GRACE mission , showing deviations from the theoretical gravity . Red shows where gravity is stronger than the smooth , standard value , and blue shows where it is weaker . The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within the Earth . Near the Earth 's surface , gravitational acceleration is approximately 9.8 m / s ( 32 ft / s ) . Local differences in topography , geology , and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad , regional differences in the Earth 's gravitational field , known as gravitational anomalies . Magnetic field Main article : Earth 's magnetic field The main part of Earth 's magnetic field is generated in the core , the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy . The field extends outwards from the core , through the mantle , and up to Earth 's surface , where it is , approximately , a dipole . The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth 's geographic poles . At the equator of the magnetic field , the magnetic - field strength at the surface is 3.05 × 10 T , with global magnetic dipole moment of 7.91 × 10 T m . The convection movements in the core are chaotic ; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment . This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years . The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago . Magnetosphere Main article : Magnetosphere Schematic of Earth 's magnetosphere . The solar wind flows from left to right The extent of Earth 's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere . Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere ; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere , to about 10 Earth radii , and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail . Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind , a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind . Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere ; the plasmasphere is defined by low - energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates ; the ring current is defined by medium - energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field , but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field , and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high - energy particles whose motion is essentially random , but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere . During magnetic storms and substorms , charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail , directed along field lines into Earth 's ionosphere , where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized , causing the aurora . Orbit and rotation Rotation Main article : Earth 's rotation Earth 's rotation imaged by DSCOVR EPIC on 29 May 2016 , a few weeks before the solstice Earth 's rotation period relative to the Sun -- its mean solar day -- is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time ( 86,400.0025 SI seconds ) . Because Earth 's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration , each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer . Earth 's rotation period relative to the fixed stars , called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) , is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) , or 23 56 4.0989 . Earth 's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox , misnamed its sidereal day , is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time ( UT1 ) ( 23 56 4.0905 ) . Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623 -- 2005 and 1962 -- 2005 . Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low - orbiting satellites , the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth 's sky is to the west at a rate of 15 ° / h = 15 ' / min . For bodies near the celestial equator , this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes ; from Earth 's surface , the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same . Orbit Main article : Earth 's orbit The Pale Blue Dot photo taken in 1990 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft showing Earth ( center right ) from nearly 6.4 billion km ( 4 billion mi ) away Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km ( 93 million mi ) every 365.2564 mean solar days , or one sidereal year . This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1 ° / day , which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours . Due to this motion , on average it takes 24 hours -- a solar day -- for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian . The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km / s ( 107,200 km / h ; 66,600 mph ) , which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth 's diameter , about 12,742 km ( 7,918 mi ) , in seven minutes , and the distance to the Moon , 384,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) , in about 3.5 hours . The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars . When combined with the Earth -- Moon system 's common orbit around the Sun , the period of the synodic month , from new moon to new moon , is 29.53 days . Viewed from the celestial north pole , the motion of Earth , the Moon , and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise . Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth , Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun . The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned : Earth 's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth -- Sun plane ( the ecliptic ) , and the Earth -- Moon plane is tilted up to ± 5.1 degrees against the Earth -- Sun plane . Without this tilt , there would be an eclipse every two weeks , alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses . The Hill sphere , or the sphere of gravitational influence , of the Earth is about 1.5 million kilometres ( 930,000 mi ) in radius . This is the maximum distance at which the Earth 's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets . Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius , or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun . Earth , along with the Solar System , is situated in the Milky Way and orbits about 28,000 light - years from its center . It is about 20 light - years above the galactic plane in the Orion Arm . Axial tilt and Seasons Main article : Axial tilt § Earth Earth 's axial tilt ( or obliquity ) and its relation to the rotation axis and plane of orbit The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281 ° with the axis of its orbit plane , always pointing towards the Celestial Poles . Due to Earth 's axial tilt , the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year . This causes the seasonal change in climate , with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun , and winter taking place when the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun . During the summer , the day lasts longer , and the Sun climbs higher in the sky . In winter , the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter . In northern temperate latitudes , the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice , and sets north of true west , reversing in the winter . The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone and sets south of true west . Above the Arctic Circle , an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year , up to six months at the North Pole itself , a polar night . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is exactly reversed , with the South Pole oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole . Six months later , this pole will experience a midnight sun , a day of 24 hours , again reversing with the South Pole . By astronomical convention , the four seasons can be determined by the solstices -- the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun -- and the equinoxes , when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular . In the Northern Hemisphere , winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December ; summer solstice is near 21 June , spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September . In the Southern Hemisphere , the situation is reversed , with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped . The angle of Earth 's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time . Its axial tilt does undergo nutation ; a slight , irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years . The orientation ( rather than the angle ) of Earth 's axis also changes over time , precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle ; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year . Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth 's equatorial bulge . The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth 's surface . This polar motion has multiple , cyclical components , which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion . In addition to an annual component to this motion , there is a 14 - month cycle called the Chandler wobble . Earth 's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length - of - day variation . In modern times , Earth 's perihelion occurs around 3 January , and its aphelion around 4 July . These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors , which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles . The changing Earth -- Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9 % in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion . Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun , the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year . This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt , and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere . Habitability The Rocky Mountains in Canada overlook Moraine Lake . A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable , even if life did not originate there . Earth provides liquid water -- an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact , and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism . The distance of Earth from the Sun , as well as its orbital eccentricity , rate of rotation , axial tilt , geological history , sustaining atmosphere , and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface . Biosphere Main article : Biosphere A planet 's life forms inhabit ecosystems , whose total is sometimes said to form a `` biosphere '' . Earth 's biosphere is thought to have begun evolving about 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 Gya . The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes , inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals . On land , biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude , height above sea level and humidity . Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles , at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life ; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor ( LUCA ) of all organisms living on Earth . Natural resources and land use Main articles : Natural resource and Land use Estimated human land use , 2000 Land use Mha Cropland 1,510 -- 1,611 Pastures 2,500 -- 3,410 Natural forests 3,143 -- 3,871 Planted forests 126 -- 215 Urban areas 66 -- 351 Unused , productive land 356 -- 445 Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans . Those termed non-renewable resources , such as fossil fuels , only renew over geological timescales . Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth 's crust , consisting of coal , petroleum , and natural gas . These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production . Mineral ore bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of ore genesis , resulting from actions of magmatism , erosion , and plate tectonics . These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements . Earth 's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans , including food , wood , pharmaceuticals , oxygen , and the recycling of many organic wastes . The land - based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water , and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land . In 1980 , 5,053 Mha ( 50.53 million km ) of Earth 's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands , 6,788 Mha ( 67.88 million km ) was grasslands and pasture , and 1,501 Mha ( 15.01 million km ) was cultivated as croplands . The estimated amount of irrigated land in 1993 was 2,481,250 square kilometres ( 958,020 sq mi ) . Humans also live on the land by using building materials to construct shelters . Natural and Environmental hazards A volcano injecting hot ash into the atmosphere Large areas of Earth 's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical cyclones , hurricanes , or typhoons that dominate life in those areas . From 1980 to 2000 , these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year . Many places are subject to earthquakes , landslides , tsunamis , volcanic eruptions , tornadoes , sinkholes , blizzards , floods , droughts , wildfires , and other calamities and disasters . Many localized areas are subject to human - made pollution of the air and water , acid rain and toxic substances , loss of vegetation ( overgrazing , deforestation , desertification ) , loss of wildlife , species extinction , soil degradation , soil depletion and erosion . There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions . This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets , more extreme temperature ranges , significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels . Human geography Main articles : Human geography and World The seven continents of Earth North America South America Antarctica Europe Africa Asia Australia Cartography , the study and practice of map - making , and geography , the study of the lands , features , inhabitants and phenomena on Earth , have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth . Surveying , the determination of locations and distances , and to a lesser extent navigation , the determination of position and direction , have developed alongside cartography and geography , providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information . Earth 's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011 . Projections indicate that the world 's human population will reach 9.2 billion in 2050 . Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations . Human population density varies widely around the world , but a majority live in Asia . By 2020 , 60 % of the world 's population is expected to be living in urban , rather than rural , areas . It is estimated that one - eighth of Earth 's surface is suitable for humans to live on -- three - quarters of Earth 's surface is covered by oceans , leaving one - quarter as land . Half of that land area is desert ( 14 % ) , high mountains ( 27 % ) , or other unsuitable terrains . The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert , on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut , Canada . ( 82 ° 28 ′ N ) The southernmost is the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , in Antarctica , almost exactly at the South Pole . ( 90 ° S ) Headquarters of the United Nations in New York City Independent sovereign nations claim the planet 's entire land surface , except for some parts of Antarctica , a few land parcels along the Danube river 's western bank , and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan . As of 2015 , there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations , plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition . Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe , although some nation - states have striven for world domination and failed . The United Nations is a worldwide intergovernmental organization that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations , thereby avoiding armed conflict . The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and international law . When the consensus of the membership permits , it provides a mechanism for armed intervention . The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961 . In total , about 487 people have visited outer space and reached orbit as of 30 July 2010 , and , of these , twelve have walked on the Moon . Normally , the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station . The station 's crew , made up of six people , is usually replaced every six months . The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is 400,171 km , achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 . Moon Characteristics Diameter 3,474.8 km Mass 7.349 × 10 kg Semi-major axis 384,400 km Orbital period 27 d 7 h 43.7 m Main article : Moon The Moon is a relatively large , terrestrial , planet - like natural satellite , with a diameter about one - quarter of Earth 's . It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet , although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto . The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as `` moons '' , after Earth 's . The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth . The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking : its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth . As a result , it always presents the same face to the planet . As the Moon orbits Earth , different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun , leading to the lunar phases ; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator . Details of the Earth -- Moon system , showing the radius of each object and the Earth -- Moon barycenter . The Moon 's axis is located by Cassini 's third law . Due to their tidal interaction , the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm / yr . Over millions of years , these tiny modifications -- and the lengthening of Earth 's day by about 23 μs / yr -- add up to significant changes . During the Devonian period , for example , ( approximately 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 Mya ) there were 400 days in a year , with each day lasting 21.8 hours . The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet 's climate . Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth 's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon . Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to Earth 's equatorial bulge , the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable , exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years , as appears to be the case for Mars . Viewed from Earth , the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent - sized disk as the Sun . The angular size ( or solid angle ) of these two bodies match because , although the Sun 's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon 's , it is also 400 times more distant . This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth . The most widely accepted theory of the Moon 's origin , the giant - impact hypothesis , states that it formed from the collision of a Mars - size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth . This hypothesis explains ( among other things ) the Moon 's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth 's crust . Asteroids and artificial satellites Earth has at least five co-orbital asteroids , including 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA 29 . A trojan asteroid companion , 2010 TK 7 , is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point , L4 , in the Earth 's orbit around the Sun . The tiny near - Earth asteroid 2006 RH 120 makes close approaches to the Earth -- Moon system roughly every twenty years . During these approaches , it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time . As of June 2016 , there were 1,419 operational , human - made satellites orbiting Earth . There are also inoperative satellites , including Vanguard 1 , the oldest satellite currently in orbit , and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris . Earth 's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station . Cultural and historical viewpoint Main article : Earth in culture Earthrise , taken by astronauts on board Apollo 8 The standard astronomical symbol of Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle , , representing the four corners of the world . Human cultures have developed many views of the planet . Earth is sometimes personified as a deity . In many cultures it is a mother goddess that is also the primary fertility deity , and by the mid-20th century , the Gaia Principle compared Earth 's environments and life as a single self - regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability . Creation myths in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities . Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people 's view of the planet . In the West , belief in a flat Earth was displaced by the idea of spherical Earth , credited to Pythagoras in the 6th century BC . Earth was further believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century when scientists first theorized that it was a moving object , comparable to the other planets in the Solar System . Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as James Ussher , who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture , Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most . It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth 's age was at least many millions of years . Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864 , sparking a vigorous debate on the subject ; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth 's age was established , proving the planet to be billions of years old . The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit , and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program . See also Outline of Earth Celestial sphere Earth physical characteristics tables Earth science Earth system science Timeline of the far future Biology portal Earth sciences portal Ecology portal Geography portal Volcanoes portal Moon portal Solar System portal Weather portal Notes Jump up ^ All astronomical quantities vary , both secularly and periodically . The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000. 0 of the secular variation , ignoring all periodic variations . ^ Jump up to : aphelion = a × ( 1 + e ) ; perihelion = a × ( 1 -- e ) , where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity . The difference between Earth 's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers . ^ Jump up to : As of 5 July 2016 , the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 17,729 artificial objects , mostly debris . See : `` Orbital Debris Quarterly News '' ( PDF ) . Vol. 20 no . 3 . NASA . July 2016 . p. 8 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Due to natural fluctuations , ambiguities surrounding ice shelves , and mapping conventions for vertical datums , exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful . Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover datasets , extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6 % and 1.0 % of Earth 's surface . The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land , even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level . Jump up ^ The number of solar days is one less than the number of sidereal days because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis . Jump up ^ Including eorþe , erþe , erde , and erthe . Jump up ^ As in Beowulf ( 1531 -- 33 ) : Wearp ða wundelmæl wrættum gebunden yrre oretta , þæt hit on eorðan læg , stið ond stylecg . `` He threw the artfully - wound sword so that it lay upon the earth , firm and sharp - edged . '' Jump up ^ As in the Old English glosses of the Lindisfarne Gospels ( Luke 13 : 7 ) : Succidite ergo illam ut quid etiam terram occupat : hrendas uel scearfað forðon ðailca uel hia to huon uutedlice eorðo gionetað uel gemerras . `` Remove it . Why should it use up the soil ? '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's Heptateuch ( Gen. 1 : 10 ) : Ond God gecygde ða drignysse eorðan ond ðære wætera gegaderunge he het sæ . `` And God called the dry land Earth ; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas . '' Jump up ^ As in the Wessex Gospels ( Matt . 28 : 18 ) : Me is geseald ælc anweald on heofonan & on eorðan . `` All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me . '' Jump up ^ As in the Codex Junius 's Genesis ( 112 -- 16 ) : her ærest gesceop ece drihten , helm eallwihta , heofon and eorðan , rodor arærde and þis rume land gestaþelode strangum mihtum , frea ælmihtig . `` Here first with mighty power the Everlasting Lord , the Helm of all created things , Almighty King , made earth and heaven , raised up the sky and founded the spacious land . '' Jump up ^ As in Ælfric 's On the Seasons of the Year ( Ch. 6 , § 9 ) : Seo eorðe stent on gelicnysse anre pinnhnyte , & seo sunne glit onbutan be Godes gesetnysse . `` The earth can be compared to a pine cone , and the Sun glides around it by God 's decree . Jump up ^ If Earth were shrunk to the size of a billiard ball , some areas of Earth such as large mountain ranges and oceanic trenches would feel like tiny imperfections , whereas much of the planet , including the Great Plains and the abyssal plains , would feel smoother . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 5 and 200 km . Jump up ^ Locally varies between 5 and 70 km . Jump up ^ Including the Somali Plate , which is being formed out of the African Plate . See : Chorowicz , Jean ( October 2005 ) . `` The East African rift system '' . Journal of African Earth Sciences . 43 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 379 -- 410 . Bibcode : 2005JAfES ... 43 ... 379C . doi : 10.1016 / j. jafrearsci. 2005.07. 019 . Jump up ^ This is the measurement taken by the vessel Kaikō in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date . See the Challenger Deep article for more details . Jump up ^ The ultimate source of these figures , uses the term `` seconds of UT1 '' instead of `` seconds of mean solar time ''. -- Aoki , S. ; Kinoshita , H. ; Guinot , B. ; Kaplan , G.H. ; McCarthy , D.D. ; Seidelmann , P.K. ( 1982 ) . `` The new definition of universal time '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 61 . Bibcode : 1982A&A ... 105 ... 359A . Jump up ^ For Earth , the Hill radius is R H = a ( m 3 M ) 1 3 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( H ) = a \ left ( ( \ frac ( m ) ( 3M ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) , where m is the mass of Earth , a is an astronomical unit , and M is the mass of the Sun . So the radius in AU is about ( 1 3 ⋅ 332 , 946 ) 1 3 = 0.01 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 332,946 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) = 0.01 ) . Jump up ^ Aphelion is 103.4 % of the distance to perihelion . Due to the inverse square law , the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9 % the energy at aphelion . References ^ Jump up to : Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 663 -- 83 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 7 August 2007 ) . `` Useful Constants '' . International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Clabon Walter ; Cox , Arthur N. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCS Satellite Database '' . Nuclear Weapons & Global Security . Union of Concerned Scientists . 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Various ( 2000 ) . David R. Lide , ed . 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The Alcalde . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Further reading Comins , Neil F. ( 2001 ) . Discovering the Essential Universe ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . Bibcode : 2003deu ... book ... C. ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5804 - 0 . OCLC 52082611 . External links Find more aboutEarth at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( 4 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Earth '' dated 2012 - 06 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles National Geographic encyclopedic entry about Earth Earth -- Profile -- Solar System Exploration -- NASA Earth -- Climate Changes Cause Shape to Change -- NASA United States Geological Survey -- USGS Earth -- Astronaut Photography Gateway -- NASA Earth Observatory -- NASA Earth -- Audio ( 29 : 28 ) -- Cain / Gay -- Astronomy Cast ( 2007 ) Earth -- Videos -- International Space Station : Video ( 01 : 02 ) -- Earth ( time - lapse ) Video ( 00 : 27 ) -- Earth and Auroras ( time - lapse ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! 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Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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"Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000♠2.7 Gya, forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today.[71] This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O2 into O3. The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.[145] Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.[146] This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C, in contrast to the current +15 °C,[147] and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.[148] In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.[149][150]"
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"nitrous oxide"
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-4283415462105642974 | Air transports of heads of state and government | Air transports of heads of state and government - wikipedia Air transports of heads of state and government Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Air transport for heads of state and government officials is , in many countries , provided by special aircraft . One in particular is a part of popular culture : Air Force One , used by the President of the United States and operated by the United States Air Force . Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K M N O P R S T U V Y Z -- Notes Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Algeria 3 Angola 4 Argentina 5 Armenia 6 Australia 7 Azerbaijan 8 Bangladesh 9 Bahrain 10 Belarus 11 Belgium 12 Benin 13 Bhutan 14 Bolivia 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina 16 Botswana 17 Bulgaria 18 Brazil 19 Brunei Darussalam 20 Burkina Faso 21 Burundi 22 Cambodia 23 Cameroon 24 Canada 25 Chad 26 Chile 27 China ( People 's Republic of China ) 28 Colombia 29 Costa Rica 30 Croatia 31 Cuba 32 Czech Republic 33 Denmark 34 Dominican Republic 35 Ecuador 36 Egypt 36.1 Presidential and governmental ( VIP ) fleet 37 El Salvador 38 Eritrea 39 Finland 40 France 41 Gambia 42 Germany 43 Georgia 44 Ghana 45 Greece 46 Honduras 47 Hong Kong 48 India 48.1 Current Fleet 49 Indonesia 50 Iran 51 Iraq 52 Ireland 53 Israel 54 Italy 55 Ivory Coast 56 Jamaica 57 Japan 58 Jordan 59 Kazakhstan 60 Kenya 61 Kuwait 62 Kyrgyzstan 63 Lebanon 64 Libya 65 Lithuania 66 Luxembourg 67 Macau 68 F.Y.R.O.M 69 Madagascar 70 Malawi 71 Malaysia 72 Mali 73 Mexico 74 Moldova 75 Monaco 76 Mongolia 77 Montenegro 78 Morocco 79 Namibia 80 Nepal 81 Netherlands 82 New Zealand 83 Niger 84 Nigeria 85 North Korea 86 Norway 87 Oman 88 Pakistan 89 Palestinian Authority 90 Peru 91 Philippines 92 Poland 93 Portugal 94 Romania 95 Russia 96 Rwanda 97 Saudi Arabia 98 Senegal 99 Serbia 100 Singapore 101 Slovakia 102 Slovenia 103 Somalia 104 South Africa 105 South Korea 106 Spain 107 Sri Lanka 108 Sudan 109 Suriname 110 Swaziland 111 Sweden 112 Switzerland 113 Syria 114 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) 115 Tanzania 116 Thailand 117 Tunisia 118 Turkey 119 Turkmenistan 120 Uganda 121 Ukraine 122 United Arab Emirates 123 United Kingdom 124 United States 125 Uruguay 126 Uzbekistan 127 Vatican City 128 Venezuela 129 Vietnam 130 Yemen 131 Yugoslavia ( former ) 132 Zambia 133 Zimbabwe 134 See also 135 References 136 External links History ( edit ) The Airspeed Envoy was used as air transport for the Royal Family from 1937 onwards . The first head of state or government to receive official and dedicated air transport was the British Monarch . In 1928 , two Westland Wapitis were delivered to No. 24 Squadron at RAF Northolt for the express purpose of the transportation of the Royal Family . Between 1929 and 1935 , Edward , Prince of Wales , purchased 13 aircraft . Although the RAF maintained at least one of these aircraft for a time the Prince of Wales eventually became solely responsible for the aircraft . When the Prince ascended to the throne in 1936 as Edward VIII , The King 's Flight was formed as the world 's first head of state aircraft unit . This unit initially used the King 's own de Havilland DH. 89 Dragon Rapide ; however this was replaced in May 1937 by an Airspeed AS. 6J Envoy III . President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's C - 54 Skymaster aircraft , nicknamed the Sacred Cow . In the US , prior to World War II , overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare . Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office . During World War II , Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper , a Pan Am - crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference , in Morocco , a flight that covered 5,500 miles in three legs . The first dedicated aircraft proposed for presidential use was a C - 87A VIP transport aircraft . This aircraft , number 41 - 24159 , was re-modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport , the Guess Where II , intended to carry President Franklin D. Roosevelt on international trips . The Secret Service subsequently reconfigured a Douglas C - 54 Skymaster for duty as a presidential transport . This VC - 54C aircraft , nicknamed the Sacred Cow , included a sleeping area , radio telephone , and retractable elevator to lift Roosevelt in his wheelchair . As modified , the VC - 54C was used by President Roosevelt only once , on his trip to and from the Yalta Conference in February 1945 . In the postwar period , governments around the world have instituted similar provisions for the official aerial transportation of their heads of state and government . Algeria ( edit ) The government of Algeria operated an Airbus A340 - 500 in 2015 . Angola ( edit ) The government of Angola operated a Bombardier Global Express in 2015 . Argentina ( edit ) Tango 01 of Argentine Republic . Argentina operated a fleet of aircraft and helicopters for exclusive use by President of Argentina and his or her family . This set of aircraft was known as the Agrupación Aérea Presidencial ( Spanish for Presidential Air Group ) and belonged to one of the Departments of the Presidency , called Military House . This was responsible for the presidential security and transportation . The Boeing 757 T - 01 was used for international visits . The Agrupación Aérea presidencial was closed in 2016 by president Mauricio Macri , because of the high cost of repairs and maintenance and the lack of adequate pilots and spare parts . The fleet of the Presidential Air Group in 2014 was : T - 01 ( Tango 01 ) Boeing 757 - 200 T - 02 Fokker F - 28 - 4000 Fellowship T - 03 Fokker F - 28 - 1000C Fellowship T - 04 Boeing 737 - 500 T - 10 Learjet 60 H - 01 Sikorsky S - 70A Black Hawk H - 02 Sikorsky S - 76 B H - 03 Sikorsky S - 76 B Armenia ( edit ) Armenian Air Force Airbus A319 The Armenian Government operated an Airbus A319 in 2015 . Australia ( edit ) See also : Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft An RAAF Boeing 737 BBJ at Sydney Airport No. 34 Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force operates the current VIP fleet of two 737 Boeing Business Jets and three Challenger 604s for use by Australian officials ; in particular the Queen of Australia , Governor - General , members of the Royal Family , the Prime Minister , the Minister for Foreign Affairs , the leaders of political parties not in Government , and the Deputy Prime Minister . The aircraft are regularly used for both domestic and international travel . The two 737 BBJs were acquired on a 13 - year lease in 2002 and are fitted with facilities such as conference tables , offices suites and secure satellite and communication capabilities . The two planes also have a longer range than is standard for 737 BBJs . Both the BBJs and Challengers are based at Defence Establishment Fairbairn in Canberra and are maintained by Qantas Defence Services . In August 2014 it was announced the BBJ 's would be replaced by at least one KC - 30A in VIP configuration . Azerbaijan ( edit ) The President of Azerbaijan has 3 planes dedicated for his use : an Airbus A319 `` Baku '' owned directly by the government , a Boeing 767 - 300ER `` Baku - 1 '' owned directly by the government , and a leased Airbus A340 - 600 `` Baku - 8 '' . All 3 aircraft are equipped with jamming equipment , anti-missile systems , and possess the ability to refuel in midair . Bangladesh ( edit ) Biman Bangladesh Airlines Boeing 777 - 300ER The President and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh travel on specially reserved aircraft of country 's national flag carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines . For long distance flights or flights with an especially large entourage , usually a Boeing 777 - 300ER aircraft is used , whereas for medium to short distance flights Airbus A310 aircraft was used until being phased out on 29 September 2016 . In many cases , two Biman aircraft are reserved for government flights , one as a standby aircraft . The Bangladesh Air Force has a VVIP fleet of four helicopters , two Mil Mi - 17 and two Bell 212 helicopters . One is always reserved for VVIP flights . The other three for carrying the staff and entourage . Bahrain ( edit ) Bahrain Royal Flight Boeing 747SP The Bahrain Royal Flight operates a Boeing 747 - 400 and Boeing 747SP . Also still listed is a Boeing 727 . In 2013 they acquired the only VIP 767 - 400 in the world , which originally was the prototype Northrop Grumman E-10 MC2A. 1 Gulfstream IV , 1 Gulfstream G550 and 1 Gulfstream G650 . Also 1 Sikorsky S - 92 , 1 Sikorsky S - 76 and 1 Bell 430 helicopters . Dates of delivery or order : 1 Gulfstream IV delivery 2000 , 1 Gulfstream G550 delivered 2010 , 1 Gulfstream G650 delivered 2014 , 1 Bell 430 delivery 2001 , 1 Sikorsky S - 92 ordered 2007 1 Sikorsky S - 76 delivered 2012 ? Belarus ( edit ) Boeing 737 - 800 BBJ operated by Belavia on behalf of the Government of Belarus . The airline Belavia operates a Boeing 767 - 300ER , a Boeing 737 Business Jet , and a Tupolev Tu - 154 M on behalf of the government for use of the President and Prime Minister . The aircraft , instead of being painted sky blue as other Belavia planes , is painted in red and green . These colors are derived from the national flag . The English and Belarusian name of the country , `` Беларусь '' , appear near the door on both sides in red . On the tail - fin of the plane , the national emblem appears in full color . Belgium ( edit ) For the transport of the royal family and the members of the Government , Belgium has the following aircraft from the 15th Wing Transport of the Air Component of the Armed Forces : one leased Airbus A321 - 231 , two Dassault Falcon 20 modernised in 2004 , one Dassault Falcon 900 for the transport of ( V ) VIP over very long distances in exceptional comfort conditions , two Embraer ERJ 135 and two Embraer ERJ 145 . Benin ( edit ) The Government of Benin operated a Boeing 727 in 2015 . Bhutan ( edit ) Druk Air Airbus A319 The King and the Government of Bhutan use an Airbus A319 from the national flag carrier Druk Air for all travels . Bolivia ( edit ) FAB - 001 of Bolivian Air Force . The Bolivian Air Force operates a Sabreliner business - jet , acquired in 1975 for use by the President and government officials . In July 2010 , the Bolivian government bought a Dassault Falcon 900 EX for use by the President . In July 2013 , the Bolivian government acquire a Dassault Falcon 50 EX , the aircraft will be used exclusively by the Executive Body . The Bolivian government also authorizes the Ministry of Defence buying an aircraft Beechcraft King Air 250 and an aircraft Beechcraft King Air 350i for to upgrade aircraft fleet of the Bolivian Air Force . 1 x Falcon 900EX EASy M - ATOS used as Presidential Aircraft . 1 x Dassault Falcon 50 EX used by the executive branch . Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina operated a Cessna Citation I and a Cessna CitationJet in 2015 . Botswana ( edit ) The Botswana Defence Force operated a Bombardier Global Express in 2015 . It previously operated a Gulfstream IV as a VIP transport . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian Air Force Airbus A319 In Bulgaria , 28th Air Detachment operates in 1986 - 2010 an Tu - 154 , an Airbus A319 , Dassault Falcon 2000 , 2 Mil Mi - 8 and Agusta AW 109 Power helicopters for use by the President , the Prime Minister and other state officials . Brazil ( edit ) Airbus A319 VC - 1A or Brazilian Air Force One Main article : Brazilian Air Force One The main Presidential aircraft used by the Brazilian Government is a modified Airbus A319 , designated by the Brazilian Air Force as VC - 1A and officially christened as the `` Santos - Dumont '' , after the Brazilian aviation pioneer . The VC - 1A is used for transporting the President on international medium and long - range travel . For short - range flights the President is transported in one of the two modified Embraer 190 presidential jets . When an aircraft is transporting the President of Brazil it uses the callsign Força Aérea 01 ( Air Force One ) , ICAO code BRS01 . The Special Transport Group ( GTE ) of the Brazilian Air Force is responsible for transporting the President , the Vice-President and senior ministers of the Brazilian Government . The GTE comprises 22 aircraft : A modified VIP - configured Airbus A319 ( VC - 1A ) `` Santos - Dumont '' used on all international flights carrying the President . Two modified VIP - configured Embraer 190 jets , `` Bartolomeu de Gusmão '' and `` Augusto Severo '' , used on domestic and regional flights carrying the President . Two VIP - configured Eurocopter Super Puma ( VH - 34 ) presidential helicopters . Two VIP - configured Embraer ERJ - 135 ( VC - 99C ) aircraft . Ten Embraer ERJ - 145 ( C - 99A ) aircraft . Three Gates Learjet 35 ( VU - 35 ) jets . The fleet is headquartered at the Brasília Air Force Base ( BABR ) . Brunei darussalam ( edit ) His Majesty The Sultan 's Flight 's Airbus A340 - 200 in May 2013 His Majesty The Sultan 's Flight ( HMSF ) has several aircraft in VIP configuration , designed by Reese Design and modified by L3 Communications , on which to travel internationally . The fleet of aircraft is used exclusively for the Sultan of Brunei and members of the Royal Family . Boeing 767 - 200ER In service 1992 . Bought for approx $113 m and $120 m outfit Boeing 747 - 400 In service 1990 . Bought for approx $100 m and $120 m outfit Airbus A340 - 200 In service 1997 . Bought for approx $100 m and $120 m outfit 2 x Sikorsky S - 70A in service 1997 Burkina Faso ( edit ) The government of Burkina Faso operated two Boeing 727s in 2015 And in 2016 - 2017 they recently got the Dassault 700 . Burundi ( edit ) The government of Burundi operated a Gulfstream IV in 2015 . Cambodia ( edit ) Kingdom of Cambodia A320 at Phnom Penh airport on 29 September 2015 The Kingdom of Cambodia operated an Airbus A320 in 2015 . Cameroon ( edit ) The government of Cameroon operated a Gulfstream III in 2015 . Canada ( edit ) The CC - 150 Polaris is used to transport the Canadian monarch , governor general , and / or prime minister Main article : Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft The Royal Canadian Air Force operates five Airbus A310 - 300s ( CC - 150 Polaris ) , flown by crews of 437 Transport Squadron based at CFB Trenton ; four are configured as normal airliners with cargo transport and aerial refuelling capability , while one , No. 001 , is operated in a VIP configuration and charged with flying the monarch , other members of the Royal Family , the governor general , the prime minister , and other high - ranking government officials and foreign dignitaries . The CC - 150 Polaris is primarily used for long distance trips ; for short distance trips , four Bombardier Challenger 604 business jets ( CC - 144 ) , operated by 412 Squadron are used . Chad ( edit ) The government of Chad operated a McDonnell Douglas MD - 87 in 2015 . Chile ( edit ) FACh Boeing 737 - 500 VIP transport at Sydney Airport in Australia The transportation of the President was in charge of the formerly state - owned flag carrier Lan Airlines , providing a Boeing 707 or a Boeing 737 - 200 . Nowadays , the transportation is under the responsibility of the Chilean Air Force , which operates the following aircraft : 1 Boeing 737 - 500 1 Beechcraft 200 King Air 1 Gulfstream IV 1 Boeing 767 - 300ER . This aircraft was bought to replace the Boeing 737 in transcontinental flights . As of 2009 it is the only VIP FACh aircraft which uses the standard Chilean military livery , considering its multipurpose as VIP and freight transporter . Formerly , FACh used a Boeing 707 - 320C which is still in service for military purposes . China ( people 's Republic of China ) ( edit ) China 's paramount leader Xi Jinping , getting a ceremonial escort by eight Pakistani JF - 17 Thunder fighter aircraft in Pakistani airspace on a two - day visit in April 2015 . Air transportation for the general secretary , President , Premier or other government officials of China is managed and operated by the 34th division of People 's Liberation Army Air Force . Eight Boeing 737 - 300s and two 737 - 700s are used for these missions . A Boeing 767 - 300ER was purchased by the Chinese government for use by former leader Jiang Zemin in 2000 . This Boeing 767 was originally ordered by Delta Air Lines . An international incident occurred in 2001 when the government claimed it had discovered 27 bugs embedded in the aircraft 's interior ; the plane had been refitted in San Antonio , Texas . It had since been converted back to a normal passenger airliner and transferred to Air China as B - 2499 . A commercial Air China Boeing 747 - 4J6 is converted for international travel when necessary . The plane is registered as B - 2472 . It is specially retrofitted during official use and returns to commercial service afterwards . The PLAAF 34th division was formed in 1959 . Types of aircraft formerly used for VIP air transportation including Vickers Viscount , Ilyushin Il - 18 and Hawker Siddeley Trident . The plane which crashed in Mongolia in 1971 , carrying defecting marshal Lin Biao , was a Trident registered as CAAC B - 256 , piloted by Pan Jingyin ( 潘景寅 ) , deputy commander of the 34th division . Colombia ( edit ) In 1933 , Colombia acquired its first presidential transport airplane , a Junkers Ju 52 / 3m , one of the most advanced aircraft of that time . It served former President Enrique Olaya Herrera until its retirement from service in 1950 . From 1953 to 1972 , a Douglas C - 54 Skymaster served as presidential airplane starting with the dictatorship of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla ( 1953 -- 57 ) . Colombia president Juan Manuel Santos plane In 1972 a new Fokker F28 - 1000 became the presidential airplane during the presidency of Misael Pastrana Borrero . In 2005 , Colombia acquired the following aircraft for presidential transport : Airplanes Quantity Boeing 737 Fokker 28 Embraer Legacy 600 Lear Jet 60 Helicopter Quantity Helicopter Bell 412 Helicopter Sikorsky UH60 Costa Rica ( edit ) The Air Surveillance Service is a department of the Ministry of Public Security which is in charge of police surveillance in airspace . This department has a Beechcraft King Air F90 - 1 and MD 600N helicopter . First the aircraft are available for surveillance and second for transporting the President of Costa Rica and other government dignitaries . Croatia ( edit ) Pilots of the Croatian Air Force fly a low - visibility grey VIP - configured Challenger CL - 604 9A - CRO business - jet , acquired in August 1997 to be used by the President , Government and Parliament officials , and other users upon the approval of the Prime Minister , especially in the case of flights for the transportation of organs or seriously injured persons . Additionally , Mil Mi - 8 - 1 twin - turbine helicopter is occasionally used for the short - range travel within the country . Directorate for the Use of Official Aircraft is an expert service of the Government that operates the aircraft . Cuba ( edit ) Transportation for the Cuban President is the responsibility of Cubana de Aviación , one of Cuba 's state - owned airlines . Although the entire fleet is available for presidential use , the most commonly used aircraft are 2 Ilyushin Il - 96 . The government of Cuba operated a Ilyushin Il - 62 and Ilyushin Il - 96 in 2015 . Czech Republic ( edit ) Czech Air Force Airbus A319 corporate jet The Czech Air Force operates two Airbus A319CJs , a Bombardier Challenger 600 , two Yakovlev Yak - 40 aircraft and Mil Mi - 8 helicopters for VIP transport , primarily that of the President , Prime Minister , and members of Government and Parliament of the Czech Republic . Denmark ( edit ) Royal Danish Air Force Bombardier Challenger CL - 604 The Royal Danish Air Force operates four Challenger CL - 604 for VIP transport , primarily that of the government and The Danish Royal Family . These airplanes are also used for environmental control and fishery control around Greenland and the North Sea . Furthermore , the Danish Royal Family have one AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin at their disposal . Ministers also fly on commercial airlines such as Scandinavian Airlines . Dominican Republic ( edit ) The Air Force of the Dominican Republic or Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana maintains the presidential helicopter fleet , which includes a Bell 430 and Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin and Eurocopter EC155 models , to transport the President of the Dominican Republic , Danilo Medina . For overseas and long distance travel the president is transported on a Aero Commander 500 . The government of the Dominican Republic operated a Beech Super King Air in 2015 . Ecuador ( edit ) Rafael Correa 's presidential Embraer Legacy 600 arriving at Camilo Ponce Enríquez Airport in Loja , Ecuador in September 2013 . Ecuador has a Dassault Falcon 7X and an Embraer Legacy 600 for presidential long and short range transport respectively , both acquired in recent years by Rafael Correa 's government . They replaced an older fleet of Rockwell Sabreliners and Avro 748s . Aircraft from the flag - carrier airline TAME 's fleet , including Airbus A319 and Embraer E-Jets can also be drafted for government use . Egypt ( edit ) The A340 - 200 utilized by the Egyptian government since the mid-1990s . The government of Egypt operated an Airbus A340 - 200 along with a number of business jets including the Gulfstream IV and Dassault Falcon 20s in 2015 . The first presidential airplane in Egypt was given as a gift from Saudi Arabia to Egyptian President Sadat . Before that , the President of Egypt , Gamal Abdel Nasser , traveled using a rented airplane from the National Egyptian Air company , Egypt Air . Presidential and governmental ( VIP ) fleet ( edit ) In addition to Air Force aircraft , a number of aircraft are directly under government control to transfer the President of Egypt , presidential logistics , the Prime Minister and members of the government , including : Airplane Origin Number Airplane Airbus A340 France Beechcraft Super King Air USA Boeing 707 USA Boeing 737 USA Dassault Falcon 20 France Gulfstream III USA Gulfstream IV USA VC - 130H Hercules USA Helicopter Sikorsky H - 3 Sea King USA Sikorsky UH - 60 Black Hawk USA Westland Commando MK - 2B UK El Salvador ( edit ) El Salvador 's President Mauricio Funes uses a de luxe version of the Bell 412 helicopter for local flights . The President also has military planes , helicopters and a presidential turboprop for his use . For international flights , a Beechjet 400A is used from its base at Ilopango Airport in the capital , San Salvador . Eritrea ( edit ) The government of Eritrea operated a Bombardier Challenger in 2015 . Finland ( edit ) Finnish officials do not have individually allotted aircraft . The president and cabinet ministers usually travel on commercial flights . However , the Finnish Air Force operates three Learjet 35 aircraft with limited transport capability for use by senior government and military officials . Helicopters of the Finnish Army or Coast Guard are utilized to provide transport to senior officials on some domestic trips . Prime minister Juha Sipilä , an avid aviator , has also made official trips with aircraft that he has personally flown and paid for , such as a Cessna CitationJet / M2 525 and a Scanwings Cessna 525 ( OH - WIX ) . The longest trip was to Ulan Bator in 2016 . The government leases private jets from companies such as Jetflite Oy . France ( edit ) See also : Escadron de transport , d'entrainement et de calibration and Cotam 001 French President 's Airbus A330 - 200 used since November 2011 . The Escadron de transport , d'entrainement et de calibration 00.065 ( ETEC 65 , `` Transportation , training and calibration squadron '' ) is the unit of the French Air Force , under direct command of the Minister of Defence , in charge of the transportation of the President , the Prime Minister and other French government officials . The ETEC operates 4 Dassault Falcon 50 , 2 Dassault Falcon 900 , 2 Dassault Falcon 7X and an Airbus A330 - 200 . Additionally , the unit operates three VIP - configured Super Puma helicopters . French officials also use the planes of the Escadron de transport 3 / 60 Esterel , which operates 3 Airbus A310 - 304 and 2 Airbus A340 - 200s . In 2009 , the French National Assembly approved a specific budget of 185 million euros for the purchase and modification of an Airbus A330 - 223 from Air Caraibes to be reserved for the exclusive use of the President of the Republic . Air France chartered flights were also used by French officials , most notably Concorde when it was still in service with that airline . Gambia ( edit ) The president of the Gambia has been using Ilyushin Il - 62 since August 2005 . The government of Gambia operated a Boeing 727 and Bombardier Challenger in 2015 , the previously used Ilyushin Il - 62 was stored . Germany ( edit ) Germany 's Airbus A340 - 313 VIP 16 + 01 `` Konrad Adenauer '' , shown here in Toronto . The airfleet used by Germany 's senior government officials consists of eleven aircraft : 2 x Airbus A340 - 313X VIP including the `` Konrad Adenauer '' 2 x Airbus A319 - 133X CJ 4 x Bombardier Global 5000 3 x Eurocopter AS532 Cougar They use two Airbus A340 - 313X VIP aircraft , previously of Germany 's Lufthansa , redesigned by Lufthansa Technik in a VIP configuration , including sleeping rooms and an anti-missile system . The airplanes are named after Konrad Adenauer , the first chancellor of ( West ) Germany , and Theodor Heuss , its first President . Until 2011 Germany 's government officials used two Airbus A310 - 304 VIP carrying the same names , previously of East Germany 's Interflug . In addition to the existing aircraft the German Air Force will procure another A321 - 200 from Lufthansa by 2019 to supplement the existing `` white fleet '' of government aircraft . Georgia ( edit ) Georgian Airways operated single Bombardier Challenger 850 since 2007 to carry President of Georgia and Government . In 2011 Gulfstream 450 was added to inventory , possibly replacing Challenger in VIP transport role . Ghana ( edit ) Republic of Ghana Falcon 900EX The government of Ghana operated a Dassault Falcon 900 EX in 2015 . Greece ( edit ) Hellenic Republic Gulfstream V Greece 's prime minister has a Gulfstream V at his disposal , which is under the operational command of the Hellenic Air Force . The airplane was bought by the government of Costas Simitis for the needs of Greece 's 2003 EU presidency and the preparations of the 2004 Olympic Games . The VIP transport squadron ( 112 Combat Wing at the Elefsis Air Force Base ) of the Hellenic Air Force also operates two Embraer business jets . For long haul flights the Prime Minister and other officials used one of the Airbus A340 - 300x 's from the government owned Olympic Airlines when they were still in service . The A340 aircraft were used for the official visit of the Greek Prime minister to Australia in 2007 . Two other aircraft used over the last two decades for the same purpose raised controversy . A Dassault Falcon 900 , had a range of technical problems culminating in an accident that cost the life of the deputy minister of foreign affairs Giannos Kranidiotis and five other people due to severe in - flight pitch oscillations 20 minutes before landing at Bucharest on 9 September 1999 . Under executive order 2954 / 28 - 8 - 12 , the Greek government bestowed the 30 - seat Embraer to the Hellenic Air Force to be used for pilot training , patient airlift and organ transplant transportation . Honduras ( edit ) See also : Westwind ( Honduran presidential plane ) The Honduran President used an IAI Westwind aircraft owned by the Honduran Air Force until October 2014 when it was changed for an Embraer Legacy 600 . Hong Kong ( edit ) Cathay Pacific Boeing 777 - 200 The chief executive of Hong Kong travels on commercial aircraft , usually operated by Cathay Pacific . She travels within the territory on helicopters operated by the Government Flying Service . India ( edit ) One of the five Boeing aircraft , during the Indian President 's trip to Madrid , Spain call - sign Air India One Main article : Air India One Air India One ( AIC001 ) is the call - sign of any aircraft with the President of India , or the Prime Minister of India on board . Since 2003 , four Boeing 747 - 437B , equipped with jamming equipment , anti-missile systems and air - to - air refuelling facility , have been used as Air India One . The aircraft are operated by the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) . The IAF 's Air Headquarters Communications Squadron , based at Indira Gandhi International Airport ( formerly Palam Air Force Base ) in New Delhi , is in charge of operating these aircraft . Other than the Air India One , there are three more aircraft used when President , Vice President or Prime Minister makes domestic tours . These are specially designed Boeing 737BBJ named Rajdoot , Rajhans and Rajkamal . Current fleet ( edit ) A chopper of IAF 's special Mi - 8 fleet , meant for carrying the President and the Prime Minister of India . The Government of India uses national flagcarrier Air India aircraft for the overseas transportation of its officials . Other Union Cabinet ministers and government officials may travel in AI - 001 with the Prime Minister 's consent . For domestic travel , the Prime Minister and the President use an Indian Air Force Boeing 737 - 200 , which is also equipped with security specifications . In 2008 , the Indian Air Force inducted three Boeing Business Jets which are used by VVIP Government officials . These aircraft have a range of 3,000 to 4,000 nautical miles ( 7,400 km ) and are fitted with encrypted satellite communication facilities and advanced navigation aids . The jets are also equipped with an advanced missile warning system , a missile deflecting shield and electronic counter measures so as to provide protection from any ground - based or air - borne threats . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Indonesian Presidential Aircraft Indonesia Air Force One , Boeing 737 - 800 Business Jet on a state visit to The Netherlands As a sprawling vast archipelagic nation , the Indonesian President needs a reliable , safe and secure VVIP air transportation quite frequently , either to visit Indonesian provinces , as well as to attend international summits , meetings or to pay official foreign visits . Since April 2014 , Indonesia has acquired Indonesia One , an aircraft dedicated solely for presidential use . This aircraft allows the president and his entourage to enjoy cross-continental trips in ease . Prior to having their own aircraft , the President of Indonesia and the Vice President formerly used aircraft chartered from Garuda Indonesia for their air travels . Boeing 737 - 800s were used for domestic flights and short - range international flights ; and Airbus A330 - 300s were used for most overseas trips and state visits . The Indonesian Air Force also has special VIP squadrons for the President , Vice President and government ministers . These are the 17th Air Squadron ( Indonesian : Skadron Udara 17 ) operating Avro RJ85 , Boeing 737 - 200 , Boeing 737 - 400 , Fokker F27 - 400 , Fokker F28 - 1000 and Lockheed C - 130 Hercules fixed - wing aircraft ; and the 45th Air Squadron ( Indonesian : Skadron Udara 45 ) flying Aérospatiale AS 332L - 1 Super Puma helicopters . All these aircraft and helicopters are based at Halim Perdanakusuma Airforce Base , Jakarta . Almost all presidential flights depart from there . On 10 April 2014 , Indonesian presidential aircraft was delivered to Jakarta . The government claimed the cost of operating its own aircraft would be lower than chartering Garuda aircraft . The aircraft is the Boeing Business Jet variant of the 737 - 800 . The aircraft specifications were designed to meet the specific safety requirements and security standards of Indonesia 's VVIP air transportation , which includes a modest self - defense system . Iran ( edit ) Iranian Boeing 707 used until the early 2010s Iranian Airbus A340 - 300 acquired in September 2015 Until the early 2010s , the president and other high - ranking government officials of Iran are still using the aged but famous Shahin , a special VIP designed Boeing 707 which was ordered and purchased by the Shah of Iran in the 1970s . It was initially far more luxuriously outfitted than US Air Force One , but after the Iranian Revolution it was redesigned as a normal VIP aircraft . Another VIP airliner , an Airbus A321 which was purchased during the 1990s , is also used on medium range trips of high officials like the Foreign Minister , the Speaker of Parliament and the Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council . The other VIP planes in use by the government consist of 1 Dassault Falcon 20 , 3 Dassault Falcon 50 and 1 Lockheed JetStar all operated by the Iranian Air Force , and an Airbus A340 - 300 , operated ( along with the A321 ) by Meraj Airlines . The government of Iran had also occasionally chartered an A340 - 300 from Mahan Air prior to the acquisition of the current A340 - 300 . The government of Iran also owns a Boeing 727 but it is stored in Iran and no longer used . The interior retains its VIP configuration ordered by Henry Ford II in the 1960s . Iraq ( edit ) Before 2014 , the government used a plane Boeing 767 - 200 Former President Saddam Hussein had his own personal 747SP for his travel as well as few Boeing 727s and Falcons for Governmental use . Ireland ( edit ) Irish Air Corps Gulfstream IV used as VIP Transport The Irish Ministerial Air Transport Service ( MATS ) is part of the Irish Air Corps , it provides secure transport to the President of Ireland , the Prime Minister , the Deputy Prime Minister , and members of the government and their staff , both within and outside Ireland . A Learjet 45 is currently used . Until recently , a Gulfstream IV was also part of the fleet . The Air Corps AW139 helicopters are also used as government transport . Israel ( edit ) Boeing 777 - 200ER of EL AL , Israel 's flag carrier The State of Israel does not currently possess a specific jet for use of its Heads of State . Whenever the current Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu flies long distances ( out of the country ) , the Government leases an airliner from El Al , the country 's flag carrier . Meanwhile , the President Reuven Rivlin and other high - ranking dignitaries are relegated to El Al first class commercial service . As of 2014 , the Knesset is considering the purchase of such an airplane , dubbed `` Israeli Air Force One '' . Italy ( edit ) Main article : 31o Stormo Airbus A340 - 500 -- Italian Air Force Airbus A319CJ -- Italian Air Force 1 x Airbus A340 - 541 ( leased from Etihad Airways ) 3 x Airbus A319CJ ( 1 retired and for sale , replaced by the A340 - 500 ) 3 x Falcon 900EC ( 2 retired and for sale ) 2 x Falcon 900EAsy 2 x Dassault Falcon 50 EX 2 x Agusta Westland AW - 139 The Italian Air Force operates three Airbus Corporate Jets . One Airbus is equipped with 30 seats for use by the Prime Minister or President , the other aircraft each have 50 seats for use of government officials . Two smaller Dassault Falcon 50 and five Dassault Falcon 900 ( 3 EC and 2 EASy ) are also used for government transport . Two AgustaWestland AW139 are operated for use by the President and government officials , and are also used by the Pope . Recently , an Airbus A340 - 500 was acquired on lease from Etihad Airways for longer - distance trips by the Italian Prime Minister or President . All aircraft and helicopters are operated by the 31st Wing based in Rome Ciampino Airport , except for the A340 - 500 , which is based at Leonardo da Vinci -- Fiumicino Airport , because it can not operate from the shorter runway at Ciampino . Ivory Coast ( edit ) The Ivorian government uses a Gulfstream IV as a VIP aircraft . Furthermore , they also use a government Boeing 727 - 200WGL . Jamaica ( edit ) The Jamaican government charters either an Airbus A333 for long hauls and or a Boeing BJ 738 for short - hauls . As well as having Bell 206 's / 407 's / 412 's at their disposal from their JDF ( Jamaica Defense Force ) fleet . The Governor General of Jamaica , has his own transportation of a BAe 146 provided by her majesty The Queen from her Squadron RAF No. 32 . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese Air Force One Japanese Air Force One at Hunter Army Airfield Japan maintains two Boeing 747 - 400 aircraft mostly for the Prime Minister , the Emperor , Empress and other members of the Imperial Family , operated by the Japan Air Self - Defense Force . They have the radio callsigns Japanese Air Force One and Japanese Air Force Two when operating on official business , and Cygnus One and Cygnus Two when operating outside of official business ( e.g. , on training flights ). ( 2 ) The aircraft always fly together on government missions , with one serving as the primary transport and the other serving as a backup with maintenance personnel on board . The aircraft are officially referred to as Japanese government exclusive aircraft ( 日本 国 政府 専用 機 Nippon - koku seifu sen'yōki ) . The aircraft were constructed at the Boeing factory at the same time as the U.S. Air Force One VC - 25s , though the U.S. aircraft were built to the 747 - 200 design , while the Japanese aircraft were built to the more contemporary 747 - 400 design . Both Japanese aircraft were delivered in 1990 . The 747s will be replaced by new Boeing 777 - 300ER aircraft in fiscal year 2019 . Jordan ( edit ) Lufthansa Airbus A340 - 600 The King of Jordan uses an Airbus A340 - 600 Prestige operated by Lufthansa The members of the royal family and government officials also use an Airbus A318 - 112 Elite . Kazakhstan ( edit ) Airbus A330 - 200 of Kazakhstan Government The Kazakhstan government fleet consists of the following aircraft ( August 2015 ) : 1 x Boeing 737 - 700 BBJ 1 x Airbus A320 1 x Airbus A321 1 x Tupolev Tu - 154 1 x Boeing 757 1 x Airbus A330 - 200 Kenya ( edit ) The government of Kenya operated a Fokker 70 officially named `` Harambee One '' in 2015 . Prior to the purchase of the Fokker , the Kenyan President primarily used Kenya Airways for his international travel . The Presidential fleet also includes Bombardier Dash 8 and Aerospatiale Puma , mostly for domestic travel . Kuwait ( edit ) State of Kuwait Airbus A340 - 500 . State of Kuwait Boeing 737 - 900ER ( BBJ3 ) . Until April 2013 , the Emir of Kuwait used a Boeing 747 - 400 ; since then he has used either one of two Airbus A340 - 500 airframes equipped with military defense equipment to protect the plane from any potential attacks , also used by the Crown Prince of Kuwait , or since 2016 , a Boeing 747 - 8 Intercontinental equipped similarly to the A340s . The rest of the official state aircraft used by senior ruling family members and cabinet members : 1 x Airbus A300 1 x Airbus A310 carry the Emir 's security , which flies 48 hours before the Emir 's departure 1 x Airbus A319 used by the Government 1 x Airbus A320 - 200 used by the Government 2 x Airbus A340 - 500 used by the Emir of Kuwait , the Crown Prince and the Prime Minister . 1 x Boeing 737 - 900ER used by the Government 1 x Boeing 747 - 8 used by the Emir of Kuwait 1 x Gulfstream G550 used by the Government 4 x Gulfstream V used by the Government Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) Kyrgyz Tupolev Tu - 154 at Haneda Airport The government of Kyrgyzstan operated single Tupolev Tu - 154 M in 2015 . Lebanon ( edit ) A Middle East Airlines Airbus A330 - 200 boarding the Lebanese President and the Lebanese delegation to the United Nations at New York - JFK Airport . For his local and regional trips , the Lebanese president uses a Lebanese Air Force VIP variant of AgustaWestland AW139 code named `` Cedar 1 '' , the helicopter was a gift from the Emir of Qatar HH Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani . The Lebanese president uses Middle East Airlines ( MEA ) jets for his international trips . MEA aircraft use `` Cedar Jet 1 '' as a special call sign when they are transporting the president . Libya ( edit ) The government of Libya operated an Airbus A340 - 200 and a Dassault Falcon 900 EX in 2015 . Lithuania ( edit ) Lithuanian Air Force Alenia C - 27J Spartan The President and the government of Lithuania use one of the 3 Alenia C - 27J Spartan of the Lithuanian Air Force in a passenger configuration . Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxair 's Boeing 737 - 7C9 A private Cessna 550 Citation II , a Learjet 35A or even a 737 - 7C9 chartered from the luxembourgish flag carrier Luxair Luxembourg Airlines are sometimes used for governmental flights . Macau ( edit ) Air Macau Airbus A319 The Chief Executive of Macau travels abroad ( and to mainland China destinations ) on commercial aircraft operated by Air Macau , the de facto flag carriers of the territory . As Macau is a small locale , there is no need for air travel within the territory . F.Y.R.O.M ( edit ) The government of the FYR Macedonia operated a Learjet 25 B and a Learjet 60 in 2015 . Madagascar ( edit ) The government of Madagascar operated a Boeing 737 - 300 in 2015 . Malawi ( edit ) President Peter Mutharika travels abroad on a Dassault Falcon 900EX . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia 's Prime Minister and Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( Ruling Monarch ) travel in an Airbus A320 registration 9M - NAB operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force . The Airbus A320 was purchased in 2015 . Other planes in use include a Dassault Falcon 900 , Fokker F28 , Bombardier BD - 700 and a Boeing 737 . Mali ( edit ) The government of Mali operated a Boeing 737 - 700 / BBJ in 2015 . Mexico ( edit ) Mexican Air Force Boeing 787 - 8 As of February 2016 , the air fleet of the President of Mexico has a total of 18 aircraft which are described below : 1 x Boeing 787 - 8 1 x Boeing 757 - 200 2 x Boeing 737 - 300 2 x Gulfstream III 2 x Learjet 35A 1 x Rockwell Turbo Commander 695A 1 x Gulfstream GIV ( operated by the Mexican Navy ) 2 x Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma 5 x Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma 2 x Aerospatiale SA330 Puma In 2012 , the Mexican government announced the acquisition through a 15 - year lease of a Boeing 787 - 8 Dreamliner . The new presidential aircraft incorporates modern security systems . It started operations in December 2015 . The TP - 01 is named José María Morelos y Pavón , President Enrique Peña Nieto used the aircraft for the first time at the Air Force 101st anniversary ceremony on 10 February 2016 . Moldova ( edit ) The airline Air Moldova operates a Yakovlev Yak - 40 on behalf of the Moldovan Government , for use of the President and Prime Minister . Monaco ( edit ) Monaco Government Dassault Falcon 7X on finals into Innsbruck ( Austria ) The Prince and the Monegasque government ( including the Prime Minister ) use a Dassault Falcon 7X based in the French airport Nice Côte d'Azur Airport . Mongolia ( edit ) Mongolian Airlines Boeing 767 - 300 The Mongolian President and Prime Minister with other Parliament members use an Boeing 767 - 300ER or Boeing 737 - 800 for short to medium range from Government owned by MIAT Mongolian Airlines . In domestic routes head of Mongolia and other government officials use Saab 340B or Fokker 50 chartered from Eznis Airways and Aero Mongolia . Currently Mongolian Government is in talks with Cessna to purchase Cessna Citation jets . The number is unknown . Montenegro ( edit ) The Government of Montenegro operates one Learjet 45 for VIP transport . Morocco ( edit ) Moroccan Air Force Boeing 737 - 8KB ( BBJ2 ) `` CN - MVI '' , operated for the exclusive use by King Mohammed VI and his family The Moroccan Air Force operates a fleet of VIP aircraft for use by Moroccan officials , including King Mohammed VI and Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani : 1 x Boeing 747 - 8EM 1 x Boeing 737 - 8KB ( BBJ2 ) for exclusive use by the King of Morocco and the royal family ; 2 x Citation XLS 2 x Citation V 1 x Falcon 50 1 x Falcon 100 1 x Gulfstream II 1 x Gulfstream III 1 x Gulfstream G550 1 x British Aerospace Avro RJ100 1 x AgustaWestland AW139 A fleet of smaller jets , consisting mainly of Beechcraft Super King 200 / 350 airplanes , is also occasionally used for VIP - transport of the royal family , ministers and armed forces senior staff . Namibia ( edit ) The Namibian government uses a Dassault Falcon 7x and Dassault Falcon for VIP transport . Also Learjet 31A and soon to be acquired Learjet 45 plus two AW139 helicopters for Domestic use by VVIP Nepal ( edit ) Boeing 757 - 200 is the official air transport of the head of government of Nepal operated by Nepal Airlines ( formerly known as Royal Nepal Airlines ) , which is the flag carrier airline of Nepal . In 2015 , Nepal Airlines bought two Airbus A320 -- 200 aircraft . Post their arrival , head of state and head of government of Nepal fly on Airbus . The Boeing is only used if there is unavailability of Airbus . Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands government operated a Fokker 70 as a means of transport for the Dutch Royal family and government officials , such as the prime minister and other ministers . It was used to attend international conferences , but also for private trips by the King Willem Alexander and Queen Maxima . The registration was PH - KBX ; PH for the Netherlands and KBX for ' Koningin BeatriX ' or Queen Beatrix . The previous aircraft , a Fokker F28 Fellowship , was registered PH - PBX , with PBX for ' Princess BeatriX ' . The aircraft was maintained by KLM Cityhopper . The aircraft was retired in May 2017 , in line with the withdrawal of the Fokker 70 from KLM Cityhopper 's fleet . The Fokker F70 will be replaced by a Boeing 737 BBJ in 2019 at a cost of 89m Euro , it will be registered PH - GOV ( GOVernment ) . A Gulfstream IV of the Royal Netherlands Air Force ( RNLAF ) is also available . For long haul trips , aircraft belonging to the commercial airline Royal Dutch Airlines ( KLM ) are used . Often the upper deck of a Boeing 747 is used . Sometimes the Fokker 70 is sent ahead ; for the long stretch a KLM flight is used and for the final trip the Fokker . King Willem - Alexander has a Fokker 70 / 100 type rating and is often seen as pilot on these trips . To keep his licence current he sometimes flew with KLM Cityhopper on scheduled flights . As part of the KLM Fokker drawdown , King Willem - Alexander is training on mainline KLM Boeing 737 aircraft to qualify to fly the new VIP plane . New Zealand ( edit ) Royal New Zealand Air Force Boeing 757 - 200 at Kemble Airfield , Gloucestershire , England , for an air display . The Royal New Zealand Air Force maintains two Boeing 757 - 200s which are occasionally used to transport the Governor - General , the Prime Minister , various other government officials , as well as the Queen of New Zealand and members of the Royal Family when on New Zealand business . As multi-role aircraft , they are more often used as transport aircraft for troops or freight . Generally , the Prime Minister and government officials use commercial or chartered flights ( with Air New Zealand where available ) to travel both domestically and internationally . Niger ( edit ) The Government of Niger use Boeing 737 - 200 Adv for official flights . Nigeria ( edit ) The Nigerian Air Force currently maintains a Boeing Business Jet ( 737 ) as a means of transport for the President of Nigeria . The plane is known as `` Eagle One '' and is marked NAF - 001 . The national colors of the Nigerian Flag ( Green , White , Green ) , are painted in long horizontal stripes along the base of the white fuselage , the words `` NIGERIAN AIR FORCE '' are tagged on the top , and the Seal of the President of Nigeria is embossed on the tail . In addition , there is a Gulfstream V - SP , a Gulfstream 550 , two Falcon 7Xs , a Do228 - 200 , and 3 A139 choppers . The Falcon 900s ( two ) , a GIV - SP , and G II were all sold . A Citation Bravo and Hawker 800 were returned to the Air Force . North Korea ( edit ) Air Koryo 's Ilyushin Il - 62 M ; out of 4 in fleet , two airplanes are reserved for official flights North Korean leader Kim Jong - un travels overseas on one of two VIP configured Korean People 's Army Air Force Ilyushin Il - 62 M operated by Air Koryo crew . Kim Jong - un 's private aircraft is known as Goshawk - 1 . Norway ( edit ) Dassault Falcon 20 , serving as VIP - transport with the Royal Norwegian Air Force . The air transport of the King and Prime Minister of Norway is mostly handled by commercial airliners with the VIPs travelling as normal passengers . However , the Norwegian government will charter small private jets for government ministers when needed . The Royal Norwegian Air Force 717 Squadron at Rygge Air Station also maintain one Dassault Falcon 20 ( 5 -- 9 passengers ) for VIP - transport of the royal family , ministers and armed forces senior staff . Oman ( edit ) The Oman Royal Flight operates a Boeing 747 - 400 , Boeing 747SP , two Gulfstream IVs and an Airbus A320 . These are used by the Sultan of Oman and members of his government . Pakistan ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's Viking 1B - J750 showing the coat of arms of the Governor - General of Pakistan . The history of executive transport dates back to the earliest days of Pakistan . After independence in August 1947 , the need for an official aircraft for head of state was felt strongly . For this purpose , an ex-Royal Indian Air Force Viking 1B - J750 was procured to serve as the official transport of the Governor - General of Pakistan . This aircraft is considered as the first to use the call sign reserved for an aircraft flying Pakistan 's head of state or head of government , ' PAKISTAN ONE ' . Pakistan 's first Governor - General , Quaid - e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first to fly in this aircraft , using it till his death on 11 September 1948 . After his death , the new Governor - General , Khawaja Nazimuddin used the aircraft as his official transport until 1953 , when the aircraft was retired . It remained parked at Karachi 's Mauripur Airbase and then at a PAF Base in Peshawar . In 1997 , the aircraft was disassembled and transported to Karachi via road . In Karachi , it was restored and put up for display at the Pakistan Air Force Museum . A Pakistan International Airlines Boeing 777 - 200ER serving as PAKISTAN ONE , which carried President Mamnoon Hussain to Pakistan . Following that , in the 1960s and 70s , the President of Pakistan : Muhammad Ayub Khan , Yahya Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto used Boeing 707 jetliners of the national flag carrier , Pakistan International Airlines . In the 80s , President Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq used Lockheed C - 130B Hercules . In the 90s , Prime Ministers Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto used a Boeing 737 for their official trips . The airliner was maintained by Pakistan Government Transport . PIA always transports the presidents and Prime Ministers of Pakistan on overseas visits . During the late 1990s , Prime Minister Sharif 's government bought a Boeing 737 - 300 for official use . Initially it wore a government colour scheme , and eventually a partial PIA 1990s livery was adopted as the aircraft was given to PIA for commercial use while it was not on official duty . However , when the government changed after a military coup in 1999 , the Boeing B737 was transferred to PIA permanently. The President and Prime Minister then resorted to using two of PIA 's Airbus A310 - 300 for official visits , while rare trips were done on regular commercial flights of the airline . In 2007 Qatar government gifted an Airbus A310 - 300 of Qatar Amiri Flight to Pakistan , it was operated for Pakistan Air Force by PIA in a hybrid PIA and PAF livery . Also used is the VIP Gulfstream IV of the Pakistan Air Force . Palestinian Authority ( edit ) The Palestinian Authority operates a leased Bombardier Challenger 604 and Lockheed JetStar II , both carry the same tail markings as Palestinian Airlines . Peru ( edit ) The official aircraft of the President of Peru is a Boeing 737 - 500 acquired in 1995 during Alberto Fujimori 's presidency and has been controversial since , mainly due to the scandals that occurred with it during Alejandro Toledo 's administration . Boeing 737 of Republic of Peru It has been consistently reported that 169 -- 176 kg of cocaine ( the quantity depends on the source ) were found in the aircraft in 1996 . This incident actually occurred on 11 May of that year , but the aircraft in question was a Peruvian Air Force Douglas DC - 8 in cargo configuration ( that operated as presidential aircraft until the acquisition of the Boeing and could explain the confusion ) that was about to depart on a mission to Russia ( with stopovers at the Canary Islands and Bordeaux ) , carrying military aviation equipment for maintenance . The scandal remains a mystery as of today , because the drug 's origin and destiny were never determined and the investigations were compromised by Fujimori 's corrupt government ( one of the crew members was his aide - de-camp ) and his shadowy intelligence advisor Vladimiro Montesinos ( himself a former army member and head of the now - disbanded and infamous SIN ) . Only the material authors , a bunch of low - ranking officers , were processed , and were later acquitted , as Montesinos himself in 2012 . The aircraft sports the Marca Perú 's logo on the vertical fin , a white fuselage with a black underbelly with red pinstripes , and the words `` República del Perú '' adorning the sides , with the Coat of Arms of Peru displayed on the side . It carries a crew of six , the President of the Republic of Peru and thirty passengers . Philippines ( edit ) Philippine Airlines Flight 1 , an Airbus A321 - 200 , carrying President Rodrigo Duterte in 2016 The 250th Presidential Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force is used to transport the President of the Philippines and the First Family . On occasion , the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government , visiting heads of state , and other state guests . The fleet includes : 1 Fokker F28 , which is primarily used for the President 's domestic trips and it is also called `` Kalayaan ( '' Freedom `` ) One '' when the President is on board , 1 Fokker F - 27 aircraft , 4 Bell 412 helicopters , 3 Sikorsky S - 76 helicopters , and 1 Sikorsky S - 70A - 5 Black Hawk . For trips outside of the Philippines , the President uses a Bombardier Learjet 60 , Challenger 850 or charters appropriate aircraft from Philippine Airlines . The aircraft with the flight number PR / PAL 001 and callsign PHILIPPINE 001 is a special plane operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the President . During the Second World War , the presidential aircraft was a Mitsubishi MC - 20 . Prior to 1962 , the Air Force chartered aircraft from Pan American World Airways as the international services of Philippine Airlines were suspended . For shorter flights , Boeing 737s were initially used and have since been replaced by the Airbus A320 and Airbus A321 . PAL Boeing 747 - 400s were used for medium to long - haul flights until their retirement in September 2014 . Their roles are now being fulfilled by the Airbus A340 - 300 , the Airbus A330 - 300 and Boeing 777 - 300ER . In 1986 , the squadron of presidential aircraft consisted of : one Boeing 707 , one BAC - 111 , one YS - 11 , one F - 28 , one S - 62A , two UH - 1N , one Puma , and two S - 70AS . Poland ( edit ) Polish Embraer ERJ - 175LR Since June 2010 the Government of Poland operates two Embraer ERJ - 175LR ( ERJ - 170 - 200LR ) leased from LOT Polish Airlines to carry out state flights . Since 2012 Polish Air Force 1st Airlift Air Base in Warsaw - Okecie operates VIP helicopters for domestic transportation . The HEAD instruction for organizing the flights within the Polish Armed Forces gives the HEAD flight status when there is the president , prime minister or the parliament speakers on board . The flights carried by LOT are operated with both the rules of the civil procedures and in line with the unofficial civil HEAD instruction . Due to lack of the VIP fleet both the president and prime minister often used Polish Air Force EADS CASA C - 295 M for domestic flight and due to civil aviation restrictions . In 2016 the new polish government launched the VIP jets acquisition programme to procure small and medium size business jets . On 14 November 2016 the Polish Ministry of Defence signed the deal to buy two Gulfstream G550 VIP planes . On 31 March 2017 Armament Inspectorate of Ministry of National Defence signed the deal with Boeing Company to supply three Boeing 737 airliners . The purchase include single 132 seats second - hand Boeing 737 - 800 that should be delivered by the end of 2017 and two 65 - seats Boeing 737 - 800BBJ2 planned for delivery in 2020 . The first G550 was delivered on 21 June 2017 . The aircraft will be operated by Polish Air Force 1st Airlift Air Base and will replace Embraer 175s which lease will expire by the end of 2017 . Main article : 36th Special Aviation Regiment Since 1990 Polish Air Force operated two modified Tupolev Tu - 154M Lux , additionally a number of Yakovlev Yak - 40 and PZL M28 Bryza fixed - wing aircraft , Mil Mi - 8 , PZL W - 3 Sokół and Bell 412 helicopters were used by 36th Special Aviation Regiment in Warsaw . On 4 December 2003 , a Polish Air Force Mi - 8 carrying the Polish prime minister crashed in a forest near Warsaw . Even though the helicopter was lost , all 15 people on board survived . Tu - 154M tail number 101 , carrying the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński , was destroyed in 2010 Polish Air Force Tu - 154 crash on 10 April 2010 . The remaining Tu - 154M , No. 102 , was retired along with all Air Force Yak - 40s in 2011 , while 36th Regiment was disbanded . Portugal ( edit ) Dassaul Falcon 50 of the Portuguese Air Force The Portuguese Air Force operates three Dassault Falcon 50 built in 1990 for use by the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister , as well as cabinet members and other dignitaries when appropriate . They are operated by the 504 Squadron `` Lynxes '' , based at the Lisbon Military Airfield ( AT1 ) . Additionally , for similar use , the Portuguese Air Force maintained three Dassault Falcon 20 built in 1984 , bought from FedEx as cargo aircraft and converted to VIP configuration maintaining the outsized cargo door . These aircraft are no longer operational , the last one being used as an Aeronautical Navigation Calibration aircraft . One of them is on display at the Air Museum ( Museu do Ar ) , located in the area of the Sintra Air Base ( BA1 ) . The three Dassault Falcon 50 are also often used for long range emergency human organ transports and medical evacuation , mainly from and to the Portuguese islands of Azores and Madeira . Usually , TAP Portugal , SATA Air Açores or EuroAtlantic Airways aircraft are used for long range VIP flights , these being either Airbus A340 or Airbus A330 . Romania ( edit ) Main article : Romavia Romania operated one Boeing 707 for the Romanian President , a BAC 1 - 11 mostly for the prime minister , and a SA - 365 Dauphin for internal transport . The operator of these flights was the Ministry of National Defense , the owner of Romavia . When Romavia was shutdown in October 2010 , the presidential administration chartered an Airbus A310 - 300 from TAROM . As of 2016 , Romania no longer has an official aircraft , but a project to acquire one or more has been approved . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian presidential aircraft Ilyushin Il - 96 - 300PU of Russia at Vnukovo International Airport in 2015 Russian Sukhoi Superjet 100 Russia State Transport Company operates two Ilyushin Il - 96 - 300PU for use of the President of Russia . At least one of the aircraft was refitted as a VIP transport in 2001 by a British company for a price of GBP 10 million . The aircraft has the word `` Россия '' displayed in large Cyrillic letters across the upper side . As pictures leaked to the Internet in 2007 indicate , the luxurious refit included gold - plated bathroom fittings , marble floors , silk - lined walls and other expensive amenities . The aircraft is reported to have an escape capsule , much like the one featured in the film Air Force One . The Russian government fleet consists of the following aircraft ( April 2016 ) : Aircraft In Fleet Orders Airbus ACJ319 -- Antonov An - 148 -- Dassault Falcon 7X -- Ilyushin Il - 96 - 300 8 -- Ilyushin IL - 62 8 -- Sukhoi Superjet 100 -- Tupolev Tu - 204 - 300 -- Tupolev Tu - 214 13 -- Total 31 -- Rwanda ( edit ) The government of Rwanda uses a Yakovlev Yak - 40 trijet . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Saudi Arabian Royal Flight Boeing 747 - 300 parked at JFK Airport in New York City . The Saudi Arabian Royal Flight operates a Boeing 747 - 300 and a Boeing 747 - 400 for use by the King of Saudi Arabia . Senegal ( edit ) The government of Senegal operated an Airbus A319 since 2011 . Senegal 's A319 in 2014 Serbia ( edit ) The Avio Service of Serbia is responsible for transporting the Serbian President , the Prime Minister and other Serbian government officials . It operates a Dassault Falcon 50 and a Learjet 31 A . The Ministry of the interior uses a Sikorsky S - 76 . The government sometimes also uses Yakovlev Yak - 40 aircraft of the Serbian Air Force . Singapore ( edit ) Gulfstream G550 similar to the one used by Singapore government officials landing . The President , Prime Minister of Singapore and government officials typically travel on regular scheduled commercial flights operated by Singapore 's flag carrier , Singapore Airlines . However , on rare occasions or short trips , government officials may travel on one of the few passenger - configured Fokker - 50 operated by the Republic of Singapore Air Force or private chartered flights from Pacific Flight Services on a Gulfstream G550 . Slovakia ( edit ) The Slovak Government Flying Service operates two Airbus 319 -- 115 ACE , two Fokker 100 and one Tupolev Tu - 154 M. The Slovak Government Flying Service operates also one helicopter Bell 429 for Slovak Police and two helicopters Mil - 171 for use by the President , Prime Minister and government officials . Slovenia ( edit ) The Slovenian Armed Forces operate a Dassault Falcon 2000 EX for VIP transport , primarily of the President , Prime Minister , and members of the Government . The Government has decided in early 2015 to use the aircraft for medical transportation of body organs . Somalia ( edit ) The government of Somalia operated a Beech 1900D turboprop . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Inkwazi The President of South Africa travels in a Boeing 737 ( BBJ ) operated by the South African Air Force 's 21 Squadron , which is based at AFB Waterkloof near Pretoria ; the executive capital , i.e. the seat of the executive branch of the South African government . 21 Squadron also operates a fleet of two Falcon 50 and a Falcon 900B Fleet , 550 / 1 Citation II , and a Global Express XRS is hired to escort the President on long flights as a back - up aircraft . The Falcon 900 is normally used by the Deputy President and high - ranking cabinet ministers . In 2015 the South African president , president Jacob Zuma , had asked Armscor to procure a business jet with the capability of carrying at least 30 passengers and travel long range distances which is much larger than the current presidential jet ( Inkwazi ) . Although still uncertain which private jet the presidency will choose jet models being considered include the Boeing 777 , Boeing 787 and Airbus A340 . Callsign - South Africa 1 ( one ) . South Korea ( edit ) South Korean Presidential Plane As of April 2010 , the President of the Republic of Korea uses 2 CASA CN - 235s , a Boeing 737 - 300 aircraft and a Boeing 747 - 400 , leased from Korean Air for next five years . The livery consists of a largely white body with a coloured cheatline . The first portion of the line is red while the rest of the line is blue . The Boeing 747 aircraft will eventually be replaced by a Boeing 787 - 8 also leased from Korean Air . A similar blue and red design is on the tail . The country 's name is written in both Korean and English on the side and the flag is on the tail and behind the door . The plane 's registration is 85101 . The Sikorsky S - 92 is the presidential helicopter . Spain ( edit ) Dassault - Falcon 900 of the Spanish Air Force Main article : 45 Grupo de Fuerzas Aéreas The Spanish Air Force operates 2 customized Airbus A310 , 5 Falcon 900 , for transportation of the King , the Prime Minister , high - ranking government officials and the Spanish Royal Family . These transportation services are provided by the 45th Group of the Air Force , based in Torrejón Air Base , 24 kilometers ( 15 mi ) away from Madrid . A new unit , an Airbus 330 , is pending approval by the Council of Ministers of Spain . This will be the new official plane of the King and the Prime Minister . Sri Lanka ( edit ) The President , Prime Minister and government officials typically travel on regular scheduled commercial flights run by SriLankan Airlines . Airbus A330 - 243 of SriLankan Airlines However , domestic travel for senior government officials and VIPs are provided by the No. 4 ( VIP ) Helicopter Squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force using 7 Bell 412 EPs . Sudan ( edit ) The President of Sudan Omar al - Bashir typically travel on a Ilyushin Il - 62 and a Dassault Falcon 50 . Two Mil Mi - 17 VIP helicopters are also used for domestic air transport . Suriname ( edit ) An Airbus A340 - 313 is chartered from Surinam Airways and has been used for international and long haul flights . For regional flights in the Caribbean , North - , Central - , and South America a Boeing 737 - 300 is also chartered from Surinam Airways . For domestic flights , a helicopter is chartered from Hi - Jet Helicopter Services . Swaziland ( edit ) The government of Swaziland operates McDonnell Douglas MD - 87 and Airbus A340 - 300 . Sweden ( edit ) Gulfstream IV of the Swedish Air Force State Flight . The Swedish Air Force Transport Squadron Bromma ( Stockholm ) , based on Stockholm - Bromma Airport in Stockholm Municipality , operates the State Flight ( Swedish : Statsflyget ) . It forms part of the Transport and Special Flying Unit ( TSFE , Swedish : Transport och Specialflygenheten ) , which in its turn is a part of the Skaraborg Wing ( F 7 ) . Currently it operates two Gulfstream IV aircraft and one Gulfstream G550 in the VIP transport role . The Air Force also operates three Saab 340 in the VIP transport role . The use of the State Flight is regulated in the State Flight Ordinance ( Swedish : Statsflygsförordningen ) issued by the Government of Sweden . All aircraft serve the official transport needs of the King and other members of the Swedish Royal Family , the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers , and senior Swedish Armed Forces officers . Switzerland ( edit ) The Swiss Air Force 's Cessna Citation Excel The Swiss Air Force operates a fleet of three small VIP transport aircraft : one Dassault Falcon 900EX , purchased from the government of Monaco one Cessna 560XL Citation Excel one Dassault Falcon 900 These aircraft are mainly used by members of the Swiss Federal Council . Travel arrangements are coordinated by the Government Travel Centre in the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs . The Cessna is to be replaced with a Swiss - built PC - 24 of Pilatus Aircraft . All of these airplanes are based at the airport of Bern . The 6th Air Transport Squadron , flying from the Alpnach Air Base , also operates two Eurocopter EC635 as VIP transport helicopters and has a number of Super Puma helicopters at its disposal , one of which is configured constantly as a VIP transport for domestic use and another one can be configured for VIP transport . Before the introduction of the EC635s , a Eurocopter Dauphin was used as a VIP helicopter . Syria ( edit ) The government of Syria operated a Dassault Falcon 900 in 2016 . Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( edit ) Boeing 777 - 300ER of China Airlines , taxiing in Taoyuan International Airport Air transportation for the President or other high - ranking officials of Taiwan ( Republic of China ) is operated by the Republic of China Air Force using a customized Boeing 737 - 800 delivered from Boeing in 2001 called the Air Force 3701 . This aircraft operates out of Taipei 's Songshan Airport and is not usually permitted to fly to countries without diplomatic relations with the ROC . Instead , a Boeing 747 or Boeing 777 operated by China Airlines will be used , and is the type used for long - haul trips by the President and his / her staff . In addition , another three Fokker 50 turboprop perform the executive jet role for the Vice President of the Republic , premier , and other senior officials . Tanzania ( edit ) Tanzanian Government Gulfstream G550 The Tanzania Government Flight Agency operates a Gulfstream G550 . Thailand ( edit ) The Royal Thai Air Force 's 602 Royal Guard Squadron operates a Boeing 737 - 800 for the Royal family flight . Although available upon their request , members of the royal family usually fly on commercial flights operated by the national carrier , Thai Airways International , when traveling outside of the kingdom . The Thai government operates one Airbus A340 - 500 , one Airbus A319CJ , and two Embraer ERJ - 135LR 's as government transports . The A340 - 500 , and the A319CJ are maintained by Thai Airways International , the Embraer ERJ - 135LRs are maintained by Royal Thai Army . Tunisia ( edit ) The government of Tunisia operates a Boeing 737 BBJ . Turkey ( edit ) TC - TUR at New York - JFK Airport in September 2017 . At the time of the photo , it was directly behind TC - CAN . TC - CAN at New York JFK Airport in 2017 . At the time of the photo , it was directly in front of TC - TUR . The government of Turkey has a VIP fleet which is managed by Turkish Airlines on behalf of the President of the Republic and Prime Minister . The fleet primarily consists of an Airbus A319 CJ ( TC - ANA ) , a highly modified and armed ( with air defense missiles ) Airbus A330 - 200 Prestige ( TC - TUR ) , and a highly modified and armed ( with air defense missiles ) Airbus A340 - 500 High Gross Weight ( TC - CAN ) . The Airbus A340 was purchased from Tunisia in late 2016 after sitting in storage for 7 years without ever being used by Tunisia to be its new Air Force One , replacing the A330 - 200 in that role . The fleet additionally contains 2 G550 , 2 GIV and 2 Cessna Citation V. When the President of the Turkish Republic is aboard any aircraft , the call - sign is `` Turkish Republic One - Heavy '' . The Turkish President also has several Airbus Military A-400M's which are used to transport the Presidential limousines & Turkish Secret Service Counter Attack Teams . Some A-400M's can also provide aerial refuelling for the Presidential fleet . Turkmenistan ( edit ) The President of Turkmenistan utilizes a specially - configured Boeing 777 - 200LR Worldliner aircraft , painted in the colors of national airline Turkmenistan Airlines . Uganda ( edit ) Uganda Gulfstream G550 In February 2009 , a Gulfstream G550 was delivered to the Government of Uganda for use by the President of Uganda . It replaced a Gulfstream IV - SP that had been in service since 2000 . Mil M - 17 Used by the President of Uganda In addition , the Ugandan president uses Mil Mi - 171 registered to the Uganda People 's Defence Force for internal flights . The helicopter was delivered in early 2016 after the government had budgeted 11.3 billion Ugandan Shillings for at new helicopter . It is equipped with a cloak room , snackbar , bathroom and luggage compartment and seats up to 12 passengers . Ukraine ( edit ) Airbus A319 of Ukraine Air Enterprise Ukraine Air Enterprise is a government owned airline that operates a single Airbus A319 and single Antonov An - 148 used for VIP flights for the Ukrainian government . Both aircraft are based at Boryspil International Airport 29 km east of Kiev . The airline started operations in 1996 . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) Dubai Royal Air Wing -- Boeing 747 - 400 The United Arab Emirates has 7 Emirates states , each ones with their own private jet fleet . The most notable fleets are maintained by the Dubai Royal Air Wing and Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight . The Dubai Royal Air Wing has 12 aircraft ranging in size from de Havilland Twin Otter to Boeing 747 - 400 , used by the Emir of Dubai as well as government officials . Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight has 7 aircraft the smallest being an Airbus A320 - 200 and the largest being a Boeing 747 - 8 BBJ . The Sharjah Royal Flight uses an Airbus A319 . United Kingdom ( edit ) British Royal Air Force Airbus A330 at RAF Brize Norton Main article : Air transport of the Royal Family and government of the United Kingdom On Friday 8 July 2016 , a newly converted RAF Voyager A330 , ( registry ZZ336 ) was first used by the UK to transport government ministers from London Heathrow airport to the 2016 NATO conference in Warsaw , Poland . This new transport aircraft was reconfigured to have 158 seats but still retain its primary mission as an aerial tanker . The aircraft is also intended for use by members of the British royal family for official overseas visits . No. 32 ( The Royal ) Squadron of the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of Agusta A109 helicopters and BAE - 146 regional airliners to support travel by the Royal Family , the Prime Minister and senior members of the British Government , secondary to their military duties . The Queen 's helicopter , a Sikorsky S - 76 + G - XXEB is black with claret , which is the same colours as the Bentley State Limousine On visits to Commonwealth realms , which share the same monarch as the United Kingdom , reciprocal VIP aircraft of those countries are often used when transporting members of the Royal Family . Australia , Canada and New Zealand uses VIP configured military aircraft for the Royal Family . United States ( edit ) United States Air Force Boeing VC - 25 ( Air Force One ) Main articles : Army One , Air Force One , Marine One , Navy One , Coast Guard One , and Transportation of the President of the United States Air travel arrangements for the President are made by the White House Military Office and typically one of two customized Boeing 747 - 200B jetliners are used . These aircraft carry the military designation VC - 25A . The Vice President of the United States , Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense and other high - ranking officials typically use customized Boeing 757 - 200 and Boeing 737 aircraft which carry the military designation C - 32A and C - 40B . The callsign of any plane is regular if it is not currently carrying the President or Vice-President . The callsign of any military aircraft that currently carries the President is called that military branch name followed by `` One '' , such as Army One , Air Force One , Navy One , or Marine One ( which is typically associated with a helicopter ) or if not a military plane executive . The callsign of any military aircraft that currently carries the Vice President is called that military branch name followed by `` Two '' , such as Air Force Two , Coast Guard Two , or Marine Two ( which is typically associated with a helicopter ) . In the one instance that the President traveled on a private aircraft its callsign was Executive One , and Vice President Rockefeller 's private Gulfstream was Executive Two when he was aboard during his term of office . In addition , the US military maintains a fleet of C - 40s ( Boeing 737 - 700 ) , C - 37As ( Gulfstream V ) and C - 37Bs ( Gulfstream G550 ) for use by government officials , Members of Congress and the White House . Uruguay ( edit ) Main article : Presidential air transport of Uruguay The President of Uruguay , uses an Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia , operated by the Uruguayan Air Force for flights within South America and a Cessna 414 operated by Ancap Uzbekistan ( edit ) Boeing 767 - 300 used by the Military of Uzbekistan . This jet has Uzbekistan 's flag on the vertical stabilizers instead of Uzbekistan Airways 's typical logo . Uzbek government use a single Boeing 757 - 200 and single Boeing 767 - 300 for VIP transport . Vatican City ( edit ) President George W. Bush walks the red carpet with Pope Benedict XVI . Behind is `` Shepherd One '' , which is used as a callsign by the aircraft that transports the Pope . Typically , the Pope flies on a chartered Alitalia fixed - wing aircraft when travelling to or from more distant destinations . Traditional protocol dictates that a Pope flies to a country he is visiting on a chartered Alitalia jet and to return on a jet belonging to a flag carrier from the visited nation ; this may vary when he is touring multiple nations . When Pope John Paul II visited South America in May 1988 , he came to Paraguay from Peru in an AeroPerú DC - 8 , but left Asunción International Airport back to Europe in a transcontinental Alitalia Boeing 747 , which was brought in just hours before his farewell ceremony . Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas ' longest - range aircraft at the time were Boeing 707 - 320Bs , which had to stop in Dakar , Senegal to refuel . However , he politely travelled within the country in a LAP jet , which incidentally carried the distinguished visitor 's coat of arms in the forward fuselage as courtesy . Pope Benedict XVI also returned to Rome from Brazil on Alitalia . The call sign of a papal flight within Italy is `` volo papale '' ( `` papal flight '' in Italian ) followed by the number of flights the pope has made . Pope John Paul II made 104 papal flights . The pope also uses a helicopter of the Italian Air Force ( Aeronautica Militare ) , an Agusta Westland AW139 , for short distances . There are two papal heliports , with the Vatican City Heliport being on the tiny state 's western corner , and another on the southern edge of the extraterritorial papal residence of Castel Gandolfo . The former bears the official Latin designation Portus Helicopterorum . Inspired by a biblical verse , international flights carrying the pope use the callsign `` Shepherd One '' . Venezuela ( edit ) An Airbus A319CJ serves as the presidential transport of Venezuela . Former President Hugo Chavez often traveled on board an Ilyushin Il - 96 plane owned by Cubana de Aviacion . Vietnam ( edit ) Boeing 787 - 9 Dreamliner of Vietnam Airlines carrying the prime minister of Vietnam , operating as Flight VN1 , departing JFK Airport to Joint Base Andrews . This airport is not a scheduled destination for the airline , nor is any airport in the Americas . A Boeing 787 - 9 or Airbus A350 - 900 chartered from Vietnam Airlines is often used for international and long haul flights . For domestic and short haul flights , an Airbus A321 is chartered from Vietnam Airlines . When the prime minister is traveling aboard a Vietnam Airlines aircraft , the flight number assigned to the aircraft is VN1 / HVN1 . Yemen ( edit ) A Boeing 747SP of the Yemeni government in Yemenia colors taking off from Frankfurt Airport ( 2004 ) . Yemenia operates one VIP - configured Boeing 747SP registered 7O - YMN for use by the government of Yemen . The aircraft carries the Yemenia Yemen Airways livery . In March 2015 , The Boeing 747SP which was operated in Yemenia branding for Yemen Govt . was damaged by gun fire during a militia attack at Aden airport , a subsequent blaze destroyed the aircraft completely . In August 2016 , The internationally recognized government bought a Boeing 757 - 200 registered 7O - VIP that previously operated as a VIP transport for Uzbekistan Airways with UK75700 as its registration . The 757 underwent refit and repaint in Yemen government 's livery at GMF AeroAsia 's maintenance facility at Soekarno - Hatta International Airport , Jakarta , prior to delivery to Yemen . Yugoslavia ( former ) ( edit ) Former Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito used many aircraft during his term as president . The most notable aircraft types in service were the Douglas DC - 6 , Ilyushin Il - 18 , Sud Aviation Caravelle and Boeing 727 . Zambia ( edit ) First Zambian president , Kenneth Kaunda used to use a Douglas DC - 8 of the now liquidated Zambia Airways among other national carriers . His departure from office saw the new president , Frederick Chiluba acquire a more modern look for government and thus the Challenger CL604 was acquired . Zimbabwe ( edit ) Air Zimbabwe 's `` Presidential '' Boeing 767 - 200ER The President of Zimbabwe travels in a chartered Air Zimbabwe Boeing 767 - 200ER aircraft , which is part of the national airline 's fleet . Occasionally , the president will share the plane with commercial passengers on scheduled flights . The president 's own British Aerospace 146 -- 200 Series aircraft ordered in the 1980s by the Zimbabwe Government 's Ministry of Defence as a VIP aircraft for the President 's use was leased to the national airline upon delivery after Air Zimbabwe 's need for an aircraft that could land on the country 's short local runways had become dire . The aircraft was leased to the airline under an arrangement that provided for Air Zimbabwe to maintain it and fly it as required , and the President to have the use of it when needed . After the British Aerospace 146 -- 200 was retired , the National Airliner continued their role as a state VIP transporter , using the B767 - 200ER . See also ( edit ) Official state car State visit Royal train Royal yacht References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Air International René Francillon Nov. 1999 `` Fit for a King : Wings for Sovereigns , Presidents and Prime Ministers '' pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Hardesty 2003 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Factsheet : Douglas VC - 54C SACRED COW . '' Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the United States Air Force . Retrieved : 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Dorr 2002 , p. l34 . Jump up ^ Hancock 2016 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Hancock 2016 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` El Gobierno incorporó un Boeing bautizado `` Monseñor Enrique Angelelli '' `` . 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Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ ALLEN , JOHN L. ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` Background on Brazil : Inside the papal plane '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Willey , David ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` Pope 's US tour : Reporter 's diary '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Yemen Government Fleet Details and History '' . Jump up ^ Ranter , Harro . `` ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747SP - 27 7O - YMN Aden International Airport ( ADE ) '' . Jump up ^ `` UK75700 Uzbekistan Airways Boeing 757 - 23P -- cn 28338 / 731 '' . Philip Hancock ( 2016 ) . Military Transports Quick Reference 2016 . Air - Britain Historians . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85130 - 477 - 9 . Howard J Curtis ( 2016 ) . Military Aircraft Markings 2016 . Crecy Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 374 - 7 . Von Hardesty . Air Force One : The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency . Creative Publishing international ; illustrated edition ( 1 September 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58923 - 233 - 4 . 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228959280424975846 | Jersey Shore: Family Vacation | Jersey Shore : Family Vacation - wikipedia Jersey Shore : Family Vacation This article is about the 2018 sequel series . For the 2009 -- 2012 original series , see Jersey Shore ( TV series ) . Jersey Shore : Family Vacation Genre Reality Developed by SallyAnn Salsano Starring Paul DelVecchio Nicole Polizzi Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Magro Jenni Farley Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Opening theme `` Get Crazy '' by LMFAO Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) SallyAnn Salsano Scott Jeffress Jacquelyn French Production location ( s ) Miami , Florida Las Vegas , Nevada New Jersey Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) 495 Productions Release Original network MTV Picture format 1080p ( HDTV ) Original release April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Jersey Shore Related shows Snooki & Jwoww The Pauly D Project The Show with Vinny Floribama Shore Geordie Shore Warsaw Shore Gandía Shore Acapulco Shore Super Shore External links Website Jersey Shore : Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5 , 2018 . The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami , Florida . On February 28 , 2018 , a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere , which filmed in Las Vegas , Seaside Heights , Neptune City and Atlantic City . The season premiered on August 23 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Overview 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4.3 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development and filming 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Pauly D Snooki Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Ortiz - Magro JWoww Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Recurring ( edit ) Angelina Pivarnick Lauren Pesce Overview ( edit ) In the first season , the cast of Jersey Shore swore they would always do a vacation together . Five years , five kids , three marriages and who knows how many GTL sessions later , Nicole , Jenni , Mike , Pauly D , Vinny , Angelina , Deena and Ronnie are back together and on vacation in a swanky house in Miami Beach . In the second season , The gang kicks it off by heading to Las Vegas ; after partying through Sin City , they head back to the East Coast , celebrating milestones in Atlantic City and settling in for an extended summer stay at the Shore . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 14 April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) TBD August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` What 's in the Bag ? '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.41 `` The Ring '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.55 `` Sunday Vinday '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.68 `` Ron Ron Juice '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.73 5 5 `` About Last Night '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.44 6 6 `` Meatball Down '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.51 7 7 `` Baby Mama Drama '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.75 8 8 `` The Temptation of the Keto Guido '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.70 9 9 `` Umm , Hello '' May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) 1.64 10 10 `` Meatball Training Day '' May 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) 2.02 11 11 `` Angelina Leaves Her Mark ! '' June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 1.65 12 12 `` JWoww vs. The Proposal '' June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.65 13 13 `` Future Mrs. Situation ? '' June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.66 14 14 `` The Final Supper '' June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.64 Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` It 's Complicated '' August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 1.36 16 `` Oh Canada '' August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 1.35 17 `` The Truth About Ronnie '' August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) 1.34 18 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) 1.43 19 5 `` Frenemies '' September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) 1.47 20 6 `` The Designation '' September 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 20 ) 1.28 21 7 `` Four Guidos and a Baby '' September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 1.21 22 8 `` Back to Seaside '' October 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 04 ) 1.05 23 9 `` Vinny and Angelina : A Love Story '' October 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 11 ) 1.15 24 10 `` What a Drag '' October 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 18 ) 1.10 25 11 `` Awkward City '' October 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 25 ) 1.24 26 12 `` Where 's the Beach ? '' November 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 01 ) TBD 27 13 `` Staten Island Smackdown '' November 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 08 ) TBD Specials ( edit ) Special Original air date Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Hottest Hookups March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Biggest Blowups March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Snookiest Moments March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Jenni , Ronnie , Snooki , Deena and Pauly count down Snooki 's 15 most hilarious , outrageous , and unforgettable meatball moments . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Craziest Couplings March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) As it turns out , everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore . Pauly , Deena , Jenni , Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore 's 8 Craziest Couplings . Jersey Shore 's Most Jersiest Moments July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) Mike , Pauly , Ronnie and Vinny look back at the Jersiest moments of their Miami family vacation ; a review of the best spirals and roasts ; funniest pranks , grossest toilets and five never - before - released scenes . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) On November 27 , 2017 , MTV announced that the cast ( with the exception of Sammi ) would be reuniting in Miami , Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . The series premiered globally on April 5 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Snooki , JWoww and the Crew Return to MTV in Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation Already Renewed for Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Las Vegas ! Secrets Of The New Jersey Shore Season Revealed '' . Radar Online . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' dominates , ' Swamp People ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' stays on top , ' Atlanta ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Southern Charm ' rises , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NFL Draft leads , ' Swamp People ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Atlanta ' ticks back up , ' Swamp People ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' ticks up , ' Atlanta ' finale dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Ex on the Beach ' and ' Siren ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' ticks up , ' Southern Charm ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Swamp People ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' premieres , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' falls , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Shooter ' premieres down , NBA Draft leads the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Alone ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' premieres down , ' Queen of the South ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' leads again , ' Snowfall ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' hits season high , ' Queen of the South ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' dominates , ' Snowfall ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' rises , ' Snowfall ' finale ticks back down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' rises , ' Snowfall ' finale ticks back down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' falls , MLB playoffs and ' TNF ' dominate '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' and ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' tick up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : MLB playoffs and NBA lead , ' The First 48 ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA wins the night , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' Episodes '' . Zap2it . October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' Episodes '' . Zap2it . October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Original Jersey Shore Cast Reuniting for Family Vacation Series in 2018 '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Jersey Shore Family Vacation on IMDb Jersey Shore Cast Angelina Pivarnick Jennifer Farley ( JWoww ) Michael Sorrentino ( The Situation ) Nicole Polizzi ( Snooki ) Paul DelVecchio ( Pauly D ) Ronnie Ortiz - Magro Sammi Giancola Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Related Episodes Controversies and criticism Jersey Shore Jersey Shore Shark Attack The Three Stooges Spin - offs , Successors , and International versions Geordie Shore The Pauly D Project Snooki & Jwoww Gandía Shore The Show with Vinny Acapulco Shore Warsaw Shore Floribama Shore Jersey Shore : Family Vacation MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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"Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n",
"Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n",
"Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n",
"Jersey Shore: Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5, 2018. The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami, Florida.[1] On February 28, 2018, a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere,[2] which filmed in Las Vegas, Seaside Heights, Neptune City and Atlantic City. The season premiered on August 23, 2018.[3]\n"
] | [
"Las Vegas",
"Seaside Heights",
"Neptune City",
"Atlantic City"
] |
-1612760376192230828 | Canada | Canada - Wikipedia Canada For other uses , see Canada ( disambiguation ) . Country in North America Coordinates : 60 ° N 95 ° W / 60 ° N 95 ° W / 60 ; - 95 Canada Flag Motto : A Mari Usque Ad Mare ( Latin ) ( English : `` From Sea to Sea '' ) Anthem : `` O Canada '' Royal anthem : `` God Save the Queen '' Capital Ottawa 45 ° 24 ′ N 75 ° 40 ′ W / 45.400 ° N 75.667 ° W / 45.400 ; - 75.667 Largest city Toronto Official languages English French Ethnic groups List of ethnicities ( show ) 74.3 % European 14.5 % Asian 5.1 % Indigenous 3.4 % Caribbean and Latin American 2.9 % African 0.2 % Oceanian Religion List of religions ( show ) 67.2 % Christianity 23.9 % Non-religious 3.2 % Islam 1.5 % Hinduism 1.4 % Sikhism 1.1 % Buddhism 1.0 % Judaism 0.6 % Other - Demonym Canadian Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor General Julie Payette Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Commons Independence from the United Kingdom Confederation July 1 , 1867 Statute of Westminster December 11 , 1931 Patriation April 17 , 1982 Area Total area 9,984,670 km ( 3,855,100 sq mi ) ( 2nd ) Water ( % ) 8.92 Total land area 9,093,507 km ( 3,511,023 sq mi ) Population Q2 2018 estimate 37,067,011 ( 38th ) 2016 census 35,151,728 Density 3.92 / km ( 10.2 / sq mi ) ( 228th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $1.847 trillion ( 15th ) Per capita $49,775 ( 20th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $1.798 trillion ( 10th ) Per capita $48,466 ( 15th ) Gini ( 2012 ) 31.6 medium 20th ( 9 ) HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency Canadian dollar ( $ ) ( CAD ) Time zone ( UTC − 3.5 to − 8 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 2.5 to − 7 ) Date format yyyy - mm - dd ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 Internet TLD . ca Canada ( French : ( kanadɑ ) ) is a country located in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second - largest country by total area . Canada 's southern border with the United States is the world 's longest bi-national land border . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land area being dominated by forest and tundra . Consequently , its population is highly urbanized , with 82 percent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium - sized cities , many near the southern border . Its capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from arctic weather in the north , to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , the British and French established colonies , the first being the colony of Canada established by France in 1535 . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , British North America gained and lost territory until , by the late 18th century , it controlled most of what comprises Canada today . On July 1 , 1867 , the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia were federated to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion named Canada . This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming contemporary Canada . Canada achieved independence gradually beginning with responsible government in the 1830s and culminating with the patriation of the Constitution in 1982 . In 1931 , Canada achieved near - total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster , except for the power to amend its constitution . Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state . The country is officially bilingual at the federal level . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large - scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the tenth - largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well - developed international trade networks . Canada 's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture . Canada is a developed country and has the fifteenth - highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the tenth - highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic freedom , and education . Canada is a realm within the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G7 ( formerly G8 ) , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples 2.2 European colonization 2.3 Confederation and expansion 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Contemporary era 3 Geography and climate 4 Government and politics 4.1 Law 4.2 Foreign relations and military 4.3 Provinces and territories 5 Economy 5.1 Science and technology 6 Demographics 6.1 Education 6.2 Ethnicity 6.3 Religion 6.4 Languages 7 Culture 7.1 Symbols 7.2 Literature 7.3 Visual arts 7.4 Music 7.5 Sport 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Canada While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada , the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata , meaning `` village '' or `` settlement '' . In 1535 , indigenous inhabitants of the present - day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona . Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona ( the chief at Stadacona ) ; by 1545 , European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada . From the 16th to the early 18th century `` Canada '' referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River . In 1791 , the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named the Canadas ; until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841 . Upon Confederation in 1867 , Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference , and the word Dominion was conferred as the country 's title . The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act , which refers only to Canada . Later that year , the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day . The term Dominion is also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces , though after the Second World War the term federal had replaced dominion . History Main article : History of Canada See also : Timeline of Canadian history and List of years in Canada Further information : Historiography of Canada Indigenous peoples Linguistic areas of North American Indigenous peoples at the time of European contact Indigenous peoples in present - day Canada include the First Nations , Inuit , and Métis , the last being a mixed - blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers . The term `` Aboriginal '' as a collective noun is a specific term of art used in some legal documents , including the Constitution Act 1982 . The first inhabitants of North America are generally hypothesized to have migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 14,000 years ago . The Paleo - Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada . The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements , agriculture , complex societal hierarchies , and trading networks . Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations . The indigenous population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million , with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada 's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . As a consequence of European colonization , the population of Canada 's indigenous peoples declined by forty to eighty percent , and several First Nations , such as the Beothuk , disappeared . The decline is attributed to several causes , including the transfer of European diseases , such as influenza , measles , and smallpox to which they had no natural immunity , conflicts over the fur trade , conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers , and the loss of indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations ' self - sufficiency . Although not without conflict , European Canadians ' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful . First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada , particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade . The Crown and indigenous peoples began interactions during the European colonization period , though the Inuit , in general , had more limited interaction with European settlers . However , from the late 18th century , European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture . These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration and relocations . A period of redress is underway , which started with the appointment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada by the Government of Canada in 2008 . European colonization The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD . No further European exploration occurred until 1497 , when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada 's Atlantic coast in the name of King Henry VII of England . Then Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century . In 1534 , French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where , on July 24 , he planted a 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) cross bearing the words `` Long Live the King of France '' and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I. In general the settlements appear to have been short - lived , possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time . In 1583 , Sir Humphrey Gilbert , by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I , founded St. John 's , Newfoundland , as the first North American English colony . French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal ( in 1605 ) and Quebec City ( in 1608 ) . Among the colonists of New France , Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present - day Maritimes , while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes , Hudson Bay , and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana . The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade . Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) dramatizes James Wolfe 's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec . The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland , beginning in 1610 and the Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after . A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763 ; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War . Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years ' War . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights , created the Province of Quebec out of New France , and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia . St. John 's Island ( now Prince Edward Island ) became a separate colony in 1769 . To avert conflict in Quebec , the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774 , expanding Quebec 's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley . More importantly , the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self - administration at a time that the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule . It re-established the French language , Catholic faith , and French civil law there , staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies . The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies , further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution . After the successful American War of Independence , the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace , ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes to the new country . The American war of independence also caused a large out - migration of Loyalists the settlers who had fought against American independence . Many moved to Canada , particularly Atlantic Canada , where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories . New Brunswick was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes . To accommodate the influx of English - speaking Loyalists in Central Canada , the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French - speaking Lower Canada ( later Quebec ) and English - speaking Upper Canada ( later Ontario ) , granting each its own elected legislative assembly . The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom . Peace came in 1815 ; no boundaries were changed . Immigration resumed at a higher level , with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 -- 50 . New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic - speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances . Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 . The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837 . The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture . The Act of Union merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849 . The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute , extending the border westward along the 49th parallel . This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island ( 1849 ) and in British Columbia ( 1858 ) . In 1867 , the same year as Canadian Confederation , Britain declined to purchase for Canada the Alaska territory that was to that point tenuously held by Russia . With the United States purchasing Alaska instead , clearly demarcated borders for Canada , although there would continue to be some disputes about the exact demarcation of the Alaska - Yukon and Alaska - BC border for years to come . Confederation and expansion An animated map showing the growth and change of Canada 's provinces and territories since Confederation in 1867 Following several constitutional conferences , the Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1 , 1867 , initially with four provinces : Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick . Canada assumed control of Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories , where the Métis ' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870 . British Columbia and Vancouver Island ( which had been united in 1866 ) joined the confederation in 1871 , while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873 . To open the West to European immigration , parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways ( including the Canadian Pacific Railway ) , opening the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act , and establishing the North - West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory . In 1898 , during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories , parliament created the Yukon Territory . Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905 . Early 20th century Canadian soldiers and a Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 Because Britain still maintained control of Canada 's foreign affairs under the Constitution Act , 1867 , its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps , which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war . Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I , some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded . The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet 's proposal to augment the military 's dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French - speaking Quebecers . The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service , though it , coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec , deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party . In 1919 , Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain , and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada 's independence . Canadian crew of a Sherman tank , south of Vaucelles , France , during the Battle of Normandy in June 1944 The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn , leading to hardship across the country . In response to the downturn , the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state ( as pioneered by Tommy Douglas ) in the 1940s and 1950s . On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , war with Germany was declared effective September 10 , 1939 , by King George VI , seven days after the United Kingdom . The delay underscored Canada 's independence . The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939 . In all , over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during World War II and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded . Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war , including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid , the Allied invasion of Italy , the Normandy landings , the Battle of Normandy , and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944 . Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany . The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada , Britain , China , and the Soviet Union . Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec in 1944 , Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy . Contemporary Era At Rideau Hall , Governor General the Viscount Alexander of Tunis ( centre ) receives the bill finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canada on March 31 , 1949 The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor . After two bitter referendums , Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province . Canada 's post-war economic growth , combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments , led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity , marked by the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965 , the implementation of official bilingualism ( English and French ) in 1969 , and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971 . Socially democratic programs were also instituted , such as Medicare , the Canada Pension Plan , and Canada Student Loans , though provincial governments , particularly Quebec and Alberta , opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions . Finally , another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the Canada Act , the patriation of Canada 's constitution from the United Kingdom , concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Canada had established complete sovereignty as an independent country , although the Queen retained her role as monarch of Canada . In 1999 , Nunavut became Canada 's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government . At the same time , Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s , giving birth to a secular nationalist movement . The radical Front de libération du Québec ( FLQ ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970 and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976 , organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty - association in 1980 . Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990 . This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West . A second referendum followed in 1995 , in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent . In 1997 , the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament , outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation . In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty , a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s . These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985 , the largest mass murder in Canadian history ; the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989 , a university shooting targeting female students ; and the Oka Crisis of 1990 , the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups . Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US - led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s , including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia . Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001 , but declined to join the U.S. - led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2011 , Canadian forces participated in the NATO - led intervention into the Libyan Civil War , and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s . Geography and climate Main articles : Geography of Canada and Climate of Canada Köppen climate types of Canada Canada occupies much of the continent of North America , sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south , and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest . Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west ; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean . Greenland is to the northeast and to the southeast Canada shares a maritime boundary with the Republic of France 's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , the last vestige of New France . By total area ( including its waters ) , Canada is the second - largest country in the world , after Russia . By land area alone , however , Canada ranks fourth , the difference being due to it having the world 's largest proportion of fresh water lakes . Of Canada 's thirteen provinces and territories , only two are landlocked ( Alberta and Saskatchewan ) while the other eleven all directly border one of three oceans . Canada is home to the world 's northernmost settlement , Canadian Forces Station Alert , on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island -- latitude 82.5 ° N -- which lies 817 kilometres ( 508 mi ) from the North Pole . Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost . Canada has the longest coastline in the world , with a total length of 243,042 kilometres ( 151,019 mi ) ; additionally , its border with the United States is the world 's longest land border , stretching 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) . Three of Canada 's arctic islands , Baffin Island , Victoria Island and Ellesmere Island , are among the ten largest in the world . Since the end of the last glacial period , Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions , including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield . Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes -- 563 greater than 100 km ( 39 sq mi ) -- which is more than any other country , containing much of the world 's fresh water . There are also fresh - water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton . Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager and Plinth Peak . Canada is geologically active , having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes , notably Mount Meager massif , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley massif , and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex . The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada 's worst natural disasters , killing an estimated 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia . The eruption produced a 22.5 - kilometre ( 14.0 mi ) lava flow , and , according to Nisga'a legend , blocked the flow of the Nass River . Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region . Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country , particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces , which experience a continental climate , where daily average temperatures are near − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) , but can drop below − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) with severe wind chills . In noncoastal regions , snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year , while in parts of the north snow can persist year - round . Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate , with a mild and rainy winter . On the east and west coasts , average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s ° C ( 70s ° F ) , while between the coasts , the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 ° C ( 77 to 86 ° F ) , with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . Government and Politics Main articles : Government of Canada and Politics of Canada Elizabeth II Monarch Julie Payette Governor General Justin Trudeau Prime Minister Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy , the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The Canadian monarchy is a separate legal institution from the monarchy of the United Kingdom , though the two offices are held by the same individual . The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II , who is also monarch of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada 's 10 provinces . As such , the Queen 's representative , the Governor General of Canada ( at present Julie Payette ) , carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada . The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited . In practice , their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet , a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons of Canada and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada ( at present Justin Trudeau ) , the head of government . The governor general or monarch may , though , in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice . To ensure the stability of government , the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons . The Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government , initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown , besides the aforementioned , the governor general , lieutenant governors , senators , federal court judges , and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies . The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check . Parliament Hill in Canada 's capital city , Ottawa Each of the 338 members of parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding . General elections must be called by the governor general , either on the advice of the prime minister or if the government loses a confidence vote in the House . Constitutionally , an election may be held no more than five years after the preceding election , although the Canada Elections Act limits this to four years with a fixed election date in October . The 105 members of the Senate , whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis , serve until age 75 . Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2015 election : the Liberal Party of Canada who currently form the government , the Conservative Party of Canada who are the Official Opposition , the New Democratic Party , the Bloc Québécois , and the Green Party of Canada . The Senate chamber within the Centre Block on Parliament Hill Canada 's federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces . Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons . Canada 's three territories also have legislatures , but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces . The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts . The Bank of Canada is the central bank of the country . In addition , the Minister of Finance and Minister of Industry utilize the Statistics Canada agency for financial planning and economic policy development . The Bank of Canada is the sole authority authorized to issue currency in the form of Canadian bank notes . The bank does not issue Canadian coins ; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint . Law Main article : Law of Canada The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country , and consists of written text and unwritten conventions . The Constitution Act , 1867 ( known as the British North America Act prior to 1982 ) , affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments . The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy and the Constitution Act , 1982 , ended all legislative ties to the UK , as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually can not be over-ridden by any government -- though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years . The Indian Chiefs Medal , presented to commemorate the Numbered Treaties of 1871 -- 1921 The Indian Act , various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and native peoples . Most notably , a series of eleven treaties known as the Numbered Treaties were signed between the indigenous and the reigning Monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921 . These treaties are agreements with the Canadian Crown - in - Council , administered by Canadian Aboriginal law , and overseen by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Development . The role of the treaties and the rights they support were reaffirmed by Section Thirty - five of the Constitution Act , 1982 . These rights may include provision of services , such as health care , and exemption from taxation . The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005 , through the First Nations -- Federal Crown Political Accord . The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa , west of Parliament Hill Canada 's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution . The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since December 18 , 2017 by Chief Justice Richard Wagner . Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice . All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies . The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions . Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec , where civil law predominates . Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada . Law enforcement , including criminal courts , is officially a provincial responsibility , conducted by provincial and municipal police forces . However , in most rural areas and some urban areas , policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Foreign relations and military Main articles : Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada The Canadian Delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization , San Francisco , May 1945 Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions . Canada 's foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions and international organizations , and through the work of numerous federal institutions . Canada 's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its global image . The strategy of the Canadian government 's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals , while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises . Canada was a founding member of the United Nations and has membership in the World Trade Organization , the G20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Canada is also a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs . Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976 . Canada joined the Organization of American States ( OAS ) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in 2000 and the 3rd Summit of the Americas in 2001 . Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum ( APEC ) . Prime Minister Trudeau and U.S. President Trump meet in Washington , February 2017 Canada and the United States share the world 's longest undefended border , co-operate on military campaigns and exercises , and are each other 's largest trading partner . Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy , most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba , and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada 's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie . Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands , owing , in part , to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II . Canada 's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II . Since then , Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism , making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations . During the Cold War , Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union . During the Suez Crisis of 1956 , future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force , for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize . As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission , Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept . Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions , including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989 , and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda , the former Yugoslavia , and elsewhere ; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries , notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair . Soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards in Kandahar Province in Afghanistan , pictured , fought with Dutch soldiers against Afghan insurgents . In 2001 , Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized , NATO - led International Security Assistance Force . In February 2007 , Canada , Italy , the United Kingdom , Norway , and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5 - billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations , and called on other countries to join them . In August 2007 , Canada 's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole ; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925 . The nation employs a professional , volunteer military force of approximately 79,000 active personnel and 32,250 reserve personnel . The unified Canadian Forces ( CF ) comprise the Canadian Army , Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force . In 2013 , Canada 's military expenditure totalled approximately C $19 billion , or around 1 % of the country 's GDP . Following the 2016 Defence Policy Review , the Canadian government announced a 70 % increase to the country 's defence budget over the next decade . The Canadian Forces will acquire 88 fighter planes and 15 naval surface combatants , the latter as part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy . Canada 's total military expenditure is expected to reach C $32.7 billion by 2027 . Provinces and territories Main article : Provinces and territories of Canada See also : Canadian federalism Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories . In turn , these may be grouped into four main regions : Western Canada , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada ( Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together ) . Provinces have more autonomy than territories , having responsibility for social programs such as health care , education , and welfare . Together , the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government , an almost unique structure among federations in the world . Using its spending powers , the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas , such as the Canada Health Act ; the provinces can opt out of these , but rarely do so in practice . Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces . Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories , and their capitals Economy Main articles : Economy of Canada and Economic history of Canada Canada is the world 's tenth - largest economy as of 2016 , with a nominal GDP of approximately US $1.52 trillion . It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) and the Group of Eight ( G8 ) , and is one of the world 's top ten trading nations , with a highly globalized economy . Canada is a mixed economy , ranking above the US and most western European nations on The Heritage Foundation 's index of economic freedom , and experiencing a relatively low level of income disparity . The country 's average household disposable income per capita is over US $23,900 , higher than the OECD average . Furthermore , the Toronto Stock Exchange is the seventh - largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization , listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US $2 trillion as of 2015 . Tree - map of Canada 's goods exports in 2014 In 2014 , Canada 's exports totalled over C $528 billion , while its imported goods were worth over $524 billion , of which approximately $351 billion originated from the United States , $49 billion from the European Union , and $35 billion from China . The country 's 2014 trade surplus totalled C $5.1 billion , compared with a C $46.9 billion surplus in 2008 . Since the early 20th century , the growth of Canada 's manufacturing , mining , and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized , industrial one . Like many other developed countries , the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry , which employs about three - quarters of the country 's workforce . However , Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector , in which the forestry and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent components . Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy . Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas , and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources . The vastness of the Athabasca oil sands and other assets results in Canada having a 13 % share of global oil reserves , comprising the world 's third - largest share after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia . Canada is additionally one of the world 's largest suppliers of agricultural products ; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat , canola , and other grains . Canada 's Ministry of Natural Resources provides statistics regarding its major exports ; the country is a leading exporter of zinc , uranium , gold , nickel , aluminum , steel , iron ore , coking coal and lead . Many towns in northern Canada , where agriculture is difficult , are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber . Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec , with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries . Canada 's economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II . The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada 's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry . In the 1970s , concerns over energy self - sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program ( NEP ) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency ( FIRA ) . In the 1980s , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney 's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to Investment Canada , to encourage foreign investment . The Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries , while the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) expanded the free - trade zone to include Mexico in 1994 . Science and Technology Main articles : Science and technology in Canada and Telecommunications in Canada The Canadarm robotic manipulator in action on Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS - 116 mission in 2006 In 2015 , Canada spent approximately C $31.6 billion on domestic research and development , of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments . As of 2015 , the country has produced thirteen Nobel laureates in physics , chemistry , and medicine , and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists . It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms . Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world , with over 33 million users , equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population . The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program , conducting deep - space , planetary , and aviation research , and developing rockets and satellites . Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States , with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch . Canada is a participant in the International Space Station ( ISS ) , and is a pioneer in space robotics , having constructed the Canadarm , Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA 's Space Shuttle . Since the 1960s , Canada 's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite , including Radarsat - 1 and 2 , ISIS and MOST . Canada has also produced one of the world 's most successful and widely used sounding rockets , the Black Brant ; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket 's introduction in 1961 . In 1984 , Marc Garneau became Canada 's first male astronaut , followed by Canada 's second and first female astronaut Roberta Bondar in 1992 . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Canada The Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor is the most densely populated and heavily industrialized region of Canada , spanning 1,200 kilometres ( 750 miles ) . The Canada 2016 Census enumerated a total population of 35,151,728 , an increase of around 5.0 percent over the 2011 figure . Between 2011 and May 2016 , Canada 's population grew by 1.7 million people with immigrants accounting for two - thirds of the increase . Between 1990 and 2008 , the population increased by 5.6 million , equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth . The main drivers of population growth are immigration and , to a lesser extent , natural growth . Canada has one of the highest per - capita immigration rates in the world , driven mainly by economic policy and , to a lesser extent , family reunification . The Canadian public as - well as the major political parties support the current level of immigration . In 2014 , a total of 260,400 immigrants were admitted to Canada . The Canadian government anticipated between 280,000 and 305,000 new permanent residents in the following years . a similar number of immigrants as in recent years . New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees , accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements . Canada 's population density , at 3.7 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 9.6 / sq mi ) , is among the lowest in the world . Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north , and approximately 95 % of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north . About four - fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) of the contiguous United States border . The most densely populated part of the country , accounting for nearly 50 percent , is the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River . An additional 30 percent live along the British Columbia Lower Mainland , and the Calgary -- Edmonton Corridor in Alberta . In common with many other developed countries , Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population , with more retirees and fewer people of working age . In 2006 , the average age was 39.5 years ; by 2011 , it had risen to approximately 39.9 years . As of 2013 , the average life expectancy for Canadians is 81 years . The majority of Canadians ( 69.9 % ) live in family households , 26.8 % report living alone , and those living with unrelated persons reported at 3.7 % . The average size of a household in 2006 was 2.5 people . Largest census metropolitan areas in Canada by population ( 2016 Census ) view talk CMA Province Population CMA Province Population Toronto Ontario 5,928,040 London Ontario 494,069 Montreal Quebec 4,098,927 St. Catharines -- Niagara Ontario 406,074 Vancouver British Columbia 2,463,431 Halifax Nova Scotia 403,390 Calgary Alberta 1,392,609 Oshawa Ontario 379,848 Ottawa -- Gatineau Ontario -- Quebec 1,323,783 Victoria British Columbia 367,770 Edmonton Alberta 1,321,426 Windsor Ontario 329,144 Quebec Quebec 800,296 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 295,095 Winnipeg Manitoba 778,489 Regina Saskatchewan 236,481 Hamilton Ontario 747,545 Sherbrooke Quebec 212,105 Kitchener -- Cambridge -- Waterloo Ontario 523,894 St. John 's Newfoundland and Labrador 205,955 Education Main article : Education in Canada According to a 2012 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world ; the country ranks first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education , with 51 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree . Canada spends about 5.3 % of its GDP on education . The country invests heavily in tertiary education ( more than 20 000 USD per student ) . As of 2014 , 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high - school degree , compared to an OECD average of 75 percent . Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act , 1982 , education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada . Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education provision . The mandatory school age ranges between 5 -- 7 to 16 -- 18 years , contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent . In 2002 , 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education ; for those aged 25 to 34 , the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent . The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average , particularly in mathematics , science , and reading . Ethnicity Main article : Canadians Self - reported ethnic origins of Canadians based on geographic region ( Census 2016 ) indigenous North American ( 5.06 % ) Other North American ( 27.61 % ) Europe ( 46.74 % ) Caribbean and Central and South America ( 3.38 % ) Africa ( 2.54 % ) Asia ( 14.47 % ) Oceania ( 0.20 % ) According to the 2016 census , the country 's largest self - reported ethnic origin is Canadian ( accounting for 32 % of the population ) , followed by English ( 18.3 % ) , Scottish ( 13.9 % ) , French ( 13.6 % ) , Irish ( 13.4 % ) , German ( 9.6 % ) , Chinese ( 5.1 % ) , Italian ( 4.6 % ) , First Nations ( 4.4 % ) , Indian ( 4.0 % ) , and Ukrainian ( 3.9 % ) . There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands , encompassing a total of 1,525,565 people . Canada 's indigenous population is growing at almost twice the national rate , and four percent of Canada 's population claimed an indigenous identity in 2006 . Another 22.3 percent of the population belonged to a non-indigenous visible minority . In 2016 , the largest visible minority groups were South Asian ( 5.6 % ) , Chinese ( 5.1 % ) and Black ( 3.5 % ) . Between 2011 and 2016 , the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent . In 1961 , less than two percent of Canada 's population ( about 300,000 people ) were members of visible minority groups . Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act , and this is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses . Religion Main article : Religion in Canada Canada is religiously diverse , encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs . Canada has no official church , and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism . Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right , allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference . The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state . With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life , Canada has become a post-Christian , secular state . The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives , but still believe in God . According to the 2011 census , 67.3 % of Canadians identify as Christian ; of these , Roman Catholics make up the largest group , accounting for 38.7 % of the population . Much of the remainder is made up of Protestants , who accounted for approximately 27 % in a 2011 survey . The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada ( accounting for 6.1 % of Canadians ) , followed by Anglicans ( 5.0 % ) , and Baptists ( 1.9 % ) . Secularization has been growing since the 1960s . In 2011 , 23.9 % declared no religious affiliation , compared to 16.5 % in 2001 . The remaining 8.8 % are affiliated with non-Christian religions , the largest of which are Islam ( 3.2 % ) and Hinduism ( 1.5 % ) . Languages Main article : Languages of Canada Approximately 98 % of Canadians can speak either or both English and French : English -- 56.9 % English and French -- 16.1 % French -- 21.3 % Sparsely populated area ( < 0.4 persons per km ) A multitude of languages are used by Canadians , with English and French ( the official languages ) being the mother tongues of approximately 56 % and 21 % of Canadians , respectively . As of the 2016 Census , just over 7.3 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue . Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese ( 1,227,680 first - language speakers ) , Punjabi ( 501,680 ) , Spanish ( 458,850 ) , Tagalog ( 431,385 ) , Arabic ( 419,895 ) , German ( 384,040 ) , and Italian ( 375,645 ) . Canada 's federal government practices official bilingualism , which is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages in consonance with Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Federal Official Languages Act English and French have equal status in federal courts , parliament , and in all federal institutions . Citizens have the right , where there is sufficient demand , to receive federal government services in either English or French and official - language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories . The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec . Although more than 85 percent of French - speaking Canadians live in Quebec , there are substantial Francophone populations in New Brunswick , Alberta , and Manitoba ; Ontario has the largest French - speaking population outside Quebec . New Brunswick , the only officially bilingual province , has a French - speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population . There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia , on Cape Breton Island , and through central and western Prince Edward Island . Other provinces have no official languages as such , but French is used as a language of instruction , in courts , and for other government services , in addition to English . Manitoba , Ontario , and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures , and laws are enacted in both languages . In Ontario , French has some legal status , but is not fully co-official . There are 11 indigenous language groups , composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects . Of these , only the Cree , Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term . Several indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories . Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut , and is one of three official languages in the territory . Additionally , Canada is home to many sign languages , some of which are Indigenous . American Sign Language ( ASL ) is spoken across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools . Due to its historical relation to the francophone culture , Quebec Sign Language ( LSQ ) is spoken primarily in Quebec , although there are sizeable Francophone communities in New Brunswick , Ontario and Manitoba . Culture Main article : Culture of Canada A political cartoon from 1910 on Canada 's early European multicultural identity , depicting the French tricolor , the Union Jack , the maple leaf , and fleurs - de-lis . Canada 's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities , and policies that promote a `` just society '' are constitutionally protected . Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people . Multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada 's significant accomplishments , and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity . In Quebec , cultural identity is strong , and many commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture . However , as a whole , Canada is , in theory , a cultural mosaic -- a collection of regional ethnic subcultures . Canada 's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism , which is based on selective immigration , social integration , and suppression of far - right politics , has wide public support . Government policies such as publicly funded health care , higher taxation to redistribute wealth , the outlawing of capital punishment , strong efforts to eliminate poverty , strict gun control , and the legalization of same - sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada 's political and cultural values . Canadians also identify with the country 's health care institutions , peacekeeping , the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Bill Reid 's 1980 sculpture Raven and The First Men ; the raven is a figure common to many of Canada 's indigenous mythologies Historically , Canada has been influenced by British , French , and indigenous cultures and traditions . Through their language , art and music , Indigenous peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity . During the 20th century , Canadians with African , Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture . Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian identity and is reflected in its folklore , literature , music , art , and media . The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony , parody , and satire . Many Canadian comedians have achieved international success in the American TV and film industries and are amongst the most recognized in the world . Canada has a well - developed media sector , but its cultural output ; particularly in English films , television shows , and magazines , is often overshadowed by imports from the United States . As a result , the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs , laws , and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) , the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) , and the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) . Symbols Main article : National symbols of Canada The mother beaver on the Canadian parliament 's Peace Tower The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity : Tudor rose : English ; Fleur de lis : French ; thistle : Scottish ; shamrock : Irish ; and leek : Welsh . Canada 's national symbols are influenced by natural , historical , and indigenous sources . The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century . The maple leaf is depicted on Canada 's current and previous flags , and on the Arms of Canada . The Arms of Canada are closely modelled after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version . The Great Seal of Canada is a governmental seal used for purposes of state , being set on letters patent , proclamations and commissions , for representatives of the Queen and for the appointment of cabinet ministers , lieutenant governors , senators , and judges . Other prominent symbols include the beaver , Canada goose , and common loon , the Crown , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , and more recently the totem pole and Inuksuk . Canadian coins feature many of these symbols : the loon on the $1 coin , the Arms of Canada on the 50 ¢ piece , the beaver on the nickel . The penny , removed from circulation in 2013 , featured the maple leaf . The Queen ' s image appears on $20 bank notes , and on the obverse of all current Canadian coins . Literature Main article : Canadian literature Canadian literature is often divided into French - and English - language literatures , which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain , respectively . There are four major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature ; nature , frontier life , Canada 's position within the world , all three of which tie into the garrison mentality . By the 1990s , Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world 's best . Canada 's ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature , with many of its most prominent modern writers focusing on ethnic life . Arguably , the best - known living Canadian writer internationally ( especially since the deaths of Robertson Davies and Mordecai Richler ) is Margaret Atwood , a prolific novelist , poet , and literary critic . Numerous other Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards ; including Nobel Laureate Alice Munro , who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English ; and Booker Prize recipient Michael Ondaatje , who is perhaps best known for the novel The English Patient , which was adapted as a film of the same name that won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Visual arts Main article : Canadian art The Jack Pine by Tom Thomson . Oil on canvas , 1916 , in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson -- the country 's most famous painter -- and by the Group of Seven . Thomson 's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39 . The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus , who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920 . Though referred to as having seven members , five artists -- Lawren Harris , A.Y. Jackson , Arthur Lismer , J.E.H. MacDonald , and Frederick Varley -- were responsible for articulating the Group 's ideas . They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston , and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael . A.J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926 . Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist , Emily Carr , known for her landscapes and portrayals of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Since the 1950s , works of Inuit art have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government . Music Main article : Music of Canada The Canadian music industry is the sixth - largest in the world producing internationally renowned composers , musicians and ensembles . Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC . The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada 's music industry awards , the Juno Awards , which were first awarded in 1970 . The Canadian Music Hall of Fame established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements . Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism , preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years . The earliest , The Bold Canadian , was written in 1812 . The national anthem of Canada , `` O Canada '' , was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec , the Honourable Théodore Robitaille , for the 1880 St. Jean - Baptiste Day ceremony , and was officially adopted in 1980 . Calixa Lavallée wrote the music , which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe - Basile Routhier . The text was originally only in French before it was translated into English in 1906 . Sport Main articles : Sports in Canada and History of Canadian sports Canada 's ice hockey victory at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s . Canada 's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse . Golf , tennis , skiing , badminton , volleyball , cycling , swimming , bowling , rugby union , canoeing , equestrian , squash and the study of martial arts are widely enjoyed at the youth and amateur levels . Canada shares several major professional sports leagues with the United States . Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the National Hockey League , as well as three Major League Soccer teams and one team in each of Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association . Other popular professional sports in Canada include Canadian football , which is played in the Canadian Football League , National Lacrosse League lacrosse , and curling . Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since its Olympic debut in 1900 , and has hosted several high - profile international sporting events , including the 1976 Summer Olympics , the 1988 Winter Olympics , the 1994 Basketball World Championship , the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Most recently , Canada staged the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games . See also Canada portal New France portal North America portal Index of Canada - related articles Outline of Canada Topics by provinces and territories Canada -- Wikipedia book Notes Jump up ^ Includes general responses indicating North American origins ( e.g. , ' North American ' ) as well as more specific responses indicating North American origins that have not been included elsewhere ( e.g. , ' Maritimer ' or ' Quebecois ' ) . Jump up ^ All citizens of Canada are classified as `` Canadians '' as defined by Canada 's nationality laws . However , `` Canadian '' as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry . `` Canadian '' was included as an example on the English questionnaire and `` Canadien '' as an example on the French questionnaire . `` The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled . Respondents generally are visibly European ( Anglophones and Francophones ) , however no - longer self - identify with their ethnic ancestral origins . This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage . Source 1 : Jack Jedwab ( April 2008 ) . `` Our ' Cense ' of Self : the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million ' Canadian ' '' ( PDF ) . Association for Canadian Studies . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Source 2 : Don Kerr ( 2007 ) . The Changing Face of Canada : Essential Readings in Population . Canadian Scholars ' Press . pp. 313 -- 317 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 322 - 2 . References Jump up ^ D. Michael Jackson ( 2013 ) . The Crown and Canadian Federalism . Dundurn . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0989 - 8 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Census of Population , Statistics Canada Catalogue no . 98 - 400 - X2016187 . `` Ethnic Origin ( 279 ) , Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses ( 3 ) , Generation Status ( 4 ) , Age ( 12 ) and Sex ( 3 ) for the Population in Private Households of Canada , Provinces and Territories , Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations , 2016 Census -- 25 % Sample Data '' `` . Statistics Canada . November 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Data is an aggregate of single and multiple responses . Total ethnic origin responses are the sum of single and multiple responses for each ethnic origin . Total response counts indicate the number of persons who reported a specified ethnic origin , either as their only origin or in addition to one or more other ethnic origins . The sum of all ethnic origin responses is greater than the total population estimate due to the reporting of multiple origins . ^ Jump up to : `` Religions in Canada -- Census 2011 '' . Statistics Canada / Statistique Canada . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hail , M ; Lange , S ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Federalism and Representation in the Theory of the Founding Fathers : A Comparative Study of US and Canadian Constitutional Thought '' . Publius : The Journal of Federalism. 40 ( 3 ) : 366 -- 388 . doi : 10.1093 / publius / pjq001 . JSTOR 40865314 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Population estimates quarterly '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Population size and growth in Canada : Key results from the 2016 Census '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , October 2017 , Canada '' . International Monetary Fund . April 2018 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers : In the late 2000s '' . OECD . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Economic Surveys '' . OECD . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ISO 8601 is the official date format of the Government of Canada : Translation Bureau , Public Works and Government Services Canada ( 1997 ) . `` 5.14 : Dates '' . The Canadian style : A guide to writing and editing ( Rev. ed . ) . Toronto : Dundurn Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 276 - 6 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . The dd / mm / yy and mm / dd / yy formats also remain in common use ; see Date and time notation in Canada . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26257 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Rayburn ( 2001 ) . Naming Canada : Stories about Canadian Place Names . University of Toronto Press . pp. 14 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8293 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Magocsi ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's Peoples . University of Toronto Press . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Victoria ( 1841 ) , An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada , and for the Government of Canada , J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble , p. 20 , archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ O'Toole , Roger ( 2009 ) . `` Dominion of the Gods : Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context '' . In Hvithamar , Annika ; Warburg , Margit ; Jacobsen , Brian Arly . Holy nations and global identities : civil religion , nationalism , and globalisation . Brill . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17828 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Buckner , Philip , ed. ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . pp. 37 -- 40 , 56 -- 59 , 114 , 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Courtney ; David Smith ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics . Oxford Handbooks Online . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533535 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Christoph Beat Graber ; Karolina Kuprecht ; Jessica C. Lai ( 2012 ) . International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage : Legal and Policy Issues . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85793 - 831 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Native American , First Nations or Aboriginal ? Druide '' . www.druide.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas D. Dillehay ( 2008 ) . The Settlement of the Americas : A New Prehistory . Basic Books . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 2543 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian M. Fagan ; Nadia Durrani ( 2016 ) . World Prehistory : A Brief Introduction . Routledge . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 34244 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rajiv Rawat ( 2012 ) . Circumpolar Health Atlas . University of Toronto Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 4456 - 4 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 2008 ) . Canada : an illustrated history . Douglas & Mcintyre . pp. 7 , 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 259 - 5 . Jump up ^ Macklem , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 4195 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonneborn , Liz ( January 2007 ) . Chronology of American Indian History . Infobase Publishing . pp. 2 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6770 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Donna M ; Northcott , Herbert C ( 2008 ) . Dying and Death in Canada . University of Toronto Press . pp. 25 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 873 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Population history of Native North Americans '' . In Haines , Michael R ; Steckel , Richard Hall . A population history of North America . Cambridge University Press . pp. 13 , 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49666 - 7 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , C. Vivian ( 2008 ) . `` Native Populations of Canada '' . In Bailey , Garrick Alan . Indians in Contemporary Society . Handbook of North American Indians . 2 . Government Printing Office . p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 080388 - 8 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Marshall ( 1998 ) . A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1774 - 5 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ True Peters , Stephanie ( 2005 ) . Smallpox in the New World . Marshall Cavendish . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1637 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Z . Laidlaw ; Alan Lester ( 2015 ) . Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism : Land Holding , Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World . Springer . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 45236 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ray , Arthur J. ( 2005 ) . I Have Lived Here Since The World Began . Key Porter Books . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55263 - 633 - 6 . Jump up ^ Preston , David L. ( 2009 ) . The Texture of Contact : European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia , 1667 -- 1783 . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2549 - 7 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ J.R. Miller ( 2009 ) . Compact , Contract , Covenant : Aboriginal Treaty - Making in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 9227 - 5 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Adrian ( 1999 ) . `` 3 . Innu - Inuit ' Warfare ' '' . Innu Culture . Department of Anthropology , Memorial University of Newfoundland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asch , Michael ( 1997 ) . Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada : Essays on Law , Equity , and Respect for Difference . UBC Press . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0581 - 0 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirmayer , Laurence J. ; Guthrie , Gail Valaskakis ( 2009 ) . Healing Traditions : The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada . UBC Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5863 - 2 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada : Calls to Action '' ( PDF ) . Trc.ca . National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. 2015 . p. 5 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Arthur Middleton ( 2009 ) . The Norse Discovery of America . BiblioLife . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 559 - 05400 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` John Cabot '' . Historica Canada . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Cabot 's voyage of 1497 '' . Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2000 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hornsby , Stephen J ( 2005 ) . British Atlantic , American frontier : spaces of power in early modern British America . University Press of New England . pp. 14 , 18 -- 19 , 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 427 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cartier , Jacques ; Biggar , Henry Percival ; Cook , Ramsay ( 1993 ) . The Voyages of Jacques Cartier . University of Toronto Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6000 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Rose , George A ( October 1 , 2007 ) . Cod : The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries . Breakwater Books . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55081 - 225 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ninette Kelley ; Michael J. Trebilcock ( September 30 , 2010 ) . The Making of the Mosaic : A History of Canadian Immigration Policy . University of Toronto Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9536 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard Roberts LaMar ( 1977 ) . The Reader 's Encyclopedia of the American West . University of Michigan Press . p. 355 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 690 - 00008 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C ; Arnold , James ; Wiener , Roberta ( September 30 , 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 697 - 8 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ; John G. Reid ( 1994 ) . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . University of Toronto Press . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6977 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Cathal J ( 2008 ) . Wars of the age of Louis XIV , 1650 -- 1715 : an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33046 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allaire , Gratien ( May 2007 ) . `` From ' Nouvelle - France ' to ' Francophonie canadienne ' : a historical survey '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . 2007 ( 185 ) : 25 -- 52 . doi : 10.1515 / IJSL. 2007.024 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Bruce M ( March 2010 ) . `` Use of Non-Traditional Evidence : A Case Study Using Heraldry to Examine Competing Theories for Canada 's Confederation '' . British Journal of Canadian Studies . 23 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 117 . doi : 10.3828 / bjcs. 2010.5 . Jump up ^ Eric Nellis ( 2010 ) . An Empire of Regions : A Brief History of Colonial British America . University of Toronto Press -- University of British Columbia . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0403 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Todd ; Wilson , Raymond ( September 30 , 2009 ) . Native American Movements . Scarecrow Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6892 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Peter C ( 2016 ) . Hostages to Fortune : The United Empire Loyalists and the Making of Canada . Touchstone . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 8615 - 9 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNairn , Jeffrey L ( 2000 ) . The capacity to judge . University of Toronto Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 4360 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Colebrook Harris ; et al. ( 1987 ) . Historical Atlas of Canada : The land transformed , 1800 -- 1891 . University of Toronto Press . p. 21 . ISBN 9780802034472 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences '' . cchahistory.ca . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Colin Read ( 1985 ) . Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada . MQUP . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 8406 - 8 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romney , Paul ( Spring 1989 ) . `` From Constitutionalism to Legalism : Trial by Jury , Responsible Government , and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture '' . Law and History Review . 7 ( 1 ) : 128 . doi : 10.2307 / 743779 . JSTOR 743779 . Jump up ^ Evenden , Leonard J ; Turbeville , Daniel E ( 1992 ) . `` The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier '' . In Janelle , Donald G. Geographical snapshots of North America . Guilford Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89862 - 030 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farr , Niko . `` The Alaska Boundary Dispute '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan ; Knippenberg , Hans ( 2001 ) . The Territorial Factor : Political Geography in a Globalising World . Amsterdam University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5629 - 188 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Robert ( 1996 ) . History of Canada Since 1867 . Michigan State University Press . pp. 31 , 207 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87013 - 399 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bumsted , JM ( 1996 ) . The Red River Rebellion . Watson & Dwyer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920486 - 23 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Building a nation '' . Canadian Atlas . Canadian Geographic . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2006 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sir John A. Macdonald '' . Library and Archives Canada . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Terry ( 2000 ) . `` The Canadian West : An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior '' . The Archivist . Library and Archives Canada . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tennyson , Brian Douglas ( 2014 ) . Canada 's Great War , 1914 -- 1918 : How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation . Scarecrow Press ( Cape Breton University ) . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8860 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morton , Desmond ( 1999 ) . A military history of Canada ( 4th ed . ) . McClelland & Stewart . pp. 130 -- 158 , 173 , 203 -- 233 , 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 6514 - 9 . Jump up ^ Granatstein , J.L. ( 2004 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace . University of Toronto Press . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8696 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGonigal , Richard Morton ( 1962 ) . The Conscription Crisis in Quebec -- 1917 : a Study in Canadian Dualism . Harvard University Press . p . Intro . Jump up ^ Bryce , Robert B. ( June 1 , 1986 ) . Maturing in Hard Times : Canada 's Department of Finance through the Great Depression . McGill - Queen 's . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0555 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mulvale , James P ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State : Exploring the Realms of Possibility '' . Basic Income Studies . 3 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.2202 / 1932 - 0183.1084 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , Edward ( 2013 ) . Great Canadian Battles : Heroism and Courage Through the Years . Arcturus Publishing . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78404 - 098 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Lance ( 2005 ) . Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands . Dundurn Press . pp. 225 -- 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 547 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bothwell , Robert ( 2007 ) . Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world , 1945 -- 1984 . UBC Press . pp. 11 , 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1368 - 6 . Jump up ^ Phillip Alfred Buckner ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . pp. 135 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , J. Patrick ( 1996 ) . Direct Democracy in Canada : The History and Future of Referendums . Dundurn . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 1884 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Eva ( 2002 ) . The house of difference : cultural politics and national identity in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8481 - 1 . Jump up ^ Landry , Rodrigue ; Forgues , Éric ( May 2007 ) . `` Official language minorities in Canada : an introduction '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . 2007 ( 185 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1515 / IJSL. 2007.022 . Jump up ^ Esses , Victoria M ; Gardner , RC ( July 1996 ) . `` Multiculturalism in Canada : Context and current status '' . Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science . 28 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 152 . doi : 10.1037 / h0084934 . Jump up ^ Sarrouh , Elissar ( January 22 , 2002 ) . `` Social Policies in Canada : A Model for Development '' ( PDF ) . Social Policy Series , No. 1 . United Nations . pp. 14 -- 16 , 22 -- 37 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Canada.ca . Government of Canada . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A statute worth 75 cheers '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . March 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couture , Christa ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Canada is celebrating 150 years of ... what , exactly ? '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it . All but one Dominion -- that would be us , Canada -- chose to accept every resolution . Our leaders could n't decide on how to amend the Constitution , so that power stayed with Britain until 1982 . Jump up ^ Trepanier , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bickerton , James ; Gagnon , Alain , eds. ( 2004 ) . Canadian Politics ( 4th ed . ) . Broadview Press . pp. 250 -- 254 , 344 -- 347 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 595 - 5 . Jump up ^ Légaré , André ( 2008 ) . `` Canada 's Experiment with Aboriginal Self - Determination in Nunavut : From Vision to Illusion '' . International Journal on Minority and Group Rights . 15 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 335 -- 367 . doi : 10.1163 / 157181108X332659 . JSTOR 24674996 . Jump up ^ Lance W. Roberts ; Rodney A. Clifton ; Barry Ferguson ( 2005 ) . Recent Social Trends in Canada , 1960 -- 2000 . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MUniversity of Manitoba . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7314 - 7 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munroe , HD ( 2009 ) . `` The October Crisis Revisited : Counterterrorism as Strategic Choice , Political Result , and Organizational Practice '' . Terrorism and Political Violence. 21 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 305 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546550902765623 . ^ Jump up to : Sorens , J ( December 2004 ) . `` Globalization , secessionism , and autonomy '' . Electoral Studies . 23 ( 4 ) : 727 -- 752 . doi : 10.1016 / j. electstud. 2003.10. 003 . Jump up ^ Leblanc , Daniel ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` A brief history of the Bloc Québécois '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Betz , Hans - Georg ; Immerfall , Stefan ( 1998 ) . The new politics of the Right : neo-Populist parties and movements in established democracies . St. Martin 's Press . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 21134 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Carol L. ( 2001 ) . The Politics of Language : Conflict , Identity , and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective : Conflict , Identity , and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803150 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sourour , Teresa K ( 1991 ) . `` Report of Coroner 's Investigation '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Oka Crisis '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 2000 . Archived from the original ( Digital Archives ) on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roach , Kent ( 2003 ) . September 11 : consequences for Canada . McGill - Queen 's University Press . pp. 15 , 59 -- 61 , 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2584 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Lenard J. ; Moens , Alexander ( 1999 ) . `` Learning the lessons of UNPROFOR : Canadian peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia '' . Canadian Foreign Policy Journal . 6 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 100 . doi : 10.1080 / 11926422.1999. 9673175 . Jump up ^ Jockel , Joseph T ; Sokolsky , Joel B ( 2008 ) . `` Canada and the war in Afghanistan : NATO 's odd man out steps forward '' . Journal of Transatlantic Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 115 . doi : 10.1080 / 14794010801917212 . Jump up ^ Aidan Hehir ; Robert Murray ( 2013 ) . Libya , the Responsibility to Protect and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 27396 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas Juneau ( 2015 ) . `` Canada 's Policy to Confront the Islamic State '' . Canadian Global Affairs Institute . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada '' . The World Factbook . CIA . May 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alan Gallay ( 2015 ) . Colonial Wars of North America , 1512 -- 1763 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 429 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 48718 - 0 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Battram ( 2010 ) . Canada in Crisis : An Agenda for Survival of the Nation . Trafford Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 3393 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canadian Geographic . Royal Canadian Geographical Society . 2008 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Geography '' . statcan.gc.ca . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Boundary '' . International Boundary Commission . 1985 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Facts : 25 Interesting and Fun Facts - not only for Kids '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Atlas of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . 2005 . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7705 - 1198 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bailey , William G ; Oke , TR ; Rouse , Wayne R ( 1997 ) . The surface climates of Canada . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 1672 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- Physical Components of Watersheds '' . December 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Sandford ( 2012 ) . Cold Matters : The State and Fate of Canada 's Fresh Water . Biogeoscience Institute at the University of Calgary . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 927330 - 20 - 3 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etkin , David ; Haque , CE ; Brooks , Gregory R ( April 30 , 2003 ) . An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada . Springer . pp. 569 , 582 , 583 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1179 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shoalts , Adam ( 2011 ) . `` Canada 's Worst Natural Disasters of All Time '' . Canadian Geographic . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessop , A. Geological Survey of Canada , Open File 5906 . Natural Resources Canada . pp. 18 -- . GGKEY : 6DLTQFWQ9HG . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Weather Network . `` Statistics , Regina SK '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regina International Airport '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( March 29 , 1867 ) . `` Constitution Act , 1867 : Preamble '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David E ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Crown and the Constitution : Sustaining Democracy ? '' ( PDF ) . The Crown in Canada : Present Realities and Future Options . Queen 's University . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Kevin S ( 2012 ) . A Crown of Maples ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Queen 's Printer for Canada . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 46012 - 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Johnson ( 2018 ) . Battle Royal : Monarchists vs. Republicans and the Crown of Canada . Dundurn . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 4015 - 0 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Governor General of Canada : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth public administration reform 2004 . Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004 . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 703249 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Forsey , Eugene ( 2005 ) . How Canadians Govern Themselves ( PDF ) ( 6th ed . ) . Queen 's Printer . pp. 1 , 16 , 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 662 - 39689 - 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marleau , Robert ; Montpetit , Camille . `` House of Commons Procedure and Practice : Parliamentary Institutions '' . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' A cabinet that looks like Canada : ' Justin Trudeau pledges government built on trust '' . Toronto Star . November 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , David ( 2006 ) . Thinking government : public sector management in Canada ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . pp. 134 -- 135 , 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 779 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Opposition in a Parliamentary System '' . Library of Parliament . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Elections and Ridings '' . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Brian ; Bédard , Michel ; Spano , Sebastian ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Government and Canada 's 41st Parliament : Questions and Answers '' . Library of Parliament . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ann L. Griffiths ; Karl Nerenberg ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Federal Countries . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7047 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News : Election 2015 roundup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories '' . Intergovernmental Affairs Canada . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Differences from Provincial Governments '' . Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. 2008 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Statistics Canada . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emily Gilbert ; Eric Helleiner ( 2003 ) . Nation - States and Money : The Past , Present and Future of National Currencies . Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 65817 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ George S. Cuhaj ; Thomas Michael ( 2011 ) . Coins of the World : Canada . Krause Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 3129 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Dodek ( 2016 ) . The Canadian Constitution . Dundurn -- University of Ottawa Faculty of Law . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 3505 - 7 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrea Olive ( 2015 ) . The Canadian Environment in Political Context . University of Toronto Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0871 - 9 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dr. Vishnoo Bhagwan ; Dr. Rajani R. Shirur ; Bhushan Vidya ( 2004 ) . 2 , ed . World Constitutions . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . pp. 549 -- 550 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 1937 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakan , Joel ; Elliot , Robin M ( 2003 ) . Canadian Constitutional Law . Emond Montgomery Publications . pp. 3 -- 8 , 683 -- 687 , 699 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55239 - 085 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Lisa Lynne ( 2004 ) . `` Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord : Aboriginal policy negotiations 2004 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . 1 . Parliamentary Information and Research Service , Library of Parliament : 3 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty areas '' . Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat . October 7 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gary Brent Madison ( 2000 ) . Is There a Canadian Philosophy ? : Reflections on the Canadian Identity . University of Ottawa Press . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7766 - 0514 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current and Former Chief Justices '' . Supreme Court of Canada . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Yates ; Penny Bain ; Ruth Yates ( 2000 ) . Introduction to law in Canada . Prentice Hall Allyn and Bacon Canada . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 792862 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sworden , Philip James ( 2006 ) . An introduction to Canadian law . Emond Montgomery Publications . pp. 22 , 150 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55239 - 145 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario Provincial Police '' . OPP official website . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police . `` Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure '' ( PDF ) . Queen 's Printer . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Chapnick ( 2011 ) . The Middle Power Project : Canada and the Founding of the United Nations . UBC Press . pp. 2 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4049 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen Sens ; Peter Stoett ( 2013 ) . Global Politics 5e . Nelson Education . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 648249 - 7 . 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University of Toronto Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1108 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ibp Usa ( July 31 , 2015 ) . Canada Intelligence , Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations , Regulations , Activities . Int'l Business Publications . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7397 - 1615 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haglung , David G ( Autumn 2003 ) . `` North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security '' . Orbis. 47 ( 4 ) : 675 -- 691 . doi : 10.1016 / S0030 - 4387 ( 03 ) 00072 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Canada '' . United States Department of State . 2014 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Bickerton ; Alain - G. Gagnon ( 2014 ) . Canadian Politics : Sixth Edition . University of Toronto Press . p. 423 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0703 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Index of Economic Freedom '' . The Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal . 2013 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Kay : The key to Canada 's economic advantage over the United States ? Less income inequality '' . National Post . December 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada '' . OECD Better Life Index . OECD. 2014 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TMX Group Equity Financing Statistics -- September 2014 '' . TMX . September 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Center for International Studies ( 2014 ) . `` What did Canada export in 2014 ? '' . Harvard Kennedy School . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Mapping Canada 's Top Manufacturing Industries : Industry Insider '' . www.ibisworld.com . Jump up ^ Dr David Mosler ; Professor Bob Catley ( 2013 ) . The American Challenge : The World Resists US Liberalism . Ashgate Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 9852 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ William Kerr ; Nicholas Perdikis ( 2014 ) . The Economics of International Commerce . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78347 - 668 - 8 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morck , Randall ; Tian , Gloria ; Yeung , Bernard ( 2005 ) . `` Who owns whom ? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada '' . In Eden , Lorraine ; Dobson , Wendy . Governance , multinationals , and growth . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 909 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research '' . The Globe and Mail . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies '' . Branham Group Inc. 2014 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Usage and Population in North America '' . Internet World Stats . June 2014 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Space Milestones '' . Canadian Space Agency . 2016 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Angelo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy . Infobase Publishing . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1018 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philippe Bidaud ; Erick Dupuis ( 2012 ) . `` An overview of Canadian space robotics activities '' . 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Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barry Edmonston ; Eric Fong ( 2011 ) . The Changing Canadian Population . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3793 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Karla ( 2008 ) . Canada ( 10th ed . ) . Lonely Planet . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 571 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James Hollifield ; Philip Martin ; Pia Orrenius ( 2014 ) . Controlling Immigration : A Global Perspective , Third Edition . Stanford University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8627 - 0 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roderic P. Beaujot ; Donald W. Kerr ( 2007 ) . The Changing Face of Canada : Essential Readings in Population . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 322 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary P. Freeman ; Randall Hansen ; David L. 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Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States . Fraser Institute . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88975 - 235 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban - rural population as a proportion of total population , Canada , provinces , territories and health regions '' . Statistics Canada . 2001 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martel , Laurent ; Malenfant , Éric Caron ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` 2006 Census : Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006 , by Age and Sex '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian population creeps up in average age '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Human Development Index and its components -- Statistics '' ( PDF ) . UNDP. 2013 . 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Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables '' . statcan.gc.ca . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal Identity ( 8 ) , Sex ( 3 ) and Age Groups ( 12 ) for the Population of Canada , Provinces , Territories , Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations , 2006 Census -- 20 % Sample Data '' . 2006 Census : Topic - based tabulations . Statistics Canada . June 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Profile , 2016 Census '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pendakur , Krishna . `` Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver 's Labour Market '' . Simon Fraser University . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classification of visible minority '' . Statistics Canada . Government of Canada . July 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Moon ( 2008 ) . Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada . UBC Press . pp. 1 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1497 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamie S. Scott ( 2012 ) . The Religions of Canadians . University of Toronto Press . p. 345 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0516 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin Boyle ; Juliet Sheen ( 2013 ) . Freedom of Religion and Belief : A World Report . University of Essex -- Routledge . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 72229 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lance W. Roberts ( 2005 ) . Recent Social Trends in Canada , 1960 -- 2000 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2955 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Bramadat ; David Seljak ( 2009 ) . Religion and Ethnicity in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1018 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurt Bowen ( 2004 ) . Christians in a Secular World : The Canadian Experience . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7194 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Derek Gregory ; Ron Johnston ; Geraldine Pratt ; Michael Watts ; Sarah Whatmore ( 2009 ) . The Dictionary of Human Geography . John Wiley & Sons . p. 672 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1056 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bruce J. Berman ; Rajeev Bhargava ; Andr Lalibert ( 2013 ) . Secular States and Religious Diversity . UBC Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 2515 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Betty Jane Punnett ( 2015 ) . International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management . Routledge . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 46745 - 8 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David M. Haskell ( 2009 ) . Through a Lens Darkly : How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals . Clements Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894667 - 92 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tabulation : Religion ( 108 ) , Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration ( 11 ) , Age Groups ( 10 ) and Sex ( 3 ) for the Population in Private Households of Canada , Provinces , Territories , Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations , 2011 National Household Survey '' . Statistics Canada . January 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Changing Religious Landscape Pew Research Center '' . Pewforum.org . June 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hans Mol , `` The secularization of Canada . '' Research in the social scientific study of religion ( 1989 ) 1 : 197 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Noll ( 1992 ) . A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada . pp. 15 -- 17 . ISBN 9780802806512 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' No Religion ' Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians : Report '' . HuffPost . May 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Census : The Evolving Linguistic Portrait , 2006 Census : Highlights '' . Statistics Canada , Dated 2006 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by mother tongue and age groups ( total ) , 2016 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Languages and You '' . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages . June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . 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Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heller , Monica ( 2003 ) . Crosswords : language , education and ethnicity in French Ontario . Mouton de Gruyter . pp. 72 , 74 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017687 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal languages '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Olive Patricia Dickason ( 1992 ) . Canada 's First Nations : A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 419 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2439 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fettes , Mark ; Norton , Ruth ( 2001 ) . `` Voices of Winter : Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada '' . In Castellano , Marlene Brant ; Davis , Lynne ; Lahache , Louise . Aboriginal education : fulfilling the promise . UBC Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0783 - 8 . 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Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rand Dyck ( 2011 ) . Canadian Politics . Cengage Learning . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 650343 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen L. Newman ( 2012 ) . Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States . SUNY Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8584 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shibao Guo ; Lloyd Wong ( 2015 ) . Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada : Theories , Policies and Debates . University of Calgary . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 6300 - 208 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonia Sikka ( 2014 ) . Multiculturalism and Religious Identity : Canada and India . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 9220 - 9 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration , 2006 -- 2009 '' . Government of Canada . 2011 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ( 2001 ) . Leviathan Transformed : Seven National States in the New Century . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2304 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Daniel P ; Baun , Michael J ( 1995 ) . Political culture and constitutionalism : a comparative approach . Sharpe . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 416 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcea , Joseph ; Kirova , Anna ; Wong , Lloyd ( January 2009 ) . `` Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada '' . Canadian Ethnic Studies . 40 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1353 / ces. 0.0069 . Jump up ^ Emma Ambrosea ; Cas Muddea ( 2015 ) . `` Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right -- Nationalism and Ethnic Politics '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 21 Issue 2 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 236 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537113.2015. 1032033 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Darrell ; Wright , John ( 2005 ) . What Canadians think about almost everything . Doubleday Canada . pp. 8 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 65985 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nanos Research ( October 2016 ) . `` Exploring Canadian values '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Canada ( Final Report ) '' ( PDF ) . The Environics Institute . Queen 's University . 2010 . p. 4 ( PDF page 8 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul R ( 2002 ) . Aboriginal peoples of Canada : a short introduction . University of Toronto Press . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 3630 - 8 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisdom Tettey ; Korbla P. Puplampu ( 2005 ) . The African Diaspora in Canada : Negotiating Identity & Belonging . University of Calgary . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55238 - 175 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Nieguth ( 2015 ) . The Politics of Popular Culture : Negotiating Power , Identity , and Place . MQUP . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 9685 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katja Lee ; Lorraine York ( 2016 ) . Celebrity Cultures in Canada . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77112 - 224 - 5 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mary Vipond ( 2011 ) . The Mass Media in Canada ( 4 ed . ) . James Lorimer Company . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55277 - 658 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Edwardson ( 2008 ) . Canadian Content : Culture and the Quest for Nationhood . University of Toronto Press . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9519 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Monaghan ( 2013 ) . `` The mother beaver -- Collection Profiles '' . The House of Commons Heritage . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Heritage ( 2002 ) . Symbols of Canada . Canadian Government Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 660 - 18615 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Gough ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Scarecrow Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7504 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada ( 2012 ) . `` Consolidation -- Formal Documents Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Seal of Canada -- Anthems and Symbols -- Canadian Identity '' . Canadian Heritage . 2013 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruhl , Jeffrey ( January 2008 ) . `` Inukshuk Rising '' . Canadian Journal of Globalization. 1 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Allen G Berman ( 2008 ) . Warman 's Coins And Paper Money : Identification and Price Guide . Krause Publications . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1915 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phasing out the penny '' . Royal Canadian Mint. 2015 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ W.J. Keith ( 2006 ) . Canadian literature in English . The Porcupine 's Quill . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88984 - 283 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ William H. New ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada . University of Toronto Press . pp. 259 -- 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 0761 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K.V. Dominic ( 2010 ) . Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature . Pinnacle Technology . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61820 - 640 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K.V. Dominic ( 2010 ) . Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature . Pinnacle Technology . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61820 - 640 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reingard M. Nischik ( 2000 ) . Margaret Atwood : Works and Impact . Camden House . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 139 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ William H. New ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 0761 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Broadview Anthology of British Literature , The . Concise Edition , Volume B. Broadview Press . 2006 . p. 1459 . GGKEY : 1TFFGS4YFLT . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Giddings ; Erica Sheen ( 2000 ) . From Page To Screen : Adaptations of the Classic Novel . Manchester University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5231 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marylin J. McKay ( 2011 ) . Picturing the Land : Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art , 1500 -- 1950 . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 3817 - 7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brock , Richard ( 2008 ) . `` Envoicing Silent Objects : Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape '' . Canadian Journal of Environmental Education . 13 ( 2 ) : 50 -- 61 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Charles C ( 1995 ) . The Group of Seven -- Art for a Nation . National Gallery of Canada . pp. 15 -- 21 , 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 6716 - 7 . Jump up ^ Newlands , Anne ( 1996 ) . Emily Carr . Firefly Books . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55209 - 046 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pamela R. Stern ( June 30 , 2010 ) . Daily life of the Inuit . ABC - CLIO . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36311 - 5 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey P. Hull ; Thomas William Hutchison ; Richard Strasser ( 2011 ) . The Music Business and Recording Industry : Delivering Music in the 21st Century . Taylor & Francis . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87560 - 8 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Archibald Lloyd Keith Acheson ; Christopher John Maule ( 2009 ) . Much Ado about Culture : North American Trade Disputes . University of Michigan Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 02241 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwardson , Ryan ( 2008 ) . Canadian content , culture and the quest for nationhood . University of Toronto Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9759 - 0 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank Hoffmann ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Routledge . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 94950 - 1 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Jortner ( 2011 ) . The Gods of Prophetstown : The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier . Oxford University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976529 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` O Canada '' . Historica - Dominion . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hymne national du Canada '' . Canadian Heritage . June 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Henry Roxborough , `` The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada '' , Canada ( 1975 ) 2 # 3 pp 30 -- 43 Jump up ^ `` National Sports of Canada Act '' . Government of Canada . November 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage ( 2013 ) . `` Canadian sport participation -- Most frequently played sports in Canada ( 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Publications.gc.ca . p. 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sergiy Butenko ; Jaime Gil - Lafuente ; Panos M. Pardalos ( 2010 ) . Optimal Strategies in Sports Economics and Management . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 42 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 13205 - 6 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Morrow ; Kevin B. Wamsley ( 2016 ) . Sport in Canada : A History . Oxford University Press . pp. xxI -- intro . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 902157 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bill Mallon ; Jeroen Heijmans ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Scarecrow Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7522 - 7 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Charles Howell ( 2009 ) . Montreal Olympics : An Insider 's View of Organizing a Self - financing Games . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7656 - 8 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Horne ; Garry Whannel ( 2016 ) . Understanding the Olympics . Routledge . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 49519 - 2 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Blevins ( 2012 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 1222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6130 - 5 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milena M. Parent ; Jean - Loup Chappelet ( February 20 , 2015 ) . Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management . Taylor & Francis . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 10437 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States . Congress . Senate . Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Subcommittee on Trade , Tourism , and Economic Development ( January 2006 ) . The economic impact of the 2010 Vancouver , Canada , Winter Olympics on Oregon and the Pacific Northwest : hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade , Tourism , and Economic Development of the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation , United States Senate , One Hundred Ninth Congress , first session , August 5 , 2005 . U.S.G.P.O. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Zuzana Fromm ( 2006 ) . Economic Issues of Vancouver - Whistler 2010 Olympics . Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 197843 - 0 . Jump up ^ Temporary Importations Using the FIFA Women ? s World Cup Canada 2015 Remission Order . Canada Border Services Agency . 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , David ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games '' . The Globe and Mail . Further reading Main articles : Bibliography of Canada and Bibliography of Canadian history Overview Marsh , James H. ( 2000 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2099 - 5 . History Careless , J.M.S. ( 2012 ) . Canada : A Story of Challenge ( revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 67581 - 0 . Francis , RD ; Jones , Richard ; Smith , Donald B ( 2009 ) . Journeys : A History of Canada . Nelson Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 644244 - 6 . Taylor , Martin Brook ; Owram , Doug ( 1994 ) . Canadian History . 1 & 2 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 5016 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2801 - 3 Geography and climate Rumney , Thomas A. ( 2009 ) . Canadian Geography : A Scholarly Bibliography . Plattsburgh State University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6718 - 5 . Stanford , Quentin H , ed. ( 2008 ) . Canadian Oxford World Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Oxford University Press ( Canada ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 542928 - 2 . Government and law Jacob , Joseph W. ( 2007 ) . Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : Democracy for the People and for Each Person . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4269 - 8016 - 9 . Malcolmson , Patrick ; Myers , Richard ( 2009 ) . The Canadian Regime : An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada ( 4th ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0047 - 8 . Morton , Frederick Lee ( 2002 ) . Law , politics , and the judicial process in Canada . Frederick Lee . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55238 - 046 - 8 . Social welfare Finkel , Alvin ( 2006 ) . Social Policy and Practice in Canada : A History . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88920 - 475 - 1 . Thompson , Valerie D. ( 2015 ) . Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 1 - 927406 - 31 - 1 . Burke , Sara Z. ; Milewski , Patrice ( 2011 ) . Schooling in Transition : Readings in Canadian History of Education . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9577 - 0 . Foreign relations and military James , Patrick ; Michaud , Nelson ; O'Reilly , Marc J. ( 2006 ) . Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy . Lexington Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1493 - 3 . Conrad , John ( 2011 ) . Scarce Heard Amid the Guns : An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping . Dundurn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 981 - 5 . Granatstein , J.L. ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Army : Waging War and Keeping the Peace ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1178 - 8 . Economy Easterbrook , W.T. ; Aitken , Hugh G.J. ( 2015 ) . Canadian Economic History . University of Toronto Press , Scholarly Publishing Division . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 5814 - 1 . Economic Survey of Canada 2016 . OECD Economic Surveys. 2016 . -- ( Previous surveys ) Council of Canadian Academies ( 2012 ) . The State of Science and Technology in Canada , 2012 . Council of Canadian Academies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926558 - 47 - 9 . Demography and statistics Statistics Canada ( 2008 ) . Canada Year Book ( CYB ) annual 1867 -- 1967 . Federal Publications ( Queen of Canada ) . Carment , David ; Bercuson , David ( 2008 ) . The World in Canada : Diaspora , Demography , and Domestic Politics . MQUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7854 - 8 . Statistics Canada ( December 2012 ) . Canada Year Book . Federal Publications ( Queen of Canada ) . ISSN 0068 - 8142 . Catalogue no 11 - 402 - XWE . Culture Cohen , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Unfinished Canadian : The People We Are . McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2181 - 7 . Magocsi , Paul R ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's peoples . Society of Ontario , University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 6 . Vance , Jonathan F. ( 2011 ) . A History of Canadian Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 544422 - 3 . Indigenous peoples Dickason , Olive Patricia ; McNab , David T. ( 2009 ) . Canada 's First Nations : A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times ( 4th ed . ) . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 542892 - 6 . Ladner , Kiera L. ; Tait , Myra , eds. ( 2017 ) . Surviving Canada : Indigenous peoples celebrate 150 years of betrayal . Winnipeg , Manitoba : Arp Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894037 - 89 - 1 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Canada '' dated 2008 - 01 - 04 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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1115450702651076634 | List of highest-income counties in the United States | List of highest - income counties in the United States - wikipedia List of highest - income counties in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Per capita income by county There are 3,144 counties and county - equivalents in the United States . The source of the data is the U.S. Census Bureau and the data is current as of the indicated year . Independent cities are considered county - equivalent by the Census Bureau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Median household income 2.1 American Community Survey 2.2 2010 Census 2.3 2000 Census 3 Per capita income 3.1 2010 Census 3.2 2000 Census 4 Highest - income counties and places by state 5 See also 6 Notes and references Summary ( edit ) Before the American Civil War , the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi . The Loudoun County , Virginia suburb of Washington , D.C. is the highest - income county by median household income . Another Washington suburb , Arlington County , Virginia , ranks as the highest - income county by median family income . Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis , particularly in the Washington metropolitan area and the New York metropolitan area . Median household income ( edit ) American Community Survey ( edit ) Presented below are the 25 highest - income counties ( with populations of 65,000 or greater ) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey prepared by the US Census Bureau . Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland , five are in Virginia , four in California , three in New Jersey , two in New York , and one each in : Colorado , Georgia , Massachusetts , Ohio , Tennessee , and Texas . Rank County State Median Household Income Loudoun County Virginia $134,464 Howard County Maryland $120,941 Fairfax County Virginia $115,717 Hunterdon County New Jersey $113,684 5 Santa Clara County California $111,069 6 Arlington County Virginia $110,388 7 Douglas County Colorado $109,292 8 San Mateo County California $108,627 9 Morris County New Jersey $106,985 10 Williamson County Tennessee $106,054 11 Nassau County New York $105,870 12 Somerset County New Jersey $104,478 13 Marin County California $103,845 14 San Francisco County California $103,801 15 Delaware County Ohio $101,693 16 Forsyth County Georgia $100,909 17 Montgomery County Maryland $99,763 18 Calvert County Maryland $98,732 19 Prince William County Virginia $97,986 20 Stafford County Virginia $97,484 21 Putnam County New York $96,992 22 Anne Arundel County Maryland $96,483 23 Charles County Maryland $95,735 24 Rockwall County Texas $95,731 25 Middlesex County Massachusetts $95,249 ( show ) 2011 Rank County State Median Household Income Population Loudoun County Virginia $119,134 325,405 Fairfax County Virginia $105,797 1,100,692 Arlington County Virginia $100,735 216,004 Hunterdon County New Jersey $99,099 128,038 5 Howard County Maryland $98,953 293,142 6 Somerset County New Jersey $96,360 324,893 7 Prince William County Virginia $95,146 419,096 8 Fauquier County Virginia $93,762 66,320 9 Douglas County Colorado $93,573 292,167 10 Montgomery County Maryland $92,909 989,794 11 Charles County Maryland $91,733 149,130 12 Nassau County New York $91,414 1,344,436 13 Stafford County Virginia $91,348 132,133 14 Morris County New Jersey $91,332 494,976 15 Putnam County New York $90,735 99,933 16 Calvert County Maryland $89,393 89,256 17 Williamson County Tennessee $86,962 188,560 18 Delaware County Ohio $85,365 178,341 19 Santa Clara County California $84,895 1,809,378 20 Oldham County Kentucky $84,447 64,800 21 York County Virginia $84,167 66,134 22 Anne Arundel Maryland $84,138 544,403 23 Carroll County Maryland $84,117 167,288 24 Suffolk County New York $84,106 1,498,816 25 Sussex County New Jersey $83,839 148,517 26 Carver County Minnesota $83,348 92,638 27 Alexandria City Virginia $82,748 144,301 28 Fort Bend County Texas $82,271 606,953 29 Collin County Texas $82,237 812,226 30 Rockland County New York $82,217 315,158 31 Forsyth County Georgia $82,209 181,840 32 Rockwall County Texas $82,061 81,290 33 Norfolk County Massachusetts $81,889 675,436 34 San Mateo County California $81,657 727,209 35 St. Mary 's County Maryland $81,657 107,484 36 Hamilton County Indiana $80,999 282,810 37 Scott County Minnesota $80,864 132,556 38 Kendall County Illinois $80,655 116,631 39 Monmouth County New Jersey $79,334 631,020 40 Bergen County New Jersey $79,272 911,004 41 Chester County Pennsylvania $79,160 503,897 42 Tolland County Connecticut $78,210 152,507 43 Harford County Maryland $78,123 246,489 44 Frederick County Maryland $77,791 236,745 45 Fairfield County Connecticut $77,289 925,899 46 Middlesex County Connecticut $77,193 166,043 47 Marin County California $77,168 255,031 48 Westchester County New York $77,006 955,899 49 Middlesex County Massachusetts $76,978 1,518,171 50 Washington County Minnesota $76,491 241,280 51 Spotsylvania County Virginia $76,475 124,327 52 Montgomery County Pennsylvania $76,220 804,210 53 Rockingham County New Hampshire $75,982 296,207 54 Ventura County California $74,623 831,771 55 Middlesex County New Jersey $74,522 814,217 56 Contra Costa County California $74,353 1,066,096 57 Lake County Illinois $74,266 706,222 58 DuPage County Illinois $74,072 923,222 59 Mercer County New Jersey $73,890 367,063 60 Ozaukee County Wisconsin $73,703 86,568 60 Fayette County Georgia $72,962 107,784 61 Burlington County New Jersey $72,896 449,576 62 Anchorage City Alaska $72,813 295,570 63 Waukesha County Wisconsin $72,562 390,730 64 Orange County California $72,293 3,055,745 65 Will County Illinois $71,882 681,545 66 Gloucester County New Jersey $71,850 289,104 67 James City County Virginia $71,667 68,200 68 Chesterfield County Virginia $71,110 320,277 69 Prince George 's County Maryland $70,715 871,233 70 Bucks County Pennsylvania $70,617 626,854 71 Richmond County New York $70,578 470,467 72 McHenry County Illinois $70,117 308,944 73 Dakota County Minnesota $69,902 402,006 74 San Francisco County California $69,894 812,826 75 Johnson County Kansas $69,856 552,991 76 Dallas County Iowa $69,831 69,444 77 Parker County Texas $69,703 118,376 78 Denton County Texas $69,644 686,406 79 Washington County Rhode Island $69,528 126,563 80 Warren County Ohio $69,201 214,910 81 Frederick County Virginia $69,155 79,666 82 Newport County Rhode Island $69,119 82,695 83 Litchfield County Connecticut $69,097 188,789 84 Davis County Utah $69,021 311,811 85 Placer County California $68,959 357,138 86 King County Washington $68,775 1,969,722 87 Matanuska - Susitna Borough Alaska $68,672 91,946 88 Boulder County Colorado $68,637 299,378 89 Plymouth County Massachusetts $68,253 497,579 90 Wright County Minnesota $68,242 126,437 91 Dutchess County New York $67,727 297,999 92 Olmsted County Minnesota $67,618 145,769 93 Alameda County California $67,558 1,529,875 93 Hanover County Virginia $67,505 100,342 94 Livingston County Michigan $67,441 181,722 95 Williamson County Texas $67,246 442,782 96 Washington County Texas $67,232 33,791 97 Sherburne County Minnesota $67,198 89,319 98 Hillsborough County New Hampshire $66,609 401,696 2010 Census ( edit ) Rank County Median Household Income Loudoun County , Virginia $115,574 City of Falls Church , Virginia $114,409 Fairfax County , Virginia $105,416 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $103,643 5 Howard County , Maryland $103,273 6 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,980 7 Oakland County , Michigan $99,198 8 City of Fairfax , Virginia $97,900 9 Somerset County , New Jersey $97,440 10 Morris County , New Jersey $96,747 11 Arlington County , Virginia $94,880 12 Nassau County , New York $93,613 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $93,373 14 Stafford County , Virginia $93,065 15 Prince William County , Virginia $91,098 16 Calvert County , Maryland $90,838 17 Marin County , California $89,268 18 Putnam County , New York $89,218 19 Charles County , Maryland $88,825 20 Delaware County , Ohio $87,908 21 Williamson County , Tennessee $87,832 22 Forsyth County , Georgia $87,605 23 Santa Clara County , California $86,850 24 San Mateo County , California $85,648 25 Chester County , Pennsylvania $84,741 26 Suffolk County , New York $84,506 27 City of Poquoson , Virginia $84,315 28 Fauquier County , Virginia $83,877 29 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $83,456 30 Sussex County , New Jersey $83,089 31 Rockland County , New York $82,534 32 Monmouth County , New Jersey $82,265 33 Fayette County , Georgia $82,216 34 Scott County , Minnesota $82,190 35 Hamilton County , Indiana $81,947 36 Bergen County , New Jersey $81,708 37 Frederick County , Maryland $81,686 38 Carroll County , Maryland $81,621 39 Fairfield County , Connecticut $81,268 40 Queen Anne 's County , Maryland $81,096 41 York County , Virginia $81,055 42 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $81,027 43 City of Alexandria , Virginia $80,847 44 Collin County , Texas $80,504 45 Carver County , Minnesota $80,280 46 St. Mary 's County , Maryland $80,053 47 Kendall County , Illinois $79,897 48 Fort Bend County , Texas $79,845 49 Westchester County , New York $79,619 50 Goochland County , Virginia $79,547 51 Summit County , Utah $79,461 52 Oldham County , Kentucky $79,417 53 Washington County , Minnesota $79,109 54 Elbert County , Colorado $78,958 55 Lake County , Illinois $78,948 56 Contra Costa County , California $78,385 57 Rockwall County , Texas $78,032 58 Middlesex County , New Jersey $77,615 59 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $77,377 60 Tolland County , Connecticut $77,175 61 Harford County , Maryland $77,010 62 DuPage County , Illinois $76,581 63 Spotsylvania County , Virginia $76,574 64 McHenry County , Illinois $76,482 65 Hanover County , Virginia $76,425 66 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $76,380 67 Burlington County , New Jersey $76,258 68 King George County , Virginia $76,241 69 Will County , Illinois $75,906 70 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $75,825 71 City and County of Broomfield , Colorado $75,590 72 Ventura County , California $75,348 73 City of Manassas , Virginia $75,173 74 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $75,064 75 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $74,996 76 Middlesex County , Connecticut $74,906 77 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $74,828 78 Placer County , California $74,447 79 Orange County , California $74,344 80 James City County , Virginia $73,903 81 Johnson County , Kansas $73,733 82 Powhatan County , Virginia $73,593 83 Clarke County , Virginia $73,244 84 Plymouth County , Massachusetts $73,131 85 Dakota County , Minnesota $72,850 86 Gloucester County , New Jersey $72,664 87 Aleutians West Census Area , Alaska $72,219 88 Livingston County , Michigan $72,129 89 Eagle County , Colorado $71,337 90 Chesterfield County , Virginia $71,321 91 Warren County , Ohio $71,274 92 Prince George 's County , Maryland $71,260 93 Mercer County , New Jersey $71,217 94 Richmond County , New York $71,084 95 Denton County , Texas $70,622 96 New Kent County , Virginia $70,590 97 St. Charles County , Missouri $70,331 98 Honolulu County , Hawaii $70,093 99 El Dorado County , California $70,000 100 Alameda County , California $69,384 2009 The rankings are based on the median annual household income estimates from 2005 to 2009 in each county in the nation , provided by the United States Census Bureau 's American Community Survey , in 2009 inflation - adjusted dollars . Since cities in Virginia are independent of surrounding counties they are included in the Census Bureau 's ranking . Number of counties by state in following list : Virginia 5 plus 3 independent cities , Maryland 4 , New Jersey 3 , New York 3 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , New Mexico 1 , Ohio 1 , Tennessee 1 . Of the top 25 counties , 10 are part of the Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area , 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 14 counties are located in the South , 6 in the Northeast , 4 in the West , and 1 located in the Midwest . 17 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . ( show ) 2009 Rank County 2005 -- 09 ACS Median household income 2005 -- 09 ACS Margin of error 2000 Census Median household income 2000 Census Margin of error Change from 2000 Census to 2005 -- 09 ACS City of Falls Church , Virginia $113,313 3,595 96,449 5,613 16,864 Loudoun County , Virginia $112,021 1,833 103,817 1,477 8,204 Fairfax County , Virginia $104,259 955 104,335 709 − 76 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $102,500 2,533 102,839 1,717 − 339 5 Howard County , Maryland $101,003 1,325 95,474 1,128 5,529 6 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $100,423 5,635 101,687 4,364 − 1,264 7 Douglas County , Colorado $99,522 1,394 106,754 1,402 − 7,232 8 Morris County , New Jersey $96,316 1,374 99,559 1,085 − 3,243 9 Somerset County , New Jersey $96,233 1,782 99,035 1,399 − 2,802 10 City of Fairfax , Virginia $96,232 5,204 87,075 3,616 9,157 11 Arlington County , Virginia $93,806 1,652 81,101 1,183 12,705 12 Nassau County , New York $92,450 800 92,724 463 − 274 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $92,213 962 92,107 635 106 14 Calvert County , Maryland $90,621 2,753 84,890 1,868 5,731 15 Stafford County , Virginia $90,586 1,895 86,003 1,555 4,583 16 Prince William County , Virginia $88,850 1,545 84,910 959 3,940 17 Williamson County , Tennessee $88,358 1,787 88,957 1,769 − 599 18 Forsyth County , Georgia $88,040 1,808 88,681 1,803 − 641 19 Putnam County , New York $88,036 2,574 93,044 1,503 − 5,008 20 Marin County , California $87,728 1,569 91,792 1,314 − 4,064 21 Charles County , Maryland $86,141 2,341 80,068 1,460 6,073 22 Santa Clara County , California $85,569 864 95,691 507 − 10,122 23 Delaware County , Ohio $85,054 2,214 86,581 1,697 − 1,527 24 City of Poquoson , Virginia $84,688 5,283 78,422 3,527 6,266 25 Suffolk County , New York $84,530 803 84,045 403 485 2008 This data is average 2006 -- 2008 from the American Community Survey of the United States Bureau of the Census . Number of counties by state in following lists : Virginia 6 plus 2 independent cities , Maryland 4 , New Jersey 3 , New York 3 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , Pennsylvania 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 . Of the top 25 counties , 11 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area , 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 14 counties are located in the South , 7 in the Northeast , 4 in the West , with none located in the Midwest . 18 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . Educational attainment is based on bachelor 's degree attainment ( and above ) for people 25 and older in the county . ( show ) 2008 Rank County Median Household Income Population Educational Attainment Loudoun County , Virginia $110,643 277,433 58 % Fairfax County , Virginia $106,785 1,005,980 60 % Howard County , Maryland $101,710 272,412 60 % Somerset County , New Jersey $103,227 321,589 53 % 5 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,947 129,000 52 % 6 City of Fairfax , Virginia $98,133 23,281 52 % 7 Morris County , New Jersey $97,565 486,459 52 % 8 Douglas County , Colorado $97,480 270,286 54 % 9 Arlington County , Virginia $96,390 204,889 71 % 10 Montgomery County , Maryland $93,999 942,747 59 % 11 Nassau County , New York $93,579 1,352,817 45 % 12 Stafford County , Virginia $89,536 120,219 36 % 13 Calvert County , Maryland $89,049 88,126 30 % 14 Prince William County , Virginia $88,675 358,719 38 % 15 Putnam County , New York $88,580 99,195 40 % 16 Goochland County , Virginia $88,552 20,494 32 % 17 Williamson County , Tennessee $88,316 165,336 53 % 18 Marin County , California $88,101 246,985 55 % 19 Santa Clara County , California $87,287 1,734,756 46 % 20 Forsyth County , Georgia $86,938 158,009 46 % 21 Charles County , Maryland $86,586 140,032 28 % 22 Summit County , Utah $85,258 35,448 53 % 23 City of Alexandria , Virginia $85,135 140,657 63 % 24 Chester County , Pennsylvania $84,844 485,083 51 % 25 Suffolk County , New York $84,767 1,510,716 34 % United States $52,175 304,374,846 27 % 2007 Number of counties by state in following lists : Virginia 6 , Maryland 5 , New Jersey 3 , New York 2 , California 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 . 10 of the 20 counties are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and 5 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area . By Census region , 12 counties are located in the South , 5 in the Northeast , and 3 in the West . 16 of the 20 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis . ( show ) 2007 -- Counties with populations of 250,000 or more Rank County Median Household Income Loudoun County , Virginia $107,207 Fairfax County , Virginia $105,241 Howard County , Maryland $101,672 Somerset County , New Jersey $97,658 5 Morris County , New Jersey $94,684 6 Douglas County , Colorado $92,824 7 Montgomery County , Maryland $91,835 8 Suffolk County , New York $89,782 9 Prince William County , Virginia $87,243 10 Santa Clara County , California $84,360 ( show ) 2007 -- Counties with populations 65,000 -- 250,000 Rank County Median Household Income Hunterdon County , New Jersey $100,327 Calvert County , Maryland $95,134 Arlington County , Virginia $94,876 Stafford County , Virginia $87,629 5 Fauquier County , Virginia $84,888 6 Forsyth County , Georgia $84,872 7 Putnam County , New York $84,624 8 Marin County , California $83,870 9 Charles County , Maryland $83,412 10 Carroll County , Maryland $82,492 2006 Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 American Community Survey , via Forbes Number of counties by state in the top 20 : Virginia 5 plus 1 independent city , California 3 , Maryland 3 , New Jersey 3 , New York 2 , Colorado 1 , Georgia 1 , Tennessee 1 . Forty - two states do not have any counties in the top 20 . ( show ) 2006 Rank County Median Household Income Fairfax County , Virginia $100,318 Loudoun County , Virginia $99,371 Howard County , Maryland $94,260 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $93,297 5 Douglas County , Colorado $92,125 6 Somerset County , New Jersey $91,688 7 Morris County , New Jersey $89,587 8 Montgomery County , Maryland $87,624 9 Arlington County , Virginia $87,350 10 Suffolk County , New York $85,994 11 Marin County , California $85,892 12 Stafford County , Virginia $85,014 13 Calvert County , Maryland $84,891 14 Santa Clara County , California $84,838 15 Forsyth County , Georgia $83,682 16 San Mateo County , California $82,123 17 Putnam County , New York $81,907 18 Williamson County , Tennessee $81,449 19 Prince William County , Virginia $80,783 20 City of Alexandria , Virginia $80,449 2000 Census ( edit ) Number of counties by state in the top 100 100 highest counties by median household income Source : US Census Bureau : 2000 Census Number of counties by state in the top 100 : Virginia 10 plus 5 independent cities , Maryland 9 , California 8 , New Jersey 8 , Georgia 7 , Colorado 6 , Illinois 6 , Minnesota 5 , New York 5 , Texas 5 , Alaska 3 , Connecticut 3 , Ohio 3 , Pennsylvania 3 , Wisconsin 2 , Massachusetts 2 , Michigan 2 , Indiana 1 , Kansas 1 , Kentucky 1 , Missouri 1 , New Hampshire 1 , New Mexico 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 . Twenty - five states do not have any counties in the top 100 . United States of America : $41,994 Rank County Median Household Income Douglas County , Colorado $82,929 Fairfax County , Virginia $81,050 Loudoun County , Virginia $80,648 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $79,888 5 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $78,993 6 Morris County , New Jersey $77,340 7 Somerset County , New Jersey $76,933 8 City of Falls Church , Virginia $74,924 9 Santa Clara County , California $74,335 10 Howard County , Maryland $74,167 11 Suffolk County , New York $73,979 12 Nassau County , New York $72,030 13 Montgomery County , Maryland $71,551 14 Marin County , California $71,306 15 Fayette County , Georgia $71,227 16 Hamilton County , Indiana $71,026 17 Collin County , Texas $70,835 18 San Mateo County , California $70,819 19 Johnson County , Kansas $69,817 20 Williamson County , Tennessee $69,104 21 Forsyth County , Georgia $68,890 22 Rockland County , New York $67,971 23 DuPage County , Illinois $67,887 24 City of Fairfax , Virginia $67,642 25 Livingston County , Michigan $67,400 26 Delaware County , Ohio $67,258 27 Lake County , Illinois $66,973 28 Stafford County , Virginia $66,809 29 Scott County , Minnesota $66,612 30 Washington County , Minnesota $66,305 31 Prince William County , Virginia $65,960 32 Calvert County , Maryland $65,945 33 Carver County , Minnesota $65,540 34 Columbia County , Georgia $65,507 35 Chester County , Pennsylvania $65,295 36 Putnam County , New York $65,288 37 Sussex County , New Jersey $65,266 38 Fairfield County , Connecticut $65,249 39 Bergen County , New Jersey $65,241 40 Rockwall County , Texas $65,164 41 Summit County , Utah $64,962 42 McHenry County , Illinois $64,826 43 Kendall County , Illinois $64,625 44 Monmouth County , New Jersey $64,231 45 City and County of Broomfield , Colorado $63,903 46 Fort Bend County , Texas $63,831 47 Contra Costa County , California $63,675 48 Westchester County , New York $63,582 49 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $63,432 50 Oldham County , Kentucky $63,229 51 North Slope Borough , Alaska $63,173 52 Arlington County , Virginia $63,001 53 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $62,839 54 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $62,745 55 Eagle County , Colorado $62,682 56 Elbert County , Colorado $62,480 57 Will County , Illinois $62,238 58 Charles County , Maryland $62,199 59 City and Borough of Juneau , Alaska $62,034 60 Fauquier County , Virginia $61,999 61 Oakland County , Michigan $61,907 62 Orange County , California $61,899 63 Dakota County , Minnesota $61,863 64 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $61,768 65 Middlesex County , New Jersey $61,446 66 Aleutians West Census Area , Alaska $61,406 67 City of Poquoson , Virginia $60,920 68 Cherokee County , Georgia $60,896 69 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $60,829 70 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $60,821 71 City of Manassas Park , Virginia $60,794 72 Williamson County , Texas $60,642 73 Gwinnett County , Georgia $60,537 74 City of Manassas , Virginia $60,409 75 Frederick County , Maryland $60,276 76 Geauga County , Ohio $60,200 77 Carroll County , Maryland $60,021 78 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $59,727 79 Ventura County , California $59,666 80 Pitkin County , Colorado $59,375 81 Kane County , Illinois $59,351 82 Hanover County , Virginia $59,223 83 Middlesex County , Connecticut $59,175 84 Tolland County , Connecticut $59,044 85 Burlington County , New Jersey $58,608 86 Chesterfield County , Virginia $58,537 87 Cobb County , Georgia $58,289 88 Denton County , Texas $58,216 89 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $58,150 90 York County , Virginia $57,956 91 Warren County , Ohio $57,952 92 Anoka County , Minnesota $57,754 93 Placer County , California $57,535 94 Spotsylvania County , Virginia $57,525 95 San Benito County , California $57,469 96 Jefferson County , Colorado $57,339 97 Henry County , Georgia $57,309 98 St. Charles County , Missouri $57,258 99 Harford County , Maryland $57,234 100 Queen Anne 's County , Maryland $57,037 Per capita income ( edit ) 2010 Census ( edit ) CA1 - 3 Personal income summary : Per capita personal income , 2010 , BEA Rank County Per Capita Personal Income New York County , New York $111,386 Teton County , Wyoming $94,672 Marin County , California $89,936 Howard County , Maryland $80,165 5 Arlington County , Virginia $79,967 6 Alexandria , Virginia $76,362 7 Pitkin County , Colorado $76,318 8 Town and County of Nantucket , Massachusetts $73,654 9 Westchester County , New York $73,159 10 Fairfield County , Connecticut $71,768 11 District of Columbia ( federal district ) $70,710 12 City and County of San Francisco , California $70,190 13 Somerset County , New Jersey $69,886 14 Morris County , New Jersey $69,811 15 Summit County , Utah $68,524 16 San Mateo County , California $67,964 17 Montgomery County , Maryland $67,639 18 Slope County , North Dakota $67,089 19 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $67,053 20 Fairfax County & Fairfax City & Falls Church , Virginia $66,679 21 Douglas County , Colorado $66,047 22 Nassau County , New York $65,615 23 Bergen County , New Jersey $65,486 24 Blaine County , Idaho $63,883 25 Howard County , Maryland $63,375 Average per capita income 2009 Number of counties by state in the top 20 : New Jersey 4 ; California 3 ; New York 2 ; Virginia 1 county , 1 independent city , and 1 statistical unit comprising a county and two independent cities ; Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Idaho , Maryland , Texas , South Dakota , and Wyoming 1 each . Of the 20 counties , 7 are part of the New York Metropolitan Area , 4 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area , and 3 are part of the San Francisco Bay Area . By Census region , 7 counties are located in the Northeast , 6 in the South , and 6 in the West . ( show ) Average per capita income 2009 Rank County Average Per Capita Income Teton County , Wyoming $132,728 New York County , New York $120,790 Loving County , Texas $99,593 Pitkin County , Colorado $93,465 5 Marin County , California $91,483 6 Suffolk County , New York $91,376 7 Fairfield County , Connecticut $74,878 8 San Mateo County , California $71,753 9 Morris County , New Jersey $71,713 10 City and County of San Francisco , California $71,342 11 Somerset County , New Jersey $70,949 12 City of Alexandria , Virginia $70,632 13 Arlington County , Virginia $68,270 14 Fairfax County , City of Fairfax , and Falls Church , Virginia $67,909 15 Montgomery County , Maryland $67,525 16 Bergen County , New Jersey $67,125 17 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $66,449 18 Sully County , South Dakota $64,352 19 Blaine County , Idaho $64,207 20 Collier County , Florida $63,276 2000 Census ( edit ) Number of counties ranked in the top 100 nationally , by state 100 highest ranked counties by per capita income Number of counties by state in the top 100 : Colorado 10 , Virginia 7 counties plus 3 independent cities , New Jersey 9 , California 8 , Florida 6 , New York 6 , Georgia 4 , Maryland 4 , Minnesota 4 , Connecticut 3 , Massachusetts 3 , Michigan 3 , Pennsylvania 3 , Texas 3 , Illinois 2 , North Carolina 2 , Ohio 2 , Washington 2 , Wisconsin 2 , Idaho 1 , Alaska 1 , Alabama 1 , District of Columbia 1 , Indiana 1 , Kansas 1 , Missouri 1 , Nevada 1 , New Hampshire 1 , New Mexico 1 , Rhode Island 1 , Tennessee 1 , Utah 1 , Wyoming 1 . Eighteen states do not have any counties in the top 100 . United States of America per capita average : $21,587 Rank County Per Capita Income Marin County , California $44,962 New York County , New York ( Manhattan ) $42,922 City of Falls Church , Virginia $41,052 Pitkin County , Colorado $40,811 5 Fairfield County , Connecticut $38,350 6 Teton County , Wyoming $38,260 7 Somerset County , New Jersey $37,970 8 Arlington County , Virginia $37,706 9 City of Alexandria , Virginia $37,645 10 Morris County , New Jersey $36,964 11 Fairfax County , Virginia $36,888 12 Westchester County , New York $36,726 13 Hunterdon County , New Jersey $36,370 14 San Mateo County , California $36,045 15 Montgomery County , Maryland $35,684 16 San Miguel County , Colorado $35,329 17 Douglas County , Colorado $34,848 18 Los Alamos County , New Mexico $34,646 19 City and County of San Francisco , California $34,556 20 Summit County , Utah $33,767 21 Bergen County , New Jersey $33,638 22 Loudoun County , Virginia $33,530 23 Collin County , Texas $33,345 24 Hamilton County , Indiana $33,109 25 Santa Clara County , California $32,795 26 Oakland County , Michigan $32,534 27 Williamson County , Tennessee $32,496 28 Norfolk County , Massachusetts $32,484 29 Howard County , Maryland $32,402 30 Nassau County , New York $32,151 31 Lake County , Illinois $32,102 32 Eagle County , Colorado $32,011 33 Ozaukee County , Wisconsin $31,947 34 Chester County , Pennsylvania $31,627 35 Delaware County , Ohio $31,600 36 Blaine County , Idaho $31,346 37 DuPage County , Illinois $31,315 38 Town and County of Nantucket , Massachusetts $31,314 39 City of Fairfax , Virginia $31,247 40 Middlesex County , Massachusetts $31,199 41 Collier County , Florida $31,195 42 Monmouth County , New Jersey $31,149 43 Johnson County , Kansas $30,919 44 Montgomery County , Pennsylvania $30,898 45 Contra Costa County , California $30,615 46 San Juan County , Washington $30,603 47 Putnam County , New York $30,127 48 Fulton County , Georgia $30,003 49 Ventura County , California $29,634 50 Martin County , Florida $29,584 51 King County , Washington $29,521 52 Fayette County , Georgia $29,464 53 James City County , Virginia $29,256 54 Waukesha County , Wisconsin $29,164 55 Forsyth County , Georgia $29,114 56 Goochland County , Virginia $29,105 57 Boulder County , Colorado $28,976 58 Albemarle County , Virginia $28,852 59 Palm Beach County , Florida $28,801 60 Routt County , Colorado $28,792 61 Hennepin County , Minnesota $28,789 62 Fauquier County , Virginia $28,757 63 Summit County , Colorado $28,676 64 St. Johns County , Florida $28,674 65 Washington , D.C. $28,659 66 Rockwall County , Texas $28,573 67 Carver County , Minnesota $28,486 68 Litchfield County , Connecticut $28,408 69 Sarasota County , Florida $28,326 70 Middlesex County , Connecticut $28,251 71 Talbot County , Maryland $28,164 72 Clear Creek County , Colorado $28,160 73 Washington County , Minnesota $28,148 74 Arapahoe County , Colorado $28,147 75 Rockland County , New York $28,082 76 Livingston County , Michigan $28,069 77 Jefferson County , Colorado $28,066 78 Placer County , California $27,963 79 Geauga County , Ohio $27,944 80 Mercer County , New Jersey $27,914 81 Cobb County , Georgia $27,863 82 St. Louis County , Missouri $27,595 83 Anne Arundel County , Maryland $27,578 84 Bucks County , Pennsylvania $27,430 85 Mecklenburg County , North Carolina $27,352 86 Douglas County , Nevada $27,288 87 Indian River County , Florida $27,227 88 Shelby County , Alabama $27,176 89 Washtenaw County , Michigan $27,173 90 Dakota County , Minnesota $27,008 91 Wake County , North Carolina $27,004 92 Sussex County , New Jersey $26,992 93 Union County , New Jersey $26,992 94 Denton County , Texas $26,895 95 Newport County , Rhode Island $26,779 96 City and Borough of Juneau , Alaska $26,719 97 Alameda County , California $26,680 98 Rockingham County , New Hampshire $26,656 99 Suffolk County , New York $26,577 100 Middlesex County , New Jersey $26,535 Highest - income counties and places by state ( edit ) For more detailed lists of rankings of counties and places in the individual states , see the following pages : Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See also ( edit ) List of United States counties by per capita income List of lowest - income counties in the United States Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frasier , Steve . `` Ruling America '' . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Washington region boasts four richest counties in U.S. '' American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ Ross , Kelley L. ( 2017 ) . `` The Ruling Class , The Hunger Games : The One Percent '' . Political Economy . The Proceedings of the Friesian School , Fourth Series . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . What is especially striking about the chart is something that we might not expect . Of the original 25 counties listed , 11 of them , all in red , form a ring in Maryland and Virginia right around Washington , D.C. CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Top 100 counties -- Median household income , 2011 . Washingtonpost.com ( September 20 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ American FactFinder . Factfinder2.census.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ State and County QuickFacts Archived March 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Quickfacts.census.gov ( February 20 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Median Household Income in 2009 Inflation - Adjusted Dollars based on the 2005 -- 09 American Community Survey , United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census Bureau Homepage '' . Census.gov . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Earnings , and Poverty Data From the 2007 American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Woolsey , America 's Richest Counties , Forbes.com , 01.22. 08 , 6 : 00 PM ET Forbes.com Web site . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2000 Demographic Profiles '' . Censtats.census.gov . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Data '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aristide Economoupolos / The Star - Leder . `` N.J. has four of nation 's 20 highest - income counties '' . Nj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . United States locations by per capita income Nationwide U.S. states by per capita income United States counties by per capita income State locations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania ( counties ) Pennsylvania ( places ) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Related lists Highest - income counties in the United States Highest - income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States Highest - income urban areas in the United States Highest - income ZCTAs in the United States Lowest - income counties in the United States Poorest places in the United States United States county - related lists General Index By state Former counties Secession proposals Demographics Population African - American majority Hispanic / Latino majority Native American majority Most populous county by state Most densely populated county least Economy Highest - income Lowest - income Geography Largest area Smallest area Highest mountains Name origins Etymologies A -- D E -- I J -- M N -- R S -- Z Most common names Less common names Named after Confederate historical figures Named after rivers Named after U.S. Presidents Named after women See also County statistics of the United States Smithsonian trinomial Life in the United States Crime Culture Economic issues affluence eviction home - ownership household income income inequality labor unions middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth Education ( attainment ) Family structure Health health care health insurance Holidays Homelessness Human rights Languages Passenger vehicle transport Political ideologies Race Religion Social class Society Sports Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Baha'is Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs Zoroastrians By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Scandinavian Americans Slavic Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Americans of Euro Oceanic origin Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Brazilian Americans Colombian Americans Ecuadorian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest-income_counties_in_the_United_States&oldid=841232821 '' Categories : Lists of superlatives Income in the United States United States locations by per capita income Lists of counties of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the average income in marin county | [
"\n\nRank\nCounty\nState\nMedian Household Income\n\n\n1\nLoudoun County\nVirginia\n\n$134,464\n\n\n\n2\nHoward County\nMaryland\n\n$120,941\n\n\n\n3\nFairfax County\nVirginia\n\n$115,717\n\n\n\n4\nHunterdon County\nNew Jersey\n\n$113,684\n\n\n\n5\nSanta Clara County\nCalifornia\n\n$111,069\n\n\n\n6\nArlington County\nVirginia\n\n$110,388\n\n\n\n7\nDouglas County\nColorado\n\n$109,292\n\n\n\n8\nSan Mateo County\nCalifornia\n\n$108,627\n\n\n\n9\nMorris County\nNew Jersey\n\n$106,985\n\n\n\n10\nWilliamson County\nTennessee\n\n$106,054\n\n\n\n11\nNassau County\nNew York\n\n$105,870\n\n\n\n12\nSomerset County\nNew Jersey\n\n$104,478\n\n\n\n13\nMarin County\nCalifornia\n\n$103,845\n\n\n\n14\nSan Francisco County\nCalifornia\n\n$103,801\n\n\n\n15\nDelaware County\nOhio\n\n$101,693\n\n\n\n16\nForsyth County\nGeorgia\n\n$100,909\n\n\n\n17\nMontgomery County\nMaryland\n\n$99,763\n\n\n\n18\nCalvert County\nMaryland\n\n$98,732\n\n\n\n19\nPrince William County\nVirginia\n\n$97,986\n\n\n\n20\nStafford County\nVirginia\n\n$97,484\n\n\n\n21\nPutnam County\nNew York\n\n$96,992\n\n\n\n22\nAnne Arundel County\nMaryland\n\n$96,483\n\n\n\n23\nCharles County\nMaryland\n\n$95,735\n\n\n\n24\nRockwall County\nTexas\n\n$95,731\n\n\n\n25\nMiddlesex County\nMassachusetts\n\n$95,249\n\n\n"
] | [
"$103,845"
] |
-7504356850171492865 | Providence St. Vincent Medical Center | Providence St. Vincent Medical Center - wikipedia Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Jump to : navigation , search Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Providence Health & Services Geography Location West Haven - Sylvan , Washington County , Oregon , United States Coordinates 45 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 18 '' W / 45.510 ° N 122.7718 ° W / 45.510 ; - 122.7718 Coordinates : 45 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 46 ′ 18 '' W / 45.510 ° N 122.7718 ° W / 45.510 ; - 122.7718 Organization Care system Medicare / Medicaid / Charity / Public Hospital type General Affiliated university None Services Beds 523 History Founded 1875 Links Website www.providence.org/stvincent Lists Hospitals in Oregon Providence St. Vincent Medical Center , is a non-profit , acute care teaching hospital in West Haven - Sylvan in the Portland metropolitan area in the state of Oregon , United States . The hospital was founded in 1875 by the Sisters of Providence , a Roman Catholic sisterhood from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . It is Providence Health & Services 's largest Oregon hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Post-millennium 2 Programs and institutes 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Original St. Vincent Hospital building in Portland , c. 1910 . Dedicated on July 19 , 1875 , it was the state 's first permanent hospital , founded in the Northwest district of Portland , Oregon , by the Sisters of Providence , a Roman Catholic sisterhood from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . In January 1971 , the original campus in northwest Portland was closed and the current facility opened in Washington County . On January 31 , 1971 , the hospital used in - part large military buses capable of carrying 18 stretchers at a time to transport patients to the new hospital building . The facility at that time had a single , 13 - story tower that consisted of seven floors of patient rooms . The new building had 400 hospital beds , while the old hospital had 420 beds . Post-millennium ( edit ) In 2004 , the hospital was one of three in Oregon named by Solucient as a top 100 hospital in the United States . In November 2009 , the employees at the hospital , in conjunction with Medline Industries , produced the `` Pink Glove Dance '' video ( set to `` Down '' ) to raise awareness of breast cancer , with the video going viral on the Internet and making national news . In October 2015 , work began on a four - year , $85 million remodeling of the nine - story main hospital building , which was built in 1971 . Along with seismic retrofitting and modest expansion , the project will add a new aluminum exterior over the building 's existing exposed - concrete surface , greatly changing its appearance when completed . Programs and institutes ( edit ) St. Vincent has specialized programs including Providence Heart and Vascular Institute , Oregon Medical Laser Center , Providence Multiple Sclerosis Center , and Providence Stroke Center . The hospital is licensed for 523 beds , and has over 3,500 employees . There are approximately 1,647 medical staff . Providence St. Vincent Medical Center is also one of four nursing magnet hospitals in Oregon , the others being Oregon Health & Science University Hospital , Providence Portland Medical Center , and Veterans Affairs Hospital in Portland . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Providence St. Vincent Medical Center '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Providence in the West : A Timeline , 1856 - 1902 '' . Sisters of Providence . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Gerry ( April 16 , 1993 ) . `` Friday Surprise : Times may be a-changin ' but names often retained '' . The Oregonian . pp. A22 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goetze , Janet ( June 19 , 2006 ) . `` Patients make move from old hospital to new '' . The Oregonian . pp. B2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Ann ( December 13 , 1970 ) . `` St. Vincent Plans Move '' . The Oregonian . p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Business Briefs : Providence Milwaukie listed as a top hospital '' , The Oregonian , June 3 , 2004 , South Zoner , p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , John ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Pink Glove Dance Video Spreads Breast Cancer Awareness '' . ABC News . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jessie ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Everyone 's getting ' down ' with Providence 's pink glove dance '' . Beaverton Valley Times . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Appleton , Eric ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` $85 million remodel begins at St. Vincent '' . Beaverton Valley Times . pp. A1 , A9 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ANCC List Of Magnet ® Recognized Hospitals '' . www.clinicalmanagementconsultants.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Providence St. Vincent Medical Center . Official website Portland Business Journal Hospitals in Oregon Portland metropolitan Adventist Medical Center Doernbecher Children 's Hospital Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center Kaiser Westside Medical Center Legacy Emanuel Medical Center Randall Children 's Hospital Legacy Meridian Park Hospital Legacy Mount Hood Medical Center Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center Portland Shriners Hospital Providence Milwaukie Hospital Providence Newberg Medical Center Providence Portland Medical Center Providence St. Vincent Medical Center Providence Willamette Falls Medical Center Tuality Community Hospital Tuality Forest Grove Hospital Willamette Valley Medical Center Veterans Affairs Medical Center Willamette Valley Cottage Grove Community Hospital Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center McKenzie - Willamette Medical Center Sacred Heart Medical Center at RiverBend Sacred Heart Medical Center University District Salem Hospital Samaritan Albany General Hospital Samaritan Lebanon Community Hospital Santiam Hospital Silverton Hospital West Valley Hospital Oregon Coast Bay Area Hospital Columbia Memorial Hospital Curry General Hospital Coquille Valley Hospital Peace Harbor Hospital Lower Umpqua Hospital District Providence Seaside Hospital Samaritan North Lincoln Hospital Samaritan Pacific Communities Hospital Southern Coos Hospital and Health Center Tillamook County General Hospital Southern Oregon Ashland Community Hospital Asante Three Rivers Medical Center Mercy Medical Center Providence Medford Medical Center Rogue Regional Medical Center Veterans Affairs Roseburg Healthcare System Eastern Oregon Blue Mountain Hospital Eastern Oregon Psychiatric Center Good Shepherd Healthcare System Grande Ronde Hospital Harney District Hospital Holy Rosary Medical Center Lake District Hospital Mid-Columbia Medical Center Pioneer Memorial Hospital Providence Hood River Memorial Hospital St. Anthony Hospital St. Charles Medical Center -- Bend St. Charles Medical Center -- Madras St. Charles Medical Center -- Redmond St. Elizabeth Health Services Sky Lakes Medical Center Wallowa Memorial Hospital Psychiatric Oregon State Hospital Research & teaching Oregon Health & Science University Hospital Defunct hospitals Bess Kaiser Hospital Dammasch State Hospital Eastmoreland Hospital Fairview Training Center Hot Lake Sanitorium Morningside Hospital Oregon Hospital for the Insane Oregon State Tuberculosis Hospital University Tuberculosis Hospital Woodland Park Hospital Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providence_St._Vincent_Medical_Center&oldid=786237463 '' Categories : Hospitals established in 1875 Hospital buildings completed in 1971 Hospitals in Oregon Providence Health & Services Buildings and structures in Washington County , Oregon 1875 establishments in Oregon West Haven - Sylvan , Oregon Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2017 , at 04 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what county is st vincent's hospital in oregon | [
"In January 1971, the original campus in northwest Portland was closed and the current facility opened in Washington County.[4] On January 31, 1971, the hospital used in-part large military buses capable of carrying 18 stretchers at a time to transport patients to the new hospital building.[5] The facility at that time had a single, 13-story tower that consisted of seven floors of patient rooms.[5] The new building had 400 hospital beds, while the old hospital had 420 beds.[5]"
] | [
"Washington County"
] |
-5035510086300862427 | Open-circuit voltage | Open - circuit voltage - Wikipedia Open - circuit voltage Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article appears to be a dictionary definition . Please rewrite it to present the subject from an encyclopedic point of view . If it can not be turned into a full encyclopedia article in the near future , consider moving it to Wiktionary . Steps for moving to Wiktionary : Check that this article meets Wiktionary 's criteria for inclusion . Check that Wiktionary does not have an article on this word or phrase , as verified using the search page . If Wiktionary has a definition already , change this tag to ( ( TWCleanup2 ) ) or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with ( ( Wi ) ) . If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet , consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template ( ( Copy to Wiktionary ) ) . This template will no longer automatically categorize articles as candidates to move to Wiktionary . Definition of open - circuit voltage . The box is any two - terminal device , such as a battery or solar cell . The two terminals are not connected to anything ( an `` open circuit '' ) , so no current can flow into or out of either terminal . The voltage v between the terminals is the open - circuit voltage of the device . Black curve : The highest possible open - circuit voltage of a solar cell in the Shockley - Queisser model under unconcentrated sunlight , as a function of the semiconductor bandgap . The red dotted line shows that this voltage is always smaller than the bandgap voltage . Open - circuit voltage ( abbreviated as OCV or V ) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit . There is no external load connected . No external electric current flows between the terminals . Alternatively , the open - circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the flow of current . It is sometimes given the symbol V. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage . The open - circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions ( state - of - charge , illumination , temperature , etc . ) . The potential difference mentioned in the batteries and cells is usually the open circuit voltage . Open circuit voltage is known as the electromotive force ( emf ) , which is the maximum potential difference when there is no current and the circuit is not closed . To calculate open circuit voltage one can use a method similar to the one below : Consider the circuit : If we want to find the open circuit voltage across 5Ω resistor . First disconnect it from the circuit : Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 and hence find the current in the loop . Use Ohm 's Law to find the potential drop across the resistance C. The resistor B does not affect the open circuit voltage . Since no current is flowing through it , there is no potential drop across it . So we can easily ignore it . Therefore , the potential drop across the resistance C is V . This is just an example . Many other ways can be used . See also ( edit ) Electromotive force Short circuit Thevenin 's Theorem References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/resistors_18.php Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN7RoJ6GC9k , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 Missing or empty title = ( help ) This article about energy , its collection , its distribution , or its uses is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-circuit_voltage&oldid=818769539 '' Categories : Electrical parameters Energy stubs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from February 2017 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from February 2017 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Flagged dictionary definitions All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español हिन्दी தமிழ் 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 13 : 48 . About Wikipedia | why open circuit current is equal to zero | [] | [] |
9002397217006271187 | It (2017 film) | It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $696.4 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . A second installment is planned . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed $696 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film and the third highest - grossing R - rated film of all - time ( after Deadpool and The Matrix Reloaded ) . It is also the 10th highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , with many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 6.2 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer by talking about the circus , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer drain . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries , and is lured into the basement of the library by Pennywise , before escaping the library . He is attacked by Bowers ' gang for being fat and has an ' H ' carved into his stomach . He is able to escape before Henry can finish his name and flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl named Betty Ripsom , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise looking for Ben . The Losers see Ben bloody , and rush to the nearest drug store to fix him up . They do n't have enough money ; however , Beverly Marsh , a classmate and friend of Ben bullied by girls over rumors of promiscuity , helps them steal the products . Beverly helps clean Ben 's wound and joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschooled Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers in a rock war . Each member of the group encounters terrifying phenomena in various forms , include a menacing clown for Richie , a headless boy for Ben , a fountain of blood for Beverly , a diseased and rotting leper for Eddie , a creepy painting come to life for Stan , Mike 's parents burning alive , and finally a phantom Georgie for Bill . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to the town 's original well under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront It , only to be separated and terrorized . Bill and Richie leave Eddie behind , and Eddie sees the leper . Richie then gets locked in a room full of clown dolls , and sees a casket with a doll of himself inside . Pennywise jumps out from behind the casket and chases Richie out the door . They realize Eddie is gone , and find him right before Pennywise kills him . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter Eddie is forbidden to see the group by his overprotective mother , Richie argues that fighting It is n't worth their lives , leading him to say Georgie is indeed dead in which Bill punches Richie in the face . Richie , Stan and Mike leave the group out of fear , and only Bill , Ben , and Beverly remain resolute in fighting It and prepare for another confrontation . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers ' Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Henry down the well to his apparent death . Amidst , Beverly wakes up in Pennywise 's lair . She tries to run away , but Pennywise catches her , and shows her its true form ; the Deadlights . The Losers descend into the sewers and Stan is separated and almost killed by It in the form of the `` Flute Lady '' , but is rescued by the Losers . They find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise , and shoots It with Mike 's bolt gun . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . Richie lists bad things Bill has done to him , but realizes friendship is important , and attacks Pennywise with a baseball bat . The Losers see their various fears , but wound It quickly . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and It retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finds his brother 's raincoat and accepts his death while his friends comfort him and the missing children 's bodies float to the ground . The Losers then leave the sewers . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting It as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all by cutting their palms with a glass shard . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they share a kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Home Media The film is scheduled to be released on 4K , Blu - ray and DVD on January 9 , 2018 . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of December 15 , 2017 , It has grossed $327.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $368.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $696.4 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 288 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with Gary Dauberman penning the script . Later in December 2017 , Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office To Wake Up From Long Summer 's Nap As ' It ' Happens With $60 Ms Opening , Possible $70 M -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmovie.com/movie/it-v638977 ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros Editors ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- Warner Bros '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST STEPHEN KING 'S IT IMAGE SHOWS PENNYWISE BEING HORRIFYING '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : New Image Released along with Details from Director Andrés Muschietti '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Remake Offers Up Creepy First Look at Bill Skarsgard 's Pennywise ( Photo ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` IT DIRECTOR ANDRES MUSCHIETTI TALKS BILL SKARSGARD 'S TERRIFYING PENNYWISE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Bill Skarsgard Was Cast as Pennywise in ' IT ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The List Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . The List . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Barton , Steve ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT : Andy Muschietti and Barbara Muschietti Talk Hard R Rating '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It finds a new Pennywise in Bill Skarsgard '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moreno , EJ ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andres Muschietti Talks The Film 's Hard `` R '' - Rating `` . Monkeys Fighting Robots . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophia Lillis Joins New Line 's ' It ' Remake ; Aunjanue Ellis Sign on To Christine Crokos ' ' Pimp ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It Director Andy Muschietti Vows To Deliver A No Holds Barred Adaptation Of The King Classic '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : T. Collins , Sean ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Encounter With Pennywise , Remake Details '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT -- First Photo of the New Losers Club ! '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` First look at the Loser 's Club from Stephen King adaptation It '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How the New Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Is Responsible for ' Stranger Things ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' IT '' Director Talks Freedom Of An R - Rating `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' It ' stars had their ' favorite summer ever ' with Pennywise the clown ( really ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Terrifying Vision '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' : 40 + Things to Know About the Terrifying Stephen King Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ONE IT STAR COULDN 'T STOP LAUGHING THE FIRST TIME THEY MET PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatfull , Jonathan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake first look at the Losers ' Club '' . SciFiNow . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Pennywise Comes After Nicholas Hamilton '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClendon , Lamarco ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton on Filming Stephen King 's ' It ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` A Paper Boat '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Geek , Den ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It : Filming Update , Release Date , Cast , Photos & More '' . Den of Geek ! . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bloodline ' Actor Joins Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Stuart ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Adaptation Casts Another Key Child Role , And This One Hardly Featured in the Original '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snicks ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Film Version of Stephen King 's `` It '' Will Retain Novel 's Creepy Homoerotic Storyline `` . NewNowNext . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Barbara Muschietti , producer of film based on Stephen King 's novel ' It ' , talks about experience in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ How to Write a Novel Editors ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It '' . How to Write a Novel . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` IT Characters List '' . Stephen King . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It Movie Adaptation Has Begun Production '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon , Charles ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Why Stephen King 's IT scares off film - makers '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Owen ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It -- everything you need to know '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` TATUM LEE TO PLAY A HORRIFYING CREATION IN THE IT REMAKE '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson , Jancy ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's The Full Cast List for the New ' IT ' Movie '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGloin , Matt ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King `` It '' Movie Wraps `` . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Daniel ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Might ' It : Part 2 ' Be Filming Sooner Than Expected ? '' . Cinema Runner . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Teaser Trailer : Pennywise Creeps Back Into Our Lives '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Opie , David ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` It 's coming , as Hollywood plans Stephen King adaptation '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dionne , Zach ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE ' IT ' REMAKE : STEPHEN KING 'S PENNYWISE IS BACK '' . Fuse . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Warner Bros Remaking Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . 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Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Screenwriter Gives Update on Big Screen Adaptation of Stephen King 's It '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castina ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Stephen King 's `` It '' Bound For Big Screen `` . PopCrunch . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : More on the IT Remake ! Rated R ? '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Remake of Stephen King 's It will be Rated - R and Set in the Mid-1980s '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Niki ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` SCREENWRITER DAVID KAJGANICH GIVES AN UPDATE ON STEPHEN KING 'S IT '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Early Details on the IT Remake '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Director Cary Fukunaga Talks TRUE DETECTIVE , Making an 8 - Hour Film , Future Seasons , BEASTS OF NO NATION , Modernizing Horror with IT , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Be Adapted by Cary Fukunaga into Two Films ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Will Shoot Next Summer '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Will Shoot Stephen King 's It Next Summer '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake put on indefinite hold as director Cary Fukunaga walks out '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga on Adapting It , His Musical With Owen Pallett , and # TrueDetectiveSeason2 '' . Slate . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Director Seeks `` Perfect Pennywise '' Clown `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mama 's Andrés Muschietti in Negotiations To Direct It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Muschiettis to Produce Supernatural Thriller ' Shadows ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Are You Afraid Of The Dark ? Movie Gets October 2019 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=815688324 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the new movie it take place | [
"By July 8, 2016, Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library,[158] The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office,[158] Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial,[158] Gould's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop,[158] The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony's Barber Shop,[158] an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners,[158] Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop,[158] a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park,[158] US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown,[158] and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman (1989) and Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), thus confirming the film's 1989 setting.[158][159][160]"
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"1989"
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2171854587812318894 | World War II | World War II - wikipedia World War II 1939 -- 1945 global war `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa , Horn of Africa , Australia , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier . The vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most global war in history ; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , the day of the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , and the Balkan Campaign , as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the Axis , most crucially the German Wehrmacht , into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Japanese conquests were perceived by many in Asia as liberation from Western dominance ; as such , several armies from the conquered territories aided the Japanese . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasions of Sicily and Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and was forced into strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic and Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 onwards By topic Diplomacy Declarations of war Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously , and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan , which was on 2 September 1945 that officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved most post-World War II issues . A formal peace treaty between Japan and the USSR had never been signed . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece , gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Nuremberg , August 1933 The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Benito Mussolini inspecting troops during the Italo - Ethiopian War , 1935 The Second Italo -- Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to openly support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population . Soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary , and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered the 20 March 1939 ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In August 23 , when tripartite negotiations about a military alliance between France , Britain and USSR stalled , the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany . This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) , and raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The pact neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I. Immediately after that , Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland , and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands , and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing into Poland , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack . The Battle of Westerplatte is often described as the first battle of the war . Britain responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations , and on 3 September , after the ultimatum was ignored , France , Britain , Australia , and New Zealand declared war on Germany . This alliance was joined by South Africa ( 6 September ) and Canada ( 10 September ) . The alliance provided no direct military support to Poland , outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . Soldiers of the Polish Army during the defense of Poland , September 1939 On 8 September , German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days , but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Eastern Poland under a pretext that the Polish state had ostensibly ceased to exist . On 27 September , the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans , and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat , the Polish government never surrendered . A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of them would fight against the Axis in other theatres of the war . The Polish government in exile also established an Underground State and a resistance movement ; in particular the Polish partisan Home Army would grow to become one of the war 's largest resistance movements . Germany annexed the western and occupied the central part of Poland , and the USSR annexed its eastern part ; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . The proposal was rejected , and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , which would be postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather . Finnish machine gun nest aimed at Soviet Red Army positions during the Winter War , February 1940 The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , the states that were in the Soviet `` sphere of influence '' under the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact -- to sign `` mutual assistance pacts '' that stipulated stationing Soviet troops in these countries . Soon after , significant Soviet military contingents were moved there . Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the USSR . The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939 , and the USSR was expelled from the League of Nations . Despite overwhelming numerical superiority , Soviet military success was modest , and the Finno - Soviet war ended in March 1940 with minimal Finnish concessions . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) German advance into Belgium and Northern France , 10 May - 4 June 1940 . The Maginot line is shown in dark red In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and Norway was conquered within two months despite Allied support . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the appointment of Winston Churchill as Prime Minister on 10 May 1940 . On the same day , Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco - German border , Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region , which was mistakenly perceived by Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . By successfully implementing new blitzkrieg tactics , the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium , trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco - Belgian border near Lille . Britain was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . The Germans turned south against the weakened French army , and Paris fell to them on 14 June . Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet , which Britain attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . Britain rejected Hitler 's ultimatum , and the German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command . Due to this the proposed German invasion of Britain was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but failed to significantly disrupt the British war effort and largely ended in May 1941 . Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain In November 1939 , the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies , and amended the Neutrality Act to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941 . In December 1940 Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoting Lend - Lease programmes of aid to support the British war effort . The US started strategic planning to prepare for a full - scale offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan , Italy and Germany as the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined . Romania and Hungary would make major contributions to the Axis war against the USSR , in Romania 's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 In early June 1940 the Italian Regia aeronautica attacked and beseiged Malta , a British possession . In late summer through early autumn Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British - held Egypt . In October Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties ; the campaign ended within days with minor territorial changes . Germany started preparation for an invasion of the Balkans to assist Italy , to prevent the British from gaining a foothold there , which would be a potential threat for Romanian oil fields , and to strike against the British dominance of the Mediterranean . In December 1940 British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensives were highly successful ; by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya , and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . German panzers of the Afrika Korps advancing across the North African desert , 1941 Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa , and at the end of March 1941 Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces . In under a month , Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . By late March 1941 Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact . However , the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists . Germany responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month . The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter and large - scale partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . In the Middle East , in May Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria . In June -- July they invaded and occupied the French possessions Syria and Lebanon , with the assistance of the Free French . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main article : Eastern Front ( World War II ) European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city , Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan , and beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalise off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific . The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter , it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya , and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action , but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of the plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad , and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic and Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In June 1943 the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy , reduce morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign , it lead to significant casualties and inflicted considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial center . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) U.S. Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the US , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences , and for the first time in the war Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July , which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Red Army troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the Battle of Kursk , July 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino , Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , over-running the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war border changes in Central Europe . Creation of the Eastern Bloc . Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Main article : Historiography of World War II Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties and List of war crimes § 1939 -- 1945 : World War II World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Between 1941 and 1945 , over 200,000 ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were persecuted and murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . Also , over 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945 . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust ( killing of approximately 6 million Jews ) , as well as for killing of 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah 's Witnesses ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable condition , and , although their extermination was not an official goal , 3.6 million of Soviet POWs out of 5.7 died in Nazi camps during the war . In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people at an industrial scale . Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers . About 12 million Europeans from German occupied countries were used as slave work force in German agriculture and war economy . Soviet Gulag became de facto a system of deadly camps during 1942 -- 43 , when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates , including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939 -- 40 by the USSR , as well as of the Axis POWs . By the end of the war , most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD check , and significant part of them was sent to Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported to Auschwitz . Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner , and used in forced labor and medical experiments . Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Collaboration with the Axis Powers , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US dollars ) by the end of the war ; this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II documentary films List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Military production during World War II Naval history of World War II Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Holocaust Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Although open hostilities existed between Japan and China from 1937 , nether belligerent formally declared war on the other until after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty . Asia Times . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 5 January 2012 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Derek Watson , Molotov 's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy : The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939 , Europe - Asia Studies , Vol. 52 , No. 4 ( Jun. , 2000 ) , pp. 695 -- 722 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ George Ginsburgs . A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law : Eastern Poland in 1939 . The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 52 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1958 ) , pp. 69 - 84 . Published by : Cambridge University Press . Stable URL : ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Carl van Dyke . The Soviet Invasion of Finland . Frank Cass Publishers , Lindon , Portland , OR . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4753 - 5 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 174 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 184 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1989 , pp. 208 , 575 , 604 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Eberhardt , Piotr ( 2015 ) . `` The Oder - Neisse Line as Poland 's western border : As postulated and made a reality '' . Geographia Polonica. 88 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Eberhardt , Piotr ( 2006 ) . Political Migrations in Poland 1939 -- 1948 ( PDF ) . Warsaw : Didactica . ISBN 9781536110357 . ^ Jump up to : Eberhardt , Piotr ( 2011 ) . Political Migrations On Polish Territories ( 1939 - 1950 ) ( PDF ) . Warsaw : Polish Academy of Sciences . ISBN 978 - 83 - 61590 - 46 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eberhardt , Piotr ( 2012 ) . `` The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland . The origins and the political background '' . Geographia Polonica. 85 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Massacre , Volhynia . `` The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres '' . Volhynia Massacre . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov . Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years : A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence . The American Historical Review , Vol. 98 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1993 ) , pp. 1017 -- 1049 Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 , pp. 389 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 4 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Neil C. ; Rothstein , Hy . `` Deception for Defense of Information Systems : Analogies from Conventional Warfare '' . Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . Air University . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . 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-8932594353987120744 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . 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The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . 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Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page hide Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer 's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=850284540 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National 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-4038797402642627962 | National Basketball Association | National Basketball Association - Wikipedia National Basketball Association Jump to : navigation , search `` NBA '' redirects here . For other subjects called NBA , see NBA ( disambiguation ) . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Current season , competition or edition : 2018 NBA Playoffs Sport Basketball Founded June 6 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 06 - 06 ) ( as BAA ) , New York City , New York , United States Inaugural season 1946 -- 47 Commissioner Adam Silver No. of teams 30 Countries United States ( 29 teams ) Canada ( 1 team ) Headquarters New York City Continent FIBA Americas ( Americas ) Most recent champion ( s ) Golden State Warriors ( 5th title ) Most titles Boston Celtics ( 17 titles ) TV partner ( s ) United States : ABC / ESPN NBA TV TNT Canada : NBA TV Canada TSN / TSN2 Sportsnet / Sportsnet One Official website NBA.com The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America ; composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The NBA is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York , NY . NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation and merger ( 1946 -- 1956 ) 1.2 Celtics ' dominance , league expansion and competition ( 1956 -- 1979 ) 1.3 Surging popularity ( 1979 -- 1998 ) 1.4 Modern era ( 1998 -- present ) 1.5 International influence 1.6 Other developments 2 Teams 3 Regular season 4 Playoffs 5 League championships 6 Media coverage 7 International competitions 8 Ticket prices and viewership demographics 8.1 Viewership demographics 9 Notable people 9.1 Presidents and commissioners 9.2 Players 9.3 Foreign players 9.3. 1 International influence 9.4 Coaches 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Creation and merger ( 1946 -- 1956 ) Main article : Basketball Association of America The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada . On November 1 , 1946 , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens , in a game the NBA now refers to as the first played game in NBA history . The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers . Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues , including the American Basketball League and the NBL , the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities . During its early years , the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters . For instance , the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league 's 1948 title , and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title . Prior to the 1948 -- 49 season , however , NBL teams from Fort Wayne , Indianapolis , Minneapolis , and Rochester jumped to the BAA , which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional . On August 3 , 1949 , the remaining NBL teams -- Syracuse , Anderson , Tri-Cities , Sheboygan , Denver , and Waterloo -- merged into the BAA . In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications , the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association , even though the merged league retained the BAA 's governing body , including Podoloff . To this day , the NBA claims the BAA 's history as its own . It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion , not a merger , and does not recognize NBL records and statistics . The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities , as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories . In 1950 , the NBA consolidated to eleven franchises , a process that continued until 1953 -- 54 , when the league reached its smallest size of eight franchises : the New York Knicks , Boston Celtics , Philadelphia Warriors , Minneapolis Lakers , Rochester Royals , Fort Wayne Pistons , Tri-Cities Blackhawks , and Syracuse Nationals , all of which remain in the league today . The process of contraction saw the league 's smaller - city franchises move to larger cities . The Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951 , and then to St. Louis in 1955 . The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester , New York , to Cincinnati in 1957 and the Pistons relocated from Fort Wayne , Indiana , to Detroit in 1957 . Japanese - American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947 -- 48 season when he played for the New York Knicks . He remained the only non-white player in league history prior to the first African - American , Harold Hunter , signing with the Washington Capitols in 1950 . Hunter was cut from the team during training camp , but several African - American players did play in the league later that year , including Chuck Cooper with the Celtics , Nathaniel `` Sweetwater '' Clifton with the Knicks , and Earl Lloyd with the Washington Capitols . During this period , the Minneapolis Lakers , led by center George Mikan , won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league 's first dynasty . To encourage shooting and discourage stalling , the league introduced the 24 - second shot clock in 1954 . If a team does not attempt to score a field goal ( or the ball fails to make contact with the rim ) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball , play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent . Celtics ' dominance , league expansion and competition ( 1956 -- 1979 ) In 1957 , rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics , which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach , and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons . Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s , setting new single game records in scoring ( 100 ) and rebounding ( 55 ) . Russell 's rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports . Bill Russell defending against Wilt Chamberlain in 1966 . The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics . Led by Russell , Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach , Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966 . This championship streak is the longest in NBA history . They did not win the title in 1966 -- 67 , but regained it in the 1967 -- 68 season and repeated in 1969 . The domination totaled nine of the ten championship banners of the 1960s . Through this period , the NBA continued to evolve with the shift of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles , the Philadelphia Warriors to San Francisco , the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia to become the Philadelphia 76ers , and the St. Louis Hawks moving to Atlanta , as well as the addition of its first expansion franchises . The Chicago Packers ( now Washington Wizards ) became the ninth NBA team in 1961 . From 1966 to 1968 , the league expanded from 9 to 14 teams , introducing the Chicago Bulls , Seattle SuperSonics ( now Oklahoma City Thunder ) , San Diego Rockets ( who relocated to Houston four years later ) , Milwaukee Bucks , and Phoenix Suns . In 1967 , the league faced a new external threat with the formation of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . The leagues engaged in a bidding war . The NBA landed the most important college star of the era , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( then known as Lew Alcindor ) . However , the NBA 's leading scorer , Rick Barry , jumped to the ABA , as did four veteran referees -- Norm Drucker , Earl Strom , John Vanak , and Joe Gushue . In 1969 , Alan Siegel , who oversaw the design of Jerry Dior 's Major League Baseball logo a year prior , created the modern NBA logo inspired by the MLB 's . It incorporates the silhouette of the legendary Jerry West based on a photo by Wen Roberts , although NBA officials denied a particular player as being its influence because , according to Siegel , `` They want to institutionalize it rather than individualize it . It 's become such a ubiquitous , classic symbol and focal point of their identity and their licensing program that they do n't necessarily want to identify it with one player . '' The iconic logo debuted in 1971 ( with a small change to the typeface on the NBA wordmark in 2017 ) and would remain a fixture of the NBA brand . The ABA succeeded in signing a number of major stars in the 1970s , including Julius Erving of the Virginia Squires , in part because it allowed teams to sign college undergraduates . The NBA expanded rapidly during this period , one purpose being to tie up the most viable cities . From 1966 to 1974 , the NBA grew from nine franchises to 18 . In 1970 , the Portland Trail Blazers , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Buffalo Braves ( now the Los Angeles Clippers ) all made their debuts expanding the league to 17 . The New Orleans Jazz ( now in Utah ) came aboard in 1974 bringing the total to 18 . Following the 1976 season , the leagues reached a settlement that provided for the addition of four ABA franchises to the NBA , raising the number of franchises in the league at that time to 22 . The franchises added were the San Antonio Spurs , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers , and New York Nets ( now the Brooklyn Nets ) . Some of the biggest stars of this era were Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Rick Barry , Dave Cowens , Julius Erving , Elvin Hayes , Walt Frazier , Moses Malone , Artis Gilmore , George Gervin , Dan Issel , and Pete Maravich . The end of the decade , however , saw declining TV ratings , low attendance and drug - related player issues -- both perceived and real -- that threatened to derail the league . Surging popularity ( 1979 -- 1998 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The league added the ABA 's innovative three - point field goal beginning in 1979 to open up the game . That same year , rookies Larry Bird and Magic Johnson joined the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers respectively , initiating a period of significant growth in fan interest in the NBA throughout the country and the world . The two had faced each other in the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game , and they later played against each other in three NBA Finals ( 1984 , 1985 , and 1987 , featuring 11 players and coaches who would later be inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame ) . Like the 1960s , when the Celtics and Lakers faced each other in six NBA Finals , the two teams again dominated the NBA . In the 10 seasons of the 1980s , Johnson led the Lakers to five titles in eight Finals while Bird led the Celtics to three titles in five Finals . Also in the early 1980s , the NBA added one more expansion franchise , the Dallas Mavericks , bringing the total to 23 teams . Later on , Larry Bird won the first three three - point shooting contests . Former league commissioner David Stern , who took office on February 1 , 1984 , oversaw the expansion and growth of the NBA to a global commodity . Michael Jordan going in for a dunk Michael Jordan entered the league in 1984 with the Chicago Bulls , providing an even more popular star to support growing interest in the league . This resulted in more cities demanding teams of their own . In 1988 and 1989 , four cities got their wishes as the Charlotte Hornets , Miami Heat , Orlando Magic , and Minnesota Timberwolves made their NBA debuts , bringing the total to 27 teams . The Detroit Pistons won the back - to - back in 1989 and 1990 , led by coach Chuck Daly and guard Isiah Thomas . Jordan and Scottie Pippen led the Bulls to two three - peats in eight years during the 1991 -- 98 seasons . Hakeem Olajuwon won back - to - back titles with the Houston Rockets in 1994 and 1995 . The 1992 Olympic basketball Dream Team , the first to use current NBA stars , featured Michael Jordan as the anchor , along with Bird , Johnson , David Robinson , Patrick Ewing , Scottie Pippen , Clyde Drexler , Karl Malone , John Stockton , Chris Mullin , Charles Barkley , and star NCAA amateur Christian Laettner . The team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , while 11 of the 12 players on the roster ( all but Laettner ) and three of the four coaches have been elected to the Hall of Fame as individuals . In 1995 , the NBA expanded to Canada with the addition of the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Toronto Raptors . In 2001 , the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis , which left the Raptors as the only Canadian team in the NBA . In 1996 , the NBA created a women 's league , the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . In 1998 , the NBA owners began a lockout which lasted 191 days and was settled on January 18 , 1999 . As a result of this lockout the 1998 -- 99 NBA season was reduced from 82 to 50 games ( 61 % of a normal season ) , and the All - Star Game was cancelled . The San Antonio Spurs won their first championship , and first by a former ABA team , by beating the New York Knicks , who were the first , and are the only , eighth seed to ever make it to the NBA Finals . Modern era ( 1998 -- present ) Since the breakup of the Chicago Bulls championship roster in the summer of 1998 , the Western Conference has dominated , with the Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combining to win the title nine out of the next fourteen seasons . Tim Duncan and David Robinson won the 1999 championship with the Spurs , and Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant started the 2000s with three consecutive championships for the Lakers . The Spurs reclaimed the title in 2003 against the Nets . In 2004 , the Lakers returned to the Finals , only to lose in five games to the Detroit Pistons . Dirk Nowitzki and John Wall in action as the Dallas Mavericks face the Washington Wizards in 2011 After the Spurs took home the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy in 2005 , the 2006 Finals featured two franchises making their inaugural Finals appearances . The Miami Heat , led by their star shooting guard , Dwyane Wade , and Shaquille O'Neal , who had been traded from the Lakers during summer 2004 , won the series over the Dallas Mavericks in six after losing the first two games . The Lakers / Spurs dominance continued in 2007 with a four - game sweep by the Spurs over the Cleveland Cavaliers , who were led by LeBron James . The 2008 Finals saw a rematch of the league 's highest profile rivalry , the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers , with the Celtics winning , for their 17th championship , thanks to their new big three of Paul Pierce , Ray Allen , and Kevin Garnett . In 2009 , Kobe Bryant and the Lakers returned to the Finals , this time defeating the Dwight Howard - led Orlando Magic . Bryant won his first Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his 13th season after leading the Lakers to their first NBA championship since the departure of Shaquille O'Neal . The 2010 NBA All - Star Game was held at Cowboys Stadium in front of the largest crowd ever , 108,713 . At the end of that season , the Celtics and the Lakers renewed their rivalry from 2008 when they met again in the NBA Finals for a record 12th time . The Lakers won the title by winning Game 7 , 83 -- 79 . Before the start of the 2010 -- 11 season the NBA had an exciting summer with one of the most anticipated free agent classes of all time . Two of which signed , and one resigned , with the Miami Heat , leading to a season that was heavily centered on their eventual success or failure at taking home the championship . The Heat , led by LeBron James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh , did in fact make the Finals against the Dallas Mavericks , in a rematch for the franchises of the 2006 Finals . The Mavericks , led by Dirk Nowitzki ( the eventual NBA Finals MVP ) , took the series in six games . This was the Mavericks ' first title . Veterans Shawn Marion , Jason Kidd , Jason Terry , and Peja Stojaković celebrated their first NBA championship . On July 1 , 2011 , at 12 : 01 am , the NBA announced another lockout . After the first few weeks of the season were canceled , the players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement on December 8 , 2011 , setting up a shortened 66 - game season . Following the shortened season , the Miami Heat made a return to the Finals with the trio of Dwyane Wade , LeBron James , and Chris Bosh against Oklahoma City Thunder 's Kevin Durant , Russell Westbrook , and James Harden . The Heat went on to defeat the Thunder in five games , capturing their second NBA title in six years . Their success would continue into the following season , which concluded with their victory over the San Antonio Spurs in the 2013 NBA Finals . The two teams would meet for a rematch in the following year 's Finals , where the Spurs defeated the Heat in five games . Off the court , commissioner David Stern retired on February 1 , 2014 , exactly 30 years to the day from taking office . He was succeeded by his deputy , Adam Silver . Following the 2014 Finals , LeBron James announced that he would return to the Cleveland Cavaliers . James led the Cavaliers to their second Finals appearance , where they lost to the Golden State Warriors in six games . The following year , in a rematch , the 2016 NBA Finals concluded with the Cavaliers defeating the Warriors in seven games to win their first NBA Championship . The dominance of those two teams continued in 2017 , when the Warriors , having signed Kevin Durant as a free agent , took the third straight Finals matchup between the two teams in five games , with Durant named Finals MVP , and again in 2018 when they went to a fourth straight Finals matchup . International influence Further information : List of foreign NBA players Following pioneers like Vlade Divac ( Serbia ) and Dražen Petrović ( Croatia ) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s , an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA . Since 2006 , the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour , and since 2009 , in the EuroLeague American Tour . The 2013 -- 14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters , representing 39 countries and comprising over 20 % of the league . The beginning of the 2017 - 18 season saw a record 108 international players representing 42 different countries marking 4 consecutive years of at least 100 international players and each team having at least one international player . Other developments In 2001 , an affiliated minor league , the National Basketball Development League , now called the NBA G League , was created . Before the league was started , there were strong rumors that the NBA would purchase the Continental Basketball Association , and call it its developmental league . Two years after the Hornets ' relocation to New Orleans , the NBA returned to North Carolina , as the Charlotte Bobcats were formed as an expansion team in 2004 . The Hornets temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City in 2005 for two seasons because of damage caused by Hurricane Katrina . The team returned to New Orleans in 2007 . A new official game ball was introduced on June 28 , 2006 , for the 2006 -- 07 season , marking the first change to the ball in over 35 years and only the second ball in 60 seasons . Manufactured by Spalding , the new ball featured a new design and new synthetic material that Spalding claimed offered a better grip , feel , and consistency than the original ball . However , many players were vocal in their disdain for the new ball , saying that it was too sticky when dry , and too slippery when wet . Commissioner Stern announced on December 11 , 2006 , that beginning January 1 , 2007 , the NBA would return to the traditional leather basketball in use prior to the 2006 -- 07 season . The change was influenced by frequent player complaints and confirmed hand injuries ( cuts ) caused by the microfiber ball . The Players ' Association had filed a suit in behalf of the players against the NBA over the new ball . As of the 2017 -- 18 season , the NBA team jerseys are manufactured by Nike , replacing the previous supplier , Adidas . All teams will wear jerseys with the Nike logo except the Charlotte Hornets , whose jerseys will instead have the Jumpman logo associated with longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan , who owns the Hornets . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) began an investigation on July 19 , 2007 , over allegations that veteran NBA referee Tim Donaghy bet on basketball games he officiated over the past two seasons and that he made calls affecting the point spread in those games . On August 15 , 2007 , Donaghy pleaded guilty to two federal charges related to the investigation . Donaghy claimed in 2008 that certain referees were friendly with players and `` company men '' for the NBA , and he alleged that referees influenced the outcome of certain playoff and finals games in 2002 and 2005 . NBA commissioner David Stern denied the allegations and said Donaghy was a convicted felon and a `` singing , cooperating witness '' . Donaghy served 15 months in prison and was released in November 2009 . According to an independent study by Ronald Beech of Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Sacramento Kings , although the refs increased the Lakers ' chances of winning through foul calls during the game , there was no collusion to fix the game . On alleged `` star treatment '' during Game 6 by the refs toward certain players , Beech claimed , `` there does seem to be issues with different standards and allowances for different players . '' The NBA Board of Governors approved the request of the Seattle SuperSonics to relocate to Oklahoma City on April 18 , 2008 . The team , however , could not move until it had settled a lawsuit filed by the city of Seattle , which was intended to keep the SuperSonics in Seattle for the remaining two seasons of the team 's lease at KeyArena . Following a court case , the city of Seattle settled with the ownership group of the SuperSonics on July 2 , 2008 , allowing the team to move to Oklahoma City immediately in exchange for terminating the final two seasons of the team 's lease at KeyArena . The Oklahoma City Thunder began playing in the 2008 -- 09 season . The first outdoor game in the modern era of the league was played at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden on October 11 , 2008 , between the Phoenix Suns and the Denver Nuggets . A referee lockout began on September 1 , 2009 , when the contract between the NBA and its referees expired . The first preseason games were played on October 1 , 2009 , and replacement referees from the WNBA and NBA Development League were used , the first time replacement referees had been used since the beginning of the 1995 -- 96 season . The NBA and the regular referees reached a deal on October 23 , 2009 . The first official NBA league games on European ground took place in 2011 . In two matchups , the New Jersey Nets faced the Toronto Raptors at the O2 Arena in London in front of over 20,000 fans . The 2011 -- 12 NBA season , scheduled to begin November 1 , 2011 , with a matchup between the defending champion Dallas Mavericks and the Chicago Bulls , was postponed due to a labor dispute . The lockout officially ended on December 8 , 2011 , when players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement , and the season began on Christmas Day . After the 2012 -- 13 season , the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the Pelicans . During the 2013 -- 14 season , Stern retired as commissioner after 30 years , and deputy commissioner Adam Silver ascended to the position of commissioner . During that season 's playoffs , the Bobcats officially reclaimed the Hornets name , and by agreement with the league and the Pelicans , also received sole ownership of all history , records , and statistics from the Pelicans ' time in Charlotte . As a result , the Hornets are now officially considered to have been founded in 1988 , suspended operations in 2002 , and resumed in 2004 as the Bobcats , while the Pelicans are officially treated as a 2002 expansion team . ( This is somewhat similar to the relationship between the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens in the NFL . ) Donald Sterling , who was then - owner of the Los Angeles Clippers , received a lifetime ban from the NBA on April 29 , 2014 , after racist remarks he made became public . Sterling was also fined US $2.5 million , the maximum allowed under the NBA Constitution . Becky Hammon was hired by the San Antonio Spurs on August 5 , 2014 , as an assistant coach , becoming the second female coach in NBA history but the first full - time coach . This also makes her the first full - time female coach in any of the four major professional sports in North America . The NBA announced on April 15 , 2016 , that it would allow all 30 of its member clubs to sell corporate sponsor advertisement patches on official game uniforms , beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The sponsorship advertisement patches would appear on the left front of jerseys , opposite Nike 's logo , marking the first time a manufacturer 's logo would appear on NBA jerseys , and would measure approximately 2.5 by 2.5 inches . The NBA would become the first major North American professional sports league to allow corporate sponsorship logos on official team uniforms , and the last to have a uniform manufacturer logo appear on its team uniforms . The first team to announce a jersey sponsorship was the Philadelphia 76ers , who agreed to a deal with StubHub . On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an updated rendition of its logo ; it is largely identical to the previous design , except with revised typography and a `` richer '' color scheme . The league began to phase in the updated logo across its properties during the 2017 NBA Summer League , but it will not immediately be used on equipment or uniforms due to lead time . The NBA also officially released new Nike uniforms for all 30 teams beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . The league eliminated `` home '' and `` away '' uniform designations . Instead , each team would have four uniforms : the `` Association '' edition , which is the team 's traditional white uniform , the `` Icon '' edition , which is the team 's primary color uniform , and two other uniform editions , to be unveiled at a later date . Teams See also : List of defunct National Basketball Association teams , List of relocated National Basketball Association teams , Timeline of the National Basketball Association , and Expansion of National Basketball Association Raptors Celtics Knicks Nets 76ers Bulls Cavaliers Pistons Pacers Bucks Hawks Hornets Heat Magic Wizards Mavericks Rockets Grizzlies Pelicans Spurs Nuggets Timberwolves Trail Blazers Thunder Jazz Warriors Kings Suns Clippers Lakers Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The NBA originated in 1946 with 11 teams , and through a sequence of team expansions , reductions , and relocations currently consists of 30 teams . The United States is home to 29 teams and one is located in Canada . The current league organization divides thirty teams into two conferences of three divisions with five teams each . The current divisional alignment was introduced in the 2004 -- 05 season . Reflecting the population distribution of the United States and Canada as a whole , most teams are in the eastern half of the country : thirteen teams are in the Eastern Time Zone , nine in the Central , three in the Mountain , and five in the Pacific . Division Team City / State Arena Capacity Founded Joined Head coach Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Boston , Massachusetts TD Garden 18,624 42 ° 21 ′ 59 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 44 '' W / 42.366303 ° N 71.062228 ° W / 42.366303 ; - 71.062228 ( Boston Celtics ) 1946 Brad Stevens Brooklyn Nets New York City , New York Barclays Center 17,732 40 ° 40 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 29 '' W / 40.68265 ° N 73.974689 ° W / 40.68265 ; - 73.974689 ( Brooklyn Nets ) 1967 * 1976 Kenny Atkinson New York Knicks New York City , New York Madison Square Garden 19,812 40 ° 45 ′ 02 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 37 '' W / 40.750556 ° N 73.993611 ° W / 40.750556 ; - 73.993611 ( New York Knicks ) 1946 David Fizdale Philadelphia 76ers Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wells Fargo Center 21,600 39 ° 54 ′ 04 '' N 75 ° 10 ′ 19 '' W / 39.901111 ° N 75.171944 ° W / 39.901111 ; - 75.171944 ( Philadelphia 76ers ) 1946 * 1949 Brett Brown Toronto Raptors Toronto , Ontario Air Canada Centre 19,800 43 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 79 ° 22 ′ 45 '' W / 43.643333 ° N 79.379167 ° W / 43.643333 ; - 79.379167 ( Toronto Raptors ) 1995 Vacant Central Chicago Bulls Chicago , Illinois United Center 20,917 41 ° 52 ′ 50 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 27 '' W / 41.880556 ° N 87.674167 ° W / 41.880556 ; - 87.674167 ( Chicago Bulls ) 1966 Fred Hoiberg Cleveland Cavaliers Cleveland , Ohio Quicken Loans Arena 20,562 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.496389 ° N 81.688056 ° W / 41.496389 ; - 81.688056 ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) 1970 Tyronn Lue Detroit Pistons Detroit , Michigan Little Caesars Arena 20,491 42 ° 41 ′ 49 '' N 83 ° 14 ′ 44 '' W / 42.696944 ° N 83.245556 ° W / 42.696944 ; - 83.245556 ( Detroit Pistons ) 1941 * 1948 Vacant Indiana Pacers Indianapolis , Indiana Bankers Life Fieldhouse 17,923 39 ° 45 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 09 ′ 20 '' W / 39.763889 ° N 86.155556 ° W / 39.763889 ; - 86.155556 ( Indiana Pacers ) 1967 1976 Nate McMillan Milwaukee Bucks Milwaukee , Wisconsin Bradley Center 18,717 43 ° 02 ′ 37 '' N 87 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 43.043611 ° N 87.916944 ° W / 43.043611 ; - 87.916944 ( Milwaukee Bucks ) 1968 Mike Budenholzer Southeast Atlanta Hawks Atlanta , Georgia Philips Arena 15,711 33 ° 45 ′ 26 '' N 84 ° 23 ′ 47 '' W / 33.757222 ° N 84.396389 ° W / 33.757222 ; - 84.396389 ( Atlanta Hawks ) 1946 * 1949 Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Charlotte , North Carolina Spectrum Center 19,077 35 ° 13 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 21 '' W / 35.225 ° N 80.839167 ° W / 35.225 ; - 80.839167 ( Charlotte Hornets ) 1988 * James Borrego Miami Heat Miami , Florida American Airlines Arena 19,600 25 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 80 ° 11 ′ 17 '' W / 25.781389 ° N 80.188056 ° W / 25.781389 ; - 80.188056 ( Miami Heat ) 1988 Erik Spoelstra Orlando Magic Orlando , Florida Amway Center 18,846 28 ° 32 ′ 21 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 01 '' W / 28.539167 ° N 81.383611 ° W / 28.539167 ; - 81.383611 ( Orlando Magic ) 1989 Vacant Washington Wizards Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 20,356 38 ° 53 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 15 '' W / 38.898056 ° N 77.020833 ° W / 38.898056 ; - 77.020833 ( Washington Wizards ) 1961 * Scott Brooks Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Denver , Colorado Pepsi Center 19,520 39 ° 44 ′ 55 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 27 '' W / 39.748611 ° N 105.0075 ° W / 39.748611 ; - 105.0075 ( Denver Nuggets ) 1967 1976 Michael Malone Minnesota Timberwolves Minneapolis , Minnesota Target Center 19,356 44 ° 58 ′ 46 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 34 '' W / 44.979444 ° N 93.276111 ° W / 44.979444 ; - 93.276111 ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) 1989 Tom Thibodeau Oklahoma City Thunder Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Chesapeake Energy Arena 18,203 35 ° 27 ′ 48 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 54 '' W / 35.463333 ° N 97.515 ° W / 35.463333 ; - 97.515 ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) 1967 * Billy Donovan Portland Trail Blazers Portland , Oregon Moda Center 19,441 45 ° 31 ′ 54 '' N 122 ° 40 ′ 00 '' W / 45.531667 ° N 122.666667 ° W / 45.531667 ; - 122.666667 ( Portland Trail Blazers ) 1970 Terry Stotts Utah Jazz Salt Lake City , Utah Vivint Smart Home Arena 19,911 40 ° 46 ′ 06 '' N 111 ° 54 ′ 04 '' W / 40.768333 ° N 111.901111 ° W / 40.768333 ; - 111.901111 ( Utah Jazz ) 1974 * Quin Snyder Pacific Golden State Warriors Oakland , California Oracle Arena 19,596 37 ° 45 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 37.750278 ° N 122.203056 ° W / 37.750278 ; - 122.203056 ( Golden State Warriors ) 1946 * Steve Kerr Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles , California Staples Center 19,060 34 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 118 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W / 34.043056 ° N 118.267222 ° W / 34.043056 ; - 118.267222 ( Los Angeles Clippers ) 1970 * Doc Rivers Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles , California Staples Center 18,997 34 ° 02 ′ 35 '' N 118 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W / 34.043056 ° N 118.267222 ° W / 34.043056 ; - 118.267222 ( Los Angeles Lakers ) 1947 * 1948 Luke Walton Phoenix Suns Phoenix , Arizona Talking Stick Resort Arena 18,055 33 ° 26 ′ 45 '' N 112 ° 04 ′ 17 '' W / 33.445833 ° N 112.071389 ° W / 33.445833 ; - 112.071389 ( Phoenix Suns ) 1968 Igor Kokoškov Sacramento Kings Sacramento , California Golden 1 Center 17,500 38 ° 38 ′ 57 '' N 121 ° 31 ′ 05 '' W / 38.649167 ° N 121.518056 ° W / 38.649167 ; - 121.518056 ( Sacramento Kings ) 1923 * 1948 Dave Joerger Southwest Dallas Mavericks Dallas , Texas American Airlines Center 19,200 32 ° 47 ′ 26 '' N 96 ° 48 ′ 37 '' W / 32.790556 ° N 96.810278 ° W / 32.790556 ; - 96.810278 ( Dallas Mavericks ) 1980 Rick Carlisle Houston Rockets Houston , Texas Toyota Center 18,055 29 ° 45 ′ 03 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 44 '' W / 29.750833 ° N 95.362222 ° W / 29.750833 ; - 95.362222 ( Houston Rockets ) 1967 * Mike D'Antoni Memphis Grizzlies Memphis , Tennessee FedExForum 18,119 35 ° 08 ′ 18 '' N 90 ° 03 ′ 02 '' W / 35.138333 ° N 90.050556 ° W / 35.138333 ; - 90.050556 ( Memphis Grizzlies ) 1995 * J.B. Bickerstaff New Orleans Pelicans New Orleans , Louisiana Smoothie King Center 16,867 29 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 90 ° 04 ′ 55 '' W / 29.948889 ° N 90.081944 ° W / 29.948889 ; - 90.081944 ( New Orleans Pelicans ) 2002 * Alvin Gentry San Antonio Spurs San Antonio , Texas AT&T Center 18,418 29 ° 25 ′ 37 '' N 98 ° 26 ′ 15 '' W / 29.426944 ° N 98.4375 ° W / 29.426944 ; - 98.4375 ( San Antonio Spurs ) 1967 * 1976 Gregg Popovich Notes An asterisk ( * ) denotes a franchise move . See the respective team articles for more information . The Fort Wayne Pistons , Minneapolis Lakers and Rochester Royals all joined the NBA ( BAA ) in 1948 from the NBL . The Syracuse Nationals and Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA in 1949 as part of the BAA - NBL absorption . The Indiana Pacers , New York Nets , San Antonio Spurs , and Denver Nuggets all joined the NBA in 1976 as part of the NBA - ABA merger . The Charlotte Hornets are regarded as a continuation of the original Charlotte franchise . Because of this , the New Orleans Pelicans are no longer the same franchise as the original Charlotte Hornets . The Hornets were known as the Bobcats from 2004 -- 2014 . The New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002 . The Charlotte Hornets rejoined the league in 2004 . Regular season Following the summer break , teams begin training camps in late September . Training camps allow the coaching staff to evaluate players ( especially rookies ) , scout the team 's strengths and weaknesses , prepare the players for the rigorous regular season , and determine the 12 - man active roster ( and a 3 - man inactive list ) with which they will begin the regular season . Teams have the ability to assign players with less than two years of experience to the NBA G League . After training camp , a series of preseason exhibition games are held . Preseason matches are sometimes held in non-NBA cities , both in the United States and overseas . The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October . During the regular season , each team plays 82 games , 41 each home and away . A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year ( 16 games ) . Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times ( 24 games ) , and the remaining four teams three times ( 12 games ) . Finally , each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece ( 30 games ) . This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams ( but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB ) . Over five seasons , each team will have played 80 games against their division ( 20 games against each opponent , 10 at home , 10 on the road ) , 180 games against the rest of their conference ( 18 games against each opponent , 9 at home , 9 on the road ) , and 150 games against the other conference ( 10 games against each team , 5 at home , 5 on the road ) . The NBA is one of only two of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in which teams play every other team during the regular season ( the other being the National Hockey League ) . Each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season . From 2005 to 2008 , the NBA had the distinction of being the only one of the four major leagues in which all teams play every other team . The NBA is also the only league that regularly schedules games on Christmas Day . The league has been playing games regularly on the holiday since 1947 , though the first Christmas Day games were not televised until 1983 -- 84 . Games played on this day have featured some of the best teams and players . Christmas is also notable for NBA on television , as the holiday is when the first NBA games air on network television each season . Games played on this day have been some of the highest - rated games during a particular season . In February , the regular season pauses to celebrate the annual NBA All - Star Game . Fans vote throughout the United States , Canada , and on the Internet , and the top vote - getters at each position in each conference are given a starting spot on their conference 's All - Star team . Coaches vote to choose the remaining 14 All - Stars . Then , Eastern conference players face the Western conference players in the All - Star game . The player with the best performance during the game is rewarded with a Game MVP award . Other attractions of the All - Star break include the Rising Stars Challenge ( originally Rookie Challenge ) , where the top rookies and second - year players in the NBA play in a 5 - on - 5 basketball game , with the current format pitting U.S. players against those from the rest of the world ; the Skills Challenge , where players compete to finish an obstacle course consisting of shooting , passing , and dribbling in the fastest time ; the Three Point Contest , where players compete to score the highest number of three - point field goals in a given time ; and the NBA Slam Dunk Contest , where players compete to dunk the ball in the most entertaining way according to the judges . These other attractions have varying names which include the names of the various sponsors who have paid for naming rights . Shortly after the All - Star break is the trade deadline , which is set to fall on the 16th Thursday of the season ( usually in February ) at 3pm Eastern Time . After this date , teams are not allowed to exchange players with each other for the remainder of the season , although they may still sign and release players . Major trades are often completed right before the trading deadline , making that day a hectic time for general managers . Around the middle of April , the regular season ends . It is during this time that voting begins for individual awards , as well as the selection of the honorary , league - wide , post-season teams . The Sixth Man of the Year Award is given to the best player coming off the bench ( must have more games coming off the bench than actual games started ) . The Rookie of the Year Award is awarded to the most outstanding first - year player . The Most Improved Player Award is awarded to the player who is deemed to have shown the most improvement from the previous season . The Defensive Player of the Year Award is awarded to the league 's best defender . The Coach of the Year Award is awarded to the coach that has made the most positive difference to a team . The Most Valuable Player Award is given to the player deemed the most valuable for ( his team ) that season . Additionally , Sporting News awards an unofficial ( but widely recognized ) Executive of the Year Award to the general manager who is adjudged to have performed the best job for the benefit of his franchise . The post-season teams are the All - NBA Team , the All - Defensive Team , and the All - Rookie Team ; each consists of five players . There are three All - NBA teams , consisting of the top players at each position , with first - team status being the most desirable . There are two All - Defensive teams , consisting of the top defenders at each position . There are also two All - Rookie teams , consisting of the top first - year players regardless of position . Playoffs Main article : NBA playoffs The NBA Playoffs begin in late April , with the top eight teams in each conference , regardless of divisional alignment , competing for the Championship . Seeds are awarded in strict order of regular - season record ( with a tiebreaker system used as needed ) . Having a higher seed offers several advantages . Since the first seed begins the playoffs playing against the eighth seed , the second seed plays the seventh seed , the third seed plays the sixth seed , and the fourth seed plays the fifth seed , having a higher seed means a team faces a weaker team in the first round . The team in each series with the better record has home court advantage , including the First Round . Before the league changed its playoff determination format for the 2006 -- 07 season , this meant that , for example , if the team that received the 6 seed had a better record than the team with the 3 seed ( by virtue of a divisional championship ) , the 6 seed would have home court advantage , even though the other team had a higher seed . Therefore , the team with the best regular season record in the league is guaranteed home court advantage in every series it plays . For example , in 2006 , the Denver Nuggets won 44 games and captured the Northwest Division and the # 3 seed . Their opponent was the # 6 seed Los Angeles Clippers , who won 47 games and finished second in the Pacific Division . Although Denver won its much weaker division , the Clippers had home - court advantage and won the series in 5 . The playoffs follow a tournament format . Each team plays an opponent in a best - of - seven series , with the first team to win four games advancing into the next round , while the other team is eliminated from the playoffs . In the next round , the successful team plays against another advancing team of the same conference . All but one team in each conference are eliminated from the playoffs . Since the NBA does not re-seed teams , the playoff bracket in each conference uses a traditional design , with the winner of the series matching the 1st and 8th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 4th and 5th seeded teams , and the winner of the series matching the 2nd and 7th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 3rd and 6th seeded teams . In every round , the best - of - 7 series follows a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 home - court pattern , meaning that one team will have home court in games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 , while the other plays at home in games 3 , 4 , and 6 . From 1985 to 2013 , the NBA Finals followed a 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern , meaning that one team had home court in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while the other played at home in games 3 , 4 , and 5 . The final playoff round , a best - of - seven series between the victors of both conferences , is known as the NBA Finals , and is held annually in June . The victor in the NBA Finals wins the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Each player and major contributor -- including coaches and the general manager -- on the winning team receive a championship ring . In addition , the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series . The league began using its current format , with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment , in the 2015 -- 16 season . Previously , the top three seeds went to the division winners . League championships Main article : List of NBA champions The Boston Celtics have won the most championships with 17 NBA Finals wins . The second most successful franchise is the Los Angeles Lakers , who have 16 overall championships ( 11 in Los Angeles , 5 in Minneapolis ) . Following the Lakers , are the Chicago Bulls with six championships , all won over an 8 - year span during the 1990s . The San Antonio Spurs have five championships , all since 1999 , and the Golden State Warriors also have five championships overall ( 2 in Philadelphia , 3 in Oakland ) . Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 9 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets ( now Washington Wizards ) 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester Royals ( now Sacramento Kings ) 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 Utah Jazz ( formerly New Orleans Jazz ) 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey Nets ( now Brooklyn Nets ) 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Current teams that have no NBA Finals appearances : Charlotte Hornets ( formerly Charlotte Bobcats ) Denver Nuggets Los Angeles Clippers ( formerly Buffalo Braves , San Diego Clippers ) Memphis Grizzlies ( formerly Vancouver Grizzlies ) Minnesota Timberwolves New Orleans Pelicans ( formerly New Orleans Hornets , New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ) Toronto Raptors Media coverage Main article : National Basketball Association on television See also : List of current National Basketball Association broadcasters As one of the major sports leagues in North America , the National Basketball Association has a long history of partnership with television networks in the United States . The League signed a contract with DuMont in its 8th season ( 1953 -- 54 ) , marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster . Similar to NFL , the lack of television stations leads to NBC taking over the rights beginning the very next season until April 7 , 1962 - NBC 's first tenure with the NBA . Currently in the U.S. , the NBA has a contract with ESPN and TNT through the 2024 -- 25 season . Games that are not broadcast nationally are usually aired over regional sports network specific to the area where the teams are located . International competitions The National Basketball Association has sporadically participated in international club competitions . From 1987 to 1999 the NBA champions played against the continental champions of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball ( FIBA ) in the McDonald 's Championship . This tournament was won by the NBA invitee every year it was held . Ticket prices and viewership demographics In 2012 , a ticket cost from $10 to $3,000 apiece , depending on the location of the seat and the success of the teams that were playing . Viewership demographics According to Nielsen 's survey , the NBA has the youngest audience , with 45 percent of its viewers under 35 , but the least likely , along with Major League Baseball , to be watched by women , who make up only 30 % of the viewership . It also has the highest share of black viewers with 45 percent of its viewers being black and only about 40 percent of viewers being white , making it the only top North American sport that does n't have a white majority audience . Notable people Further information : Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Presidents and commissioners Further information : Commissioner of the NBA Maurice Podoloff , President from 1946 to 1963 Walter Kennedy , President from 1963 to 1967 and Commissioner from 1967 to 1975 Larry O'Brien , Commissioner from 1975 to 1984 David Stern , Commissioner from 1984 to 2014 Adam Silver , Commissioner from 2014 to present Players 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Lists of National Basketball Association players List of foreign NBA players , a list that is exclusively for players who are not from the United States Foreign players International influence Further information : List of foreign NBA players Following pioneers like Vlade Divac ( Serbia ) and Dražen Petrović ( Croatia ) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s , an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA . Below is a short list of foreign players who have won NBA awards or have been otherwise recognized for their contributions to basketball , either currently or formerly active in the league : Dražen Petrović , Croatia -- 2002 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , 1986 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 Euroscar Player of the Year , 1986 and 1993 Mr. Europa Player of the Year , MVP of the 1986 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 1989 , 2 - time Olympic silver medalist , World Champion , European Champion , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Šarūnas Marčiulionis , Lithuania -- 2014 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . First Soviet Union and one of the very first Europeans to sign contract with NBA club and to play solidly in the league , helping to lead the way for the internationalization of the league in the late 1990s . Toni Kukoč , Croatia -- 3 - time NBA Champion with Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) , named in 2008 as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Vlade Divac , Serbia -- 2 - time Olympic silver medalist , 2001 NBA All - Star , 2 - time World Champion , 3 - time European Champion , 1989 Mr. Europa , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Arvydas Sabonis , Lithuania -- 2011 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1995 , 1999 Euroscar Player of the Year , 1985 , 1997 Mr. Europa Player of the Year , Olympic gold medalist in 1988 with the Soviet Union and bronze medalist in 1992 and 1996 with Lithuania , 1996 NBA All - Rookie First Team , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors Peja Stojaković , Serbia -- NBA Champion with Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) , MVP of the EuroBasket 2001 , member of the all - tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship , 2001 Euroscar winner , 2001 and 2002 Mr. Europa , 2002 and 2003 NBA Three - Point Shootout champion , 3 - time NBA All - Star ( drafted in 1996 , entered the NBA in 1998 ) Dirk Nowitzki , Germany -- NBA Champion with Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 ) , MVP of the 2002 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 2005 , member of the all - tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship , 2002 -- 2006 and 2011 Euroscar winner , 2005 Mr. Europa , 2005 and 2011 FIBA Europe Player of the Year , 2007 NBA MVP , 2011 Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award , 2006 NBA Three - Point Shootout champion and 13 - time NBA All - Star ( entered the NBA in 1998 ) Hedo Türkoğlu , Turkey -- 2008 Most Improved Player Award winner , member of the all - tournament team in the 2010 FIBA World Championship ( entered the NBA in 2000 ) Pau Gasol , Spain -- 2 - time NBA Champion with Los Angeles Lakers ( 2009 & 2010 ) , Six time NBA All - Star , 2002 NBA Rookie of the Year , 2004 and 2009 Mr. Europa , 2006 FIBA World Championship MVP , 2008 and 2009 Euroscar and FIBA Europe Player of the Year , EuroBasket 2009 MVP , winner of the NBA Citizenship Award in 2012 ( entered the NBA in 2001 ) Andrei Kirilenko , Russia -- 2004 NBA All - Star , EuroBasket 2007 MVP , 2007 FIBA Europe Player of the Year ( drafted in 1999 , played in the NBA from 2001 to 2011 before returning to Russia due to the lockout , returned in 2012 as a member of the Minnesota Timberwolves . ) Tony Parker , France -- 4 - time NBA Champion with the Spurs , 2007 NBA Finals MVP , 6 - time All - Star and 2007 Euroscar winner ( entered the NBA in 2001 ) Manu Ginóbili , Argentina -- 4 - time NBA Champion with San Antonio Spurs , 2008 Sixth Man Award winner , 2 - time All - Star , 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors , gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics with Argentina ( drafted in 1999 , entered the NBA in 2002 ) Yao Ming , China -- 2016 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , first pick in the 2002 NBA draft and 8 - time NBA All - Star ( played in the NBA from 2002 to 2011 ) Leandro Barbosa , Brazil -- NBA Champion with Golden State Warriors ( 2015 ) , 2007 Sixth Man Award winner ( entered the NBA in 2003 ) Andrea Bargnani , Italy -- First pick in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors ( entered the NBA in 2006 ) On some occasions , young players , most but not all from the English - speaking world , have attended U.S. colleges before playing in the NBA . Notable examples are : Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon ( top draft pick in 1984 , 2 - time champion , 12 - time All - Star , 1994 MVP , 1994 and 1995 Finals MVP , 1994 and 1995 Defensive Player of the Year , only player to receive the MVP Award , Defensive Player of the Year Award , and Finals MVP award in the same season , and Hall of Famer ) Congolese Dikembe Mutombo ( Four time NBA Defensive Player of the Year , selected fourth overall by the Denver Nuggets in the 1991 NBA Draft and 8 - time NBA All - Star ) Dutchman Rik Smits ( 1988 second overall pick , 1998 NBA All - Star , played 12 years for the Indiana Pacers ) German Detlef Schrempf ( Sixth Man Award winner in 1991 and 1992 , 3 - time All - Star ) Canadian Steve Nash ( 2005 and 2006 MVP , 8 - time All - Star ) Australians Luc Longley ( 3 - time champion with the Bulls in the 1990s ) and Andrew Bogut , ( top draft pick in 2005 ) . Sudanese - born Englishman Luol Deng ( 2007 winner of the NBA Sportsmanship Award , 2 - time All - Star ) Since 2006 , the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour , and since 2009 in the EuroLeague American Tour . The 2013 -- 14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters , representing 39 countries and comprising over 20 % of the league The NBA defines `` international '' players as those born outside the 50 United States and Washington , D.C. This means that : Players born in U.S. possessions such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. , Virgin Islands , most notably USVI native Tim Duncan , are counted as `` international '' even though they are U.S. citizens by birth , and may even have represented the U.S. in international competition ( like Duncan ) . U.S. - born players are not counted as `` international '' even if they were born with citizenship in another country and represent that country internationally , such as Joakim Noah , and Kosta Koufos . Coaches List of current National Basketball Association head coaches List of National Basketball Association head coaches List of National Basketball Association player - coaches List of NBA championship head coaches List of foreign NBA coaches Top 10 Coaches in NBA History See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues List of NBA champions List of National Basketball Association awards List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada List of TV markets and major sports teams in the United States Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada National Basketball Association Cheerleading National Basketball Association Nielsen ratings National Basketball Association rivalries NBA Salary Cap List of NBA Playoffs Series NBA Summer League Affiliates NBA G League ( formerly the NBA Development League ) Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Miscellaneous Criticisms and controversies Music Nielsen ratings Mobile Applications ESPN MVP Mobilecdn Mozilla Firefox Addons NBA Scoreboard Notable statistics List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season streaks Store NBA Store Television partners ABC CBS ESPN Kwesé Sports NBA TV NBC TNT Video games NBA 06 NBA 07 NBA 08 NBA 09 : The Inside NBA 2K NBA Ballers NBA Ballers : Chosen One NBA Ballers : Phenom NBA Ballers : Rebound NBA Hangtime NBA Hoopz NBA Jam NBA Live NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC NBA Street References ^ Jump up to : Koppett , Leonard ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` The NBA -- 1946 : A New League '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . On June 6 , 1946 - two years to the day after the invasion of Normandy , exactly ten months after the first atom bomb fell on Japan - they formed the Basketball Association of America during a meeting at New York 's Commodore Hotel , next to Grand Central Station . Jump up ^ `` Members of USA Basketball '' . USA Basketball . June 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REVEALED : The world 's best paid teams , Man City close in on Barca and Real Madrid '' . SportingIntelligence.com . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . `` The NBA is the highest - paying sports league in the world '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Basketball in Canada '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . 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Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` NBA cancels first 2 weeks of season '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. Owners and Players Ratify Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Record 92 foreign players on NBA rosters to start season '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ release , Official . `` NBA rosters feature 108 international players from record 42 countries and territories NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NBA D - League Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Introduces New Game Ball '' . NBA . June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 12 , 2006 ) . `` Leather ball will return on Jan. 1 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( December 8 , 2006 ) . `` NBA ball controversy reaches new level '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dator , James ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Hornets will be the only NBA team to have jerseys licensed by Jumpman '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donaghy under investigation for betting on NBA games , ESPN . July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Lakers - Kings Game 6 at heart of Donaghy allegations '' . June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Virgin , Ryan ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` David Stern and Tim Donaghy 's Motives Are Not That Different '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beech , Ronald ( 2008 ) . `` Reviewing the calls : Lakers - Kings Game 6 '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board of Governors Approve Sonics Move to Oklahoma City Pending Resolution of Litigation '' . National Basketball Association . April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Commissioner David Stern Statement on Settlement Between Sonics and the City of Seattle '' . National Basketball Association . July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( October 12 , 2008 ) . `` Outdoor game sees shooting , temperature drop '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , referees agree to two - year deal , ending lockout '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` NBA refs to return for regular season '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com . May 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers owner Sterling banned for life by the NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs make WNBA 's Hammon first female NBA assistant '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Kate ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Becky Hammon was born to coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers And StubHub Announce First Jersey Sponsorship In Major American Professional Sports '' ( Press release ) . Philadelphia 76ers . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . National Basketball Association . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBA , Nike unveil new uniforms for 2017 - 18 season '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schuhmann , John ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Knicks , Kobe and more part of Christmas Day lore '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Jeff ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Christmas Tradition '' . The Riverside ( Ca . ) Press - Enterprise . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Art ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Christmas Day clashes bring back fond memories '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Trading Deadline Trades Since 1987 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA to seed playoff teams in each conference by record '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New club basketball championship to debut in 2010 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reader 's Digest : 50 . January 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek . `` Which Sports Have the Whitest / Richest / Oldest Fans ? '' . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salvadore , Damon ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Leandro Barbosa Makes NBA History as Golden State Warriors Defeat Cleveland Cavaliers in Finals '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Further reading Rosen , Charley ( 2009 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Editors of Sports Illustrated ( 2007 ) . Sports Illustrated : The Basketball Book . Sports Illustrated . ISBN 1 - 933821 - 19 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Havlicek , John ( 2003 ) . NBA 's Greatest 1st edition . DK . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9977 - 0 . Peterson , Robert W. ( 2002 ) . Cages to Jump Shots : Pro Basketball 's Early Years . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8772 - 0 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Basketball Association . Official website The league also has an official English - language website with a more worldwide perspective , with emphasis on stories outside North America . Localized English - language versions , some of which are partnerships with regional media outlets , also exist for Africa , Australia , Canada , India , New Zealand , and the Philippines . 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"During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road)."
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-6482933920132593543 | Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 | Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Madras , Oregon Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other eclipses over the United States 3 Total eclipse viewing events 3.1 California 3.2 Oregon 3.3 Idaho 3.4 Wyoming 3.5 Nebraska 3.6 Missouri 3.7 Illinois 3.8 Kansas 3.9 Kentucky 3.10 Tennessee 3.11 North Carolina 3.12 Georgia 3.13 South Carolina 4 Viewing from outside the United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 4.3 Russia 4.4 West Africa 4.5 Europe 5 Media and scientific coverage 6 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 7 Eye damage 8 Video illustrations 9 Gallery 10 Planning 11 Post-eclipse traffic problems 12 Impact on solar power 13 Commemorative stamp 14 Related eclipses 14.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 14.2 Saros series 145 14.3 Metonic series 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Visibility ( edit ) Animation of the shadow created by the eclipse . The dot in the centre of the moving oval represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) California ( edit ) Oakland -- A viewing party was held at the Chabot Space and Science Center . Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse . Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond Ring effect at the end of totality in Oregon . Some prominences can also be seen . Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering dubbed Oregon Eclipse . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Total Eclipse seen from Weiser , Idaho . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events with NASA Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse homestead events page Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Kentucky ( edit ) Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality as seen from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites During total eclipse the stars and 4 planets were visible , including the star Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27 , 82 % . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , the eclipse was only visible partially , in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line in the map , the eclipse was not visible . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading to the eclipse , there were many counterfeits of light - filtering glasses for eclipse viewing . The user should see little through genuine eclipse glasses except for the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , and similar intense sources . However , effective eclipse glasses must filter UV and infrared , as well as visible light . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification , or even citing the same standard number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory , or those bearing incomplete certification information . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . The AAS said that determining whether eclipse lenses were safe required a spectrophotometer . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Video illustrations ( edit ) Play media Umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media This video features several visualizations of the event . Gallery ( edit ) Totality Sequence of Solar eclipse starting 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT on August 21 , 2017 . The photos taken in Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring from the eclipse in Corvallis , Oregon Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska The total eclipse as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Total solar eclipse as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Complete Sun coverage in Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina One second after complete Sun coverage in Saint Paul , South Carolina Mid-eclipse in Simpsonville , South Carolina Mid-eclipse in Simpsonville , South Carolina Partial San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington Composite image of seven frames of the International Space Station as it transits the Sun during a partial solar eclipse near Banner , Wyoming Far western Nebraska Simpsonville , South Carolina Tree leaves projecting crescent shadows from Moon , Pennsylvania Brooklyn , New York Virginia Beach White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Views outside of the US Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes , and another hour to reach Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) further south . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Related eclipses ( edit ) Photograph of the 1871 eclipse . Solar eclipses are prized by artists and scientists alike because they allow for the normally obscured corona of the Sun to be photographed ( see Astrophotography ) . Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Total Eclipse of the Sun Jump up ^ Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Photos and videos Space.com Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=800604237 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when are we going to have a solar eclipse | [
"Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).",
"Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).",
"Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).",
"Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses—wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun—will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states)."
] | [
"October 2023",
"April 2024",
"August 2045",
"June 2048"
] |
3424222962296008205 | List of circumnavigations | List of circumnavigations - wikipedia List of circumnavigations The Magellan -- Elcano voyage was the first world circumnavigation in history . Victoria , one of the original five ships , led by Elcano , circumnavigated the globe , finishing 16 months after Magellan 's death . This is a list of circumnavigations of the planet Earth . Sections are ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage . Contents 1 Global circumnavigations 1.1 Seacraft 1.1. 1 16th century 1.1. 2 17th century 1.1. 3 18th century 1.1. 4 19th century 1.1. 5 20th century 1.1. 6 21st century 1.1. 7 Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe 1.2 Aircraft 1.3 Spacecraft 1.4 Human powered 1.5 Miscellaneous 2 Significant non-global circumnavigations 2.1 Seacraft 3 Fictional circumnavigations 4 See also 5 Notes and references Global circumnavigations ( edit ) Seacraft ( edit ) 16th century ( edit ) The 18 survivors , led by Juan Sebastián Elcano , of Ferdinand Magellan 's Castilian ( ' Spanish ' ) expedition ( which began with 5 ships and 270 men ) ; 1519 -- 1522 ; westward from Spain ; in Victoria . After Magellan was killed by people of the Philippines Lapu - Lapu on 27 April 1521 , the circumnavigation was completed under the command of the Basque Spanish seafarer Juan Sebastián Elcano who returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda , Spain , on 6 September 1522 , after a journey of 3 years and 1 month . These men were the first to circumnavigate the globe in a single expedition . The survivors of García Jofre de Loaísa 's Spanish expedition 1525 -- 1536 including Andrés de Urdaneta ; westward from Spain . None of Loaísa 's seven ships completed the voyage , but Santa María de la Victoria reached the Moluccas before being wrecked in a Portuguese attack . Successive chiefs of the expedition ( Loaísa , Elcano , Salazar , Iñiguez , De la Torre ) died during the voyages . Andrés de Urdaneta and other fellow men survived , reaching the Spice Islands in 1526 , to be taken prisoner by the Portuguese . Urdaneta and a few of his men returned to Spain in 1536 aboard Portuguese ships via India , the Cape of Good Hope and Portugal , and completed the second world circumnavigation in history . Francis Drake ; 1577 -- 1580 ; westward from England ; in Golden Hind ; discovered the Drake Passage but entered the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan ; first English circumnavigation and the second carried out in a single expedition . Drake was the first to complete a circumnavigation as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation . Martín Ignacio de Loyola ; 1580 -- 1584 ; westward from Spain . Thomas Cavendish ; 1586 -- 1588 ; westward from England ; in Desire . Martín Ignacio de Loyola ; 1585 -- 1589 ; eastward from Spain ( via Macau , China , and Acapulco , Mexico ) ; First person to circumnavigate the world twice , first one to circumnavigate eastwards and both westwards and eastwards ( 1580 -- 1584 westward and 1585 -- 1589 eastward ) , and first to use overland routes in his circumnavigation . João da Gama ; 1584 ( or 1585 ) -- 1590 ; eastward from Portugal ; from Lisbon to India , Malacca , Macau ( China ) and Japan . Gama crossed the Pacific at a higher northern latitude ; was taken prisoner in Mexico and carried in Spanish ships to the Iberian Peninsula . One of the first to do eastwards , mostly by sea . 17th century ( edit ) The survivors of the expedition of Jacques Mahu ; 1598 -- 1601 ; westward from Holland ; Of Mahu 's five ships only two returned . The survivors of the expedition of Olivier van Noort ; 1598 -- 1601 ; westward from Holland ; Of Van Noort 's four ships only two returned . Francesco Carletti ; Florentine merchant ; 1594 -- 1602 ; westward from Italy ; travelled across the American continent overland , through Panama . All Carletti 's other travel was by sea until he ended in the Netherlands ; he travelled from there overland back to Italy . Carletti was perhaps the first to travel all legs as a passenger , not as a ship 's officer or a crew member . Carletti described his journey in his autobiography , `` My Voyage Around the World '' , translated into various languages . Joris van Spilbergen ; 1614 -- 1617 ; westward from Holland . Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire ; 1615 -- 1617 ; westward from Holland ; in Eendraght ; Discovered Cape Horn and the first expedition to enter the Pacific via the Drake Passage . Jacques l'Hermite and John Hugo Schapenham ; 1623 -- 1626 ; westward from Holland . Pedro Cubero ; 1670 -- 1679 ; eastward from Spain ; the first maritime circumnavigation including significant travel overland . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1679 -- 1691 ; westward from England . Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri ; 1693 -- 1698 ; eastward from Naples ; the first tourist to circumnavigate the globe , paying his own way on multiple voyages , crossing Mexico on land . 18th century ( edit ) William Funnell ( English ) ; 1703 -- 1706 . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1703 -- 1706 . Woodes Rogers ( English ) ; 1708 -- 1711 ; with the Duke and the Duchess ; He rescued Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernandez on 31 January 1709 . Selkirk had been stranded there for four years . William Dampier ( English ) ; 1708 -- 1711 ; First person to circumnavigate the world three times ( 1679 -- 1691 , 1703 -- 1707 and 1708 -- 1711 ) . George Anson , 1st Baron Anson ; 1740 -- 1744 ; in HMS Centurion . John Byron ; 1764 -- 1766 ; in HMS Dolphin . Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret ; 1766 -- 1768 ; in HMS Dolphin and HMS Swallow ; Carteret had served on Byron 's expedition . Dolphin was the first ship to survive two circumnavigations . Louis de Bougainville ; 1766 -- 1769 ; On board was Jeanne Baré , disguised as a man , the first woman to circumnavigate the globe ; first French circumnavigation . James Cook ; 1768 -- 1771 ; in HMS Endeavour ; The first circumnavigation to lose no personnel to scurvy . Tobias Furneaux ; 1772 -- 1774 ; in HMS Adventure ( Furneaux was a veteran of Byron 's expedition . ) . James Cook ; 1772 -- 1775 ; in HMS Resolution . Alessandro Malaspina ; 1776 -- 1778 . George Dixon and Nathaniel Portlock ; 1785 -- 1788 ; in Queen Charlotte and King George respectively ; early pioneers of the Maritime Fur Trade between the Pacific Northwest and China . Robert Gray ; 1787 -- 1790 ; first American circumnavigation . 19th century ( edit ) Ignacio Maria de Alava ; 1795 -- 1803 ; in Montañés , flagship of a Spanish Navy squadron . Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky ; 1803 -- 1806 ; the first Russian circumnavigation . Hipolito Bouchard ; 1817 -- 1819 ; in La Argentina ( Corsair Ship , Frigate ) ; from Buenos Aires ( Argentina , South America ) via Cape of Good Hope , Madagascar , Java , Philippines , Hawaii , California , El Salvador , Valparaiso ( Chile ) . The first Argentine to circumnavigate the world . Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev ; 1819 -- 1821 ; the first circumnavigation mostly between 60 ° and 70 ° S , discovered Antarctica and the first islands south of the Antarctic Circle . HMS Warspite ; 1826 -- 1828 ; as part of her assuming the role of the flagship of the South American station squadron , from England via Cape of Good Hope , Burma , Australia and Brazil , returning to England via the Caribbean . USS Vincennes , 3 September 1826 -- 8 June 1830 ; from New York by way of Cape Horn , visiting the Hawaiian islands in 1829 and Macau in 1830 . Her return voyage was made by way of China , the Philippines , the Indian Ocean , and the Cape of Good Hope . After nearly four years , Vincennes arrived back in New York under Commander William B. Finch . Two days later the ship was decommissioned . USS Potomac ; 19 August 1831 -- 23 May 1834 ; Commodore John Downes commanding , departed New York for the first Sumatran Expedition via the Cape of Good Hope , and returned via Cape Horn to Boston . Robert Fitzroy ; 1831 -- 1836 ; in HMS Beagle ; with Charles Darwin . Sir George Simpson ; 1841 -- 1842 ; made the first `` land circumnavigation '' by crossing Canada and Siberia . USS Constitution ; May 1844 - September 1845 ; commanded by Captain John `` Mad Jack '' Percival . The paddle sloop HMS Driver ; 1845 - 1847 ; first steamship circumnavigation . The first Galathea expedition ; 1845 -- 1847 ; first Danish circumnavigation . HMS Herald ; 1845 - 1851 ; Discovered Herald Island in the Bering Straits while searching for the Sir John Franklin Expedition . The screw frigate Amazonas ; 1856 -- 1858 ; first Peruvian circumnavigation . SMS Novara ; 1857 -- 1859 ; first Austrian circumnavigation . CSS Shenandoah ; 1864 -- 65 ; only Confederate ship to circumnavigate . Capt . James Iredell Waddell . Casto Méndez Núñez ; 1865 -- 1868 ; aboard Numancia ; first ironclad warship circumnavigation ; `` Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit '' . Fernando Villaamil ; 1892 -- 1894 ; aboard Nautilus ; first training ship circumnavigation . Joshua Slocum ; 1895 -- 1898 ; first single - handed circumnavigation . 20th century ( edit ) The Great White Fleet ; 1907 -- 1909 ; first fleet to circumnavigate the world . Harry Pidgeon ; 1921 -- 1925 ; second single - handed circumnavigation . HMS Hood , HMS Repulse , and the rest of the Special Service Squadron ; 1923 -- 24 ; in the Empire Cruise , a tour of the British Empire after World War I . Harry Pidgeon ; 1932 -- 1937 ; third single - handed circumnavigation , first person to circumnavigate solo twice ( 1921 -- 1925 and 1932 -- 1937 ) . Electa and Irving Johnson ; 1934 -- 1958 ; sail training pioneers , circumnavigated the world 7 times with amateur crews . Vito Dumas ; 1942 ; single handed circumnavigation of the southern oceans , including the first single handed passage of all three great capes . Operation Sandblast ; 1960 ; USS Triton ; first underwater circumnavigation . Operation Sea Orbit ; 1964 ; USS Enterprise , USS Long Beach , and USS Bainbridge ; first circumnavigation by an all - nuclear naval task force . 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation . Sir Francis Chichester ; 1966 -- 1967 ; first single - handed circumnavigation with just one port of call . Sir Alec Rose ; 1967 - 1968 ; single - handed circumnavigation with two stops ( in Australia and New Zealand ) . Leonid Teliga ; 1967 -- 1969 ; single - handed circumnavigation aboard SY Opty . Robin Knox - Johnston ; 1968 -- 1969 ; first single - handed non-stop circumnavigation . Robin Lee Graham ; 1965 -- 1970 ; then youngest ( at ages 16 -- 21 ) solo circumnavigation aboard 24 - foot sailboat Dove . Chay Blyth ; 1971 ; first westwards single - handed non-stop circumnavigation . Edward Allcard ; 1957 -- 1973 ; circumnavigation via the three great capes aboard his 36 - foot wooden ketch Sea Wanderer . Jon Sanders ; 1970 - 2017 ; completed ten circumnavigations. . 1970 First solo circumnavigation trip east to west mostly sailing through tropics . 1981 - 82 Double nonstop solo circumnavigation west to east via Southern Ocean . 1986 - 88 Triple non-stop solo circumnavigation : 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes at sea . The Guinness World Book of Records cites this as the longest distance sailed non-stop by any vessel ( 71,023 nautical miles ) 2016 - 17 Completed 10th circumnavigation at the age of 78 , mostly singlehanded . USS Inchon ; ETR - 3 crew SEP - 1972 - SEP - 1973 Circumnavigation via Panama Canal Norfolk VA . East to West . Krystyna Chojnowska - Liskiewicz ; 1976 -- 1978 ; first woman to perform a single - handed circumnavigation . Naomi James ; 1977 -- 1978 ; first woman to perform a single - handed circumnavigation via Cape Horn . Mark Schrader ; 1982 ; completed two solo circumnavigations . In 1982 -- 1983 became the first American to complete a solo circumnavigation via the five southernmost capes . Marvin Creamer ( USA ) ; 21 December 1982 -- 17 May 1984 ; only known person to circumnavigate the globe by boat with no nautical aids , not even a compass or watch ( 1 ) . Bertie Reed - 1982 - the first South African to complete three singlehanded circumnavigations . David Scott Cowper ; 1985 ; first single - handed circumnavigation by motor boat . Dodge Morgan ; 12 November 1985 - 11 April 1986 ; Aboard sailboat American Promise , became first American to sail solo around the world , non-stop . Trishna ; 28 September 1985 - 10 January 1987 ; First Indian circumnavigation by an Indian Army Corps of Engineers crew . Also had the first handicapped sailor to sail around the globe . Teddy Seymour ; 1987 ; aboard sailboat Love Song ; the first African - American to complete solo single - handed circumnavigation . Mike Plant ; 1987 -- 1991 ; completed three circumnavigations . 1986 -- 87 : Won the BOC Challenge ( Class II - Open 50 ) with a time of 157 days aboard Airco Distributor , an Open 50 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin . 1989 : Competed in the first Vendée Globe on Duracell , an Open 60 sloop built by Plant and designed by Roger Martin . Although eliminated from the race after receiving help with a rudder repair in New Zealand , Plant still set a record for the fastest American to sail single - handed around the world with a time of 135 days . 1990 / 91 : Finished 4th overall in the BOC Challenge , setting the highest mark in a solo - sailing event for an American with a time of 132 days . The Thurston Family ; 1984 -- 1987 ; First Australian family to complete a circumnavigation . Tania Aebi ; 1985 -- 1987 ; American woman who completed a solo circumnavigation by the age of 21 , one 80 - nautical - mile ( 150 km ) stretch with crew disqualified her from an official record . Kay Cottee ; 1988 ; first woman to perform a solo non-stop circumnavigation . David Scott Cowper ; 1990 ; first single - handed circumnavigation via the North West Passage . Brian Caldwell ; 1995 - 1996 ; ' 1st - Under - Age - 21 ' to complete solo circumnavigation with stops , completed by age 20 . David Dicks ; 1996 ; youngest recognized assisted circumnavigation , completed aged 18 years 41 days . Henk de Velde ; 1997 ; sailed a catamaran eastbound around the world in 119 days , non-stop . He is still the only person in the world to perform this feat single - handed with a catamaran , although others have made faster single - handed circumnavigations in trimarans ( Ellen MacArthur , 2005 , and Francis Joyon , 2008 ) . 1998 Ocean 7 Adventurer ; July 1998 in 74 days , 20 hours , 58 minutes , traveling more than 22,600 nautical miles ( 41,855 km ) . This achievement set a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel . Robert E. Case ; 1998 -- 2001 ; American who was the first solo amputee to sail around the world . Jesse Martin ; 1999 ; youngest recognized unassisted circumnavigation , completed aged 18 years 66 days . Azhar Mansor ; 1999 ; first Malaysian to sail solo around the world . Alex Thomson ; 1999 ; youngest skipper ever to win a round the world race ( Clipper 1998 - 1999 ) . Daniel D. Moreland ; 1997 - 1998 ; first circumnavigation of sail training vessel Picton Castle . Vinny Lauwers ; 1999 -- 2000 ; 233d 13h 43m 8s ; 21760 nm ; Vision Quest ; first single - handed circumnavigation by a disabled sailor ( paraplegic ) . 21st century ( edit ) Wilfried Erdmann ; 2000 - 08 - 14 - 2001 - 07 - 23 in 343 days ; monohull Kathena Nui ; solo westward non-stop circumnavigation . Ellen MacArthur ; 2001 ; monohull ; circumnavigated singlehandedly as the then fastest woman . Mike Golding ; 2001 ; First person to circumnavigate non-stop in both eastward and westward directions . 1993 World record for a westward circumnavigation , 161 days , Group 4 . 2001 Vendee Globe Race 7th position . INS Tarangini ( Indian Navy ) ; 2003 - 04 ; first Indian sail naval ship to circumnavigate the globe with the theme of `` building bridges of friendship across the oceans '' . Bruno Peyron and crew ; 2005 ; aboard maxi catamaran Orange II ; set the then current windpowered circumnavigation record , 50 days , 16 hours , 20 minute . Ellen MacArthur ; 2005 ; trimaran B&Q / Castorama ; then the fastest singlehanded circumnavigation ( 71 days ) , is still the fastest woman in 2010 . See also 2001 . Dee Caffari ; 2005 - 2006 ; first woman to perform a solo westward non-stop circumnavigation , in 178 days . Spanish frigate Álvaro de Bazán ( F101 ) ; 2007 ; First circumnavigation of the globe by a Spanish warship in 142 years . RMS Queen Mary 2 ; 2007 world cruise ; at 148,528 gross ton , the world 's largest passenger ship to circumnavigate the globe . Earthrace ; 2008 ; wave - piercing trimaran , with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines ; current world record holder for a motorized vessel ( disputed with USS Triton , 1960 ) , in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes . Francis Joyon ; 2008 ; 95 ft ( 29 m ) IDEC 2 ; current fastest singlehanded multihull circumnavigation , in 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes 06 seconds . Michael Perham ; 2009 ; then youngest person ( aged 16 -- 17 years ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( with stops , through Panama Canal ) . Franck Cammas and a crew of 10 ; 2010 ; French trimaran Groupama 3 ; set the fastest maritime circumnavigation at the time , in a time of 48 days , 7 hours 44 minutes and 52 seconds . Cdr Dilip Donde ( Indian Navy ) ; 2009 - 2010 ; First Indian to carry out a solo circumnavigation ; stopped in four ports - Fremantle , Lyttelton , Port Stanley and Cape Town . Jessica Watson ; 2009 - 2010 ; youngest person ( aged 16 ) to perform a solo non-stop southern hemisphere circumnavigation ( past Cape Horn ) . Reid Stowe ; 2007 - 2010 ; eastbound circumnavigation , 1152 days ; longest time spent at sea without resupply or touching land . Minoru Saito ; 2008 - 2011 ; oldest person ( aged 77 ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( westbound , past Cape Horn , with stops ) . He has made eight singlehanded circumnavigations ; after the seventh ( which was non-stop ) at age 71 he was already the oldest . PlanetSolar ; 2010 - 2012 ; first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the globe . Laura Dekker ; 2011 -- 2012 ; youngest person ( aged 14 -- 16 years ) to perform a singlehanded circumnavigation ( with stops , through Panama Canal ) . British sailor Jeanne Socrates ; 2012 - 2013 ; oldest woman ( aged 70 ) to single - handedly sail around the world , non-stop without outside assistance , also making her first woman to make solo non-stop unassisted circumnavigation from west coast of North America ( Victoria BC , Canada ) . Oldest , in 2010 - 2011 ( aged 68 ) , to sail single - handedly around the world , with stops . Both were eastbound via Cape Horn . Abhilash Tomy ( Indian Navy ) ; 2012 - 2013 ; First Indian to sail solo , nonstop around the world without outside assistance . Sailed south of the five southernmost capes . Gerry Hughes ; 2012 - 2013 ; First deaf yachtsman to sail single - handed around the world to pass the five great capes . On 1 September 2012 , Hughes left Troon , Scotland to start his eight - month journey across the world . Hughes travel around the world solo , sailed 32,000 miles and became the first deaf yachtsman to passed all five southernmost capes - Cape Agulhas , Cape Leeuwin , South East Cape , South West Cape and Cape Horn . INSV Tarini ( Indian Navy ) ; 2017 - 2018 ; six female naval officers sailed south of the five southernmost capes during their Navika Sagar Parikrama expedition ; they stopped in Fremantle , Lyttelton , Port Stanley and Cape Town . Fastest nautical circumnavigations of the globe ( edit ) See also : Around the world sailing record ( Ordered by ascending date of completion of voyage ) Operation Sandblast ; 1960 ; USS Triton ; first underwater circumnavigation , and fastest mechanically powered circumnavigation ( disputed with Earthrace , 2008 ) , in 60 days 21 hours . Jon Sanders ; 1986 -- 1988 ; holds the world record for completing a single - handed , non-stop , triple circumnavigation , in 657 days 21 hours and 18 minutes . Jean - Luc Van Den Heede ( French ) ; 2004 ; fastest westward single - handed circumnavigation , 122 days 14 hours 3 minutes 49 seconds . Adrienne Cahalan ( Australian ) ; February -- March 2004 ; fastest woman to complete a circumnavigation ( crew of `` Cheyenne '' ) 58 days 9 hours 32 minutes 45 seconds . Earthrace ; 2008 ; wave - piercing trimaran , with two 540 horsepower multi-fuelled engines ; current world record holder for a motorized vessel ( disputed with USS Triton , 1960 ) , in 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes . François Gabart ( French ) ; Nov 2017 -- Dec 2017 ; current fastest single - handed circumnavigation , in 42 days , 16 hours , 40 minutes , 35 seconds . Francis Joyon and crew of five sailors ; Dec 2016 -- Jan 2017 ; the Maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT ; current absolute ( wind or mechanically powered ) fastest maritime circumnavigation , in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing . Average speed of 26.85 knots ( 30.71 MPH ) , covering a total distance of 26,412 nautical miles ( 48,915 km ; 30,394 mi ) . Aircraft ( edit ) In 1999 , Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones achieved the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3 . United States Army Air Service , 1924 , first aerial circumnavigation , 175 days , covering 44,360 kilometres ( 27,560 mi ) . Friedrich Karl von Koenig - Warthausen , in a Klemm L. 20 , circumnavigated the globe solo , between August 1928 and November 1929 ( oceanic legs via ship ) . LZ - 127 Graf Zeppelin , 1929 , piloted by Hugo Eckener set a record for the fastest aerial circumnavigation , 21 days , which was also the first circumnavigation in an airship . On 1 July 1931 , pilot Wiley Post and navigator Harold Gatty completed their circumnavigation of the world in a Lockheed Vega single - engined monoplane aircraft ( the first - ever for such a design ) , ( Lockheed Vega ( Winnie Mae ) ) , rin 8 days , 15 hours and 51 minutes ; the record for fastest circumnavigation was once again held by an aeroplane . In 1932 , Wolfgang von Gronau flew around the world in a twin - engine Dornier seaplane , Gronland - Wal D - 2053 , in nearly four months , making 44 stops en route . He was accompanied by co-pilot Gerth von Roth , mechanic Franzl Hack , and radio operator Fritz Albrecht . In 1933 , Wiley Post repeated his circumnavigation by aeroplane , but this time solo , using an autopilot and radio direction finder . He made the first solo aerial circumnavigation in a time one day faster than his previous record : 7 days , 19 hours , 49 minutes , in which he covered 25,110 kilometres ( 15,600 mi ) . Richarda Morrow - Tait became the first and still - youngest woman pilot to fly around the world , accompanied by navigator Michael Townsend , in a year and a day , from 18 August 1948 to 19 August 1949 . In 1949 , the United States Air Force B - 50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II made the first non-stop aerial circumnavigation in 94 hours and 1 minute . Four in - air refuelings were required for the flight , which covered 37,743 kilometres ( 23,452 mi ) . Geraldine Mock , 1964 , first woman to complete a solo aerial circumnavigation . Don Taylor , 1976 , first general aviation circumnavigation by homebuilt aircraft . Dick Smith , 1982 -- 1983 , first solo circumnavigation by helicopter . Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager , 1986 , Voyager , first non-stop non-refueled circumnavigation in an airplane , 9 days , 3 minutes and 44 seconds . In 1992 an Air France Concorde achieved the fastest non-orbital circumnavigation in 32 hours 49 minutes and 3 seconds . Brian Milton , 1998 , first microlight circumnavigation . He used an open - cockpit single engine Pegasus Quantum 912 . No support aircraft escorted the flight . Keith Reynolds was copilot from Webridge , Surrey , to Yuzhno Sakhalinsk , Siberia . Then , as required by the Russian authorities , navigator Petr Petrov accompanied Milton to Nome , Alaska . Milton completed the rest of the 120 - day - voyage solo ( 71 flying days ) . Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones , 1999 , first non-stop balloon circumnavigation in Breitling Orbiter 3 , 19 days , 1 hour and 49 minutes , covering 42,810 kilometres ( 26,600 mi ) . Colin Bodill , 2000 , first solo circumnavigation by a microlight ( Mainair Blade ) in 99 days . Also held fastest circumnavigation by microlight until broken . Bodill was part of an entourage of 4 aircraft , one of which carried supplies and support . Polly Vacher , 2001 , in the smallest aircraft flown in a solo circumnavigation by a woman , via Australia and the Pacific . Steve Fossett , 2 July 2002 , first solo balloon circumnavigation . Steve Fossett , 3 March 2005 , GlobalFlyer , first non-stop , non-refueled solo circumnavigation in an airplane , 67 hours , covering 37,000 kilometres ( 23,000 mi ) . Steve Fossett , 11 February 2006 , GlobalFlyer , longest non-stop , non-refueled solo flight ( with circumnavigation ) in an airplane , covering 42,469.5 kilometres ( 26,389.3 mi ) , in 76 hours and 45 minutes . Barrington Irving , 27 June 2007 , Inspiration , youngest solo circumnavigation in an airplane , at that time , 23 years , 228 days ; first solo circumnavigation in an airplane by a black pilot and first Jamaican . Left Miami , Florida , March 23 , 2007 , first stop , Cleveland , Ohio . Rahul Monga and Anil Kumar , 2007 , fastest circumnavigation in a microlight , 79 days . Team from the Indian Air Force to commemorate the 75 Anniversary of the founding of the Indian Air Force . Aircraft used was a Flight Design CTSW . They covered 40,529 kilometres ( 25,184 mi ) in a total flight time of 247 hours and 27 minutes . Jack Wiegand , 2013 , then youngest pilot to circumnavigate the globe , solo ( 21 ) . Amelia Rose Earhart joined by co-pilot Shane Jordon , completed a global circumnavigation flight on 11 July 2014 . Australian pilot Ryan Campbell completed a global circumnavigation flight on 7 September 2013 making him the then youngest person ( 19 year , 7 months , 25 days ) to fly around the world . Matt Guthmiller completed a global circumnavigation flight on 14 July 2014 making him the youngest person ( 19 years , 7 months , 15 days ) to ever fly around the world . Swiss pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg took off from Abu Dhabi aboard the solar - powered airplane Solar Impulse 2 on 9 March 2015 , and were originally scheduled to complete their circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere in five months . Due to battery damage , continuation of the flight has been postponed until April 2016 . This circumnavigation was completed on 26 July 2016 . Robert DeLaurentis completed a global circumnavigation flight on 19 August 2015 - Single plane , single engine , single pilot , across the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans . Fyodor Konyukhov , 23 July 2016 , broke the record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world in a hot air balloon . He took `` just over 11 days '' , breaking Steve Fossetts 2002 record of 13 and a half days . Wang Zheng on September 19 , 2016 , completed a solo global circumnavigation in a single piston - engine aircraft and became the first Asian woman to fly around the world , the first Chinese person to fly solo around - the - world and the first Chinese female pilot to fly around the world . Spacecraft ( edit ) On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human flight in space , and completed the first orbit of the Earth , in Vostok 1 , in 108 minutes . The second and third orbital circumnavigations , the first two to have multiple orbits , were made by Gherman Titov ( 17.5 orbits , a little over a day , for the Soviet Union ) and John Glenn , in Friendship 7 ( 3 orbits , almost five hours , for the USA , first American orbital flight ) , respectively . The first woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit , and to also do so multiple times , was Valentina Tereshkova , who made forty - eight orbits between 16 and 19 June 1963 , aboard Vostok 6 . Frank F. Borman II , James A. Lovell Jr. , and William A. Anders , 21 -- 27 December 1968 , first human circumnavigation of the Earth - Moon system , 10 orbits around the moon in about 20 hours , aboard Apollo 8 ; total trip to the moon and back was more than 6 Earth days . Sally K. Ride , 18 -- 24 June 1983 , the first American woman to circumnavigate the Earth in orbit , the youngest American to date to do so ( aged 32 years , 23 days ) , and the first American woman to do so multiple times ; she flew 97 orbits during STS - 7 aboard Space Shuttle Challenger . Human powered ( edit ) Motorized transportation is permitted over water and where otherwise needed , but the human powered distance must be a minimum of 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) to qualify for a world record according to Guinness rules since 2013 . See also : List of pedestrian circumnavigators and Around the world cycling record ( listed in ascending order by completion dates ) Thomas Stevens was the first person to circle the globe by bicycle . The feat was accomplished between 1884 and 1886 . While impressive at the time , a good portion of the trip was by steamer due to technical and political reasons . Dumitru Dan was the first person to have walked around the world , in 1910 -- 1923 ( he kept walking even on the boats ' decks ) . Dave Kunst walked around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974 . Rick Hansen , a world - class paraplegic athlete , became the first person to travel around the world in a wheelchair from 21 March 1985 to 22 May 1987 , covering over 25,000 mi ( 40,000 km ) through 34 countries on four continents . Robert Garside is credited by Guinness World Records as the first person to run around the world from 20 October 1997 to 13 June 2003 , taking 2,062 days to cover 30,000 mi ( 48,000 km ) across 29 countries and 6 continents . Steve Strange completed the first true cycling circumnavigation , riding for 276 days in 2004 -- 2005 , following updated Guinness World Record rules for a proper circumnavigation . Nick Sanders had set the record for cycling around the Northern Hemisphere in 1984 , which was considered a circumnavigation by earlier Guinness rules . Jesper Olsen travelled 16,000 mi ( 26,000 km ) from 1 January 2004 to 23 October 2005 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings . Colin Angus circumnavigated the Northern Hemisphere solely by human power in 2006 but did not qualify under the Guinness guidelines as a human powered circumnavigation . His attempt , however , was recognized by National Geographic . Jason Lewis completed the first true human - powered circumnavigation ( without sails or any motorized transport ) from 12 July 1994 to 6 October 2007 , covering 46,505 mi ( 74,843 km ) in both the southern and northern hemispheres and reaching two antipodal points , gaining accreditation from Guinness World Records and Adventurestats by Explorersweb . Rosie Swale - Pope travelled 20,000 mi ( 32,000 km ) from 2 October 2003 to 25 August 2008 during a circumnavigation solely on foot except for ocean crossings . Erden Eruç completed the first solo human - powered circumnavigation ( without sails or any motorized transport ) traveling by rowboat , sea kayak , foot and bicycle from 10 July 2007 to 21 July 2012 . Erden crossed the equator two times , passed over 12 pairs of antipodal points , and logged 41,196 mi ( 66,299 km ) while setting 13 Guinness records for ocean rowing . Juliana Buhring completed the first cycling circumnavigation by a solo female in 2012 following updated Guinness World Record rules for a cycling circumnavigation . She began in July and finished in December 2012 after 152 days of riding over 18,063 mi ( 29,070 km ) , averaging about 119 mi ( 192 km ) a day . Paola Gianotti set the current record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation by a female in 2014 . She began her attempt on 8 March and finished on 30 November 2014 -- including four months of recovery after an accident that broke a vertebra -- riding for 144 days over 18,389 mi ( 29,594 km ) , averaging about 128 mi ( 206 km ) a day . Mark Beaumont set the current record for the fastest cycling circumnavigation in 2017 . He began his attempt on 2 July and finished on 18 September 2017 , after 78 days , 14 hours , and 40 minutes , averaging about 230 mi ( 370 km ) a day on an 18,039 - mile ( 29,031 km ) ride across Europe , Asia , Australia , New Zealand , and North America . Beaumont had also broken the same record in 2008 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) See also : Long - distance motorcycle riding Heinz Stücke has been cycling around the world since 1962 . Arthur Blessitt has been walking around the world carrying a 45 lb ( 20 kg ) wooden cross since 1968 , covering 42,279 miles ( 68,041 km ) through 324 countries . 2018 is the 50th year of his journey . King Kalākaua traveled around the world , over land and sea , thus becoming the first reigning monarch to complete such a journey in 1881 . Nellie Bly traveled around the world with public steamboats and trains in 72 days ( from November 14 , 1889 to January 25 , 1890 ) , a world record , resembling the Around the World in Eighty Days novel . Sir Ranulph Fiennes , Charles Burton , et al ; 1979 -- 1982 ; first circumnavigation via the North and South Poles on the Transglobe Expedition . Clärenore Stinnes and Carl - Axel Söderström were the first persons to drive around the world in a car between 25 May 1927 and 24 June 1929 . Beginning in Montreal , Ben Carlin circumnavigated the world in a modified Ford GPA Jeep between 1950 and 1958 , becoming the first person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle . Garry Sowerby holds four world records for circumnavigation in an automobile . Vladimir Lysenko circumnavigated the globe from west to east , deviating no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator . Starting in Libreville ( Gabon ) , Vladimir crossed ( in a car , a motor boat , a yacht , a ship , a kayak , a bicycle , and by foot ) Africa , Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Pacific Ocean , South America and Atlantic Ocean , finishing in Libreville in 2012 . Kane Avellano became the youngest person to circumnavigate the globe by motorcycle on a trip completed just one day before his 24th birthday . The circumnavigation began on the 31st of May 2016 and ended on the 19th of January 2017 , with a total duration of 233 days . Avellano covered more than 28,000 miles ( 45,062 km ) , passing through 36 countries and 6 continents . Significant non-global circumnavigations ( edit ) Seacraft ( edit ) Phoenician expedition sent by Pharaoh Necho II ; c. 600 BC ; possibly circumnavigating Africa . Roman Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola ; c. 80 ; first circumnavigation of Britain . Jacques Cartier ; 1534 -- 1535 ; first circumnavigation of Newfoundland . García de Nodal ; 1619 ; first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego . Abel Tasman ; 1642 - 1643 ; first circumnavigation of the Australian continent ( including New Guinea and Tasmania ) . James Cook ; 1769 -- 1770 ; first circumnavigation of New Zealand . James Cook ; 1772 - 1775 ; first circumnavigation of Antarctica ( including New Zealand 's South Island ) . George Bass and Matthew Flinders ; 1798 ; first circumnavigation of Tasmania ( without Australia ) . Matthew Flinders ; 1801 -- 1803 ; first circumnavigation of Australia ( without Tasmania ) . Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen ; 1820 - 1821 ; first circumnavigation of Antarctica ( without New Zealand ) . Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld ; 1878 -- 1879 ; first circumnavigation of Eurasia , via the Northeast Passage and the Suez Canal , during the Vega expedition . RCMP St Roch ; 1940 -- 1942 and 1950 ; first vessel to circumnavigate North America . 1940 -- 1942 Vancouver to Halifax , Nova Scotia , via the Northwest Passage. 1950 , Halifax to Vancouver , via the Panama Canal . HMCS Labrador ( AW 50 ) ; 1954 ; first vessel to circumnavigate North America in a single voyage , via the Panama Canal . Halifax west through Northwest Passage . South to Panama canal and return to Halifax . USS Belmont ; 1967 ; circumnavigated South America via the Panama Canal . CCGS Hudson ; 1970 ; first circumnavigation of North and South America . Miles Clark ; 1992 ; circumnavigation of Europe , going from the White Sea to the Black Sea through several Russian waterways . Phoenicia ( a replica of a Phoenician ship ) ; 2009 -- 2010 ; remade the possible circumnavigation of Africa , but completed the modern trip by going from Syria to the Red Sea via the Suez Canal . Børge Ousland in the yacht Northern Passage July -- October 2010 and Daniel Gavrilov in the yacht Peter I ; June -- November 2010 ; first circumnavigation of the Arctic in a single season . Ousland claims to have crossed his wake north of Bergen on 14 October ; it 's unclear when Gavrilov crossed his wake . Matt Rutherford ; June 2011 - April 2012 ; first single - handed , non-stop 27,000 mi ( 43,000 km ) sailing circumnavigation of the Americas , leaving from the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay , through the Northwest Passage , around Cape Horn , and back to the Chesapeake Bay . The Scott Polar Research Institute officially recognized Rutherford 's 27 ft ( 8.2 m ) sailboat as the smallest vessel to ever transit the Northwest Passage . Fictional circumnavigations ( edit ) Jules Verne 's 1872 adventure novel , Around the World in Eighty Days describes a fictional circumnavigation . Upper class Englishman Phileas Fogg and his servant Passepartout use a variety of transportation means and ingenuity to accomplish the adventurous feat . The book is a tribute to the new transportation possibilities of the early Industrial Revolution , with the coming of steamships , railways , etc. , before which a year was a more probable time for a circumnavigation . British actor Michael Palin attempted in 1988 to follow the route as closely as possible in his television series Around the World in 80 Days . See also ( edit ) Circumnavigation Circumnavigation world record progression Around the world sailing record Russian circumnavigations First Russian circumnavigation List of pedestrian circumnavigators List of firsts in aviation List of people by number of countries visited Notes and references ( edit ) There should be references inside each article , according to a general policy for list articles . In addition further references can be located here . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark . 1999 . The Basque History of the World . Walker & Company , New York . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 1 , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Long , David Foster ( 1988 ) . `` Chapter Nine '' . Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers , 1798 -- 1883 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . pp. 207ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 228 - 4 . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Lay summary ( February 1990 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Round the World Non-Stop '' . World Sailing Speed Record Council . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Sanders completes Tenth Circumnavigation '' . mysailing.com.au . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 2018 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Endeavour : John Sanders ' Triple circumnavigation '' . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Dan ( August 30 , 1986 ) . `` GOING ONE - ON - ONE WITH THE LONELY SEA : 25 Daring Sailors Will Attempt to Go Around the World -- Single - Handedly '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` About Sailors for the Sea > Advisors > Mark Schrader '' . Boston Interactive / Sailors for the Sea . n.d. Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Bertie Reed '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Yachting Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ VELUX 5 Oceans Race ( BOC Challenge ) Official Website Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roger Martin Design Retrieved March 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Home - Vendée Globe 2016 - 2017 '' . vendeeglobe.org . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Elizabeth ( 1991 ) . Dolphins at Sunset . Australia : Sun . pp. 1 -- 232 . ISBN 9780725106812 -- via https://books.google.com/books/about/Dolphins_at_Sunset.html?id=WnbHAAAACAAJ&hl=en . Jump up ^ `` LIST OF SOLO CIRCUMNAVIGATORS '' . joshuaslocumsocietyintl.org . Joshua Slocum Society International . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance Certificates Published '' . World Sailing. 23 January 2003 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ wrong - way sailor back on UK soil , BBC News . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cdr Dilip Donde '' . outlookindia.com . 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January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nathan Ditum ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Cycling around the world : On 18th February , nine riders will set off on a cycle race around the world . MF investigates the tale of the men who 've already done it . '' `` . coachmag.co.uk . Dennis Publishing Ltd , . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Human - Powered Circumnavigation Archived 2007 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( 6 October 2007 ) . `` Human Powered Circumnavigations '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Adventurestats by Explorersweb . `` Global HPC - Human Powered Circumnavigations '' . adventurestats.com . Explorersweb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records -- First solo circumnavigation of the globe using human power '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Kit -- Project Summary Document '' ( PDF ) . Around - n - Over ( PDF file linked from `` around-n-over.org/media/mediakit.htm '' ) . 22 August 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search results for Erden Eruç '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Lynch ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Record holder profile : Juliana Buhring -- fastest circumnavigation by bicycle '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest circumnavigation by bicycle ( female ) '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . When : 30 November 2014 . The fastest circumnavigation by bicycle ( female ) is 144 days . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist Mark Beaumont breaks around the world record '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News Online . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Round - the - World Tour Along the Equator by Vladimir Lysenko '' ( in Russian ) . Extreme portal VVV.RU . Jump up ^ `` Youngest person to circumnavigate the globe by motorcycle ( male ) '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` BonnieTour '' . BonnieTour . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` CCGS Hudson '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clark , Miles . Russian Voyage . National Geographic Magazine , June 1994 . p. 114 a 138 . Jump up ^ Purves , Libby ( 30 April 1993 ) . `` Obituary : Miles Clark '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` The Phoenician Ship Expedition '' . phoenicia.org.uk . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ousland : nearly back to Oslo '' . International Polar Foundation . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First circumnavigation of Arctic completed '' . The Voice of Russia . 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peter 1 arctic circumnavigation 2010 '' . Youtube . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , Dave ( April 21 , 2012 ) . `` Sailor Matt Rutherford welcomed home in Annapolis after sailing solo around the Americas '' . The Washington Post . Annapolis . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schell , Andy ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Rutherford : Mission Accomplished '' . Cruz Bay Publishing Inc. , an Active Interest Media company . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . 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3135878965314825839 | The Emergency (India) | The Emergency ( India ) - Wikipedia The Emergency ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , who had President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed proclaim a state of national emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977 In India , `` the Emergency '' refers to a 21 - month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country . Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution because of the prevailing `` internal disturbance '' , the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977 . The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree , allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed . For much of the Emergency , most of Gandhi 's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored . Several other human rights violations were reported from the time , including a forced mass - sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi , the Prime Minister 's son . The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India 's history . Documents that have surfaced over the past few years indicate that Indira Gandhi had planned to impose the emergency only temporarily for some time until the violence that was erupting in the country had subsided . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Rise of Indira Gandhi 1.2 Increasing government control of the judiciary 1.3 Political and civic unrest 1.4 Raj Narain verdict 2 Proclamation of the Emergency 3 Administration 3.1 Arrests 3.2 Laws , human rights and elections 3.3 Forced sterilization 3.4 Criticism against the Government 4 Resistance movements 4.1 The role of RSS 4.2 Sikh opposition 5 Elections of 1977 6 The tribunal 7 Legacy 8 In culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Prelude ( edit ) Rise of Indira Gandhi ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Indira is India , India is Indira . '' -- Congress president D.K. Barooah , c. 1974 Between 1967 and 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came to obtain near - absolute control over the government and the Indian National Congress party , as well as a huge majority in Parliament . The first was achieved by concentrating the central government 's power within the Prime Minister 's Secretariat , rather than the Cabinet , whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted . For this she relied on her principal secretary , P.N. Haksar , a central figure in Indira 's inner circle of advisors . Further , Haksar promoted the idea of a `` committed bureaucracy '' that required hitherto - impartial government officials to be `` committed '' to the ideology of the ruling party of the day . Within the Congress , Indira ruthlessly outmanoeuvred her rivals , forcing the party to split in 1969 -- into the Congress ( O ) ( comprising the old - guard known as the `` Syndicate '' ) and her Congress ( R ) . A majority of the All - India Congress Committee and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister . Indira 's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old , which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy . In the Congress ( R ) , on the other hand , members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and her family , and ostentatious displays of sycophancy became routine . In the coming years , Indira 's influence was such that she could install hand - picked loyalists as chief ministers of states , rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party . Indira 's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government 's near - radical leftward turns . These included the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the privy purse ; these changes were often done suddenly , via ordinance , to the shock of her opponents . Subsequently , unlike the Syndicate and other opponents , Indira was seen as `` standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion , as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole . '' The prime minister was especially adored by the disadvantaged sections -- the poor , Dalits , women and minorities . For them , she was their Indira Amma , a personification of Mother India . In the 1971 general elections , the people rallied behind Indira 's populist slogan of Garibi Hatao ! ( get rid of poverty ! ) to award her a huge majority ( 352 seats out of 518 ) . `` By the margin of its victory , '' historian Ramachandra Guha later wrote , Congress ( R ) came to be known as the real Congress , `` requiring no qualifying suffix . '' In December 1971 , under her proactive war leadership , India routed arch - enemy Pakistan in a war that led to the independence of Bangladesh , formerly East Pakistan . Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month , she was at her greatest peak ; for her biographer Inder Malhotra , `` The Economist 's description of her as the ' Empress of India ' seemed apt . '' Even opposition leaders , who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a personality cult , referred to her as Durga , a Hindu goddess . Increasing government control of the judiciary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Golaknath case , the Supreme Court said that the Constitution could not be amended by Parliament if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights . To nullify this judgement , Parliament dominated by the Indira Gandhi Congress , passed the 24th Amendment in 1971 . Similarly , after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the privy purse given to erstwhile princes , Parliament passed the 26th Amendment . This gave constitutional validity to the government 's abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Court 's order . This judiciary -- executive battle would continue in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case , where the 24th Amendment was called into question . With a wafer - thin majority of 7 to 6 , the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament 's amendment power by stating it could not be used to alter the `` basic structure '' of the Constitution . Subsequently , Prime Minister Gandhi made A.N. Ray -- the senior most judge amongst those in the minority in Kesavananda Bharati -- Chief Justice of India . Ray superseded three judges more senior to him -- J.M. Shelat , K.S. Hegde and Grover -- all members of the majority in Kesavananda Bharati . Indira Gandhi 's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism , both from the press and political opponents such as Jayaprakash Narayan ( `` JP '' ) . Political and civic unrest ( edit ) During 1973 -- 75 , political unrest against the Indira Gandhi government increased across the country . ( This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a presidential system , with a more powerful directly elected executive . ) The most significant of the initial such movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat , between December 1973 and March 1974 . Student unrest against the state 's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature , leading to the resignation of the chief minister , Chimanbhai Patel , and the imposition of President 's rule . After the re-elections in June 1975 , Gandhi 's party was defeated by the Janata alliance , formed by parties opposed to the ruling Congress party . Meanwhile there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister L.N. Mishra by a bomb . All of these indicated a growing law and order problem in the entire country , which Mrs. Gandhi 's advisors warned her of for months . In March -- April 1974 , a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan , referred to as JP , against the Bihar government . In April 1974 , in Patna , JP called for `` total revolution , '' asking students , peasants , and labour unions to non-violently transform Indian society . He also demanded the dissolution of the state government , but this was not accepted by Centre . A month later , the railway - employees union , the largest union in the country , went on a nationwide railways strike . This strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government , which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters . Raj Narain verdict ( edit ) See also : State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain Raj Narain , who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi , lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the Allahabad High Court . Shanti Bhushan fought the case for Narain . Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister . On 12 June 1975 , Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign . The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha . The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years . Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery , and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais , availing herself of the services of a government officer , Yashpal Kapoor , during the elections before he had resigned from his position , and use of electricity from the state electricity department . Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges , while she was acquitted on more serious charges , The Times described it as `` firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket '' . Her supporters organized mass pro-Indira demonstrations in the streets of Delhi close to the Prime Minister 's residence . The persistent efforts of Narain were praised worldwide as it took over four years for Justice Sinha to pass judgement against the prime minister . Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court 's decision in the Supreme Court . Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer , on 24 June 1975 , upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped , and that she be debarred from voting . However , she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister pending the resolution of her appeal . JP Narayan and Morarji Desai called for daily anti-government protests . The next day , JP organised a large rally in Delhi , where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was Mahatma Gandhi 's motto during the freedom struggle . Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country . Later that day , Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to issue a proclamation of a state of emergency . Within three hours , the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition arrested . The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet , who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning . Proclamation of the Emergency ( edit ) The Government cited threats to national security , as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded . Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the 1973 oil crisis , the economy was in poor condition . The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly . In the face of massive political opposition , desertion and disorder across the country and the party , Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son Sanjay Gandhi , whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an `` extra-constitutional authority '' . Siddhartha Shankar Ray , the Chief Minister of West Bengal , proposed to the prime minister to impose an `` internal emergency '' . He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation on the basis of information Indira had received that `` there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances '' . He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution . After a quick question regarding a procedural matter , President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of internal emergency upon the prime minister 's advice on the night of 25 June 1975 , just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight . As the constitution requires , Mrs. Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of Emergency over every six - month period until her decision to hold elections in 1977 . Administration ( edit ) Indira Gandhi devised a ' 20 - point ' economic programme to increase agricultural and industrial production , improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy , through `` the discipline of the graveyard '' . In addition to the official twenty points , Sanjay Gandhi declared his own five - point programme promoting literacy , family planning , tree planting , the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry . Later during the Emergency , the two projects merged into a twenty - five point programme . Arrests ( edit ) Invoking article 352 of the Indian Constitution , Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil liberties and political opposition . The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention . Vijayaraje Scindia , Jayaprakash Narayan , Raj Narain , Morarji Desai , Charan Singh , Jivatram Kripalani , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani , Arun Jaitley , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Gayatri Devi , the dowager queen of Jaipur and other protest leaders were immediately arrested . Organisations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) and Jamaat - e-Islami along with some political parties were banned . Numerous Communist leaders were arrested along with many others involved with their party . Congress leaders who dissented the Emergency declaration and amendment to the constitution such as Mohan Dharia and Chandra Shekhar resigned their government and party positions and were arrested and placed under detention , In Tamil Nadu , the M. Karunanidhi government was dissolved and the leaders of the DMK were incarcerated . In particular , Karunanidhi 's son M.K. Stalin , was arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act . At least nine High Courts pronounced that even after the declaration of an emergency , a person could challenge his detention . The Supreme Court , now under the Indira Gandhi - appointed Chief Justice A.N. Ray , overruled all of them , upholding the state 's plea for power to detain a person without the necessity of informing him of the grounds for his arrest , or to suspend his personal liberties , or to deprive him of his right to life , in an absolute manner ( the habeas corpus case ' ) . Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave , went ' underground ' continuing organising protests . Laws , human rights and elections ( edit ) Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed . Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation 's laws , since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so -- a two - thirds majority in the Parliament . And when she felt the existing laws were ' too slow ' , she got the President to issue ' Ordinances ' -- a law - making power in times of urgency , invoked sparingly -- completely bypassing the Parliament , allowing her to rule by decree . Also , she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election - fraud case , imposing President 's Rule in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu , where anti-Indira parties ruled ( state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely ) , and jailing thousands of opponents . The 42nd Amendment , which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution , is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency . In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . Imbecility of men , history teaches us , always invites the impudence of power . '' A fallout of the Emergency era was the Supreme Court laid down that , although the Constitution is amenable to amendments ( as abused by Indira Gandhi ) , changes that tinker with its basic structure can not be made by the Parliament . ( see Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala ) In the Rajan case , P. Rajan of the Regional Engineering College , Calicut , was arrested by the police in Kerala on 1 March 1976 , tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered . The facts of this incident came out owing to a habeas corpus suit filed in the Kerala High Court . Forced sterilization ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory sterilization § India In September 1976 , Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilization programme to limit population growth . The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi 's role in the implementation of the programme is disputed , with some writers holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism , and other writers blaming the officials who implemented the programme rather than Gandhi himself . Rukhsana Sultana was a socialite known for being one of Sanjay Gandhi 's close associates and she gained a lot of notoriety in leading Sanjay Gandhi 's sterilisation campaign in Muslim areas of old Delhi . The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo vasectomy . Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve . There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too . In 1976 -- 1977 , the programme led to 8.3 million sterilisations , most of them forced , up from 2.7 million the previous year . The bad publicity led every government since 1977 to stress that family planning is entirely voluntary . Kartar , a cobbler , was taken to a Block Development Officer ( BDO ) by six policemen , where he was asked how many children he had . He was forcefully taken for sterilisation in a jeep . En route , the police forced a man on the bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilised . Kartar had an infection and pain because of the procedure and could not work for months . Shahu Ghalake , a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra , was taken for sterilization . After mentioning that he was already sterilised , he was beaten . A sterilisation procedure was undertaken on him for a second time . Hawa Singh , a young widower , from Pipli was taken from the bus against his will and sterilised . The infection took his life . Harijan , a 70 - year - old with no teeth and bad eyesight , was sterilized forcefully . Uttawar , a village 80 kilometers south of Delhi , woke up to the police loudspeakers at 03 : 00 . Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop . In the process of finding more villagers , police broke into homes and looted . Total of 800 forced sterilisations were done . In Muzaffarnagar , Uttar Pradesh , on 18 October 1976 , police picked up 17 people , nine Hindu and eight Muslims out of which two were over 75 and two under 18 . Hundreds of Hindus and Muslims surrounded the police station demanding to free captives . The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells . Crowd retaliated by throwing stones and to control the situation , the police fired on the crowd . 30 people died as a result . Criticism against the government ( edit ) Criticism and accusations of the Emergency - era may be grouped as : Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families Abuse and torture of detainees and political prisoners Use of public and private media institutions , like the national television network Doordarshan , for government propaganda During the Emergency , Sanjay Gandhi asked the popular singer Kishore Kumar to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay , but he refused . As a result , Information and broadcasting minister Vidya Charan Shukla put an unofficial ban on playing Kishore Kumar songs on state broadcasters All India Radio and Doordarshan from 4 May 1976 till the end of Emergency . Forced sterilization . Destruction of the slum and low - income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi . Large - scale and illegal enactment of laws ( including modifications to the Constitution ) . The Emergency years were the biggest challenge to India 's commitment to democracy , which proved vulnerable to the manipulation of powerful leaders and hegemonic Parliamentary majorities . Resistance movements ( edit ) The role of RSS ( edit ) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , which was seen close to opposition leaders , and with its large organisational base was seen as having the potential of organising protests against the Government , was also banned . Police clamped down on the organisation and thousands of its workers were imprisoned . The RSS defied the ban and thousands participated in Satyagraha ( peaceful protests ) against the ban and against the curtailment of fundamental rights . Later , when there was no letup , the volunteers of the RSS formed underground movements for the restoration of democracy . Literature that was censored in the media was clandestinely published and distributed on a large scale and funds were collected for the movement . Networks were established between leaders of different political parties in the jail and outside for the co-ordination of the movement . The Economist described the movement as `` the only non-left revolutionary force in the world '' . It said that the movement was `` dominated by tens of thousands of RSS cadres , though more and more young recruits are coming '' . Talking about its objectives it said `` its platform at the moment has only one plank : to bring democracy back to India '' . However , the claims of RSS leaders have been contested by some political observers like political scientist Professor DL Sheth , who is Honorary Senior Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies . He goes on to say these organisations have never borne the brunt Indira 's oppressive regime . He argues that the RSS projects itself as the champion of anti-Emergency struggle because it was a lifeline for them . This is the only thing they have to celebrate . ( 1 ) In an article which appeared in the Hindu daily in 2000 , Dr. Subrahmanian Swamy , who is currently an MP in the Upper House of Indian Parliament , representing the BJP , and who is known to have waged a war against Indira 's autocracy , had alleged that several Sangh leaders were hobnobbing with Indira . He added that the Sangh , at the instance of Vajpayee , even went farther to sign a peace accord with Indira Gandhi. ( 2 ) Sikh opposition ( edit ) With the leaders of all opposition parties and other outspoken critics of her government arrested and behind bars , the entire country was in a state of shock . Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency , the Sikh leadership convened meetings in Amritsar where they resolved to oppose the `` fascist tendency of the Congress '' . The first mass protest in the country , known as the `` Campaign to Save Democracy '' was organised by the Akali Dal and launched in Amritsar , 9 July . A statement to the press recalled the historic Sikh struggle for freedom under the Mughals , then under the British , and voiced concern that what had been fought for and achieved was being lost . The police were out in force for the demonstration and arrested the protestors , including the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee ( SGPC ) leaders . `` The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not . The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not . '' According to Amnesty International , 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi 's Emergency . Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 40,000 of them came from India 's two percent Sikh minority . Elections of 1977 ( edit ) Main article : Indian general election , 1977 On 18 January 1977 , Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released all political prisoners though the Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977 . The opposition Janata movement 's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between `` democracy and dictatorship . '' In the Lok Sabha elections , held in March , Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay both lost their Lok Sabha seats , as did all the Congress Candidates in Northern states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh . Many Congress Party loyalists deserted Mrs. Gandhi . The Congress was reduced to just 153 seats , 92 of which were from four of the southern states . The Janata Party 's 298 seats and its allies ' 47 seats ( of a total 542 ) gave it a massive majority . Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India . Voters in the electorally largest state of Uttar Pradesh , historically a Congress stronghold , turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state . Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of a strong and united opposition , disunity and weariness inside Congress , an effective underground opposition , and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi 's control of the mass media , which had lost much credibility . The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances , notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies . One grievance often mentioned as the ' nasbandi ' ( vasectomy ) campaign in rural areas . The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India . Meanwhile , Congress hit an all - time low in West Bengal because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party . Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership . The tribunal ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The efforts of the Janata administration to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency - era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised , over-complex and politically motivated process of litigation . The Thirty - eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India , put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited judicial reviews of states of emergencies and actions taken during them , also likely played a role in this lack of success . Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged , including Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi , police were unable to submit sufficient evidence for most cases , and only a few low - level officials were convicted of any abuses . The people lost interest in the hearings owing to their continuous fumbling and complex nature , and the economic and social needs of the country grew more important to them . Legacy ( edit ) The Emergency lasted 21 months , and its legacy remains intensely controversial . A few days after the Emergency was imposed , the Bombay edition of The Times of India carried an obituary that read D.E.M O'Cracy , beloved husband of T Ruth , loving father of L.I. Bertie , brother of Faith , Hope and Justice , expired on June 26 . A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers . The Delhi edition of the Indian Express on 28 June , carried a blank editorial , while the Financial Express reproduced in large type Rabindranath Tagore 's poem `` Where the mind is without fear '' . However , the Emergency also received support from several sections . It was endorsed by social reformer Vinoba Bhave ( who called it Anushasan parva , a time for discipline ) , industrialist J.R.D. Tata , writer Khushwant Singh , and Indira Gandhi 's close friend and Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy . However , Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency . Others have argued that Gandhi 's Twenty Point Programme increased agricultural production , manufacturing activity , exports and foreign reserves . Communal Hindu -- Muslim riots , which had resurfaced in the 1960s and 1970s , also reduced in intensity . In the book JP Movement and the Emergency , historian Bipan Chandra wrote , `` Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal , Minister of Defence at the time , were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October -- November 1976 , an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary , and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government . '' In culture ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) Writer Rahi Masoom Raza criticised the Emergency through his novel Qatra bi Aarzoo . Shashi Tharoor portrays the Emergency allegorically in his The Great Indian Novel ( 1989 ) , describing it as `` The Siege '' . He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency , Twenty - Two Months in the Life of a Dog , that was published in his The Five - Dollar Smile and Other Stories . A Fine Balance and Such a Long Journey by Rohinton Mistry take place during the Emergency and highlight many of the abuses that occurred during that period , largely through the lens of India 's small but culturally influential Parsi minority . Booker Prize - winner Midnight 's Children by Salman Rushdie , has the protagonist , Saleem Sinai , in India during the Emergency . His home in a low income area , called the `` magician 's ghetto '' , is destroyed as part of the national beautification program . He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program . The principal antagonist of the book is `` the Widow '' ( a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for ) . There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi 's son did n't like his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father . As this was a rumour ; there was no substantiation to be found . India : A Wounded Civilization , a book by VS Naipaul is also oriented around Emergency . The Plunge An English novel by Sanjeev Tare is their own story told by four youths studying at Kalidas College in Nagpur . They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times . The Malayalam novel Delhi Gadhakal ( Tales from Delhi ) by M. Mukundan highlights many abuses that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilization of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate . Brutus , You ! , a book by Chanakya Sen is based on internal politics of Jawaharlal Nehru University , Delhi during the period of Emergency . Vasansi Jirnani , a play by Torit Mitra is inspired by Ariel Dorfman 's Death and the Maiden and effects of emergency . The Tamil novel Marukkozhunthu Mangai ( Girl with Fragrant Chinese Mugwort ) by Ra . Su . Nallaperumal which is based on the history of Pallavas & People 's rising in Kanchi during 725 A.D explains how the widow Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people . Most of the incidents described in the novel resemble the emergency period . Even the name of the characters in the novel are similar to Mrs Gandhi and her family . The Malayalam autobiographical diary by political activist R.C. Unnithan penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala , gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy . The Tamil Novel Karisal ' ' ( Black Soil ) by Ponneelan deals with the Social political changes during the period The Tamil Novel Ashwamedam by Ramachandra Vaidhanath deals with the political movements during the period In 2001 's Life of Pi , Pi 's father decides to sell the zoo and move his family to Canada , around the same time of the Emergency . Film ( edit ) Gulzar 's Aandhi ( 1975 ) was banned , because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi . Amrit Nahata 's film Kissa Kursi Ka ( 1977 ) a bold spoof on the Emergency , where Shabana Azmi plays ' Janata ' ( the public ) a mute , dumb protagonist , was subsequently banned and reportedly , all its prints were burned by Sanjay Gandhi and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon . Yamagola a 1977 Telugu film ( Hindi re-make Lok Parlok ) spoofs the emergency issues . I.S. Johar 's 1978 Bollywood Film Nasbandi is a sarcasm on the sterilization drive of the Government of India , where each one of the characters is trying to find sterilization cases . The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government . Although Satyajit Ray 's 1980 film Hirak Rajar Deshe was a children 's comedy , it was a satire on the Emergency . The 1985 Malayalam film Yathra directed by Balu Mahendra has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline . 1988 Malayalam film Piravi is about a father searching for his son Rajan , who had been arrested by the police ( and allegedly killed in custody ) . The 2005 Hindi film Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi is set against the backdrop of the Emergency . The film , directed by Sudhir Mishra , also tries to portray the growth of the Naxalite movement during the Emergency era . The movie tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s , when India was undergoing massive social and political changes . The 2012 Marathi film Shala discusses the issues related to the Emergency . The critically acclaimed 2012 film adaptation , Life of Pi , uses the Emergency as the backdrop of which Pi 's father decides to sell the zoo and move his family to Canada . Midnight 's Children , a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie 's novel , created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders . The film was not shown at the International Film Festival of India and was banned from further screening at the International Film Festival of Kerala where it was premièred in India . Indu Sarkar , 2017 Hindi political thriller film about the emergency , directed by Madhur Bhandarkar . See also ( edit ) Baroda dynamite case References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in 1975 : Democracy in Eclipse '' , ND Palmer -- Asian Survey , vol 16 no 5 . Opening lines . Jump up ^ Shankar Jha , Prem ( 25 June 2017 ) . `` Forty Two Years After the Emergency , India 's Democracy is Once Again in Danger '' . The Wire . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Guha , p. 467 ^ Jump up to : Guha , p. 439 Jump up ^ Malhotra , p. 141 Jump up ^ Hellmann - Rajanayagam , Dagmar ( 2013 ) . `` The Pioneers : Durga Amma , The Only Man In The Cabinet '' . In Derichs , Claudia ; Thompson , Mark R. Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia : Gender , Power and Pedigree . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 90320 - 4 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Puri , Balraj ( 1993 ) . `` Indian Muslims since Partition , '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 28 ( 40 ) : 2141 -- 2149 . JSTOR 4400229 . Jump up ^ Doshi , Vidhi ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Indira Jaising : `` In India , you ca n't even dream of equal justice . Not at all '' `` . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sinha , who set aside Indira Gandhi 's election , dies at 87 '' . The Indian Express . 22 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Kuldip Singh ( 1995 - 04 - 11 ) . `` OBITUARY : Morarji Desai '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Katherine Frank ( 2001 ) . Indira : The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi . HarperCollins . pp. 372 -- 373 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255646 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Emergency of 1975 - 77 '' . Mount Holyoke College . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Indira Gandhi '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ NAYAR , KULDIP ( 25 June 2000 ) . Yes , Prime Minister Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... The Indian Express . Jump up ^ Jaitely , Arun ( 5 November 2007 ) -- `` A tale of three Emergencies : real reason always different '' , The Indian Express Jump up ^ Tarlo , Emma ( 2001 ) . Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi . University of California Press . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23122 - 8 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Today , India . `` Arun Jaitley : From Prison to Parliament '' . Jump up ^ Malgonkar , Manohar ( 1987 ) . The Last Maharani of Gwalior : An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar . pp. 233 , 242 -- 244 . ISBN 9780887066597 . Jump up ^ Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 019565610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Narasimha Rao , the Best Prime Minister ? by Janak Raj Jai - 1996 - Page 101 Jump up ^ Pratap Bhanu Mehta , `` The Rise of Judicial Sovereignty , '' Journal of Democracy ( 2007 ) 18 # 2 pp. 70 -- 83 Jump up ^ The habeas corpus judgment was overturned by the 44th amendment to the Constitution Jump up ^ NCERT Text Book For Political Science on Emergency ( p. 112 ) Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan , Revisiting a verdict Frontline ( vol. 29 -- Issue 01 : : 14 -- 27 Jan 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` The case that saved Indian democracy '' . The Hindu ( 24 April 2013 ) . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ PUCL Archives , Oct 1981 , Rajan . Jump up ^ Rediff.com , Report dated 26 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh probe in Rajan case sought `` . The Hindu , 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Vinay Lal . `` Indira Gandhi '' . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Sanjay Gandhi , started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom , and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimised . He ordered the removal of slum dwellings , and in an attempt to curb India 's growing population , initiated a highly resented programme of forced sterilisation . Jump up ^ Subodh Ghildiyal ( 29 December 2010 ) . `` Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency ' excesses ' '' . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Sanjay Gandhi 's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger Jump up ^ Kumkum Chadha ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` Sanjay 's men and women '' . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . The Congress , on the other hand , charges Sanjay Gandhi of `` over enthusiasm '' in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again : `` Unfortunately , in certain spheres , over enthusiasm led to compulsion in enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums . Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance . '' . Jump up ^ `` Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner : Congress book '' . 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ India : The Years of Indira Gandhi . Brill Academic Pub. 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the days '' . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Duty '' . Jump up ^ `` THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES '' . Jump up ^ Gwatkin , Davidson R. ' Political Will and Family Planning : The Implications of India 's Emergency Experience ' , in : Population and Development Review , 5 / 1 , 29 -- 59 ; Jump up ^ Carl Haub and O.P. Sharma , `` India 's Population Reality : Reconciling Change and Tradition , '' Population Bulletin ( 2006 ) 61 # 3 pp 3 +. online ^ Jump up to : Mehta , Vinod ( 1978 ) . The Sanjay Story . Harper Collins Publishers India . Jump up ^ Vinay Kumar ( 19 August 2005 ) . `` The spark that he was '' . Entertainment Hyderabad . The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Star 's Real Stripes '' . Times Of India . 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Dhirendra ( 1997 ) . The Janata ( people 's ) Struggle . Philosophy and Social Action . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Jaffrelot Christophe , Hindu Nationalism , 1987 , 297 , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 13098 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13098 - 9 Jump up ^ Chitkara MG , Hindutva , Published by APH Publishing , 1997 ISBN 81 - 7024 - 798 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 798 - 2 Jump up ^ Post Independence India , Encyclopedia of Political Parties , 2002 , Published by Anmol Publications PVT . LTD , ISBN 81 - 7488 - 865 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7488 - 865 - 5 Jump up ^ ' The Economist ' London , dt. 4 - 12 - 1976 Jump up ^ J.S. Grewal , The Sikhs of the Punjab , ( Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) 213 Jump up ^ Gurmit Singh , A History of Sikh Struggles , New Delhi , Atlantic Publishers and Distributors , 1991 , 2 : 39 Jump up ^ J.S. Grewal , The Sikhs of the Punjab , ( Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) 214 ; Inder Malhotra , Indira Gandhi : A Personal and Political Biography , ( London / Toronto , Hodder and Stoughton , 1989 ) 178 Jump up ^ D.N. Dhanagare , `` Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh -- 1977 : The End of the Congress Hegemony , '' Political Science Review ( 1979 ) 18 # 1 pp 28 -- 51 Jump up ^ Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly , `` Lok Sabha Election , 1977 : The West Bengal Scene , '' Political Science Review ( 1979 ) 18 # 3 pp 28 -- 53 Jump up ^ M.R. Masani , `` India 's Second Revolution , '' Asian Affairs ( 1977 ) 5 # 1 pp 19 -- 38 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms Jump up ^ Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . Working a democratic constitution : the Indian experience . Oxford University Press . p. 295 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564888 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency : The Darkest Period in Indian Democracy '' . The Viewspaper ( Editorial ) . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Beyond the Last Blue Mountain - A Life of J.R.D. Tata by R.M. Lala . Jump up ^ Nandini Satpathy ( in Oriya ) by Ashisa Ranjan Mohapatra . Jump up ^ `` New book flays Indira Gandhi 's decision to impose Emergency '' . IBN Live News . 30 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ O.P. Mathur . Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel . Sarup & Sons . 2004 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 461 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joseph Bendaña . `` Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature '' . Watson Institute , Brown University . 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob ( 1992 ) . `` India : + A + Wounded + Civilization '' + naipaul + emergency&ots = RqQJjZu1_d&sig = N7kxWg - 3yrWq - jEUTGaa2gHei0Q # v = onepage&q = % 22India % 3A % 20A % 20Wounded % 20Civilization % 22 % 20naipaul % 20emergency&f = false London calling : V.S. Naipaul , postcolonial Mandarin . New York u.a. : Oxford Univ . Press . p. 73 . ISBN 9780195067170 . Jump up ^ Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . New Delhi , Mumbai : Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) , Popular Prakashan . p. 425 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Farzand Ahmed , `` 1978 -- Kissa Kursi Ka : Celluloid chutzpah '' . Cover Story , India Today ( 24 December 2009 ) Sources ( edit ) Atul Kohli . Democracy and Discontent : India 's Growing Crisis of Governability . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39161 - X . Atul Kohli ( ed . ) . The Success of India 's Democracy . Cambridge University Press . 2001 ( 2004 ) . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 107 - 4 . Ayesha Jalal . Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia : a Comparative and Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press . 1995 ( 1996 ) . ISBN 81 - 85618 - 75 - 5 B.G. Verghese . Warrior of the Fourth Estate : Ramnath Goenka of the Express . Viking , Penguin India . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67005 - 842 - 6 . Bipan Chandra et al. India Since Independence . Penguin India . 2008 ( 2011 digital edition ) . e-ISBN 978 - 81 - 8475 - 053 - 9 . Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 ( 20th edition , 2011 reprint ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Inder Malhotra . Indira Gandhi : A Personal and Political Biography . Hodder and Stoughton. 1989 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 40540 - 6 . Mary C. Carras . Indira Gandhi : In the Crucible of Leadership . Jaico Publishing House . 1979 ( 1980 ) . Partha Chatterjee . Lineages of Political Society . Permanent Black . 2011 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 317 - 2 . Partha Chatterjee . Empire and Nation : Essential Writings , 1985 -- 2005 . Permanent Black . 2010 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 267 - 2 . Ramachandra Guha . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . HarperCollins. 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 50554 - 3 . S.S. Gill . The Dynasty : A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India . HarperCollins. 1996 . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 245 - 4 . Subhash C. Kashyap . Indian Constitution : Conflicts and Controversies . Vitasta Publishing . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89766 - 41 - 2 . T.V. Sathyamurthy . State and Nation in the Context of Social Change . Oxford University Press . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 563136 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Aaron S. Klieman . `` Indira 's India : Democracy and Crisis Government '' , Political Science Quarterly ( 1981 ) 96 # 2 pp. 241 -- 259 in JSTOR Kuldip Nayar . The Judgement : Inside Story of the Emergency in India . 1977 . Vikas Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 0557 - 1 . P.N. Dhar . Indira Gandhi , the `` Emergency '' , and Indian Democracy ( 2000 ) , 424pp Ramashray Roy and D.L. Sheth . `` The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome : The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969 , '' Political Science Review ( 1978 ) , Vol. 17 Issue 3 / 4 , pp. 51 -- 63 Shourie , Arun ( 1984 ) . Mrs Gandhi 's second reign . New Delhi : Vikas . Shourie , Arun ( 1978 ) . Symptoms of fascism . New Delhi : Vikas . External links ( edit ) Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State , 27 June 1975 A.Z. Huq Democratic Norms , Human Rights and States of Emergency : Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries `` Memories of a Father , '' a book by Eachara Varier , father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency The Emergency of 1975 -- 77 Personalities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Bansi Lal C. Achutha Menon Charan Singh Devakanta Barua Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed George Fernandes Hans Raj Khanna Harcharan Singh Longowal H.N. Bahuguna Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Jagmohan Jagmohanlal Sinha Jayaprakash Narayan Jivatram Kripalani K. Kamaraj K. Karunakaran Lal Krishna Advani M.G. Ramachandran M. Karunanidhi Morarji Desai Narendra Modi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Pranab Mukherjee Raj Narain Sanjay Gandhi Siddhartha Shankar Ray Zail Singh Organisations Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Lok Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Indian National Congress ( R ) Indian National Congress Janata Morcha Janata Party People 's Union for Civil Liberties Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Shiromani Akali Dal Socialist Party of India Swatantra Party Events State of Emergency in India State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain 38th Amendment 39th Amendment 42nd Amendment Turkman gate demolition and rioting Baroda dynamite case Shah Commission Maintenance of Internal Security Act Rajan case Indian general election , 1977 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Emergency_(India)&oldid=834366047 '' Categories : Indian National Congress Independent India Politics of India The Emergency ( India ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 EngvarB from March 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 22 . 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268525348435643300 | Saturday Night Fever (soundtrack) | Saturday Night Fever ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia Saturday Night Fever ( soundtrack ) Saturday Night Fever Soundtrack album by Bee Gees & various artists Released November 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 15 ) Recorded 1975 -- 1977 Genre Disco Length 75 : 54 Label RSO , Polydor , Reprise Producer Bill Oakes ( Music Supervisor ) Bee Gees chronology Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live ( 1977 ) Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) Spirits Having Flown ( 1979 ) Singles from Saturday Night Fever `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' Released : June 1 , 1976 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Released : September 1977 `` Stayin ' Alive '' Released : 13 December 1977 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Released : 6 January 1978 `` Boogie Shoes '' Released : 19 January 1978 `` Night Fever '' Released : 7 February 1978 Saturday Night Fever is the soundtrack album from the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever starring John Travolta . It remains the best selling soundtrack of all time with over 45 million units sold . In the United States , the album was certified 16 × Platinum for shipments of at least 16 million units . The album stayed atop the album charts for 24 straight weeks from January to July 1978 and stayed on Billboard 's album charts for 120 weeks until March 1980 . In the UK , the album spent 18 consecutive weeks at No. 1 . The album epitomized the disco phenomenon on both sides of the Atlantic and was an international sensation . The album has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being culturally significant . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Origins and recording 1.2 Releases 1.3 Legacy 2 Track listing 2.1 Additional songs recorded for the film but not used 3 Personnel 4 Awards 4.1 Grammy Awards 4.2 American Music Awards 5 Singles 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Decade - end charts 7 Certifications / sales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Origins and Recording ( edit ) According to the DVD commentary for Saturday Night Fever , the producers intended to use the song `` Lowdown '' by Boz Scaggs in the rehearsal scene between Tony and Annette in the dance studio , and choreographed their dance moves to the song . However , representatives for Scaggs 's label , Columbia Records , refused to grant legal clearance for it , as they wanted to pursue another disco movie project , which never materialized . Composer David Shire , who scored the film , had to in turn write a song to match the dance steps demonstrated in the scene and eliminate the need for future legal hassles . However , this track does not appear on the movie 's soundtrack . The Bee Gees 's involvement in the film did not begin until post-production . As John Travolta asserted , `` The Bee Gees were n't even involved in the movie in the beginning ... I was dancing to Stevie Wonder and Boz Scaggs . '' Producer Robert Stigwood commissioned the Bee Gees to create the songs for the film . Robin Gibb recalled : We were recording our new album in the north of France . And we 'd written about and recorded about four or five songs for the new album when Stigwood rang from LA and said , ' We 're putting together this little film , low budget , called Tribal Rites of a Saturday Night . Would you have any songs on hand ? ' , and we said , ' Look , we ca n't , we have n't any time to sit down and write for a film ' . We did n't know what it was about . -- Robin Gibb The brothers wrote the songs `` virtually in a single weekend '' at Château d'Hérouville studio in France . The first song they recorded was `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , but their version was not used on the film . Barry Gibb remembered the reaction when Stigwood and music supervisor Bill Oakes arrived and listened to the demos : They flipped out and said these will be great . We still had no concept of the movie , except some kind of rough script that they 'd brought with them ... Maurice Gibb recalled , `` We played him demo tracks of ' If I Ca n't Have You ' , ' Night Fever ' and ' More Than a Woman ' . He asked if we could write it more discoey . '' The Brothers Gibb then wrote a song called `` Saturday Night '' but as Maurice explains , `` There were so many songs called ' Saturday Night ' even one by the Bay City Rollers , so when we rewrote it for the movie , we called it ' Stayin ' Alive ' . Recording `` Stayin ' Alive '' was not simple . Engineer Karl Richardson copied a choice few seconds of drumming from `` Night Fever '' , cut out the piece of tape and glued the ends together , then fed it back into a recorder by a makeshift arrangement to create a new drum track . Drummer Dennis Bryon did not attend the recording of `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Releases ( edit ) The original issue of the album included the original studio version of `` Jive Talkin ' '' ; later LP pressings included a version culled from Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live . All CD releases have included the original `` Jive Talkin ' '' . `` Jive Talkin ' '' was to have been used in a deleted scene taking place the day after Tony Manero 's first Saturday night at the disco , but as the sequence was cut for the final film , the song was cut as well . In addition to the Bee Gees songs , additional incidental music was composed and adapted by David Shire . Three of Shire 's cues -- `` Manhattan Skyline '' , `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( based on the classical piece `` Night on Bald Mountain '' ) and `` Salsation '' -- are included on the soundtrack album as well . Five additional cues -- `` Tony and Stephanie '' , `` Near the Verrazano Bridge '' ( both adapted from the Bee Gees ' song `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ) , `` Barracuda Hangout '' , `` Death on the Bridge '' and `` All Night Train '' -- while heard in the film , remain unreleased on CD . In 1994 , the soundtrack was re-released on CD through Polydor Records . In 2006 , the album was re-released on Reprise Records as part of the Bee Gees ' regaining control of their master tapes . To commemorate the movie 's 40th anniversary , Capitol Records released a newly remastered version on April 21 , 2017 with the original artwork and gatefold packaging . On 17 November 2017 , a deluxe box set was released with the original soundtrack , 4 new mixes of `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` How Deep Is Your Love '' and `` You Should Be Dancing '' , a collector 's book , art prints , a movie poster and a turntable mat . Legacy ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau ( B+ ) Pitchfork Media ( 8.7 / 10.0 ) Along with the success of the movie , the soundtrack , composed and performed primarily by the Bee Gees , is the best - selling soundtrack album of all time . Saturday Night Fever had a large cultural impact in the United States . The Bee Gees had originally written and recorded five of the songs used in the film -- `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed in the film in two different versions -- one version by Tavares , and another by the Bee Gees ) and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( performed in the movie by Yvonne Elliman ) as part of a regular album . They had no idea at the time they would be making a soundtrack and said that they basically lost an album in the process . Two previously released Bee Gees songs -- `` Jive Talkin ' '' and `` You Should Be Dancing '' -- are also included on the soundtrack . Other previously released songs from the disco era round out the music in the movie . The soundtrack also won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year . It is the only disco album to do so , and one of only three soundtrack albums so honored . In 2012 , the album was ranked No. 132 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . The soundtrack hit the No. 1 spot on the Billboard chart 's Pop Album and Soul Album charts . In 2003 the TV network VH1 named it the 57th greatest album of all time , and it was ranked 80th in a 2005 survey held by British television 's Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time . Pitchfork Media listed Saturday Night Fever as the 34th best album of the 1970s . The album was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress on March 21 , 2013 for long - term preservation . Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Bee Gees Albhy Galuten Karl Richardson 4 : 45 2 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 4 : 05 3 . `` Night Fever '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 3 : 32 4 . `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 3 : 18 5 . `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( performed by Yvonne Elliman ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Freddie Perren 3 : 00 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 6 . `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( performed by Walter Murphy ) Murphy Beethoven Thomas J. Valentino 3 : 03 7 . `` More Than a Woman '' ( performed by Tavares ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Perren 3 : 17 8 . `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( performed by David Shire ) Shire Shire Bill Oakes 4 : 45 9 . `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( performed by Ralph MacDonald ) William Eaton MacDonald William Salter 7 : 51 Side three No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 10 . `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( performed by David Shire ) Modest Mussorgsky Shire Shire Oakes 5 : 13 11 . `` Open Sesame '' ( performed by Kool & the Gang ) Robert Bell Kool & the Gang 4 : 01 12 . `` Jive Talkin ' '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Arif Mardin 3 : 44 13 . `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( performed by Bee Gees ) B. Gibb R. Gibb M. Gibb Bee Gees Galuten Richardson 4 : 14 14 . `` Boogie Shoes '' ( performed by KC and the Sunshine Band ) Harry Wayne Casey Richard Finch Casey Finch 2 : 17 Side four No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 15 . `` Salsation '' ( performed by David Shire ) Shire Shire Oakes 3 : 51 16 . `` K - Jee '' ( performed by MFSB ) Charlie Hearndon Harvey Fuqua Bobby Martin Broadway Eddie 4 : 13 17 . `` Disco Inferno '' ( performed by The Trammps ) Leroy Green Ron Kersey Kersey 10 : 51 Total length : 1 : 15 : 54 Notes signifies arranged by Additional songs recorded for the film but not used ( edit ) `` Emotion '' by Samantha Sang -- 3 : 43 `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Bee Gees -- 3 : 25 `` ( Our Love ) Do n't Throw It All Away '' by Bee Gees -- 4 : 07 `` Warm Ride '' by Bee Gees -- 3 : 16 Personnel ( edit ) Barry Gibb -- lead , harmony and backing vocals , rhythm guitar ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Robin Gibb -- lead ( track 2 ) , harmony and backing vocals ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Maurice Gibb -- bass , harmony and backing vocals ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Alan Kendall -- electric guitar ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Blue Weaver -- keyboards , synthesizer , piano ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Dennis Bryon -- drums , percussion ( tracks 1 -- 4 , 12 -- 13 ) Joe Lala -- percussion ( tracks 1 -- 4 ) Stephen Stills -- percussion ( track 13 ) Mike Baird -- drums ( track 10 ) Michael Boddicker -- synthesizer ( tracks 8 , 10 ) Bob Bowles -- guitar ( tracks 5 , 7 ) Dennis Budimir -- guitar ( track 10 ) Sonny Burke -- piano ( tracks 5 , 7 , 8 ) ; electric keyboards ( track 15 ) Eddie Cano -- acoustic piano ( track 15 ) Mike Caruso -- guitar ( track 6 ) Paulinho da Costa -- percussion ( tracks 5 , 7 ) Scott Edwards -- bass ( tracks 5 , 10 , 15 ) Steve Forman -- percussion ( tracks 8 , 10 , 15 ) James Gadson -- drums ( tracks 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Ralph Grierson -- keyboards ( track 10 ) Mitch Hoder -- guitar ( track 8 ) Abraham Laboriel -- bass ( track 8 ) Freddie Perren -- synthesizer , keyboards , percussion ( track 5 ) Emil Richards -- percussion ( track 10 ) Jerome Richardson -- flute solo ( track 15 ) Tony Terran -- trumpet solo ( track 15 ) Lee Ritenour -- guitar ( tracks 8 , 10 , 15 ) David Shire -- adaptation ( track 10 ) Mark Stevens -- drums ( track 15 ) Chino Valdez -- congas ( track 15 ) Bob Zimmitti -- percussion ( tracks 5 , 7 , 15 ) John Tobler -- liner notes Bill Oakes -- compilation , album supervision Awards ( edit ) Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group Won 1979 Saturday Night Fever Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group Won Saturday Night Fever Album of the Year Won `` Stayin ' Alive '' Best Arrangement of Voices Won Barry Gibb , Albhy Galuten , Karl Richardson ( producers ) Producer of the Year Won Saturday Night Fever Hall of Fame Award Won American Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 Saturday Night Fever Favorite Soul / R&B album Won Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Position `` Jive Talkin ' '' Pop Singles 1976 `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' Pop Singles `` You Should Be Dancing '' Pop Singles `` Open Sesame '' Pop Singles 55 1977 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Adult Contemporary Pop Singles 1978 `` Night Fever '' R&B Singles 8 Pop Singles `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Pop Singles `` Stayin ' Alive / Night Fever / More Than a Woman '' Club Play Singles `` Stayin ' Alive '' Pop Singles R&B Singles `` Disco Inferno '' Pop Singles 11 `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares version ) Pop Singles 32 `` Boogie Shoes '' Pop Singles 35 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Albums Chart Canadian RPM Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart French SNEP Albums Chart Italian Albums Chart Japanese Oricon Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart Norwegian VG - lista Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 West German Media Control Albums Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Australian Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart French Albums Chart 7 Italian Albums Chart Japanese Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard 200 West German Albums Chart Chart ( 1979 ) Position U.S. Billboard 200 27 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 79 ) Position Japanese Albums Chart 9 UK Albums Chart 5 Certifications / sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 2,161,800 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Platinum 1,500,000 Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong ) Platinum 15,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 50,000 Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 693,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 7 × Platinum 2,100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 16 × Platinum 16,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in France List of best - selling albums in Germany List of best - selling albums in the United States List of diamond - certified albums in Canada List of number - one albums of 1978 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B albums of 1978 ( U.S. ) Sesame Street Fever References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- November 30 , 2009 '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Sullivan ; Chronicle Pop Culture Critic ( January 14 , 2003 ) . `` APPRECIATION / Contributor to a sound that went beyond disco '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris . `` Library of Congress adds ' Saturday Night Fever , ' Simon and Garfunkel , Pink Floyd to audio archive - San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Kashner , `` Fever Pitch '' , Movies Rock ( Supplement to The New Yorker ) , Fall 2007 , unnumbered page . Jump up ^ Rose , Frank ( July 14 , 1977 ) . `` How Can You Mend a Broken Group ? The Bee Gees Did It With Disco '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melinda Bilyeu ; Hector Cook ; Andrew Môn Hughes . The Bee Gees . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic review '' . Jump up ^ Album : Saturday Night Fever . Robert Christgau . Jump up ^ Various Artists : Saturday Night Fever Album Reviews . Pitchfork ( July 13 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY.com '' . GRAMMY.com . February 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved '' . CFN13 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the groove : Grammys go disco '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel. 16 February 1979 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` austriancharts.at Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in German ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste : Bee Gees '' . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Gli album più venduti del 1978 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Hung Medien . VG - lista . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( ASP ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Albums -- 1970s '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Saturday Night Fever > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Soundtrack - Saturday Night Fever '' ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.st - Jahreshitparade 1978 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Albums of 1978 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1978 '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Albums ( CD ) de 1978 par InfoDisc '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Year - End Albums Chart 1978 '' ( 1978 年 アルバム 年間 ヒット チャート ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1970s Albums Chart Archive '' . everyhit.com . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Albums of 1978 '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Jahrescharts : 1978 '' . charts.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard.com -- Year End Charts -- Year - end Albums -- The Billboard 200 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Various Artists -- Saturday Night Fever '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Saturday Night Fever '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BEE GEES and click OK . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums `` Tout Temps '' `` . infodisc.fr ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bee Gees ; ' Saturday Night Fever ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Gold Disc Award 1979 '' . IFPI . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Artisti Vari -- Saturday Night Fever '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Original Soundtrack -- Saturday Night Fever -- OST '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Saturday Night Fever -- OST in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Murells , Joseph ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) . Million selling records from the 1900s to the 1980s : an illustrated directory . Batsford . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Bee Gees -- Saturday Night Fever '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) Album online on Radio3Net a radio channel of Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company Saturday Night Fever on Discogs Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Side one `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Night Fever '' `` More Than a Woman '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` If I Ca n't Have You '' ( Yvonne Elliman ) Side two `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' ( Walter Murphy ) `` More Than a Woman '' ( Tavares ) `` Manhattan Skyline '' ( David Shire ) `` Calypso Breakdown '' ( Ralph MacDonald ) Side three `` Night on Disco Mountain '' ( David Shire ) `` Open Sesame '' ( Kool & the Gang ) `` Jive Talkin ' '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( The Bee Gees ) `` Boogie Shoes '' ( KC and the Sunshine Band ) Side four `` Salsation '' ( David Shire ) `` K - Jee '' ( MFSB ) `` Disco Inferno '' ( The Trammps ) Saturday Night Fever Films Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive People John Travolta Robert Stigwood Norman Wexler John Badham Sylvester Stallone Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack `` Far from Over '' Bee Gees David Shire Related topics Stage adaptation Nik Cohn `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Tony Manero Bee Gees Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten Book Commons Portal Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele 2017 : Damn -- Kendrick Lamar UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1971 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1972 : 20 Dynamic Hits ( various artists ) 1973 : Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player ( Elton John ) 1974 : The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( The Carpenters ) 1975 : The Best of The Stylistics ( The Stylistics ) 1976 : Greatest Hits ( ABBA ) 1977 : Arrival ( ABBA ) 1978 : Saturday Night Fever ( original soundtrack ) 1979 : Parallel Lines ( Blondie ) 1980 : Super Trouper ( ABBA ) 1981 : Kings of the Wild Frontier ( Adam and the Ants ) 1982 : Love Songs ( Barbra Streisand ) 1983 : Thriller ( Michael Jackson ) 1984 : Ca n't Slow Down ( Lionel Richie ) 1985 : Brothers in Arms ( Dire Straits ) 1986 : True Blue ( Madonna ) 1987 : Bad ( Michael Jackson ) 1988 : Kylie ( Kylie Minogue ) 1989 : Ten Good Reasons ( Jason Donovan ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Fever_(soundtrack)&oldid=865526092 '' Categories : 1977 soundtracks Bee Gees albums Polydor Records soundtracks RSO Records soundtracks Reprise Records soundtracks United States National Recording Registry recordings Film soundtracks Disco soundtracks Grammy Award for Album of the Year Juno Award for International Album of the Year albums Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what pop groups music was used in the movie saturday night fever | [
"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Stayin' Alive\" (performed by Bee Gees)Barry GibbRobin GibbMaurice GibbBee GeesAlbhy GalutenKarl Richardson4:452.\"How Deep Is Your Love\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson4:053.\"Night Fever\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson3:324.\"More Than a Woman\" (performed by Bee Gees)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbBee GeesGalutenRichardson3:185.\"If I Can't Have You\" (performed by Yvonne Elliman)B. GibbR. GibbM. GibbFreddie Perren3:00"
] | [
"Bee Gees"
] |
7021721895374223406 | List of American Pie characters | List of American Pie characters - wikipedia List of American Pie characters Jump to : navigation , search Characters from the series . From left to right : Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher , Heather , Steve Stifler , James `` Jim '' Levenstein , Noah Levenstein and Vicky . Picture from 2012 . Characters from the series . From left to right : Vicky , Heather , Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher , Michelle Flaherty , Steve Stifler , Kevin Myers , Paul Finch , Jessica , Noah Levenstein , James `` Jim '' Levenstein and Nadia . Picture from 2001 . This is a list of characters from the film series American Pie consisting of American Pie ( 1999 ) , American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) , American Wedding ( 2003 ) , American Pie Presents : Band Camp ( 2005 ) , American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile ( 2006 ) , American Pie Presents : Beta House ( 2007 ) , American Pie Presents : The Book of Love ( 2009 ) , and American Reunion ( 2012 ) . Only one character , Noah Levenstein played by Eugene Levy , has appeared in all eight released films . Biggs , Hannigan , Scott , Nicholas , Thomas , Coolidge , Cho , Isfield , Cheek , and Owen all play their characters in four films each ; other characters appear in fewer films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters from American Pie 1.1 Noah Levenstein 1.2 James `` Jim '' Levenstein 1.3 Michelle Flaherty 1.4 Steve Stifler 1.5 Kevin Myers 1.6 Paul Finch 1.7 Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher 1.8 Victoria `` Vicky '' Lathum 1.9 Heather 1.10 Jessica 1.11 Nadia 1.12 Chuck Sherman 1.13 Matt Stifler 1.14 John and Justin 1.15 Jeanine Stifler 2 Characters from American Pie 2 2.1 Amber and Danielle 3 Characters from American Wedding 3.1 Cadence Flaherty 3.2 Bear 3.3 Grandma Levenstein 4 Characters from American Reunion 4.1 Evan Levenstein 4.2 Kara 4.3 AJ 4.4 Dr. Ron 4.5 Mia 4.6 Selena Vega 4.7 Madison and Alexa 5 Characters from American Pie Presents : Band Camp 5.1 Elyse Houston 5.2 Brandon Vandecamp 5.3 Ernie Kaplowitz 5.4 James `` Jimmy '' Chong 6 Characters from American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile 6.1 Erik Stifler 6.2 Dwight Stifler 6.3 Ryan Grimm 6.4 Mike `` Cooze '' Coozeman 6.5 Tracy Sterling 6.6 Rock 6.7 Harry Stifler 6.8 Bull 6.9 Jill 7 Characters from American Pie Presents : Beta House 7.1 Ashley 7.2 Edgar Willis 8 Characters from American Pie Presents : The Book of Love 8.1 Rob Shearson 8.2 Scott Stifler 8.3 Nathan Jenkyll 8.4 Marshall `` Lube '' Lubetsky 8.5 Heidi 8.6 Dana 8.7 Ashley 8.8 Imogen 9 External links 10 References Characters from American Pie ( edit ) Noah Levenstein ( edit ) Levy has appeared in all released films in the American Pie film series Portrayed by Eugene Levy Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , American Pie Presents : Band Camp , American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile , American Pie Presents : Beta House , American Pie Presents : The Book of Love , and American Reunion Noah Levenstein , also known as `` Jim 's dad '' , is the only character to appear in all eight films to date . At the 2000 American Comedy Award , Levy was nominated for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture although he did n't win . At the 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Award he was nominated for Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy which he won . At the 2002 Canadian Comedy Awards he was nominated for Pretty Funny Male Performance for his role in American Pie 2 and won the award . He first appears in American Pie where he attempts to offer sexual advice including purchasing and giving his son Jim pornography after finding him masturbating with a pie after being previously told that third base feels like `` warm apple pie '' . He later helps Jim cover the incident up and lies to his wife about the missing pie and where it has gone , telling her he ate it all . He reappears in the second film of the series where he takes Jim to the hospital after Jim decides to turn on a porn film that Stifler rented , but accidentally uses superglue instead of lubricant to masturbate , permanently gluing his entire hand to his penis and boxer shorts . He then supports Jim after he learns that he wo n't be able to have sex for at least a whole week , the same amount of time before the party he is attending with Nadia , who he plans on sleeping with , will be held . In the third installment Noah arrives at the restaurant Jim is at to give him the wedding ring he was going to use to propose to girlfriend Michelle . Jim tries to hide the fact that he is being fellated . Not knowing Michelle is under the table , Jim 's dad expresses his excitement at the proposal . Then , after Michelle bumps her head under the table in shock at hearing about the proposal , all chaos ensues as Jim ends up exposed and has to hike his pants up quickly . Saving face , he swallows what is left of his pride and asks Michelle to marry him and gets an erection . She readily agrees . He reappears in the fourth film and the first spin off film from the main series , in which he is the camp 's MACRO ( Morale And Conflict Resolution Officer ) and recommends that Matt Stifler start trying to fit in and earn the band 's trust . He appears again in the fifth installment , in which he is presiding over the annual Naked Mile run . He reappears in the sixth film in which he is the Beta alumni and the last - winning team captain of the Greek Olympiad . He helps to host the competition , which includes competing to remove girls ' bras the fastest , a light saber duel and catching a greased pig . The final challenge being to hold off from ejaculation while receiving a lap dance . After the Betas win , Noah , as the officiate , hands over the golden hammer to Dwight . In the seventh film he plays a significantly smaller role , as he is not seen until near the end of the movie . He is revealed to have created `` The Bible '' ( The Book of Love ) while at college . After the book is destroyed Rob , Nathan and Lube track him down to help recreate it , in which he assists them with and helps the group to recreate the manual . In American Reunion , it is revealed that his wife has died three years prior to the events portrayed in the film and that he is still grieving her loss . In the end , he finds happiness again with Stifler 's mom . James `` Jim '' Levenstein ( edit ) Jason Biggs , plays James `` Jim '' Levenstein Portrayed by Jason Biggs Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion James `` Jim '' Levenstein is the main protagonist in three out of the four primary films in the American Pie series ( the exception being American Wedding ) . He first appears in American Pie , where he is trying to lose his virginity before the end of high school and begins to pine for Czech exchange student , Nadia . Stifler persuades him to set up a webcam in his room so that they can all watch it together . The plan goes wrong , though , when Nadia discovers Jim 's pornography collection and sits half - naked on his bed to read it . Jim is persuaded to return to his room , where he joins Nadia , unaware that he accidentally sent the weblink to the entire school directory . As Nadia is preparing to have sex with him , he prematurely ejaculates twice , embarrassing himself live in front of the entire school . Shortly afterwards Nadia leaves school and goes back home now leaving Jim completely dateless for prom and ruining his likeliness of losing his virginity before high - school is over . In his desperation , Jim asks band geek Michelle Flaherty to the senior prom as she is apparently the only girl at his school who did not see what happened . He succeeds in getting Michelle into bed where she behaves passionately before leaving him to wake up alone . The film ends with Jim and his friends eating breakfast before toasting to the next step . Jim reappears in American Pie 2 where he and his friends rent a house at Lake Michigan in the summer break at the end of their freshman year . After keeping in contact with Nadia , who is traveling across the US , Nadia agrees to join Jim at his beach party . When Jim decides to turn on a porn movie that Stifler rented , he accidentally uses superglue instead of lubricant to masturbate , permanently gluing his entire hand to his penis and boxer shorts . Scared and flustered , he takes out the porn cassette but ends up bonding the cassette to his other hand . Unable to open any doors , he climbs out of a window and stumbles onto the rooftop where he is caught by confused police officers . He is supported at the hospital by his father Noah , where he learns the news that he wo n't be able to have sex for at least a whole week , the same amount of time before the party is due to occur . When Nadia turns up earlier than expected , Michelle acts as his fake girlfriend so that he wo n't have to have sex with Nadia until his penis has healed . At the party Jim realizes that it is n't Nadia he wants but Michelle . Nadia is upset that Jim chose a geek over her , but is happy for Jim and allows him to go and find Michelle , performing at band camp . He gatecrashes the performance with a trombone , just like he did before , but with much more confidence and passion , and romantically makes out with Michelle in front of the cheering crowd . In American Wedding , Jim plays a smaller role with much less screen time in comparison to the first two films and Reunion . In the opening scene , he proposes to Michelle after a few mishaps in attempting . She enthusiastically agrees . Jim is worried about dancing at the wedding , but salvation comes in the form of Steve Stifler , who promises to teach Jim in return of a wedding invite . Jim reluctantly agrees much to the rest of the guests disappointment . Stifler also takes charge of the bachelor party but unfortunately collides the dates with the day Jim was supposedly setting up a dinner to impress Michelle 's parents . Although it appears all is ruined , Jim , Stifler and Finch readily make excuses and thankfully get the Flaherty 's blessing . Nervous on the days building toward the wedding , Jim shaves his considerable pubic hair in an attempt to impress Michelle even further . However , disaster strikes as his pubes inadvertently fall into the air conditioning covering their wedding cake . A new one is made and Jim encounters another awkward talk with his father . On the day of the wedding , Jim announces his appreciation and love for his friends Paul Finch , Kevin Myers and even Steve Stifler and then readily marries Michelle . In Band Camp , Noah Levenstein informs Stifler 's younger brother Matt of Michelle 's pregnancy revealing that the character is to become a father . Jim is mentioned again as Noah attempts to comfort Matt , who was caught attempting to masturbate using an oboe , informing him that he caught his son engaging in sexual activity with a pastry product . Naked Mile also alludes to Jim 's paternity as Noah proudly informs Erik , Steve and Matt 's younger cousin , that Michelle successfully gave birth . Whilst absent from the film , The Book of Love shows Jim 's signature in the East Great Falls Bible , referencing the events of the first film . Jim returns in American Reunion , once again the protagonist , played by Jason Biggs . He and Michelle now have a 2 - year - old son named Evan . The couple 's sex life has been slowly deteriorating after the birth of their son . Throughout the film , they try to re-ignite their sexual flames . Also , Jim must avoid the advances of Kara , an 18 - year - old girl he once babysat when she was young , who wants to lose her virginity to him . Seeing how her situation mirrors his own when he was her age in the original film , Jim teaches her that it is best if she waits for someone special . Michelle Flaherty ( edit ) Alyson Hannigan Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion Michelle Annabeth Flaherty first appears in American Pie in which she is a considerably minor character and ended up being a popular character . Jim asks her to the prom as she pretends to be the only person in the school who has not seen the video of Jim prematurely ejaculating . After the prom Jim loses his virginity to Michelle who becomes aggressive and later leaves him to wake up alone , which amused him in the end rather than angering him . She reappears in American Pie 2 in a much larger role . Here , her friendship with Jim grows over the summer and eventually she begins to fall in love with him . She explains that she did n't ditch Jim the morning after prom intentionally . It was done out of fear of rejection as she thought the date over and was worried that Jim would have done the same to her . She later pretends to be Jim 's girlfriend so he wo n't have to have sex with Nadia until his penis has healed . She stages a break up in front of Nadia who later goes to the party with Jim . However , Michelle is heartbroken about Jim 's interest in Nadia as opposed to her . Jim later realizes his love for Michelle , and decides to just be friends with Nadia . He goes to find Michelle at band camp , and gatecrashes the performance with a trombone and passionately kisses Michelle in front of a heart - warmed crowd , therefore beginning a relationship with her . In American Wedding , she and Jim have continued dating and she accepts Jim 's offer of marriage at the beginning of the film . Michelle settles on a dress but it is only made by one particular dressmaker so Jim and his friends set out to find him for her . Michelle and Jim 's plans are almost ruined when Stifler turns up to the engagement party although they had planned to keep him in the dark about it . After several hiccups including one with the flowers being killed which Stifler later fixes Michelle and Jim marry . Band Camp revealed that after the events of American Wedding , Michelle became an annual MACRO at Tall Oaks Band Camp . However , she could not attend in the 2005 semester as she was heavily pregnant with Jim 's baby . She requested that Noah , Jim 's father , take her place , a request he received with much enthusiasm . In Naked Mile , Noah informs Erik Stifler that she had in fact given birth to a baby , to which he announced was a pride fueling moment . She appeared in American Reunion . Her son is now three years old . Steve Stifler ( edit ) Seann William Scott Portrayed by Seann William Scott Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion Steven `` Steve '' Stifler , Commonly Referred by his last name Stifler and The Stifmeister , made his first appearance in American Pie , in which he went to East Great Falls High . While not part of the sex pact , Stifler plays a crucial role in the film in two ways : his post-prom party served as the setting for the film 's final act . He is also a close friend of the guys , especially fellow lacrosse player Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher and Jim Levenstein . Despite his love - hate friendship with Paul Finch , it is apparent that they are still good friends . After Finch pays to have positive rumors about himself spread to all the girls in the school , one of these being that he won in a fist fight with Stifler , Stifler reveals Finch as a freak in front of everyone by putting very strong laxative in Finch 's habitual drink of mocha cappuccino . Finch , who is too uptight to use the school toilet until that time , ran to the restroom , where Stifler helpfully held the door open for him . It turned out to be the ladies ' restroom , and Finch was publicly embarrassed . Stifler is also on the wrong end of the first of three sight gags throughout the film 's trilogy in this movie , where he ingests beer containing semen . He then proceeds to vomit uncontrollably on a girl and in the toilet . Stifler later catches his mother , Jeanine , and Finch having sex , igniting a frenemy relationship with him . Stifler 's second appearance was in the sequel , American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) , with a much larger role this time . After returning from his first year at Michigan State University with Oz , Stifler attempts a reunion party at his home and of which is shut down thanks to the neighbors calling the police . He helps chip in cash to rent a beach house on Lake Michigan with the rest of the group . During the summer , Stifler becomes interested in two attractive owners of the house that they were hired to paint ; two females who Stifler mistakenly regards as lesbians , who respond to Stifler 's attraction by offering to engage in varying degrees of lesbian sexual activities in front of him , Jim and Finch , but only in exchange for the guys to engage in a corresponding degree of homoerotic acts that girls enjoy . The first is Stifler grabbing Finch 's buttocks , the second is Stifler and Jim kissing , and the third one would have been for Stifler to receive hand jobs from Finch or Jim , which Stifler is the only one confident enough to do . This freaks Jim and Finch out too much and they run off . This annoys Stifler , as the more the guys would have done , the more the girls would have done . At the main party at the beach house at the end of the film , the two girls arrive , telling Stifler they never said they were lesbians , and Stifler ends up in bed with them both . In American Wedding , Stifler is the main protagonist . He is revealed to have become a high school football assistant coach ; he also drives the team 's bus . He drops in on Jim and Michelle 's engagement party , much to their dismay . He is also implicated in an unusual Jim - plus - two - dogs foursome . He competes with Finch for the heart of Cadence , Michelle 's younger sister . He impersonates Finch 's personality in order to win Cadence over , but Finch continues the triangle by replicating Stifler 's outrageous frat boy image , which Cadence surprisingly enjoys just as much , if not more . Nevertheless , Stifler manages to bond with Cadence 's family , and is eventually charged with holding Michelle 's wedding ring . However , the family dog manages to ingest the ring while in Stifler 's care , and Stifler follows it until it defecates . Stifler picks up the ring which is encapsulated within the feces using a confection paper , which Cadence 's mother sees and assumes it to be one of the truffles . She insists that Stifler let her have it , but knowing he could blow his chances with Cadence for good , he suddenly devours the dog dropping into his own mouth . Before the wedding , Stifler accidentally destroys the massive flower arrangement Michelle 's family had ordered , resulting in everyone turning against him . Jim tells him to leave , and seeing how no one is on his side , Stifler complies . However , Stifler redeems himself at the end of the film : using the football team as his minions , Stifler uses his own money to buy up the entire content of a nearby flower shop and has the football team successfully set up the flowers for the wedding hours before it is to occur . By doing this , Cadence eventually falls for him and invites him to have sex in the closet . Stifler accidentally has sex with Jim 's grandmother , who was put there by John and Justin because she was `` being a bitch '' . When Finch and Kevin went to collect her from the closet , they catch Stifler having sex with Jim 's grandmother . Horrified by this , Stifler asks them to close the door and screams out . At the wedding , Finch taunts Stifler by whispering `` grandmother fucker . '' Stifler retorts with `` Well , you 're a mother fucker '' to Finch agrees `` Yes . yes I am . '' At the reception , Stifler dances with Cadence and congratulates his friend , Jim . In Band Camp , the audience are told that Stifler has become a pornographic movie director . This movie shows that although the jocks and other popular kids pretended to like Stifler he was not liked by anyone in high school , which lead Matt to reform his ways . In The Naked Mile , he is mentioned in passing by his cousin Erik as one of the legendary Stifler boys . A picture of him can be seen on Erik 's noticeboard . In American Reunion , he is portrayed in a slightly lighter fashion and can be considered somewhat of a tragic character . He now works as a temp at an investment firm , having to put up with humiliating verbal abuse from his cold - hearted employer . He yearns for the days of his youth and has trouble coping with the fact that things will never be the way they were before . Throughout the film , he attempts to re-create his teenage years ( such as seeking revenge on a group of mean - spirited teens and throwing one of his trademark parties ) but fails each time as his friends and everyone else have outgrown this . When Stifler learns Finch was arrested for stealing his boss ' motorcycle , he finds it hilarious and believed he got his revenge on Finch because he slept with Jeanine ( Stifler 's mom ) in the past . Meanwhile , Jim , Oz and Kevin are angered by Stifler 's lack of tolerance towards their friend and rallies to Finch 's side . During a heated argument with the guys , Jim , Oz and Kevin reveal they do n't like having Stiffer around because he always ruins their plans . Stifler is devastated and decides to skip the reunion . However , the guys soon realize how much they mean to Stifler , and how much he means to them so they locate him at work and make amends with him . He regains his confidence and quits his job ( but not before standing up to his boss ) . The guys proceed to attend the reunion , finally embracing Stifler as one of their own . Stifler catches up with Chuck `` Sherminator '' Sherman , and feeling regretful for how he treated him in high school , Stifler wholeheartedly helps Sherman find a woman to score with . In a surprise turn of events , he meets Finch 's gorgeous mother and finally has his revenge by having sex with her on the lacrosse field as the MILF Guys , John and Justin , happily watch . In the end , the five friends all promise to stay in touch and meet up at least once a year from now on to catch up . Kevin Myers ( edit ) Thomas Ian Nicholas Portrayed by Thomas Ian Nicholas Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion Kevin Myers first appears in American Pie as the nerdy leader of the pack , and he is the friend of Jim Levenstein , Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher , Paul Finch , Steve Stifler and the boyfriend of Vicky . The four friends make a pact to lose their virginity before they graduate from high school . Vicky later accuses Kevin of being with her only for sex , and he must try and repair his relationship with her before the upcoming prom night , when the four plan to lose their virginity . He eventually succeeds . At the prom , everything seems hopeless for the four boys until Vicky asks the girl that Chuck Sherman claimed to have bedded about her first time . She proclaims to everyone at the prom that she and Sherman did not have sex at Stifler 's party , leaving Sherman embarrassed and making him wet himself . The revelation takes the pressure off of Jim , Kevin , Oz and Finch , and they head to the post-prom party with new hope . At the after - party at Stifler 's house , all four boys fulfill their pledge . Kevin and Vicky have sex in an upstairs bedroom . Vicky breaks up with Kevin afterwards on the grounds that they will drift apart when they go to college , with him attending the University of Michigan and her at Cornell University . The morning after the prom Jim , Kevin , Oz , and Finch eat breakfast at their favorite restaurant where they toast to the future . Kevin reappears in American Pie 2 where he , Jim , Oz and Finch return to their hometown in East Great Falls , Michigan for the summer break after their first year of college . They attend a party hosted by Stifler , but not only does their new status as college students not give them any success with local girls , but the police also shut down the party . Kevin also has problems when he meets Vicky after their year away from each other ; Vicky wants to be friends and Kevin is awkwardly positioned wanting her back , but worried he will lose her completely . Desperately he calls his brother for advice , who tells him to move down to the beach and party hard . Together , they set off for a rented house by the beach in Grand Harbor , Michigan , where they intend to spend the whole summer , but Kevin is forced to invite Stifler along as well in order to successfully cover the costs . Kevin finds the boys jobs working as painters and decorators for a nearby house . The boys then plan to throw a huge summer party at the house , bigger than anything they 've done before . The party begins at the beach house . Kevin sees his ex-girlfriend Vicky but is crushed when he sees her with a new boyfriend and leaves to go to the beach by himself . Oz , Finch and Jim follow him down , where he confides in them that he never got over Vicky and that with the party , he was hoping to relive his senior year prom night , in particular , sleeping with Vicky at the end of it . The others help Kevin realize that it will never happen , and the quartet return to the beach house to party hard . In the third film he reappears in a much smaller role , with little to no significance to the plot , in contrast to the first two and latter films . As a groomsman , he aids Jim in finding the wedding dress Michelle finally settles on after long hours of searching which is made by only one designer working for one store , so Jim , Kevin and Finch , with Stifler tagging along sets out to find the dressmaker for her . They go to Chicago looking for her and end up in a gay bar . Stifler has a dance - off to make up for his rudeness towards a man , Mr. Belvedere , who knows the dressmaker . In the meantime Stifler arranges a bachelor party for everyone at Jim 's house except Jim who unknowingly has arranged a `` special dinner '' for Michelle 's parents before the wedding . Kevin , Finch , and Stifler are then introduced to Fraulein Brandi and Officer Krystal by Mr. Belvedere and then play submissive and dominant roles with them respectively . While this is going on , Jim enters the house and Michelle 's parents are badly embarrassed . Notably , he is absent from the wedding reception . It is noted on the DVD commentary that most of Kevin 's scenes were cut from the final edit , which implies he played a more relevant role than the one shown in the final cut . In American Reunion , Kevin has lost contact with all his former friends ; apart from Jim . The two have a conversation about going to the reunion , with Kevin being very excited . He is working as an architect from home , and is married to a woman named Ellie . His life now consists of watching shows like Real Housewives and Desperate Housewives . Kevin and the others meet at a bar , where they browse through the yearbook and find Kevin 's quote , `` Kevin Myers hopes to still be living it up with the beautiful Vicky Lathum . '' The next day , they all go to the beach , and Kevin and Vicky run into each other . They 're still friends , and there appears to be no romantic feelings between the two of them . They go to the falls and chat to each other , getting drunk . The next morning , Kevin wakes up beside Vicky , wearing nothing but his underwear . He panics and leaves , thinking the two of them engaged in sexual intercourse . At Stifler 's party , Kevin rings his wife , but Vicky enters the room . He confronts Vicky , but she says they did n't have sex and that she took his clothes off because they got wet . She is angry at Kevin that he would have such low expectations about her . He fights outside against A.J. and his friend , and puts up a decent fight . When Finch is taken by the police , Kevin desperately tries to stop them by saying Finch did n't steal the motorcycle . Kevin and Vicky reconcile at the reunion , and the two of them and Ellie dance together . He is last seen at Dog Days with the others , and they all agree to meet up at least once a year from now on . Paul Finch ( edit ) Eddie Kaye Thomas Portrayed by Eddie Kaye Thomas Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion Paul Finch , commonly referred by his surname Finch , first appears in American Pie as a mochaccino - drinking sophisticate and he is the friend of Jim Levenstein , Kevin Myers and Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher . The four friends make a pact to lose their virginity before they graduate from high school . Finch , meanwhile , pays Vicky 's friend Jessica $200 to spread rumors around the school of his sexual prowess , hoping that it will increase his chances of success . Unfortunately , he runs into trouble when Stifler , angry that a girl turned him down for the prom because she was waiting for Finch to ask her , puts a laxative into Finch 's mochacchino . Finch , being paranoid about the lack of cleanliness in the school restrooms , and unable to go home to use the toilet as he usually does , is tricked by Stifler into using the girls ' restroom . Afterward , he emerges before many other fellow students , humiliated and is left dateless . At the prom , everything seems hopeless for the four boys until Vicky asks the girl that Chuck Sherman claimed to have bedded about her first time . She proclaims to everyone at the prom that she and Sherman did not have sex at Stifler 's party , leaving Sherman embarrassed and making him wet himself . The revelation takes the pressure off of Jim , Kevin , Oz and Finch , and they head to the post-prom party with new hope . At the after - party at Stifler 's house , all four boys fulfill their pledge . Finch strays downstairs to the basement recreation room where he meets Stifler 's mother . She is aroused by his precociousness , and they have sex on the pool table . In the morning Stifler enters the room , realizes that his mom has had sex with Finch and faints , unable to believe that his mom and `` shitbreak '' are together . The morning after the prom Jim , Kevin , Oz , and Finch eat breakfast at their favorite restaurant where they toast to the future . Paul reappears in American Pie 2 , where he Jim , Kevin , Oz , and Stifler return to their hometown in East Great Falls , Michigan for the summer break after their first year of college . They attend a party hosted by Stifler , but not only does their new status as college students not give them any success with local girls , but the police also shut down the party . After arriving in Grand Harbor , Kevin finds them work as painters and decorators for a house nearby . Stifler is intrigued by the two sexy female owners , who appear to be lesbians , and excitedly breaks into their house while they 're away . Jim and Finch follow him , trying to get him out , but they are caught by the owners , who relent on calling the police . But after Stifler identifies his interest in their homosexuality , they insist on the boys performing `` like for like '' homosexual acts on each other in return for being able to watch the girls do the same thing . Oz and Kevin take turns watching up a ladder and listening on the walkie - talkie also in the room . The conversation is accidentally picked up and heard by many other people in the neighborhood . After this , the boys plan to throw a huge summer party at the house , bigger than anything they 've done before . Finch has become involved in the sexual art of Tantra , and claims that through Tantric sex , he can `` make an orgasm last for days '' . He is waiting patiently for Stifler 's mom , hoping she will show up and be willing to have sex with him again . He thinks she arrives when a vehicle turns up after Stifler is talking on the phone , but it turns out to be Stifler 's little brother Matt . Finally , the party begins at the beach house . Kevin sees his ex-girlfriend Vicky but is crushed when he sees her with a new boyfriend and leaves to go to the beach by himself . Oz , Finch and Jim follow him down , where he confides in them that he never got over Vicky and that with the party , he was hoping to relive his senior year prom night , in particular , sleeping with Vicky at the end of it . The others help Kevin realize that it will never happen , and the quartet return to the beach house to party hard . The morning after the party , a Mercedes coupe with darkened windows turns up at the house . Finch approaches to see Stifler 's mom who has finally turned up . It does n't take long before Finch gets into the car and drives off to the lakeside to have hard sex with her . In the third film , Finch plays a larger role . He helps Jim find the wedding dress Michelle finally settles on after long hours of searching which is made by only one designer working for one store , so Jim , Kevin and Finch , with Stifler tagging along sets out to find the dressmaker for her . They go to Chicago looking for her and end up in a gay bar . Stifler has a dance - off to make up for his rudeness towards a man , Bear , who knows the dressmaker . In the mean time Stifler arranges a bachelor party for everyone at Jim 's house except Jim who unknowingly has arranged a `` special dinner '' for Michelle 's parents before the wedding . Kevin , Jim and Stifler are then introduced to Fraulein Brandi and Officer Krystal by Bear and then play submissive and dominant roles with them respectively . While this is going on , Jim enters the house and Michelle 's parents are badly embarrassed . Michelle 's sister Cadence attends the wedding , and Finch is quickly attracted to her . Stifler also becomes attracted to her . Upon hearing that Cadence is hoping to attract a decent guy , Stifler adopts a more meek attitude and acts like Finch , and avoids swearing and speaks of philosophy . But when Finch realizes that Cadence is beginning to tire of the intellectual Stifler , Finch acts immature , rude , and perverted : in other words , like Stifler . Stifler unintentionally kills the flowers the night before the wedding , and when arguing with Finch he is heard by Cadence , who realizes his true intentions . Later , Stifler realizes that he actually feels bad about his previous actions , prompting him to bring in the football team he coaches to set up the entire room with new flowers . Ultimately , Cadence chooses Stifler , and Finch admits that Stifler was probably better for her anyway . Due to a confusion , Stifler has sex with Jim 's grandmother , who opposed the wedding but is so happily distracted by this to no longer argue . Michelle and Jim eventually get married . At the reception , Finch is sitting by himself when Stifler 's mom arrives . They tell each other they are over each other but at the end of the movie it shows Stifler 's mom and Finch in the tub having sex . The two MILF guys are watching in awe through the window as Finch goes under the bubbles to perform oral sex on her . In American Reunion , Finch is an assistant manager at Staples , but is often disrespected by his boss . Having enough , he stole his boss ' motorcycle when he did not receive a raise that was promised to him and took it out for a joy ride . Finch was arrested for the whole thing when the cops showed up . Stifler found the whole thing funny and believed he got his revenge on him for having sex with his mother . Disgusted with his antagonistic attitude , Jim , Oz and Kevin rallied to Finch 's side and told Stifler off . He meets and falls in love with Selena when he sees they have a lot in common . Finch makes amends with Selena for lying , and they have sex in the bathroom , which promises to lead to an ongoing relationship ; in the process , Finch realizes that he has moved on from Stifler 's mom . Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher ( edit ) Chris Klein Portrayed by Chris Klein Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , and American Reunion Christopher Russell `` Oz '' Ostreicher first appears in American Pie as a member of the high school lacrosse team and as a friend of Jim Levenstein , Kevin Myers , Steve Stifler , and Paul Finch . The four friends make a pact to lose their virginity before they graduate from high school . Oz joins the jazz choir in an effort to lose his reputation as an insensitive jock and find a girlfriend there . He soon wins the attention of Heather , a girl in the choir . However , he runs into problems when Heather comes to learn about Oz 's reputation and subsequently breaks up with him , although he later manages to regain some of her trust . Oz confesses the pact to Heather , and renounces it , saying that just by them being together makes him a winner . They reconcile and wind up making love together on the porch . Oz , honoring his newfound sensitivity , never confesses to what they did . The morning after the prom Jim , Kevin , Oz , and Finch eat breakfast at their favourite restaurant where they toast to the future . In American Pie 2 he reappears where he and his friends rent a house at Lake Michigan in the summer break at the end of their freshman year where they plan to have a party . Oz is lonely and missing his girlfriend Heather who is away in Spain . They start having erotic phone sex to vent some of their frustration , but keep getting interrupted by various people . Heather turns up to Oz 's delight later at the party . He does not reappear in the third film , American Wedding and his absence is n't explained . In a deleted scene , it is mentioned that he and Heather are in Spain . Like the majority of the other characters ( excluding Jim 's Dad , Matt Stifler , and The Sherminator ) , Oz does not appear in any of the spin - off films but his name can be seen on the check - out card for `` The Bible '' in The Book of Love . He is re-introduced into the series in American Reunion . He is now a successful , wealthy sportscaster , but is best known for his embarrassing loss to Gilbert Gottfried on Celebrity Dance - Off . Despite his fame and fortune , he is still not truly happy , as he and Heather are no longer together , and he has yet to have a family of his own . He shows up for the reunion with the gang , and upon seeing Jim again , he acknowledges he may have missed his wedding but he 'd never miss the reunion ( alluding to his absence in the previous film ) . In the meantime , he tries to rekindle his relationship with Heather . Victoria `` Vicky '' Lathum ( edit ) Tara Reid Portrayed by Tara Reid Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , and American Reunion Vicky first appears in American Pie , where she 's Kevin Myers 's girlfriend . At the end of American Pie , Vicky breaks - up with Kevin after having sex with him at Stifler 's lake - house party after the prom . In American Pie 2 , she appears to have moved on from Kevin , she tells Stifler and Oz and Kevin while they 're playing pool , that she had sex with only one guy , which upsets Kevin , and before the last scene , Kevin admits to her that he had n't moved on , and they agreed to be friends , then she dances with him at their lake party . In American Reunion , she appears to have broken - up with her boyfriend and is living with her parents . She gets mad at Kevin for thinking they had sex after waking up in the bed with her and his clothes are off . In the last scene Kevin confesses his old feelings for her , and explains that he loves his wife but that she will always be his first love . He then introduces Vicky to his wife at the reunion where his wife insists that the three of them share a dance . Heather ( edit ) Mena Suvari Portrayed by Mena Suvari Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , and American Reunion Heather first appears in American Pie where she starts a relationship with Oz after he joins her choir group and initially turns Oz down , until he proves that he really likes Heather . It is unknown if they had sex at Stifler 's after prom party . Heather reappears in American Pie 2 where she is out of town and has phone sex with Oz until a foreigner and Stifler interrupt . She later surprises Oz at the party . While absent from American Wedding , she appears in American Reunion where she has a slightly bigger role . She has broken up with Oz and dates a heart surgeon named Ron , who turns out to be a jerk , and they separate as Heather goes back to Oz . Jessica ( edit ) Portrayed by Natasha Lyonne Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , and American Reunion Jessica is a friend of Vicky , Finch and Kevin , and usually gives them advice on what some high school `` codes '' mean such as for example , she tells Vicky that when a man says they slept with two or more girls she says it means they slept with one or none in reality , humorously Stifler says the opposite to his friends in that he says that it equals more , not less . In American Pie 2 , at the lake house party , she and Stifler briefly entertain the thought that their animosity might be due to sexual tension which they immediately scoff at and laugh off . Jessica has a brief cameo at the end of American Reunion in which she has come out as a lesbian and tells Kevin to talk to Vicky . A rather lengthy deleted scene shows Jessica and Finch catching up , with Jessica also giving him some pointers on sex with Selena . Nadia ( edit ) Shannon Elizabeth Portrayed by Shannon Elizabeth Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , and American Reunion Nadia is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She first appeared as an attractive Czech exchange student in American Pie who Jim attempted to lose his virginity to . Stifler persuades Jim to set up a webcam in his room so that they can all watch Jim with Nadia . The plan at first seems to suffer a hiccup , though , when Nadia discovers Jim 's pornography collection and sits half - naked on his bed to read it , but this makes her stay . Jim is persuaded to return to his room , where he joins Nadia , unaware that he accidentally sent the weblink to the entire school directory . Nadia ( thanks to her fetish for geeks ) tells Jim to strip slowly for her after he sees her naked . When he does so , this manages to turn her on which gives Jim the chance to be deflowered . As Nadia is preparing to have sex with him , he prematurely ejaculates twice , humiliating himself live in front of the entire school . Shortly afterwards Nadia leaves school and goes back home , after her exchange family sees the video and send her back , now leaving Jim completely dateless for prom and his likeliness of losing his virginity before high - school is over . Nadia makes her second appearance in American Pie 2 . Traveling across the US , Nadia agrees to join Jim at his beach party . When Nadia turns up earlier than expected , Michelle acts as his fake girlfriend so that he wo n't have to have sex with Nadia until his penis has healed . At the party , Jim realizes that it is n't Nadia he wants , but Michelle . Nadia is disappointed that Jim chose a geek over her , but is happy for Jim and allows him to go and find Michelle , performing at band camp . Meanwhile , the geeky Sherman mulls around at the party in a depressed mood , having abandoned his `` Sherminator '' mantra from the first film due to his abject failure with girls . By chance , he begins talking to the rejected Nadia , who is also depressed , and the two hit it off almost instantly . Nadia encourages Sherman to become the Sherminator once more , displaying a desire / fetish for geeks , and excitedly drags him into an upstairs bedroom where Sherman finally loses his virginity , to the shock of Stifler . Though she does not appear in American Wedding , Jim has doubts about if he made the right decision in choosing Michelle over Nadia , after Stifler says that it was the biggest mistake Jim has ever made . This prompts Jim to have a chat with his father , Noah . Noah , who apparently has a minor attraction to Nadia , at first tries to brush off the idea of being with her but after Jim asks if he would sleep with her if he was her age and not married , Noah immediately answers `` In a heartbeat '' . She is never mentioned again for the rest of the film afterwards . She is mentioned briefly in The Book of Love as her cousin is currently attending East Great Falls High . In American Reunion she briefly sees Jim and Michelle at the high school reunion , walking in on them having sex while showing off her boyfriend , who bears a striking resemblance to Jim . Chuck Sherman ( edit ) Chris Owen Portrayed by Chris Owen Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Pie Presents Band Camp , and American Reunion Chuck `` The Sherminator '' Sherman first appears in American Pie , when he claims to have lost his virginity at a party hosted by classmate Steve Stifler . At the prom , everything seems hopeless for the four boys until Vicky asks the girl that Chuck Sherman claimed to have bedded about her `` first time '' . She proclaims to everyone at the prom that she and Sherman did not have sex at Stifler 's party , leaving Sherman embarrassed and making him wet himself . He reappears in the second film where he goes to the party hosted by Jim and his friends . Later he mulls around at the party in a depressed mood , having abandoned his `` Sherminator '' mantra from the first film due to his abject failure with girls . By chance , he begins talking to the rejected Nadia , who is also depressed , and the two hit it off almost instantly . Nadia encourages Sherman to become the Sherminator once more , displaying a desire / fetish for geeks , and excitedly drags him into an upstairs bedroom where Sherman finally loses his virginity , to the shock of Stifler . He reappears in American Pie Presents : Band Camp when Matt Stifler plays a prank on the school band . Sherman , who is now the school 's guidance counselor , decides that a worthwhile punishment would be for Stifler to attend band camp . He has appeared at the East Great Falls High reunion in American Reunion . He told Stifler he got married , had a son named Furlong and later divorced . Matt Stifler ( edit ) Portrayed by Eli Marienthal in American Pie and American Pie 2 , and Tad Hilgenbrink in American Pie Presents Band Camp Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 and American Pie Presents Band Camp Matt Stifler is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is the younger brother of Steve Stifler and second son of Janine Stifler . His first name was not revealed until his appearance in the first spin - off Band Camp . He was featured in the first two installments in the theatrical series and then given his own straight - to - DVD spin - off , American Pie Presents : Band Camp . Matt was first introduced to the series alongside his elder brother watching Nadia , the foreign exchange student , strip - tease in Jim Levenstein 's bed room . His next appearance was in American Pie 2 , where he requested to stay along with his brother in their summer beach house . In this film , set a year after the first , Matt begun to show his interest in girls and even at his young age showed signs of the infamous Stifler Sex Drive . Although Steve teaches him several lessons on how to get girls , when it comes to the night of the party he simply puts Matt on watch - dog duty . Angered , Matt waits outside and begins to aimlessly work his walkie - talkie . Much to his surprise and pleasure , however , he accidentally comes across the signal of the girls across the street . After being asked who 's speaking , an eager - to - impress Matt states they are in fact talking to `` the Stiffmeister '' . He manages to impress the girls enough to meet up with him but his prize is cut short when his brother intervenes successfully wooing the girls into bed with him . Matt leaves the next day , his hands full of porn videos , bidding goodbye to Steve and his friends . Matt 's next appearance was as a starring role in Band Camp , which sees him eager to join the family business of making amateur porn films . On the day of the seniors graduation , he and his friends spray the bands instruments with pepper spray . The prank , however , is cut short after Matt accidentally left the pepper spray open and leaking in his pocket evidently burning his penis . The band , unable to see due to the spray , accidentally destroy the set inadvertently revealing Matt as the culprit . As punishment , he must endure his summer at Band Camp . Now classed by his old friends as a bandee , Matt tries to prove himself by filming his fellow band members sexual activities throughout the summer . However , as the summer progresses , Matt suddenly develops a friendship with his fellow campers and romantic feelings for the drum major Elyse , whom he had recently had an off screen relationship with prior . With the help of Mr Levenstein , Matt realises that living in his brother 's shadow and following in his footsteps is n't what he should be doing . By the end of the film , Matt reforms himself much like his older brother did in American Wedding . However , he is still content on insulting his peers and still has an active sex drive but appears far less selfish , nasty and bullying . Matt 's next appearance is a simple cameo in the second spin - off Naked Mile , where he is introduced as a picture on his younger cousin , Erik 's , wall as a `` legendary Stifler Boy '' , implying that whilst he learnt his lesson in Band Camp , he still acts with Stifler traits . He is mentioned again later by Mr Levenstein after Erik asks if he could ask for some advice . He has another cameo in Book of Love as a name written on the rent card of `` The Bible '' ( The School 's Sex Manual ) , implying that he must have rented it out at some point during his school years . Evidently , Matt looks up to his older brother as a role model , and initially hopes to be just like him . However , after the events of Band Camp , he realises that this future is n't as good as it previously seemed . Matt is notable to be possibly the only member of the Stifler family , aside from his older brother in American Wedding , to realise that the `` Stifler Legacy '' is n't necessarily a good one . He is also different from other Stiflers as Mr Levenstein notes that people actually want to like him but they find it difficult due to the way he acts . John and Justin ( edit ) John Cho Portrayed by John Cho and Justin Isfield Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion The two are often referred to as the `` MILF Guys '' and are named after their portrayers , though John is the only one to have been referred to by name , which occurred in American Wedding . The two first appear in American Pie , where they are seen at Stifler 's Party . Here they are seen chanting `` MILF '' at a picture of Stifler 's Mom . John also is a choir member . Though their role was brief and minor , their appearance in the film has been significant as the term `` MILF '' has since become popular due to the usage in the film by John and Justin . Their next appearance is in American Pie 2 in a slightly larger role . They are first seen at Stifler 's party , once again . They are waiting to get into the bathroom , when they come across Paul Finch , who slept with Stifler 's Mom in the first film . John and Justin admire Finch and ask him how he did it . They are next seen when John , in a memorable scene , urinates off of a balcony and onto Stifler 's head , unintentionally . Justin covers his back as he does so . The two walk off and are not seen again until the climatic party scene at the beach house . They are seen getting drunk and partying with various women . The last we see of them is the two of them walking off on the beach , with John saying `` Am I gon na have a hangover ? ' Cause I want one . '' They reappear in American Wedding , where John 's name is revealed for the first time . The two serve as two ushers at Jim and Michelle 's wedding . They are tasked with looking after Jim 's grandma , but end up putting her inside a broom closet instead . John and Justin are last scene outside of Stifler 's Mom 's room window , peering in to see her taking a bath , where they see Paul Finch emerge from the water , performing cunnilingus on her . They once again chant `` MILF '' , before the window steams up and obscures their view as Finch goes back under the water . Their last appearance is in American Reunion . John has a much bigger role in this , and his character is expanded upon , while Justin only makes a brief cameo . John and Justin 's names are never mentioned as they are credited as simply `` MILF Guy # 2 '' and `` MILF Guy # 1 '' , respectively . John is first seen pulling up alongside Jim 's car , as he has just crashed . He is panicking and asking if he is okay , until he realises it is Jim . The two become reacquainted and talk to each other . John reveals he is organizing the reunion . He also mentions that he and his `` MILF '' buddy Justin are not on good terms right now , and would rather not speak of him . He sees Kara get out from Jim 's lap , and , thinking it 's Michelle , assumes she is performing fellatio on him . John laughs and gives a thumbs up to Jim before driving off . He is again seen at Stifler 's party , where he almost blows Jim 's cover by saying he saw Jim and Michelle last night , but then walks off before he can elaborate on it . He later watches Oz compete on the Celebrity Dance - Off video . He helps in the fight by throwing a weapon to Finch . When the cops arrive , John runs out of the house . At the reunion , John hands out name tags to all the class of ' 99 . He is last seen in the bleachers , watching Stifler and Finch 's Mom having sexual intercourse . He is drinking heavily and is depressed , due to Justin 's absence . He hears `` MILF '' uttered to the side of him , and turns to see Justin . The two repeatedly say `` MILF '' softly to each other leading into their chant `` MILF ! MILF ! '' and then hug ; the two continue to watch Stifler and Finch 's Mom have sex as they gleefully chant . Despite his effeminate behavior , according to the directors ' commentary on American Reunion , John is a heterosexual . Jeanine Stifler ( edit ) Portrayed by Jennifer Coolidge Appeared in : American Pie , American Pie 2 , American Wedding , and American Reunion Although the role of Jeanine is very limited , the character becomes important mostly at the end of the movies . Jeanine Stifler is the divorced mother of Steve and Matt Stifler . When Jim and his friends are at Stifler 's house they see a picture of her . They are impressed and all want to have sex with her . Jeanine turns up at the end of the movie . She meets Paul Finch while he is exploring the house and enters the billiard room where she is sitting . Jeanine tries to seduce Paul ( although the opposite is also true ) and they have sex on the billiard table . They are caught by Steven . In American Pie 2 there are many references to this incident . Jeanine is expected to be at the beach house where Jim , Paul , Steven and the others stay during their vacation . Paul , still in love with Jeanine , learned to control his sexual drifts via meditation and hopes to have sex with her once again . Stifler is certain this will not happen again . Just before the boys head home , a car turns up driven by Jeanine . She asks Paul if she can drive him home , to which he agrees . Stifler , who is still in the house , is told a lost tourist was asking the way and Paul decided to travel home on his own . However , Stifler is suspicious about the guys claims , demanding them to tell him who is that tourist in the car . In the next scene , Jeanine and Paul have sex in the car . In American Wedding , Paul tells Steven he had sex twice with Jeanine , further fueling his anger . Once again , Jeanine turns up at the end of the movie . She tells Paul not to be interested in her anymore , to which he agrees . However , it is now revealed they had sex more than twice . They get excited and leave . In next scene , they have sex while taking a bath . In American Reunion , Jeanine appears in a bigger role . She has grown tired of being looked upon as a sexual object and later meets Noah Levenstein , who is now a widower . Jeanine is smitten with Noah for being a gentleman , and the two start a relationship . Characters from American Pie 2 ( edit ) Amber and Danielle ( edit ) Portrayed by Lisa Arturo and Denise Faye Appeared in : American Pie 2 Amber and Danielle are fictional characters from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . They first appear when Kevin finds work for himself and his friends as painters and decorators for a house nearby . Stifler is intrigued by the Amber and Danielle the sexy owners , who appear to be lesbians , and excitedly breaks into their house while they 're away . Jim and Finch follow him , trying to get him out , but they are caught by Amber and Danielle , who relent on calling the police . But after Stifler identifies his interest in their homosexuality , they insist on the boys performing `` like for like '' homosexual acts on each other in return for being able to watch the girls do the same thing . The boys soon leave after they request the boys to go further than they are prepared . Stifler later goes on to have a threesome with them , when they turn out to be bisexual and are found by Matt on the walkie talkies . Characters from American wedding ( edit ) Cadence Flaherty ( edit ) January Jones Portrayed by January Jones Appeared in : American Wedding Cadence Flaherty is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She appears in American Wedding as Michelle 's sister who is attending her wedding , and Finch is quickly attracted to her . Stifler also becomes attracted to her . Upon hearing that Cadence is hoping to attract a decent guy , Stifler adopts a more meek attitude and acts like Finch , and avoids swearing and speaks of philosophy . But when Finch realizes that Cadence is beginning to tire of the intellectual Stifler , Finch acts immature , rude , and perverted : in other words , like Stifler . Cadence begins to catch on that her two suitors are acting like each other , so the question of who she will choose becomes more complicated . Stifler unintentionally kills the flowers the night before the wedding , and actually feels bad about it , prompting him to bring in the football team he coaches to set up the entire room with new flowers . Cadence chooses Stifler , and Finch admits that Stifler was probably better for her anyway . By the events of American Reunion , Cadence and Stifler have broken up , and she is never mentioned . Her picture appears in the flashback montage during the end credits . Bear ( edit ) Portrayed by Eric Allan Kramer Appeared in : American Wedding Bear ( aka Mr. Belvedere ) is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He appears in American Wedding as Stifler 's new buddy . He is a burly homosexual man who is a regular at a gay bar the boys unwittingly visit , to find a fashion designer named Leslie Sommers to make Michelle 's wedding dress . Initially , he is offended by Stifler 's rude remarks and behavior , but after the two engage in a dance - off , Stifler wins over Bear and the other patrons , and the two become instant friends . He gladly provides strippers for the bachelor party and even parties with them . However , when Jim and the Flahertys return and interrupt the party , Bear helps the boys pretend nothing is going on by posing as an English butler named `` Mr. Belvedere '' . He later attends the wedding , and dances with his date during the reception . He does not reappear in American Reunion . Grandma Levenstein ( edit ) Portrayed by Angela Paton Appeared in : American Wedding Grandma Levenstein is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She appears in American Wedding and is introduced to be Jim 's grandmother and Noah 's mother . She voices her disapproval towards Michelle for not being Jewish . Jim , Kevin and Finch recruits John and Justin to keep an eye on her . However , they put Grandma Levenstein in the closet due to her constant complaining in her disapproval against Jim and Michelle 's wedding . Stifler walked inside the closet and believed her to be Cadence that he has sex with her . Only when Kevin and Finch open the closet , he is horrified that he had sex with Jim 's grandmother , who tells him to focus more . After this , she acts more friendly and kind , especially to Stifler who is still horrified by the whole thing . Characters from American Reunion ( edit ) Past cast members including Jason Biggs , Seann William Scott , Eugene Levy , Alyson Hannigan , Chris Klein , Mena Suvari , Thomas Ian Nicholas , Tara Reid , Natasha Lyonne , Eddie Kaye Thomas , Shannon Elizabeth , Chris Owen , Jennifer Coolidge , and John Cho all appear in the film as their respective characters . Evan Levenstein ( edit ) Portrayed by George Christopher Bianchi Appeared in : American Reunion Evan Levenstein is Jim 's and Michelle 's two - year - old son , and the grandson of Noah Levenstein and the late Mrs. Levenstein . Kara ( edit ) Portrayed by Ali Cobrin Appeared in : American Reunion Kara is a high school senior who Jim used to babysit . She tries to lose her virginity to him while she is drunk from a high school party , but ends up passing out in his car after she has taken her clothes off . Jim then has to return her to her parents ' house without her parents seeing them . AJ ( edit ) Portrayed by Chuck Hittinger Appeared in : American Reunion AJ is a high school senior who is Kara 's boyfriend , who 's sexually frustrated and is ready to have sex with Kara , who 's holding out until the `` right time '' . He is arrogant , selfish , hostile , and extremely paranoid , thinking Jim is trying to steal Kara from him . Throughout the film , he harasses the gang ( especially Jim and Stifler ) , which ultimately leads to a big fight between the teens ( AJ and his crew ) , and the ' 99 gang ( consisting of Jim , Oz , Finch , Stifler , Kevin , John , and Michelle ) . He serves as the main antagonist out of the three villains . Dr. Ron ( edit ) Portrayed by Jay Harrington Appeared in : American Reunion Ron is Heather 's new boyfriend . He takes great joy in both embarrassing and patronizing Oz , such as providing the DVD to his appearance on Celebrity Dance - Off in order to not only humiliate him but to make him look bad in front of Heather . When he catches Oz kissing Heather , he dares him to punch him so he can sue him , but Stifler intervenes and punches him because if he sues him and not Oz , he 'll get nothing because he is n't worth anything . Mia ( edit ) Katrina Bowden Portrayed by Katrina Bowden Appeared in : American Reunion Mia is Oz 's much younger supermodel girlfriend from Los Angeles , and one of the three antagonists of the film . She accompanies her boyfriend to his high school reunion , where Oz eventually re-connects with his ex-girlfriend Heather . Throughout the movie , she is implied to be very wild and sexually promiscuous , such as when she admits to having been in an orgy and cheating on Oz with Mario Lopez . Selena vega ( edit ) Portrayed by Dania Ramirez Appeared in : American Reunion Selena is Finch 's girlfriend and Michelle 's best friend from band . As a teenager , she was very ugly girl with pimples and was obese . As an adult , she blossomed into a sexy young woman and works as a bartender at a local pub . Upon meeting her , Finch immediately recognizes her , and the two soon hit it off , and begin dating . She falls in love with Finch , not because of his `` interesting '' lifestyle but because he was the only person that was nice to her during their high school days . She 's shown to have the same hyperactive sex drive as Michelle . In the end , Finch and Selena plan to a vacation to Europe , implying that the couple will have a future together . Madison and Alexa ( edit ) Portrayed by Jennifer Bell ( Madison ) and Autumn Dial ( Alexa ) Appeared in : American Reunion Madison and Alexa are Kara 's best friends . They are first seen at her party where Stifler tries to impress them by saying he likes Twilight . When Stifler takes a call on his phone the two ditch him . Characters from American Pie Presents : band Camp ( edit ) Elyse Houston ( edit ) Arielle Kebbel Portrayed by Arielle Kebbel Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Band Camp Elyse Houston is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She appears in Band Camp as a love interest for Matt Stifler . When the school bands compete for points throughout camp , with East Great Falls leading on the last day until a prank by Stifler in which he was originally supposed to sabotage the other band so as to help Elyse , causes the band to lose and Elyse to lose a chance at a scholarship . Once the new term starts Matt attempts to fix his mistakes and persuades the school band to play Elyse 's piece to the Conservatory head to impress the board which wins Elyse a scholarship , and Matt her affection . Although she was not mentioned in the first two films , dialogue between Matt and Elyse suggest they were dating some time between American Pie and American Pie 2 . This ended , however , after Matt became tiresome with his frequent pranks and putdowns toward her for the appeasement of his brother . Despite this , they reconcile toward the end of the movie although their future is uncertain . Brandon Vandecamp ( edit ) Portrayed by Matt Barr Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Band Camp Brandon Vandecamp is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is the antagonist of Band camp as well as the camp 's school council leader . He immediately takes a dislike to Matt and the two later have a musical duel as to which he wins . Brandon wins a scholarship when his band wins the competition for points but he is later disqualified and Elyse gets it . Ernie kaplowitz ( edit ) Jason Earles Portrayed by Jason Earles Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Band Camp Ernie Kalpowitz is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is the geeky room mate and later friend of Matt . He conspires with Matt to film other band members in a Girls Gone Wild style video , using hidden cameras although he believes it is only for their viewing pleasure . He tries to impress his love interest , Chloe by bringing her a drink with his robot at which he succeeds , eventually earning her affections . He nearly blows his chances when she realizes Matt and Ernie have been filming her , along with many other girls . In the end , they resume their relationship , and during the credits , Ernie is seen playing an oboe up Chloe 's vagina , as she lies down and enjoys it . James `` Jimmy '' Chong ( edit ) Portrayed by Jun Hee Lee Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Band Camp James `` Jimmy '' Chong is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He appears as a supporting character and as the comic relief of the film . He relays events of inserting his penis into an oboe which he gives Stifler the idea . When Stifler tries it out he is heading to the instrument room he finds Matt with his penis stuck inside an oboe where he reveals he was joking . He , along with his other fellow bandees turned against Matt after it was revealed he was secretly filming their raunchy misadventures to screen in front of the school at the start of the next semester . However , after Stifler redeemed himself he can be seen hanging around him leaving the presumption that they soon became friends after . Characters from American Pie Presents : the Naked Mile ( edit ) Erik Stifler ( edit ) Portrayed by John White Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Erik Stifler is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is introduced in the second spin - off Naked Mile as Steve and Matt 's younger cousin and son to Harry Stifler and his wife . Whilst they share the same name - sake , Erik is different from other Stiflers in that he does not possess the same sex drive , use of swearing and anti-social behavior . He does prove to be easily manipulated , often giving into peer pressure and eager to live up to the Stifler legacy . He is the everyman of the Stifler family . In Naked Mile , Erik is ready to graduate high school . However , he is currently about to be the only one in his family to graduate a virgin . Deciding that he is clearly ready when she is not , Erik 's girlfriend permits him a `` hall pass '' giving him the opportunity to do anything over the weekend without consequences . Ready to lose his virginity , he organizes a road trip with his two best friends Mike and Ryan to meet up with his elder cousin Dwight in college during The Naked Mile . Whilst he is presented with several opportunities to have sex , Erik decides he only truly wants to lose it with Tracy , his girlfriend , causing him to ride a horse back to her house and inform her that he does n't care what happens as long as he 's with her . They then reconcile and make love . Erik returns in American Pie Presents : Beta House as he readies himself for his arrival at college . Tracy dumps Erik off - screen leaving him open for a relationship . Although he performed poorly at the opening party , his namesake causes him to become accepted in the Beta Fraternity due to Dwight 's reasoning . The rest of the film then follows him , Mike Coozeman and his newly found friends and the tasks they perform to get into the frat . Erik also meets a girl called Ashley and begins dating her . After they complete their final task to get into fraternity , which involves stealing something from the GEEK house , Edgar , the GEEK 's president , challenges the BETAs to the Greek Olympiad . The loser will give up their charter and be evicted from their house . They win the tournament leaving Beta House a permanent fixture in the college . Dwight Stifler ( edit ) Portrayed by Steve Talley Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Dwight Stifler is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films and the cousin of Steve , Matt , Erik and Scott . Although he shares the trademark Stifler sex drive , Dwight is shown to be a little less critical of his peers , though more so to his enemies . He first appears in Naked Mile , introduced by his younger cousin Erik as a `` legendary Stifler boy '' alongside his other cousins Matt and Steve . Ryan Grimm ( edit ) Portrayed by Ross Thomas Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile Ryan Grimm is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Ryan and his friends , Erik and Cooze , plan a road trip to visit Erik 's cousin Dwight Stifler in Michigan during an event known as the Naked Mile . They later arrive on campus . Ryan does not appear in the sequel to the Naked Mile due to the character attending college in California . Mike `` Cooze '' Coozeman ( edit ) Portrayed by Jake Siegel Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Mike `` Cooze '' Coozeman is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Cooze and his friends , Erik and Ryan , plan a road trip to visit Erik 's cousin Dwight Stifler in Michigan during an event known as the Naked Mile . They later arrive on campus . In the sequel they arrive at college , where he learns that he and Erik will be rooming separately . After they complete their final task , which involves stealing something from the GEEK house , Edgar , the GEEK 's president , challenges the BETAs to the Greek Olympiad . The loser will give up their charter and be evicted from their house and the BETAs win . The BETAs move into their new mansion , courtesy of the GEEKs , and hold a massive toga party , where Cooze , much to his relief , finally sleeps with Denise and all suspicions of her being a man are gone . She simply has the rare female ability to ejaculate . Tracy Sterling ( edit ) Portrayed by Jessy Schram Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile Tracy Sterling is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She appears as Erik 's girlfriend of two years , and tells him she loves him , but is not ready for intercourse . Tracy decides to have sex , their first attempt goes horribly wrong , and she backs out of trying again . Erik plans a road trip to visit Erik 's cousin Dwight Stifler in Michigan during an event known as the Naked Mile . Tracy sees this as an opportunity to give Erik a `` guilt free weekend pass '' , hoping that he can quench his lust and get sex out of his system since she is not ready . Erik meets a college girl with a fetish for virgin boys and as they steal a kiss , a news crew captures the moment . Watching the news report about the Naked Mile back at home , Tracy is upset and feels guilty that she allowed Erik the free pass . Her friends convince her to also lose her virginity before he gets back . Later that evening Erik realizes that he loves Tracy and rushes back to see his girlfriend . When he gets to her house , Tracy 's dad says she is at a party and Erik arrives at the party just as Tracy has headed upstairs , presumably to lose her virginity to her ex-boyfriend . Erik loudly pounds on the closed bedroom door , proclaiming his love for her . However , Tracy was not in the room because she had decided that she could not go through with her plans . Later that evening , Tracy and Erik decide that they should be each other 's first . They make love that night . When Erik returns to the college to pick up his friends the next morning , each boy shares stories of his experiences from the night before . The three friends drive back to East Great Falls . She does not appear in the sequel because she is no longer with Erik , as she has left him for her ex-boyfriend Trent . Rock ( edit ) Portrayed by Jordan Prentice Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Rock is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Dwight and Rock 's fraternity have several clashes including an over-the - top drinking contest , a rough game of football and a brawl . This rivalry comes to a head when the midget fraternity attacks Dwight , landing him in the hospital . During the post-Naked Mile party , Dwight spots Vicky , the girlfriend of Rock , and both have sex . Later , Dwight sends a DVD to Rock that reads , `` Payback 's a bitch . '' It reveals both Dwight and Vicky having sex , as Rock yells out , `` Stifler ! '' In the sequel Rock reveals that due to an altercation between Edgar and a sheep , Rock 's entire fraternity was kicked off campus . Dwight is hesitant , but Rock states that what they had was a rivalry and that `` the enemy of my enemy is my friend . '' This advice helps the BETAs win the GEEKs in the olympiad . Harry Stifler ( edit ) Christopher McDonald Portrayed by Christopher McDonald Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Harry Stifler is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is Erik 's father and is married , but was temporarily separated from his wife while Erik was three ( during those two weeks , he slept with ten women , including the mother of Erik 's friend , Cooze ) . He frequently complains about his son not living up to the Stifler name with statements such as `` Stiflers do n't fake sick to pull dick , they cut class to get ass . '' Erik responds with `` I know , that saying is on our family crest . '' He proves to be a hypocrite , though , when he is seen pleasuring himself with the same dumpster porn that Erik was watching . Bull ( edit ) Portrayed by Dan Petronijevic Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Bull is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . He is a friend of Dwight and appears in the sequel . Jill ( edit ) Portrayed by Jaclyn A. Smith Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Naked Mile and American Pie Presents : Beta House Jill is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She is part of a sorority and Cooze later falls for her . She returns to her part in the sequel . Characters from American Pie Presents : Beta house ( edit ) Ashley ( edit ) Meghan Heffern Portrayed by Meghan Heffern Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Beta House Ashley is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She is the love interest of Erik throughout Beta House after they meet in the bathroom where things go well until Erik urinates on his pants . She gets together with Erik after he splits with long term girlfriend Tracy off screen . Edgar Willis ( edit ) Portrayed by Tyrone Savage Appeared in : American Pie Presents : Beta House Edgar Willis is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Edgar is the GEEK 's president and challenges the BETAs to the Greek Olympiad . The loser will give up their charter and be evicted from their house . It is revealed by Rock , Dwight 's former nemesis , that due to an altercation between Edgar and a sheep , Rock 's entire fraternity was kicked off campus . The first competition is won by Beta House as Dwight and Edgar compete by removing girls ' bras . Beta House loses next two competitions : a light saber duel and catching a greased pig . When the BETAs and GEEKs reach the final challenge , they use Edgar 's wool fetish against him , which ultimately costs him and his house the tournament . As the film ends Edgar is seen hanging out at the Silver Dollar , sniffing the headpiece of the sheep costume . He gives it to a passing stripper , instructing her to use it for her next dance . Characters from American Pie Presents : the book of love ( edit ) Rob Shearson ( edit ) Portrayed by Bug Hall Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Rob Shearson is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Rob is introduced as the virgin friend of Nathan and Lube . The story begins with Rob entering his bedroom , and attempting to masturbate with a peanut butter and jelly sandwich . While he is doing this his dog , tries to eat the sandwich , and Rob 's little brother Cody takes a video of him receiving this unwanted sexual gratification . Later , Rob meets with his friends , Nathan and Marshall Lube , at school . Rob talks to Heidi , a girl he is attracted to , and Stifler . Stifler states that if Rob does n't make a move on Heidi , he will . Rob and Heidi meet later in the school library where she discloses that she is a virgin , and wishes to just `` get it ( sex ) over with '' . At the school dance , Nathan tries to get to second base with Dana , but only manages to offend her due to her abstinance pledge . Rob attempts to tell Heidi how he feels about her but is interrupted by Nathan and Lube . He eventually finds her in the library about to have sex with another student , and drops a lit candle in a bin in shock . This sets the library on fire , which sets off the water sprinklers . The next day , when Rob and Heidi are cleaning the library , Rob finds a secret compartment containing `` The Bible '' . He shows the book to his friends Nathan and Lube and explains that it is a sex manual that has been compiled over 40 years by the students who found it . The book is regarded as legendary , but unfortunately has been damaged by the water . Later in the local mall , Rob attempts to test a tip in the book , `` Simple Flattery '' . He approaches Ashley in a lingerie store and compliments her . Ashley leads him into a changing room , takes off her bra and top , and makes him steal a bra for her . Unfortunately Rob is caught and forced to pay for the bra with his mom 's credit card . When she receives her credit card bill , Rob 's mom tries to talk to him about buying underwear , prompting Rob to sarcastically say that he likes wearing women 's underwear . He is again filmed by his little brother , who again posts the footage on the internet for the whole school to see . The next day , Heidi , Imogen and Dana are spectating at a school basketball game in which Rob and Stifler are playing in which they help the team win by going to the playoffs . Rob again attempts to tell Heidi how he feels , but is unable to . Lube discovers a page in The Bible which tells of a brothel in Canada and a prostitute , Monique , who is very experienced . The entry was written in 1975 , but Lube misreads the date as 1995 , and they decide to visit . When they meet Monique the boys are disgusted , but Nathan states that they should go for it anyway . Nathan and Lube make Rob go first , but Monique dies while performing oral sex on him . They panic and drive back to the USA . Rob and Heidi are once again in the library where Rob finally tells her he is attracted to her . Heidi says she feels the same , and they agree to meet at Stifler 's party later . At the party Heidi hears Rob shout `` Tonight , I 'm getting laid ! '' , and runs upstairs . Stifler again brushes off Katie when she tries to talk to him . Heidi follows him downstairs , but Rob refuses to talk to her and begins to drink heavily . He declares to Lube and Nathan that `` assholes get laid ! '' , which gets some cheers from other boys . Then he behaves crudely to a random girl , who promptly goes to bed with him . She asks him to have sex with her from behind , but he hallucinates and sees Heidi saying ; `` You are n't seriously going to stick your dick in that , are you ? '' Rob then throws up on the girl 's back . The next morning his mother asks him if he drove home drunk , and shows him a film she received on her phone of Rob throwing up on the girl the night before . Rob and his friends resolve to find all of the people who originally wrote it in order to recreate it , starting with the original creator , Noah Levenstein . They eventually succeed in recreating the book . Rob and his friends then go on the school ski trip . Heidi and Rob are riding up the mountain in separate gondola ski lifts , but Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room and accidentally shut off the lifts ' power . In one lift , Rob and Heidi reconcile and kiss . Heidi and Rob return to the cabin and have sex . The story ends with Rob , Nathan and Lube returning the newly restored Bible to where Rob found it , after Rob has added his signature to it . As a finale , Rob 's brother , Cody , enters his bedroom to find an online film of him putting a vacuum cleaner on his penis . To his horror it has been viewed almost 10 million times . Rob ends the film with the words `` Gotchaaaaa , ha ha . '' Scott Stifler ( edit ) Portrayed by John Patrick Jordan Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Scott Stifler is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . His obnoxious behavior , everlasting sex drive , and frequent insults are more in common with his elder cousins Steve and Dwight than Erik and Matt . Taking the helm from Steve , Scott hosts some of the most infamous and raunchy parties the students at East Great Falls have to offer . Nathan Jenkyll ( edit ) Portrayed by Kevin M. Horton Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Nathan Jenkyll is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Nathan reveals that his girlfriend , Dana , has pledged to abstain from sex until marriage despite the fact that she has already slept with six other people . At the school dance , Nathan tries to get to second base with Dana , but only manages to offend her due to her abstinance pledge . Nathan goes to Dana 's church service to talk to her , but accidentally broadcasts the explicit and highly personal conversation to the entire congregation on the church 's PA system . Dana 's father then bans Dana from seeing Nathan . Nathan attempts to reconcile with Dana but offends her , making her leave once again . The next day , when Rob and Heidi are cleaning the library , Rob finds a secret compartment containing `` The Bible '' . He shows the book to his friends Nathan and Lube and explains that it is a sex manual that has been compiled over 40 years by the students who found it . Lube discovers a page in The Bible which tells of a brothel in Canada and a prostitute , Monique , who is very experienced . The entry was written in 1975 , but Lube misreads the date as 1995 , and they decide to visit . When they meet Monique the boys are disgusted , but Nathan states that they should go for it anyway . Nathan and Lube make Rob go first , but Monique dies while performing oral sex on him . They panic and drive back to the USA . In an attempt to restore The Bible , Rob and his friends resolve to find all of the people who originally wrote it in order to recreate it , starting with the original creator , Noah Levenstein . They eventually succeed in recreating the book . Rob and his friends then go on the school ski trip . Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room and accidentally shut off the lifts ' power , leaving his friends trapped . Marshall `` Lube '' Lubetsky ( edit ) Brandon Hardesty Portrayed by Brandon Hardesty Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Marshall `` Lube '' Lubetsky is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . In class , Lube has a vivid fantasy about a group of cheerleaders , particularly one named Ashley . Lube tells Ashley how he feels about her , giving a speech on how he guarantees sexual satisfaction , but she still turns him down . Ashley 's friend is impressed with his promise and tells Lube to meet her upstairs , but when she finds an offensive text on his phone she storms out . Rob finds Heidi in bed with Stifler and leaves the room . The next day , when Rob and Heidi are cleaning the library , Rob finds a secret compartment containing `` The Bible '' . He shows the book to his friends Nathan and Lube and explains that it is a sex manual that has been compiled over 40 years by the students who found it . The book is regarded as legendary , but unfortunately has been damaged by the water . Lube discovers a page in The Bible which tells of a brothel in Canada and a prostitute , Monique , who is very experienced . The entry was written in 1975 , but Lube misreads the date as 1995 , and they decide to visit . When they meet Monique the boys are disgusted , but Nathan states that they should go for it anyway . Nathan and Lube make Rob go first , but Monique dies while performing oral sex on him . They panic and drive back to the USA . In an attempt to restore The Bible , Rob and his friends resolve to find all of the people who originally wrote it in order to recreate it , starting with the original creator , Noah Levenstein . They eventually succeed in recreating the book . Rob and his friends then go on the school ski trip . Lube and Diana are riding up the mountain in gondola ski lifts , but Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room and accidentally shut off the lifts ' power . Ashley and Lube are in another lift , where Lube falls out when trying to go for help . When Ashley climbs down to him , Lube tells her how he really feels about her , moving her to tears . Lube and Ashley also go back to the cabin and have sex . Heidi ( edit ) Beth Behrs Portrayed by Beth Behrs Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Heidi is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She is the love interest of Rob , who after he talks to her Stifler states that if Rob does n't make a move on Heidi , he will . Rob and Heidi meet later in the school library where she discloses that she is a virgin , and wishes to just `` get it ( sex ) over with '' . Rob attempts to tell Heidi how he feels about her but is interrupted by Nathan and Lube . He eventually finds her in the library about to have sex with another student , and drops a lit candle in a bin in shock . This sets the library on fire , which sets off the water sprinklers . Heidi , Imogen and Dana spectate at a school basketball game where Rob again attempts to tell her how he feels , but is unable to . Rob and Heidi are once again in the library where Rob finally tells her he is attracted to her . Heidi says she feels the same , and they agree to meet at Stifler 's party later . At the party Heidi hears Rob shout `` Tonight , I 'm getting laid ! '' , and runs upstairs . Heidi follows him downstairs , but Rob refuses to talk to her and begins to drink heavily . She later goes on the school ski trip and while there she and Rob are riding up the mountain in gondola ski lifts , but Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room and accidentally shut off the lifts ' power . Rob and Heidi reconcile and kiss . Heidi and Rob return to the cabin and have sex . Dana ( edit ) Portrayed by Melanie Papalia Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Dana is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . Dana is the love interest of Nathan and pledges to abstain from sex until marriage despite the fact that she has already slept with six other people . At the school dance , Nathan tries to get to second base with Dana , but only manages to offend her due to her abstinance pledge . Nathan goes to Dana 's church service to talk to her , but accidentally broadcasts the explicit and highly personal conversation to the entire congregation on the church 's PA system . Dana 's father then bans Dana from seeing Nathan . Nathan attempts to reconcile with Dana but offends her , making her leave once again . When on the school ski trip Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room . Ashley ( edit ) Portrayed by Jennifer Holland Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Ashley is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She is the love interest of Lube throughout the film . Lube tells her how he feels about her , giving a speech on how he guarantees sexual satisfaction , but she still turns him down . She goes on the school ski trip and while there she is riding up the mountain in gondola ski lift with Lube , but Nathan has sex with Dana in the lift control room and accidentally shut off the lifts ' power . Lube falls out when trying to go for help . When Ashley climbs down to him , Lube tells her how he really feels about her , moving her to tears . Lube and Ashley also go back to the cabin and have sex . Imogen ( edit ) Portrayed by Louisa Lytton Appeared in : American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Imogen is a fictional character from the American Pie series of teen comedy films . She is a friend of Dana and Heidi 's and splits from her long term boyfriend off screen in the film . She later helps Scott after he is raped by a moose and while comforting him he touches her breast , although he tells her it was just reflex . External links ( edit ) Noah Levenstein on IMDb Jim Levenstein on IMDb Michelle Flaherty on IMDb Steve Stifler on IMDb Kevin Myers on IMDb Paul Finch on IMDb Chris `` Oz '' Ostreicher on IMDb Chuck Sherman on IMDb Nadia on IMDb Matt Stifler on IMDb Amber on IMDb Danielle on IMDb Cadence Flaherty on IMDb Elyse Houston on IMDb Brandon Vandercamp on IMDb Ernie Kalpowitz on IMDb James `` Jimmy '' Chong on IMDb Erik Stifler on IMDb Dwight Stifler on IMDb Mike `` Cooze '' Coozeman on IMDb Tracy Sterling on IMDb Rock on IMDb Bull on IMDb Ashley on IMDb Edgar on IMDb Nathan Jenkyll on IMDb Heidi on IMDb Dana on IMDb Ashley on IMDb Imogen on IMDb References ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Sexuality portal Comedy portal 2000s portal ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Reunion On ' American Reunion ' Complete : Shannon Elizabeth Signs For Fourquel '' . Deadline.com . Mail.com Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ American Pie ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . 1999 . Jump up ^ American Pie 2 ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . 2001 . Jump up ^ Uddin , Zakia ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Natasha Lyonne joins ' American Reunion ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Fillipacchi Médias . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Tom ( June 11 , 2011 ) . `` John Cho is back for ' American Reunion ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . ( hide ) American Pie Main films American Pie ( 1999 ) American Pie 2 ( 2001 ) American Wedding ( 2003 ) American Reunion ( 2012 ) Spin - offs Band Camp ( 2005 ) The Naked Mile ( 2006 ) Beta House ( 2007 ) The Book of Love ( 2009 ) Other Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Pie_characters&oldid=808168098 '' Categories : Lists of film characters American Pie ( series ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 08 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays kevin's older brother in american pie | [] | [] |
4066589512990386320 | Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves | Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves - wikipedia Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves `` Prince of Thieves '' redirects here . For other uses , see Prince of Thieves ( disambiguation ) . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Reynolds Produced by Pen Densham Richard Barton Lewis John Watson Screenplay by Pen Densham John Watson Story by Pen Densham Starring Kevin Costner Morgan Freeman Christian Slater Alan Rickman Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Douglas Milsome Edited by Peter Boyle Production company Morgan Creek Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $390.5 million Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film , based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century . The film was directed by Kevin Reynolds . The film 's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood , Morgan Freeman as Azeem , Christian Slater as Will Scarlett , Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian , and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham . The film grossed over $390 million worldwide , ranking as the second - highest - grossing film of 1991 . For his role as George , Sheriff of Nottingham , Rickman received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film 's theme song , `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' , by Bryan Adams , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception 5.2 Box office 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Robin of Locksley -- an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart , King of England in the Third Crusade -- is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade , Peter Dubois . Facing the amputation of Peter 's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards , Robin escapes with Peter , saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process . Robin , Peter , and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley , but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer . Before making his last stand against the approaching guards , Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister , Marian . Robin returns to England with Azeem , who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem 's life - debt to Robin is repaid . In England , with King Richard away in France , the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land , aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne , the witch Mortianna , and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford . At Locksley Castle , Robin 's father , who is loyal to King Richard , is killed by the Sheriff 's men after refusing to join them . Robin returns to England to find his father dead , his home in ruins , and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people . After telling Marian of Peter 's demise , and while fleeing the Sheriff 's forces afterwards , Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest , led by Little John . Among the band is Will Scarlett , who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin . Robin assumes command of the group , training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham . They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest , then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor . One of their early targets is Friar Tuck , who subsequently joins these Merry Men . Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster , as the two grow closer to one another and gradually begin to fall in love . Robin 's successes infuriate the Sheriff , who increases the mistreatment of the people , resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood . The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys , and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout . The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws ' hideout and launches an attack , destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws . With the Bishop 's help , the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France . To consolidate his claim to the throne , the Sheriff proposes to Marian ( who is Richard 's cousin ) , claiming that if she accepts , he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws . Nevertheless , several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration . Among the captured is Will Scarlett , who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom . Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celts ' assault . Will informs Robin of the Sheriff 's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin 's men . Will continues to display anger against Robin , which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much . Will then reveals himself to be Robin 's younger illegitimate half - brother ; Will 's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin 's father took comfort after Robin 's mother died . Robin 's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless . Despite his anger , Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother , and reconciles with Will . On the day of the wedding and hangings , Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle , freeing the prisoners . Although Robin 's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat , Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff , inciting the peasants to revolt . After a fierce fight , Robin kills the Sheriff , but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear . Azeem slays Mortianna , fulfilling his life - debt to Robin . Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window . Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest . Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard , who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Kevin Costner Robin Hood Morgan Freeman Azeem Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Maid Marian Christian Slater Will Scarlet Alan Rickman Sheriff of Nottingham Mike McShane Friar Tuck Brian Blessed Lord Locksley Michael Wincott Guy of Gisbourne Geraldine McEwan Mortianna Nick Brimble Little John Walter Sparrow Duncan Harold Innocent Bishop of Hereford Daniel Newman Wulf Daniel Peacock Bull Jack Wild Much Sean Connery King Richard I Production ( edit ) Sycamore Gap at Hadrian 's Wall , today known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character . Filming ( edit ) Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom . A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude , France , for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle . Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire -- restored in an early shot using a matte painting . Marian 's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland . Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed at various locations in England : Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws ' encampment , Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John , and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing . Sycamore Gap on Hadrian 's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff 's men . Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters , Sussex were used as the locale for Robin 's return to England from the Crusades . Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Soundtrack ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( Original Soundtrack ) Film score by Michael Kamen Released July 2 , 1991 Length 60 : 22 Label Morgan Creek Productions The original music score was composed , orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen . An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek , and has been used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in intros for trailers on DVD / Blu - ray . No . Title Length 1 . `` Overture '' / `` A Prisoner of the Crusades '' 8 : 27 2 . `` Sir Guy of Gisborne '' / `` The Escape to Sherwood '' 7 : 27 3 . `` Little John '' / `` The Band in the Forest '' 4 : 52 4 . `` The Sheriff and His Witch '' 6 : 03 5 . `` Maid Marian '' 2 : 57 6 . `` Training '' / `` Robin Hood , Prince of Thieves '' 5 : 15 7 . `` Marian at the Waterfall '' 5 : 34 8 . `` The Abduction '' / `` The Final Battle at the Gallows '' 9 : 53 9 . `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( sung by Bryan Adams ) 6 : 33 10 . `` Wild Times '' ( sung by Jeff Lynne ) 3 : 12 Release ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification which required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating . Reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman 's performance as well as Rickman 's , but ultimately decried the film as a whole , giving it two stars and stating , `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a murky , unfocused , violent , and depressing version of the classic story ... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time . '' The New York Times gave the film a negative review , with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is `` a mess , a big , long , joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights , feminism , religious freedom , and economic opportunity for all . '' The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory , as well . Costner was criticized for not attempting an English accent . Lanre Bakare , writing in The Guardian , calls Rickman 's Sheriff , for which he won a BAFTA , a `` genuinely great performance '' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 52 critics to give the film a score of 50 % . Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards : Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood , while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters , but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble . In 2005 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second . The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office , making it the second - highest grossing film of 1991 , immediately behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . It enjoyed the second - best opening for a nonsequel , at the time . Adaptations ( edit ) Tie - in video games of the same name were released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy . Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios , respectively , and published by Virgin Games , Inc. , they were featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine . A toy line was released by Kenner , consisting of action figures and playsets . All but one of the figures were derived by slight modifications to Kenner 's well known Super Powers line , while Friar Tuck , as well as the vehicles and playset , were modified from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi toys . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Princess of Thieves -- 2001 television movie Robin Hood -- English folk tale Robin Hood : Men in Tights -- 1993 parody film Robin Hood -- 1991 British film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( July 24 , 1990 ) . `` Costner May Put Morgan Creek Ahead of Robin Hood Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROBIN HOOD - PRINCE OF THIEVES ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 4 , 1991 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( March 18 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood Freshens Up A Film Legend '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 1991 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Grammy Awards '' . metrolyrics.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sycamore Gap , a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39 , is locally known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' for its use in the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Garth ; Green , Simon ( 1991 ) . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . Bdd Promotional Book Co. pp. 22 -- 34 . ISBN 9780792456339 . Jump up ^ Else , David & Sandra Bardwell , Belinda Dixon , Peter Dragicevich ( 2007 ) . Lonely Planet : Walking in Britain . Lonely Planet . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 7410 - 4202 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pirani , Adam ( May 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Starlog . p. 40 . Jump up ^ David Victor ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Studio Logo Music '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Score Monthly '' . July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 14 , 1991 ) . `` A Polite Robin Hood In a Legend Recast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 14 , 1991 ) . `` ' Robin ' : Medieval Dash , New Age Muddle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( June 23 , 1991 ) . `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre . `` My guilty pleasure -- Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' , The Guardian , March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2005 ) . The Official Razzie Movie Guide : Enjoying the Best of Hollywood 's Worst . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 69334 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood prince of summer flicks with $18.3 million weekend '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( June 25 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood Still Riding Ahead of Box Office Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( June 18 , 1991 ) . `` ' Robin ' Hits Impressive Box Office Bull 's - Eye '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Robin Hood ' Keep Up Its Box - office Momentum ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tilden , Gail , ed . ( July 1991 ) . Nintendo Power . Vol 26 . ISSN 1041 - 9551 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Ron . `` The recycling of the Force - Starwars '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Wikiquote Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves on IMDb Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at the TCM Movie Database Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Box Office Mojo Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Battle of Sherwood Forest '' , a 1991 Entertainment Weekly cover story about the film 's tumultuous production . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Transcript Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley St Mary 's Abbey , York Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) The Bandit of Sherwood Forest ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) Rogues of Sherwood Forest ( 1950 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Robin Hood ( 2018 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1968 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Disney character ) Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise , and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang ! ! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Once and Future King ( 1958 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Warlord ( 2012 ) Grail Knight ( 2013 ) The Iron Castle ( 2014 ) The King 's Assassin ( 2015 ) The Death of Robin Hood ( 2016 ) Related Miss Robin Hood Son of the Guardsman The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&oldid=863926735 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s romantic drama films 1991 soundtracks American action adventure films American action films American adventure films American romantic drama films American films Crusades films Films scored by Michael Kamen Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Films set in Jerusalem Films set in Kent Films set in Cumbria Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in France Films shot in Hampshire Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Northumberland Films shot in Wiltshire Michael Kamen albums Morgan Creek Productions films Robin Hood films Films shot at Shepperton Studios Warner Bros. films Warner Bros. franchises Films adapted into video games Films about witchcraft Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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-771515846352730882 | Toe | Toe - wikipedia Toe This article is about the body part . For other uses , see Toe ( disambiguation ) and Toes ( disambiguation ) . `` Baby toe '' redirects here . For plant , see Fenestraria . Toes Toes on the human foot . The innermost toe ( bottom - left in image ) , which is normally called the big toe , is the hallux . Bones of the foot ( the toe bones are the ones in green , blue and orange ) Details Identifiers Latin Digiti pedis TA A01. 1.00. 046 FMA 25046 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod . Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade . Humans , and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet , are described as being plantigrade ; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Muscles 1.2 Blood supply 1.3 Nerve supply 1.4 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Deformity 3.2 In reconstruction 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.1. 1 Ta 4.1. 2 Hallux 5 Other animals 6 See also 7 References Structure ( edit ) Bones of the right foot . Plantar surface . There are five toes present on each human foot . Each toe consists of three phalanx bones , the proximal , middle and distal , with the exception of the big toe ( Latin : Hallux ) . The hallux only contains two phalanx bones , the proximal and distal . The joints between each phalanx are the interphalangeal joints . The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the metatarsal bone of the foot at the metatarsophalangeal joint . Each toe is surrounded by skin , and present on all five toes is a toenail . The toes are , from medial to lateral : The first toe , also known as the hallux ( `` big toe '' , `` great toe '' , `` thumb toe '' , or `` first little piggy '' ) , the innermost toe . The second toe , `` long toe '' or `` pointer toe '' , `` index toe '' , `` second little piggy '' The third toe , or `` middle toe '' , `` long toe '' or `` third little piggy '' The fourth toe , or `` ring toe '' , `` fourth little piggy '' The fifth toe , `` baby toe '' , `` little toe '' , `` pinky toe '' , `` small toe '' , `` tiny toe '' , `` wee toe '' , or `` fifth little piggy '' , the outermost toe Muscles ( edit ) See also : Foot § Muscles Toe movement is generally flexion and extension via muscular tendons that attach to the toes on the anterior and superior surfaces of the phalanx bones . With the exception of the hallux , toe movement is generally governed by action of the flexor digitorum brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles . These attach to the sides of the bones , making it impossible to move individual toes independently . Muscles between the toes on their top and bottom also help to abduct and adduct the toes . The hallux and little toe have unique muscles : The hallux is primarily flexed by the flexor hallucis longus muscle , located in the deep posterior of the lower leg , via the flexor hallucis longus tendon . Additional flexion control is provided by the flexor hallucis brevis . It is extended by the abductor hallucis muscle and the adductor hallucis muscle . The little toe has a separate set of control muscles and tendon attachments , the flexor and abductor digiti minimi . Numerous other foot muscles contribute to fine motor control of the foot . The connective tendons between the minor toes account for the inability to actuate individual toes . Blood supply ( edit ) The toes receive blood from the digital branches of the plantar metatarsal arteries and drain blood into the dorsal venous arch of the foot . Nerve supply ( edit ) Sensation to the skin of the toes is provided by five nerves . The superficial fibular nerve supplies sensation to the top of the toes , except between the hallux and second toe , which is supplied by the deep fibular nerve , and the outer surface of the fifth toe , supplied by the sural nerve . Sensation to the bottom of the toes is supplied by the medial plantar nerve , which supplies sensation to the great toe and inner three - and - a-half toes , and the lateral plantar nerve , which supplies sensation to the little toe and half of the sensation of the fourth toe . In humans , the hallux is usually longer than the second toe , but in some individuals , it may not be the longest toe . There is an inherited trait in humans , where the dominant gene causes a longer second toe ( `` Morton 's toe '' or `` Greek foot '' ) while the homozygous recessive genotype presents with the more common trait : a longer hallux . People with the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward , or medially , in relation to the foot . Variation ( edit ) Humans usually have five toes on each foot . When more than five toes are present , this is known as polydactyly . Other variants may include syndactyly or arachnodactyly . Forefoot shape , including toe shape , exhibits significant variation among people ; these differences can be measured and have been statistically correlated with ethnicity . Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types . Research conducted for the U.S. Army indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches , toe length , and toe - breadth . Function ( edit ) The human foot consists of multiple bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the upright human . Specifically , the toes assist the human while walking , providing balance , weight - bearing , and thrust during gait . Clinical significance ( edit ) A sprain or strain to the small interphalangeal joints of the toe is commonly called a stubbed toe . A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called turf toe . Long - term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes , as well as other orthopedic problems . Morton 's neuroma commonly results in pain and numbness between the third and fourth toes of the sufferer , due to it affecting the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal bones . The big toe is also the most common locus of ingrown nails and the proximal phalanx joint of the hallux is the most common locus for gout attacks . Deformity ( edit ) Main articles : Hammer toe and Bunion Deformities of the foot include hammer toe , trigger toe , and claw toe . Hammer toe can be described as an abnormal contraction or `` buckling '' of a toe . This is done by a partial or complete dislocation of one of the joints , which form the toes . Since the toes are deformed further , these may press against a shoe and cause pain . Deformities of the foot can also be caused by rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus . Deformities may predispose to ulcers and pain , especially when shoe - wearing . A common problem involving the big toe is the formation of bunions . These are structural deformities of the bones and the joint between the foot and big toe , and may be painful . Similar deformity involving the fifth toe is described as tailor 's bunion or bunionette . In reconstruction ( edit ) A favourable option for the reconstruction of missing adjacent fingers / multiple digit amputations , i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction , is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation . Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Ta ( edit ) The Old English term for toe is ta ( plural tan ) . This is a contraction of tahe , and derives from Proto - Germanic taihwo ( cognates : Old Norse ta , Old Frisian tane , Middle Dutch te , Dutch teen ( perhaps originally a plural ) , Old High German zecha , German Zehe ) . Perhaps originally meaning `` fingers '' as well ( many Proto - Indo - European language ( PIE ) languages still use one word to mean both fingers and toes ) , and thus from PIE root deik -- `` to show '' . Hallux ( edit ) View of the feet in Michelangelo 's David In classical Latin hallex , allex , hallus and allus , with genitive ( h ) allicis and ( h ) alli , are used to refer to the big toe . The form hallux ( genitive , hallucis ) currently in use is however a blend word of the aforementioned forms . Compare pollex , the equivalent term for the thumb . Other animals ( edit ) In birds with anisodactyl or heterodactyl feet , the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching . While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans , this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all primates . In humans , the most derived digital feature is the hallux . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toes . Ainhum Finger , for the hand digits Morton 's toe Nail ( anatomy ) Polydactyly and Syndactyly Runner 's toe Toe cleavage Toe tag Toecuffs Webbed toes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 557 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . Jump up ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) Toes -- relative lengths of first and second - 189200 Jump up ^ Hawes , MR ; Sovak , D ; Miyashita , M ; Kang , SJ ; Yoshihuku , Y ; Tanaka , S ( Jan 1994 ) . `` Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort '' . Ergonomics. 37 ( 1 ) : 187 -- 96 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140139408963637 . PMID 8112275 . Jump up ^ Freedman , A. , Huntington , E.C. , Davis , G.C. , Magee , R.B. , Milstead , V.M. and Kirkpatrick , C.M.. 1946 . Foot Dimensions of Soldiers ( Third Partial Report ) , Armored Medical Research Laboratory , Fort Knox , Kentucky . Jump up ^ Janey Hughes , Peter Clark , & Leslie Klenerman . The Importance of the Toes in Walking . The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , Vol. 72 - B , No. 2 . March , 1990 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Morton 's Neuroma '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons . `` Bunions '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Wei , Fu - Chan ; Colony , Lee H. ; Chen , Hung - Chi ; Chuang , Chwei - Chin ; Noordhoff , Samuel M. ( 1989 ) . `` Combined Second and Third Toe Transfer '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 84 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 61 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006534 - 198984040 - 00016 . PMID 2780906 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Ming - Huei ; Wei , Fu - Chan ; Santamaria , Eric ; Cheng , Shao - Lung ; Lin , Chih - Hung ; Chen , Samuel H.T. ( 1998 ) . `` Single versus Double Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second - and Third - Toe Transplantation '' . Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery . 102 ( 7 ) : 2408 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006534 - 199812000 - 00021 . Jump up ^ Lutz , Barbara S. ; Wei , Fu - Chan ( 2002 ) . `` Basic Principles on Toe - to - Hand Transplantation '' ( PDF ) . Gung Medical Journal . 25 ( 9 ) : 568 -- 76 . PMID 12479617 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Toe . ^ Jump up to : Hyrtl , J. ( 1880 ) . Onomatologia Anatomica . Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart . Wien : Wilhelm Braumüller . K.K. Hof - und Universitätsbuchhändler . Jump up ^ Triepel , H. ( 1908 ) . Memorial on the anatomical nomenclature of the anatomical society . In A. Rose ( Ed . ) , Medical Greek . Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek ( pp. 176 -- 93 ) . New York : Peri Hellados publication office . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.T. & Short , C. ( 1879 ) . A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews ' edition of Freund 's Latin dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Triepel , H. ( 1910 ) . Die anatomischen Namen . Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache . Mit einem Anhang : Biographische Notizen. ( Dritte Auflage ) . Wiesbaden : Verlag J.F. Bergmann . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , C. Owen ; Suwa , Gen ; Simpson , Scott W. ; Matternes , Jay H. ; White , Tim D. ( October 2009 ) . `` The Great Divides : Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes '' . Science . 326 ( 5949 ) : 102 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1175833 . PMID 19810199 . Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toe&oldid=866513688 '' Categories : Foot Podiatry Toes Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pangasinan Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Võro 粵語 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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6040583646709216132 | Keg | Keg - wikipedia Keg Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the metal container . For the drum , see music of the Virgin Islands . For beer which is served from a pressurized keg , see Keg beer . 50 liter DIN keg , cutaway A keg is a small barrel . Traditionally , a wooden keg is made by a cooper and used to transport items such as nails , gunpowder , and a variety of liquids . More recently , a keg is often constructed of aluminum or steel . It is commonly used to store , transport , and serve beer . Other alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks , carbonated or non-carbonated , may be housed in a keg as well . Such liquids are generally kept under pressure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beer keg 1.1 Size 1.2 U.S. keg sizes 1.3 DIN - keg and Euro - keg 1.4 Specifications for a U.S. 1 / 2 barrel keg 1.5 Tapping a keg 2 Other types of kegs 2.1 Cornelius keg 2.2 Mini keg 2.3 Beer ball 2.4 One - way kegs 2.5 Quarter barrel ( pony keg ) 2.6 Sixth barrel 2.7 Eighth barrel 3 UK and Irish keg supply structure 4 Keg laws 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Books 7 External links Beer keg ( edit ) Beer kegs are made of stainless steel , or less commonly , of aluminium . A keg has a single opening on one end , called a `` bung . '' A tube called a `` spear '' extends from the opening to the other end . There is a self - closing valve that is opened by the coupling fitting which is attached when the keg is tapped . There is also an opening at the top of the spear that allows gas ( usually carbon dioxide ) to drive the beer out of the keg . The coupling fitting has one or two valves that control the flow of beer out of and gas into the keg . The keg must be in the upright position , that is , with the opening on top , for the beer to be dispensed . Kegs can be contrasted to casks , which have two or more openings and no spear . Most major breweries now use internally speared kegs . Size ( edit ) Main article : Barrel sizes Historically a beer barrel was a standard size of 50 gallons , as opposed to a wine barrel at 32 gallons , or an oil barrel at 42 gallons . Over the years barrel sizes have evolved and breweries throughout the world use different sized containers . Even when the content capacity of two kegs are equal -- e.g. metricized to 50 liters -- the keg shape and keg tap system may differ greatly . U.S. keg sizes ( edit ) Most U.S. brewers sell beer in ⁄ barrels of 15.5 gallons , ⁄ barrels of 7.75 gallons , and ⁄ barrels of 5.17 gallons . Since keg sizes are not standardized , the keg can not be used as a standard unit of measure for liquid volumes . This size standard varies from country to country and brewery to brewery with many countries using the metric system rather than U.S. gallons . A typical keg ( half - barrel ) with a single opening in the center of the top end A keg , or half - barrel is a 15.5 U.S. gallon vessel . A quarter - barrel has a volume of 7.75 U.S. gallons . Generally a keg is a vessel smaller than a barrel ; thus , it is 30 gallons or smaller . In the U.S. the terms half - barrel and quarter - barrel are derived from the U.S. beer barrel , legally defined as being equal to 31 U.S. gallons ( this is not the same volume as some other units also known as barrels ) . A 15.5 U.S. gallon keg is also equal to : 12.7 Imperial gallons 58.67 liters 103.25 Imperial pints 124 U.S. pints 496 U.S. gills 165 twelve fluid ounce ( U.S. measure ) drinks About 90 bombers ( 22 fl oz bottles ) About 6.88 24 - unit cases of 12 fl oz cans About 5.5 30 - racks of 12 fl oz cans 1,984 fluid ounces ( U.S. ) However , beer kegs can come in many sizes : Size ( US gal ) Size ( liters ) No. of 12 fl oz drinks No. of 16 fl oz drinks No. of 20 fl oz drinks Weight of full keg ( lb ) Also known as 1.32 5 14 10.6 8.5 -- Mini Keg / Bubba ( single - use / recyclable ) 3.875 14.67 41.3 31 24.8 -- Eighth Barrel 5 18.9 53 40 32 55 -- 60 Soda syrup / Corny Keg / Home Brew 5.16 19.8 56 42 33 58 -- 60 Sixth Barrel / Torpedo Keg / Sixtel / Log 6.6 25 70 50.25 42 -- `` Half Barrel '' ( Europe ) 7.75 29.3 82 62 49 90 Quarter Barrel / Pony Keg 13.2 50 140 105 84 -- Import Keg ( standard European `` Barrel '' ) 15.5 58.66 165.3 124 99.2 140 -- 170 Half Barrel / Full Keg DIN - keg and Euro - keg ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In European countries the most common keg size is 50 liters -- this includes the UK with its non-metric keg system where the standard keg of 11 imperial gallons is almost exactly 50 liters in the metric system . The German DIN 6647 - 1 and DIN 6647 - 2 have also defined kegs in the sizes of 30 and 20 liters . A newer Euro regulation defines 50 , 30 , 25 and 20 liters where the keg shape is usually thicker but not as tall as the German keg specifications . content DIN 6647 - 1 / - 2 DIN - Keg Diameter Euro - Keg Euro - Keg Diameter 20 litres ( 4.4 imp gal ) 310 mm ( high ) 363 mm ( ø steel keg ) 216 mm ( high ) 395 mm ( ø steel keg ) 25 litres ( 5.5 imp gal ) - - 327 mm ( high ) 395 mm ( ø steel keg ) 30 litres ( 6.6 imp gal ) 400 mm ( high ) 381 mm ( ø steel keg ) 365 mm ( high ) 408 mm ( ø steel keg ) 50 litres ( 11 imp gal ) 600 mm ( high ) 381 mm ( ø steel keg ) 532 mm ( high ) 408 mm ( ø steel keg ) In some areas it is common to refer to the size not in liters but in beers . In areas such as Germany , where the standard beer size is 0.5 liters , that means a 50 - liter keg contains 100 beers . Specifications for a U.S. 1 / 2 barrel keg ( edit ) Accepted specifications for a standard keg are : Height of keg 23.3 inches Diameter of keg 16.1 -- 17.15627 inches Contents 1984.0 U.S. fluid ounces 15.5 U.S. gallons 12.91 imp . gallons 58.7 liters Full keg weight 161.5 pounds ( 72.8 kg ) Empty keg weight 29.7 pounds ( 13.5 kg ) Beer weight 131.8 pounds ( 59.3 kg ) 24 × 12 fl oz case equivalent 6.9 cases 12 fl oz servings 165.3 16 fl oz ( 1 U.S. pint ) servings 124 Tapping a keg ( edit ) There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs : party pumps and gas taps . Party pumps utilize outside air , thus introducing oxygen and bacteria into the keg . This causes the beer to oxidize , affecting the taste . Kegs operating a party pump should be used within 18 -- 24 hours so that the beer does not become unpalatable . Gas pumps may use CO , although it is recommended to use a mixed gas ( usually nitrogen - CO ) so the beer does not get overcarbonated when being tapped for a long time ( Guinness requires 25 % CO and 75 % nitrogen ) . Gas pumps can preserve a keg up to 120 days with proper refrigeration . As with any pressurized container , a keg can cause injury , even at normal operating pressure , whether with compressed air or carbon dioxide : `` The tapping system and pressure regulator both should be equipped with a pressure relief ( blow off ) device . If you are not familiar with tapping equipment , consult your retailer ... '' ( printed on an Anheuser - Busch 's keg cap ) In the US and Australia , kegs or beer coils are usually kept in a bucket of ice and / or water to keep the beer cool . European consumers , when not using a party pump , mainly use inline beer chillers to pour a beer in an ideal temperature for serving . Those chillers usually also have their own air compressor for keg pressurization . Other types of kegs ( edit ) Cornelius keg ( edit ) Main article : Cornelius keg A Cornelius keg ( also known as a Corney or soda keg ) was originally used by the soft drink industry , now commonly used to store and dispense beer , especially homebrewed . Cornelius kegs were originally made by Cornelius , Inc . Since the arrival of newer technology such as bag - in - box packages soft drink bottlers have mostly abandoned their Cornelius kegs , often making them available to hobbyists . Mini keg ( edit ) Mini keg of Grolsch beer . The mini keg is a 5 - liter keg produced for retail sales . Some brands come with a spout and pour from the bottom via gravity , while others may use a low cost pressurized tap . Mini kegs are typically not returned to the manufacturer for cleaning and refilling . The disposable kegs , being made of aluminum , may be recycled . In Canada , Molson brewery dubbed the mini keg `` Bubba '' . This name has now been genericized to generally apply to all 5 - liter mini kegs in Canada . This might cause confusion , as a company called Bubba Keg is established in the U.S. , and appears to not be associated with Molson . Today , mini kegs are widely available in liquor stores worldwide , with Heineken , Grolsch and Bitburger all adopting the design . Recently in Austria , beer is available in mini kegs , either by a one - way type keg made of steel or out of a reinforced thermoplastic for about a 4 € deposit . Beer ball ( edit ) Another type of mini keg is the `` beer ball '' or the `` party ball '' , a disposable plastic ball that usually holds around 5.2 US gallons ( 20 l ) , roughly the equivalent of 55 twelve - ounce beers , though they can also be found in a smaller 3.8 - US - gallon ( 14 l ) size . Like kegs , it is necessary to tap the ball before the beer inside can be served . One - way kegs ( edit ) Example of bag - in - ball technology One - way kegs , also known as disposable kegs or PET kegs , were invented in 1996 . They are usually made of plastic . Some types have a cardboard outer packaging , which makes them easier to stack and transport , and also protects the plastic container . Some may use either bag in ball or spear technology . A stronger , more pressure resistant type of one way kegs make use of a double wall technology . Quarter barrel ( pony keg ) ( edit ) A quarter barrel , more commonly known as pony keg , is a beer vessel containing approximately 7.75 U.S. gallons ( 29.33 liters ) of fluid . It is half the size of the standard beer keg and equivalent to a quarter of a barrel . The term pony refers to its smaller size -- compare pony glass ( quarter - pint ) and pony bottle . It will serve roughly 82 twelve - ounce cups . The shape of a pony keg resembles that of a full - sized keg , while being much easier to move manually . However , it shares many inconveniences with the bigger kegs , such as : often requiring a deposit when purchased ; needing a tap to serve the contents ; and posing difficulties in determining the amount of beer remaining ( weighing the keg or observing its buoyancy are common techniques ) . Despite this , a pony keg can be a cheap way to provide beer for a medium - sized party . Sixth barrel ( edit ) A sixth barrel keg contains approximately 5.2 gallons , and is becoming the choice for many establishments and breweries that wish to use kegs smaller than a half barrel . The sixth barrel kegs are nominally larger in size and volume compared to the Cornelius keg . They are normally fitted with a standard US Type D Sanke coupler on a single downspout ; whereas , Corny kegs are normally fitted with a flip - hatch , and a dual connector pin - lock or ball - lock top . Although the sixth barrel torpedo keg is approximately the same height as the standard half barrel , the smaller foot print of the sixth barrel allows retailers have a greater variety of beer in a small space . This size keg is quickly replacing the quarter barrel size which has the same foot print as a half barrel keg , but is only half as tall . Other than smaller circumference , sixth barrel kegs are very similar to their full - sized counterparts in construction . A stainless Micromatic brand sixth barrel keg weighs approximately 14 - 15 pounds ( 6.3 -- 6.8 kg ) when empty , and approximately 58 - 60 pounds ( 26.3 - 27.2 kg ) when full . Eighth barrel ( edit ) An eighth barrel has the same dimensions as a sixth barrel , but the bottom 7 inches are hollow . UK and irish keg supply structure ( edit ) 88 - pint beer kegs lined up outside a pub in Portlaoise , Ireland The beer vessel supply structure in the UK and Ireland is quite different , whilst the couplers for kegs have been largely standardised to sankey , grundy and interbrew , a couple of others exist such as UEC and U-Type ; however these are much less common . The kegs themselves are made from stainless steel or aluminium . The standard keg size is 11 imperial gallons ( 50 liter / 88 imperial pints approx ) and the vast majority of keg beers are supplied in this keg size . There are also smaller 30 liters ( 52.76 imperial pints ) kegs usually reserved for more specialist and / or premium European beers . A number of manufacturers also produce 18 imperial gallon ( approximately 82 liters / 144 imperial pints ) and 22 imperial gallon ( approximately 100 liters / 172 imperial pints ) kegs , however owing to their size they are not so popular as manual handling is seen by some to be difficult , and as a result they tend to be used only for large scale events and bars with high throughput . For bars that sell an excessive volume of beer there is the 36 imperial gallon ( 150 liter / 260 imperial pint ) keg , however due to its very large size few people can move them making it an impractical choice . Keg laws ( edit ) Main article : Keg registration In the U.S. as of 2005 , there are 21 states and numerous localities that have keg registration laws . The laws vary widely in terms of whom they target , what their intended purpose is , and how strongly they are enforced . See also ( edit ) Cask ale Draught beer Firkin Growler ( jug ) Keg stand Bag - in - box BeerTender Keg in the Closet References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Old Sturbridge Village FAQ '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Briggs , D.E. ; Boulton , C.A. ; Brookes , P.A. ; Stevens , R. , Brewing , Science and Practice , CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2547 - 1 Jump up ^ keg . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ 27 CFR § 25.11 . Jump up ^ `` Retailers Guide to Draft Beer Dispensing '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 29 . Books ( edit ) Soroka , W , Fundamentals of Packaging Technology , IoPP , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 930268 - 25 - 4 Yam , K.L. , Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 External links ( edit ) How to Tap a Keg -- A wikiHow article Keg Beer Dispensing Articles and Education How to remove and reassemble the valve in a sanke keg Beer keg valve master list . ( hide ) Packaging General topics Active packaging Child - resistant packaging Contract packager Disposable food packaging Food packaging Luxury packaging Modified atmosphere / modified humidity packaging Package pilferage Package testing Packaging engineering Pharmaceutical packaging Reusable packaging Shelf life Sustainable packaging Tamper - evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Containers Aerosol Container Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag - in - box Bags and flexible containers Barrel Beer bottle Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil - in - Bag Bottle Box Bulk box Cage Case Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Envelope Flexible intermediate bulk container Foam food container Folding carton Glass bottle Growler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Juicebox Keg Multi-pack Oyster pail Packet ( container ) Padded mailer Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Popcorn bag Retort pouch Sachet Security bag Self - heating can Self - heating food packaging Shipping container Skin pack Spray bottle Tin can Tub ( container ) Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materials and components Adhesive Aluminium foil Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Foam peanut Glass Hot - melt adhesive Kraft paper Label Lid Linear low - density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Low - density polyethylene Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure - sensitive tape Screw cap Screw cap ( wine ) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple ( fastener ) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tamper - evident band Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Curtain Coating Die cutting Die forming ( plastics ) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Glass production Graphic design HACCP Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection molding Laminating Laser cutting Molding Papermaking Plastic welding Plastics extrusion Printing Quality assurance Radio - frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing ( manufacturing ) Thermoforming Track and trace Vacuum forming Ultrasonic welding Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapping Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Shrink tunnel Staple gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment , post-use Biodegradation Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life - cycle assessment Litter Paper recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keg&oldid=806427393 '' Categories : Brewing Beer vessels and serving Liquid containers Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 47 . 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-60825296834004535 | Company formation | Company formation - wikipedia Company formation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about forming a company in the United Kingdom . For a more general discussion of forming a business , see Incorporation ( business ) . Company formation is the term for the process of incorporation of a business in the UK . It is also sometimes referred to as company registration . These terms are both also used when incorporating a business in the Republic of Ireland . Under UK company law and most international law , a company or corporation is considered an entity that is separate from the people who own or operate the company . Today the majority of UK companies are formed the same day electronically . Companies can be created by individuals , specialised agents , solicitors or accountants . Many solicitors and accountants subcontract incorporation out to specialised company formation agents . Most agents offer company formation packages for less than £ 100 . The cost of carrying out paper filing directly with Companies House is £ 20 . This fee does not include the cost of witnessing documents or preparation of memorandum & articles of association for the company , which would usually be carried out by a solicitor or accountant . Forming a company via the paper filing method can take up to 4 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation process for limited companies 1.1 Paper process 1.1. 1 Articles of association 1.1. 2 Form IN01 1.1. 3 Memorandum of association 1.2 Electronic process 2 Types of company 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Formation process for limited Companies ( edit ) This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal Paper process ( edit ) Under section 9 of the Companies Act 2006 , those forming a company must send the following documents , together with the registration fee , to the Registrar of Companies . Most incorporations submitted by paper take around 5 working days to be accepted . For detailed information see the Companies House guide . Articles of association ( edit ) The articles of association ( often referred to as just ' articles ' ) is the document which sets out the rules for the running of the company 's internal affairs . The company 's articles delivered to the Registrar must be signed by each subscriber in front of a witness who must attest the signature . In the event that articles are not registered for the new company , model ( default ) articles will be registered . These model articles can be chosen to be adopted in the IN01 form . This new procedure was introduced by the Companies Act 2006 , Section 20 . Form IN01 ( edit ) This contains the intended situation of the Registered Office , ( this will be either in England and Wales , Northern Ireland , Scotland or Wales ) , the details of the consenting Secretary and Director ( s ) , details of the subscribers and , in the case of a company limited by shares , details of the share capital . The form also includes the Statement of Compliance that the requirements of the Companies Act have been complied with . Memorandum of association ( edit ) This contains the names and signatures of the subscribers that wish to form the company and , in the case of a company limited by shares , a commitment by the subscribers to take at least one share each . A draft template is available on the Companies House website . It sets out constitution of a company and the foundation on which the structure of a company is based . In other words , memorandum of association is considered the charter or constitution of the company because it lays down the objectives of the company precisely and clearly , defines scope of its relation with the investor and outside world . Electronic process ( edit ) The electronic process can be accessed using compatible software that works with the Companies House eFiling service and an account with Companies House . Company formation agents have direct links into Companies House , to look up the company name , and submit the company . Different agents have differences in their processes caused by their website and software implementation . Companies House have a list of company formation agents that have passed integration testing . Types of company ( edit ) The following can be formed by registration at Companies House : Public limited company ( plc ) Private company limited by shares ( Ltd , Limited ) Company limited by guarantee Unlimited company Limited liability partnership ( LLP ) Limited partnership ( LP ) Societas Europaea ( SE ) : European Union - wide company structure Community interest company ( CIC ) European economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) See also ( edit ) Incorporation ( business ) - US perspective List of company registers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Previously section 10 of the Companies Act 1985 Jump up ^ Companies House Guide to Company Formation Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/20 Jump up ^ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/forms/formsOnline.shtml Jump up ^ E-Filing compatible software providers Jump up ^ E-filing company formation agents External links ( edit ) Companies House eFiling Companies House list of formation agents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_formation&oldid=814393442 '' Categories : Legal entities English law United Kingdom company law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 15 : 14 . About Wikipedia | different stages in the formation of a company | [] | [] |
2000058453285867406 | Don't Know Much | Do n't Know Much - wikipedia Do n't Know Much Jump to : navigation , search `` Do n't Know Much '' Single by Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville from the album Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Released September 12 , 1989 Recorded March -- August , 1989 , Skywalker Ranch , Marin County Genre Pop Length 3 : 35 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil & Tom Snow Producer ( s ) Peter Asher & Steve Tyrell Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville singles chronology `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Do n't Know Much '' ( 1989 ) `` All My Life '' ( 1989 ) `` When I Fall in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Do n't Know Much '' ( 1989 ) `` All My Life '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't Know Much '' is a song written by Barry Mann , Cynthia Weil and Tom Snow . The original version of this song was recorded by Barry Mann in 1980 and was made famous when it was covered as a duet by Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville in 1989 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Charts 2.3 Personnel 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The song had a rich history prior to its success in 1989 . It first appeared on Barry Mann 's self - titled 1980 album , released on Casablanca records . Bill Medley and Bette Midler ( under the title `` All I Need to Know '' ) then had minor chart success with it in 1981 and 1983 , respectively . In 1985 , Audrey Landers recorded the song as `` All I Need to Know '' for her second album for the German market , Paradise Generation , by Glenn Jones on his 1987 self - titled album for Jive Records , and gospel singer Cynthia Clawson also has a version under this title on her 1990 album Words Will Never Do . In 2000 , Barry Mann re-recorded the song with Brenda Russell on his album Soul and Inspiration released on Atlantic records . Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville version ( edit ) The song was covered on Linda Ronstadt 's Triple Platinum 1989 album Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind . It was introduced to Ronstadt and Neville by Steve Tyrell . Co-produced by Tyrell and Peter Asher , it was released as a single in the U.S. in 1989 , peaking at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in December , 1989 ( behind Phil Collins ' Another Day in Paradise ) and # 1 ( where it held for 5 consecutive weeks ) on both the adult contemporary chart and pop sales charts . The single was certified Gold and eventually sold over 900,000 copies in the US alone . In the UK , the song peaked at # 2 on the British pop chart . The song also hit # 1 in Canada , Ireland , Australia , and several other countries . The song proved to be Ronstadt 's tenth Billboard Top 10 Pop hit . `` Do n't Know Much '' won Ronstadt and Neville the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and was nominated for Song of the Year . Music video ( edit ) In the music video , both Neville and Ronstadt portray a middle - aged couple that are remembering their past and all the difficulties that they seem to have faced together . The song is considered to be a symbolic representation of growing old together and being so unsure and unaware of the future , only knowing that it has been the same love which made it so much clear between them . Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 Personnel ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt - Vocals Aaron Neville - Vocals Don Grolnik - Piano Mike Landau - Electric guitar Lee Sklar - Bass Carlos Vega - Drums Michael Fisher - Percussion Robbie Buchanan - Keyboard Skywalker Symphony Orchestra - arranged and conducted by David Campbell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Linda Ronstadt deserves Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honour '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/1989-12-23/hot-100 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville feat . Aaron Neville -- Do n't Know Much '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Do n't Know Much '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Do n't Know Much '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 10 , January 20 , 1990 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Do n't Know Much '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Do n't Know Much '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Illegal name entered Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville / Linda + Ronstadt + feat. + Aaron + Neville / chart ? f = 341 `` Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville . Jump up ^ Illegal name entered Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville / Linda + Ronstadt + feat. + Aaron + Neville / chart ? f = 379 `` Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Linda Ronstadt feat . Aaron Neville . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Healing Hands '' by Elton John Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single October 28 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol . III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr. Plow Book Aaron Neville Studio albums Warm Your Heart Singles `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` Everybody Plays the Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' `` The Grand Tour '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Bette Midler singles discography Discography Filmography The Divine Miss M `` Do You Want to Dance '' ( 1972 ) `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' ( 1973 ) `` Friends '' ( 1973 ) Bette Midler `` In the Mood '' ( 1974 ) Songs for the New Depression `` Strangers in the Night '' ( 1976 ) The Best of Bette `` Buckets of Rain '' featuring Bob Dylan ( 1978 ) Thighs and Whispers `` Hang On in There Baby '' ( 1979 ) The Rose `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' ( 1980 ) `` The Rose '' ( 1980 ) Divine Madness `` Chapel of Love '' ( Live ) ( 1980 ) No Frills `` All I Need to Know '' ( 1983 ) `` Favorite Waste of Time '' ( 1983 ) `` Beast of Burden '' ( 1984 ) Beaches `` Under the Boardwalk '' ( 1988 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ( 1989 ) Some People 's Lives `` From a Distance '' ( 1990 ) `` Night and Day '' ( 1991 ) For the Boys `` In My Life '' ( 1992 ) Bette of Roses `` In This Life '' ( 1995 ) The First Wives Club `` You Do n't Own Me '' with Goldie Hawn and Diane Keaton ( 1997 ) Bathhouse Betty `` I 'm Beautiful '' ( 1999 ) Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook `` White Christmas '' ( 2004 ) Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook `` Fever '' ( 2006 ) Cool Yule `` From a Distance ( Christmas version ) '' ( 2006 ) ( Jackpot ! ) The Best Bette `` Wind Beneath My Wings ( re-issue ) '' ( 2008 ) It 's the Girls ! `` Be My Baby '' ( 2014 ) Other releases Promotional singles : `` Old Cape Cod '' ( 1976 ) `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' ( 1979 ) `` Small World '' ( 1993 ) `` Love T.K.O. '' ( 2001 ) Other songs : `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' ( 1995 ) `` Somewhere Along the Way '' ( 1997 ) `` Manhattan '' ( 2004 ) `` The Greatest Ears in Town '' ( 2010 ) Book Template Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Know_Much&oldid=800829003 '' Categories : 1989 singles Linda Ronstadt songs Aaron Neville songs Bette Midler songs Vocal duets Songs written by Tom Snow Songs written by Barry Mann Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil 1980 songs Elektra Records singles Song recordings produced by Peter Asher American pop songs Hidden categories : Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 23 : 07 . 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1548219287904082523 | List of sports | List of sports - wikipedia List of sports Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of sports / games , divided by category . There are many more sports to be added . This system has a disadvantage because some sports may fit in more than one category . According to the World Sports Encyclopedia ( 2003 ) , there are 8,000 indigenous sports and sporting games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical Sports 1.1 Air Sports 1.2 Archery 1.3 Ball - over-net Games 1.4 Basketball Family 1.5 Bat - and - ball ( safe haven ) 1.6 Baton twirling 1.7 Acro sports 1.8 Performance Sports 1.9 Board Sports 1.10 Catch Games 1.11 Climbing 1.12 Cycling 1.12. 1 Bicycle 1.12. 2 Skibob 1.12. 3 Unicycle 1.13 Combat Sports : wrestling and martial arts 1.13. 1 Grappling 1.13. 2 Striking 1.13. 3 Mixed or hybrid Sports 1.13. 4 Sports 1.13. 4.1 Skirmish 1.14 Cue sports 1.15 Equine sports 1.16 Fishing 1.17 Flying disc sports 1.18 Football 1.19 Golf 1.20 Gymnastics 1.21 Handball family 1.22 Hunting 1.23 Ice sports 1.24 Kite 1.25 Discipline 1.26 Orienteering family 1.27 Pilota family 1.28 Racquet ( or racket ) sports 1.29 Remote control 1.30 Rodeo - originated 1.31 Running 1.32 Sailing 1.33 Snow sports 1.33. 1 Skiing 1.33. 2 Sled sports 1.34 Shooting sports 1.35 Stacking 1.36 Stick and ball games 1.36. 1 Hockey 1.36. 2 Hurling and shinty 1.36. 3 Lacrosse 1.36. 4 Polo 1.37 Street sports 1.38 Tag games 1.39 Walking 1.40 Wall - and - ball 1.41 Aquatic & paddle sports 1.41. 1 Canoeing 1.41. 2 Kayaking 1.41. 3 Rafting 1.41. 4 Rowing 1.41. 5 Other paddling sports 1.41. 6 Aquatic ball sports 1.41. 6.1 Surface 1.41. 6.2 Underwater 1.41. 7 Competitive swimming 1.41. 7.1 Kindred activities 1.41. 8 Subsurface and recreational 1.41. 9 Diving 1.42 Weightlifting 1.43 Motorized sports 1.43. 1 Auto racing 1.43. 2 Motorboat racing 1.43. 3 Motorcycle racing 1.43. 4 ATV racing 1.44 Marker sports 1.45 Musical sports 1.46 Fantasy sports 1.47 Other 1.48 Overlapping sports 2 Mind sports 2.1 Card games 2.2 Other 2.3 Speedcubing 2.4 Strategy board games 3 Competitive model sports 4 Different classification 4.1 Air sports 4.2 Athletics ( track and field ) 4.3 Electronic sports 4.4 Endurance sports 4.5 Goal sports 4.6 Skating sports 4.7 Snowsports 4.8 Strength sports 4.9 Table sports 4.10 Target sports 4.11 Team sports 4.12 Windsports 4.13 Fictional sports 5 Miscellaneous sports 6 See also 7 References Physical sports ( edit ) Air Sports ( edit ) Lima Lima aerobatics team performing over Louisville . Main article : Air sports Aerobatics Air racing Cluster ballooning Hopper ballooning Wingsuit flying Gliding Hang gliding Powered hang glider Human powered aircraft Model aircraft Parachuting Banzai skydiving BASE jumping Skydiving Skysurfing Wingsuit flying Paragliding Powered paragliding Paramotoring Ultralight aviation Archery ( edit ) Members of the Gotemba Kyūdō Association demonstrate Kyūdō . Main article : Archery Field archery Flight archery Gungdo Indoor archery Kyūdō Popinjay Target archery Ball - over-net Games ( edit ) An international match of volleyball . Badminton Ball badminton Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Hooverball Jianzi Padel Peteca Pickleball Platform tennis Rocball Sepak takraw Sipa Table tennis Tennis Throwball Volleyball Beach volleyball Paralympic volleyball Water volleyball Wallyball Basketball family ( edit ) Basketball player Dwight Howard making a slam dunk at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games . Basketball Beach basketball Deaf basketball Streetball Water basketball Wheelchair basketball Cestoball Korfball Netball Fastnet Indoor netball Ringball Slamball Bat - and - ball ( safe haven ) ( edit ) Awaiting a pitch : batter , catcher , and umpire in baseball Main article : Bat - and - ball games Baseball Softball Slow pitch Fast - pitch softball 16 - inch softball Bat and trap British baseball -- four posts Brännboll -- four bases Corkball -- four bases ( no base - running ) Cricket -- two creases Indoor cricket Limited overs cricket One Day International Test cricket Twenty20 Danish longball Kickball Kilikiti Lapta -- two salos ( bases ) The Massachusetts Game -- four bases Matball Oina Old cat -- variable Over-the - line -- qv Palant Pesäpallo -- four bases Punchball Rounders -- four bases or posts Scrub baseball -- four bases ( not a team game per se ) Stickball -- variable Stool ball -- two stools Tee - ball Town ball -- variable Vigoro -- two wickets Wireball Wiffleball Baton twirling ( edit ) Baton twirling Acro sports ( edit ) Competitive Dancing Cheerleading Gymnastics Performance Sports ( edit ) Main article : Marching arts Drum corps Marching band Board sports ( edit ) Skateboard vert jump at the Sprite urban games 2006 in London . Snowboard figure at the 2008 Shakedown Surfing in Hawaii Main article : Board sports Sports that are played with some sort of board as the primary equipment . Skateboarding Scootering Casterboarding Freeboard ( skateboard ) Longboarding Streetboarding Skysurfing Streetluge Snowboarding Mountainboarding Sandboarding Snowkiting Surfing Wakesurfing Bodyboarding Riverboarding Skimboarding Windsurfing Wakeboarding Kneeboarding Paddleboarding Catch Games ( edit ) Dodgeball Ga - ga Keep away Kin - Ball Newcomb ball Quidditch Rundown ( a.k.a. Pickle ) Yukigassen Climbing ( edit ) Canyoning Main article : Climbing Abseiling Aid climbing Ice climbing Mixed climbing Mountaineering Rock climbing Bouldering Deep - water soloing Sport climbing Traditional climbing Other Canyoning ( Canyoneering ) Coasteering Hiking Rope climbing Pole climbing Cycling ( edit ) A track cycling Race Main article : Cycling Sports using bicycles or unicycles . Bicycle ( edit ) Main article : Bicycle Artistic Biking BMX Cyclo - cross Cross-country mountain biking Cycle polo Cycle speedway Downhill mountain biking Dirt jumping Freestyle BMX Hardcourt Bike Polo Road bicycle racing Track cycling Underwater cycling Skibob ( edit ) S'bobbing Unicycle ( edit ) Main article : Unicycle Mountain unicycling Unicycling Unicycle basketball Unicycle hockey Unicycle trials Combat sports : wrestling and martial arts ( edit ) Main articles : Combat sport and Martial arts A combat sport is a competitive contact sports where two competitors fight against each other using certain rules of engagement . Grappling ( edit ) Main article : Grappling Two men compete in freestyle wrestling . Aiki - jūjutsu Aikido Jujutsu Judo Brazilian jiu - jitsu Sambo ( martial art ) Sumo Wrestling Amateur wrestling Greco - Roman wrestling Freestyle wrestling Folk wrestling Boli Khela Collar - and - elbow Cornish wrestling Dumog Glima Gouren Kurash Lancashire wrestling Catch wrestling Malla - yuddha Mongolian wrestling Pehlwani Professional wrestling Schwingen Shuai jiao Ssireum Varzesh - e Pahlavani Yağlı Güreş Greek wrestling Striking ( edit ) Main article : Strike ( attack ) A kick in kickboxing . Choi Kwang - Do Cockfighting Boxing Bokator Capoeira Fujian White Crane Karate Kenpō Kickboxing Lethwei Muay Thai Pradal serey Sanshou Savate Shaolin Kung Fu Sikaran Silat Subak Taekkyeon Taekwondo Taidō Tang Soo Do Wing Chun Mixed or hybrid Sports ( edit ) Further information : Mixed martial arts Ground fighting in MMA . Baguazhang Bando Bartitsu Bujinkan Hapkido Hwa Rang Do Jeet Kune Do Kajukenbo Kalaripayattu Krav Maga Kuk Sool Won Marine Corps Martial Arts Program Mixed martial arts Northern Praying Mantis Ninjutsu Pankration Pencak Silat Sanshou Shidōkan Karate Shōrin - ryū Shidōkan Shoot boxing Shootfighting Shorinji Kempo Systema T'ai chi ch'uan Vajra - mushti Vale tudo Vovinam Xing Yi Quan Zen Bu Kan Kempo Sports ( edit ) Axe throwing at the Ming Culture Village , a theme park near the Yangshan Quarry , China Two kendōka . Axe throwing Battōjutsu Boffer fighting Eskrima Egyptian stick fencing Fencing Gatka Hojōjutsu Iaidō Iaijutsu Jōdō Jogo do pau Jūkendō Jittejutsu Kendo Kenjutsu Krabi -- krabong Kung fu Kyūdō Kyūjutsu Modern Arnis Naginatajutsu Nguni stick - fighting Okinawan kobudō Shurikenjutsu Silambam Sōjutsu Sword fighting Wushu Kumdo Wing Chun Skirmish ( edit ) Airsoft Laser tag Paintball Cue sports ( edit ) Pool balls Snooker . Main article : Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion Five - pins Balkline and straight rail Cushion caroms Four - ball ( yotsudama ) Artistic billiards Novuss ( and cued forms of carrom ) Pocket billiards ( pool ) Eight - ball Blackball ( a.k.a. British eight - ball pool ) Nine - ball Straight pool ( 14.1 continuous ) One - pocket Three - ball Seven - ball Ten - ball Rotation Baseball pocket billiards Cribbage ( pool ) Bank pool Artistic pool Trick shot competition Speed pool Bowlliards Chicago Kelly pool Cutthroat Killer Russian pyramid Snooker Sinuca brasileira Six - red snooker Snooker plus Hybrid carom -- pocket games English billiards Bottle pool Cowboy Obstacle variations Bagatelle Bar billiards Bumper pool Table Sports Foosball Equine sports ( edit ) Horse racing at Arlington Park , 2007 Sports using a horse . Buzkashi Barrel racing Campdrafting Cirit Charreada Chilean rodeo Cross country Cutting Dressage Endurance riding English pleasure Equitation Eventing Equestrian vaulting Gymkhana Harness racing Horse racing Horseball Hunter Hunter - jumpers Jousting Pato Reining Rodeo Show jumping Steeplechase Sur - papakh Team penning Tent pegging Western pleasure Fishing ( edit ) Main article : Fishing Angling Big - game fishing Casting Noodling Spearfishing Sport fishing Surf fishing Rock fishing Fly fishing Ice fishing Flying disc sports ( edit ) Australia vs Canada ultimate players WUGC 2012 in Japan . Ultimate Canada Main article : Flying disc games Beach ultimate Disc dog Disc golf Disc golf ( urban ) Dodge disc Double disc court Flutterguts Freestyle Freestyle competition Goaltimate Guts Hot box Ultimate Football ( edit ) Football player Lionel Messi shoots from just outside the Manchester United penalty area during the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Main article : Football Tyrone try for a goal against Westmeath in a Gaelic football match Ancient games Chinlone Cuju Episkyros Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Marn Grook Woggabaliri Yubi lakpi Medieval football Ba game Caid Calcio Fiorentino Camping ( game ) Chester - le - Street Cnapan Cornish hurling Haxey Hood Knattleikr La soule Lelo burti Mob football Royal Shrovetide Football Uppies and Downies Association football Jorkyball Paralympic football Powerchair Football Reduced variants Five - a-side football Beach soccer Futebol de Salão Futsal Papi fut Indoor soccer Masters Football Street football Freestyle football Keepie uppie Swamp football Three sided football Australian football Nine - a-side footy Rec footy Metro footy English school games Eton College Field game Wall game Harrow football Gaelic football Ladies ' Gaelic football Gridiron football American football Eight - man football Flag football Indoor football Arena football Nine - man football Six - man football Sprint football Touch football Canadian football Street football ( American ) Rugby football Beach rugby Rugby league Masters Rugby League Mod league Rugby league nines Rugby league sevens Tag rugby Touch football Wheelchair rugby league Rugby union American flag rugby Mini rugby Rugby sevens Tag rugby Touch rugby Rugby tens Snow rugby Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Universal football Volata Golf ( edit ) Main article : Golf Miniature golf Match play Skins game Speed golf Stroke play Team play Shotgun start Gymnastics ( edit ) Trampoline gymnast Jason Burnett at 2008 Canadian National Championships Main article : Gymnastics Acrobatic gymnastics Aerobic gymnastics Artistic gymnastics Balance beam Floor High bar Parallel bars Pommel horse Still rings Uneven bars Vault Juggling Rhythmic gymnastics Ball Club Hoop Ribbon Rope Rope jumping Slacklining Trampolining Trapeze Flying trapeze Static trapeze Tumbling Trampoline Handball family ( edit ) A 7 - meter throw in team handball . Main article : Handball Goalball Tchoukball Team handball Beach handball Czech handball Field handball Torball Water polo Hunting ( edit ) Main article : Hunting Sometimes considered blood sportss . Beagling Big game hunting Deer hunting Fox hunting Hare coursing Wolf hunting Ice sports ( edit ) Bandy Rink bandy Broomball Curling Ice hockey Ringette Ice yachting Figure skating Ice dancing Kite ( edit ) Kite buggy Kite fighting Kite landboarding Kitesurfing Parasailing Snow kiting Sport kite ( Stunt kite ) Discipline ( edit ) The three components of triathlon : swimming , cycling , running Decathlon , heptathlon , and the pentathlons consist of ten , seven , and five component contests that are scored together using one points system . Adventure racing Biathlon Duathlon Decathlon Heptathlon Icosathlon Modern pentathlon Pentathlon Tetrathlon Triathlon Orienteering family ( edit ) Geocaching Orienteering Rogaining Letterboxing Waymarking Pilota family ( edit ) Valencian pilota . American handball Australian handball Basque pelota Jai alai Fives Eton Fives Rugby Fives Frisian handball Four square Gaelic handball Jeu de paume Palla Patball Valencian pilota Racquet ( or racket ) sports ( edit ) Racket sports are games in which players use rackets to hit a ball or other object . Carolina Marín , a badminton player David Palmer and Tom Richards , two squash players Uładzimir Samsonaŭ , a table tennis player Justine Henin , a tennis player Badminton Ball badminton Basque pelota Frontenis Xare Beach tennis Matkot Padel Paleta Frontón Pelota mixteca Pickleball Platform tennis Qianball Racketlon Racquetball Racquets Real tennis Soft tennis Speed - ball Speedminton Squash Hardball squash Squash tennis Stické Table tennis Tennis Remote control ( edit ) Model aerobatics RC racing Robot combat Slot car racing Rodeo - originated ( edit ) Sports that have originated from rodeos in the old Western Americas . Bullriding Barrel Racing Bronc Riding Saddle Bronc Riding Roping Calf Roping Team Roping Steer Wrestling Goat Tying Running ( edit ) 200 meters sprint Main article : Running Endurance 5K run 10K run Cross-country running Half marathon Marathon Road running Ekiden Tower running Ultramarathon Snowshoe running Fell running Trail running Mountain running Skyrunning Sprint Hurdles Sailing ( edit ) Windsurfing Main article : Sailing Ice yachting Land sailing Land windsurfing Sailing Windsurfing Kiteboarding Dinghy sailing Snow sports ( edit ) Skiing ( edit ) Main article : Skiing Alpine skiing Freestyle skiing Nordic combined Nordic skiing Cross-country skiing Telemark skiing Ski jumping Ski touring Skijoring Speed skiing Sled sports ( edit ) United States Air Force Major Brady Canfield , 2003 U.S. skeleton champion , shows his takeoff form . Main article : Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skibobbing Skeleton Toboggan Shooting sports ( edit ) Main article : Shooting sports Sports using a firearm . Clay pigeon shooting Skeet shooting Trap shooting Sporting clays Target shooting Field target Fullbore target rifle High power rifle Benchrest shooting Metallic silhouette Practical shooting Cowboy action shooting Metallic silhouette shooting Stacking ( edit ) Card stacking Dice stacking Sport stacking Stick and ball games ( edit ) Hornussen Hockey ( edit ) Hockey Ball hockey Bando Bandy Rink bandy Broomball Moscow broomball Field hockey Indoor field hockey Floorball Ice hockey Ice hockey players Roman Hamrlik and Joffrey Lupul dueling for position Pond hockey Power hockey Sledge hockey Underwater ice hockey Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey Inline hockey Roller hockey ( Quad ) Skater hockey Rossall Hockey Spongee Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Hurling and shinty ( edit ) Cillian Buckley in action for Kilkenny against Galway in a hurling league game Cammag Hurling Camogie Shinty Composite rules shinty - hurling Lacrosse ( edit ) Lacrosse Box lacrosse Field lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Intercrosse Polo ( edit ) Polo A polo player . Bicycle polo Canoe polo Cowboy polo Elephant polo Horse polo Segway polo Yak polo Street sports ( edit ) Free running Freestyle footbag Freestyle football Powerbocking Parkour Scootering Street workout Tag games ( edit ) Main article : Tag games British bulldogs ( American Eagle ) Capture the flag Hana Ichi Monme Hide and seek Jugger Kabaddi Kho kho Kick the can Oztag Red rover Tag Walking ( edit ) Hiking Backpacking ( wilderness ) Racewalking Bushwhacking Walking Wall - and - ball ( edit ) A game of squash Games involving opponents hitting a ball against a wall / walls using a racket , or other piece of equipment , or merely gloved / barehanded . American handball Australian handball Basque pelota Butts Up Chinese handball Fives Gaelic handball International fronton Jorkyball Racquetball Squash Squash tennis Suicide ( game ) Valencian frontó Wallball Wallyball Aquatic & paddle sports ( edit ) These sports use water ( a river , pool , etc . ) . Main article : Water sports Further information : Outline of kayaking and canoeing Canoeing ( edit ) Canoeing Outrigger canoeing Kayaking ( edit ) Main article : Kayaking Creeking Flyak Freeboating Sea kayaking Squirt boating Surf kayaking Whitewater kayaking Rafting ( edit ) Rafting Rafting White water rafting Rowing ( edit ) Rowing ( sport ) Gig racing Coastal and ocean rowing Surfboat Single scull Other paddling sports ( edit ) Dragon boat racing Stand up paddle boarding Greece -- Hungary water polo match ( World Junior Championship 2004 Naples , Italy ) Aquatic ball sports ( edit ) Surface ( edit ) Water polo Canoe polo Michael Phelps swimming breaststroke at the 2008 Missouri Grand Prix . Waboba Underwater ( edit ) Underwater football Underwater rugby Underwater hockey Competitive swimming ( edit ) Main article : Competitive swimming Backstroke Breaststroke Butterfly stroke Freestyle swimming Individual medley Synchronized swimming Medley relay Kindred activities ( edit ) Bifins ( finswimming ) Surface finswimming Subsurface and recreational ( edit ) Main articles : Underwater sports and Recreational diving Apnoea finswimming Aquathlon ( underwater wrestling ) Freediving Immersion finswimming Scuba diving Spearfishing Snorkelling Sport diving ( sport ) Underwater hockey Underwater orienteering Underwater photography ( sport ) Underwater target shooting Diving ( edit ) Cliff diving Diving Weightlifting ( edit ) North Korean weightlifter Pak Hyon - Suk performing the snatch , one of the two lifts in the sport of Olympic weightlifting . Main articles : Olympic weightlifting and Powerlifting Basque traditional weightlifting Bodybuilding Highland games Olympic weightlifting Powerlifting Strength athletics ( strongman ) Steinstossen Motorized sports ( edit ) Auto racing ( edit ) The start of a Formula One race in 2008 Main article : Auto racing Autocross ( a.k.a. Slalom ) Autograss Banger racing Board track racing Demolition derby Desert racing Dirt track racing Drag racing Drifting Folkrace Formula racing Formula Libre Formula Student Hillclimbing Ice racing Kart racing Land speed records Legends car racing Midget car racing Monster truck Mud bogging Off - road racing Pickup truck racing Production car racing Race of Champions Rally raid Rallycross Rallying Regularity rally Road racing Short track motor racing Snowmobile racing Sports car racing Sprint car racing Street racing Stock car racing Time attack Tractor pulling Touring car racing Truck racing Vintage racing Wheelstand competition Motorboat racing ( edit ) Main article : Offshore powerboat racing Drag boat racing F1 powerboat racing Hydroplane racing Jet sprint boat racing Offshore powerboat racing Personal water craft Motorcycle racing ( edit ) MotoGP racing Main article : Motorcycle racing Auto Race Board track racing Cross-country rally Endurance racing Enduro Freestyle motocross Grand Prix motorcycle racing Grasstrack Hillclimbing Ice racing Ice speedway Indoor enduro Motocross Motorcycle drag racing Motorcycle speedway Off - roading Rally raid Road racing Superbike racing Supercross Supermoto Supersport racing Superside Track racing Trial TT racing Free - style moto ATV racing ( edit ) ATV racing on a motocross track All - terrain vehicle competition Marker sports ( edit ) Airsoft Archery Paintball Darts Musical sports ( edit ) Color guard Drum corps Indoor percussion Marching band Show choir Fantasy sports ( edit ) Sports seen in Movies / Books / Video Games / ETC . Quidditch Hunger Games ( Gladiating ) Other ( edit ) Stihl Timbersports Series Woodsman Overlapping sports ( edit ) Sports falling into two or more categories . Tennis Polocrosse Badminton Polo Mind sports ( edit ) Main article : Mind sports Requiring little or no physical exertion or agility , mind sports are often not considered true sports . Some mind sports are recognised by sporting federations . The following list is intended to represent anything that is likely to be referred to as a mind sport , not to argue their validity as sports . Card games ( edit ) Main articles : Card game and List of card games Other ( edit ) Debating Quizzing Speedcubing ( edit ) Speedcubing 2x2x2 3x3x3 3x3x3 One - Handed 4x4x4 5x5x5 6x6x6 7x7x7 Megaminx Pyraminx Rubik 's Clock Skewb Square - 1 Strategy board games ( edit ) A game of mahjong being played in Hangzhou , China Main article : Board Games Arimaa Backgammon Chess Chess960 ( Fischer Random Chess ) Losing chess Checkers Chinese checkers Diplomacy Dominoes Draughts Go Go - Moku Jacquet Mancala Mahjong Reversi Risk Scrabble Shogi Sholo Guti Sogo ( Score four ) Stratego Sudoku Xiangqi ( Chinese chess ) Competitive model sports ( edit ) Model aircraft racing Model yacht racing Neppis ( Slot car racing ) Different classification ( edit ) Potentially other sports are listed here . Air sports ( edit ) Banzai skydiving Bungee jumping Hot air ballooning Athletics ( track and field ) ( edit ) Pole vault Steeplechase Cross country Jumping Triple jump Long jump High jump Pole vault Throwing Discus Hammer throw Javelin Shot put Racewalking Electronic sports ( edit ) Sports played using electronic devices . Combat robot Contesting Geo caching Radio - control vehicles Video gaming Endurance sports ( edit ) Chariot racing Cross-country skiing Running Cycling Rowing Swimming Wheelchair racing Wood chopping Goal sports ( edit ) Main article : Goal ( sport ) Sports in which the method of scoring is through goals . Basketball family Football family Handball family Hockey family Lacrosse Polo Quidditch Skating sports ( edit ) Aggressive inline skating Artistic roller skating Figure skating Freestyle slalom skating Ice dancing Ice skating Inline speed skating Rinkball Rink hockey Roller derby Roller skating Short track speed skating Skater hockey Speed skating Synchronized skating Snowsports ( edit ) A snowboarder and a skier A ski jumper using the V - style Boardercross Freestyle snowboarding Freestyle skiing Snowboarding Ski flying Skibob Snowshoe running Skiboarding See # Skiing Strength sports ( edit ) Sports mainly based on sheer power . Arm wrestling Arm wrestling Olympic weightlifting Powerlifting Rock climbing Strongman Thumb wrestling Toe wrestling Tug - o - war Wood chopping Wood splitting Zourkhaneh Table sports ( edit ) Air hockey Backgammon Beer Pong Connect Four Cue sports Draughts ( a.k.a. checkers ) Dominoes Headis Janggi Mahjong ( a.k.a. Taipei ) Reversi ( a.k.a. Othello ) Shogi Scrabble Subbuteo Table football Table hockey Table tennis ( a.k.a. ping pong ) Xiangqi Target sports ( edit ) Sports where the main objective is to hit a certain target . Archery Axe throwing Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bolas criollas Boules Bowling Bowls a.k.a. lawn bowls Calva Cornhole Croquet Cue sports Darts Golf Horseshoes ( horseshoe throwing ) Jeu provençal ( boule lyonnaise ) Knife throwing Kubb Matball Mölkky Pall mall Pétanque Pitch and putt Shooting Shuffleboard Skittles Skee ball Tournament of Knights Trugo Woodball Team sports ( edit ) Sports that involve teams . Match of lacrosse Jack and Jill competition , Lumberjack World Championships , Hayward , Wisconsin , 2007 . Basketball family Bat and ball games Bowling Basque pelota Bunnock Camogie Football family Gateball Gaelic football Handball Hardcourt Bike Polo Hockey family Horseshoe Hurling Kickball Lacrosse Mesoamerican ballgame Newcomb ball Polo Paintball Quidditch Ringette Rowing Sepak takraw Ultimate ( sport ) Underwater football Woodsman Volleyball Windsports ( edit ) Sports which use the wind ( apart from sailing ) : Kite flying Parachuting Hot Air Balloon Racing Fictional sports ( edit ) Main article : List of fictional games § Sports 43 - Man Squamish Calvinball Quidditch ( Harry Potter ) Guyball Miscellaneous sports ( edit ) Logrolling Chess boxing Competitive eating Egg and spoon race Extreme ironing Ferret legging Footbag ( hacky sack ) Haggis hurling Lumberjack sports Aizkolaritza Axe throwing Logrolling Wood chopping Wood splitting Patball Ringette Sack race Soap shoes Tennikoit Tetherball Three - legged race Wallball Wife - carrying Object spinning Plate spinning Padiddling See also ( edit ) Flying disc games Individual sport List of ball games List of types of games Team sport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How many sports are there in the world ? ( Archived July 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . See ISBN 9780760316825 . Jump up ^ `` The Athletes who Bridge Art and Sport '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicians as Athletes '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Drum Corps and Marching Band . It is a Sport '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . 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-1124760967421453993 | Walt Disney anthology television series | Walt Disney anthology television series - wikipedia Walt Disney anthology television series Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney anthology television series Opening title for The Wonderful World of Disney used since 2015 . Also known as Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1991 -- present ) Genre Anthology series Created by Walt Disney Presented by Walt Disney ( 1954 -- 1966 ) Michael Eisner ( 1986 -- 2002 ) Narrated by Dick Wesson ( 1954 -- 1979 ) Mark Elliot ( 1979 -- 1988 ) Danny Dark ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Opening theme `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' ( 1954 -- 1961 and 1968 -- 2015 ; various instrumental adaptations ) `` The Wonderful World of Color '' ( 1961 -- 1968 ) `` Heaven 's Triumph '' ( 2015 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 53 No. of episodes 1,224 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Multi-camera ( hosted segments ) Running time 156 -- 180 minutes Distributor Walt Disney Productions ( 1954 -- 1983 ) Walt Disney Domestic Television Distribution ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Buena Vista Television ( 1985 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1954 -- 1961 , 1986 -- 1988 and 1997 -- present ) NBC ( 1961 -- 1981 and 1988 -- 1991 ) CBS ( 1981 -- 1986 , 1991 -- 1997 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 27 , 1954 ( 1954 - 10 - 27 ) -- present Website movies.disney.com/disneyland-usa Walt Disney Productions ( later The Walt Disney Company ) has produced an anthology television series under several different titles since 1954 . The original version of the series premiered on ABC on Wednesday , October 27 , 1954 . The show was broadcast weekly on one of the Big Three television networks until 1990 , a 36 - year span with only a two - year hiatus from 1984 until 1985 . The series was broadcast on Sunday for 25 of those years . From 1991 until 1997 , the series aired infrequently . The program resumed a regular schedule in 1997 on the ABC fall schedule , coinciding with Disney 's recent purchase of the network . From 1997 until 2008 , the program aired regularly on ABC . Since then , ABC has continued the series as an occasional special presentation . The show has had only two hosts , Walt Disney and Disney Chairman Michael Eisner . The show is the second longest running prime - time program on American television , behind rival film anthology , the Hallmark Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Titles 2 History 2.1 Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 2.2 Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) 2.3 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) 2.4 The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 ) 2.5 Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 2.6 Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) 2.7 The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) 2.8 The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) 2.9 The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1991 -- present ) 3 Reruns 4 Films not yet televised 5 Programming 6 Theme music 7 International broadcasts 7.1 Argentina 7.1. 1 The Telefe era 7.1. 2 The Canal 13 era 7.2 Brazil 8 Episodes 9 Ratings 9.1 Nielsen seasonal ratings 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Emmy Awards 10.1. 1 Won 10.1. 2 Nominated 11 Home video 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Titles ( edit ) Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ; ABC ) Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ; ABC ) Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color ( 1961 -- 1969 ; NBC ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( first era ; 1969 -- 1979 ; NBC ) Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ; NBC ) Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ; CBS ) The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ; ABC ; The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ; NBC ) The Wonderful World of Disney ( third era ; 1997 -- present ; ABC ) History ( edit ) The anthology series was an outgrowth of Walt Disney looking for funding for Disneyland with his brother Roy Disney approaching all the big three networks with American Broadcasting - Paramount Theatres taking the deal for programming for ABC . Walt Disney 's Disneyland ( 1954 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) Although Walt Disney was the first major film producer to venture into television , there were two established independent film producers that successfully ventured into television production before Disney , Hal Roach and Jerry Fairbanks . Disney wanted to produce a television program in order to finance the development of the Disneyland amusement park . After being turned down by both CBS and NBC , Disney eventually signed a deal with ABC ( which had merged with United Paramount Theaters in 1953 ) on March 29 , 1954 . The show contained teasers for Walt 's park , as well as episodes representing life in one of the park 's main sections : Adventureland , Tomorrowland , Fantasyland and Frontierland , with the opening titles used from its inception until the show 's move to NBC in 1961 , showing the entrance to Disneyland itself , as well as the four aforementioned lands , which were then identified as the main feature of that evening 's program . Consequently , `` Davy Crockett '' and other pioneers of the Old West , and American history in general appeared in `` Frontier Land '' . Similarly , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea might be the focus of an evening spent in `` Adventure Land '' , although a documentary on the film could also be possibly presented as a topic for such episodes , including clips from the actual film . Topics for `` Fantasy Land '' would include either actual cartoons , and animated films , as well as documentaries on `` The Making of ... '' ( such as behind - the - scenes presentation of Peggy Lee singing the duet of the wicked Siamese cats in Lady and the Tramp , or the barbershop quartet of lost dogs in the municipal Dog Pound ) ; excerpts from a True - Life Adventure documentary may also be included ( for example , one on the life and works of beavers and their dam - building ) or those using stroboscopic stop - action photography ( such as investigating what really happened when a rain - drop fell in a puddle , as part of a `` Fantasy Land '' episode ) , explaining the techniques of cartoon animation . The multi-plane camera used to create the three - dimensional effects of Bambi was also as a topic for a `` Fantasy Land '' - set telecast . In one episode , four different artists were given the task of drawing the same tree , with each artist using his own preferred ways of drawing and imagining a tree ; this led to cartoon examples of differently animated trees , as in some of the early Silly Symphonies shorts , and later full - length animated films . `` Tomorrow Land '' was an opportunity for the Disney studio staff to present cutting - edge science and technology , and to predict possible futures , such as futuristic automobiles , and highways . This format remained basically unchanged through the 1980s , though new material was scarce in later years . Other episodes were segments from Disney films such as ( Seal Island and Alice in Wonderland ) , or cartoons of Donald Duck and other Disney standbys . The program spawned the Davy Crockett craze of 1955 with the airing of a three - episode series ( not shown over the course of consecutive weeks ) about the historical American frontiersman , starring Fess Parker in the title role . Millions of dollars of merchandise relating to the title character were sold , and the theme song , `` The Ballad of Davy Crockett '' , became a hit record that year . Three historically based hour - long programs aired during late 1954 / early 1955 , and were followed up by two dramatized installments the following year . The TV episodes were later edited into two theatrical films . On July 17 , 1955 , the opening of Disneyland was covered on a live television special , Dateline : Disneyland , which is not technically considered to be part of the series . It was hosted by Art Linkletter , who Walt Disney had worked out a deal with prior to the opening to allow Linkletter to lease a shop on Main Street in return for the broadcast . Art Linkletter was assisted by Bob Cummings , and Ronald Reagan , and the program featured various other guests , including various appearances of Walt himself as he dedicated the various land of Disneyland . Walt Disney Presents ( 1958 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) In 1959 , the series was retitled Walt Disney Presents and moved to a Friday night timeslot ; by 1960 , ABC had switched it to Sunday nights , where it would remain for 21 years . During this iteration , The Peter Tchaikovsky Story , an episode made to promote Walt 's latest animated feature , Sleeping Beauty , was one of the first stereo simulcasts on TV ; FM radio stations across the country carried the audio at the same time as ABC broadcast the TV show in mono for those without FM radios . In addition to episodes devoted to the latest additions at Disneyland , many episodes during this period were westerns such as Texas John Slaughter and Elfego Baca , while others talked about the United States ' burgeoning efforts to explore outer space and others , such as Moochie of the Little League , were set in the then - present day . Some episodes even mixed live - action and animation , showing Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy and Jiminy Cricket talking with Walt himself , while one 1959 episode turned the spotlight on Chip ' n ' Dale , combining their theatrical cartoons with mixed media wrap - around footage . Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of color ( 1961 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Although the basic format remained the same , the series moved to NBC on September 24 , 1961 to take advantage of that network 's ability to broadcast programming in color . In addition , Walt Disney 's relationship with ABC had soured as the network resisted selling its stake in the theme park before doing so in 1960 . In a display of foresight , Disney had filmed many of the earlier shows in color , allowing them to easily be repeated on NBC ; since all but three of Disney 's feature - length films were also made in color ( the three black - and - white exceptions were The Shaggy Dog , The Absent - Minded Professor and Son of Flubber , all family comedies starring Fred MacMurray ) , they could now also be telecast in that format . To emphasize the new feature , the series was retitled Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color when NBC began airing it , retaining that moniker until 1969 , by which point the Big three networks were all broadcasting in color . The first NBC episode even dealt with the principles of color , as explained by a new character named Ludwig Von Drake ( voiced by Paul Frees ) , a bumbling professor with a thick German accent , who was the uncle of Donald Duck . Von Drake was the first Disney character created specifically for television . Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color title sequence Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , twelve years after the anthology series premiered . While the broadcast that aired three days after his death featured a memorial tribute from Huntley - Brinkley Report anchor Chet Huntley with film and television star Dick Van Dyke , the intros that Walt already filmed prior to his death continued to air for the remainder of the season . After that , the studio decided that Walt 's persona as host was such a key part of the show 's appeal to viewers that the host segment was dropped . The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1969 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) The series was retitled The Wonderful World of Disney in September 1969 , as the previous title was no longer needed due to the aforementioned developments in color broadcasting . It continued to gain solid ratings , often ranking in the Top 20 , until the mid-1970s . In 1976 , Disney showed its hit 1961 film The Parent Trap on television for the first time , as a 21⁄2 - hour special . This marked a major step in broadcasting for the studio , which had never shown one of its more popular films on television in a time slot longer than an hour ( although it had shown Now You See Him , Now You Do n't and Napoleon and Samantha respectively in a two - hour format in 1975 ) . Walt Disney Productions also began running some of its multi-episode television programs , such as 1962 's Sammy The Way - Out Seal , as televised feature films on the anthology series . A slightly edited version of the 1954 Disney classic 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea made its television debut as a two - hour special on NBC in October 1976 . Several other Disney films , some of them not especially successful ( such as Superdad , which was an outright flop in its initial theatrical release ) were also aired on the program in the form of two - hour broadcasts that year . However , the multi-episode format for feature films had not been discontinued ; as late as 1981 , films such as Pollyanna were still being shown on the Disney program in several installments running a week apart . During the early 1970s , the show began to increasingly concentrate less on animated cartoons and dramatic or comedy films , and began to place an emphasis on nature - oriented programs ( such as the True - Life Adventures ) . The show 's continued ratings success in the post-Walt era came to an end during the 1975 -- 76 season . At this time , Walt Disney Productions was facing a decline in fortunes due to falling box - office revenues , while NBC as a whole was also slipping in the ratings . The anthology series became even more dependent on airings of live - action theatrical features , its True - Life Adventures , reruns of older episodes , and cartoon compilations . Nothing from the Disney animated features canon aired , with the exceptions of Alice in Wonderland and Dumbo . Additionally , in 1975 , when CBS regained the broadcast rights to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film The Wizard of Oz , it was scheduled opposite Disney , as it had been between 1960 and 1968 . At that time , telecasts of that film were highly rated annual events , which largely attracted the same family audience as the Disney series . From 1968 to 1975 , when NBC held the television rights to Oz ( which it had acquired from CBS in 1967 ) , it usually pre-empted Disney to show it . However , the show 's stiffest weekly competition came from CBS 's newsmagazine 60 Minutes . In 1975 , an amendment to the Prime Time Access Rule gave the Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time slot back to the networks , allowing NBC to move Disney back by a half - hour . It also allowed CBS to schedule 60 Minutes at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time starting on December 7 ; prior to this , 60 Minutes had aired at 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern and did not begin its seasons until after the National Football League season ended . Disney fell out of the Top 30 , while 60 Minutes saw its ratings rise significantly . Disney 's Wonderful World ( 1979 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) In September 1979 , the studio agreed to the network 's request for changes to the program . The show shortened its title to Disney 's Wonderful World , and updated the opening sequence with a computer - generated logo and disco - flavored theme song , but largely kept the same format . The problems for the show continued . As a result of the ratings strength of 60 Minutes ; compounded by low ratings , increasingly less original material , and frequent pre-emptions ( primarily due to sporting events such as NFL game telecasts ) , NBC cancelled Disney in 1981 . One factor that was beyond the control of either Disney or NBC was a 94 - day 1980 strike by the Screen Actors ' Guild that cut the number of shows for the 1980 -- 1981 season , but the damage was done nonetheless . Walt Disney ( 1981 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) Following NBC 's announcement that it would drop the anthology series , CBS picked up the program and began airing it on Saturdays at 8 : 00pm Eastern Time , In September 1981 . Despite a more elaborate credit sequence and another title change , to simply Walt Disney , the series ' format remained unchanged . During the 1981 -- 1982 season , the series had a full season 's worth of material again , but little of it was new . Among the little that actually was new were a handful of pilots based on Pollyanna , Escape to Witch Mountain and The Apple Dumpling Gang , but only the latter sold and became the half - hour sitcom Gun Shy the following season , one of the studio 's first entries in that genre . The 1982 -- 1983 season had enough material to fill the time slot , but almost all of it was pre-existing material , the lone exception being the celebrity - laden opening ceremony of EPCOT on October 23 . It also did not help matters that NBC slotted the family - friendly sitcoms Diff'rent Strokes and Silver Spoons at 8 : 00 PM and 8 : 30 PM up against it in order to draw children away from CBS . After moving to Tuesday at the beginning of 1983 , it went on hiatus on February 15 while the aforementioned Gun Shy took up the second half of its time slot . When it came back for summer reruns on May 3 it was still on Tuesday at 8 : 00 PM ; its final network broadcast was on September 24 , bringing an uninterrupted 29 - year run on all three networks to a close . The end of the show coincided with the launch of the studio 's cable television network , The Disney Channel . While ratings were a factor , the final decision to end the show came from Walt Disney Productions ' then - CEO E. Cardon Walker , who felt that having both the show and the new channel active would result in cannibalization of viewership . The new channel would provide a home for the show in reruns for the next two decades , but for the time being Disney 's presence on U.S. network TV would be limited to the occasional holiday special , theme park anniversary , or cartoon compilation . The Disney Sunday Movie ( 1986 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After the studio -- which was rechristened as The Walt Disney Company in late 1986 -- underwent a change in management , Disney sought to bring back some sort of programming to broadcast television . Their efforts led to the premiere of The Disney Sunday Movie , which debuted on February 2 , 1986 on ABC . Many names were considered to serve as presenter for the revived show , including Julie Andrews , Dick Van Dyke , Cary Grant , Tom Hanks , Walter Cronkite , Roy E. Disney ( who closely resembled his uncle ) , and even Mickey Mouse . The studio finally decided to have Michael Eisner , the company 's recently hired CEO , host the series . Although he was not a performer , after filming a test video with his wife Jane and a member of his executive team ( which required multiple takes ) , studio management believed he could do the hosting job . Eisner hired Michael Kay , a director of political commercials for then - U.S. Senator Bill Bradley , to help him improve his on - camera performance . The Disney Sunday Movie initially aired as ABC 's lead - off program on Sundays , running from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time . By this point , the format was similar to a movie - of - the - week . Gary Barton , a Disney senior vice president , was in charge of the program . `` Help Wanted : Kids '' was the first episode 's film . Other first revival year films were , Young Again , The Richest Cat in the World and My Town . Some times the slot would feature special instead of dramatic material like `` Disney Goes to the Oscars , '' featuring the studio 's Academy Award winners , and `` The Greatest Moments in Disney Animation '' . A handful of Disney Channel original films made their network television debuts during these iteration as well , but no Touchstone films were part of the show as they were not considered appropriate for children . However , Splash , Too , a sequel to the 1984 film , aired on the series over two weeks in May 1988 . The show had increased Disney park attendance and ABC 's rating for the evening by an average 27 % for the reason of the season . Disney , wanting to make it regular view habit , gave ABC additional films from its library including Old Yeller , The Apple Dumpling Gang and `` Candleshoe '' for the normal rerun mid-year period . The Last Electric Knight series movie produced a spin - off , originally to be called Karate Kid for ABC 's 1986 - 1987 season . The program 's ratings were never strong as the established 60 Minutes and scripted mystery series Murder , She Wrote on CBS , both of which Disney was competing with for viewers , remained the leading prime time programs on Sunday nights . In 1987 , ABC reduced The Disney Sunday Movie from two hours to one . The move did not help drive ratings , and the network decided not to renew its contract with Disney , and pick up a fourth season of the second iteration of the anthology series . The Disney Sunday Movie was also being run on the Disney Channel , also hosted by Eisner . The Magical World of Disney ( 1988 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) In the spring of 1988 , NBC decided to renew its association with the company after it cut ties to the anthology series eight years earlier ; the network brought the series , now named The Magical World of Disney , to serve as the lead - in of its Sunday lineup in September 1988 . As the program had done during its last season as The Disney Sunday Movie , The Magical World of Disney ran for one hour , airing at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; Michael Eisner also returned as its presenter . During this period , the show attempted to reintroduce the rotating format the show started out with in 1954 . It also introduced new versions of Walt - era movies and TV shows such as The Absent - Minded Professor , a reboot of Davy Crockett , and the musical Polly , which was based on the book Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter and the Walt Disney 's 1960 film adaptation of it . In the 1989 -- 1990 season , during which the company was negotiating with Jim Henson to buy The Muppets , they aired two Muppet specials ; one of them was The Muppets at Walt Disney World , which turned out to be Henson 's last Muppet special . He died May 16 , 1990 , 10 days after the special aired , and it would be more than a decade before the company finally acquired The Muppets . After two seasons experiencing the same lackluster ratings as it had accrued during the tail end of its initial NBC run and its subsequent runs on CBS and ABC , Disney elected to move The Magical World of Disney off of broadcast television and began airing the anthology on The Disney Channel -- in the same time slot it had been airing for the past decade -- starting in September 1990 , expanding back to a two - hour format . Since The Disney Channel operated as a premium channel at the time , films presented on the series were presented without commercial interruption . The Magical World of Disney originally aired on the cable channel as a weekly Sunday - only program for its first 51⁄2 years ; however in September 1996 , as part of the first phase of a programming revamp that culminated in its formal conversion into a commercial - free basic cable channel in April 1997 , The Disney Channel expanded the Magical World brand to encompass its Monday through Saturday prime - time film block , maintaining its 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern time slot . The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1991 -- present ) ( edit ) The Wonderful World of Disney returned in 1991 as an umbrella title for Disney specials airing on major networks ( CBS airings used the historical title The Wonderful World of Disney , while other networks broadcast the show with another title , A Disney Special ) . In 1997 , with Disney acquiring ABC the previous year , ABC gave the series a regular slot in the schedule . Disney CEO Eisner formed Disney Telefilms by 1995 to supply original films to the series and program together with ABC . It led the network 's Sunday night lineup at the 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern time slot , resulting in the displacement of Sunday mainstay America 's Funniest Home Videos , which had occupied the slot since 1992 . On September 28 , 1997 , the revived The Wonderful World of Disney premiered with the network television premiere of Toy Story . On October 5 , 1997 , Disney Telefilms ' first production , Toothless , debuted on the series . In addition to the planned 16 original Disney tele - movies , ABC and Disney add a couple direct to video movies and films from other sources . A cartoon equivalent , `` The Magical World of Toons '' was the daily prime time programming block coinciding with the launch of its channel , Toon Disney , on April 18 , 1998 . `` Magical World '' continued at least until 2002 . In 2002 , a Spanish language version of the program premiered on Telemundo ( which , incidentally , was acquired by the English version 's former home , NBC , that same year ) as El Maravilloso el Mundo de Disney , with more of a focus on Disney theatrical films than the English broadcasts at the time . In September 2003 , The Wonderful World of Disney moved to Saturdays at 8 : 00pm Eastern time , with the previous Sunday time slot being ceded to AFV ( which moved back to Sundays that season ) and drama series in the 8 : 00 p.m. hour . There were rare exceptions to the program 's format during this time ; for example , a Little House on the Prairie miniseries ran for several weeks in 2004 under the Wonderful World of Disney banner . For most of its second run on ABC , the program aired throughout the television season , with the exception of the 2005 -- 06 season ( when it aired during the midseason only ) , and in 2007 and 2008 ( when it was relegated to the summer months ) , with a broader array of films occupying the network 's Saturday prime time slot at other times , when sports programming did not air . At this point , the series began to shift focus toward Disney theatrical films , relying less on original television films ; however , the series aired two Disney Channel Original Movies ( 2003 's Cadet Kelly and 2008 's Camp Rock , currently the only Disney Channel television films to have aired on non-Disney Channel - branded network domestically ) during its ABC run . The second ABC revival also included some family - oriented films produced by studios other than Disney under the Wonderful World banner , such as 20th Century Fox 's The Sound of Music and Warner Bros . ' Harry Potter film series , as well as television films such as Princess of Thieves ( from Granada Productions ) and the 2001 remake of Brian 's Song ( from Columbia TriStar Television , now Sony Pictures Television ) . In 2012 , the network briefly revived the brand for a special presentation of Cars . On December 12 , 2015 , ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney officially returned to its anthology format with a showing of Mary Poppins , hosted by Dick Van Dyke. Van Dyke took viewers on a tour through the Disney Archives , as they explore props and costumes from the production of Mary Poppins and discuss the film 's history and context within the Disney legacy . It was then shown on February 21 , 2016 , with the special Disneyland 60 , which honored Disneyland 's 60th anniversary ; on November 24 , 2016 , for their Magical Holiday Celebration , filmed at Walt Disney World ; and on December 11 , 2016 , for the network television premiere of Frozen . Reruns ( edit ) Around the same time that the 1980s incarnations aired on ABC and NBC , reruns of older episodes of the Disney anthology series , airing under the Wonderful World of Disney banner , were syndicated to broadcast television stations throughout the United States as well as in various international markets . In Australia , the program aired on Network Seven on Saturdays at 6 : 30pm , before it was dropped in 1994 due to Optus Vision ( later Foxtel ) 's launch of a domestic version of The Disney Channel , with Saturday Disney replacing it as the channel 's main block of Disney films . Reruns of the shows were a staple of The Disney Channel for several years under the title Walt Disney Presents ( which used the same title sequence as the 1980s CBS incarnation ) , when it was an outlet for vintage Disney cartoons , television series and films , basically serving the same function that the anthology series served in the days before cable . The original opening titles were restored to the episodes in 1997 . Reruns of the anthology series were discontinued when the channel purged all vintage material with the removal of its Vault Disney late - night block on September 16 , 2002 . However , a few select episodes are available on VHS or DVD ( some of which are exclusive to the Disney Movie Club ) , with the possibility of additional future releases . Recently , live - action Disney films from the 1950s , 1960s and 1970s have aired on Turner Classic Movies , without commercial interruption , and presented uncut and with letterboxing . All of the episodes and existing material used on the series up to 1996 are listed in the Bill Cotter book The Wonderful World of Disney Television , which was released in 1997 by Hyperion Books ( which was owned by The Walt Disney Company at the book 's publication ) . Films not yet televised ( edit ) As of 2010 , there are still two classic Disney films that have never been shown on television in the U.S. at all in their entirety . They are Fantasia and Song of the South . Though it has been re-released to U.S. theatres several times , and the Zip - A-Dee - Doo - Dah and Tar Baby segments have been shown on television , along with an episode about Joel Chandler Harris that mixed historical re-enactments with scenes from the film , Song of the South has never been released on VHS or an authorized DVD in the U.S. , due to the company 's unease over the portrayal of Uncle Remus , a key black character in the film . However , it was released to videotape and / or laserdisc in the UK , Europe and Asia . No reason has been given for the withholding of Fantasia for telecast . Nearly all of the segments of Fantasia have been shown on television separately on the Disney TV program , notably The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , as well as the uncensored Pastoral Symphony , but never the entire film with all its animated segments from start to finish . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs never aired in its entirety until it was telecast on February 14 , 2010 on ABC Family , nearly 56 years after the beginning of the first Disney anthology show . From 1983 to 2002 , the film was only shown in the form of various clips on the Disney Channel . Programming ( edit ) Originally hosted by Walt Disney himself , the original format of the Disney anthology series consisted of a balance of theatrical animated cartoons , live - action features , and other informational material ( some original , some pre-existing ) from the studio 's library . For many years , the show also featured edited one - hour versions of such then - recent Disney films as Alice in Wonderland , and in other cases , telecasts of complete Disney films that were split into two or more one - hour episodes . Later original programs consisted of dramatizations of other historical figures and legends along the lines of the Davy Crockett mini-series . These included a miniseries based on Daniel Boone ( not the Fess Parker characterization ) , Texas John Slaughter , Elfego Baca , Francis Marion ( the `` Swamp Fox '' ) and 1977 's Kit Carson and the Mountain Man ( with Christopher Connelly as Kit Carson , Robert Reed as John C. Fremont , and Gregg Palmer as mountain man Jim Bridger ) . Occasionally , a more educational - based segment would be featured ( such as The Story of the Animated Drawing ) , including nature and animal programs similar to the True - Life Adventures that were released in theaters , as well as various dramatic installments which were either structured as single - part , two - part , and sometimes , multi-part editions . Much of the original informational excerpts were to create awareness for Disneyland . In spite of essentially serving as advertisements for the park , entertainment value was emphasized as well to make the shows palatable . Some of the program 's informational content was formatted to promote upcoming feature film releases by the studio ( such as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Darby O'Gill and the Little People ) , with some programs focusing on the art and technology of animation itself . Theme music ( edit ) From 1954 to 1961 , the series used the song `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' as its theme . The recording was taken directly from the soundtrack of the movie Pinocchio . From 1961 to 1969 , an original song was used , `` The Wonderful World of Color '' written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . This song helped to emphasize the use of color with its lyrics . From 1969 to 1979 , `` The Wonderful World of Disney '' , orchestral medleys of various Disney songs from movies and theme parks as theme songs . From 1979 to 1980 , `` Disney 's Wonderful World '' , a disco - styled theme was written to emphasize the new visual changes , even though the format remained the same . John Debney composed the melody and John Klawitter wrote the lyrics . From 1980 to 1981 , the series discarded the Debney / Klawitter theme and went back to an earlier orchestral medley theme while keeping the 1979 credits motif and title . From 1981 to 1983 , `` Walt Disney '' , a short disco arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' , arranged by Frank Gari , served as theme against some elaborate , then - state - of - the - art computer graphics . CBC Television in Canada also used this title sequence and theme music for their own versions of the show . The sequence was also used as the opening sequence on international Walt Disney Home Video releases until 1987 . From 1986 to 1988 , a synthesized , pop - rock arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' with some clapping was the theme . This was used again for the 1989 -- 90 season of The Magical World of Disney and the 1991 -- 96 run on The Disney Channel . In 1988 , an orchestral medley of `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' and `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' was used . This was switched back to the 1986 theme in 1989 . From 1991 to 1997 , an orchestral medley of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' and `` Part of Your World '' ( the latter from Disney 's at the time recent hit The Little Mermaid ) was used for network airings of the show ( known as The Wonderful World of Disney on CBS and A Disney Special on other networks ) as well as The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage , a collaboration with Stephen J. Cannell Productions . This theme was also used internationally . From 1997 to 2002 , an orchestral medley of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' and `` A Whole New World '' ( the latter was used in the movie Aladdin ) were used ; also used occasionally was the Louis Armstrong hit `` What a Wonderful World '' . This theme is still used internationally beyond 2002 . From 2002 to 2007 , a newer orchestral arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' with a wordless choir was used for ABC airings in the United States . From 2007 to 2008 , another orchestral arrangement of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' ( in actuality , the theme from the current Walt Disney Pictures logo , composed by Mark Mancina ) and a brand - new opening title sequence ( depicting a montage of the company 's work ) are used for ABC airings in the United States . From 2015 on , `` Heaven 's Triumph '' , composed by Robert Etoll via Q - Factory , was used along with a brand - new opening title sequence ( updated to include Star Wars and Marvel properties ) . International broadcasts ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) The Telefe era ( edit ) El mundo de Disney ( The World of Disney ) aired for the first time on the OTA network Telefe in 1990 , hosted by Leonardo Greco . He remained as the sole presenter of the show , lasting until 1995 , when the series concluded . The programme started airing at 8 : 00pm nightly from the second half of 1990 until December 1992 . By 1993 , it was moved to weekday afternoons at 5 : 00pm . When it was coming to an end , around 1994 , shifted to Sunday afternoons , and aired a long marathon of movies and cartoons . According to Greco , this programme was possible because of a distributor who acquired the material , and was allowed to be shown without following a strict format , because the company wanted to do so . Telefe wanted a comeback , and appointed chef and host Maru Botana ( then network talent ) to present Planeta Disney ( Disney Planet ) on Sunday evenings , at 8 : 00pm , beginning November 21 , 2004 . Starting on July 9 , 2005 , Botana was replaced with two personalities employed by Disney , Carolina Ibarra and Dani Martins . They both shared the duties of hosting this show and the South American edition of Zapping Zone , on Disney Channel . This lasted for one year and a half , with a relative success . The Canal 13 era ( edit ) While Telefe had a major success carrying the animated movies and some TV series like Blossom or Dinosaurs ( distributed by Buena Vista Television ) , Canal 13 saw the possibility of buying material from the company and airing it ( sometimes competing against the Telefe 's programme ) on Sunday afternoons , beginning in 1994 , which at that time was filled with telecasts of ancient Argentinian films from the 1950s , 1960s or 1970s , and by reruns of Tarzan and The Three Stooges . The only clear difference was that only movies starring human actors , like Chitty Chitty Bang Bang or The Island at the Top of the World , could be broadcast , and not the cartoons . This experiment lasted until early 1996 . By 2007 , the network took off from Telefe the exclusive rights to show all the Disney franchise movies and programs , and began to air its movies on Sunday evenings at 7 : 00pm , without a host . This also allowed Canal 13 to detain rights for other shows not related with Disney , but with the ABC network , like Lost or Grey 's Anatomy , and to produce a localised version of the high - grossed film High School Musical . Brazil ( edit ) The ABC run of the program under The Magical World of Disney title originally aired in that country under the title Cine Disney on the Brazilian version of Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão ( SBT ) . The ABC run of the program under The Wonderful World of Disney title originally aired in that country under the title O Maravilhoso Mundo de Disney on the Brazilian version of Disney Channel ; the program moved to SBT as Mundo Disney in 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Walt Disney anthology television series episodes Ratings ( edit ) Nielsen seasonal ratings ( edit ) Network Season Timeslot TV Season Season Premiere Season Finale Season Rank Viewers ( m ) ABC Wednesday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1954 -- 1955 October 27 , 1954 July 13 , 1955 # 6 12.00 1955 -- 1956 September 14 , 1955 May 30 , 1956 # 4 13.05 1956 -- 1957 September 12 , 1956 June 5 , 1957 # 14 12.37 1957 -- 1958 September 11 , 1957 May 14 , 1958 5 Friday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1958 -- 1959 October 3 , 1958 May 29 , 1959 6 1959 -- 1960 October 2 , 1959 April 1 , 1960 7 Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1960 -- 1961 October 16 , 1960 June 11 , 1961 NBC 8 1961 -- 1962 September 24 , 1961 April 15 , 1962 # 23 11.02 9 1962 -- 1963 September 23 , 1962 March 24 , 1963 # 24 11.22 10 1963 -- 1964 September 29 , 1963 May 17 , 1964 # 21 11.87 11 1964 -- 1965 September 20 , 1964 April 4 , 1965 # 11 13.54 12 1965 -- 1966 September 19 , 1965 April 10 , 1966 # 17 12.49 13 1966 -- 1967 September 11 , 1966 April 2 , 1967 # 19 11.85 14 1967 -- 1968 September 10 , 1967 April 28 , 1968 # 25 11.73 15 1968 -- 1969 September 15 , 1968 March 23 , 1969 # 22 12.41 16 1969 -- 1970 September 14 , 1969 March 29 , 1970 # 9 13.81 17 1970 -- 1971 September 13 , 1970 March 14 , 1971 # 14 13.46 18 1971 -- 1972 September 19 , 1971 April 9 , 1972 # 19 13.66 19 1972 -- 1973 September 17 , 1972 April 1 , 1973 # 9 15.23 20 1973 -- 1974 September 16 , 1973 March 13 , 1974 # 13 14.76 21 1974 -- 1975 September 15 , 1974 March 23 , 1975 # 18 15.07 22 1975 -- 1976 September 14 , 1975 July 25 , 1976 23 1976 -- 1977 September 26 , 1976 May 22 , 1977 24 1977 -- 1978 September 18 , 1977 June 4 , 1978 25 1978 -- 1979 September 17 , 1978 May 13 , 1979 26 1979 -- 1980 September 16 , 1979 July 27 , 1980 27 1980 -- 1981 September 14 , 1980 August 16 , 1981 CBS 28 Saturday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1981 -- 1982 September 26 , 1981 July 31 , 1982 29 1982 -- 1983 September 25 , 1982 September 24 , 1983 ABC 30 1985 -- 1986 February 2 , 1986 June 22 , 1986 31 1986 -- 1987 September 21 , 1986 August 30 , 1987 32 1987 -- 1988 October 4 , 1987 May 22 , 1988 NBC 33 1988 -- 1989 October 9 , 1988 July 23 , 1989 34 1989 -- 1990 October 1 , 1989 August 26 , 1990 CBS 35 Sunday 7 : 00 p.m. ET 1990 -- 1991 September 23 , 1990 September 15 , 1991 36 1991 -- 1992 September 22 , 1991 September 13 , 1992 37 1992 -- 1993 September 20 , 1992 September 12 , 1993 38 1993 -- 1994 September 19 , 1993 September 11 , 1994 39 1994 -- 1995 September 18 , 1994 September 10 , 1995 40 1995 -- 1996 September 17 , 1995 August 25 , 1996 41 1996 -- 1997 September 2 , 1996 December 1 , 1996 ABC 42 1997 -- 1998 September 28 , 1997 May 18 , 1998 # 30 13.50 43 1998 -- 1999 September 27 , 1998 May 30 , 1999 # 45 11.90 44 1999 -- 2000 September 26 , 1999 May 14 , 2000 # 29 12.82 45 2000 -- 2001 October 8 , 2000 May 31 , 2001 # 39 12.10 46 2001 -- 2002 September 16 , 2001 May 19 , 2002 # 38 11.20 47 2002 -- 2003 November 3 , 2002 July 27 , 2003 # 53 10.10 48 Saturday 8 : 00 p.m. ET 2003 -- 2004 September 27 , 2003 May 10 , 2004 # 99 7.39 49 2004 -- 2005 October 16 , 2004 June 17 , 2005 # 96 6.93 50 2005 -- 2006 November 3 , 2005 July 8 , 2006 # 137 5.30 51 2006 -- 2007 December 16 , 2006 August 4 , 2007 # 208 4.28 52 2007 -- 2008 December 23 , 2007 December 24 , 2008 # 172 4.01 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards ( edit ) Won ( edit ) Best Individual Program of the Year ( Operation Undersea , 1955 ) Best Television Film Editing ( Lynn Harrison , Grant K. Smith , Operation Undersea , 1955 ) Best Action or Adventure Series ( 1956 ) Best Producer -- Film Series ( Walt Disney , 1956 ) Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Children 's Programming ( 1963 ) Outstanding Program Achievements in Entertainment ( Walt Disney , 1965 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1971 ) Outstanding Main Title Design ( 1998 ) Nominated ( edit ) Best Television Film Editing ( Chester W. Schaeffer , `` Davy Crockett : Indian Fighter '' , 1955 ) Best Single Program of the Year ( `` Davy Crockett and River Pirates '' , 1956 ) Best Musical Contribution for Television ( Oliver Wallace , 1957 ) Outstanding Program Achievement in the Field of Children 's Programming ( 1962 ) Outstanding Program Achievements in the Fields of Variety and Music -- Variety ( 1962 ) Outstanding Children 's Program ( Walt Disney , Ron Miller ( Further Adventures of Gallagher , 1966 ) Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1969 ) Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Programs ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1970 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement -- General Programming ( Ron Miller , producer , 1972 ) Special Classification of Outstanding Program Achievement ( Ron Miller , executive producer , 1977 ) Outstanding Children 's Program ( The Art of Disney Animation , 1981 ) Home video ( edit ) Several home video releases have included episodes of the anthology series . On Vacation with Mickey Mouse and Friends Kids Is Kids The Adventures of Chip ' N ' Dale Disney 's Halloween Treat A Disney Christmas Gift Winnie the Pooh and Friends Bambi Platinum Edition Tricks of Our Trade ( excerpt ) Alice in Wonderland Masterpiece Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1964 Introduction Alice in Wonderland Special Un-Anniversary Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1964 Introduction Alice in Wonderland 60th Anniversary Edition One Hour in Wonderland ( complete episode ) Operation Wonderland Featurette The Fred Waring Show ( first half ) 1954 Introduction 1959 Introduction 1964 Introduction Peter Pan Special Edition The Peter Pan Story Featurette Peter Pan Platinum Edition The Peter Pan Story Featurette Dumbo 60th Anniversary Edition Walt Disney Introduction Dumbo Big Top Edition Walt Disney Introduction Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Platinum Edition Tricks of Our Trade ( two excerpts ) The Silly Symphony Story ( excerpt ) Pete 's Dragon Gold Collection / High Flying Edition The Plausible Impossible ( excerpt ) The Aristocats Special Edition The Great Cat Family Disneyland , USA The Disneyland Story Disneyland After Dark Disneyland 10th Anniversary Behind the Scenes at the Walt Disney Studios The Story of the Animated Drawing The Plausible Impossible Tricks of Our Trade Tomorrow Land Man in Space Man and the Moon Mars and Beyond Our Friend the Atom The Complete Pluto , Volume 1 A Story of Dogs ( featuring excerpt from `` Pluto 's Picture Book '' ) The Chronological Donald , Volume Two A Day in the Life of Donald Duck Your Host , Walt Disney I Captured the King of the Leprechauns Backstage Party Where Do the Stories Come From The Fourth Anniversary Show Disneyland 10th Anniversary True Life Adventures ( 4 volumes ) Disneyland : Secrets , Stories and Magic The Golden Horseshoe Revue Disneyland Goes To the World 's Fair Disneyland Around the Seasons So Dear to My Heart So Dear to My Heart ( introduction ) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Monsters of the Deep ( excerpt ) Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition A Story of Dogs ( `` making - of '' segment and excerpt ) A Cavalcade of Songs ( 3 - minute - long excerpt ) Old Yeller Best Doggone Dog in the West Darby O'Gill and the Little People I Captured The King of the Leprechauns Johnny Tremain * The Liberty Story ( first half ) * Johnny Tremain , Part One ( excerpt ) * Johnny Tremain , Part Two ( excerpt ) Sleeping Beauty Special Edition An Adventure in Art ( segment : `` Four Artists Paint One Tree '' ) The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( Life of Tchaikovsky segment only ) Sleeping Beauty Platinum Edition An Adventure in Art ( segment : `` Four Artists Paint One Tree '' ) The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( complete episode -- two versions ) Pollyanna Pollyanna , Part One ( introduction ) Pollyanna , Part Two ( introduction ) Pollyanna , Part Three ( introduction ) Swiss Family Robinson Escape to Paradise / Water Birds ( first half ) The Parent Trap The Title Makers ( first half ) The Sword in the Stone Gold Collection All About Magic ( complete episode ) The Sword in the Stone 45th Anniversary Edition All About Magic ( excerpt ) A Goofy Movie Gold Collection Goof Troop : Calling All Goofs ( complete episode ) The Goofy Success Story ( complete episode ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl From the Pirates of the Caribbean to the World of Tomorrow ( first half ) In the 1980s , Walt Disney Home Video released 15 volumes of the anthology series on VHS , while many episodes have been released on DVD from either the Disney Movie Club or the Disney Generations movies - on - demand ( MOD ) program on Amazon.com . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Television in the United States portal Zorro ( 1957 TV series ) Disneyland Park ( Anaheim ) The Mickey Mouse Club Disney Channel List of Disney television films Hallmark Hall of Fame World Masterpiece Theater References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rotoscopers.com/2015/12/02/dick-van-dyke-hosts-wonderful-world-of-disney-return-to-abc/ ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Scott ( September 28 , 1997 ) . `` ABC revives weekly Disney series '' . Deseret News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Sean . `` Walt Disney Programs '' . Encyclopedia of Television . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney -- Pop Culture Legends , by Jim Fanning , 1994 . Page 100 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Disneyland Theme Park '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Presents ( a Titles & Air Dates Guide ) '' . Epguides.com . August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiecEZdR0aI ^ Jump up to : Bill Cotter ( 1997 ) . The Wonderful World of Disney Television . New York : Hyperion Books . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6359 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Peter Tchaikovsky Story ( Television ) '' . d23.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Disneyland Theme Park ( 1960 -- 1965 ) '' . Islandnet.com . February 1 , 1956 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Color Television '' . 161.58. 9.168 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Brooks ; Earle Marsh ( 1985 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- present ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1092 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31864 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix B -- The Anthology Series '' . BillCotter.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cotter , Bill . `` Appendix B : The Anthology Series Schedules '' ( PDF ) . billcotter.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 8 May 1981 ) . `` Scott 's World : Networks Load Guns '' . upi.com . UPI Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Ed ( 24 July 1980 ) . `` Actors strike could delay fall TV season '' . csmonitor.com . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James B. Stewart ( 2005 ) . `` 1 '' . Disneywar ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 76 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80993 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gendel , Morgan ( January 9 , 1986 ) . `` Disney Betting On New Series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kim Masters ( 2000 ) . `` 13 '' . The Keys to the Kingdom : The Rise of Michael Eisner and the Fall of Everybody Else ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 662109 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stoddard charts ABC 's long road ahead '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting Magazine : 38 -- 39 . June 30 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 22 March 1988 ) . `` Nbc Moves Ahead With ` Back To Basics ` Lineup '' . articles.chicagotribune.com . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Allison ( March 14 , 2004 ) . `` Game Boy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media , LLC . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 9 , 1998 ) . `` Disney Telefilms ups exex '' . Variety . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets ABC Pix '' . Variety . May 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toon Disney Launch . '' . Animation World Magazine . May 1998 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ ABC Cable Network Group ( July 10 , 2001 ) . `` Disney 's Pepper Ann Takes Her Quest for Coolness to Toon Disney Beginning September 2001 ; All - Toon Channel Debuts New Schedule Sept. 3 . '' . Business Wire . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://mickeystravel.com/site/resorts/2012/06/08/the-man-behind-the-voice-of-brent-mustangburger-tours-cars-land-at-disney-california-adventure-park/ Jump up ^ Dick Van Dyke to host `` Mary Poppins '' on `` The Wonderful World of Disney '' Inside the Magic , Retrieved December 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ ABC special celebrates Disneyland turning 60 WBAY , Retrieved January 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Wonderful World of Disney : Magical Holiday Celebration ABC Press '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Frozen Film Makes Network Premiere December 11 Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Al Delugach ( October 28 , 1985 ) . `` Disney to Put 20 Films Into TV Syndication '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ Diane Haithman ( July 1 , 1987 ) . `` KTTV Offers A Daily Dose Of Disney '' . Los Angeles Times . Times Mirror Company . Jump up ^ Jim Hill ( September 6 , 2002 ) . `` Vhat Vood Vault Do ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Greco : `` Amo este país , aunque hay que arreglarle algunas cosas '' `` . Jump up ^ Noventosos ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Entrevista con Leonardo Greco , la cara de Disney en la Argentina de los 90 '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Planeta Disney '' en la órbita de Telefé `` . Jump up ^ `` Vuelven Pluto y compañía '' . Jump up ^ `` Una órbita siempre ampliada -- Espectáculos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- Programación de TV -- domingo 3 de diciembre de 1995 '' . Jump up ^ `` Página / 12 : : espectaculos '' . Jump up ^ `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final ratings for the 1998 -- 1999 TV season '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Justin Oppelaar ( October 9 , 2002 ) . `` Charts all shook up '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 6 , 2003 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 -- via The Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Medianet '' . ABC Medianet . The Walt Disney Company . August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Disneyland ( 1956 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Disneyland on IMDb Disneyland at TV.com The Wonderful World of Disney ( 1997 ) at TV.com Disney interview in TV Guide ( 1961 ) ( regarding the move from ABC to NBC ) Information about the book The Wonderful World of Disney Television by Bill Cotter Episode list ( 1954 -- 1996 ) The Wonderful World of Disney - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television ( hide ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 1951 -- 1975 The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) Omnibus ( 1954 ) Disneyland ( 1955 ) The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) Astaire Time ( 1961 ) The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) In Living Color ( 1990 ) 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) Tracey Takes On ... ( 1997 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1998 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1999 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2014 Late Show with David Letterman ( 2001 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2007 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2010 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) The Colbert Report ( 2013 ) The Colbert Report ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_anthology_television_series&oldid=803459177 '' Categories : Television series by Disney American Broadcasting Company network shows NBC network shows CBS network shows First - run syndicated television programs in the United States 1950s American animated television series 1960s American animated television series 1970s American animated television series 1980s American animated television series 1990s American animated television series 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2012 American television series debuts Television series revived after cancellation American anthology television series Motion picture television series Television series with live action and animation Disney Channel shows Peabody Award - winning television programs 1954 American television series debuts 2008 American television series endings Walt Disney anthology television series Disney - related lists Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the wonderful world of disney air | [
"The original version of the series premiered on ABC on Wednesday, October 27, 1954. The show was broadcast weekly on one of the Big Three television networks until 1990, a 36-year span with only a two-year hiatus from 1984 until 1985. The series was broadcast on Sunday for 25 of those years. From 1991 until 1997, the series aired infrequently."
] | [
"October 27, 1954"
] |
9110089615118078366 | States and union territories of India | States and union territories of India - Wikipedia States and union territories of India This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 August 2018 . `` Indian state '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Indiana or Indian Territory . States and union territories of India Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Map Federated states Location Republic of India Number 29 States 7 Union territories Populations States : Min : 610,577 Sikkim -- Max : 199,812,341 Uttar Pradesh Union Territories : Min : 64,473 Lakshadweep -- Max : 16,787,941 National Capital Territory Areas States : Min : 3,702 km ( 1,429 sq mi ) Goa -- Max : 342,269 km ( 132,151 sq mi ) Rajasthan Union territories : Min : 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) Lakshadweep -- Max : 8,249 km ( 3,185 sq mi ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Government State governments , Union Government ( Union territories ) Subdivisions Districts , Divisions India is a federal union comprising 29 states and 7 union territories , for a total of 36 entities . The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions . States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population Abbreviations Capitals Child Nutrition Crime rate Electricity penetration Fertility rate Forest cover GDP ( per capita ) Highest point HIV awareness HDI Home ownership Household size Human Trafficking Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of Vehicles Number of voters Obesity Open defecation Origin of name Places of worship Poverty Power capacity Safe Drinking Water Safety of Women School Enrollment Rate Sex ratio Suicides Tax revenues TV ownership Toilet availability Transport network Underweight people Unemployment Vaccination coverage Contents 1 Responsibilities and authorities 2 History 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 1947 -- 1950 2.3 States reorganization ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 2.4 Post-1956 2.5 Current proposals 3 List 3.1 States 3.2 Union territories 3.3 Former states 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Responsibilities and authorities ( edit ) The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State . History ( edit ) Administrative division of India in 1951 Pre-independence ( edit ) The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history , each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region . During the British Raj , the original administrative structure was mostly kept , and India was divided into provinces ( also called Presidencies ) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire , which held de facto sovereignty ( suzerainty ) over the princely states . 1947 -- 1950 ( edit ) Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces ; others were organised into new provinces , such as Rajputana , Himachal Pradesh , Madhya Bharat , and Vindhya Pradesh , made up of multiple princely states ; a few , including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate provinces . The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950 , made India a sovereign democratic republic . The new republic was also declared to be a `` Union of States '' . The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states : Part A states , which were the former governors ' provinces of British India , were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature . The nine Part A states were Assam , Bihar , Bombay , Madhya Pradesh ( formerly Central Provinces and Berar ) , Madras , Orissa , Punjab ( formerly East Punjab ) , Uttar Pradesh ( formerly the United Provinces ) , and West Bengal . The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states , governed by a rajpramukh , who was usually the ruler of a constituent state , and an elected legislature . The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India . The Part B states were Hyderabad , Jammu and Kashmir , Madhya Bharat , Mysore , Patiala and East Punjab States Union ( PEPSU ) , Rajasthan , Saurashtra , and Travancore - Cochin . The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners ' provinces and some princely states , and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India . The Part C states were Ajmer , Bhopal , Bilaspur , Coorg , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh , Cutch , Manipur , Tripura , and Vindhya Pradesh . The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government . States Reorganization ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé . Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu - speaking northern districts of Madras State . The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states . As a result of this act , Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore - Cochin . Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu - speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956 . Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore - Cochin . Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara ( excluding Kasaragod taluk ) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State , the districts of Belgaum , Bijapur , North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State , the Kannada - majority districts of Bidar , Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg . The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep . Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State , the Marathi - speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State . Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal . Post-1956 ( edit ) Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act . Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963 . The Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh . The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana . Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968 . North - eastern states of Manipur , Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972 . Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973 . On 16 May 1975 , Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state 's monarchy was abolished . In 1987 , Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February , followed by Goa on 30 May , while Goa 's northern exclaves of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli became separate union territories . In November 2000 , three new states were created ; namely , Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh , Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh ( renamed Uttarakhand in 2007 ) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar . Orissa was renamed as Odisha in 2011 . Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north - western Andhra Pradesh . Current proposals ( edit ) Main article : List of proposed states and territories of India List ( edit ) See also : List of state and union territory capitals in India States ( edit ) State ISO 3166 - 2 : IN Vehicle code Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population Area ( km ) Official languages Additional official languages Andhra Pradesh IN - AP AP Southern Hyderabad ( de jure ) Amaravati ( de facto ) Visakhapatnam 1 October 1953 49,506,799 160,205 Telugu -- Arunachal Pradesh IN - AR AR North - Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English -- Assam IN - AS AS North - Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,550 Assamese -- Bihar IN - BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu Chhattisgarh IN - CT CG Central Naya Raipur Raipur 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi -- Goa IN - GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi Gujarat IN - GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati -- Haryana IN - HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi Himachal Pradesh IN - HP HP Northern Shimla ( Summer ) Dharamshala ( Winter ) Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi English Jammu and Kashmir IN - JK JK Northern Srinagar ( Summer ) Jammu ( Winter ) Srinagar 26 January 1950 12,541,302 222,236 101,387 Urdu -- Jharkhand IN - JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 74,677 Hindi Urdu Karnataka IN - KA KA Southern Bangalore 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada English Kerala IN - KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English Madhya Pradesh IN - MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 1 November 1956 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi -- Maharashtra IN - MH MH Western Mumbai ( Summer ) Nagpur ( Winter ) Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi -- Manipur IN - MN MN North - Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,347 Meitei English Meghalaya IN - ML ML North - Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,720 English Khasi Mizoram IN - MZ MZ North - Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 English , Hindi , Mizo -- Nagaland IN - NL NL North - Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English -- Odisha IN - OR OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,820 Odia -- Punjab IN - PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi -- Rajasthan IN - RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 1 November 1956 68,548,437 342,269 Hindi English Sikkim IN - SK SK North - Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 English Bhutia , Gurung , Lepcha , Limbu , Manggar , Mukhia , Newari , Rai , Sherpa , Tamang Tamil Nadu IN - TN TN Southern Chennai 26 January 1950 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English Telangana IN - TG TS Southern Hyderabad 2 June 2014 35,193,978 114,840 Telugu , Urdu -- Tripura IN - TR TR North - Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,492 Bengali , Kokborok , English -- Uttar Pradesh IN - UP UP Central Lucknow Kanpur 26 January 1950 199,812,341 243,286 Hindi Urdu Uttarakhand IN - UT UK Central Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit West Bengal IN - WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali , Nepali Hindi , Urdu , Santali , Odia and Punjabi ^ Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states , Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014 . Hyderabad , located entirely within the borders of Telangana , is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017 . ^ Note 2 The area of Jammu and Kashmir is 222,236 km according to Indian claims ; thereof 101,387 km are under Indian administration ^ Note 3 Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand . The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state 's new capital . Union territories ( edit ) Union territory ISO 3166 - 2 : IN Vehicle code Capital Largest city Population Area ( km ) Official languages Additional official languages Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN - AN AN Port Blair 380,581 8,249 Hindi , English -- Chandigarh IN - CH CH Chandigarh -- 1,055,450 114 English -- Dadra and Nagar Haveli IN - DN DN Silvassa 343,709 491 Gujarati , Hindi Marathi Daman and Diu IN - DD DD Daman 243,247 112 English , Gujarati , Hindi , Konkani -- Delhi IN - DL DL New Delhi -- 16,787,941 1,490 Hindi Punjabi , Urdu Lakshadweep IN - LD LD Kavaratti 64,473 32 English Hindi Puducherry IN - PY PY Pondicherry 1,247,953 492 English , Tamil Malayalam , Telugu Former states ( edit ) Map State Capital Years Successor state ( s ) Madhya Bharat Gwalior ( winter ) Indore ( summer ) 1947 -- 1956 Madhya Pradesh Eastern States Union Raipur 1947 -- 1948 Bihar , Odisha , Madhya Pradesh Madras State Madras 1950 -- 1969 Tamil Nadu Mysore State Mysore 1947 -- 1973 Karnataka Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948 -- 1956 Punjab Bombay State Bombay 1947 -- 1960 Maharashtra , Gujarat Bhopal State Bhopal 1949 -- 1956 Madhya Pradesh Saurashtra Rajkot 1948 -- 1956 Bombay State Coorg State Madikeri 1950 -- 1956 Mysore State Travancore - Cochin Trivandrum 1949 -- 1956 Kerala , Madras State Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948 -- 1956 Andhra Pradesh Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948 -- 1956 Madhya Pradesh Kutch State Bhuj 1947 -- 1956 Bombay State Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1948 -- 1954 Himachal Pradesh Cooch Behar State Cooch Behar 1949 West Bengal Ajmer State Ajmer 1947 -- 1956 Rajasthan See also ( edit ) Autonomous regions of India Emblems of Indian States ISO 3166 - 2 : IN List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India List of states and union territories of India by population List of states in India by past population List of states of India by wildlife population List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies Subdivisions of India List of princely states of British India ( alphabetical ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District , Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi - Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya . Jump up ^ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district . Jump up ^ Chandigarh is both a city and a union territory . Jump up ^ It has also been informed that the communication with States / Centre has to be made in Hindi / English . Jump up ^ Delhi is both a city and a union territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 73 broadly stated , provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws . Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws . The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking , is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power . '' Territoriality of executive powers of states in India , Balwant Singh Malik , Constitutional Law , 1998 Jump up ^ Krishna Reddy ( 2003 ) . Indian History . New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 048369 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar ( 1977 ) . Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0436 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romila Thapar . A History of India : Part 1 . Jump up ^ G. Bongard - Levin . A History of India : Volume 1 . Jump up ^ Gupta Dynasty -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Historical Setting -- The Classical Age -- Gupta and Harsha '' . Historymedren.about.com. 2 November 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar . New Delhi : Indian Branch , Oxford University Press . p. 239 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Satish . Medieval India : From Sultanate To The Mughals . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Regional states , c. 1700 -- 1850 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ Grewal , J.S. ( 1990 ) . `` Chapter 6 : The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) '' . The Sikh empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) . The New Cambridge History of India . The Sikhs of the Punjab . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 '' . Constitution of India . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reorganisation of states '' ( PDF ) . Economic Weekly . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Madras Presidency in 1909 '' . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 '' . Constitution of India . Law Ministry , GOI . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ J.C. Aggarwal , S.P. Agrawal ( 1995 ) . Uttarakhand : Past , Present , and Future . New DElhi : Concept Publishing . pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` Nagaland History & Geography - Source '' . india.gov.in . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966 '' ( PDF ) . india.gov.in . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State map of India '' . Travel India guide . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Snapshot of North Eastern States '' ( PDF ) . thaibicindia.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Sikkim '' . Official website of the Government of Sikkim . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goa Chronology '' . goaonline.in . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Government of Jharkhand '' . Jharkhand.gov.in . Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chhattisgarh state -- History '' . Cg.gov.in . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Jasi Kiran ( 2 January 2007 ) . `` Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand , BJP cries foul '' . Times of India . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Uttarakhand Government Portal , India '' . Uk.gov.in. 9 November 2000 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of law and justice , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telangana bill passed by upper house '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of states with Population , Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 50th report ( July 2012 to June 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` After 2200 Years , Amaravati Gets Back Power ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Data '' . ap.gov.in . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi '' . Hindustan Times . 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Punjabi gets second language status in Haryana '' . Zee news . 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Research data '' . ierj.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Telangana State Profile '' ( PDF ) . Telangana government portal . p. 34 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Urdu Gets First Language Status '' . Jump up ^ `` Sanskrit : Reviving the language in today 's India -- Livemint '' . Jump up ^ `` Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State '' . The Times Of India . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice . Government of India . 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act , 2014 Sub-section '' ( PDF ) . 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sanchari Bhattacharya ( 1 June 2014 ) . `` Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana : 10 Facts '' . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Official Language Act 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Delhi . 2 July 2003 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regional data '' ( PDF ) . lawsofindia.org . External links ( edit ) Official Government of India website : States and Union Territories States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Articles on first - level administrative divisions of Asian countries Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea province special city South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste ( East Timor ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Northern Cyprus Taiwan Country spanning more than one continent ( transcontinental country ) . 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-6028480010003059886 | Compass Centre | Compass Centre - wikipedia Compass Centre Jump to : navigation , search The Compass Centre , when it was a British Airways facility Compass Centre is an office building on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon . The building serves as Heathrow Airport Limited 's head office . Compass Centre previously served as a British Airways flight crew centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Location and design 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The Compass Centre was originally conceived as speculative offices for Lynton plc , which was the property development division of Heathrow Airport Ltd . British Airways was a prospective but not necessarily a sole tenant . The airline decided to consolidate its scattered operations into the Compass Centre . In August 1992 on - site construction began . The building was completed 15 months later . When London Heathrow Terminal 5 opened on 27 March 2008 , British Airways staff , including crew check - in staff , relocated from the Compass Centre to Terminal 5 . A refurbishment of the head office was completed in September 2009 , after Heathrow Airport Limited ( then BAA ) moved into the building . Location and design ( edit ) The Compass Centre was designed by Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners , which designed the core , external works , and shell of the building . Compass Centre is alongside but slightly askew from Heathrow 's northern runway , with the Northern Perimeter Road , T5 Long Stay car park and Compass Centre car park between the runway and the Compass Centre . In 1995 Penny McGuire of The Architectural Review said that `` Its shining glass and bright blue clad exterior reminds you , particularly when seen glowing at night , that one of the largest and busiest airports in the world is otherwise encumbered with a really grim collection of buildings . Decent ones are a rare sight around here . '' It was designed to house up to 800 British Airways employees . British Airways wanted a large , on - airport facility close to its operations , so it decided to use the Compass Centre . Compass Centre consists of a linear arrangement of three blocks . Each block is serviced independently and has a glass atrium with glass links in between . The design stems from a client 's request for a building that could be easily divided between tenants . The building can accommodate sub-letting and flexibility involving several tenants . Reinforced concrete was used to construct the structural frame due to economy , fire resistance , and speed . The frame has a raked roof slab and circular columns . Glass was the primary material used to construct the shell , because glass has little radar interference , and in the words of McGuire , can be `` acoustically efficient . '' The design limits heat gain and solar glare , and the building environment is sound - proofed . The British Council for Offices awarded the building the `` Best Delivered Workplace . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Contact us '' . Heathrow Airport Limited . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BA Recruitment . '' British Airways . 3 March 2006 . Retrieved on 2 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Penny . `` Northerly approach - British Airways PLC 's Compass Center at the Heathrow Airport . '' The Architectural Review . March 1995 . Retrieved on 2 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Combined Operations Centre ( Compass House ) Archived 29 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners . Retrieved on 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Paylor , Anne . `` T5 Prepares to Go Live . '' Air Transport World . 1 March 2008 . Retrieved on 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Project : BAA Compass Centre Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Graphic Image Solutions Ltd . Retrieved on 2 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) London portal Architecture portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Compass Centre . Website of Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners - Includes a profile of the building Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 51 '' N 0 ° 28 ′ 08 '' W / 51.4809 ° N 0.4689 ° W / 51.4809 ; - 0.4689 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compass_Centre&oldid=818082991 '' Categories : Heathrow Airport Holdings British Airways Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hillingdon Heathrow Airport Office buildings completed in 1993 Nicholas Grimshaw buildings Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 12 : 44 . About Wikipedia | the compass centre nelson road hounslow middlesex tw6 2gw | [] | [] |
5540511219068272800 | Talbiyah | Talbiyah - Wikipedia Talbiyah This is an old revision of this page , as edited by John Kroshan ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 47 , 12 September 2016 ( Undid revision 738991485 by 176.111. 204.250 ( talk ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 04 : 47 , 12 September 2016 by John Kroshan ( talk contribs ) ( Undid revision 738991485 by 176.111. 204.250 ( talk ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The Talbiyah is a Muslim prayer invoked by the pilgrims as a conviction that they intend to perform the Hajj only for the glory of Allah . Talbiyah is repeatedly invoked during the Hajj , or pilgrimage , upon putting on the Ihram , so the pilgrims can purify and rid themselves of worldly concerns . The text of the talbiyah is : Labbayka Allāhumma Labbayk . Labbayk Lā Sharīka Laka Labbayk . Inna l - Ḥamda , Wa n - Niʻmata , Laka wal Mulk , Lā Sharīka Lak . In Arabic : لَبَّيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ لَبَّيْكَ ، لَبَّيْكَ لاَ شَرِيْكَ لَكَ لَبَّيْكَ ، إِنَّ الْحَمْدَ وَالنِّعْمَةَ لَكَ وَالْمُلْكَ لاَشَرِيْكَ لَكَ IPA transcription : ( læbˈbæjk ɑɫɫɑːˈhʊmmæ læbˈbæjk læbbˈæjkæ læː ʃæˈriːkæ ˈlækæ læbˈbæjk ˈʔɪnnæ lˈħæmdæ wænˈnɪʕˈmætæ ˈlækæ wæ lˈmʊlk læː ʃæˈriːkæ læk ) translated as : `` Here I am at Thy service O Lord , here I am . Here I am at Thy service and Thou hast no partners . Thine alone is All Praise and All Bounty , and Thine alone is The Sovereignty . Thou hast no partners . '' The Shia version of the talbiyah is exactly the same as the Sunni one but ends with an extra `` Labbaik . '' There is disagreement among grammarians of Arabic as to the origin of the expression labbayka . The most prevalent explanation analyses it as the verbal noun ( maṣdar ) labb ( meaning to remain in a place ) + ay ( oblique form of the dual in construct ) + ka ( first - person singular masculine suffix ) . The dual is said to indicate repetition and frequency . Therefore , labbayka means literally something like `` I will stick to obeying you again and again . '' Talbiyah is the verbal noun of labbá , meaning to pronounce this prayer . References Jump up ^ Wright , W. ( 1896 - 8 ) . A grammar of the Arabic language . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 2 : 74 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) External links Recitation of Talbiyah التلبية هي شعار المؤمنين الموحدين This Islam - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talbiyah&oldid=738991578 '' Categories : Islamic prayer Hajj Islam stubs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles containing Arabic - language text All stub articles Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Башҡортса Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Нохчийн Русский Тоҷикӣ اردو Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of labaik allahuma labaik | [] | [] |
576844560880906257 | Speaker of the United States House of Representatives | Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Type Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Residence Washington , D.C. Seat United States Capitol , District of Columbia , U.S. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative ; in practice member of the house and party leadership . Nominations are submitted to the Clerk , but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker , even without being formally nominated . Appointer U.S. House of Representatives Elected by the House , sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure ; elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore , presiding over the House in his absence Salary $223,500 / year Website Speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote . The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John William McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) James Polk is the only Speaker to also serve as President of the United States . As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 . Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 - 2017 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John M. Broder ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Jubilant Democrats Assume Control on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Vice President Mike Pence 2nd in line Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Muhlenberg Trumbull Dayton Sedgwick Macon Varnum Clay Cheves Taylor Barbour Stevenson Bell Polk Hunter White Jones Davis Winthrop Cobb Boyd Banks Orr Pennington Grow Colfax Pomeroy Blaine Kerr Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Henderson Cannon Clark Gillett Longworth Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn Martin McCormack Albert O'Neill Wright Foley Gingrich Hastert Pelosi Boehner Ryan Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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-6753588504275106206 | Social penetration theory | Social penetration theory - wikipedia Social penetration theory Jump to : navigation , search The social penetration theory ( SPT ) proposes that , as relationships develop , interpersonal communication moves from relatively shallow , non-intimate levels to deeper , more intimate ones . The theory was formulated by psychologists Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973 to understand relationship development between individuals . Altman and Taylor notes that relationships `` involve different levels of intimacy of exchange or degree of social penetration '' . The social penetration theory is known as an objective theory as opposed to an interpretive theory , meaning that it is based on data drawn from experiments and not from conclusions based on individuals ' specific experiences . The social penetration theory states that the relationship development occurs primarily through self - disclosure , or intentionally revealing personal information such as personal motives or desires , feelings , thoughts , and experiences to others . This theory is also guided by the assumptions that relationship development is systematic and predictable . Through self - disclosure , relationships development follows particular trajectory , moving from superficial layers of exchanges to more intimate ones . Self - disclosure is the major way to bring a relationship to a new level of intimacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Assumptions 2 Self - disclosure 2.1 Disclosure reciprocity 2.2 Onion metaphor 2.3 Stages 2.4 De-penetration 2.5 Idiomatic communication in self - disclosure 2.6 Breadth and depth 2.6. 1 ( 1 ) Breadth 2.6. 2 ( 2 ) Depth 2.6. 3 ( 3 ) Relationship between depth and breadth 2.7 Barriers 2.8 Stranger - on - the - train phenomenon 2.9 Sexual communication anxiety among couples 3 Rewards and costs assessment 3.1 Social exchange theory 3.2 Outcome 3.3 Comparison level 3.4 Comparison level of alternatives 4 Applications 4.1 Interpersonal communication 4.1. 1 Gender - based difference in self - disclosure 4.1. 2 Self - disclosure in minority communication 4.1. 3 Patient self - disclosure in psychotherapy 4.1. 4 Patient / therapist self - disclosure 4.1. 5 Self - disclosure and individuals with social phobia 4.1. 6 Server - patron mutual disclosure in restaurant industry 4.2 Organizational communication 4.3 Media - mediated communication 4.3. 1 Self - disclosure in reality TV 4.4 Computer - mediated communication 4.4. 1 Celebrity 's self - disclosure on social media 4.4. 2 Social networking 4.4. 3 Online dating 4.4. 4 Blogging and online chatting 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Assumptions ( edit ) Social penetration theory is based on four basic assumptions . First , relationship development moves from superficial layers to intimate ones . For instance , on a first date , people tend to present their outer images only , talking about hobbies . As the relational development progresses , wider and more controversial topics such as political views are included in the conversations . Second , interpersonal relationships develop in a generally systematic and predictable manner . This assumption indicates the predictability of relationship development . Although it is impossible to foresee the exact and precise path of relational development , there is certain trajectory to follow . As Altman and Taylor note , `` People seem to possess very sensitive tuning mechanisms which enable them to program carefully their interpersonal relationships . '' Third , relational development could move backward , resulting in de-penetration and dissolution . For example , after prolonged and fierce fights , a couple who originally planned to get married may decide to break up and turn to be strangers ultimately . Fourth , self - disclosure is the key to facilitate relationship development . Self - disclosure means disclosing and sharing personal information to others . It enables individuals to know each other and plays a crucial role in determining how far a relationship can go , because gradual exploration of mutual selves is essential in the process of social penetration . Self - disclosure ( edit ) The self - disclosure is a purposeful disclosure of personal information to another person . Disclosure may include sharing both high - risk and low - risk information as well as personal experiences , ideas , attitudes , feelings , values , past facts and life stories , and even future hopes , dreams , ambitions , and goals . In sharing information about themselves , people make choices about what to share and with whom to share it . Altman and Taylor believe that opening inner self to other is the main route to reach to intimate relationships . As for the speed of self - disclosure , Altman and Taylor were convinced that the process of social penetration moves a lot faster in the beginning stages of a relationship and slows considerably . In other words , penetration is rapid at the start but slows down quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached . Those who are able to develop a long - term , positive reward / cost outcome are the same people who are able to share important matches of breadth categories . The early reward / cost assessment have a strong impact on the relationship 's reactions and involvement , and expectancies in a relationship regarding the future play a major role on the outcome of the relationship . Disclosure reciprocity ( edit ) Self - disclosure is reciprocal , especially in the early stages of relationship development . Disclosure reciprocity is an indispensable component in SPT . Disclosure reciprocity is a process in which when one person reveals personal information of a certain intimacy level , the other person will in turn disclose information of the same level . It is two - way disclosure , or mutual disclosure . Disclosure reciprocity can induce positive and satisfactory feelings and drive forward relational development . This is because as mutual disclosure take place between individuals , they might feel a sense of emotional equity . Disclosure reciprocity occurs when the openness of one person is reciprocated with the same degree of the openness from the other person . For instance , when an individual shares his or her thoughts regarding to sky - rocketing rents in New York City , the other individual expresses his or her views as well . Onion metaphor ( edit ) Social penetration is known for its onion analogy , which implies that self - disclosure is the process of tearing layers or concentric circles away . The onion denotes various layers of personality . It is sometimes called the `` onion theory '' of personality . Personality is like a multi-layered onion with public self on the outer layer and private self at the core . As time passes and intimacy grows , the layers of one 's personality begin to unfold to reveal the core of the person . Three major factors influence self - revelation and begin the process of the onion theory , which are personal characteristics , reward / cost assessments , and the situational context . Onion Metaphor - Social Penetration Theory Stages ( edit ) The development of relationship is not automatic but rather occurs through the skills of partners in revealing or disclosing first their attitudes and latter their personalities , inner character , and true selves . This is done in a reciprocal manner . The main factor that acts as a catalyst in the development of relationships is proper self disclosure . Altman and Taylor proposes that there are four major stages in social penetration : Orientation stage : In this first stage , individuals engage in small talk and simple , harmless clichés like , ' Life 's like that ' . This first stage follows the standards of social desirability and norms of appropriateness . The outer images are presented and peripheral information are exchanged . Exploratory affective stage : Individuals start to reveal the inner self bit by bit , expressing personal attitudes about moderate topics such as government and education . This may not be the whole truth as individuals are not yet comfortable to lay themselves bare . This is the stage of casual friendship , and many relationships do not go past this stage . Affective stage : Individuals are getting more comfortable to talk about private and personal matter , and there are some forms of commitment in this stage . Personal idioms , or words and phrases that embody unique meanings between individuals , are used in conversations . Criticism and arguments may arise . A comfortable share of positive and negative reactions occurs in this stage . Relationships become more important to both parties , more meaningful and more enduring . It is a stage of close friendships and intimate partners . Stable stage : The relationship now reaches a plateau in which some of the deepest personal thoughts , beliefs , and values are shared and each can predict the emotional reactions of the other person . This stage is characterized with complete openness , raw honesty and a high degree of spontaneity . De-penetration stage ( optional ) : When the relationship starts to break down and costs exceed benefits , then there is a withdrawal of disclosure which leads to termination of the relationship . De-penetration ( edit ) De-penetration is a gradual process of layer - by - layer withdrawal and it cause relationship and intimacy level to move backward and to fade away . According to Altman and Taylor , when de-penetration occurs , `` interpersonal exchange should proceed backwards from more to less intimate areas , should decrease in breadth or volume , and , as a result , the total cumulative wedge of exchange should shrink '' . A warm friendship between two people will deteriorate if they begin to close off areas of their lives that had earlier been opened . Relational retreat takes back of what has earlier been exchanged in the building of a relationship . Relationships are likely to break down not in an explosive argument but in a gradual cooling off of enjoyment and care . What is worth noting is that Tolstedt and Stokes finds that in the de-penetration process , the self - disclosure breadth reduces , while self - disclosure depth increases . It is because when intimate relationship is dissolving , a wide range of judgments , feelings and evaluations , particularly the negative ones , are involved in conversations . Idiomatic communication in self - disclosure ( edit ) Within the coming together and falling apart stages of a relationship , partners will oftentimes use unique forms of communication , such as nicknames and idioms , to refer to one another . This is known as idiomatic communication , a phenomenon that is reported to occur more often among couples in the coming together stages of a relationship . Couples that find themselves falling apart reported that idiomatic communication , which can include teasing insults and other personally provocative language , overall have an adverse effect on the relationship as a whole . Therefore , this personalized form of communication acts more as a maintainer of a relationship and is not to be necessarily taken as a sign that a couple is moving upward or downward in their relationship trajectory . Breadth and depth ( edit ) Both depth and breadth are related to the onion model . As the wedge penetrates the layers of the onion , the degree of intimacy ( depth ) and the range of areas in an individual 's life that an individual chooses to share ( breadth ) increases . ( 1 ) breadth ( edit ) The breadth of penetration is the range of areas in an individual 's life being disclosed , or the range of topics discussed . For instance , one segment could be family , a specific romantic relationship , or academic studies . Each of these segments or areas are not always accessed at the same time . One could be completely open about a family relationship while hiding an aspect of a romantic relationship for various reasons such as abuse or disapproval from family or friends . It takes genuine intimacy with all segments to be able to access all areas of breadth at all times . ( 2 ) depth ( edit ) The depth of penetration is a degree of intimacy . This does not necessarily refer to sexual activity , but how open and close someone can become with another person despite their anxiety over self - disclosure . Doing this will give the person more trust in the relationship and make them want to talk about deeper things that would be discussed in normal , everyday conversation . This could be through friendship , family relationships , peers , and even romantic relationships with either same - sex or opposite - sex partners . How do people move to deeper intimacy levels ? When talking with one person over time , someone could make more topics to talk about so the other person will start to open up and express what they feel about the different issues and topics . This helps the first person to move closer to getting to know the person and how they react to different things . This is applicable when equal intimacy is involved in friendship , romance , attitudes and families . ( 3 ) relationship between depth and breadth ( edit ) It is possible to have depth without breadth and even breadth without depth . For instance , depth without breadth could be where only one area of intimacy is accessed . `` A relationship that could be depicted from the onion model would be a summer romance . This would be depth without breadth . '' On the other hand , breadth without depth would be simple everyday conversations . An example would be when passing by an acquaintance and saying , `` Hi , how are you ? '' without ever really expecting to stop and listen to what this person has to say is common . To get to the level of breadth and depth , both parties have to work on their social skills and how they present themselves to people . They have to be willing to open up and talk to each other and express themselves . One person could share some information about their personal life and see how the other person responds . If they do not want to open up the first time , the first person has to keep talking to the second person and have many conversations to get to the point where they both feel comfortable enough for them to want to talk to each other about more personal topics . The relationship between breadth and depth can be similar to that used in technology today . Pennington describes in a study that `` ... With a click of the mouse to accept them as a `` friend '' roommates across the country can learn : relationships status ( single , engaged , it 's complicated ) , favorite movies , books , TV shows , religious views , political views , and a whole lot more if someone takes the time to fill out an entire Facebook profile '' Because of social media sites like Facebook , the breadth of subjects can be wide , as well as the depth of those using the platforms . Users of these platforms seem to feel obligated to share simple information as was listed by Pennington , but also highly personal information that can now be considered general knowledge . Because of social media platforms and user 's willingness to share personal information , the law of reciprocity is thrown out the window in favor of divulging personal information to countless followers / friends without them sharing the same level of vulnerability in return . In cases like this , there is depth without much breadth . Barriers ( edit ) Several factors can affect the amount of self - disclosure between partners : gender , race , religion , personality , social status and ethnic background . For example , some cultures , like the Japanese , value personal privacy more than others . Therefore , a Japanese person may not self - disclose nearly as much or as enthusiastically as , say , a French person . Partners who come from different religious backgrounds may hesitate to share thoughts or attitudes that concern matters of faith . Men often refrain from expressing deep emotions out of fear of social stigma . Such barriers can slow the rate of self - disclosure and even prevent relationships from forming . In theory , the more dissimilar two people are , the more difficult or unlikely self - disclosure becomes . Stranger - on - the - train phenomenon ( edit ) Most of the time individuals engage in self - disclosure strategically , carefully evaluating what to disclose and what to be reserved , since disclosing too much in the early stage of relationship is generally considered as inappropriate , which can end or suffocate a relationship . Whereas , in certain contexts , self - disclosure does not follow the pattern . This exception is known as `` stranger - on - the - train ( or plane or bus ) '' phenomenon , in which individuals reveal personal information with complete strangers in public spaces rapidly . For instance , on a night coach from London to Paris , two individuals sitting next to each other may start conversation very soon , and somehow a wide range of topics including controversial and very personal ones may be discussed . In such situations , self - disclosure is spontaneous rather than strategic . This specific concept can be known as verbal leakage , which is defined by Floyd as `` unintentionally telling another person something about yourself '' . Social Penetration Theory operates under the impression that the self - disclosure given is not only truthful , meaning the speaker believes what is being said to be true , but intentional . Self - disclosure can be defined as `` the voluntary sharing of personal history , preferences , attitudes , feelings , values , secrets , etc. , with another person '' . The information given in any relationship , whether acquaintance or a well - established relationship , should be voluntarily shared , otherwise it does not follow the laws of reciprocity , and would fall under the verbal leakage umbrella , or the stranger - on - the - train phenomenon . It is still a puzzle why such instant intimacy could occur . Some researchers argue that revealing our inner self to complete strangers is deemed as `` cathartic exercise '' or `` service of confession '' , which allows individuals to unload emotions and express deeper thoughts without being haunted by the potential unfavorable comments or judgements . This is because people tend to take lightly and dismiss responses from strangers , who do not really matter in their lives . Some researcher suggests that this phenomenon occurs because individuals feel less vulnerable to open up to strangers who they are not expected to see again . Sexual communication anxiety among couples ( edit ) The rate of sexual satisfaction in relationships has been observed to relate directly to the effective communication between couples . Individuals in a relationship who experience anxiety will find it difficult to divulge information regarding their sexuality and desires due to the perceived vulnerabilities in doing so . In a study published by the Archives of Sexual Behavior , socially anxious individuals generally attribute potential judgement or scrutiny as the main instigators for any insecurities in self - disclosing to their romantic partners . This fear of intimacy , and thus a lower level of sexual self - disclosure within a relationship , is predicted to correlate to a decrease in sexual satisfaction . Rewards and costs assessment ( edit ) Social exchange theory ( edit ) Further information : Social exchange theory Social exchange theory states that humans weigh each relationship and interaction with another human on a reward cost scale without realizing it . If the interaction was satisfactory , then that person or relationship is looked upon favorably . But if an interaction was unsatisfactory , then the relationship will be evaluated for its costs compared to its rewards or benefits . People try to predict the outcome of an interaction before it takes place . Coming from a scientific standpoint , Altman and Taylor were able to assign letters as mathematical representations of costs and rewards . They also borrowed the concepts from Thibaut and Kelley 's in order to describe the relation of costs and rewards of relationships . Thibaut and Kelley 's key concepts of relational outcome , relational satisfaction , and relational stability serve as the foundation of Irwin and Taylor 's rewards minus costs , comparison level , and comparison level of alternatives . A major factor of disclosure is an individual calculation in direct relation to benefits of the relationship at hand . Each calculation is unique in its own way because every person prefers different things and therefore will give different responses to different questions . An example of how rewards and costs can influence behaviour is if an individual were to ask another individual on a date . If they say ' yes ' , then the first individual has gained a reward , making them more likely to repeat this action . However , if they reply with ' No ' , then they have received a punishment which in turn would stop them from repeating an action like that in the future . The more someone discloses to their partner , the greater the intimacy reward will be . When the individuals involved in the relationship hold positive values in this calculation , intimacy proceeds at an accelerated rate . In the relationship , if both parties are dyad , the cost exceeds the rewards . The relationship then will slow considerably , and future intimacy is less likely to happen . The basic formula in which some can process this in most situations is : Behaviour ( profits ) = Rewards of interaction − costs of interaction . Outcome ( edit ) This means that people want to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs when they are in a relationship with somebody . According to Altman and Taylor , relationships are sustained when they are relatively rewarding when the outcome is positive and discontinued when they are relatively costly ( when the outcome is negative ) . Outcome = Rewards − Costs A positive result will in return result in more disclosure . Comparison level ( edit ) The first standard that we use to evaluate the outcomes of a situation is comparison level . As defined by Thibaut and Kelley , comparison level is the standard by which individuals evaluate the desirability of group membership . A group is defined as `` two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction '' . In this instance , the group refers to a dyadic relationship , but it can really be extended to any type of group . `` A person 's comparison level ( CL ) is the threshold above which an outcome seems attractive '' . That is , when groups fall above the CL they are seen as being satisfying to the individual , and when they fall below the CL they are seen as being unsatisfying . We take an average of outcomes from the past as a benchmark to determine what makes us happy or sad so that we may develop the threshold , or comparison level , in which an outcome appears attractive . Past experiences shape one 's thoughts and feelings about developing relationships , and in this way , an individual 's CL is very much influenced by these previous relationships . Comparison level of alternatives ( edit ) A person 's CL is the threshold above which an outcome appears attractive . Comparison level only predicts when we are satisfied with membership in a given relationship , or group . Therefore , Thibaut and Kelley also say that people use a comparison level for alternatives to evaluate their outcomes . Basically , CLalt is determined by `` the worst outcome a person will accept and still stay in a relationship . '' As such , comparison level for alternatives is a better predictor for whether or not a person will join or leave a relationship , or group . However , even if a relationship is unhealthy , a person might choose to remain in it because it is better than what they perceive the real world to be . Trends and sequences are one of the major factors when evaluating a relationship . Applications ( edit ) Interpersonal communication ( edit ) The value of social penetration theory initially lies in the area of interpersonal communication . Scholars have been using the concepts and onion model to explore the development of counter-sex / romantic relationships , friendships , parent - child relationships , employer - employee relationships , and caregiver - patient relationships and beyond . Some of the key findings are described as follows . Researchers have found out that in parent - child relationships , information derived from the child 's spontaneous disclosure in daily activities was most closely connected to generating and maintaining his / her trust in parents , indicating the importance of developing shallow but broad relationships with children through everyday conversation rather than long - lasting profound lectures ( Kerr , Stattin & Trost , 1999 ) . Scholars also use this theory to examine other factors influencing the social penetration process in close friendships . As Mitchell and William ( 1987 ) put it , ethnicity and sex do have impact on the friendship foster . The survey results indicates that more breadth of topics occurs in penetration process in black friendship than white . Regarding the caregiver - patient relationship , developing a social penetrated relationship with institution disclosed breadth and depth information and multiple effective penetration strategies is critical to the benefits of the patients ( Yin & Lau , 2005 ) . Nurses could apply the theory into daily interactions with patients , as doctors could in their articulations when consulting or announcing . In addition , the relationship between nonverbal behavior and the social penetration process has been of interest . A study conducted among university drama student actresses discovers that casual acquaintances discussing intimate topics tended to use more intensive nonverbal behaviors than good friends do ( Keiser & Altman , 1976 ) . Gender - based difference in self - disclosure ( edit ) Research demonstrates that there are significant gender differences in self - disclosure , particularly emotional self - disclosure , or expressing personal feelings and emotions , such as `` Sometimes , I feel lonely to study abroad and to be away from my family . '' Emotional self - disclosure is at core of intimate relationship developments , because unlike factual ( descriptive ) self - disclosure , or sharing superficial self - relevant facts , such as `` I 'm studying abroad in Japan '' , it is more personal and more effective to cultivate intimacy . Emotional self - disclosure makes individuals `` transparent '' and vulnerable to others . According to previous studies , females are more socially oriented , whereas males are more task - oriented , and thus females are believed to be more socially interdependent than males . This is one of the reasons that contributes to the gender difference in self - disclosure . In friendship between females , emotional attachments such as sharing emotions , thoughts , experiences , and supports are at the core , while friendships between males tend to focus on activities and companionships . Overall , women 's friendships are described as more intimate than men 's friendship . In addition , there is a gender difference regarding to topics revealed . Men tend to disclose their strengths . On the contrary , women disclose their fear more . Both men and women are prone to disclose their emotions to the same - sex friends more , but women are prone to reveal more than men to both same - sex as well as cross-sex friends . What is worth noting is that according to a research conducted among Pakistan students , women extensively disclose their feelings , while emotions such as depression , anxiety and fear are more likely being disclosed to male friends , because men are perceived as more capable to deal with such emotions . Self - disclosure in minority communication ( edit ) Minority groups especially have a unique way of creating closeness between each other . For example , lesbian friendships and intimate relationships are reliant on mutual self - disclosure and honesty . Both parties must expose themselves for an authentic and genuine relationship to develop . The problem is that for many lesbians , this process is not always as simple as it may seem . Exposing one 's sexual orientation can be a difficult and grueling process and because of this , many lesbians avoid disclosing their true identities to new acquaintances . This leads these individuals to turn to their family members or already existing social support systems , which may lead to a strain in those relationships and a smaller social support system . Because of these difficulties , lesbians will limit who they choose to surround themselves with . A lot of these women involve themselves in groups that are solely made up of only lesbians or groups that are only made up of heterosexual women to avoid their true lesbian identity . Authentic communication is built on honest self - disclosure . This part of the relationship process lies heavily on exposing one 's personal values and self - concept . When a relationship is being created , innermost thoughts and feelings are shared and trust is built . It can be difficult for lesbian individuals to open - up about their sexual identities , because of the fear of being rejected or losing special relationships . Patient self - disclosure in psychotherapy ( edit ) Patient self - disclosure has been a prominent issue in therapy , particularly in psychotherapy . Early studies have shown that patients ' self - disclosure is positively related to treatment outcomes . Freud is a pioneer in encouraging his patients to totally open up in psychotherapy . Many early clinical innovations , such as lying on the couch and therapist 's silence , are aimed to create an environment , an atmosphere , that allows patients to disclose their deepest self , and free them from concerns facilitating conscious suppression of emotions or memories . Nonetheless , even with such efforts , as Barry A. Farber puts it , in psychotherapy `` full disclosure is more of an ideal than an actuality . '' Patients are prone to reveal certain topics to the therapists , such as disliked characteristics of self , social activities , as well as relationship with friends and significant ones ; while tend to avoid discussing certain issues , such as sexual - oriented experiences , immediately experienced negative reactions ( e.g feeling misunderstood or confused ) due to conscious inhibition . In psychotherapy , patients have to deal with the tension between confessional relief and confessional shame all the time . It has been shown that the length of therapy and the strength of the therapeutic alliance , the bond between the patient and the therapist , are two major factors that affect self - disclosure in psychotherapy . As social penetration theory indicates , the longer patients spent time with their therapists , the broader becomes the range of issues being discussed , and more topics are marked with depth . The greater the depth of the discussions , the more likely the patient feels being vulnerable . Therefore , the trust built over time among the patient and the therapist is essential to reach a mode of deep discussion . To strengthen the alliance , cultivating a comfortable atmosphere for self - disclosure and self - discovery is important . Patient / therapist self - disclosure ( edit ) The condition of patients ' with eating disorders have been shown to improve with therapist self - disclosure . In 2017 , a study was conducted and 120 participants ( 95 % were women ) were surveyed . For the purpose of the study , appropriate therapist self - disclosure was defined as sharing positive feelings towards participants in therapy and discussing one 's training background . The results found that 84 % of people said their therapist disclosed positive feelings to them while in therapy . The study found that when therapists disclosed positive feelings , it had a positive effect on the patient 's eating problems . Eating disorders generally got better with therapist self - disclosure . When the therapist shared self - referent information to the patient it created trust and the patients perceived the therapist as being more `` human . '' Patients with eating disorders saw the therapist disclosure as a strengthening therapeutic relationship . However , personal self - disclosure of the therapist ‒ sexuality , personal values , and negative feelings ‒ was considered inappropriate by patients . Self - disclosure and individuals with social phobia ( edit ) Social phobia , or social anxiety disorder ( SAD ) , is a disorder in which individuals are experienced with overwhelming levels of fear in social situations and interactions . Individuals with social phobia tend to adopt strategic avoidance of social interactions , which makes it challenging for them to disclose themselves to others and reveal emotions . Self - disclosure is the key to foster intimate relationship , in which individuals can receive needed social supports . Close friendship and romantic relationship are two major sources for social supports , which have protective effect and play a crucial role in helping individuals with social phobia to cope with distress . Due to the profound impacts of the anxiety disorder , it has been found that late marriage or staying unmarried for the lifetime is prevailing among population with social phobia . This is problematic , because being unable to gain needed social supports from intimate ones further confines the social phobic in the loneliness and depression that they have been suffering from . In response to the problem , Sparrevohn and Rapee suggest that improving communication skill , particularly self - disclosure and emotional expression , should be included in future social phobia treatment , so the life quality of individuals with social phobia can be improved . Server - patron mutual disclosure in restaurant industry ( edit ) As social penetration theory suggests , disclosure reciprocity induces positive emotion which is essential for retaining close and enduring relationships . In service industry , compared with securing new customers , maintaining long - term relationships with existing customers is more cost - effective . Therefore , engaging with current customers is a crucial topic in restaurant industry . Hwang et al. indicates that mutual disclosure is the vital factor for establishing trust between customers and servers . Effective server disclosure , such as sincere advice about menu choices and personal favorite dishes , can elicit reciprocity of information exchange between servers and customers . The received information regarding to the taste and preference of the customers then can be used to provide tailored services , which in turn can positively strengthen customers ' trust , commitment and loyalty toward the restaurant . Hwang et al. suggest that server disclosure is more effective to evoke customer disclosure in female customers , who are more likely to reveal personal information than their male counterparts . In addition , studies have shown that factors such as expertise ( e.g. servers ' knowledge and experience ) , customer - oriented attribute ( e.g. listening to the concerns from the customers attentively ) , as well as marital status influence mutual disclosure in the restaurant setting . Expertise is positively correlated to both customer and server disclosure . Server disclosure is only effective in inducing disclosure and positive feelings from unmarried patrons who are more welcome to have a conversation with the servers . Organizational communication ( edit ) The ideas posited by the theory have been researched and re-examined by scholars when looking at organizational communication . Some scholars explored the arena of company policy making , demonstrating that the effect company policies have on the employees , ranging from slight attitudinal responses ( such as dissatisfaction ) to radical behavioral reactions ( such as conflicts , fights and resignation ) . In this way , sophisticated implementation of controversial policies is required ( Baack , 1991 ) . Social penetration theory offers a framework allowing for an explanation of the potential issues . Media - mediated communication ( edit ) Self - disclosure in reality TV ( edit ) Reality TV shows are gaining popularity in the last decades , and the trend is still growing . Reality TV is a genre that is characterized with real - life situations and very intimate self - disclosure in the shows . Self - disclosure in reality show can be considered as self - disclosure by media characters and the relationship between the audience and the media character is parasocial . In reality show , self - disclosure are usually delivered in the form of a monologue , which is similar real - life self - disclosure and gives the audience the illusion that the messages are directed to them . According to social penetration theory , self - disclosure should follow certain stages , moving from the superficial layers to the central layers gradually . Nonetheless , rapid self - disclorue of intimate layers is a norm in reality TV shows , and unlike in interpersonal interactions , viewers prefer early intimate disclosure and such disclosure leads to liking rather than inducing uncomfortable feeling . Heavy viewers are more accustomed to the norm of early intimate disclosure , because provocative stimuli and voyeuristic are what they are searching for in such shows . Computer - mediated communication ( edit ) Computer - mediated communication ( CMC ) can be thought of as another way in which people can develop relationships . The Internet has been thought to broaden the way people communicate and build relationships by providing a medium in which people could be open - minded and unconventional and circumvent traditional limitations like time and place . ( Yum & Hara , 2005 ) Some theorists find this concept impossible and there are barriers to this idea . Since there are risks and there is usually more uncertainty about whether the person on the other side of the computer is being real and truthful , or deceitful and manipulative for one reason or another there is no possible way to build a relationship . A lack of face - to - face communication can cause heightened skepticism and doubt . Since this is possible , there is no chance to make a long - lasting and profound connection . However , there are other researchers who have found that self - disclosure online tends to reassure people that if they are rejected , at least it 's more likely to be by strangers and not family or friends ; thus , reinforcing the desire to self - disclose online , rather than face - to - face . ( Panos , 2014 ) Not only are people meeting new people to make friends , but many people are meeting and initiating romantic relationships online . ( Yum & Hara , 2005 ) In another study , it was found that `` CMC dyads compensated for the limitations of the channel by making their questions more intimate than those who exhibited face - to - face '' ( Sheldon , 2009 ) . Celebrity 's self - disclosure on social media ( edit ) Social media has turned to be a crucial platform for celebrities to engage with their followers . On social medias , the boundaries between interpersonal and mass communication is blurred , and parasocial interaction ( PSI ) is adopted strategically by celebrities to enhance liking , intimacy and credibility from their followers . As Ledbetter and Redd notes , `` During PSI , people interact with a media figure , to some extent , as if they were in an actual interpersonal relationships with the target entity . '' For celebrities , professional self - disclosure ( e.g. information as to upcoming events ) and personal self - disclosure ( e.g. emotions and feelings ) are two primary ways to cultivate illusory intimacy with their followers and to expand their fan bases . What is worth noting is that unlike in real - life interpersonal relationship , disclosure reciprocity is not expected in parasocial interactions , although through imagined interactions on social medias , followers do feel they are connected to the media figures . Social networking ( edit ) Self - disclosure has been studied when it comes to face - to - face interactions . Since social networking sites are relatively new phenomena , there are not as many studies done about how people disclose information online compared to a one - on - one interaction . There have been surveys conducted about how social networking sites such as Facebook , MySpace , Twitter , LinkedIn , hi5 , myyearbook , or Friendster affect interactions between human beings . On Facebook , users are able to determine their level and degree of self - disclosure by setting their privacy settings ( McCarthy , 2009 ) . People achieve the breadth via posting about their everyday lives and sharing surface information while developing intimate relationships with great depth by sending private Facebook messages and creating closed groups . There was a study done about the connection on how couples or other romantic relationships have trust , commitment , and affection towards each other and the amount of self - disclosure each person gives to the one another . There are several criteria to the study . One important is how the couple met . If they met before talking over the Internet , they are more likely to reveal personal information due to the higher levels of trust . According to Rempel , Holmes , & Zanna ( 1985 ) the best way to be able to trust someone is to be able to foretell or calculate how another person will act or react to any given information . In other words , we are more probable to release information about ourselves if we can predict the behavior of the other person . `` The hyperpersonal perspective suggests that the limited cues in CMC are likely to result in over attribution and exaggerated or idealized perceptions of others and that those who meet and interact via CMC use such limited cues to engage in optimized or selective self - presentation '' . ( Walther , 1996 ) In other words , there could be deceitful or dishonest intents involved from people on the Internet . There is the possibility that someone could mislead another person because there are more opportunities to build a more desirable identity without fear of persecution . If there is no chance of ever meeting the person on the other end of the computer , then there is a high risk of falsifying information and credentials . Other theorists such as Rubin and Bargh say that because of the blockade of the computer , it increases how likely people are to be true and honest about themselves . There is also the idea that there will not be any fear of consequences for less than respectable decisions made in the past . Computer - mediated communication has also been thought to even speed up the intimacy process because computers allow individual communication to be more , rather than less , open and accommodating about the characteristics of the person or persons involved . Both ideas and types of theories can be proven and disproven , but it all depends on how an individual uses and or abuses computer - mediated communication . Research has also been done to see what types of people tend to benefit most from online self - disclosure . The `` social compensation '' or `` poor - get - richer '' hypothesis ( Sheldon , 2009 ) suggests that those who have poor social networks and social anxiety can get more benefit by disclosing themselves freely and creating new relationships through the Internet ( Sheldon , 2009 ) . We can see from this that those who may be more introverted are more likely to disclose information on the internet . They find that it is a safe space , and it takes away the factor of having to speak in front of groups of people . However , other research has been done to prove that extraverts are more likely to disclose information online . This brings in the `` rich - get - richer '' hypothesis ( Sheldon , 2009 ) that states that `` the Internet primarily benefits extraverted individuals ... ( and ) online communication ... increases the opportunities for extraverted adolescents to make friends ... ( the research concluded that ) extraverted individuals disclosed more online than introverted '' ( Sheldon , 2009 ) . Online dating ( edit ) Some scholars posit that when initiating a romantic relationship , there are important differences between internet dating sites and other spaces , such as the depth and breadth of the self - disclosed information taken place before they go further to one - on - one conversation ( Monica , 2007 ) . Studies have shown that in real life , adolescents tend to engage in sexual disclosure according to the level of relationship intimacy , which supports the social penetration model ; but in cyberspace , men present a stronger willingness and interest to communicate without regarding the current intimacy status or degree ( Yang , Yang & Chiou , 2010 ) . There are also many counter-examples of the theory that exist in romantic relationship development . Some adolescents discuss the most intimate information when they first meet online or have sex without knowing each other thoroughly . Contrary to the path stated by social penetration theory , the relationship would have developed from the core -- the highest depth -- to the superficial surface of large breadth . In this way , sexual disclosure on the part of adolescents under certain circumstances departs from the perspective of the social penetration theory . Blogging and online chatting ( edit ) With the advent of Internet , blogs and online chatrooms have appeared all over the globe . There are personal bloggers and professional bloggers -- those who write blog posts for a company they work for . Generally , those who blog on a professional level do n't disclose personal information . They only disclose information relative to the company they work for . However , those who blog on a personal level have also made a career out of their blogging -- there are many who are making money for sharing their lives with the world . According to Jih - Hsin Tang , Cheng - Chung Wang , bloggers tend to have significantly different patterns of self - disclosure for different target audiences . The online survey which involved 1027 Taiwanese bloggers examined the depth and breath of what bloggers disclosed to the online audience , best friend and parents as well as nine topics they revealed . Tang and Wang ( 2012 ) , based on their research study on the relationship between the social penetration theory and blogging , discovered that `` bloggers disclose their thoughts , feelings , and experiences to their best friends in the real world the deepest and widest , rather than to their parents and online audiences . Bloggers seem to express their personal interests and experiences in a wide range of topics online to document their lives or to maintain their online social networks . '' As we can see , blogging is another medium that we can use to understand social penetration theory in today 's world . Regarding online chat , research conducted by Dietz - Uhler , Bishop Clark and Howard shows that `` once a norm of self - disclosure forms , it is reinforced by statements supportive of self - disclosures but not of non-self disclosures '' . See also ( edit ) Personal boundaries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Altman , I. & Taylor , D. ( 1973 ) . Social penetration : The development of interpersonal relationships . New York : Holt . Jump up ^ Ayres , Joe . ( 2009 ) . Uncertainty and social penetration theory expectations about relationship communication : A comparative test . Western Journal of Speech Communication . 43 ... 10.1080 / 10570317909373968 . ^ Jump up to : West , Richard ( 2013 ) . 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( 2009 ) . `` Self - disclosure , emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia '' . Behaviour Research and Therapy . 47 : 1074 -- 1078 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.07. 016 . ^ Jump up to : Hwang , Jinsoo ; Kim , Samuel Seongseop ; Hyun , Sunghyup Sean ( 2013 ) . `` The role of server - patron mutual disclosure in the formation of rapport with and revisit intentions of patrons at full - service restaurants : The moderating roles of marital status and educational level '' . International Journal of Hospitality Management . 33 : 64 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijhm. 2013.01. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Tal - Or , Nurit ; Hershman - Shitrit , Michal ( 2015 ) . `` Self - Disclosure and the Liking of Participants in Reality TV : Self - Disclosure in Reality TV '' . Human Communication Research . 41 : 245 -- 267 . doi : 10.1111 / hcre. 12047 . Jump up ^ Panos , Dionysis ( 2014 ) . `` I on the Web : Social Penetration Theory Revisited '' . Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences : 185 -- 205 . doi : 10.5901 / mjss. 2014. v5n19p185 . ^ Jump up to : Ledbetter , Andrew M. ; Redd , Shawn M. ( 2016 ) . `` Celebrity Credibility on Social Media : A Conditional Process Analysis of Online Self - Disclosure Attitude as a Moderator of Posting Frequency and Parasocial Interaction '' . Western Journal of Communication . 80 : 601 -- 618 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570314.2016. 1187286 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , A. `` Social penetration theory and facebook '' . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitty ( 2008 ) . `` Revealing the ' real'me , searching for the ' actual'you : Presentations of self on an internet dating site '' . Computers in Human Behavior . 24 ( 4 ) : 1707 -- 1723 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2007.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Yang , M.L ; Yang , C.C ; Chiou , W.B ( 2010 ) . `` Differences in Engaging in Sexual Disclosure Between Real Life and Cyberspace Among Adolescents : Social Penetration Model Revisited '' . Current Psychology . 29 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 154 . doi : 10.1007 / s12144 - 010 - 9078 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tang , Jih - Hsin ; Cheng - Chung Wang ( 2012 ) . `` Self - Disclosure Among Bloggers : Re-Examination of Social Penetration Theory '' . Cyberpsychology , Behavior , and Social Networking. 5 . 15 : 245 -- 250 . doi : 10.1089 / cyber. 2011.0403 . Jump up ^ B , Dietz - Uhler ; Bishop Clark C ; Howard E ( 2005 ) . `` Formation of and Adherence to A Self - disclosure Norm in an Online Chat '' . Cyberpsychology , Behavior , and Social Networking. 8 : 114 -- 120 . doi : 10.1089 / cpb. 2005.8. 114 . Further reading ( edit ) Thibaut , J.W. & Kelley , H.H. ( 1952 ) . The social psychology of groups . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Altman , I. ; Vinsel , A. ; Brown , B. ( 1981 ) . `` Dialectic conceptions in social psychology : An application to social penetration and privacy regulation '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 14 : 107 -- 160 . doi : 10.1016 / s0065 - 2601 ( 08 ) 60371 - 8 . Berg , J ( 1984 ) . `` Development of friendship between roommates '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 46 : 346 -- 356 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.46. 2.346 . Griffin , Em. ( 2009 ) . A first look at communication theory . NY , Ny : McGraw - Hill . p. 114 . Petronio , S. ( 2002 ) . Boundaries of privacy : Dialectics of disclosure . SUNY Albany . Shafer , M. ( November 18 , 1999 ) . Social penetration theory . Taylor , D. ; Altman , I. ( 1975 ) . `` Self - disclosure as a function of reward - cost outcomes '' . Sociometry. 38 : 18 -- 31 . doi : 10.2307 / 2786231 . PMID 1124400 . VanLear , C.A. ( 1987 ) . `` The formation of social relationships : A longitudinal study of social penetration '' . Human Communication Research . 13 : 299 -- 322 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2958.1987. tb00107. x . VanLear , C.A. ( 1991 ) . `` Testing a cyclical model of communicative openness in relationship development : Two longitudinal studies '' . Communication Monographs. 58 : 337 -- 361 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637759109376235 . Werner , C. ; Altman , I. ; Brown , B.B. ( 1992 ) . `` A transactional approach to interpersonal relations : Physical environment , social context and temporal qualities '' . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 9 : 297 -- 323 . doi : 10.1177 / 0265407592092008 . Yum , Y.K. ; Hara , K. ( 2005 ) . `` Computer - mediated relationship development : A cross-cultural comparison '' . Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication . 11 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 152 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1083 - 6101.2006. tb00307. x . Pennington , N. ( 2008 ) . `` Will You Be My Friend : Facebook as a model for the evolution of the social penetration theory '' . National Communication Association . Sheldon , P. ( 2009 ) . `` '' I 'll poke you . You 'll poke me ! '' Self - disclosure , social attraction , predictability and trust as important predictors of Facebook relationships `` . Cyberpsychology : Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 3 ( 2 ) : article 1 . Paul DiMaggio ; Eszter Hargittai ; W. Russell Neuman ; John P. Robinson ( 2001 ) . `` Social Implications of the Internet '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Sociology. 27 : 307 -- 336 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 27.1. 307 . Arun Jacob ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Social Penetration Theory '' . `` Social Penetration Theory '' . ChangingMinds.org . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Chen , Yea - Wen ( 2012 ) . `` Measuring Patterns of Self - Disclosure in Intercultural Relationship '' . Journal of Intercultural Communication Research . 41 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 151 . doi : 10.1080 / 17475759.2012. 670862 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_penetration_theory&oldid=832391186 '' Categories : Interpersonal communication Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 18 : 33 . About Wikipedia | as a stage theory social penetration theory believes relationship development is | [] | [] |
-352227682775676348 | 1930 FIFA World Cup | 1930 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1930 FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 1930 FIFA World Cup 1er Campeonato Mundial de Fútbol Official poster Tournament details Host country Uruguay Dates 13 -- 30 July ( 18 days ) Teams 13 Venue ( s ) 3 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Uruguay ( 1st title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Tournament statistics Matches played 18 Goals scored 70 ( 3.89 per match ) Attendance 590,549 ( 32,808 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Guillermo Stábile ( 8 goals ) 1934 → The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in Uruguay from 13 July to 30 July 1930 . FIFA , football 's international governing body , selected Uruguay as host nation , as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution , and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics . All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital , Montevideo , the majority at the Estadio Centenario , which was built for the tournament . Thirteen teams ( seven from South America , four from Europe , and two from North America ) entered the tournament . Few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America . The teams were divided into four groups , with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously , and were won by France and the United States , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 , respectively . Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history , while American goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first official `` clean sheet '' in the tournament . Argentina , Uruguay , the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals . In the final , hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Participants 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Format 7 Draw 8 Tournament summary 8.1 Group 1 8.2 Group 2 8.3 Group 3 8.4 Group 4 8.5 Semi-finals 8.6 Third and fourth place 8.7 Final 9 Results 9.1 Group stage 9.1. 1 Group 1 9.1. 2 Group 2 9.1. 3 Group 3 9.1. 4 Group 4 9.2 Knockout stage 9.2. 1 Semi-finals 9.2. 2 Final 10 Goalscorers 11 FIFA retrospective ranking 12 Last surviving players 13 Film 14 Notes 15 Bibliography 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Italy , Sweden , the Netherlands , Spain , Hungary and Uruguay all lodged applications to host the event . Uruguay 's bid became the clear selection after all the other countries withdrew their bids . Participants ( edit ) Participating countries The first World Cup was the only one without qualification . Every country affiliated with FIFA was invited to compete , and given a deadline of 28 February 1930 to accept . Plenty of interest was shown by nations in the Americas ; Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru and the United States all entered . A total of seven South American teams participated , more than in any subsequent World Cup Finals . However , because of the long and costly trip by ship across the Atlantic Ocean , and the length of absence required for players , very few European teams were inclined to take part . Some refused to countenance travel to South America in any circumstances , and no European entries were received before the February deadline . In an attempt to gain some European participation , the Uruguayan Football Association sent a letter of invitation to The Football Association , even though the British Home Nations ( England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) had resigned from FIFA at the time . This was rejected by the FA Committee on 18 November 1929 . Two months before the start of the tournament , no team from Europe had officially entered . FIFA president Jules Rimet intervened , and eventually four European teams made the trip by sea : Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia . The Romanians , managed by Constantin Rădulescu and coached by their captain Rudolf Wetzer and Octav Luchide , entered the competition following the intervention of newly crowned King Carol II . He selected the squad personally , and negotiated with employers to ensure that the players would still have jobs upon their return . The French entered at the personal intervention of Rimet , but neither France 's star defender Manuel Anatol nor the team 's regular coach Gaston Barreau could be persuaded to make the trip . The Belgians participated at the instigation of German - Belgian FIFA vice-president Rodolphe Seeldrayers . We were 15 days on the ship Conte Verde getting out there . We embarked from Villefranche - sur - Mer in company of the Belgians and the Yugoslavians . We did our basic exercises down below and our training on deck . The coach never spoke about tactics at all ... Lucien Laurent The Romanians boarded the SS Conte Verde at Genoa , the French were picked up at Villefranche - sur - Mer on 21 June 1930 ; and the Belgians embarked at Barcelona . The Conte Verde carried Rimet , the trophy and the three designated European referees : the Belgians Jean Langenus and Henri Christophe , along with Thomas Balway , a Parisian who may have been English . The Brazilian team were picked up when the boat docked in Rio de Janeiro on 29 June before arriving in Uruguay on 4 July . Yugoslavia travelled via the mail steamship Florida from Marseille . In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia there were doubts about their participation at first . Since the Croatians decided to boycott the national team , King Alexander I did not want to finance the whole idea , but in the end they found a solution . Belgrade football association officials decided to round up only domestic ( Serbian ) star players , mainly from two rival Belgrade clubs , BSK and SK Jugoslavija , with an additional three Serbs who played for French clubs ( Ivan Bek among them ) . Therefore , the Yugoslavia team was exclusively made up of Serbian players ; and with the two biggest stars of the team , Blagoje Marjanović ( `` Moša '' ) and Aleksandar Tirnanić ( `` Tirke '' ) , both from BSK , they were ready for a trip to South America to represent Yugoslavia in the World Cup . The Yugoslavians were the youngest team in the World Cup ; with an average age of 21 years and 258 days . After their first match , against Brazil , they received a new nickname `` The Ich - es '' or `` Ichachos '' ( in Spanish ) by the Uruguayan press ; referring to most of the player 's surnames that ended up with the `` - ić '' or `` - vić '' suffix , which is quite common for Serbian last names . They achieved the joint -- biggest success in both Yugoslav and Serbian subsequent World Cup footballing history , by earning fourth place . Venues ( edit ) All matches took place in Montevideo . Three stadiums were used : Estadio Centenario , Estadio Pocitos , and Estadio Parque Central . The Estadio Centenario was built both for the tournament and as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguayan independence . Designed by Juan Scasso , it was the primary stadium for the tournament , referred to by Rimet as a `` temple of football '' . With a capacity of 90,000 , it was the largest football stadium outside the British Isles . The stadium hosted 10 of the 18 matches , including both semi-finals and the final . However , a rushed construction schedule and delays caused by the rainy season meant the Centenario was not ready for use until five days into the tournament . Early matches were played at smaller stadiums usually used by Montevideo football clubs Nacional and Peñarol , the 20,000 capacity Parque Central and the Pocitos . Montevideo 1930 FIFA World Cup ( Uruguay ) Montevideo Estadio Centenario Estadio Gran Parque Central Estadio Pocitos 34 ° 53 ′ 40.38 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 10.08 '' W / 34.8945500 ° S 56.1528000 ° W / - 34.8945500 ; - 56.1528000 ( Estadio Centenario ) 34 ° 54 ′ 4 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 32 '' W / 34.90111 ° S 56.15889 ° W / - 34.90111 ; - 56.15889 ( Estadio Gran Parque Central ) 34 ° 54 ′ 18.378 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 22.42 '' W / 34.90510500 ° S 56.1562278 ° W / - 34.90510500 ; - 56.1562278 ( Estadio Pocitos ) Capacity : 90,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 1,000 Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1930 FIFA World Cup squads . Match officials ( edit ) Fifteen referees participated in the tournament : four Europeans -- two Belgians ( Henri Christophe and John Langenus ) , a Frenchman , and a Romanian ( Constantin Rădulescu , also the Romanian team coach ) , and eleven from the Americas -- among them six Uruguayans . In order to eliminate differences in the application of the Laws of the Game , the referees were invited to one short meeting to iron out the most conflicting issues arising from the game . Of all the refereeing appointments , the two that attracted most attention were that of Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo in the match between Argentina and France , in which the Brazilian referee blew for full - time six minutes early , and that of the Bolivian Ulises Saucedo 's in the Argentina and Mexico encounter , which Argentina won 6 -- 3 . During the game Saucedo , who was also the coach of Bolivia , awarded three penalties . The following is the list of officials to serve as referees and linesmen . Officials in italics were only employed as linesmen during the tournament . Europe Thomas Balvay Henri Christophe Jan Langenus Constantin Rădulescu North America Gaspar Vallejo South America Gualberto Alonso Martin Aphesteguy Domingo Lombardi José Macías Francisco Mateucci Almeida Rêgo Ulises Saucedo Anibal Tejada Ricardo Vallarino Alberto Warnken Format ( edit ) The 13 teams were drawn into four groups , with Group 1 containing four teams , and the others containing only three . Each group played a round - robin format , with two points awarded for a win and one point for a draw . If two teams had tied on points to win a group , a play - off would have been used to decide the group winner ; however , this was not necessary . The four group winners progressed to the knockout semi-final stage . Extra time was available in the knockout matches if the two teams were level after ninety minutes , but it was not required . Draw ( edit ) Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , and the United States were seeded , and were kept apart in the draw , which took place in Montevideo once all the teams arrived . Since there were no qualifying games , the opening two matches of the tournament were the first World Cup games ever played , taking place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 ; France beat Mexico 4 -- 1 at the Estadio Pocitos , while the United States defeated Belgium 3 -- 0 at the same time at the Estadio Gran Parque Central . France 's Lucien Laurent was the scorer of the first World Cup goal . Tournament summary ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) We were playing Mexico and it was snowing , since it was winter in the southern hemisphere . One of my team mates centred the ball and I followed its path carefully , taking it on the volley with my right foot . Everyone was pleased but we did n't all roll around on the ground -- nobody realised that history was being made . A quick handshake and we got on with the game . And no bonus either ; we were all amateurs in those days , right to the end . Lucien Laurent The first group was the only one to contain four teams : Argentina , Chile , France and Mexico . Two days after France 's victory over Mexico , they faced group favourites Argentina . Injuries hindered France ; goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the field after 20 minutes , and Laurent , after a fierce tackle by Luis Monti , spent most of the match limping . However , they held out for most of the match , only succumbing to an 81st - minute goal scored from a Monti free kick . The game featured an officiating controversy when referee Almeida Rêgo erroneously blew the final whistle six minutes early , with Frenchman Marcel Langiller clear on goal ; play only resumed after protests from the French players . Though France had played twice in 48 hours , Chile had yet to play their first match . They faced Mexico the following day , gaining a comfortable 3 -- 0 win . France 's final match , against Chile , featured the first penalty kick of the tournament and World Cup history . The first goalkeeper to save a penalty was Alex Thépot of France on 19 July 1930 , saving from Chile 's Carlos Vidal in the 30th minute of the match . In Argentina 's second match , against Mexico , three penalty kicks were awarded . During the same match on 19 July 1930 Mexico 's Oscar Bonfiglio Martínez saved another penalty at the 23rd minute of the match against Argentina 's Fernando Paternoster . Guillermo Stábile scored a hat - trick in his international debut as Argentina won 6 -- 3 , despite the absence of their captain Manuel Ferreira , who had returned to Buenos Aires to take a law exam . Qualification was decided by the group 's final match , contested by Argentina and Chile , who had beaten France and Mexico , respectively . The game was marred by a brawl sparked by a foul on Arturo Torres by Monti . Argentina won 3 -- 1 against their neighbours and advanced to the semi-finals . Group 2 ( edit ) The second group contained Brazil , Bolivia and Yugoslavia . Brazil , the group seeds , were expected to progress , but in the group 's opening match , unexpectedly lost 2 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . Going into the tournament Bolivia had never previously won an international match . For their opener they paid tribute to the hosts by wearing shirts each emblazoned with a single letter , spelling `` Viva Uruguay '' as the team lined up . Both of Bolivia 's matches followed a similar pattern , a promising start gradually transforming into heavy defeat . Against Yugoslavia , they held out for an hour before conceding , but were four goals down by the final whistle . Misfortune played its part ; several Bolivian goals were disallowed . Against Brazil , when both teams had only pride to play for , the score was 1 -- 0 to Brazil at half - time . Brazil added three more in the second half , two of them scored by the multi-sportsman Preguinho . Yugoslavia qualified for the semi-finals . Group 3 ( edit ) Hosts Uruguay were in a group with Peru and Romania . The opening match in this group saw the first player expulsion in the competition , when Plácido Galindo of Peru was dismissed against Romania . The Romanians made their man advantage pay ; their 3 -- 1 win included two late goals . This match had the smallest crowd of any in World Cup history . The official attendance was 2,459 , but the actual figure is generally accepted to be around 300 . Because of construction delays at Estadio Centenario , Uruguay 's first match was not played until five days into the tournament . The first to be held at the Centenario , it was preceded by a ceremony in honour of the Uruguayan centenary celebrations . The Uruguayan team spent the four weeks preceding the match in a training camp , at which strict discipline was exercised . Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali was dropped from the squad for breaking a curfew to visit his wife . One hundred years to the day of the creation of Uruguay 's first constitution , the hosts won a tight match against Peru 1 -- 0 . Spectators praised Peru 's defense , and this turned out to be the only tournament match in which Uruguay scored only one goal . The result was viewed as a poor performance by the Uruguayan press , but lauded in Peru . Uruguay subsequently defeated Romania with ease , scoring four first half goals to win 4 -- 0 . Group 4 ( edit ) The United States dominated the fourth group . The American team , which contained a significant number of new caps , were reputedly nicknamed `` the shot - putters '' by an unnamed source in the French contingent . They beat their first opponents , Belgium , 3 -- 0 . The ease of the victory was unexpected ; Uruguayan newspaper Imparcial wrote that `` the large score of the American victory has really surprised the experts '' . Belgian reports bemoaned the state of the pitch and refereeing decisions , claiming that the second goal was offside . The group 's second match , played in windy conditions , witnessed the first tournament hat - trick , scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States against Paraguay . Until 10 November 2006 , the first hat - trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina , two days after Patenaude ; however , in 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude 's claim to being the first hat - trick scorer was valid , as a goal previously assigned to teammate Tom Florie was reattributed to Patenaude . With the United States having secured qualification , the final match in the group was a dead rubber . Paraguay beat Belgium by a 1 -- 0 margin . Semi-finals ( edit ) The four group winners , Argentina , Yugoslavia , Uruguay and the United States , moved to the semi-finals . The two semi-final matches saw identical scores . The first semi-final was played between the USA and Argentina on a rain - drenched pitch . The United States team , which featured six British - born players , lost midfielder Raphael Tracy after ten minutes to a broken leg as the match became violent . A Monti goal halfway through the first half gave Argentina a 1 -- 0 half - time lead . In the second half , the strength of the United States team was overwhelmed by the pace of the Argentinian attacks , the match finishing 6 -- 1 to Argentina . In the second semi-final there were shades of the 1924 Summer Olympics match between Yugoslavia and Uruguay . Here , though , Yugoslavia took a surprise lead through Vujadinović . Uruguay then took a 2 -- 1 lead . Then shortly before half - time Yugoslavia had a goal disallowed by a controversial offside decision . The hosts scored three more in the second half to win 6 -- 1 , Pedro Cea completing a hat - trick . Third and fourth place ( edit ) The now - traditional third place play - off was not established until 1934 , so the format of the 1930 World Cup is unique in not distinguishing between the third and fourth placed teams . Occasional sources , notably a FIFA Bulletin from 1984 , incorrectly imply that a third - place match occurred and was won 3 -- 1 by Yugoslavia . Accounts differ as to whether a third - place match was originally scheduled . According to a 2009 book by Hyder Jawad , Yugoslavia refused to play a third - place match because they were upset with the refereeing in their semi-final against Uruguay . At the end of the championship , the captains of the United States team ( Tom Florie ) and Yugoslavia ( Milutin Ivković ) both received bronze medals . Yet a FIFA technical committee report on the 1986 World Cup included full retrospective rankings of all teams at all previous World Cup finals ; this report ranked the United States third and Yugoslavia fourth , a practice since continued by FIFA . In 2010 , the son of Kosta Hadži , the chief of Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 World Cup and the vice-president of the Football Association of Yugoslavia at the time , claimed that Yugoslavia , as a team , has been awarded one bronze medal , which has been kept by Hadži himself and his family for the following 80 years . According to this source , Yugoslavia was placed third because of the semi-finals loss to the eventual champions , Uruguay . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final Because of a dispute , a different ball was used in each half , one chosen by each team . Argentina 's ball ( top ) was used for the first half , and Uruguay 's ball ( bottom ) was used for the second half . The resounding wins for Uruguay and Argentina in the semi-finals meant the final was a repeat of the matchup in the 1928 Olympic final , which Uruguay had won 2 -- 1 after a replay . The final was played at the Estadio Centenario on 30 July . Feelings ran high around the La Plata Basin as the Argentine supporters crossed the river with the war cry Victoria o muerte ( `` victory or death '' ) , dispelling any uncertainty as to whether the tournament had captured the imagination of the public . The ten boats earmarked to carry Argentine fans from Buenos Aires to Montevideo proved inadequate , and any number of assorted craft attempted the crossing . An estimated 10 -- 15,000 Argentinians made the trip , but the port at Montevideo was so overwhelmed that many did not even make landfall before kick - off , let alone reach the stadium . At the stadium , supporters were searched for weapons . The gates were opened at eight o'clock , six hours before kick - off , and at noon the ground was full , the official attendance 93,000 . A disagreement overshadowed the build - up to the match as the teams failed to agree on who should provide the match ball , forcing FIFA to intervene and decree that the Argentine team would provide the ball for the first half and the Uruguayans would provide their own for the second . Uruguay made one change from their semi-final line - up . Castro replaced Anselmo , who missed out due to illness . Monti played for Argentina despite receiving death threats on the eve of the match . The referee was Belgian John Langenus , who only agreed to officiate a few hours before the game , having sought assurances for his safety . One of his requests was for a boat to be ready at the harbour within one hour of the final whistle , in case he needed to make a quick escape . The hosts scored the opening goal through Pablo Dorado , a low shot from a position on the right . Argentina , displaying superior passing ability , responded strongly . Within eight minutes they were back on level terms ; Carlos Peucelle received a Ferreira through - ball , beat his marker and equalised . Shortly before half - time leading tournament goalscorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2 -- 1 lead . Uruguay captain Nasazzi protested , maintaining that Stábile was offside , but to no avail . In the second half Uruguay gradually became ascendant . Shortly after Monti missed a chance to make the score 3 -- 1 , Uruguay attacked in numbers , and Pedro Cea scored an equaliser . Ten minutes later a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead , and just before full - time Castro made it 4 -- 2 to seal the win . Langenus ended the match a minute later , and Uruguay thus added the title World Cup winners to their mantle of Olympic champions . Jules Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy , which was later named for him , to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association , Raúl Jude . The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay ; in the Argentinian capital , Buenos Aires , a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate . Francisco Varallo ( who played as a forward for Argentina ) was the last player of the final to die , on 30 August 2010 . France , Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition . Brazil played France on 1 August , Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August , while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August . Uruguay 's aggregate goal difference of + 12 over four games , at an average of + 3 per match , remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion , and the second highest of any World Cup Finals participant , after Hungary in 1954 . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 0 10 + 6 6 Chile 0 5 + 2 France 0 + 1 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 13 July 1930 France 4 -- 1 Mexico Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo 15 July 1930 Argentina 1 -- 0 France Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 16 July 1930 Chile 3 -- 0 Mexico Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 19 July 1930 Chile 1 -- 0 France Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina 6 -- 3 Mexico Estadio Centenario , Montevideo 22 July 1930 Argentina 3 -- 1 Chile Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Yugoslavia 0 0 6 + 5 Brazil 0 5 + 3 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 14 July 1930 Yugoslavia 2 -- 1 Brazil Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 17 July 1930 Yugoslavia 4 -- 0 Bolivia Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 20 July 1930 Brazil 4 -- 0 Bolivia Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 Romania 0 5 − 2 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 14 July 1930 Romania 3 -- 1 Peru Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo 18 July 1930 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Peru Estadio Centenario , Montevideo 21 July 1930 Uruguay 4 -- 0 Romania Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts United States 0 0 6 0 + 6 Paraguay 0 − 2 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 13 July 1930 United States 3 -- 0 Belgium Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 17 July 1930 United States 3 -- 0 Paraguay Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo 20 July 1930 Paraguay 1 -- 0 Belgium Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Semi-finals Final 27 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay 6 Yugoslavia 30 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay Argentina 26 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Argentina 6 United States Semi-finals ( edit ) Argentina v United States 26 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 6 -- 1 United States Monti 20 ' Scopelli 56 ' Stábile 69 ' , 87 ' Peucelle 80 ' , 85 ' Brown 89 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 72,886 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Uruguay v Yugoslavia 27 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia Cea 18 ' , 67 ' , 72 ' Anselmo 20 ' , 31 ' Iriarte 61 ' Vujadinović 4 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 79,867 Referee : Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final Uruguay v Argentina 30 July 1930 15 : 30 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Goalscorers ( edit ) With eight goals , Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament . In total , 70 goals were scored by 37 different players , with only one of them credited as an own goal . 8 goals Guillermo Stábile 5 goals Pedro Cea 4 goals Bert Patenaude 3 goals Carlos Peucelle Preguinho Peregrino Anselmo Ivan Bek 2 goals Luis Monti Adolfo Zumelzú Moderato Guillermo Subiabre Carlos Vidal André Maschinot Manuel Rosas Héctor Castro Pablo Dorado Santos Iriarte Đorđe Vujadinović 1 goal Mario Evaristo Alejandro Scopelli Francisco Varallo Marcel Langiller Lucien Laurent Juan Carreño Roberto Gayón Luis Vargas Peña Luis de Souza Ferreira Adalbert Deșu Nicolae Kovács Constantin Stanciu Jim Brown Tom Florie Bart McGhee Héctor Scarone Blagoje Marjanović Aleksandar Tirnanić Own goals Manuel Rosas ( against Chile ) FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1930 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 15 + 12 8 Argentina 5 0 18 9 + 9 8 United States 0 7 6 + 1 Yugoslavia 0 7 7 0 Eliminated in the group stage 5 Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 France 0 + 1 8 Romania 0 5 − 2 9 Paraguay 0 − 2 10 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 11 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 12 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 13 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 Last surviving players ( edit ) The last surviving player from Uruguay 's World Cup - winning side was Ernesto Mascheroni , who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76 . He was outlived by reserve defender Emilio Recoba who died on 12 September 1992 ( aged 87 ) , but did not play any matches in the tournament . However , many other players who participated in the tournament were still alive by this stage and the last surviving player from the tournament was Argentina 's Francisco Varallo , who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100 -- eighty years after the tournament . Film ( edit ) A recreation of the tournament from the point of view of the Yugoslavian team can be seen in the 2014 Serbian film See You in Montevideo . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup History -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The History of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . Fourfourtwo magazine . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup -- Classic Moments from FIFA World Cup History '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seddon , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Vautrot , Michel ( 17 June 1998 ) . `` A historical link with the Franche - Comté '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lara , Miguel A. `` Uruguay , allí nació la historia '' . Marca.com Archive ( in Spanish ) . Marca.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` 25 datos sobre la Copa Mundial de la FIFA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Campeonato `` Uruguay 1930 '' `` . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22944 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` Lucien Laurent : The World Cup 's First Goal Scorer '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Millingstein 's History of World Cup Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Golden Boot -- Guillermo Stabile '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ( archive.org mirror ) Jump up ^ Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 869 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 5 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 6 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 7 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Almeida , p. 125 Jump up ^ Pulgar - Vidal Otálora , Jaime ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` Peru en El Mundial del 30 '' . Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The first World Cup hat trick '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Florie medal -- Where the Legend Began Jump up ^ Marjanović medal -- Sačuvana medalja Moše Marjanovića Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Permanent Table '' ( PDF ) . FIFA World Cup México ' 86 -- Technical Report . 1986 . p. 230 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final Tournament Standings '' . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Медаља из дома Хаџијевих сведочи да смо били трећи на Мундијалу ( in Serbian ) . Politika . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Još uvek sjaji bronza iz Montevidea '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 250 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 20 Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` El gol está de luto '' . Olé ( in Spanish ) . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 1923 -- 1932 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina national Team archive '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` page 45 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Varallo : Last surviving player from first World Cup final dies aged 100 '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Crouch , Terry ( 2002 ) . The World Cup : The Complete History . London : Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 843 - 3 . Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 296 - 0 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The history of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . ISBN 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 8 . Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 869 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1930 . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay , FIFA.com 1930 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Squads 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third United States Fourth Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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2427966033057722610 | Luther's canon | Luther 's canon - wikipedia Luther 's canon Jump to : navigation , search This article needs attention from an expert in WikiProject . The specific problem is : cursory , incomplete , confusing and poorly sourced . WikiProject WikiProject may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2018 ) Luther 's 1534 Bible Luther 's canon is the biblical canon attributed to Martin Luther , which has influenced Protestants since the 16th - century Protestant Reformation . While the Lutheran Confessions , specifically did not define a canon , it is widely regarded as the canon of the Lutheran Church . It differs from the 1546 Roman Catholic canon of the Council of Trent in that it is less authoritative the deuterocanonical books and questions the seven New Testament books , called `` Luther 's Antilegomena '' , four of which are still ordered last in German - language Luther Bibles to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Deuterocanonical books 2 Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation 3 Sola fide doctrine 4 Similar canons of the time 5 Protestant laity and clergy 6 Modern Evangelical use 7 References Deuterocanonical books ( edit ) Main articles : Deuterocanonical books and Biblical apocrypha Luther included the deuterocanonical books in his translation of the German Bible , but he did relocate them to after the Old Testament , calling them `` Apocrypha , that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures , but are useful and good to read . '' He also considered the relocation of the Book of Esther from the canon to the Apocrypha , because without the deuterocanonical additions to the Book of Esther , the text of Esther never mentions God . Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation ( edit ) Main article : Antilegomena Luther made an attempt to remove the books of Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation from the canon ( notably , he perceived them to go against certain Protestant doctrines such as sola gratia and sola fide ) but this was not generally accepted among his followers . However , these books are ordered last in the German - language Luther Bible to this day . `` If Luther 's negative view of these books were based only upon the fact that their canonicity was disputed in early times , 2 Peter might have been included among them , because this epistle was doubted more than any other in ancient times . '' However , the prefaces that Luther affixed to these four books makes it evident `` that his low view of them was more due to his theological reservations than with any historical investigation of the canon . '' In his book Basic Theology , Charles Caldwell Ryrie countered the claim that Luther rejected the Book of James as being canonical . In his preface to the New Testament , Luther ascribed to several books of the New Testament different degrees of doctrinal value : `` St. John 's Gospel and his first Epistle , St. Paul 's Epistles , especially those to the Romans , Galatians , Ephesians , and St. Peter 's Epistle - these are the books which show to thee Christ , and teach everything that is necessary and blessed for thee to know , even if you were never to see or hear any other book of doctrine . Therefore , St. James ' Epistle is a perfect straw - epistle compared with them , for it has in it nothing of an evangelic kind . '' Thus Luther was comparing ( in his opinion ) doctrinal value , not canonical validity . However , Ryrie 's theory is countered by other biblical scholars , including William Barclay , who note that Luther stated plainly , if not bluntly : `` I think highly of the epistle of James , and regard it as valuable although it was rejected in early days . It does not expound human doctrines , but lays much emphasis on God 's law . ... I do not hold it to be of apostolic authorship . '' Sola fide doctrine ( edit ) Main article : Sola fide In The Protestant Spirit of Luther 's Version , Philip Schaff asserts that : The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther 's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3 : 28 ( allein durch den Glauben ) , by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification , on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness . But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James , who says ( James 2 : 24 ) , `` by works a man is justified , and not only by faith '' ( `` nicht durch den Glauben allein '' ) . It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article , and characterized the Epistle of James as an `` epistle of straw , '' because it had no evangelical character ( `` keine evangelische Art '' ) . Martin Luther 's description of the Epistle of James changes . In some cases , Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle ; but in other cases , he describes James as the work of an apostle . He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God and describes James as `` a good book , because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God . '' Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament , citing its authority in the Book of Concord , however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena . Lutheran teachings resolve James ' and Paul 's verbal conflict regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error . The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God 's favor . Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law ( Galatians 2 : 16 ; Romans 3 : 21 - 22 ) . Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive , showing thanks to God in deeds of love ( Galatians 5 : 6 ( ' ... since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love . ' ) ) . James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they did n't need to show love by a life of faith ( James 2 : 14 - 17 ) . James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive , showing itself to be so by deeds of love ( James 2 : 18 , 26 ) . James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer 's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus . Similar canons of the time ( edit ) In his book Canon of the New Testament , Bruce Metzger notes that in 1596 Jacob Lucius published a Bible at Hamburg which labeled Luther 's four as `` Apocrypha '' ; David Wolder the pastor of Hamburg 's Church of St. Peter published in the same year a triglot Bible which labeled them as `` non canonical '' ; J. Vogt published a Bible at Goslar in 1614 similar to Lucius ' ; Gustavus Adolphus of Stockholm in 1618 published a Bible with them labeled as `` Apocr ( yphal ) New Testament . '' Protestant laity and clergy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There is some evidence that the first decision to omit these books entirely from the Bible was made by Protestant laity rather than clergy . Bibles dating from shortly after the Reformation have been found whose tables of contents included the entire Roman Catholic canon , but which did not actually contain the disputed books , leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them . However , Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century , while Calvinist Bibles did not . Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon . One is the support for Catholic doctrines such as Purgatory and Prayer for the dead found in 2 Maccabees . Another is that the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1646 , during the English Civil War , actually excluded them from the canon . Luther himself said he was following Jerome 's teaching about the Veritas Hebraica . Modern evangelical Use ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evangelicals tend not to accept the Septuagint as the inspired Hebrew Bible , though many of them recognize its wide use by Greek - speaking Jews in the first century . Many modern Protestants point to four `` Criteria for Canonicity '' to justify the books that have been included in the Old and New Testament , which are judged to have satisfied the following : Apostolic Origin -- attributed to and based on the preaching / teaching of the first - generation apostles ( or their close companions ) . Universal Acceptance -- acknowledged by all major Christian communities in the ancient world ( by the end of the fourth century ) . Liturgical Use -- read publicly when early Christian communities gathered for the Lord 's Supper ( their weekly worship services ) . Consistent Message -- containing a theological outlook similar or complementary to other accepted Christian writings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Luther 's Antilegomena at bible-researcher.com Jump up ^ `` Gedruckte Ausgaben der Lutherbibel von 1545 '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 14 . note order : ... Hebräer , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung Jump up ^ `` German Bible Versions '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . note order : ... Hebr � er , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung ; see also http://www.bible-researcher.com/links10.html Jump up ^ Ryrie , Charles Caldwell . Basic Theology . Jump up ^ Martin Luther , as quoted by William Barclay , The Daily Study Bible Series , The Letters of James and Peter , Revised Edition , Westminster John Knox Press , Louisville , KY , 1976 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` History of the Christian Church , book 7 , chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41 : 578 - 90 Jump up ^ Luther 's Large Catechism , IV 122 - 24 Jump up ^ Luther 's Works ( American Edition ) 35 : 395 Jump up ^ The Lutheran Study Bible , Concordia Publishing House , 2009 , p2132 Jump up ^ Lutheran Cyclopedia : Antilegomena Jump up ^ `` Faith and Works '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 30 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce . Canon of the New Testament . Jump up ^ https://www.ibr-bbr.org/files/bbr/BBR_2006b_02-Jobes.pdf Martin Luther Works ( hymns ) Ninety - five Theses ( 1517 ) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace ( 1518 ) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ( 1520 ) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) On the Freedom of a Christian ( 1520 ) Against Henry , King of the English ( 1522 ) Luther Bible ( 1522 , 1534 ) The Adoration of the Sacrament ( 1523 ) Formula missae ( 1523 ) Hymns First Lutheran hymnal ( 1524 ) Erfurt Enchiridion ( 1524 ) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn ( 1524 ) Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants ( 1525 ) On the Bondage of the Will ( 1525 ) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ -- Against the Fanatics ( 1526 ) Deutsche Messe ( 1526 ) Confession Concerning Christ 's Supper ( 1528 ) On War Against the Turk ( 1529 ) Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Large Catechism ( 1529 ) `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' ( 1529 ) Smalcald Articles ( 1537 ) On the Councils and the Church ( 1539 ) `` Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam '' ( 1543 ) On the Jews and Their Lies ( 1543 ) Vom Schem Hamphoras ( 1543 ) List of hymns by Martin Luther Luther 's Table Talk ( 1566 ) Weimar edition of Luther 's works Topics and events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation , 1518 Leipzig Debate , 1519 Exsurge Domine , 1520 Diet of Worms , 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem , 1521 Marburg Colloquy , 1529 Augsburg Confession , 1530 Luther 's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Universal priesthood Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo ( 1537 edition ) People Hans and Margarethe Luther ( parents ) Katharina von Bora ( wife ) Magdalena Luther ( daughter ) Paul Luther ( son ) Albert of Brandenburg Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Karl von Miltitz Andreas Karlstadt Philip Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Luther sites All Saints ' Church , Wittenberg Lutherhaus Lutherstädte Martin Luther 's Birth House Martin Luther 's Death House Melanchthonhaus ( Wittenberg ) St. Augustine 's Monastery Veste Coburg ( Fortress ) Wartburg Castle Film and theatre Martin Luther ( 1923 film ) Luther ( 1928 film ) Luther ( 1964 film ) Martin Luther ( 1953 film ) Luther ( 1973 film ) Martin Luther , Heretic ( 1983 film ) Luther ( 2003 film ) Luther ( 1961 play ) Related Martin Luther bibliography Book : Martin Luther Luther rose Theologia Germanica Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther%27s_canon&oldid=822216958 '' Categories : Development of the Christian biblical canon Martin Luther Lutheran theology Christian terminology Luther 's Antilegomena Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing expert attention from January 2018 All articles needing expert attention WikiProject articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 02 : 22 . 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9183092427342227013 | This Old Man | This old man - wikipedia This old man Jump to : navigation , search `` This Old Man '' Nursery rhyme Published 1906 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` This Old Man '' is an English language children 's song , counting and nursery rhyme with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3550 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and history 2 Lyrics 3 Variations 4 References Origins and history ( edit ) The origins of this song are obscure . The earliest extant record is a version noted in Anne Gilchrist 's Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society ( 1937 ) , learnt from her Welsh nurse in the 1870s under the title `` Jack Jintle '' with the lyrics : My name is Jack Jintle , the eldest but one , And I can play nick - nack upon my own thumb . With my nick - nack and click - clack and sing a fine song , And all the fine ladies come dancing along . My name is Jack Jintle , the eldest but two , And I can play nick - nack upon my own shoe . With my nick - nack and click - clack and sing a fine song , And all the fine ladies come dancing along . My name is Jack Jintle , the eldest but three , And I can play nick - nack upon my own knee . With my nick - nack and click - clack and sing a fine song , And all the fine ladies come dancing along . Lyrics ( edit ) A more familiar version goes like this : This old man , he played one , He played knick - knack on his drum ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played two , He played knick - knack on his shoe ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played three , He played knick - knack on his knee ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played four , He played knick - knack on his door ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played five , He played knick - knack on his hive ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played six , He played knick - knack on his sticks ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played seven , He played knick - knack up in heaven ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played eight , He played knick - knack on his gate ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played nine , He played knick - knack on his spine ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . This old man , he played ten , He played knick - knack once again ; With a knick - knack paddywhack , Give the dog a bone , This old man came ( goes ) rolling home . Variations ( edit ) Nicholas Monsarrat , ( born in 1910 ) , in his autobiography ' Life is a Four Letter Word , ' refers to the song as being ' a Liverpool song ' adding that it was ' local and original ' during his childhood in Liverpool . A similar version was included in Cecil Sharp and Sabine Baring - Gould 's English Folk - Songs for Schools , published in 1906 . It was collected several times in England in the early 20th century with a variety of lyrics . In 1948 it was included by Pete Seeger and Ruth Crawford in their American Folk Songs for Children and recorded by Seeger in 1953 . It received a boost in popularity when it was adapted for the film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness ( 1958 ) by composer Malcolm Arnold as `` The Children 's Marching Song '' , which led to hit singles for Cyril Stapleton and Mitch Miller . Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs ( 1961 ) The children 's show Barney & Friends used the song `` I Love You '' as its closing song and was sung to the tune of `` This Old Man . '' Lyrics : I love you . You love me . We 're a happy family , With a great big hug and a kiss from me to you , Wo n't you say you love me too ? In the television series Columbo , the title character often whistled the music to this song , generally when he was happy and closing in on a suspect . British musical comedy duo Flanders and Swann recorded a satirical version called `` All Gall '' , about French President Charles de Gaulle , replacing the original 's refrain with `` Cognac , Armagnac , Burgundy and Beaune '' . A single with a rock version by Bobby Beato and Purple Reign charted in 1975 . A poster by Frank Schaffer Publications was published in 1992 . In October 1996 , The News Huddlines used the tune for a song inspired by Kenneth Branagh 's version of Hamlet . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.G. Gilchrist , `` Jack Jintle '' , Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society , 3 ( 2 ) ( 1937 ) , pp. 124 -- 5 . Jump up ^ S.B. Gould and C.J. Sharp English Folk - Songs for Schools ( London : J. Curwen & Sons , 1906 ) pp. 94 -- 5 . Jump up ^ N. Musiker and D. Adès , Conductors and Composers of Popular Orchestral Music : a Biographical and Discographical Sourcebook ( London : Greenwood , 1998 ) , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Frank W. Hoffmann - 1983 The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 Page 802 - `` This Old Man ( Purple Reign ) '' Jump up ^ Purple Reign - Bobby Beato ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Old_Man&oldid=819318308 '' Categories : Children 's songs Bob Dylan songs English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 32 . 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-534860682370024296 | Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (TV series) | Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( TV series ) - wikipedia Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Cover art from the 2006 DVD release of the 1st season of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea showing stars Richard Basehart and David Hedison , with the submarine , Seaview ( center ) Created by Irwin Allen Starring Richard Basehart David Hedison Bob Dowdell Derrik Lewis Henry Kulky Terry Becker Del Monroe Arch Whiting Paul Trinka Allan Hunt Richard Bull Paul Carr Composer ( s ) Paul Sawtell Hugo Friedhofer Alexander Courage Morton Stevens Michael Hennagin ( one episode ) Jerry Goldsmith ( one episode ) Leith Stevens Lennie Hayton Nelson Riddle ( one episode ) Herman Stein ( one episode ) Robert Drasnin ( one episode ) Harry Geller Joseph Mullendore Irving Gertz ( one episode ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 110 Production Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Production company ( s ) Cambridge 20th Century Fox Television Release Original network ABC Original release September 14 , 1964 -- March 31 , 1968 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea is a 1960s American science fiction television series based on the 1961 film of the same name . Both were created by Irwin Allen , which enabled the movie 's sets , costumes , props , special effects models , and sometimes footage , to be used in the production of the television series . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea was the first of Irwin Allen 's four science fiction television series , as well as the longest - running . The show 's main theme was underwater adventure . Voyage was broadcast on ABC from September 14 , 1964 , to March 31 , 1968 , and was the decade 's longest - running American science fiction television series with continuing characters . The 110 episodes produced included 32 shot in black - and - white ( 1964 -- 1965 ) , and 78 filmed in color ( 1965 -- 1968 ) . The first two seasons took place in the then future of the 1970s . The final two seasons took place in the 1980s . The show starred Richard Basehart and David Hedison . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show history 1.1 Pilot episode 1.2 Season One 1.3 Season Two 1.4 Season Three 1.5 Fourth and final season 2 Music 3 Cast 4 Episode list 4.1 Season One ( 1964 -- 1965 ) 4.2 Season Two ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 4.3 Season Three ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 4.4 Season Four ( 1967 -- 1968 ) 5 Other media 6 Popular culture 7 DVD releases 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Show history ( edit ) Pilot episode ( edit ) The pilot episode `` Eleven Days to Zero '' was filmed in color but shown in black - and - white . It introduces the audience to the futuristic nuclear submarine S.S.R.N. Seaview and the lead members of her crew , including the designer and builder of the submarine Admiral Harriman Nelson ( Richard Basehart ) , and Commander Lee Crane ( David Hedison ) , who becomes the Seaview 's captain after the murder of her original commanding officer . The submarine is based at the Nelson Institute of Marine Research ( NIMR ) in Santa Barbara , California , and is often moored some 500 feet below NIMR in a secret underground submarine pen carved out of solid rock . The Seaview is officially for undersea marine research and visits many exotic locations in the Seven Seas , but its secret mission is to defend the planet from all world and extraterrestrial threats in the then - future of the 1970s . Season one ( edit ) Adm. Nelson and the ill - fated Capt . Phillips are attacked after leaving the Nelson Institute of Marine Research . The first season of 32 episodes began with Admiral Nelson and the crew of the Seaview fighting against a foreign government to prevent a world - threatening earthquake , and continuing with a foreign government destroying American submarines with new technologies in The Fear Makers and The Enemies . The season also had several ocean peril stories in which the Seaview crew spent the episode dealing with the normal perils of the sea . Two examples are `` Submarine Sunk Here '' and `` The Ghost of Moby Dick '' . The season introduced the diving bell and a mini-submarine , as well as the first alien story ( Don Brinkley 's ; ' The Sky is Falling ' ) and the first sea monsters . The season ended with the Seaview crew fighting a foreign government to save a defense weapon . In the first season , the gritty , atmospheric , and intense series featured story lines devoted to Cold War themes , as well as excursions into near - future speculative fiction . Many episodes involved espionage and sci - fi elements . While aliens and sea monsters , not to mention dinosaurs , did become the subject of episodes , the primary villains were hostile foreign governments . While fantastic , the scripts had a semblance of reality . During the course of the first season Admiral Nelson was promoted from Three Star to a Four Star Admiral , and it was established that while essentially a marine research vessel SSRN Seaview was also part of the U.S. nuclear armed fleet ( most notably defined in William Read Woodfield 's episode ; Doomsday ) . The first season opening credits depicted Seaview rising towards the surface , and the closing credits played out over a still of the Seaview 's surfacing spectacularly in the arctic , as featured at the start of the 1961 film . Season two ( edit ) DVD cover art of the 2nd season ( Vol. 2 ) of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea featuring depictions of Seaview and the Flying Sub ( bottom ) The second season began with a trip inside a whale , a trip inside a volcano , and a few Cold War intrigue and nuclear war - themed episodes , and saw several brushes with world disaster . The season ended with a ghost story , one of the show 's few sequels . Due to ABC 's demands for a somewhat `` lighter '' tone to the series , the second season saw an increase in monster - of - the - week type plots , yet there were still some episodes that harkened back to the tone of the first season . The second season also saw a change from black - and - white to color . The beginning of the second season saw the permanent replacement of Chief `` Curly '' Jones with Chief Francis Ethelbert Sharkey , due to the death of Henry Kulky , who portrayed Chief Jones . The most important change in the series occurred during this season when a notably redesigned Seaview interior was introduced , along with the Flying Sub , a yellow , two - man mini-submarine with passenger capacity , armed with a laser gun . It could leave the ocean and function as an airplane . The Flying Sub was referred to by the initials FS - 1 . The futuristic craft greatly increased the Seaview crew 's travel options . The Flying Sub was launched from a bay with automatic doors added in the lower part of the bow section of Seaview that was apparently built between Seasons One and Two ( though stock color footage from the 1961 film that was used in Season Two occasionally showed a Seaview minus this addition , despite it being present in later color footage included in the same episodes ) . The Seaview 's private observation deck from the first season was never seen again . The ship 's eight smaller observation windows became four large windows giving the sub a sleeker , more futuristic look . The control room was made larger and more open - plan showing the bow windows beyond the control room area ( previously this was both closed off by a bulkhead and doorway and on another level in the black - and - white first season ) , while a memorable large rectangular panel screen of flickering lights was moved across the control room , and access to the Flying Sub via a sealed hatch stairway at the bow section was added . The Seaview also now had a powerful laser beam in its bow light . The small mini-sub ridden by two men from the first season was retained and occasionally still used in the color episodes . The ship 's enlisted men were also given more colorful uniforms ( red or light blue jumpsuits ) and white Keds Champion sneakers , evidently to take advantage of the changeover from black - and - white to color . The officers and petty officers , however , retained their khaki works from the first season . The traditional sailor uniforms worn in the first season were only seen in stock footage from the first season and on characters who were newly filmed to match up with that footage . All these changes occurred between seasons . The Flying Sub was showcased in the show 's closing credits for the entire season , while the initial opening was a color version of the first season sequence , though this was soon replaced by a new color sequence of Seaview descending beneath the surface . The Flying Sub also made an appearance in the 1971 Irwin Allen film , City Beneath the Sea ( 1971 film ) , as did the Seaview itself during the evacuation scene . A second - season episode , `` The Sky 's On Fire '' , was a remake of the basic storyline of Irwin Allen 's 1961 film Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea utilizing considerable film color footage , though several film sequences were removed and had been featured in other first - season episodes such as ' The Village of Guilt ' ( the giant octopus ) and ' Submarine Sunk Here ' ( the derelict minefield ) A few later season two episodes were filmed without Richard Basehart , who was hospitalized for a bleeding ulcer . He filmed the scenes in the Flying Sub for `` The Monster 's Web '' before hospitalization , requiring a stand in and other characters taking over his lines . He was missing entirely from the next two episodes . These episodes did n't feature his character at all , while in one story `` The Menfish '' Gary Merrill guested as Admiral Park , a colleague of Nelson 's who substituted for him . Basehart returned for `` Return of the Phantom , '' the final episode of the season . Season three ( edit ) The third season of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ran simultaneously with two other Allen - produced television series : the second season of Lost in Space and the premiere ( and only ) season of The Time Tunnel . The third season began with Dick Tufeld of Lost in Space playing an evil disembodied brain from outer space . The season continued with a werewolf story that is one of the few episodes to inspire a sequel . In one episode , the Seaview 's officers and crew encountered Nazis who believed World War II was still ongoing . The third season only had two espionage stories and one ocean peril story that were reminiscent of the first season . One of those three stories was about a hostile foreign government trying to steal a strange new mineral with the aid of a brainwashed Admiral Nelson . This espionage story was the end of the third season . The final two seasons continued the shift towards paranormal storylines that were popular in the late 1960s . Mummies , werewolves , talking puppets , and an evil leprechaun all walked the corridors of the Seaview . There were also fossil men , flame men , frost men , lobster men , and shadow men . The opening credits were largely identical to the revised season two , but the initial season two yellow lettering credits that were first altered to white , ( and then back to yellow on the later revised sequence ) were now depicted in a golden / yellowish lettering , and closing credits were set over a green - backed painting of Seaview underwater . Though many female characters appeared in Seasons One and Two , in Season Three only two appeared at all , an unseen woman 's voice ( Sue England ) over the intercom in `` The Death Watch '' and the title character in `` The Mermaid '' ( Diane Webber ) , who did not speak . Fourth and final season ( edit ) Nelson and Sharkey fight an alien spy , 1968 . The fourth and final season of Voyage began with Victor Jory playing a five century old alchemist while the Seaview is threatened by buffeting underwater currents created by a volcano on the verge of a major eruption . After a few episodes there were revamped opening credits depicting action sequences and the stars ' pictures in color set on a sonar board design . The closing credits picture remained unchanged from season three . Near the end of the fourth season , there were three unrelated stories of extraterrestrial invasion in three weeks . One episode had an unknown master of disguise infiltrating and wreaking havoc aboard the Seaview . Another episode has Nelson , Morton and Sharkey actually `` gaslight '' Crane ! There were two time travel stories in two weeks , which both featured the enigmatic but dangerous Mister Pem . The second of the two had the Seaview going back in time to the American Revolution . The episode ( and series ) ended with the Seaview returning to the present . The final scene of the show has Nelson and Crane sitting in the seldom used easy chairs on the port side of the observation nose discussing how fast time goes by . With this the Seaview is seen sailing into television history . Not a single actress appeared in any episode during the entire fourth season , even as a voice or non-speaking role . In March 1968 it was announced that Voyage would not be back for a fifth season . Music ( edit ) The series ' main theme , `` The Seaview Theme '' , was written by Paul Sawtell . A new darker , more serious theme composed by Jerry Goldsmith was introduced at the beginning of the second - season episode `` Jonah and the Whale '' , but this was quickly replaced by the original version . A version of the Goldsmith suite re-orchestrated by Nelson Riddle was heard as incidental music in the episode `` Escape From Venice '' , and the original Goldsmith suite was used as incidental music throughout the rest of the series . The series ' main composer , supervisor and conductor was Lionel Newman , who for the second season composed a serious sounding score for when the episode credits ( episode title / guests / writer / director ) were shown just after the theme song , which would be used by many episodes ( starting with `` The Left Handed Man '' ) thru the second and into the early third season . Other guest composers included Lennie Hayton , Hugo Friedhofer , Star Trek : The Original Series composer Alexander Courage , Morton Stevens , Leith Stevens ( no relation ) who wrote the music to nine episodes , and Sawtell , who worked on the show for a while in the first season . GNP Crescendo issued a soundtrack album in 1997 as part of its series tying into the documentary The Fantasy Worlds Of Irwin Allen , featuring Sawtell 's theme from the series and his score for the pilot episode `` Eleven Days To Zero '' ( tracks 2 -- 6 ) and Goldsmith 's work for `` Jonah and the Whale . '' Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Main Title ( : 29 ) Murderous Pursuit ( 2 : 54 ) Ocean Floor Search / Squid Fight ( 5 : 34 ) Solid Ice ( 1 : 48 ) Lost / Job Well Done ( 3 : 35 ) End Title ( The Seaview Theme ) ( : 40 ) Jonah and the Whale ( Main Title ) ( : 30 ) A Whale of a Whale / Thar She Blows / A Whale of a Time / The Second Dive ( 4 : 23 ) A Meal Fit for a Whale / Crash Dive / Sub Narcotics ( 4 : 18 ) Collision Course I / Collision Course II / Diving Party / Going Down ( 4 : 44 ) Home Free Part I / Home Free Part II ( 3 : 58 ) Jonah and the Whale ( End Credit ) ( : 50 ) Cast ( edit ) David Hedison as Lee Crane in the episode `` Time Lock '' , 1967 Richard Basehart as Admiral Harriman Nelson David Hedison as Commander Lee Crane Bob Dowdell as Lieutenant Commander Chip Morton Derrik Lewis as Lieutenant Commander O'Brien ( pilot episode , 1st - 2nd seasons ) Henry Kulky as Chief `` Curly '' Jones ( 1st season ) Terry Becker as Chief Petty Officer Francis Ethelbert Sharkey ( 2nd -- 4th seasons ) Del Monroe as Kowalski Arch Whiting as Sparks Paul Trinka as Patterson Brent Davis as Peters ( crew member -- 1 episode ) Lew Gallo as Kruger ( crew member -- 1 episode ) Ralph Garrett as Somers ( crew member -- 1 episode ) Allan Hunt as Stuart `` Stu '' Riley ( 2nd Season ) Richard Bull as the Doctor Wayne Heffley as Seaview Doctor ( 2nd Season 1965 -- 1966 , 3 episodes ) Paul Carr as Casey Clark ( 1st season , recurring afterwards only in stock footage scenes ) Scott McFadden , Ray Didsbury , Marco Lopez , and Ron Stein provided additional crewman in non-speaking roles often requiring stunt work . Episode list ( edit ) Note : Two different episodes ( 28 and 73 ) are both titled `` The Creature '' . Season One ( 1964 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Ep # Title Airdate 01 `` Eleven Days to Zero '' ( Guest Starring Eddie Albert ) September 14 , 1964 02 `` The City Beneath the Sea '' ( Guest Starring Hurd Hatfield , Linda Cristal ) September 21 , 1964 03 `` The Fear Makers '' ( Guest Starring Lloyd Bochner , And Special Guest Star Edgar Bergen ) September 28 , 1964 04 `` The Mist of Silence '' ( Guest Starring Rita Gam , Alejandro Rey ) October 5 , 1964 05 `` The Price of Doom '' ( Guest Starring David Opatoshu , John Milford and Jill Ireland ) . Screenplay by Harlan Ellison ( under his Cordwainer Bird alias , credited as `` Cord Wainer Bird '' ) October 12 , 1964 06 `` The Sky Is Falling '' ( Guest Starring Charles McGraw ) October 19 , 1964 07 `` Turn Back the Clock '' ( Guest Starring Nick Adams , Yvonne Craig ) October 26 , 1964 08 `` The Village of Guilt '' ( Guest Starring Richard Carlson , Anna - Lisa ) November 2 , 1964 09 `` Hot Line '' ( Guest Starring Everett Sloane , And Special Guest Star : Michael Ansara ) November 9 , 1964 10 `` Submarine Sunk Here '' November 16 , 1964 11 `` The Magnus Beam '' November 23 , 1964 12 `` No Way Out '' November 30 , 1964 13 `` The Blizzard Makers '' December 7 , 1964 14 `` The Ghost of Moby Dick '' Guest stars June Lockhart , Edward Binns December 14 , 1964 15 `` Long Live the King '' guest star Carroll O'Connor December 21 , 1964 16 `` Hail to the Chief '' December 28 , 1964 17 `` The Last Battle '' ( Co-starring John Van Dreelen , Joe De Santis , Rudy Solari ) . Establishes that the series takes place in an alternate timeline when Admiral Nelson states that the Third Reich lasted for 19 years ( as opposed to 12 years in the real world ) January 4 , 1965 18 `` Mutiny '' ( Guest starring Harold J. Stone ) January 11 , 1965 19 `` Doomsday '' ( Co-starring Donald Harron , Paul Carr ) January 18 , 1965 20 `` The Invaders '' ( Guest starring Robert Duvall , credited as `` Robert Duval '' ) January 25 , 1965 21 `` The Indestructible Man '' ( Co-starring Michael Constantine ) February 1 , 1965 22 `` The Buccaneer '' ( Co-starring Barry Atwater ) February 8 , 1965 23 `` The Human Computer '' February 15 , 1965 24 `` The Saboteur '' ( Guest stars Bert Freed , Warren Stevens , featuring James Brolin ) February 22 , 1965 25 `` Cradle of the Deep '' March 1 , 1965 26 `` The Amphibians '' March 8 , 1965 27 `` The Exile '' Guest star Edward Asner , co-starring David Sheiner March 15 , 1965 28 `` The Creature '' Guest star Leslie Nielsen March 22 , 1965 29 `` The Enemies '' ( Guest star Henry Silva , co-starring Malachi Throne ) March 29 , 1965 30 `` Secret of the Loch '' ( Guest star Torin Thatcher , co-starring Hedley Mattingly , George Mitchell and John McLiam ) April 5 , 1965 31 `` The Condemned '' ( Guest star J.D. Cannon , co-starring Arthur Franz , Alvy Moore ) April 12 , 1965 32 `` The Traitor '' April 19 , 1965 Season Two ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Ep # Title Airdate 33 / 01 `` Jonah and the Whale '' ( Guest starring Gia Scala ) September 19 , 1965 34 / 02 `` Time Bomb '' September 26 , 1965 35 / 03 `` And Five of Us Are Left '' ( Guest Star Phillip Pine , co-starring Robert Doyle , Teru Shimada ) October 3 , 1965 36 / 04 `` The Cyborg '' With special guest star Victor Buono co-starring Brooke Bundy October 17 , 1965 37 / 05 `` Escape From Venice '' October 24 , 1965 38 / 06 `` The Left - Handed Man '' October 31 , 1965 39 / 07 `` The Deadliest Game '' ( Guest starring Lloyd Bochner . Co-starring Audrey Dalton , Robert Cornthwaite and Robert F. Simon ) November 7 , 1965 40 / 08 `` Leviathan '' ( Guest starring Karen Steele . Co-starring Liam Sullivan ) November 14 , 1965 41 / 09 `` The Peacemaker '' ( Guest starring John Cassavetes , co-starring Whit Bissell , Irene Tsu , Dale Ishimoto ) November 21 , 1965 42 / 10 `` The Silent Saboteurs '' ( Guest starring Pilar Seurat , co-starring George Takei , Bert Freed ) November 28 , 1965 43 / 11 `` The X Factor '' December 5 , 1965 44 / 12 `` The Machines Strike Back '' December 12 , 1965 45 / 13 `` The Monster From Outer Space '' December 19 , 1965 46 / 14 `` Terror On Dinosaur Island '' December 26 , 1965 47 / 15 `` Killers of the Deep '' January 2 , 1966 48 / 16 `` Deadly Creature Below ! '' ( Guest star Nehemiah Persoff , co-starring Paul Comi ) January 9 , 1966 49 / 17 `` The Phantom Strikes '' ( Guest star Alfred Ryder ) January 16 , 1966 50 / 18 `` The Sky 's On Fire '' ( Guest Star David J. Stewart , Co-starring Robert H. Harris , Frank Marth ) January 23 , 1966 51 / 19 `` Graveyard of Fear '' ( Guest starring Robert Loggia ) January 30 , 1966 52 / 20 `` The Shape of Doom '' ( Guest star Kevin Hagen ) February 6 , 1966 53 / 21 `` Dead Man 's Doubloons '' ( Guest star Albert Salmi ) February 13 , 1966 54 / 22 `` The Death Ship '' February 20 , 1966 55 / 23 `` The Monster 's Web '' ( Guest star Mark Richman ) February 27 , 1966 56 / 24 `` The Menfish '' ( Guest star Gary Merrill , special guest star John Dehner ) March 6 , 1966 57 / 25 `` The Mechanical Man '' ( Guest star James Darren , special guest star Arthur O'Connell ) March 13 , 1966 58 / 26 `` The Return of the Phantom '' ( Guest star Alfred Ryder , co-starring Vitina Marcus ) March 20 , 1966 Season Three ( 1966 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) Ep # Title Airdate 59 / 01 `` Monster From the Inferno '' September 18 , 1966 60 / 02 `` Werewolf '' September 25 , 1966 61 / 03 `` The Day The World Ended '' October 2 , 1966 62 / 04 `` Night of Terror '' October 9 , 1966 63 / 05 `` The Terrible Toys '' October 16 , 1966 64 / 06 `` Day of Evil '' October 23 , 1966 65 / 07 `` Deadly Waters '' October 30 , 1966 66 / 08 `` Thing From Inner Space '' November 6 , 1966 67 / 09 `` The Death Watch '' November 13 , 1966 68 / 10 `` Deadly Invasion '' November 20 , 1966 69 / 11 `` The Haunted Submarine '' November 27 , 1966 70 / 12 `` The Plant Man '' December 4 , 1966 71 / 13 `` The Lost Bomb '' December 11 , 1966 72 / 14 `` The Brand of the Beast '' December 18 , 1966 73 / 15 `` The Creature '' ( a.k.a. The Creature Returns ) January 1 , 1967 74 / 16 `` Death From The Past '' January 8 , 1967 75 / 17 `` The Heat Monster '' January 15 , 1967 76 / 18 `` The Fossil Men '' January 22 , 1967 77 / 19 `` The Mermaid '' Guest star Diane Webber January 29 , 1967 78 / 20 `` The Mummy '' February 5 , 1967 79 / 21 `` The Shadowman '' February 12 , 1967 80 / 22 `` No Escape From Death '' February 19 , 1967 81 / 23 `` Doomsday Island '' February 26 , 1967 82 / 24 `` The Wax Men '' Guest star Michael Dunn March 5 , 1967 83 / 25 `` Deadly Cloud '' March 12 , 1967 84 / 26 `` Destroy Seaview ! '' March 19 , 1967 Season Four ( 1967 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Ep # Title Airdate 085 / 01 `` Fires of Death '' ( Guest Starring Victor Jory ) September 17 , 1967 086 / 02 `` The Deadly Dolls '' ( Guest Starring Vincent Price ) October 1 , 1967 087 / 03 `` Cave of the Dead '' ( Guest Starring Warren Stevens ) October 8 , 1967 088 / 04 `` Journey With Fear '' October 15 , 1967 089 / 05 `` Sealed Orders '' October 22 , 1967 090 / 06 `` Man of Many Faces '' October 29 , 1967 091 / 07 `` Fatal Cargo '' ( Guest Starring Woodrow Parfrey ) November 5 , 1967 092 / 08 `` Time Lock '' ( Guest Starring John Crawford ) November 12 , 1967 093 / 09 `` Rescue '' ( Guest Starring Don Dubbins ) November 19 , 1967 094 / 10 `` Terror '' November 26 , 1967 095 / 11 `` A Time To Die '' ( Guest Starring Henry Jones ) December 3 , 1967 096 / 12 `` Blow Up '' December 10 , 1967 097 / 13 `` The Deadly Amphibians '' ( Guest Starring Don Matheson ) December 17 , 1967 098 / 14 `` The Return of Blackbeard '' ( Guest Starring Malachi Throne ) December 31 , 1967 099 / 15 `` The Terrible Leprechaun '' ( Guest Starring Walter Burke ) January 7 , 1968 100 / 16 `` The Lobster Man '' ( Guest Starring Victor Lundin ) January 21 , 1968 101 / 17 `` Nightmare '' ( Guest Starring Paul Mantee ) January 28 , 1968 102 / 18 `` The Abominable Snowman '' February 4 , 1968 103 / 19 `` Secret of the Deep '' ( Guest Starring Peter Mark Richman ) February 11 , 1968 104 / 20 `` Man - Beast '' ( Guest Starring Lawrence Montaigne ) February 18 , 1968 105 / 21 `` Savage Jungle '' ( Guest Starring Perry López ) February 25 , 1968 106 / 22 `` Flaming Ice '' March 3 , 1968 107 / 23 `` Attack ! '' March 10 , 1968 108 / 24 `` The Edge of Doom '' March 17 , 1968 109 / 25 `` The Death Clock '' March 24 , 1968 110 / 26 `` No Way Back '' March 31 , 1968 Other media ( edit ) A paperback novel , City Under the Sea , authored by Paul W. Fairman , was published in 1965 , to tie into the series . It had a different storyline than the episode of the same name . The book should also not be confused with the later Irwin Allen film of nearly the same name , which was about the attempts of the world 's first under - sea city to prevent the earth from being hit by a rogue asteroid . It is not about `` A wealthy family attempting to move the Earth 's oceans to another planet for resettlement '' as has occasionally been stated . Western Publishing published a comic book based on the series . Western 's comic company , Gold Key Comics put out a series that ran 16 issues from 1964 to 1970 . Most covers were painted , and most had a photo of either Richard Basehart or David Hedison on them . The first issue of the Gold Key comic was a story called `` The Last Survivor '' . The story brought back Dr. Gamma , the villain from the pilot episode , `` Eleven Days to Zero '' . Gold Key 's story was the only sequel to the pilot episode . Hermes Press reprinted the entire run in 2 hardback volumes ; the first was released in 2009 . In 1966 , World Distributors , a British publishing company in Manchester , published a hardback book called the Annual . The British - made book used the series characters in all new stories . The book contained a reprint of a story from Gold Key Comics . Both books were mostly prose stories with some illustrations . Aurora Plastics Corporation released a plastic model kit of Seaview as well as the Flying Sub during the original run of the series . From 1975 - 1977 , Aurora reissued both kits ; the Seaview ( kit # 253 ) was modified with a sea floor base ( originally created for the Dick Tracy Space Coupe kit # 819 ) and sub surface details , while The Flying Sub ( kit # 254 ) was remodeled in a different base color . The 1975 - 1977 kits -- part of Aurora 's reissue of 5 of their 11 TV & movie - related science - fiction kits , also included instruction sheets with a detailed history of the TV series or movie plot . Both kits were recently re-released by Polar Lights . The Flying Sub model sold more than the Seaview model . Other collectables from the show include a board game with illustrations based on the pilot episode , as well as a boxed card game with a painting of the divers ' battle with the giant octopus , both from Milton Bradley , and a school lunch box with thermos from Aladdin with depictions of Admiral Nelson and Captain Crane trying to save the Flying Sub from an evil looking octopus . There was also a Sawyers View - Master slide reel based on the episode `` Deadly Creature Below . '' In 1964 , a 66 - card set of black - and - white trading cards was released by Donruss . Selling for 5 cents a pack , the set consisted of stills from the first season . Today , a set in mint condition can sell for several hundred dollars . In the UK , TV TORNADO published 14 issues that contained VOYAGE stories , either comics or text with illustrations as per the issue and at least two TV TORNADO annuals had original stories as well . Popular culture ( edit ) The popularity of the TV show inspired Mad Magazine ( March , 1966 ) to spoof the show , their version being called Voyage to See What 's on the Bottom , featuring a submarine called the Seapew and a flying sub called Son of Seapew . Australian TV show Fast Forward sent - up the series as Voyage to the Bottom of the Harbour . Stock footage of Seaview was used in the Wonder Woman episode `` The Bermuda Triangle Crisis . '' An often referenced running joke is that in many episodes of the series , characters lurch to camera movements on the visibly static set , to give the illusion that Seaview had sustained impact . This was an old movie trick , and was commonly used by other television shows of the period , including Star Trek , but none did it so frequently , nor with such relish as Voyage . Hence , the technique is still commonly known as `` Seaview Rock and Roll . '' British television sitcom Red Dwarf frequently utilized parodies of this gimmick , including an extended outtake of the cast lurching from side to side of the Starbug set at the insistence of Craig Charles . On the SciFi Channel 's 1995 documentary tribute to Irwin Allen , The Fantasy Worlds of Irwin Allen , series co-star June Lockhart recalled this technique being used also on Lost In Space , where the cast also knew it as `` the rock - and - roll '' . The Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb has an episode with a pun on the title called Voyage to the Bottom of Buford . DVD releases ( edit ) 20th Century Fox has released all 4 seasons on DVD in Region 1 in two volume sets . In Region 2 , Revelation Films has released the entire series on DVD in the UK in four complete season sets . On March 26 , 2012 , they released Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea : The Complete Collection , a 31 - disc set featuring all 110 episodes of the series as well as bonus features . In Region 4 , Madman Entertainment released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia on August 20 , 2014 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date Additional Information Season 1 Vol. 1 16 February 21 , 2006 Unaired Color Pilot Behind the scenes home movie from Irwin Allen Promotional Reel featuring Irwin Allen from 1964 Still Gallery Season 1 Vol. 2 16 July 11 , 2006 Still Gallery ( 22 images ) Blooper Reel David Hedison Interviews Season 2 Vol. 1 13 October 24 , 2006 Special Effects Footage ( 22 : 04 ) Concept Art Gallery ( 5 stills ) Episodic Photo Gallery ( 35 stills ) Publicity Photo Gallery ( 8 stills ) Season 2 Vol. 2 13 February 20 , 2007 David Hedison Interview Still Gallery Season 3 Vol. 1 13 June 19 , 2007 Still Galleries David Hedison Interviews Visitors on Set Letters from Fans `` The Rock and Roll '' David Hedison 1966 Interview ( audio only ) Season 3 Vol. 2 13 October 23 , 2007 Episodic Photo Gallery Publicity Photos TV Merchandise David Hedison Interviews Richard Basehart 1966 Interview ( audio only ) Season 4 Vol. 1 13 March 31 , 2009 Eleven Days to Zero ( re-cut unaired pilot ) David Hedison Interviews : Years 1 -- 4 Irwin 's Goal Irwin 's Office Work Hours Voice - overs Still Gallery Season 4 Vol. 2 13 January 11 , 2011 Original Unaired Pilot Broadcast Pilot with Vintage Commercials Still Gallery Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : King , Susan ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) . `` ' Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ' : David Hedison looks back on periscope days '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Richard Basehart also starred in Moby Dick ( 1956 film ) , directed by John Huston . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057798/epcast#season-3 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057798/epcast#season-4 Jump up ^ `` TV Winter Season Getting Shorter '' . The Robesonian . Lumberton , N.C. March 11 , 1968 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ manzp ( 25 January 1971 ) . `` City Beneath the Sea ( TV Movie 1971 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Season 3 Vol 1 DVD extra feature `` The Rock and Roll '' Jump up ^ `` Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea -- The Complete Series One DVD 1964 : Amazon.co.uk : Richard Basehart , David Hedison , Robert Dowdell , Dell Monroe : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea -- The Complete Second Series DVD 1961 : Amazon.co.uk : Richard Basehart , David Hedison , Irwin Allen : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea -- The Complete Series Three DVD 1964 : Amazon.co.uk : Richard Basehart , David Hedison , Irwin Allen : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea -- The Complete Series Four DVD 1964 : Amazon.co.uk : Richard Basehart , David Hedison , Irwin Allen : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea The Complete Collection DVD 1964 : Amazon.co.uk : Richard Basehart , David Hedison , Irwin Allen : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea : Season 1 '' . Madman Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea : Season 2 '' . Madman Entertainment . References ( edit ) ' SEAVIEW : The making of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea by Tim Colliver , copyright 1992 , published by Alpha Control Press . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea DVD sets The Irwin Allen Scrapbook Volume One Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Edited by William E. Anchors , Jr. ; copyright 1992 by Alpha Control Press . Irwin Allen Television Productions 1964 -- 1970 , Jon Abbot , McFarland and Company , 1996 Voyage au fond des mers : guide pour la série d'Irwin Allen , Max Philippe Morel , Lulu.com , 2012 TV.Com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( TV series ) . Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea on IMDb Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea at TV.com ( hide ) Irwin Allen productions Films The Sea Around Us ( 1953 ) Dangerous Mission ( 1954 ) The Animal World ( 1956 ) The Story of Mankind ( 1957 ) The Big Circus ( 1959 ) The Lost World ( 1960 ) Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea ( 1961 ) Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1962 ) City Beneath the Sea ( 1971 ) The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ) The Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) The Swarm ( 1978 ) The Return of Captain Nemo ( 1978 TV film ) Beyond the Poseidon Adventure ( 1979 ) When Time Ran Out ( 1980 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1985 TV film ) Television Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea Lost in Space The Time Tunnel Land of the Giants The Swiss Family Robinson Code Red Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea_(TV_series)&oldid=817332821 '' Categories : 1964 American television series debuts 1960s American science fiction television series 1968 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television programs based on films American science fiction television series Television series set in the future Submarines in fiction Television series set in the 1970s Television series set in the 1980s English - language television programs Television series by Irwin Allen Television Productions Underwater civilizations in fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 18 : 27 . 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-2192628940500248697 | List of The Next Step episodes | List of the Next Step episodes - Wikipedia List of the Next Step episodes This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Next Step is a Canadian teen drama series created by Frank van Keeken and produced by Temple Street Productions . Shot in a dramatic mockumentary style , the series focuses on a group of dancers who attend The Next Step Dance Studio . They have won Regionals , Nationals and Internationals . The series has been renewed for a sixth season of 26 episodes which will premiere in Canada in September 2018 , and in the UK on July 16 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2018 -- ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 14 March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) 16 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 34 17 March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) 30 15 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) 15 September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) 40 20 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 20 October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 5 20 10 May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 6 26 - July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( UK ) August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 ) ( US ) September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 ) ( Canada ) - ( - ) - - ( - ) - ( - ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 `` Get The Party Started '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) The A - and B - Troupe dancers audition to earn a place in A-Troupe . When the fourth group of dancers are about to start their audition , an unknown dancer named Michelle who just moved from Madison , Wisconsin comes in . By this unexpected twist , last year 's Dance Captain , Emily feels threatened by Michelle . Kate talks to Michelle in her office and tells her she would be happy to audition as she was dance captain at her old studio as well as being miss national soloist . `` Everybody Dance Now '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) Giselle does not make it into A-Troupe . Giselle is later removed from the E-girls for not being in A-Troupe , as the rules are that all E-girls must be in A-Troupe . Emily promises to get Giselle back in A-troupe , and kick Michelle out . Chloe later becomes part of the E-Girls . Stephanie tells Michelle before their first dance rehearsal is in Studio B but , Giselle , who is on her way to B - Troupe tells her that A-Troupe is always in Studio A. Stephanie tells us in a confessional she did this so Michelle would be late , and get a bad reputation in A-Troupe . It is said by people in A-Troupe and as well in a confession done by James was that James has dated many girls before , including Beth who is now in B - Troupe , and Amanda , who was at Elite which is a rival studio which always wins regionals . He uses dancing as an `` unfair '' advantage to get girls . It is said as well that E-girls is named by Emily , whose name starts with the letter `` E '' so that 's why they are called the E-Girls . Also the E-girls have over 100 rules , the main one being that you always look out for fellow E-Girls , also they have a fairly simple hand shake , creating an `` E '' with their hand , linking it with another E-girl to create an `` E '' on the top and a `` G '' on the bottom . `` Dance , Dance '' Brian K. Roberts Chloe Van Keeken March 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 13 ) Kate and Chris give Michelle a chance to be dance captain considering her being dance captain at her last studio . Each dance captain had to split into a group of 5 . But when Chris chooses the groups , Emily is split with Stephanie , her best friend , and Stephanie has to mess up the dance moves in Michelle 's dance . Riley feels that Emily and Stephanie 's idea shows that Emily is feeling too threatened towards Michelle . Kate yells at Michelle for deciding that their dance was ready , where Michelle argues saying that Stephanie agreed that she was ready . Emily was once again dance captain . Meanwhile , James is about to get kicked out of the studio for failing math . Chris says that he will help James and his mom gives him a second chance . West tries to befriend James by randomly putting on dance offs in public . Everyone in A-Troupe starts arguing over who should be dance captain , Kate panics and Chris throws ping pong balls for everyone to clean up . Until West starts dancing in front of James , James starts dancing in response meaning West has won his respect . Eventually everyone starts dancing together , forgetting about the dance captain situation . They realize they are here to dance , not to complain . `` Rock and a Hard Place '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) A dance competition is coming up this weekend so Kate and Chris think they should decide the dance line positions . Emily persuades them to let her make the decision , which leads her to putting Michelle in the back row . After Riley finds out that Emily lied to A-Troupe about having the list reviewed by Kate and Chris , she approaches James and asks him if he thinks her being in the front over Michelle is fair , he gives her honest opinion and tells her that it is not . So she switches her front line position with Michelle in the middle of a rehearsal . Emily is outraged that her sister betrayed her , and the E-Girls vote to kick Riley out of their clique . Also , Daniel choreographs a routine for J - troupe , while Tiffany uses J - Troupe to mess with him . 5 5 `` Steal My Sunshine '' Mitchell T. Ness Chloe Van Keeken March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) The A-Troupe members go to the beach for a day off while the E-Girls run Dance Camp for the little kids . At the beach , Riley loses Emily 's necklace and the group has to find it before they leave the beach . Meanwhile , one of the little kids at dance camp gets lost and the E-Girls have to find her before dance camp is over . At the end , Riley finds Emily 's necklace and the E-girls find the little girl . 6 6 `` Good Girls Go Bad '' Frank van Keeken Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Rachael Schaefer March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) The A-Troupe takes a visit to the Elite studio to see what they 're doing for Regionals . West and Daniel stay at the studio and dance while the rest go to Elite . Riley asks James to go along to keep an eye for Michelle as he is the only one she feels she can trust to keep Emily from hurting Michelle . Michelle gets caught at Elite while filming their routine and the rest of the group leave her there , where she pretends to audition as a cover up . Elite consider recruiting her . Meanwhile , Daniel & West choreograph a duet together . The episode ends as Michelle worries in a confessional . When Kate realizes Michelle was late , she called her over to have a chat about what she overheard the dancers saying . She then tells Emily that Michelle may leave the studio because of how unhappy she was , although Michelle said that it was purely to spy . 7 7 `` Love Story '' Brian K. Roberts Frank van Keeken April 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) Michelle is still at the Elite studio , frightened to be in front of the Elite group . She is so embarrassed to be caught in front of the whole Elite group . Michelle volunteered to film some of Elite 's dancing to try to gain a friendship with Emily . Meanwhile James is worrying because Riley had asked him to make sure Michelle does n't get caught because of Emily . Riley discovers Emily 's plan to push Michelle out of the studio . Riley and James make a plan to replace Emily as dance captain with Michelle by making a new better dance to throw over Emily . Michelle has feelings for Eldon and he likes her . In rehearsals Michelle suggests that she and Eldon should do a duet together to try to gain some time to be alone and get to know him better . Kate decides that it is a good idea and they go and practice in studio B . 8 8 `` Just the Two of Us '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) Eldon realized that he has both feelings for Emily and Michelle but wants to go with Michelle because after practicing their duet he realized that Michelle is a great person . 9 9 `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' Brian K. Roberts Ian Van Den Hurk May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) Brighter Brightest is coming to make a music video with the A-Troupe dancers featured in the video . Meanwhile , Riley is such a huge fan of the band Brighter Brightest that she stammers when trying the talk to the band . Leading the band to think she 's a foreign girl who does n't know how to speak English . James and Riley are caught bickering and told they have a lot of chemistry and are going to be the center of the music video . The female and male dancers split up after arguments where the boys are making animal noises and acting childishly . Eventually they join back together creating a great dance . James admits to having feelings for Riley in an interview while Riley denies it , by the end of the episode you can see that Riley is starting to develop some feelings for James after James gets an autograph from the band as a gift for Riley . 10 10 `` Road To Joy '' Mitchell Ness Rachael Schaefer May 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) Kate tells Riley to go downtown and pick up the sample costumes for Regionals and James insists on going solely to spend time with her , so he begs Riley to stop and get shawarmas . But , when they get back on the bus , James does n't have a transfer . So when Riley presents her transfer to the bus driver , James rips her transfer in order to stay together . So now they have to take a shortcut through the park where they meet James 's `` kooky '' aunt . When they finally arrive at the shop , it is closed and Riley goes off at James , resulting in her giving him advice on how to master a dance move . In the end , when they 're heading back to the studio in the bus , Riley and James hold hands . And James and Riley do get the costumes in time when they impress the owners by dancing . Meanwhile , Stephanie takes photo shoots for her dream of being a `` triple threat '' , which does n't go well at first , but when she starts dancing it goes really well . 11 11 `` Can You Keep A Secret ? '' Brian K. Roberts Rachael Schaefer May 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) The A-Troupe auditions for soloists begin . When Daniel earns the solo , he gets an injury and keeps it a secret from everyone . Michelle figures out Chloe has a job . But , when Chloe is late for soloist auditions , Michelle stands up to Emily for Chloe , giving a speech about how Emily is being a bully before walking out that gives the impression that she is going to Elite . But , when Riley and James find her in Squeezed , she announces to them that she decided that she would finally overthrow Emily 's position as dance captain in order to show Emily how mean she really is . 12 12 `` Get It Together '' Brian K. Roberts Story by : Cole Bastedo Teleplay by : Chloe Van Keeken May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Michelle , Riley and James start planning their dance to overthrow Emily as dance captain . As they create a dance to overthrow her , they get West , and Daniel to join in the dance as they think Michelle would be a much better captain . When the group is late for rehearsals , Emily suspects something is up . After Emily rejects Chloe 's dance move , Michelle , Riley , James , West , and Daniel show Chloe the dance , and ask her if she wants to join . Chloe immediately says no , and leaves upset at them for trying to overthrow Emily , her fellow E-Girl . During the episode , Emily and Eldon start to get closer , they talk about their families , and hold hands in the juice bar , which makes Michelle upset for an `` unknown '' reason . Also , Stephanie gets help from Tiffany on her acting capabilities , and when Kate and Stephanie get back from meeting with an agent , Stephanie gets a phone call after she auditions for an acting agent , and gets her first agent . 13 13 `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) Emily tries to figure out what Michelle 's group is doing . Chloe also joins Michelle 's group . Eldon tries to prove to the A-Troupe dancers that he and Emily are serious . His plan did not go over well and he ended up ruining all the chances he had with Emily . At the same time he even created more humiliation for himself . Emily apologizes to Eldon after she was harsh to him . Michelle 's group decides to invite Eldon into their dance . While they were performing the dance for him , Stephanie finds out about Michelle 's dance and tells Emily . 14 14 `` Sabotage '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) In the summer finale , the E-Girls finds out about Michelle 's routine . They take Michelle 's phone and send mean texts to Emily 's phone to get Michelle kicked out . Riley sees them and she hides Michelle 's phone . After Emily tells Kate about it , the truth about Michelle 's dance routine is revealed and to settle it , Kate asks for Michelle 's group to show their dance routine . Kate and Chris like their dance , and then Michelle becomes Captain after each person votes for the new dance captain . But Stephanie and Emily leave . Part 2 15 15 `` Changes '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Emily and Stephanie struggle with Michelle as the new dance captain . Michelle tries to be friends with Emily since Michelle does n't want a bad relationship with Emily , but Emily rejects her . James gets pulled out of the studio but Michelle convinces James ' mom that he focuses on his studies for two weeks to improve his grades in Math with the help from the team . Riley is upset ; Riley makes a deal with James that if he gets 70 % or higher on his Math exam , she would go on a date with him ; James is overjoyed . The E-Girls are now broken up . Emily rejects Michelle again by not participating in any of the dance rehearsals . Riley and Emily 's relationship has hit rock bottom when Emily tells her that they are no longer sisters . Riley is very upset after Emily says they are not sisters . 16 16 `` Help '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken September 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 27 ) Michelle 's captaincy gets praised by the dancers once again . Everybody gets mad at Emily for being a drama queen and not trying at all . Emily confesses her feelings to Kate about no longer being Dance Captain . Kate says Emily will have to work hard so she can still be a part of the team . James is studying hard for math to improve his grades . Eldon is still mad at Emily for how she treated him when he made his grand gesture , but offers to help her with the moves after she confesses she does n't know them . It is revealed by Emily that she has been a bad dance captain because her moves are the only ones that she knows . Emily is starting to have feelings for Eldon . Emily changes her heart about Michelle as dance captain , finally accepting her . Stephanie decides to act like Emily forgetting Michelle . Michelle decides to change the line positions for the routine so everyone re-auditions for their spots and Emily does really well but Michelle still puts in the back row , which angers Eldon . 17 17 `` Forget You '' Samir Rahem Rachael Schaefer and Frank van Keeken October 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) Emily confronts Michelle for her placement in the back row , saying Michelle put her in the back row because Michelle has an enormous crush on Eldon . Michelle denies this but later admits in the confessional that she does have a `` little '' crush on him . Eldon comforts Emily and after they talk a little , they share a kiss . Eldon talks to Michelle about Emily 's line placement and Michelle promises she will switch Emily and Eldon 's positions . Meanwhile , Stephanie auditions for a commercial and the director likes her but says behind her back that he hated her ; Stephanie overhears this and is embarrassed . Riley begins to make math cue cards for James , but states that they 're just friends when confronted by Tiffany . Michelle reveals she will switch Emily and Eldon and everyone disagrees but they let her do it anyway . Then Riley runs in and tells everyone that Emily and Stephanie are leaving the studio , surprising and angering everyone just as the episode ends . 18 18 `` Brand New '' Patrick Sisam Frank van Keeken and Chloe van Keeken October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) A-Troupe decides to hold auditions for two new dancers to replace Emily and Stephanie . They let B - Troupe members audition and Giselle is desperate to make it in . Emily and Stephanie go to audition for Elite . Riley goes to James ' school to teach him Michelle 's routine and sees he 's stressed out about his upcoming math test . Riley tests him and he gets all of the answers right . When she asks for a high five to congratulate him , he pulls her in for a hug instead . She then teaches the routine and they dance together . It is later revealed that James feels like anything is possible with Riley and is happy that she sticks by him and believes in him . Eldon goes to Elite to see how Emily is doing and she promises that even if they are at different studios , they will always be together . But just as Kate and Chris are about to reveal the two new A-Troupe dancers , Stephanie comes back and asks if she can audition for A-Troupe because she did not make it to Elite but Emily did , leaving her behind , betraying her and ruining their friendship . 19 19 `` First Date '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 18 ) Stephanie is allowed to audition for A-Troupe despite how angry everyone is with her . Despite that , she is let in and cries happy tears when she makes it . Later James walks in to see Riley dancing a solo to a song called `` Where Did Everybody Go ? '' , and it stirs him up a little . He re-joins A-Troupe after he passes his math test with a B+ , earning him his A-Troupe spot and a date with Riley . Giselle rejoins A-Troupe as well . Michelle and Stephanie agree to create a new Regionals routine as Emily might share A-Troupes ideas with the people at Elite . After choreographing it , Daniel begins to mark the routine , Kate tells him he needs to work harder or his solo will be taken away . Daniel practices alone and states that his injury is much better now . Michelle and Eldon choreograph a duet together for the Regionals routine and Michelle believes there is something between them . James and Riley go on their first date at the studio where they have food from many different countries , they eat , dance and kiss at the end . 20 20 `` We Are Family '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken October 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 25 ) Riley tries to make her relationship with Emily as sisters work out . Emily disagrees at first but later on agrees to try to make things right between them . Meanwhile , Eldon takes Emily on a date , but Emily does n't like the food he brings , so they decide to talk . That makes Eldon like Michelle a bit more . Emily was in the back row at Elite , but in the end , Amanda and Lucien agree she can be in the middle row after she improves . While Emily and Riley talk , Riley tells Emily she went on a date with James , and she needs advice to know if whether they 're in a relationship or not . Emily tells her to be straight up with him and ask . In the end of the episode , while Eldon dances their duet with Michelle , Riley arrives and reminds him he 's supposed to be at a date with Emily . After , he knows he 's in love with Michelle . At the very end , Riley pulls James from the group , so she can ask him if they 're in a relationship or not , she says she would like to be and then he runs and hugs her . Riley and James are officially in a relationship . 21 21 `` Break Stuff '' Frank van Keeken Brian Hartigan and Frank van Keeken November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) Giselle and Daniel want to do an overhead lift in the routine called `` The Helicopter '' but Kate says no because it is too risky . They talk to Michelle and she lets them show it to her . They do and Michelle loves it and lets them do it . Meanwhile , Stephanie gets a role on a television show , only to find out it is filming the same weekend as Regionals . Also , West runs into a member from his former dance crew , Marcel , and he does n't want Marcel to know that he is in A-Troupe since West left the crew without telling Marcel . At practice when Daniel and Giselle do the helicopter , Daniel badly sprains his ankle and has to leave A-Troupe and will be out indefinitely , not being able to take part in Regionals . He is devastated . 22 22 `` Come Back ... Be Here '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) Michelle tells the A-Troupe members that they need to get Emily to rejoin the studio ; they disagree at first but later on agree so they go to Elite to convince her to rejoin but she refuses . Amanda and Lucien move Emily up to the front row of their routine . While leaving , Amanda says `` hi '' to James which earns him a light slap on the arm from a sad Riley . Riley admits it is hard to be dating someone who dated lots of girls in the dance community . James has the Regionals solo now that Daniel is gone and he just ca n't get it right , and his math grades begin to slip again . Riley warns him about it but he does n't care about his grades . Eventually James tells Kate he ca n't dance the solo anymore and Kate understands so she tries to give it to West , who refuses it . Later Emily overhears Amanda and Lucien plotting to kick her out of Elite when Regionals come and she leaves . Eldon confesses to Michelle that he wants to be with her , but then Emily comes back and her and Eldon hug but Eldon still wants to be with Michelle who now thinks her and Eldon are not meant to be . 23 23 `` Dancing in the Street '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) A-Troupe assembles a dance battle with `` Seeds '' , West 's dance crew . Emily and Stephanie finally make up and become friends again . When Seeds arrive at the studio , everyone finds out that West dances with Seeds and he is forced to pick a crew , and he picks A-Troupe . When Emily begins to show true captaincy to the team , Michelle thinks that Emily should be her co-captain . Michelle begins to avoid Eldon because he is dating Emily and she is back now . Ultimately , A-Troupe loses the battle against Seeds and they are very upset . Back at the studio , Emily takes a stand saying she is happy they lost because now they what they are competing against at Regionals since Seeds will be going to Regionals and she offers to buy everyone juice which they accept . Michelle tells Emily she wants Emily to be her co-captain and Emily is very shocked . 24 24 `` Price Tag '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken and Chloe Van Keeken November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) Emily accepts Michelle 's offer to be her co-captain and they agree that they need to create a new Regionals routine . Chloe 's financial problems finally boil over when she is late for a payment again and she confesses to Kate that she has a job . Chloe decides it would be best for her to leave A-Troupe . Co-Captains Michelle and Emily decide to work together and encourage the team to help Chloe . The team goes to the restaurant Chloe works in to give her huge tips , in which she uses to pay for A-Troupe . 25 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken November 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 29 ) It starts off with the troupe practicing the routine for Regionals . Emily says the energy was great so they can all go home . Chris and Kate walk in and inform them that since they all worked so hard they should have a fun night where they hang out as friends , not team mates . They all come and play a fun game called machine then play truth or dare . Riley asks West what his biggest secret is . West 's answer is witnessing a robbery . Then , West dares Stephanie to order a juice with Tiffany being the hands . But when they all go , Tiffany puts lipstick on Stephanie then they all come back and Kate wants to put a movie on . But the twist is that they have to dance to pick the movie and James wins , but gives his choice to Riley . After the movie they play truth or dare . Tiffany dares James to kiss Riley then James dares Emily to do the salteen cracker challenge , then Emily gives Michelle a truth asking which guy does she like . She says West , not wanting anyone to find out about her secret crush on Eldon . Later Eldon goes up to Michelle and says he wants to break up with Emily and Michelle says if you break up with her now it will tear the team apart . Then they tell ghost stories ( girls against boys ) and whoever gets freaked out has to pay . First Stephanie tells a story which the guys have heard of and then West tells a story about chickens . Riley is frightened of chickens so James pops out in a chicken costume and scares Riley . Then the girls prank the guys by putting hot sauce on the pizza that they ' ordered . ' Unfortunately the boys already knew this . Then a cop comes and arrests James . The girls then reveal in an interview that it was a joke . The guys were shocked that they were double pranked . The cop was actually Giselle 's uncle and Kate was part of the prank . 26 26 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken December 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) Excitement turns to worry when the dancers receive the wrong costumes for Regionals . They try on other costumes from studio B , where James puts a chicken costume on and scares Riley , who is scared of chickens . Riley later says that he defiantly lost brownie points on that joke . They also try on costumes Giselle picks up but they do n't turn out well . Stephanie reveals that she got the part she auditioned for in Break Stuff , but that it films the same week as Regionals . Michelle finally confesses to Eldon that she has feelings for him and wants to be with him , Eldon says he has moved , upsetting Michelle very much . Stephanie ultimately decides to give up the TV show and go to the Regionals . A-Troupe is ready to go to Regionals . 27 27 `` I 'm So Excited '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) Regionals are finally here and the competition is heating up . Before A-Troupe leaves , J - Troupe play them a song on instruments to wish them good luck at Regionals . Daniel appears as well . Once they arrive , so do Elite who get the skip the register line since they won last year . Amanda attempts to break A-Troupe apart but fails . When West realizes that Seeds is missing a member from their crew , he wants to join them . Everyone in A-Troupe and Marcel , the leader of Seeds , say no . But after a bit convincing , West is allowed to perform with Seeds . Seeds end up scoring 88 out of 100 points from the judges . Just when A-Troupe are about to perform , West arrives and says he hurt his ankle dancing with `` Seeds , but he was only joking . As soon as A-Troupe go on stage to perform , the episode ends . 28 28 `` Fancy Footwork '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) A-Troupe does their first Regionals routine and they manage to advance to the next round and the third . But in the third round , One of Riley 's gloves gets caught in a feather on her bow and their performance goes awry . The Next Step ends up getting eliminated and they are all heartbroken , especially Riley who blames herself for it but everyone else tells her not to . Then James reminds them that they could be given the wild - card spot that will allow them to return , exciting everyone . When they are called back onstage later with two other dance troupes , the announcer announces that The Next Step is the wild - card group and they will return to the competition and everyone is ecstatic . ConfiDance , Annex Dance Academy , Art and Soul and more are all real dance studios in the Ontario area . 29 29 `` This Is How We Do It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 27 ) The Next Step competes in the semifinals against Seeds . Elite won against Dance Inc . The Next Step 's performance is flawless which gets them a score of 93 / 100 , beating Seeds ' score of 91 / 100 . Amanda starts to make fun of Emily , who walks away with Riley , forcing Eldon to follow her since she is his girlfriend . Eldon and Emily talk it through and when Emily goes to kiss Eldon he moves away . James gets on Riley 's nerves while joking around so Riley yells at him in front of the whole group . After Riley pulls James aside and apologizes for yelling at him . They learn that Riley gets stressed more and James is more calm and relaxed in situations . They both agree to try and be more respectful and supportive of the way the other person is . Emily is starting to notice more about Eldon and Michelle 's feelings for each other , when Emily mention Elite will have a plane that 's a prop . The Next Step votes to retaliate with Eldon and Michelle 's duet in their last performance against Elite . 30 30 `` Winner Takes All '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) The Next Step face off against Elite in the finals of Regionals . Eldon reveals to Michelle that he wants to be with her and he lied when he said he had moved on , he promises he will tell Emily after regionals . Just before they perform , Emily begs Eldon to tell her whats going on between him and Michelle and Eldon confesses that he wants to be with Michelle causing him and Emily break up and Emily is upset . Also , Riley and James are talking , while Riley notices Beth . James confronts her on why she 's there and she tells him she still loves him . James leaves using the excuse he has to perform . When Riley asks what was said he tells her that she just came to see him perform . James states in an interview he did n't tell Riley about Beth saying she loves him because it would jinx her out and she would n't be focused on the routine . They perform their Regionals routine , which was Romeo and Juliet themed , with Michelle and Eldon as Romeo and Juliet . The Next Step wins against Elite Studio and are proclaimed as Regionals winners . Michelle and Emily 's relationship remains unknown after Emily gives Michelle the cold stare . Riley jumps into James ' arms and hugs her and he spins her around in his arms and they kiss on stage in front of everybody including Beth . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 31 `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) After winning Regionals , The Next Step throws A-Troupe a party . Michelle and Eldon 's relationship is revealed to the rest of the team when Emily announces it at the party . Riley becomes jealous as Beth begins flirting with James . When the party is finished , Amanda suddenly arrives saying that she 's there to audition for A-Troupe . The team ask what she means about auditioning and she explains to them about the challenge . Emily and Michelle discuss if whether or not they will do the challenge . They decide to so later A-Troupe then finds out that they have to re-audition for A-Troupe's Nationals team , along with dancers from other studios . After seeing Amanda getting kicked off Elite at the mall , Michelle lets Amanda audition for A-Troupe . Hunter , a boy from Wisconsin , who is under the impression that Michelle is his girlfriend , arrives , making Eldon jealous . When Michelle tells Hunter that she has a boyfriend and has moved on , him and Emily form a scheme so that Emily can get Eldon back and Hunter can get Michelle back . Chris tells Kate he is leaving The Next Step to become co-owner of a rival dance studio . Kate 's sister , Phoebe , becomes the new head choreographer . The Next Step holds re-auditions for A-Troupe after Phoebe is introduced . Even two J - Troupe members audition . The Top 20 is revealed to be Michelle , Emily , Eldon , Hunter , Riley , James , Chloe , Amanda , Noah , Rochelle , Thalia , Daniel , Giselle , Stephanie , Tiffany , West , Beth , Kas , Morgan and Jake . The episode ends with Phoebe teaching the Top 20 the new choreography , which is much harder than most of the dancers expected . 32 `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 33 `` Ready to Start '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 34 `` The Final Cut '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken & Rachael Shaefer March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) The dancers continue to learn the choreography and Stephanie shows up long befits the auditions and asks Tiffany for help to learn the moves which frustrates Tiffany . All 20 dancers audition and Emily , Michelle , Kate and Phoebe discuss it . Then they return and announce the 12 A-Troupe dancers for the Nationals team : Emily , Michelle , Riley , Eldon , James , Giselle , West , Hunter , Thalia , Chloe , Daniel and Amanda . Stephanie and Tiffany are left out much to their shock and disappointment . Stephanie gets especially upset that Emily chose Amanda over her . Later , Michelle sees Emily & Hunter flirting and feels weird about it . Meanwhile , Kate gives Chloe a second job at the studio to teach dance for little kids , much to Chloe 's dismay . She teaches it in a new ballet studio . She calls West to help her . Emily and Hunter 's plan to break up Michelle and Eldon begins when Hunter challenges Eldon to a dance battle over Michelle . If Hunter wins , Eldon has to leave Michelle alone , but if Eldon wins then Hunter will leave them alone . They have the battle at the new studio . Eldon loses meaning he has to leave Michelle alone now much to his shock . After they both leave , Amanda walks in and takes her phone off the piano and we find out that she secretly recorded the battle implying that she might show it to Michelle . 35 5 `` The Girl Is Mine '' Jay Prychidny Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 36 6 `` Work It '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) Two designers named Zoltan and Minow arrive at The Next Step to design A-Troupe's uniforms for Nationals . But the price turns out to be $78,325.19 , which is quite a lot for the Next Step to afford . They decide to have a car wash to raise money but they only raise $27 , including a five - dollar tip from James ' mom , who really pushed A-Troupe to make her car extra clean . After Zoltan gets a call that the models for his fashion show are stuck in Milan and can not make it , Michelle says that A-Troupe can fill in for them if they get their uniforms for free , and it works . Meanwhile , Stephanie and Tiffany are having a hard time being in B - Troupe and Tiffany takes it too seriously causing Stephanie too get irritated with her . Tiffany begins to wonder if she even belongs at The Next Step . Meanwhile , A-Troupe performs in the fashion show and Zoltan and Minow make them their uniforms for Nationals . They decide to model them themselves to just `` be silly . '' 37 7 `` It Takes Two '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) A-Troupe wants Michelle and Eldon to perform a duet at Nationals since they 're the reason they won Regionals , but Eldon is against the idea since he lost the dance battle against Hunter . James helps Eldon by encouraging him to audition for the male solo and warns West and Daniel to back off , but Daniel does not . Even though his ankle is still slightly injured he still wants to give it a chance . Michelle asks Eldon why he backed off the duet , but he brushes her off . Hunter later asks Michelle to do the duet together , and after some convincing , she agrees . But later Kate begs her to audition for the female solo and Michelle accepts it . Chloe encounters Margie who encourages her to audition for female solos for Nationals . Duet auditions include Giselle and Amanda , Thalia and West , James and Riley , and Hunter and Emily . Kate and Phoebe decide : the male soloist is Eldon , the female soloist is Michelle , the duet is given to James and Riley . The small group auditions now starts . James and Beth are dancing their routine for a competition and during the dance they kiss just as Riley comes in to tell the news about the duet . She is left in tears and heartbroken and runs away , questioning her relationship with James . 38 8 `` What 'll I Do '' Samir Rehem Chloe van Keeken April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) After seeing James and Beth kiss while practicing their duet , Riley tells Emily in Culture Shock . When James shows up , Riley asks James if anything strange happened yesterday with Beth . James did n't want to tell her about the kiss because it was really hard to explain . James says that everything went fine with his rehearsal with Beth but Riley knows he 's lying so she leaves angrily . James tells Beth that he wo n't do the competition for Riley 's sake . Meanwhile , Kate announces that they will hold group auditions for Nationals . The groups are : Giselle , Thalia and Amanda & Chloe , Daniel and Hunter . After the auditions Giselle , Thalia and Amanda win the group performance at Nationals and Daniel is angry that he wo n't be a featured dancer at all at Nationals now . Later , James performs a dance for Riley in the music room saying that he only wants to be with her and Riley is happy implying she will forgive him but Beth shows up and Riley realizes everything that upset her in the first place and breaks up with James before leaving . James tells Beth he will do the duet with her again since Riley left him . Riley dances James and Beth 's duet in Studio A imaging James doing it with her even though he is n't , upsetting her even further . 39 9 `` Never Enough '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer April 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 11 ) James & Beth place 2nd in the competition and Riley ca n't believe that James still went to the competition with Beth feeling that James betrayed her again . They refuse to practice their duet together and Kate questions them and they say they need time to work it out . Michelle sees Emily & Hunter goofing around in Culture Shock and thinks it is weird . Riley congratulates James on the competition and begins to think that although she is still mad at him she almost misses him . Meanwhile , Michelle talks to Hunter about Eldon avoiding and although Hunter knows why he offers her encouraging advice and Michelle remembers how much she liked him . Michelle finally confronts Eldon , where he lied saying that he ca n't date her and dance in A-Troupe at the same time , causing them to break - up which angers Michelle even further . Emily overhears the whole conversation . 40 10 `` I Hope I Get It '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer , Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) J - Troupe finds out that since The Next Step gained popularity by winning Regionals , they will have to re-audition for their spots on J - troupe . One of the dancer 's sister , Becca , is there to audition and J - Troupe feels she is threatening their team . Emily & Hunter run the J - Troupe auditions , and pretend to enjoy themselves very much so they can make Michelle jealous . Michelle asks Eldon if they can still be friends and Eldon reluctantly agrees . Michelle begins to develop feelings for Hunter . Richelle from J - Troupe comes up with a plan for the J - Troupers to keep their spots , and tries it on Kate , but Kate tells Richelle that she needs to work on her bargaining and walks away . Richelle and Gabi regain their spots . Everyone thinks that Richelle was the reason they kept the spot , but she really was n't . Later , Michelle and Hunter perform their old duet and Hunter reveals he still loves Michelle , but Michelle walks away saying she ca n't ; she still misses Eldon . 41 11 `` Anything You Can Do , I Can Do Better '' Samir Rehem Alejandro Alcoba & Carling Tedesco April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) Daniel asks Kate if he could have a Re-Match for the solo since now his ankle is more healed but Kate refuses . Later on , Daniel tells Kate that if she does n't give him the solo , he will leave the studio because Chris offered him the nationals solo at Superstar Dance Academy , but Kate still refuses to give him the solo , therefore he leaves . Meanwhile , Michelle and Amanda hand out flyers at Michelle 's school and Tess from Elite shows up and makes fun of their studio and begs Amanda to come back to Elite . Later on , Michelle tells Tess to leave Amanda alone since she 's happy at the Next Step and does n't want to go back to Elite . The flyer that Tess took said to meet in the school at 4 : 00 , signed by Amanda . Soon Amanda and Tess meet at the school and at the end of the episode . Amanda says that her joining A-Troupe was all a plan to tear apart The Next Step and make sure that they do not make it to Nationals . In fact , Amanda is still at Elite and she is still dance captain there . Meanwhile , Emily , Giselle , James , and West mentor some talented J - Troupe members to be more like them . 42 12 `` Time to Move On '' Shawn Thompson Chloe van Keeken May 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) Riley and James are having trouble rehearsing their duet which worries Miss Kate as they have no chemistry in it . Meanwhile it is an open mic night at Culture Shock and Thalia performs a funny stand - up comedy act . While there , Emily tells Riley that she should get over James and move on . Emily accidentally spills juice on Hunter 's shirt and they go the closet in the music room to get him a clean one . But they end up getting locked in since the door is broken . Hunter decides to tell funny stories to Emily which makes her laugh and they try on costumes and dance together . Emily develops feelings for Hunter . Back at Culture Shock , Riley finds out that James and Beth are on a date so Michelle , Amanda and Stephanie try to set her up with Charlie . Although Riley does n't flirt well , Charlie still asks her out . Riley declines because she realizes that she ca n't that night due to practice her duet with James , who overheard Charlie asking her out . Later on , Riley comes to the studio and James is n't there . She tries calling him , but he does n't answer because he 's on his date with Beth . Riley gives up on waiting and has her date with Charlie which does n't go well . Meanwhile , Michelle gets Hunter 's SOSs text and lets him and Emily out of the closet . Emily admits she likes Hunter more than Eldon now . 43 13 `` The Truth Comes Out '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken May 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) Amanda shows Michelle the video of the dance battle , and Michelle gets extremely angry . She confronts Eldon who refuses to talk to her about it . Michelle talks to Emily who encourages her to tell Kate . Michelle shows Kate the dance battle , which Amanda sent to Michelle , and Kate shows it to all of A-Troupe embarrassing Eldon . They agree to take a vote to see who will get the male solo ; Hunter or Eldon . Emily , Amanda , Riley , Thalia and Hunter vote for Hunter to be the soloist meaning Eldon gets to keep his solo but then Michelle raises her hand leaving Hunter with 6 votes , meaning he is the new soloist angering Eldon to an extent . James is mad that Riley and Michelle would n't stick up of Eldon while Amanda thinks her plan to tear The Next Step apart is working . Meanwhile , James , Noah and Camille are told by Phoebe to make up a song and Giselle , Chloe and Becca are told to make up a dance with it and they only have 24 hours to make it up . They perform it at the end of the episode entertaining everyone except Eldon who is upset that he does n't have his solo anymore . 44 14 `` Sing '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken May 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) We learn indirectly that James and Beth are now dating . James thought it would be `` 10 % annoying and 90 % fun '' but now it 's `` 10 % fun and 100 % annoying '' . Michelle and Chloe hold a fundraiser for scholarship at The Next Step in Culture Shock and James and Noah try to make up a band to perform at it . Noah refuses to sing because of his voice changing , so they hold auditions for a new singer . Beth , Thalia and Amanda audition . Beth is a terrible singer , and Thalia does some weird stuff while she sings , so they pick Amanda . Meanwhile , West and Giselle have a contest to see who can throw the most popcorn into a jar and when they tie , they have a second contest to see who can dance with the most costumes on but tie again . They perform a ventriloquist act at the fundraiser . Eldon does an act where every pirouette he does , everyone gives him a dollar . He does eleven , so everyone in Culture Shock gives him eleven dollars . Before this Amanda gets a call from Lucien and finds out that he entered Elite into another Regionals competition in a new region and Elite wins meaning they will be going to Nationals . Back at The Next Step , since Amanda is gone , James and Noah need someone to fill in and Noah finally sings . Charlie asks Riley to come watch him perform , she did n't really want to , yet goes just to see James . James sees Riley there with Charlie and he gets extremely uncomfortable and sad . James is upset at Charlie because if he had n't ditched Beth in the duet competition , then he would n't have to dance with Beth and Riley would n't break up with him . The next day , James questions Amanda on why she never showed up , and Amanda lies that she had a family emergency . Kate runs in and tells them that Elite will be at Nationals . Her and James question Amanda who says she does n't know anything . Amanda is ready to take down The Next Step . 45 15 `` You 're the One That I Want '' Samir Rehem Rachael Shaefer May 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 23 ) Hunter asks Michelle on a date to a concert and she agrees but Eldon saw and he is feeling really down . Giselle and Thalia hatch a plan to challenge James and Riley 's duet in the hopes that they will get their act together . Emily has finally admitted to herself , her feelings for Hunter ; now all that 's left is to tell him . She finds him at Culture Shock and asks if he wants to go see the same concert that he and Michelle are already going to . Thalia and Giselle find Kate and tell her about their plan . Kate is very skeptical , afraid that it will backfire but gives it a chance anyway . James and Eldon go for a walk to calm down from all the drama with Riley and Michelle . While on the walk , Eldon confesses that he misses hanging out with Michelle . After their date , Michelle and Hunter are hanging out at Culture Shock but every 2 seconds Michelle mentions Eldon . Hunter realizes that too much has happened since they last dated and that both of them have changed drastically . Meanwhile at the studio , the battle is underway for the duet at Nationals . After their dance , Riley stands up and tells Thalia and Giselle that they can have the duet . Hunter is practicing his Nationals solo , when Emily enters and inquires about his date with Michelle . Hunter confesses that he could only think about Emily during his date . He kisses her just as Michelle walks in . 46 16 `` Hazy Shade of Winter '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken May 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) The episode starts off by Amanda , Giselle , and Thalia are practicing their trio . Michelle tells Emily that she saw her and Hunter kiss . Michelle thinks Emily is n't respecting hers and Hunter 's `` history '' , and Emily recalls she did the same thing to her and Eldon 's relationship . Michelle is n't sure about how she feels about dance and The Next Step anymore , so she turns to Eldon for advice . He tells her that `` it always comes back to dance '' , and that she has to decide . Hunter and Emily finally talk about their kiss , and their feelings for each other . After Emily tells Hunter that Michelle saw them kiss , he rushes off to tell Michelle about his feelings for Emily , leaving her wondering about his feelings for her . Meanwhile , Giselle and Thalia tell James and Riley that their duet challenge was fake . Neither of them want the duet back , Riley does n't because it is n't working , but James does n't want it if Riley does n't want it . Kate then decides that Thalia and Giselle will have to just work hard at the duet . Later Riley and James go for a walk because James wants to talk to her , and he asks what happened . He also says that Beth sticks to him like a moth to a light bulb . Hunter goes to talk to Michelle , and tells her that he wants to be with Emily . Michelle does n't feel like The Next Step is her family anymore , and decides it 's time for her to move on . 47 17 `` Game On '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Kate announces that Michelle has left The Next Step . Emily is now the solo dance captain again and finds out that Amanda is still at Elite . She goes and tells Riley and they try to make up a plan . Kate says they need auditions for the female solo since Michelle left . Amanda takes the opportunity auditions . Although , Riley knows Amanda is still at Elite and just wanting to take it down so she also volunteers for having the female solo . Riley and Emily come up with a plan so that they can show everyone that Amanda is a double - agent . Kate thinks Amanda is great , and she wo n't do anything unless she is shown proof . Emily 's plan is to make everyone at the studio hate her . Then , Amanda will trust Emily to join her in taking down The Next Step and Emily will be able to reveal Amanda 's true colors . Meanwhile , James sees Riley practicing on her solo , although Riley tells him not to come to her audition for female soloist because it will stress her out . Emily yells at Riley during her audition and everyone is mad at Emily for shouting at Riley . Kate takes away Emily 's dance captaincy . Later , Riley and James talk about their relationship and James says that he will win Riley back , while Kate makes Amanda dance captain . Part 2 48 18 `` Make a Plan To Love Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) It continues where we left off when Emily was sitting in the music room and Amanda walks in . Emily tells Amanda that she knows about her plan to take down The Next Step , and she 'll only keep her secret if Amanda lets her join in . Kate and everyone else are trying to get Michelle back , but Michelle says she 's happy not being at The Next Step . James and Riley talk and James comes up with a plan to prove that he does love her . He tells her to create a list of things she wants him to do and he will do them . First on the list is to break up with Beth . James is in Culture Shock just as Beth comes in and he tries breaking up with her , but she just does n't understand . Amanda says she still does n't trust Emily and has to do something to prove that she really wants to take down The Next Step . Riley and James start talking , and he says that it 's hard breaking up with Beth and continues with her second idea on her list which is reading her diary in front of everyone in Culture Shock . Michelle walks in since she was supposed to meet Kate there but then sees everyone and backs away . Amanda sees Emily hanging out with Hunter and gets an idea on how Emily can prove herself . Lastly , Riley tells James that he did a good job and he feels happy about her praise . He tells her that he read the whole diary after his performance and says that there was a part where she said a new boy entered this studio whom is really really cute ; Riley smiles yet denies it was about him . It was Eldon and James knows it 's about him . 49 19 `` Sacrifice '' Frank van Keeken Alejandro Alcoba , & Frank van Keeken September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) Amanda , Giselle and Thalia were chosen to compete at a trio dance competition . Kate also picks a J - Troupe trio to join them . Meanwhile , Emily encourages Hunter to try to make it up to the boys . James is working on Number 11 of Riley 's list ; creating a dance move and naming it after Riley . Hunter takes Emily 's advice , and approaches James , West and Eldon in order to try to become their friends , but all Eldon can think about is how Hunter broke him and Michelle up , and how he lost the National solo to Hunter . West quickly forgives Hunter as he promises to teach him the head slide . When Hunter promises to bake Eldon the best chocolate cake ever , Eldon seems intrigued . Michelle decides to go visit the dancers from A-Troupe at Culture Shock . Michelle is relieved over how well everything with them is going , however her emotions quickly change when she finds out the female National solo spot has already been filled . Hunter sees the task of James breaking up with Beth as an opportunity for him and James to become bros . Joining Riley in Studio A , James presents task Number 11 . The dance move he created was The Riley Roll - Up , named after one of Riley 's quirks of always rolling up her shorts . Hunter presents Eldon with a chocolate cake and Eldon accepts the cake but then smashes the cake into Hunter 's face . Eldon also asks for his solo back and requests that he and Hunter have a dance battle . Hunter accepts . Amanda once again catches Emily and Hunter having a great time together , and realizes what Emily needs to do in order to gain her trust . Amanda tells Emily she needs to break up with the only person still on her side , Hunter . 50 20 `` Heartbreaker '' Patrick Sisam Daphne Ballon & Frank van Keeken September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) Thalia keeps trying to get Michelle to re-join the Next Step but Michelle refuses . Hunter and Eldon battle for their solos . James tries to find a four leaf clover because it was on the list he told Riley to make so he asks a bunch of people to help by telling them that if they find it , they will win a prize . James in the end gets a four leaf clover from Beth and tells him that she know he loves Riley more . James gives Riley the four leaf clover at Culture Shock when Chloe comes in to give James another four leaf clover and claim her prize but learns he already has one and walks out disappointed . Amanda tells Emily that if she wants to be trusted , she needs to break up with Hunter after the dance battle . Eldon wins his solo back , and Emily breaks up with Hunter . and lots more 51 21 `` Hello Trouble '' Patrick Sisam Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) The Next Step goes to the Trio competition . James completes the task that will scare him the most which is # 10 . He has to try to find one thing about Emily that Riley does n't know . James buys smoothies for them as Emily leaves . Once James finds Emily , the costumes arrive and they go put them in the costume closet . At the Trio completion , Michelle arrives and everyone is wondering what she is doing here . But before that , Lucien is speaking with a French accent , but Kate hates it . Amanda is told to overthrow the dance and quit The Next Step , Lucien gives the sing to not overthrow the dance because of Michelle . 52 22 `` Lost '' Patrick Sisam Chloe van Keeken October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) The Next Step 's costumes go missing . James completes # 8 on the list which is a mystery quest where Eldon , West and Hunter are each a farm animal and James is the boat . James has to try and bring Eldon , Hunter , and West across the river while James is the boat but has to bring one at a time . Amanda decides to let Emily join her on her plan to destroy the studio from the inside by hiding the Nationals costumes to stop them from going to Nationals . Emily decides to hide them in the garbage so she can quickly bring them back . Amanda says that they have to steal the key which saddens Emily because she does not like to steal . Luckily , Phoebe is in Kate 's office but that does not stop Amanda from stealing the key . She simply asked Pheobe to show them a yoga move but then Emily steals the key and then they leave without Phoebe noticing . In the music room , Kate is furious with the four boys and their quest . She goes in the costume place to find the costumes but then she realizes they are not there . She decides to do a search for the costumes in which West finds them because Emily simply gave it away to West . This gets Amanda curious so she questions West . He answers that it 's `` his raccoon '' way . Kate decides to keep the costumes at her house until Nationals . 53 23 `` Better Than This '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Shaefer & Frank van Keeken October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) James is determined to complete the list of tasks to win Riley back . Task number nine is to receive his driver 's license . Before being able to take the test , James attends a driving class . James being his goofy self does not really pay attention . When he is quizzed on what the instructor just said , James is unable to respond . The instructor is less than impressed . The driving instructor tells James that tomorrow he will be his and passing his test will be nearly impossible . Michelle however is filling her free time with all sorts of clubs . None of which seem to really be making her happy , except for Debate Club . Thalia decides to go and watch Michelle at Debate Club to see if she is truly happy . While there , Thalia sees that Michelle has finally made the team and will be debating that night . To get Michelle back , they all agree to go to the debate and cheer Michelle on , hoping that this will make Michelle realize that they are a family and how much she misses them . Still suspicious of Emily , Amanda once again questions how West found the costumes in the garbage but West tells Amanda that he was channeling his inner raccoon . When Amanda asks if Emily pointed him in the direction of the garbage , West says he can not remember but he thinks so . Amanda now knows that Emily can not be trusted with her plan to take down The Next Step . Having passed his driving test , James and the instructor prank Riley and James ' mom making it seem as if he failed . In the end , James was able to cross number nine off of Riley 's list . It is finally time for Michelle 's debate and all the A-Troupe dancers attend to cheer her on . Michelle is both shocked and happy The Next Step is there to cheer her on . Even after having missed her friends , Michelle still chooses debate over dance . 54 24 `` Under Pressure '' Brad Hruboska Chloe van Keeken & Rachael Schaefer October 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 24 ) Kate tells the studio that someone needs to take CPR lessons for Nationals . Riley volunteers for James but James says he will only do it if Riley does it . James and Riley go to the CPR class together and realize that the instructor is very weird . The instructor says that they have to partner up with someone to actually do mouth to mouth , but he chose the partners . He partners James with the old lady and Riley with a random guy . James does n't like that . When James does the CPR on his partner , she pulls him down and kisses him . Back at the studio , Kate says the money is missing so she talks to Chloe since she 's supposed to have the key . She said she did n't do it . Then Emily speaks up and suggests to check Amanda 's bag . Kate checks her bag but it 's empty . Amanda did this because she knew Emily was going to back - stab her , so she put the money in her bag . Then Amanda tells Kate to check Emily 's bag so she does and the key that opens the box is in there . After Kate says that Emily is on a suspension and she could possibly get kicked out of the studio . Lastly Emily texts Riley a SNS ( Sister needs Sister ) so then Riley comes and Emily tells Riley all about what happened . Riley says she needs to do something about it . 55 25 `` Just Dance '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) Emily is still suffering because of what Amanda did . Riley helps her out and makes a plan to prove that Amanda is still with Elite . Chloe notices that Stephanie and Amanda are buying juices with a 5 $ bill that Margie drew on , which Chloe remembers to be from the money for the nationals entry that was stolen , therefore proving that Amanda , not Emily , stole the money . After they show Kate , Amanda gets kicked out of the studio . Meanwhile , James has to do one last task ; to get Michelle back in the studio . He tricks Michelle into coming to the mall , but James sets up a flash mob with hundreds of people to get her back . Michelle ultimately decides to return at the studio . James and Riley are back together , and they kiss . 56 26 `` Water It '' Derby Crewe Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Thalia and Giselle gives James and Riley the duet back because they are back together . Kate asks Michelle if she still wants the solo , Michelle says no but Kate convinces her to take the solo back . West and Emily have fun together while imitating Thalia and Giselle 's conversion . Meanwhile , Riley and James are having a hard time practicing their duet together . Michelle is practicing her solo in studio A , and Eldon walks in and asks Michelle to do her solo for him giving her tips on her choreography , making Michelle feel more at home at the next step again because Eldon is helping her . Riley talks to Emily about how she is n't sure about her and James because the duet is n't really working out , so Emily tells Riley to get James a gift because after all , James did the huge list for Riley . Riley tricks James into thinking that West is waiting for him at the park , but after James gets there he notices that West is n't there but Riley is , Riley sets up a Picnic for James and she has Shwarma for him . Michelle and Eldon spend the whole day helping each other and giving each other tips on their solos and go to culture shop after and get drinks . The episode ends with Riley and James saying a toast and kissing and slow dancing at the end . 57 27 `` Run This Town '' Shawn Thompson Rachael Schaefer & Frank van Keeken November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) Miss Kate decide to give the boys the small group after Amanda left to go back to Elite . The boys are horsing around and then Miss Kate asks to see their routine , and they only had a starting pose , so they need help with their routine . As a treat , Miss Kate invites Luther Brown to come and choreograph their routine . Thalia and Giselle catch up with Michelle , but whenever she talks about something other than dance , they insist to teach her the next routine . Finally , Michelle asks what 's wrong , and her friends come clean by saying that they are afraid she would leave again . Michelle confirms that she would never leave again as she is with her real family . Thalia and Giselle help Michelle with the Nationals routines . James give advice to Eldon about dating , saying he has to do 30 pirouettes before he can date a girl . The episode ends with the boys , who now have a great routine for Nationals , and the girls , who are friends again , all dancing and having a great time . 58 28 `` Re-Match '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) The Next Step goes to Nationals . As they are waiting , as they see Life Of Dance walk in . Life of Dance ( Ladies of Destruction ) are definitely The Next Step 's biggest competition . After registering at Nationals , they are told that they can complete a scavenger hunt in order for A-Troupe to be able to go to the Shawn Desman concert . Emily is a massive Shawn Desman fan so West , Giselle and her volunteer for the scavenger hunt . One of the things on the scavenger hunt is to get a picture with Shawn but when they find out that they were at the end of the line , they realized that Shawn Desman would not go through every single person on time . West comes up with a plan to pretend to be a celebrity so that The Next Step can go to the front of the line to see Shawn Desman and also to get his autograph . West 's plan works and at the end of the episode The Next Step all go to the Shawn Desman concert and have fun . 59 29 `` Old Friends '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) Eldon is forced to face Daniel during Nationals ' male soloist dance . Daniel 's competitiveness gets in the way of his friendships with A-Troupe members , giving them the cold shoulder before he performed his solo , but reconciles with them at the end of the episode and at the Nationals Party at the end of the episode , when Daniel is asked to audition for Juilliard by the head of Juilliard , who was impressed by his performance . 60 30 `` I Do n't Know '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) The Next Step advance to the next stage of Nationals . It is time for the boys to perform their small group dance but James still has to decide whether or not on include the B - Twist in the dance . He ultimately decides not to and feels really bad and scared that The Next Step will be eliminated since the small group competition is so fierce . After The Next Step does advance James and Riley have to do their duet . They decide to change their duet to a story about a man who is all about business sitting in an art museum and an art piece coming to life to show him her world . Right before they go on stage Riley tells James to do the B - twist so he does , and he lands it . The duet wins and James and Riley kiss . The episode ends by Riley telling James that she loves him . 61 31 `` What You Waiting For ? '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) Michelle and Amanda are paired together for the solo round , and Amanda is really nervous . A-Troupe decides to go shopping at the mall while Lucien tells Tess to follow them and make sure Michelle does n't come back for her solo . Tess follows Michelle to a store and puts perfume in her bag and Michelle gets caught . Meanwhile at nationals , A-Troupe is looking for Michelle all over the place but ca n't find her so they come up with a backup plan which is for Chloe to go back to the mall to find Michelle and for Riley to perform her solo she auditioned for after Michelle Left . Amanda is angry at Lucien and Tess for making Michelle late and wants to win fair and square . The security at the mall looks at the security tape and finds out Michelle is innocent and agrees to let her go . Michelle comes back and performs her solo and wins against Elite . 62 32 `` You Love Me '' Mitchell Ness Frank van Keeken December 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 26 ) The Next Step has advanced to the semi-finals round of nationals and are extremely nervous to perform because of all the talented troupes . During a rehearsal , Thalia and Eldon look for a ' sweet spot ' , somewhere where the energy feels right . West asks Emily if - or rather tells - they should date . Towards the end of the semi-final dance , Emily injures her knee in the number and the whole team starts freaking out , but they are happy at the same time , since they won the round and now move on to compete against LOD in the Finals of Nationals . Unfortunately , the studio is left one dancer short . 63 33 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 1 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 64 34 `` What Dreamers Do ( Part 2 ) '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) The Next Step goes up against Life of Dance in the finals . They are nervous because they may forfeit due to Emily 's injury . They are about to announce their forfeit when Amanda runs in and says that she will dance with the studio . Amanda explains that Kate sent in her name so she could dance with The Next Step , when Amanda was already at Elite . Life of Dance becomes mad because they thought it was against the rules to dance on two teams , but since it 's not a rule she is allowed to dance . Life of Dance performs a routine about a paparazzi and modeling . The Next Step is very worried . When it is time for The Next Step to perform , they pull off an outstanding dance with a circus - themed dance . When the judges come on stage to announce the winner , it is revealed that The Next Step is crowned champions . Emily and West , along with Riley and James , kiss . Kate , Giselle , and Chloe are all walking back into the studio and see an eviction notice . They find out that they are being evicted so the building can build condos . Riley and James are driving , arguing about Miss Kate finding a new studio . Kate and the dancers are all packing up the studio when Lucien walks in . He tells Kate that he knows about their eviction notice and that he knows they do n't have anywhere to dance . Kate grows impatient and tells him to get to the point . Lucien says he has a studio for them to dance , but in return , he wants The Next Step and Elite to merge into one team for internationals . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 65 `` Coming Home ? '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) A-Troupe is reunited after their Nationals win , but the celebrations are short lived . The team must find a new place to dance , or make a big sacrifice that will determine The Next Step 's future . Meanwhile , James helps plan his aunt 's wedding . 66 `` Game , Set , and Match '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker & Frank van Keeken March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) Kate decides to finally tell the dancers the truth , which is Lucien has bought the building and is insisting that they merge with Elite . They first think that they go one on one with Elite , but it could be Elite vs Elite , Elite vs The Next Step or even worse , The Next Step vs The Next Step . Eldon is deeply horrified by the thought of going against his own team , so leaves A-Troupe . Lucien meets up with Daniel in a park and tells him he has the opportunity to join a team going to internationals if he does everything he says , and Daniel agrees . Thalia finds Eldon in the music room , and Eldon tells her he is not ready to come back to A-Troupe . She tells the rest of A-Troupe , and James says he will try to get him back . Michelle is having a hard time trusting Amanda after the past , but when she spies on her talking to Elite and overhears her saying she 's with The Next Step , she says she trusts her now . Daniel visits the next step and tells A-Troupe he 's with Elite . James finds this as a way to get Eldon back and Eldon comes back . The team is now ready to take on Elite . 67 `` Secrets '' Shawn Thompson Frank van Keeken & Chloe van Keeken March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) Emily learns that she will not be able to dance for at least 8 months . She confides in Stephanie and swears her to secrecy . Not wanting Emily to hurt herself , Stephanie tells Riley that Emily is unable to dance . Riley confronts Emily who is still insistent to dance so Riley tells A-Troupe and Miss Kate meaning Emily is knocked off the team . Lucien makes a deal with Miss Kate that Michelle gets to automatically go through to internationals but she is counted as an Elite win because she has the Miss National Soloist title . 68 `` Let the Games Begin '' Shawn Alex Thompson Tricia Fish & Emma Campbell March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) Dancers compete one on one for a spot on the internationals team . Hunter goes first , and picks Eldon 's name . They have to go against each other and Eldon wins , which means Hunter is off the team . Daniel and Lucien come up with a plan to eliminate more of the next step dancers by placing them against each other . When James is called out to dance Lucien creates a diversion allowing Daniel to switch the names in the hat . The episode ends when James picks out a name from the hat and it 's Riley 's name . He is shocked to find out that he will have to compete against Riley for a place at Internationals . 69 5 `` The Fallout '' Chloe van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) The episode starts with James and Riley practicing their solos to compete for a spot at internationals . Riley confesses to James that she would prefer not to go to internationals rather her that competing against him . James convinces her to dance full out for the team and he also promises to do the same . Riley dances her solo and keeps her promise but when James gets up to do his solo he realises that Riley deserves to have the spot over him and so he walks out . Riley is shocked and mad as he did not keep his promise . After talking to Eldon , Riley realises that James did it to make a good thing out of a bad situation and he did it because he loves her . She goes to find James who is practicing in the music room and she tells him that she loves him and she knows why he did what he did . 70 6 `` The Times They Are a Changin ' '' Shawn Alex Thompson Chloe van Keeken March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) Giselle faces a familiar opponent in her battle when she dances against Daniel , fortunately she wins and Chloe defends her place on the team . Tess and Amanda go head to head . When Amanda wins , she is the seventh dancer to win and the ownership of The Next Step is decided 71 7 `` Your New Beginning '' Samir Rehem Amy Cole March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) The new Elite members are having a hard time adjusting to life in A-Troupe , as well as Noah . James plans a surprise for Riley for when she gets her braces off , which is giving her corn on the cob . Eldon sees , and gets an idea to give Thalia a corn on the cob as well . Shantel and Giselle , as well as Max and West and Noah and Cierra , have to work on a duet to bond with one another . Max and West and Noah and Cierra do fantastic , but Shantel and Giselle fail . 72 8 `` I 'm Your Captain '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) Michelle resigns as dance captain , saying she it is n't fair if she is n't fully committed to the team , so Kate chooses Giselle for the new dance captain . Shantel challenges Giselle for the dance captain position because she feels she would make a great leader . They each make a trio and whoever wins is the new dance captain . Shantel leads the contemporary dance with Noah , Thalia and West , whilst Giselle does the hip - hop dance with Max , Eldon and Chloe . She is struggling , so she asks Michelle on how to be a great dance captain . James needs to find a suit for Aunt Kathy 's wedding in his Uncle Enzo 's shop . It is going terribly , so Riley helps him out . Giselle finally creates a great routine and wins the trio challenge , which means she is the new dance captain , so Shantel leaves A-Troupe and says she did because she did n't want to be on a team that did n't respect her talent . 73 9 `` The Nutcracker Prince '' Samir Rehem Elizabeth Becker March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) Eldon challenges West to audition for Le Ballet de la Reine Touring company for The Nutcracker , so West asks for Chloe 's help . Chloe goes along with West to audition for moral support , and they make the final round . West does n't get in , but he is very happy for Chloe who is offered a part . Seeing as Shantel left , there is one more space on A-Troupe , and James is offered the space , but does n't think he is very committed as he is with his band . At the end , James rejoins A-Troupe and everyone is happy , except Chloe , who has to make a big choice ; The Nutcracker or Internationals ? 74 10 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) Thalia is starting to get feelings for Eldon , but wanders if him and Michelle are really over each other . Meanwhile , Richelle is bothered by Noah and Abi getting along so well , because she likes Noah . Thalia talks to Michelle about her and Eldon , and Michelle says she is pretty close with him and they are good friends . Thalia then talks Eldon about Michelle and says they have chemistry . This bothers her and then she runs away . Michelle thinks Thalia was asking her about Eldon because he still likes her , so she confronts him and then realizes that Thalia was asking that because she likes him . After that , Michelle tells Thalia that her and Eldon are not getting back together and does n't even like him like that , and is totally fine with them , so Thalia goes to Eldon and watches him do a dance . When he finishes , they both say they really like each other and hold hands . Meanwhile , Chloe still has no idea what to do about the decision she has to make , West tells her to follow her dream but she does n't want to let the team down . 75 11 `` Marry Me '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) James finally meets his aunt 's fiance , and discovers he is the crazy guy that was his driving instructor from when he was completing the list of tasks for Riley . Riley is very scared of him , and James says he is beyond weird . Elsewhere , Thalia helps Eldon teach the J - Troupe acro class and they grow closer when they perform a duet for them . Also Michelle has trouble adjusting to her parents divorce and thinks that it is all her fault . Aunt Kathy 's wedding preparations are not going well , as Arthur has no best man and the band could n't make it . James offers to be Arthur 's best man and play the wedding with his band . The wedding is a huge success and him and Riley have a lot of fun . 76 12 `` Do The Right Thing '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Chloe is growing more and more worried as she has no idea what to do about her decision . Meanwhile , seeing as they are getting along so well , Thalia goes to Eldon in Hidalgos and asks him if he would like to go to a concert with her . Eldon makes up weird excuses because he needs to do 30 pirouettes before he can go out with her . Chloe gets guilty when Miss Kate says she has no idea what she would do without her . Thalia confronts Eldon about what 's been going on , so he takes her to James and he explains about the 30 pirouettes . West tells Chloe that if she does n't take the job offer , she would be letting down the next step . West helps Eldon with his problem , but he is getting sick from all the constant spinning . Chloe finally makes a decision , and tells Miss Kate she has accepted the offer . Miss Kate is very proud of her and says she is following her dream and will miss her a lot . Eldon has given up doing 30 pirouettes , Thalia sees him on the floor and tells him he is doing a really good job . She helps him up and then they start practicing pirouettes together . Chloe is dancing in studio A one last time , and Margie appears . They do a ballet piece together , and Margie waves goodbye and disappears in glitter . 77 13 `` Put You First '' Patrick Sisam Emma Campbell March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) James forgets about his anniversary with Riley , so gives her a half eaten box of chocolates . He tells her he has a huge surprise for her later , and Riley tells him she has something big for him too , when actually they have nothing for each other . Meanwhile , Giselle , Thalia and Amanda are practicing a trio to be prepared for internationals , but Amanda has to go to help her mom . Max helps Giselle and Thalia with spacing and they come up with a new trio , so Kate replaces Amanda with Max . West and Eldon see Noah catch a glass of milk while he is talking to Cierra , so they test his catching skills in Hidalgos , and he can also catch while facing the other way . They the test his dodging skills , and he can dodge while flipping . They finally test his senses in the dark , he is blindfolded and West , Eldon and Cierra are wearing night vision goggles but he still catches them very quickly . James creates a song for Riley with his band for her present , and she loves it . Riley puts a huge canvas in studio A and lots of paint . They splash each other with paint and dance together , and have a great anniversary . 78 14 `` I Hope I Get It '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) With Chloe gone , the team needs to find a twelfth dancer for internationals . They hold B - Troupe auditions with Skylar , Abi , Shannon , Jake and Stephanie auditioning . Daniel makes a surprise return saying he is there to audition , claiming the Next Step ca n't win internationals without him . They all audition , and Stephanie does amazing . Michelle contemplates returning to Madison with her mom after talking to Hunter on video chat . Meanwhile back at the studio , auditions start for the one spot to fill in for Chloe . the whole A troupe gets to decide who makes it in . Everyone chooses Stephanie . 79 15 `` The New Girl in Town '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) With Stephanie joining A-Troupe to complete the Internationals Team , the team is very excited and ready to take on internationals . All of A-Troupe is very happy with their team for internationals . Whilst they are all having fun , a dancer from England arrives called Ella who is a part of the internationals exchange program arrives and Riley must mentor her . Riley immediately does n't like her because she plays a prank on her along with Noah and West , and later plays a prank on Max in Hidalgos . Amanda gets chosen for the exchange program and has to go to Sweden , but Amanda does n't want to go . Amanda wants to swap with West so West can go to Sweden but Miss Kate explains Amanda is the Alternate for the Internationals Team and will only compete if someone else from A-Troupe ca n't . Eldon is practicing 30 pirouettes in Studio A with Thalia , but is stuck on 14 . Ella and Riley walk in , and Ella offers to help , saying if he does 24 she will kiss him . Thalia does n't mind at this point , but when he does 24 pirouettes and Ella actually does kiss him , she gets very annoyed and tells Riley she is going to give Eldon more motivation . Giselle needs some help with being a good dance captain , so Michelle gathers some J - Troupers to act out scenarios , but Giselle ends up making the studio `` bankrupted 19 times , many injuries and even a deportation '' . Richelle feels bad for her , so she gives her the dance captain diary that Emily gave her . Thalia drags West into studio A and asks Eldon if he wants to see something , then kisses West twice in front of him . She tells Eldon ? to spin and he does 9 pirouettes , so she tells him he is disappointing . Riley sees Ella wrapping James ' drum kit in bubble wrap and thinks it 's funny , so joins in . At the end of the episode , Riley , Eldon and Thalia visit Michelle at her house as she is helping her mom pack . They give her muffins and say goodbye to her . Michelle says later that as hard as it is saying goodbye to her friends , she does n't know how she 'll say goodbye to her mom and may be saying goodbye to them for the last time . She feels really sad and wonders what it would be like to say bye to the next step . Part 2 80 16 `` Sweet Spot '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) James is preoccupied with his band and ca n't devote time to his duet with Riley for Internationals , so Ella helps her let loose . Meanwhile , Eldon and Thalia try to uncover the studio 's sweet spots . When Eldon puts a love letter for Thalia in a sweet spot , he gives them a telling of , saying that a 30 pirouette relationship is better than a 21 / 22 pirouette relationship . 81 17 `` Square Dance '' Jay Prychidny Elizabeth Becker September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) As the tension from Internationals mounts , Riley and Ella help the group relax by tricking them into learning square dancing . An internationals letter arrives and Ella and Riley put a note in the envelope telling the team that they need to learn a square dance . Once the pressure builds the team gets stressed and Riley ca n't cope with the stress . She tells James thinking he will understand as he loves pranks but he gets mad . He goes to the music room saying Riley is n't the girl he fell in love with . The team end the episode by performing the square dance but James does n't turn up to be Riley 's partner so after Ella has danced with Stephanie for a bit she dances with Riley . Riley says she has more fun with Ella than she has had with James for a long time which is worrying for the future of their relationship . 82 18 `` Mixed Messages '' Jay Prychidny Rachael Shaefer September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) Ella has Riley and James take a closer look at their relationship . Elsewhere , Thalia and Eldon devise clandestine ways of communicating . 83 19 `` Never There '' Rachael Shaefer Chloe van Keeken September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) Michelle is struggling with her parents ' divorce , and this affects the team . Meanwhile , James and Riley try to see things from one another 's perspectives ; and Ella tries to convince Noah that A-Troupe is the right place for him . 84 20 `` Cry Me a River '' Steve Bendernjak Rachael Shaefer October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) Michelle , Riley , Cierra , Giselle and Stephanie are doing a 2 - 7 person group dance and after it Michelle starts crying on the floor about being an alternate and how useless she looked on the throne and Stephanie goes up to her and helps her . Noah and Eldon battle after Noah 's questioning about why Eldon is the Internationals male soloist and not him . They battle for a while until Noah admits defeat because he thinks Eldon is amazing . Max , James and West are chatting about Internationals and James burps , then Max burps and West looks disgusted and James asks him if he can burp and West answers no . He tries but he fails and suddenly Ella does a massive burp and shocks the boys and she says First round Ella . Stephanie is helping Michelle and Riley comes in asking to rehearse and exclaims that Miss Kate chose her to represent The Next Step for the female solo round and Michelle cries again . The boys are trying to drink raw egg but they all ca n't do it but Ella comes up and pours all 6 into a glass and drinks them . James says ' Who is this girl ? ' . Noah and Eldon do a duet which is amazing and Eldon proclaims that he will be the soloist next year . The boys come in and challenge Ella to a sporting event , she chooses football . Stephanie is helping Michelle see the brighter side to being an alternate and Michelle becomes happier . James , Max and West are outside and Ella comes along with a football and they throw it away and replace it with a soccer ball . Max kicks the ball and misses and Ella kicks it and scores straight through the post . Ella says I have four older brothers , where do you think I learn this stuff ? James tries but fails miserably . Michelle feels so much better and her and Stephanie leave and go home . 85 21 `` Today I 'm Getting Over You '' Chloe van Keeken Malek Pacha & Bradley Vermunt October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) A-Troupe members team up with folks from B - Troupe for duets . Meanwhile , Stephanie tries not to resort to old habits ; Cierra 's love of dance leads to trouble with Skylar ; and Richelle tries to deal with her crush on Noah . 86 22 `` It 's my Party '' Kim Derko Rachael Shaefer October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) Giselle and West help Eldon and Thalia 's relationship . A Troupe host a surprise party for Amanda 's arrival from Sweden . Noah wants to kiss Abi . 87 23 `` Welcome to Miami '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) A Troupe arrive in Miami for Internationals . Everyone is buzzing and all joyful . Thalia learnt how to say hello in 55 different languages to say to the other dance teams at Internationals . Kate tells the group that they have to register tomorrow , so they get a day off . James has a day planned with Riley , but Riley meets up with Ella and Riley and Ella go to a Cuban restaurant . Ella forgets the money for the food , and she decides to run back and fetch it . Riley decides to order more food to pass the time . Ella leaves a phone call saying her team needs her and she wo n't be able to come back to the restaurant , leaving Riley alone with no money and a huge bill to pay . The staff notice Riley eating all the food and get suspicious . Riley comes clean to the manager , and he says she can either pay off the bills by working as a waitress , or the police will get involved . Riley decides to be a waitress , but it is going terribly . James gets Riley 's text to help her , but he hangs out with Eldon instead , who is looking for sweet spots for his and Thalia 's first date . James gets fed up by this , and goes to the restaurant and sees Riley and James and Eldon do n't actually help her pay the bill off , they sit at a table and orders some things . Riley gets angry by this and starts slapping both James and Eldon , until they help pay the bill . James finally gives money and the bill is paid off . Meanwhile , West shows Giselle , Amanda and Stephanie popular attractions at Miami , and they all end the tour by dancing in front of a beautiful graffiti wall . 88 24 `` Lost at Sea '' Frank van Keeken Chloe van Keeken October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) Kate and Giselle arrive to register for Internationals , but James has still not signed his form . Unfortunately , James is stuck in the middle of alligator - filled Everglade with West and Eldon . Then the boys get stuck for two hours in the Everglades . 89 25 `` When the War is Over '' Mitchell T. Ness Rachael Shaefer November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) On the day of the male and female solo round , Eldon struggle with the loss of his lucky coin . Thalia comforts him and he feels ok . He performs his solo , does really well , but is beaten by the Swedish dancer . Riley 's friendship with Ella is tested when they have to compete against each other . Ella goes up a few turns before Riley and then Ella performs Riley 's solo because Riley showed Ella her solo . Her biggest mistake . Giselle then performs a solo instead of Riley , but Ella still wins . 90 26 `` We are the World '' Frank van Keeken Rachael Schaefer November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) With the small group round fast approaching . Michelle , Giselle , Riley and Cierra are angry to see that Stephanie is n't putting in as much effort as she should be into practice and consider replace her . Meanwhile , Thalia must compete with three dancers from different countries in the first official round of Internationals , and Eldon begins to suspect that her Polish team - mate cares about more than just dance . Thalia and her group get through to the next round . 91 27 `` Blind '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken & Amy Cole November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Next Step progress to the second round of Internationals . However , the Internationals board declare that the next dance should be danced blindfolded giving everyone a great shock ! The group are not doing well until West brings Noah into the mix and then Noah replaces Michelle because she is the alternate . They beat France to move forward in the competition . 92 28 `` Turn , Turn , Turn '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken November 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) Eldon competes in a turning competition against seven other dancers to determine how much time their team will have to re-work the routine to the internationals boards choice of music . Eldon turns for the longest , meaning that his team has the longest , and it means he can finally date Thalia . The Next Step are up against Jamaica . The next step performs their 5 person dance and wins , meaning that they move forward to the semi-finals . 93 29 `` She 's Not You '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank van Keeken December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) The Next Step have advanced to the semi-finals and are up against England and because Ella betrayed Riley and her team they said they are going to make them regret it . West gets food poisoning from a kebab stand and then Michelle has to step in for him . It seemed that he would not dance in the semifinals however just before they went onto the stage he rushed and claimed that he was well enough to dance . Therefore Michelle had to make a choice wherever to dance herself or let West dance . West then went on with the team and Michelle and Amanda watched on from the wings with Kate . The Next Step beat England with their semifinals dance and The Next Step are through to the final but their chances could be wrecked . At the end they are warming up on the stage and Lucien walks on and claims that he is a judge . 94 30 `` How It Ends '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken December 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 11 ) The Next Step battles for the title of International champions against the team from Sweden ; James and Riley put everything on the line to give their team a chance at winning . Daniel reappears in an attempt to help The Next Step but Giselle brushes him off , even though he may help The Next Step greatly . Daniel sends footage of Lucien scheming to Giselle and they get Lucien taken away by security . Both The next step and Sweden perform their dance . The next step score 97 , and Sweden 92 , but because of Sweden 's 5 point advantage it is a tie . This means that both teams have to perform duets . Sweden performs a duet and so do James and Riley . The Next Step win , so they are Internationals champions defeating Sweden . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 95 `` One More Time '' Frank van Keeken Frank van Keeken February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) After winning Internationals , The Next Step A troupe dances and celebrates their internationals win . James leaves to join his band permanently , Max leaves for university , Stephanie leaves to become an actress in Hollywood , Giselle is looking for other opportunities , Thalia goes to A dance studio in Poland to explore her Polish family heritage however is worried about Eldon . Amanda and Michelle are determined to get their status back on A Troupe . The remaining A Troupe is Cierra , West , Michelle , Noah , Riley , Eldon and Amanda . Later on The Next Step has an open house where dancers from all over the dance world comes . New dancers Sloane and LaTroy meet Michelle and Sloane is rude which makes a bad first impression . A new dancer Alfie comes and James ' little sister Piper is there too . James says Piper is not ready for The Next Step . 96 `` Stir It Up '' Frank van Keeken Laura Harbin February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) A-Troupe auditions begin amidst big decisions for two key dancers . In an attempt to prevent future arguments , Skylar and Cierra make a pact . 97 `` Heads Will Roll '' Frank van Keeken Bethany Kaster February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) In the second round of auditions , a guest choreographer challenges the auditioners with an unorthodox method of teaching . 98 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Frank van Keeken Amy Cole March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) The new A-Troupe is uncovered . Hoping to relieve the nerves of her fellow freshman , Piper decides to form a club . When Riley is offered the opportunity of a lifetime , she must make a difficult decision . 99 5 `` Square One '' Stephen Reynolds Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacho March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) Riley tells Kate that she has decided for Amanda to take her spot on A-Troupe . Kate disagrees with the decision wholeheartedly , but admires Riley 's decisiveness nonetheless . Riley enters Studio A to tell the dancers that she is the new studio head . 100 6 `` London Calling '' Stephen Reynolds Ian Malone March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) West receives a mysterious package from London , England , which leads to a big surprise for the bros . Noah and Amanda collaborate on a song . 101 7 `` Walk This Way '' Stephen Reynolds Tricia Fish March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) Amanda finds herself uncharacteristically nervous around Noah . Meanwhile , Riley is wary of James going to England . 102 8 `` Runaway '' Stephen Reynolds Emma Campbell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Riley finds out that Alfie is keeping a big secret that jeopardizes his spot on The Next Step ; James , West , and Eldon dance at a competition in London , England . 103 9 `` Dancing with Myself '' Jay Prychidny Laura Harbin April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) Noah struggles to rehearse with his trio due to an injury ; Skylar uses this to convince Riley to give her trio the spot to compete at the qualifier instead but the original trio is kept for the competition . Meanwhile , Michelle works on her dance moves with Alfie . 104 10 `` Simple Twist of Fate '' Frank van Keeken Elizabeth Becker April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) As A-Troupe dances at the qualifier , Amanda struggles to find the right time to share her feelings for Noah , while Noah continues to hide his back injury . Noah 's hidden back injury ruins the teams dance and TNS thus fails to qualify . TNS is beaten by a new team of brilliant but aggressive dancers called `` the Gemminis '' . 105 11 `` On the Rocks '' Jay Prychidny Amy Cole April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) After the loss of the first qualifier , Skylar thinks that The Next Step deserves a better studio head , and so persuades the other A-troupe members to meet here in a rehearsal room ; however , Alfie is also invited but disagrees and persuades the team to not try to remove Riley , and at the end , the full troupe including Riley all have a party to `` The Music Made Me Do It '' . 106 12 `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' Derby Crewe Ian Malone April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) Amanda tries to figure out Noah 's true feelings for her . LaTroy and Sloane get into a fight after he receives an invitation he ca n't refuse . 107 13 `` The Game Belongs To Me '' Derby Crewe Elizabeth Becker May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) A-troupe learn that there is a second qualifier competition ( a 5 person dance ) that TNS can compete in . Riley holds auditions where the team do solos in front of the team , and the others have 5 votes : the 5 with the most votes will be competing at the second qualifier . Tension seems to build up between LaTroy and Sloane when Sloane doubts LaTroy can make the team and reveals that she did n't vote for him ! LaTroy gets angry but then reveals that he did vote for Sloane . When the results are displayed , LaTroy becomes disappointed when he does n't get on the team Alfie , Noah , Amy , Richelle and MichellE joins 5th with Piper so , Michelle and Piper have to compete for the 5th spot on the team at the qualifiers . Michelle starts to be cold to Piper and she thinks Michelle is acting weird because she thought they were friends . 108 14 `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Lamar Johnson Emma Campbell May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) Riley gets invited to an exclusive gala , and has to decide who to invite as her date . Skylar struggles to find her place on A-Troupe . 109 15 `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' Samir Rehem Malek Pacha & Brad Vermunt May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) After performing a duet together LaTroy and Amy plan a date to `` Java Junction '' . In response to LaTroys upcoming date with Amy , Sloane reveals , to Latroy , that she loves him . LaTroy dates Amy , as planned , and Sloane is left heart - broken . Meanwhile Eldon and West are chased across London by an angry policeman ( or , as Eldon calls him , a `` busking - busting - bobby '' ) and Piper tries to cultivate friendship between Riley and Alfie . 110 16 `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Samir Rehem Matt Hogue May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) Noah deliberately misses a rehearsal so he can rest his secretly injured back . Infuriated by this Riley makes Noah prove his dancing capability . Noah successfully proves himself to Riley and Riley thus continues to assume that his back is uninjured . Sloane calls a 0 % club meeting , to help deal with her heart - break , in which she dances her feelings out with the other members . Riley and Michelle have lunch together and reminisce on their past in A-troupe ( flashback clips are shown from series 1 ) . Alfie tells Riley that he loves her and Riley confesses that she loves him too but refuses to go on a date because she prefers James . 111 17 `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) Midway through a rehearsal `` the Gemminis '' storm into the next step dance studio and reveal to the TNS dancers that a new regionals rule allows the winner of the second qualifier to steal a dancer from any other competing team . Despite already qualifying `` the Gemminis '' want to enter the second qualifier so they can steall Alfie from TNS . To prevent this Riley pulls TNS from the qualifier . Meanwhile Eldon loses his phone , which has countless photos of him and Thalia saved on it . After a long search Eldon finds the phone and begins to come to terms with his break up with Thalia . 112 18 `` Your Time Is Gonna Come '' Laura Harbin Matthew MacFadzean June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) After quitting the second qualifier the team begin preparation for the third qualifier , a duet competition in which only the winning dancers and their team can qualify . TNS enters Noah and alfie into the contest , as they are the best dancers as voted by the team ( in episode 13 ) . Noah finally conffeses to Riley that his back is injured and plans a trip to the hospital to have his back checked . West competes and wins three dance battles against the Razor Backs at Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip - Hop Extravaganza . 113 19 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' David Storch Amy Cole June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Alfie surprises Riley with a plan for the qualifier duet . Noah and Amanda begin to open up to each other and LaTroy makes a heartbreaking decision since getting news from his dad . 114 20 `` Heat of the Moment '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) After Noah receives devastating news about the state of his back , auditions for the upcoming qualifier become all the more important . Part 2 115 21 `` Kiss and Tell '' Kim Derko Frank van Keeken October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) Piper has trouble keeping the secret of Riley and Alfie 's relationship to herself . 116 22 `` Rumour Has It '' Laura Harbin Bethany Kaster October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Piper gives Riley an ultimatum to tell James about the kiss . James is confused why Riley is not answering his phone calls . Lost and Found musician Theo tries to help Amanda take her mind off Noah 's surgery . James flies back to the studio after seeing Piper stressed out on a video call . 117 23 `` Here Comes Your Man '' Steve Bedernjak Brad Vermunt & Malek Pacha October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Thalia comes to visit Eldon in London during the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Amanda 's cousin Cooper comes to visit The Next Step for a day . Noah struggles with Amanda seeing him at his weakest . James returns to the studio . 118 24 `` Tainted Love '' David Storch Emma Campbell November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Riley tells James about the kiss and he struggles with how to handle it . West and Eldon compete in the next round of the Bangers and Mash - Ups Hip Hop Competition . Michelle helps Riley through her tough situation . Noah and Amanda have their first kiss . 119 25 `` A Fool in Love '' Patrick Sisam Amy Cole November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) Riley tells James she needs some space to take stock of her feelings . Meanwhile , Amy assists LaTroy in dealing with being alone at the farm and Cassie tries to help Skylar overcome her trepidation when it comes to speaking to strangers . 120 26 `` Karma Police '' Patrick Sisam Laura Harbin November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Emily shows up to help Riley get The Next Step to Regionals . Emily tries to get to the bottom of the problem with the Qualifier duet . 121 27 `` Only You '' Trevor Tordjman Emma Campbell November 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) Sloane helps Jude from Lost & Found with his music video . Emily and Riley choose a Dance Captain . Noah struggles with being reassigned the Qualifier duet . 122 28 `` Danger Zone '' Elizabeth Becker Elizabeth Becker December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) Riley asks James for an impossible favour for the studio . Skylar helps the zero percenters deal with their nerves . James and Alfie have a heated conversation . 123 29 `` Rivalry '' Frank van Keeken Tricia Fish December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) James and Alfie represent The Next Step at the final Qualifier . Skylar has to step in to help when the situation is at a crossroads . 124 30 `` Nobody 's Perfect '' Mars Horodyski Tricia Fish December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Riley and Alfie have their first date and it does not go well . Noah takes a big step in his relationship with Amanda . 125 31 `` Shake it Off '' Samir Rehem Matthew MacFadzean March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Amy helps Cassie with a history project . Riley makes a mistake with Alfie and tries to make it up to him . Skylar helps Noah get competition ready . 126 32 `` Come Together '' Samir Rehem Frank van Keeken November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) Riley helps the team get ready for competition by doing anti-bullying exercises . Everyone learns the different types of bullying behavior and how to deal with it . 127 33 `` It Ai n't Easy '' Samir Rehem Ian Malone March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) James meets up with an old friend in London . Riley is confused by her feelings towards Alfie . LaTroy returns from time with his father and turns to Sloane to sort out his feelings . 128 34 `` Bold As Love '' Brad Hruboska Ian Malone March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Eldon , West and James compete in the finals at the Bangers and Mashups International Hip Hip Competition . 129 35 `` Taking Care of Business '' Brad Hruboska Malek Pacha and Brad Vermunt April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) James and Riley return to the studio , only to discover that a team member has left . West and Eldon help the small group with their choreography . 130 36 `` The Edge of Glory '' Ian Chan Amy Cole April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) The team prepares to leave for Regionals . Cassie is made the alternate dancer . Giselle drops by on a break from her tour and gives Amanda a special invitation . 131 37 `` Even Better Than the Real Thing '' Mitchell T. Ness Amy Cole April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) The team competes in the first round at Regionals . Due to a misreading of the rules , the solo round is not what they expected . The result is devastating 132 38 `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) The Next Step competes in the sudden death trio round . Michelle pushes herself before the trio dance in order to be ready . Amanda struggles with the offer from Giselle . 133 39 `` Living on a Prayer '' Mitchell T. Ness Laura Harbin and Frank Van Keeken May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) The team compete in the duet round of Regionals . However , with Sloane disqualified and Michelle injured , the Next Step does n't have enough dancers to dance in the final -- if they make it there . 134 40 `` A Change is Gonna Come '' Mitchell T. Ness Frank Van Keeken May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) Now that Alfie is back , the team is able to compete in the Regionals final . But when Michelle shows up ready to dance , Riley has to make a heartbreaking decision . The Next Step lose Regionals and are defeated by the Geminis , who later win Nationals and Internationals . Jump up ^ `` Come Together '' is the 32nd episode in Season 4 , but was the 26th episode to air . It aired on November 17 , 2016 , as a special episode for Family Channel 's Stand UP ! Bullying Awareness Week . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Part 1 135 `` A New Regime '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) 8 months after TNS ' Regional loss , auditions take place for the next A-Troupe in the new east studio . Michelle is surprised when a familiar face turns up and announces she is studio head . Lots of previous A-Troupers do n't make the cut . 136 `` Go West , Young Michelle '' Derby Crewe Karen McClellan June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) Michelle makes a surprising announcement that tears the studio in two , and as Emily puts her new A-Troupe to work , dancers struggle to adapt to her new strict philosophy . 137 `` Dance , Lies and Hoverboards '' Jay Prychidny Emma Campbell June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) An unpolished new dancer , Kingston , at TNS West might not have what it takes to be part of the team . Richelle is made dance captain of TNS East and befriends Lola . Piper offers to help Amy conceal her secret from her mother , but is discovered by Emily . The two girls fallout . 138 `` Leon Me '' Jay Prychidny Ian Malone June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emily hires a guest choreographer to teach a hip - hop class for TNS East , but when TNS West shows up too Emily and Michelle go head to head . 139 5 `` It 's All Fun and Games ... '' Steven Reynolds Brad Vermunt and Frank Van Keeken June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Amy 's mom discovers that she is not dancing with the original A-Troupe . Noah tries to find an excuse to back out of a duet with Richelle , and do it with Jacquie instead . 140 6 `` No Good Deed '' Stephen Reynolds Jan Caruana July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) Emily and Daniel give Amy another shot to make it into A-Troupe . Noah admits to Jacquie that Henry is the reason that is causing their relationship to be awkward . 141 7 `` Heathers '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) Piper finds a new dancer for TNS West , whilst Zara has to choose between maths and dancing in TNS East . 142 8 `` 12 Hour Party People '' Stefan Scaini Rachael Schaefer July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) TNS West throw a Dance - A-Thon , where people have to dance for 12 hours without stopping , in order to find a new member for their team . 143 9 `` A Tale of Two Eldons '' Stefan Scaini Karl DiPelino July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) TNS West get their 10th and final dancer . Former A-Troupe member , Eldon , agrees to choreograph for both TNS East and TNS West , without Emily and Michelle knowing . 144 10 `` United and Divided '' Stephen Reynolds Karen McClellan August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) Piper struggles to cope being around her duet partner . Noah quits TNS East and joins TNS West . Henry must decide if he is ready to move on from an old break - up . Part 2 145 11 `` East Meets West '' Mitchell T Ness Rachael Schaefer October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TNS East finally competes against TNS West for a spot to chance at Regionals , Miss Kate brings in Riley and James to judge the competition . Unfortunately , the result is heartbreaking . 146 12 `` Brave New World '' Mitchell T Ness Matt Hogue October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) Kingston and Ozzy discover the Elliot has a secret which could mean that TNS East 's win does not count . Sloane returns to give LaTroy an opportunity of a lifetime . Noah and Jacquie 's relationship becomes tense . 147 13 `` TNS : Civil War '' Melanie Orr Jan Caruana October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Miss Kate makes a shocking decision that will affect the future of TNS East and TNS West ; Noah and Jacquie take their relationship to the next level . 148 14 `` Stand Together or Fall Apart '' Melanie Orr Karen McClellan November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 149 15 `` This Changes Everything '' Derek Ryan Rachael Schaefer November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 150 16 `` Stand and Deliver '' Derek Ryan Brad Vermunt , Ryan Spencer November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 151 17 `` Oh Brother ! Why Art Thou Here ? '' Kim Derko Emma Campbell November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 152 18 `` I Have a Vision '' Kim Derko Ian Malone November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 153 19 `` Snap Decision '' Derby Crewe Rachael Schaefer December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 154 20 `` Pointe of No Return '' Derby Crewe Karen McClellan December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) Season 6 ( 2018 -- ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 155 `` Grave New World '' Derek Ryan Karen McClellan July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( UK ) 156 `` Wink It Out '' Derek Ryan Rachael Schaefer July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) ( UK ) 157 `` Dance - Zilla '' Derby Crewe Emma Campbell July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) ( UK ) 158 `` Coup d'Etat '' Derby Crewe Brad Vermunt July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) ( UK ) 159 5 `` Summer Lovin ' '' Derek Ryan Brian Hartigan July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( UK ) 160 6 `` Mean Twirls '' Derek Ryan Karl DiPelino July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) ( UK ) 161 7 `` Oh Solo Me - Oh '' Mitchell T. Ness Ryan Spencer July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) ( UK ) 162 8 `` Mash - Up Match - Up '' Mitchell T. Ness Jan Caruana August 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) ( UK ) 163 9 `` Amy 's Prom Has Got It Goin ' On '' Samir Rehem Rachael Schaefer August 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 13 ) ( UK ) 164 10 `` Twinkle Toes '' TBA TBA August 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) ( UK ) 165 11 TBA TBA TBA TBA 166 12 TBA TBA TBA TBA 167 13 TBA TBA TBA TBA 168 14 TBA TBA TBA TBA 169 15 TBA TBA TBA TBA 170 16 TBA TBA TBA TBA 171 17 TBA TBA TBA TBA 172 18 TBA TBA TBA TBA 173 19 TBA TBA TBA TBA 174 20 TBA TBA TBA TBA 175 21 TBA TBA TBA TBA 176 22 TBA TBA TBA TBA 177 23 TBA TBA TBA TBA 178 24 TBA TBA TBA TBA 179 25 TBA TBA TBA TBA 180 26 TBA TBA TBA TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bertrand , Ginger ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Principal photography starts on THE NEXT STEP a new tween drama from Temple Street Productions for Family Channel '' . Astral . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step Renewed For Season 6 By Family Channel ! '' . Renew Cancel TV . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Ness on Instagram : `` Aaaaand DONE ! Thank you to an amazing cast and crew for a thrilling 4 days of shooting ! '' . Instagram . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HE NEXT STEP - TEMPORADA 6 / / SEASON 6 ( TRAILER ) '' . Instagram . June 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The moment we have all been waiting for : 0 Drum roll please ... '' Twitter . July 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step Season 6 premiere dates '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Next_Step_episodes&oldid=854765425 '' Categories : Lists of Canadian television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when is season six of the nextep coming out | [] | [] |
-5064476129197734746 | You've Got Time | You 've Got Time - wikipedia You 've Got Time `` You 've Got Time '' Single by Regina Spektor from the album Music from Orange Is the New Black Released July 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) Length 3 : 08 ( full version ) 1 : 11 ( credits ) Label Sire Records Songwriter ( s ) Regina Spektor Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Regina Spektor singles chronology `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) `` How '' ( 2012 ) `` You 've Got Time '' ( 2013 ) `` Bleeding Heart '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube `` You 've Got Time '' is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black , written , composed and performed by Regina Spektor . The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents 1 Composition 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Composition ( edit ) The song was written specifically for Orange Is the New Black by Regina Spektor , who was approached by the show 's creator , Jenji Kohan . Kohan said , `` I listened to Regina 's albums obsessively while writing the series , so I immediately thought of her for our theme song . '' Additionally Spektor had previously performed a cover of `` Little Boxes , '' the theme song used on Kohan 's series Weeds . Kohan gave Spektor access to rough edits of the episodes while the first season was in production . Spektor said she composed the song while `` thinking about the idea of what it must be like to be in prison and the different states of mind . '' After recording the song with producer Rob Cavallo , she brought the demo to Kohan , initially apprehensive that Kohan would not like it . `` We took out the rough mix and listened to it with headphones and sort of held our breath , like , ' Is she going to like it ? ' And then she said , ' This is fucking awesome , I love it ! It 's going to fit really well ! ' '' Reception ( edit ) The song has been well received . Casey Cipriani of Indiewire wrote that the song 's lyrics suggesting animals trapped in a cage was ideal for Orange Is the New Black . Garin Pirnia of Rolling Stone noted that after the song begins with Spektor 's `` aggressive '' guitar playing , `` ' You 've Got Time ' softens during the bridge , though , generating an aura of hope . When Spektor sings the title refrain , it works literally for the prison motif but also alludes to the show 's themes of redemption and forgiveness . '' `` You 've Got Time '' was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . It was Spektor 's first Grammy nomination . The song was covered by The Wind and The Wave for its 2015 album , Covers One . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Single ! `` You 've Got Time '' `` . ReginaSpektor.com . July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Spektor 's original theme song for the Netflix dramedy Orange Is the New Black -- hear it here and see the credits sequence '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pirnia , Garin ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Regina Spektor : My ' Orange Is the New Black ' Theme ' Really Fits '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Amy Rose ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` How Regina Spektor Wrote The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Theme Song `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Casey ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` How the Closing Credit Songs in ' Orange is the New Black ' Suit Each Episode '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Scored Grammy Nomination For Theme Song ' You 've Got Time ' By Regina Spektor '' . Huffington Post . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wind And The Wave Set To Release Covers One Ep On February 17th - RCA Records '' . RCA Records . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` You 've Got Time '' on YouTube ( full length ) Regina Spektor Studio albums 11 : 11 ( 2001 ) Songs ( 2002 ) Soviet Kitsch ( 2004 ) Begin to Hope ( 2006 ) Far ( 2009 ) What We Saw from the Cheap Seats ( 2012 ) Remember Us to Life ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Bull Moose Live in California 2006 EP iTunes Live from SoHo Live in London Live on Soundstage Compilation albums Mary Ann Meets the Gravediggers and Other Short Stories Songs `` Carbon Monoxide '' `` Your Honor / The Flowers '' `` Us '' `` On the Radio '' `` Fidelity '' `` Samson '' `` Better '' `` Summer in the City '' `` Edit '' `` Laughing With '' `` Eet '' `` No Surprises '' `` All the Rowboats '' `` Do n't Leave Me ( Ne Me Quitte Pas ) '' `` How '' `` You 've Got Time '' Related articles List of songs recorded by Regina Spektor Discography Jack Dishel / Only Son Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Seasons 6 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_Time&oldid=852765508 '' Categories : Regina Spektor songs Television theme songs 2013 songs Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Sire Records singles Songs written by Regina Spektor Songs about prison Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 06 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings theme song from orange is the new black | [
"\"You've Got Time\" is the main title theme song for the Netflix Original Series Orange Is the New Black, written, composed and performed by Regina Spektor. The song was nominated in the Best Song Written for Visual Media category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.\n"
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"Regina Spektor"
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2305926522454072328 | Miss Havisham | Miss Havisham - wikipedia Miss Havisham Jump to : navigation , search Miss Havisham Great Expectations character Miss Havisham , by Harry Furniss Created by Charles Dickens Portrayed by Gillian Anderson Anne Bancroft Helena Bonham Carter Joan Hickson Martita Hunt Margaret Leighton Tuppence Middleton Charlotte Rampling Florence Reed Jean Simmons Tabu Information Gender Female Occupation Heiress Hermit Family Arthur Havisham ( half brother ) Significant other ( s ) Compeyson Children Estella ( adoptive daughter ) Relatives Pocket family ( cousins ) Cousin Raymond Georgiana Bentley Drummle ( son - in - law ) Nationality British Miss Havisham is a character in the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations ( 1861 ) . She is a wealthy spinster , once jilted at the altar , who insists on wearing her wedding dress for the rest of her life . She lives in a ruined mansion with her adopted daughter , Estella . Dickens describes her as looking like `` the witch of the place '' . Although she has often been portrayed in film versions as very elderly , Dickens 's own notes indicate that she is only in her mid-fifties . However , it is also indicated that her long life away from the sunlight has in itself aged her , and she is said to look like a cross between a waxwork and a skeleton , with moving eyes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 1.1 From protection to revenge 1.2 Repentance and death 2 Claimed prototypes 3 Alternative versions 4 In film and television 5 Characters inspired by Miss Havisham 6 In science 7 References 8 External links Character history ( edit ) Miss Havisham 's father was a wealthy brewer and her mother had died shortly after she was born . He remarried in secret and had a son with the family cook , called Arthur . Miss Havisham 's relationship with her half brother was far from harmonious . She inherited most of her father 's fortune and fell in love with a man named Compeyson , who conspired with the jealous Arthur to swindle her of her riches . Her cousin , Matthew Pocket , warned her to be careful , but she was too much in love to listen . On the wedding day , while she was dressing , Miss Havisham received a letter from Compeyson and realised he had defrauded her and she had been left at the altar . Miss Havisham with Estella and Pip ( H.M. Brock ) Humiliated and heartbroken , Miss Havisham suffered a mental breakdown and remained alone in her decaying mansion Satis House -- never removing her wedding dress , wearing only one shoe , leaving the wedding breakfast and cake uneaten on the table , and allowing only a few people to see her . She even had the clocks in her mansion stopped at twenty minutes to nine : the exact time when she had received Compeyson 's letter . Time passed and Miss Havisham had her lawyer , Mr. Jaggers , adopt a daughter for her . I had been shut up in these rooms a long time ( I do n't know how long ; you know what time the clocks keep here ) , when I told him that I wanted a little girl to rear and love , and save from my fate . I had first seen him when I sent for him to lay this place waste for me ; having read of him in the newspapers , before I and the world parted . He told me that he would look about him for such an orphan child . One night he brought her here asleep , and I called her Estella . From protection to revenge ( edit ) While Miss Havisham 's original goal was to prevent Estella from suffering as she had at the hands of a man , it changed as Estella grew older : Believe this : when she first came , I meant to save her from misery like my own . At first I meant no more . But as she grew , and promised to be very beautiful , I gradually did worse , and with my praises , and with my jewels , and with my teachings , and with this figure of myself always before her a warning to back and point my lessons , I stole her heart away and put ice in its place . While Estella was still a child , Miss Havisham began casting about for boys who could be a testing ground for Estella 's education in breaking the hearts of men as vicarious revenge for Miss Havisham 's pain . Pip , the narrator , is the eventual victim ; and Miss Havisham readily dresses Estella in jewels to enhance her beauty and to exemplify all the more the vast social gulf between her and Pip . When , as a young adult , Estella leaves for France to receive education , Miss Havisham eagerly asks him , `` Do you feel you have lost her ? '' Repentance and death ( edit ) Miss Havisham is begging Pip for his forgiveness ( F.A. Fraser ) Miss Havisham repents late in the novel when Estella leaves to marry Pip 's rival , Bentley Drummle ; and she realises that she has caused Pip 's heart to be broken in the same manner as her own ; rather than achieving any kind of personal revenge , she has only caused more pain . Miss Havisham begs Pip for forgiveness . Until you spoke to ( Estella ) the other day , and until I saw in you a looking - glass that showed me what I once felt myself , I did not know what I had done . What have I done ! What have I done ! After Pip leaves , Miss Havisham 's dress catches on fire from her fireplace . Pip rushes back in and saves her . However , she has suffered severe burns to the front of her torso ( she is laid on her back ) , up to the throat . The last words she speaks in the novel are ( in a delirium ) to Pip , referencing both Estella and a note she , Miss Havisham , has given him with her signature : `` Take the pencil and write under my name , ' I forgive her ! ' '' A surgeon dresses her burns , and says that they are `` far from hopeless '' . However , despite rallying for a time , she dies a few weeks later , leaving Estella as her chief beneficiary , and a considerable sum to Herbert Pocket 's father , as a result of Pip 's reference . Claimed prototypes ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eliza Emily Donnithorne ( 1827 -- 1886 ) of Camperdown , Sydney , was jilted by her groom on her wedding day and spent the rest of her life in a darkened house , her rotting wedding cake left as it was on the table , and with her front door kept permanently ajar in case her groom ever returned . She was widely considered at the time to be Dickens ' model for Miss Havisham , although this can not be proven . Although Charles Dickens had a deep - seated interest in Australia , saw it as a place of opportunity and encouraged two of his sons to emigrate there , the writer never visited it himself , but it features in detail in many of his works , notably Great Expectations itself . He obtained his information on colonial life in New South Wales from two Sydney researchers . He also had numerous friends and acquaintances who settled in Australia who sent him letters detailing curious aspects of life in the colonies , knowing he could use it as source material for future novels . They could easily have conveyed the Donnithorne story to him . Australia features prominently in Great Expectations , and New South Wales is where Pip 's benefactor Abel Magwitch made his fortune . In the 1965 Penguin edition , Angus Calder notes at Chapter 8 that `` James Payn , a minor novelist , claimed to have given Dickens the idea for Miss Havisham -- from a living original of his acquaintance . He declared that Dickens 's account was ' not one whit exaggerated ' . '' Although it is documented Dickens encountered a wealthy recluse called Elizabeth Parker on whom it is widely believed he based the character , whilst staying in Newport , Shropshire , at the aptly named Havisham Court . Charles Dickens may also have known of Eliza Jumel through his connections in America . In old age , many years after Dickens ' first tour of the United States , Eliza Jumel suffered from dementia and demonstrated some eccentric behaviors that can be paralleled with Miss Havisham 's . Eliza Jumel 's adopted grandniece , also named Eliza , might -- in this theory -- be a model for Estella . Madame Jumel had inherited her wealth from her first husband , a wealthy French merchant in NYC ( not a brewer ) . Her second husband , Aaron Burr , was rumored to have married Eliza Jumel for her money . There is little credible evidence , however , to indicate that Eliza was emotionally distraught by her separation from Burr after a year of marriage . A persistent story that Eliza Jumel once hosted a dinner for Joseph Bonaparte at her New York mansion , that the moldy remains of this dinner were discovered by Dickens at Jumel 's mansion decades later , and that Eliza thus became the inspiration for Miss Havisham , is easily discredited . Joseph Bonaparte left America for the last time in 1832 . Charles Dickens arrived for his first visit to America in 1842 . In the intervening years , Eliza Jumel had not only been married to Aaron Burr , but also rented out her mansion to several tenants while she was traveling . Neither Burr nor her tenants would have tolerated or preserved a perfectly serviceable dining room full of moldy food for a decade . Further , the two weeks of Charles Dickens tour in New York in 1842 overlapped with Eliza Jumel 's absence from the city , and it is unlikely that the two ever met . Eliza Jumel died in 1865 , and Charles Dickens did not return to the city until 1867 . A passage in E.T.A. Hoffmann 's The Serapion Brethren of 1819 -- 1821 presents a striking parallel and literary prototype . In the section of the book called `` A Fragment of the Lives of Three Friends , '' one Alexander tells his friends about his deceased aunt who waited in vain for her bridegroom on their intended wedding day , and who would annually , on the anniversary of the non-wedding , dress in her wedding - gown , lay out chocolate , wine , and cake on a table , and then spend the day from early morning until 10 at night walking up and down , `` sighing and softly lamenting '' . Alternative versions ( edit ) Miss Havisham 's Fire ( 1979 , revised 2001 ) is an opera composed by Dominick Argento with a libretto by John Olon - Scrymgeour , based on Dickens ' character . The entire story is told in flashback during an inquiry into Miss Havisham 's death . The opera gives her first name as `` Aurelia '' . Miss Havisham is a major character in the comic detective / mystery series of novels featuring Thursday Next by Jasper Fforde . The stories are set in a fantasy / alternate universe milieu , in which characters borrowed from classic literature play a prominent role . Ronald Frame 's 2013 novel , Havisham , is an non-canonical story about Miss Havisham 's early life . The story tells how Miss Havisham ( given the name of Catherine ) is the daughter of a brewer . The story tells of more than just the infamous trauma of being left behind by her fiancé and goes on with her taking charge of her family 's business before descending into vengeful madness , adopting Estella , and arranging the meeting of Estella and Pip . A young version of Miss Havisham is portrayed by Tuppence Middleton in the 2015 BBC TV series Dickensian . The series gives her the first name Amelia and references the period of her life in the months running up to her wedding . Satis House is relocated to London within the same community as other characters from novels by Dickens . In film and television ( edit ) In film adaptations of Great Expectations , Miss Havisham has been played by a number of distinguished actresses , including : Florence Reed ( 1934 ) Martita Hunt ( 1946 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1974 ) Joan Hickson ( 1981 ) Jean Simmons ( who had previously played Estella in 1946 opposite Hunt ) ( 1989 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1998 ) ( a version which modernised the story to the twentieth century and changed the names of several characters ) Charlotte Rampling ( 1999 ) Gillian Anderson ( 2011 , 3 - part TV movie adaptation ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2012 ) ( in this version the character is given the first name `` Eleanor '' but no one addresses her by it ) Tuppence Middleton ( 2015 ) ( in this version the character is given the first name `` Amelia '' and referenced as such ) Tabu ( 2016 ) ( in Fitoor , a Hindi version ; as Begum Hazrat ) Characters inspired by Miss Havisham ( edit ) Both Sunset Boulevard and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? were inspired by David Lean 's adaptation of Great Expectations , as were , by extension , the characters of Norma Desmond and Baby Jane Hudson , and their homes . In Sunset Boulevard , Joe Gillis compares Norma Desmond to Miss Havisham during his narration . A character in the animated series Chowder , Endive , has had a similar experience to Miss Havisham in that her fiancé did not show up on their wedding day . Endive also has an apprentice , Panini , whom she teaches to avoid men . Miss Habersham , a character in William Faulkner 's novel Intruder in the Dust , is likely derived from Miss Havisham . In science ( edit ) The condition of the `` Miss Havisham effect '' has been coined by scientists to describe a person who suffers a painful longing for lost love , which can become a physically addictive pleasure by activation of reward and pleasure centres in the brain , which have been identified to regulate addictive behaviour -- regions commonly known to be responsible for craving and drug , alcohol and gambling addiction . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- Great Expectations -- Miss Havisham '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Michael ( 24 December 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Great Expectations : Miss Havisham given ' youthful ' air '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gillian Anderson . `` TV blog : Great Expectations : Falling in love with Miss Havisham '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunset Boulevard '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Craving love ? Enduring grief activates brain 's reward center '' . NeuroImage. 42 : 969 -- 972 . PMC 2553561 . PMID 18559294 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2008.04. 256 . Jump up ^ Perry , Keith ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` Pining for lost love can be physically addictive '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Selway , Jennifer ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Charles Dickens ' greatest heroine '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miss Havisham . Miss Havisham on IMDb ( hide ) Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations Characters Philip `` Pip '' Pirrip Estella Havisham Compeyson Miss Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick Adaptations 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1955 Hong Kong film adaptation 1974 TV film 1981 miniseries 1991 miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling ( 2000 ) 2011 miniseries 2012 film 2016 Bollywood adaptation Related Great Expectations : The Untold Story Satis House ' Life in Mono '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miss_Havisham&oldid=800384555 '' Categories : Female characters in literature Fictional characters introduced in 1861 Fictional English people Fictional hermits Great Expectations characters Newport , Shropshire Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use British English from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Emiliàn e rumagnòl فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the house miss havisham hid her face | [] | [] |
526145868709565706 | Indian Institute of Public Administration | Indian Institute of public Administration - Wikipedia Indian Institute of public Administration Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Indian Institute of Public Administration Established 1954 Chairman T.N. Chaturvedi President Mohammad Hamid Ansari , Vice President of India Location Indraprastha Estate , Mahatma Gandhi Marg , New Delhi Website www.iipa.org.in The Indian Institute of Public Administration ( IIPA ) was established in 1954 and is research and training organization under the Ministry of Personnel of the Government of India . It was set up as a direct result of the support and vision of its first President , India 's Prime Minister , Pandit Nehru , who placed a great responsibility on the IIPA to enhance the frontiers of knowledge in public policy and governance through applied research and education as well as training of administrators to serve the people of India . Enhancing leadership and managerial qualities on the one hand and developing a service - orientation on the other are the thrust areas of the Institute 's education and training activities . Its faculty is involved with research work mainly to suggest policy changes to ensure improved delivery of public services . The Institute has been set up to equip the public servants with knowledge , skills , and behaviour required for managing the task of governance . In its effort to enhance the leadership , managerial , and administrative capabilities of the executives in government and public sector enterprises , the Institute works in close collaboration with national and international organisations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Guiding Principles 1.2 Activities 2 Faculty and Academic Centres 3 Research 4 Training and Educational Programmes 5 Policy Advice 6 Conferences / Workshops / Seminars 7 Dissemination of Information 8 Campus And Infrastructure 9 IIPA Library History ( edit ) Guiding principles ( edit ) To promote and provide for the study of Public Administration and economic and political science with special reference to public administration and the machinery of government and educational purposes incidental thereto . To undertake , organise and facilitate study courses , conferences and lectures and research in matters relating to public administration and the machinery of government . To undertake and provide for the publication of journals and of research papers and books to impart training in and promote the study of public administration . To establish and maintain libraries and information services to facilitate the study of public administration and spreading information in regard thereto . To constitute or cause to be constituted Regional Branches at convenient centers in India to promote the objects of the society . To cooperate with approved institutions and bodies for the purposes of helping the cause of public administration Activities ( edit ) The major activities of the Institute are : Training , Research , Advisory services , and Information dissemination and exchange . Through six decades of experience in research , training and rendering policy advice , conferences and seminars , case studies and publications , the IIPA has made significant contribution to public administration at the Union , State and Local levels . Faculty and academic centres ( edit ) The Institute has a distinguished faculty in the areas of public administration , political science , economics , finance , law and justice , management , behavioural science , rural studies , urban studies , sociology , policy science , environment , e-governance and information and communication technology . The academic interaction between the faculty members of the Institute is facilitated through the academic centres of the Institute . The Institute has the following twelve Centres : Centre for Economic Analysis and Financial Management Centre for Human Resource Development and Behavioural Studies Centre for Management Studies and Public Enterprises Centre for Public Policy , Planning and Development Studies Centre for Rural Development Administration and Panchayati Raj Centre for Social Welfare Administration and Administration of Justice Centre for Urban Studies Centre for Consumer Studies Centre for Learning in ICT and E-Governance Centre for Climate Change , Environment and Drought Administration Centre for Values and Ethics in Public Affairs Governance Data Base and Resource Centre Research ( edit ) The Institute undertakes research in a large number of diverse areas that include economic and social policies , legal framework for administration at various levels , procedural and organisational change in government , citizen - centric administration , effective development of urban and rural areas , disaster management , consumer protection and welfare , poverty alleviation and gender studies . It specialises in policy evaluations , service delivery and impact analysis studies . At any point of time around 30 research studies are on - going . Training and educational programmes ( edit ) The Institute conducts around 120 short and long - term learning programmes aimed at capacity enhancement of civil servants , officers from the defence forces , technocrats and executives of public sector undertakings ( PSUs ) . These programmes are either fee - based or sponsored by the Government . It designs customised programmes for other organisations . Its flagship training initiatives include a ten - month Advanced Professional Programme in Public Administration ( APPPA ) that is sponsored by Department of Personnel and Training ( DoPT ) . This multi-faceted programme for senior officers of the Central Government was started in 1975 and is now in its fortieth year . Another important area is managerial skill - development for senior scientists supported by the Department of Science and Technology . Customised programmes for private sector industry especially in areas of interface with Government at all levels and activating knowledge centres in Ministries and State Governments are new initiatives . The Institute also organises a number of international training programmes for participants from developing and developed countries . Most training programmes are meant for in - service personnel only , viz. , Officers from Central Ministries / Departments including Armed Forces ; State Governments ; Public Sector / State Enterprises and Departments of Local Self Governments and faculty of universities and institutes . Policy advice ( edit ) IIPA undertakes a large number of assignments for Government , Public Sector Undertakings and multilateral , bilateral and other international agencies on a wide range of policy related areas . The Institute 's faculty serves on a large number of Committees constituted by Union , State and Local Governments , Planning Commission , Cabinet Secretariat , as well as expert groups constituted by international agencies and thereby contribute to the task of nation building . Conferences / workshops / seminars ( edit ) The Institute organises conferences / seminars / workshops on contemporary themes and public policy issues with a view to bringing together practising administrators and academia to evolve policy inputs for good governance . IIPA also conducts skill - development interaction for Civil Society and the public on topical Governance related issues . Dissemination of information ( edit ) The Institute has enriched the literature on Public Administration through a large number of books and monographs besides research studies , proceedings of seminars / conferences and lectures , etc . The Institute publishes five periodicals regularly : Indian Journal of Public Administration ( IJPA , Quarterly , published since 1955 ) . LokPrashasan ( Hindi , six - monthly , published since 2009 ) Nagarlok ( Quarterly , published since 1969 ) Documentation in Public Administration ( DPA , Quarterly , published since 1973 ) . IIPA Newsletter ( Monthly , published since 1955 ) So far IIPA has published more than 400 books , monographs , reports , working papers , and compendiums in spheres of governance and public administration . Campus and infrastructure ( edit ) The Institute is located in the heart of Delhi in a sprawling seven acres of greenery . It has a conference hall and several lecture halls , all equipped with updated teaching aids and communication facilities , a computer centre with the latest hardware and relevant software , a library rich in collection and subscription and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 500 . The Institute campus has ample facilities for organising conferences , seminars , and training sessions . The facilities include state of the art audio - video system , data projection systems , a modern computer center , Internet facilities , a well - equipped library , an auditorium , and a well - furnished hundred - room hostel with mess facilities in the campus . The Institute also has a branch of a nationalised bank ( UCO ) on the campus . A part - time medical officer appointed by the Institute is available in the campus on alternate working days to provide first aid facilities . IIPA library ( edit ) The IIPA Library is one of the major social science resource centres in India and its Public Documents section is amongst the best in the country . It is automated with a collection of over 2.5 lakh books and periodicals . It facilitates access to several thousand journals and other resources through a number of electronic databases and has digitised important documents for posterity . It is a depository library for the publications of the World Bank and has been accorded co-operating library status for the publications of International Monetary Fund . The library thus facilitates on - line access to the knowledge portals of the World Bank and its associate institutions . At the National level , IIPA library maintains linkages with various national library networks . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Public_Administration&oldid=774929773 '' Categories : 1954 establishments in India Educational institutions established in 1954 Government agencies established in 1954 Government agencies of India Organisations based in Delhi Research institutes established in 1954 Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2017 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from October 2011 Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia | indian institute of public administration is situated at | [
"\nThe Indian Institute of Public Administration\n\nEstablished\n1954\n\n\nChairman\nT. N. Chaturvedi\n\n\nPresident\nMohammad Hamid Ansari,Vice President of India\n\n\nLocation\nIndraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.iipa.org.in\n\n"
] | [
"Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi"
] |
2127091263052108177 | Turbomachinery | Turbomachinery - wikipedia Turbomachinery Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mounting of a steam turbine produced by Siemens , Germany Turbomachinery , in mechanical engineering , describes machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid , including both turbines and compressors . While a turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor , a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid . These two types of machines are governed by the same basic relationships including Newton 's second Law of Motion and Euler 's pump and turbine equation for compressible fluids . Centrifugal pumps are also turbomachines that transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid , usually a liquid , while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Classification 3 Turbomachines 3.1 Definition 3.2 Categorization 3.2. 1 Energy conversion 3.2. 2 Fluid flow 3.2. 3 Physical action 4 Dimensionless ratios to describe turbomachinery 5 Applications 5.1 Power Generation 5.2 Marine 5.3 Auto 5.4 General 5.5 Aerospace 6 Partial list of turbomachine topics 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History ( edit ) The first use of turbomachines were technically water wheels between the 3rd and 1st century BCE , credited to the people in the Mediterranean region ( see more at water wheel ) . The first real modern turbomachines did not appear until the late 1880 's . It was not until the industrial revolution , however , steam power started to be utilized with reciprocating engines and turbines , which opened up the potential of steam power . The first impulse type turbine was created by Carl Gustaf de Laval in 1883 . This was closely followed by the first practical reaction type turbine in 1884 , built by Charles Parsons . Parsons ' first design was a multi-stage axial - flow unit , which George Westinghouse acquired and began manufacturing in 1895 , while General Electric acquired de Laval 's designs in 1897 . Since then , development has skyrocketed from Parsons ' early design , producing 0.746 kW , to modern nuclear steam turbines producing upwards of 1500 MW . Today , steam turbines account for roughly 90 % of electrical power generated in the United States . The first patents for gas turbines were filed in 1791 by John Barber . Then the first functioning industrial gas turbines were used in the late 1890 's to power street lights ( Meher - Homji , 2000 ) . Classification ( edit ) A steam turbine from MAN SE subdidiary MAN Turbo In general , the two kinds of turbomachines encountered in practice are open and closed turbomachines . Open machines such as propellers , windmills , and unshrouded fans act on an infinite extent of fluid , whereas closed machines operate on a finite quantity of fluid as it passes through a housing or casing . Turbomachines are also categorized according to the type of flow . When the flow is parallel to the axis of rotation , they are called axial flow machines , and when flow is perpendicular to the axis of rotation , they are referred to as radial ( or centrifugal ) flow machines . There is also a third category , called mixed flow machines , where both radial and axial flow velocity components are present . Turbomachines may be further classified into two additional categories : those that absorb energy to increase the fluid pressure , i.e. pumps , fans , and compressors , and those that produce energy such as turbines by expanding flow to lower pressures . Of particular interest are applications which contain pumps , fans , compressors and turbines . These components are essential in almost all mechanical equipment systems , such as power and refrigeration cycles . Classification of fluid machinery in species and groups machine type → group ↓ machinery combinations of power and machinery engines open turbomachine propeller wind turbines hydraulic fluid machinery ( ≈ incompressible fluids ) centrifugal pumps turbopumps and fans Fluid couplings and clutches ( hydrodynamic gearbox ) ; Voith Turbo - Transmissions ; pump - turbines ( in pumped - storage hydroelectricity ) water turbines thermal turbomachinery ( compressible fluid ) compressors gas turbines ( inlet of GT consists of a compressor ) steam turbines ← turbine jet engines Turbomachines ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Any device that extracts energy from or imparts energy to a continuously moving stream of fluid can be called a turbomachine . Elaborating , a turbomachine is a power or head generating machine which employs the dynamic action of a rotating element , the rotor ; the action of the rotor changes the energy level of the continuously flowing fluid through the machine . Turbines , compressors and fans are all members of this family of machines . In contrast to positive displacement machines ( particularly of the reciprocating type which are low speed machines based on the mechanical and volumetric efficiency considerations ) , the majority of turbomachines run at comparatively higher speeds without any mechanical problems and volumetric efficiency close to one hundred percent . Categorization ( edit ) Energy conversion ( edit ) Turbomachines can be categorized on the basis of the direction of energy conversion : Absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head ( ducted Fans , compressors and pumps ) . Produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head ( hydraulic , steam and gas turbines ) . Fluid flow ( edit ) Turbomachines can be categorized on the basis of the nature of flow path through the passage of the rotor : Axial Turbomachine 's Velocity Diagram Axial flow turbomachines - When the path of the through - flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation , the device is termed an axial flow turbomachine . The radial component of the fluid velocity is negligible . Since there is no change in the direction of the fluid , several axial stages can be used to increase power output . A Kaplan turbine is an example of an axial flow turbine . In the figure : U = Blade velocity , V = Flow velocity , V = Absolute velocity , V = Relative velocity , V = Tangential or Whirl component of velocity . Radial Turbomachine 's Velocity Diagram Radial flow turbomachines - When the path of the throughflow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis , the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine . Therefore , the change of radius between the entry and the exit is finite . A Radial turbomachine can be inward or outward flow type depending on the purpose that needs to be served . Outward flow type increases the energy level of the fluid and vice versa . Due to continuous change in direction , several radial stages are generally not used . A centrifugal pump is an example of a radial flow turbomachine . Mixed flow turbomachines -- When axial and radial flow are both present and neither is negligible , the device is termed a mixed flow turbomachine . It combines flow and force components of both radial and axial types . A Francis turbine is an example of a mixed - flow turbine . Physical action ( edit ) Turbomachines can finally be classified on the relative magnitude of the pressure changes that take place across a stage : An Impulse Turbomachine Stage Impulse Turbomachines operate by accelerating and changing the flow direction of fluid through a stationary nozzle ( the stator blade ) onto the rotor blade . The nozzle serves to change the incoming pressure into velocity , the enthalpy of the fluid decreases as the velocity increases . Pressure and enthalpy drop over the rotor blades is minimal . Velocity will decrease over the rotor . Newton 's second law describes the transfer of energy . Impulse turbomachines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blading on the rotor . A Pelton wheel is an impulse design . A Reaction Turbomachine Stage Reaction Turbomachines operate by reacting to the flow of fluid through aerofoil shaped rotor and stator blades . The velocity of the fluid through the sets of blades increases slightly ( as with a nozzle ) as it passes from rotor to stator and vice versa . The velocity of the fluid then decreases again once it has passed between the gap . Pressure and enthalpy consistently decrease through the sets of blades . Newton 's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines . A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid . For compressible working fluids , multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently . Most turbomachines use a combination of impulse and reaction in their design , often with impulse and reaction parts on the same blade . Dimensionless ratios to describe turbomachinery ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pelton wheel being installed into Walchensee Hydroelectric Power Station . The following dimensionless ratios are often used for the characterisation of fluid machines . They allow a comparison of flow machines with different dimensions and boundary conditions . Pressure range ψ Flow number φ ( including delivery or volume number called ) Performance numbers λ Run number σ Diameter Number δ Applications ( edit ) Power generation ( edit ) Hydro electric - Hydro - electric turbomachinery uses potential energy stored in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates electricity Steam turbines - Steam turbines used in power generation come in many different variations . The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over blades attached to a shaft , which turns a generator . As the steam travels through the turbine , it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin faster , creating more electricity . Gas turbines - Gas turbines work much like steam turbines . Air is forced in through a series of blades that turn a shaft . Then fuel is mixed with the air and causes a combustion reaction , increasing the power . This then causes the shaft to spin faster , creating more electricity . Windmills - Also known as a wind turbine , windmills are increasing in popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity . Although they come in many shapes and sizes , the most common one is the large three - blade . The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing . As wind passes over the blades , it creates an area of low and high pressure , causing the blade to move , spinning a shaft and creating electricity . It is most like a steam turbine , but work with an infinite supply of wind . Marine ( edit ) Steam turbine - Steam turbines in marine applications are very similar to those in power generation . The few differences between them are size and power output . Steam turbines on ships are much smaller because they do n't need to power a whole town . They are n't very common because of their high initial cost , high specific fuel consumption , and expensive machinery that goes with it . Gas turbines - Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more popular due to their smaller size , increased efficiency , and ability to burn cleaner fuels . They run just like gas turbines for power generation , but are also much smaller and do require more machinery for propulsion . They are most popular in naval ships as they can be at a dead stop to full power in minutes ( Kayadelen , 2013 ) , and are much smaller for a given amount of power . Flow of air through a turbocharger and engine Water jet - Essentially a waterjet drive is like an aircraft turbojet with the difference that the operating fluid is water instead of air . Water jets are best suited to fast vessels and are thus used often by the military . Water jet propulsion has many advantages over other forms of marine propulsion , such as stern drives , outboard motors , shafted propellers and surface drives . Auto ( edit ) Air and exhaust flow through engine and turbocharger Turbochargers - Turbochargers are one of the most popular turbomachines . They are used mainly for adding power to engines by adding more air . It combines both forms of turbomachines . Exhaust gases from the engine spin a bladed wheel , much like a turbine . That wheel then spins another bladed wheel , sucking and compressing outside air into the engine . Superchargers - Superchargers are used for engine - power enhancement as well , but only work off the principle of compression . They use the mechanical power from the engine to spin a screw or vein , some way to suck in and compress the air into the engine . General ( edit ) Pumps - Pumps are another very popular turbomachine . Although there are very many different types of pumps , they all do the same thing . Pumps are used to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power , from electric motors to full size diesel engines . Pumps have thousands of uses , and are the true basis to turbomachinery ( Škorpík , 2017 ) . Air compressors - Air compressors are another very popular turbomachine . They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing air into a holding tank . Air compressors are one of the most basic turbomachines . Fans - Fans are the most general type of turbomachines . They work opposite of wind turbines . Mechanical power spins the blades , forcing air through them and forcing out . Basic desk - top fans to large turbofan airplane engines work this way . Aerospace ( edit ) Gas turbines - Aerospace gas turbines , or more commonly know jet engines , are the most common gas turbines . They are the most like power generation turbines because the electricity used on the airplane is from the turbines , while also providing the propulsion . These turbines are the smallest out of the industrial turbines , and are most often the most advanced . Partial list of turbomachine topics ( edit ) Many types of dynamic continuous flow turbomachinery exist . Below is a partial list of these types . What is notable about these turbomachines is that the same fundamentals apply to all . Certainly there are significant differences between these machines and between the types of analysis that are typically applied to specific cases . This does not negate the fact that they are unified by the same underlying physics of fluid dynamics , gas dynamics , aerodynamics , hydrodynamics , and thermodynamics . Axial compressor Axial fan Centrifugal compressor Centrifugal fan Centrifugal pump Centrifugal type supercharger Exoskeletal engine Francis turbine Gas turbine Industrial fans Jet engine Mechanical fan Mixed flow compressor Radial turbine Steam turbine Turbocharger Turboexpander Turbofans Turbojet Turboprop Turbopump Turboshaft Turbines Water turbine See also ( edit ) Secondary flow in turbomachinery Slip factor Blade solidity Three - dimensional losses and correlation in turbomachinery Effects of mach number and shock losses in turbomachines References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Logan , Earl . `` Handbook of turbomachinery '' . 1995 . Marcel Deckker . ^ Jump up to : Vandad Talimi ( Original author unknown ) . `` Mechanical Equipment and Systems '' . 2013 . Memorial University of Newfoundland . http://www.engr.mun.ca/~yuri/Courses/MechanicalSystems/Turbomachinery.pdf ^ Jump up to : Baskharone , E.A. `` Principles of Turbomachinery in Air - Breathing Engines '' . 2006 . Cambridge University Press . 580 pages . Jump up ^ Rajadurai , J.S. `` Thermodynamics and thermal engineering '' . 2003 . New Age International . ISBN 81 - 224 - 1493 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Combining Support Vector Machines and Segmentation Algorithms for Efficient Anomaly Detection : A Petroleum Industry Application '' . International Joint Conference SOCO'14 - CISIS'14 - ICEUTE'14. 2014 . pp. 269 - 278 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 07995 - 0 Jump up ^ Wills , J. George . `` Lubrication fundamentals '' . 1980 . Mobil oil corporation . Marcel Dekker. 460 pages . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 6976 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Dixon , S.L. `` Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of turbomachinery '' . 1998 . Elsevier . 460 pages . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7870 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Waterjet drives propulsion systems '' . www.castoldijet.it . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` WaterJet Overview '' . HamiltonJet. 2015 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Sources ( edit ) S.M. Yahya . `` Turbines Compressors and Fans '' . 1987 . McGraw Hill . Meher - Homji , C.B. ( n.d. ) . The Historical Evolution of Turbomachinery ( Tech . ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 , from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6c20/38257b1311073beb15c1a097e40ce394c1b9.pdf Nagpurwala , Q. ( n.d. ) . Steam Turbines . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 , from http://164.100.133.129:81/eCONTENT/Uploads/13-Steam%20Turbines%20%5BCompatibility%20Mode%5D.pdf Soares , C.M. ( n.d. ) . GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE & COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS. 1 - 72 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 , from https://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Coal/energy%20systems/turbines/handbook/1-1.pdf Perlman , U.H. ( 2016 , December 2 ) . Hydroelectric power : How it works . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 , from https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html Škorpík , J. ( 2017 , January 1 ) . Lopatkový stroj - english version . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 , from http://www.transformacni-technologie.cz/en_11.html Kayadelen , H. ( 2013 ) . Marine Gas Turbines . 7th International Advanced Technologies Symposium . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turbomachinery . Hydrodynamics of Pumps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbomachinery&oldid=816165876 '' Categories : Mechanical engineering Turbomachinery Gas technologies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Română Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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958170639207955681 | O. Henry | O. Henry - wikipedia O. Henry Not to be confused with Oh Henry ! . O. Henry Portrait of O. Henry , by W.M. Vanderweyde , 1909 William Sidney Porter ( 1862 - 09 - 11 ) September 11 , 1862 Greensboro , North Carolina June 5 , 1910 ( 1910 - 06 - 05 ) ( aged 47 ) New York City , New York Pen name O. Henry , Olivier Henry , Oliver Henry Occupation Writer Language English Nationality American Genre Short story William Sydney Porter ( September 11 , 1862 -- June 5 , 1910 ) , known by his pen name O. Henry , was an American short story writer . His stories are known for their surprise endings . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Move to Texas 1.3 Flight and return 1.4 Later life and death 2 Stories 3 Pen name 4 Legacy 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early life ( edit ) William Sidney Porter was born on September 11 , 1862 , in Greensboro , North Carolina . He changed the spelling of his middle name to Sydney in 1898 . His parents were Dr. Algernon Sidney Porter ( 1825 -- 88 ) , a physician , and Mary Jane Virginia Swaim Porter ( 1833 -- 65 ) . William 's parents had married on April 20 , 1858 . When William was three , his mother died from tuberculosis , and he and his father moved into the home of his paternal grandmother . As a child , Porter was always reading , everything from classics to dime novels ; his favorite works were Lane 's translation of One Thousand and One Nights and Burton 's Anatomy of Melancholy . Porter graduated from his aunt Evelina Maria Porter 's elementary school in 1876 . He then enrolled at the Lindsey Street High School . His aunt continued to tutor him until he was 15 . In 1879 , he started working in his uncle 's drugstore in Greensboro , and on August 30 , 1881 , at the age of 19 , Porter was licensed as a pharmacist . At the drugstore , he also showed his natural artistic talents by sketching the townsfolk . Move to Texas ( edit ) Porter in Austin , Texas as a young man Porter traveled with Dr. James K. Hall to Texas in March 1882 , hoping that a change of air would help alleviate a persistent cough he had developed . He took up residence on the sheep ranch of Richard Hall , James ' son , in La Salle County and helped out as a shepherd , ranch hand , cook , and baby - sitter . While on the ranch , he learned bits of Spanish and German from the mix of immigrant ranch hands . He also spent time reading classic literature . Porter 's health did improve . He traveled with Richard to Austin , Texas in 1884 , where he decided to remain and was welcomed into the home of Richard 's friends , Joseph Harrell and his wife . Porter resided with the Harrells for three years . He went to work briefly for the Morley Brothers Drug Company as a pharmacist . Porter then moved on to work for the Harrell Cigar Store located in the Driskill Hotel . He also began writing as a sideline and wrote many of his early stories in the Harrell house . As a young bachelor , Porter led an active social life in Austin . He was known for his wit , story - telling and musical talents . He played both the guitar and mandolin . He sang in the choir at St. David 's Episcopal Church and became a member of the `` Hill City Quartette '' , a group of young men who sang at gatherings and serenaded young women of the town . Porter family in early 1890s -- Athol , Margaret ( daughter ) , William Porter met and began courting Athol Estes , 17 years old and from a wealthy family . Historians believe Porter met Athol at the laying of the cornerstone of the Texas State Capitol on March 2 , 1885 . Her mother objected to the match because Athol was ill , suffering from tuberculosis . On July 1 , 1887 , Porter eloped with Athol and were married in the parlor of the home of Reverend R.K. Smoot , pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church , where the Estes family attended church . The couple continued to participate in musical and theater groups , and Athol encouraged her husband to pursue his writing . Athol gave birth to a son in 1888 , who died hours after birth , and then daughter Margaret Worth Porter in September 1889 . Porter 's friend Richard Hall became Texas Land Commissioner and offered Porter a job . Porter started as a draftsman at the Texas General Land Office ( GLO ) on January 12 , 1887 , at a salary of $100 a month , drawing maps from surveys and fieldnotes . The salary was enough to support his family , but he continued his contributions to magazines and newspapers . In the GLO building , he began developing characters and plots for such stories as `` Georgia 's Ruling '' ( 1900 ) , and `` Buried Treasure '' ( 1908 ) . The castle - like building he worked in was even woven into some of his tales such as `` Bexar Scrip No. 2692 '' ( 1894 ) . His job at the GLO was a political appointment by Hall . Hall ran for governor in the election of 1890 but lost . Porter resigned on January 21 , 1891 , the day after the new governor , Jim Hogg , was sworn in . Porter as a clerk at the First National Bank , Austin The same year , Porter began working at the First National Bank of Austin as a teller and bookkeeper at the same salary he had made at the GLO . The bank was operated informally , and Porter was apparently careless in keeping his books and may have embezzled funds . In 1894 , he was accused by the bank of embezzlement and lost his job but was not indicted at the time . He then worked full - time on his humorous weekly called The Rolling Stone , which he started while working at the bank . The Rolling Stone featured satire on life , people and politics and included Porter 's short stories and sketches . Although eventually reaching a top circulation of 1,500 , The Rolling Stone failed in April 1895 because the paper never provided an adequate income . However , his writing and drawings had caught the attention of the editor at the Houston Post . Porter and his family moved to Houston in 1895 , where he started writing for the Post . His salary was only $25 a month , but it rose steadily as his popularity increased . Porter gathered ideas for his column by loitering in hotel lobbies and observing and talking to people there . This was a technique he used throughout his writing career . While he was in Houston , federal auditors audited the First National Bank of Austin and found the embezzlement shortages that led to his firing . A federal indictment followed , and he was arrested on charges of embezzlement . Flight and return ( edit ) Porter in his 30s Porter 's father - in - law posted bail to keep him out of jail . He was due to stand trial on July 7 , 1896 , but the day before , as he was changing trains to get to the courthouse , an impulse hit him . He fled , first to New Orleans and later to Honduras , with which the United States had no extradition treaty at that time . William lived in Honduras for only six months , until January 1897 . There he became friends with Al Jennings , a notorious train robber , who later wrote a book about their friendship . He holed up in a Trujillo hotel , where he wrote Cabbages and Kings , in which he coined the term `` banana republic '' to qualify the country , a phrase subsequently used widely to describe a small , unstable tropical nation in Latin America with a narrowly focused , agrarian economy . Porter had sent Athol and Margaret back to Austin to live with Athol 's parents . Unfortunately , Athol became too ill to meet Porter in Honduras as he had planned . When he learned that his wife was dying , Porter returned to Austin in February 1897 and surrendered to the court , pending trial . Athol Estes Porter died from tuberculosis ( then known as consumption ) on July 25 , 1897 . Porter had little to say in his own defense at his trial and was found guilty on February 17 , 1898 , of embezzling $854.08 . He was sentenced to five years in prison and imprisoned on March 25 , 1898 , at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus , Ohio . Porter was a licensed pharmacist and was able to work in the prison hospital as the night druggist . He was given his own room in the hospital wing , and there is no record that he actually spent time in the cell block of the prison . He had 14 stories published under various pseudonyms while he was in prison but was becoming best known as `` O. Henry '' , a pseudonym that first appeared over the story `` Whistling Dick 's Christmas Stocking '' in the December 1899 issue of McClure 's Magazine . A friend of his in New Orleans would forward his stories to publishers so that they had no idea that the writer was imprisoned . Porter was released on July 24 , 1901 , for good behavior after serving three years . He reunited with his daughter Margaret , now age 11 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , where Athol 's parents had moved after Porter 's conviction . Margaret was never told that her father had been in prison -- just that he had been away on business . Later life and death ( edit ) Porter 's most prolific writing period started in 1902 , when he moved to New York City to be near his publishers . While there , he wrote 381 short stories . He wrote a story a week for over a year for the New York World Sunday Magazine . His wit , characterization , and plot twists were adored by his readers but often panned by critics . Porter married again in 1907 to childhood sweetheart Sarah ( Sallie ) Lindsey Coleman , whom he met again after revisiting his native state of North Carolina . Sarah Lindsey Coleman was herself a writer and wrote a romanticized and fictionalized version of their correspondence and courtship in her novella Wind of Destiny . Porter was a heavy drinker , and by 1908 , his markedly deteriorating health affected his writing . In 1909 , Sarah left him , and he died on June 5 , 1910 , of cirrhosis of the liver , complications of diabetes , and an enlarged heart . After funeral services in New York City , he was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville , North Carolina . His daughter Margaret Worth Porter had a short writing career from 1913 to 1916 . She married cartoonist Oscar Cesare of New York in 1916 ; they were divorced four years later . She died of tuberculosis in 1927 and is buried next to her father . Stories ( edit ) Portrait of Porter used as frontispiece in the posthumous collection of short stories Waifs and Strays O. Henry 's stories frequently have surprise endings . In his day he was called the American answer to Guy de Maupassant . While both authors wrote plot twist endings , O. Henry 's stories were considerably more playful , and are also known for their witty narration . Most of O. Henry 's stories are set in his own time , the early 20th century . Many take place in New York City and deal for the most part with ordinary people : policemen , waitresses , etc . O. Henry 's work is wide - ranging , and his characters can be found roaming the cattle - lands of Texas , exploring the art of the con - man , or investigating the tensions of class and wealth in turn - of - the - century New York . O. Henry had an inimitable hand for isolating some element of society and describing it with an incredible economy and grace of language . Some of his best and least - known work is contained in Cabbages and Kings , a series of stories each of which explores some individual aspect of life in a paralytically sleepy Central American town , while advancing some aspect of the larger plot and relating back one to another . Cabbages and Kings was his first collection of stories , followed by The Four Million . The second collection opens with a reference to Ward McAllister 's `` assertion that there were only ' Four Hundred ' people in New York City who were really worth noticing . But a wiser man has arisen -- the census taker -- and his larger estimate of human interest has been preferred in marking out the field of these little stories of the ' Four Million . ' '' To O. Henry , everyone in New York counted . He had an obvious affection for the city , which he called `` Bagdad - on - the - Subway '' , and many of his stories are set there -- while others are set in small towns or in other cities . His final work was `` Dream '' , a short story intended for the magazine The Cosmopolitan but left incomplete at the time of his death . Among his most famous stories are : `` The Gift of the Magi '' is about a young couple , Jim and Della , who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts . Unbeknownst to Jim , Della sells her most valuable possession , her beautiful hair , in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim 's watch ; while unbeknownst to Della , Jim sells his own most valuable possession , his watch , to buy jeweled combs for Della 's hair . The essential premise of this story has been copied , re-worked , parodied , and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written . `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' , in which two men kidnap a boy of ten . The boy turns out to be so bratty and obnoxious that the desperate men ultimately pay the boy 's father $250 to take him back . `` The Cop and the Anthem '' about a New York City hobo named Soapy , who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter . Despite efforts at petty theft , vandalism , disorderly conduct , and `` flirting '' with a young prostitute , Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police . Disconsolate , he pauses in front of a church , where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life ; ironically , he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three months in prison . `` A Retrieved Reformation '' , which tells the tale of safecracker Jimmy Valentine , recently freed from prison . He goes to a town bank to case it before he robs it . As he walks to the door , he catches the eye of the banker 's beautiful daughter . They immediately fall in love and Valentine decides to give up his criminal career . He moves into the town , taking up the identity of Ralph Spencer , a shoemaker . Just as he is about to leave to deliver his specialized tools to an old associate , a lawman who recognizes him arrives at the bank . Jimmy and his fiancée and her family are at the bank , inspecting a new safe when a child accidentally gets locked inside the airtight vault . Knowing it will seal his fate , Valentine opens the safe to rescue the child . However , much to Valentine 's surprise , the lawman denies recognizing him and lets him go . `` The Duplicity of Hargraves '' . A short story about a nearly destitute father and daughter 's trip to Washington , D.C. `` The Caballero 's Way '' , in which Porter 's most famous character , the Cisco Kid , is introduced . It was first published in 1907 in the July issue of Everybody 's Magazine and collected in the book Heart of the West that same year . In later film and TV depictions , the Kid would be portrayed as a dashing adventurer , perhaps skirting the edges of the law , but primarily on the side of the angels . In the original short story , the only story by Porter to feature the character , the Kid is a murderous , ruthless border desperado , whose trail is dogged by a heroic Texas Ranger . The twist ending is , unusually for Porter , tragic . Pen name ( edit ) Porter used a number of pen names ( including `` O. Henry '' or `` Olivier Henry '' ) in the early part of his writing career ; other names included S.H. Peters , James L. Bliss , T.B. Dowd , and Howard Clark . Nevertheless , the name `` O. Henry '' seemed to garner the most attention from editors and the public , and was used exclusively by Porter for his writing by about 1902 . He gave various explanations for the origin of his pen name . In 1909 he gave an interview to The New York Times , in which he gave an account of it : It was during these New Orleans days that I adopted my pen name of O. Henry . I said to a friend : `` I 'm going to send out some stuff . I do n't know if it amounts to much , so I want to get a literary alias . Help me pick out a good one . '' He suggested that we get a newspaper and pick a name from the first list of notables that we found in it . In the society columns we found the account of a fashionable ball . `` Here we have our notables , '' said he . We looked down the list and my eye lighted on the name Henry , `` That 'll do for a last name , '' said I . `` Now for a first name . I want something short . None of your three - syllable names for me . '' `` Why do n't you use a plain initial letter , then ? '' asked my friend . `` Good , '' said I , `` O is about the easiest letter written , and O it is . '' A newspaper once wrote and asked me what the O stands for . I replied , `` O stands for Olivier , the French for Oliver . '' And several of my stories accordingly appeared in that paper under the name Olivier Henry . William Trevor writes in the introduction to The World of O. Henry : Roads of Destiny and Other Stories ( Hodder & Stoughton , 1973 ) that `` there was a prison guard named Orrin Henry '' in the Ohio State Penitentiary `` whom William Sydney Porter ... immortalised as O. Henry '' . According to J.F. Clarke , it is from the name of the French pharmacist Etienne Ossian Henry , whose name is in the U.S. Dispensary which Porter used working in the prison pharmacy . Writer and scholar Guy Davenport offers his own hypothesis : `` The pseudonym that he began to write under in prison is constructed from the first two letters of Ohio and the second and last two of penitentiary . '' Legacy ( edit ) The O. Henry Award is a prestigious annual prize named after Porter and given to outstanding short stories . A film was made in 1952 featuring five stories , called O. Henry 's Full House . The episode garnering the most critical acclaim was `` The Cop and the Anthem '' starring Charles Laughton and Marilyn Monroe . The other stories are `` The Clarion Call '' , `` The Last Leaf '' , `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' ( starring Fred Allen and Oscar Levant ) , and `` The Gift of the Magi '' . The O. Henry House and O. Henry Hall , both in Austin , Texas , are named for him . O. Henry Hall , now owned by the Texas State University System , previously served as the federal courthouse in which O. Henry was convicted of embezzlement . Porter has elementary schools named for him in Greensboro , North Carolina ( William Sydney Porter Elementary ) and Garland , Texas ( O. Henry Elementary ) , as well as a middle school in Austin , Texas ( O. Henry Middle School ) . The O. Henry Hotel in Greensboro is also named for Porter , as is US 29 which is O. Henry Boulevard . In 1962 , the Soviet Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating O. Henry 's 100th birthday . On September 11 , 2012 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of O. Henry 's birth . On November 23 , 2011 , Barack Obama quoted O. Henry while granting pardons to two turkeys named `` Liberty '' and `` Peace '' . In response , political science professor P.S. Ruckman Jr. and Texas attorney Scott Henson filed a formal application for a posthumous pardon in September 2012 , the same month that the U.S. Postal Service issued its O. Henry stamp . Previous attempts were made to obtain such a pardon for Porter in the administrations of Woodrow Wilson , Dwight Eisenhower , and Ronald Reagan , but no one had ever bothered to file a formal application . Ruckman and Henson argued that Porter deserved a pardon because ( 1 ) he was a law - abiding citizen prior to his conviction ; ( 2 ) his offense was minor ; ( 3 ) he had an exemplary prison record ; ( 4 ) his post-prison life clearly indicated rehabilitation ; ( 5 ) he would have been an excellent candidate for clemency in his time , had he but applied for pardon ; ( 6 ) by today 's standards , he remains an excellent candidate for clemency ; and ( 7 ) his pardon would be a well - deserved symbolic gesture and more . O. Henry 's love of language inspired the O. Henry Pun - Off , an annual spoken word competition began in 1978 that takes place at the O. Henry House . Bibliography ( edit ) Cabbages and Kings ( 1904 ) , novel consisting of linked stories The Four Million ( 1906 ) , collection of 25 short stories : `` Tobin 's Palm '' , `` The Gift of the Magi '' , `` A Cosmopolite in a Cafe '' , `` Between Rounds '' , `` The Skylight Room ' , `` A Service of Love '' , `` The Coming - Out of Maggie '' , `` Man About Town '' , `` The Cop and the Anthem '' , `` An Adjustment of Nature '' , `` Memoirs of a Yellow Dog '' , `` The Love - Philtre of Ikey Schoenstein '' , `` Mammon and the Archer '' , `` Springtime à la Carte '' `` The Green Door '' , `` From the Cabby 's Seat '' , `` An Unfinished Story '' , `` The Caliph , Cupid and the Clock '' , `` Sisters of the Golden Circle '' , `` The Romance of a Busy Broker '' , `` After Twenty Years '' , `` Lost on Dress Parade '' , `` By Courier '' , `` The Furnished Room '' , `` The Brief Debut of Tildy '' The Trimmed Lamp ( 1907 ) , collection of 25 short stories : `` The Trimmed Lamp '' , `` A Madison Square Arabian Night '' , `` The Rubaiyat of a Scotch Highball '' , `` The Pendulum '' , `` Two Thanksgiving Day Gentlemen '' , `` The Assessor of Success '' , `` The Buyer from Cactus City '' , `` The Badge of Policeman O'Roon '' , `` Brickdust Row '' , `` The Making of a New Yorker '' , `` Vanity and Some Sables '' , `` The Social Triangle '' , `` The Purple Dress '' , `` The Foreign Policy of Company 99 '' , `` The Lost Blend '' , `` A Harlem Tragedy '' , `` ' The Guilty Party ' '' , `` According to Their Lights '' , `` A Midsummer Knight 's Dream '' , `` The Last Leaf '' , `` The Count and the Wedding Guest '' , `` The Country of Elusion '' , `` The Ferry of Unfulfilment '' , `` The Tale of a Tainted Tenner '' , `` Elsie in New York '' Heart of the West ( 1907 ) , collection of 19 short stories : `` Hearts and Crosses '' , `` The Ransom of Mack '' , `` Telemachus , Friend '' , `` The Handbook of Hymen '' , `` The Pimienta Pancakes '' , `` Seats of the Haughty '' , `` Hygeia at the Solito '' , `` An Afternoon Miracle '' , `` The Higher Abdication '' , `` Cupid à la Carte '' , `` The Caballero 's Way '' , `` The Sphinx Apple '' , `` The Missing Chord '' , `` A Call Loan '' , `` The Princess and the Puma '' , `` The Indian Summer of Dry Valley Johnson '' , `` Christmas by Injunction '' , `` A Chaparral Prince '' , `` The Reformation of Calliope '' The Voice of the City ( 1908 ) , collection of 25 short stories : `` The Voice of the City '' , `` The Complete Life of John Hopkins '' , `` A Lickpenny Lover '' , `` Dougherty 's Eye - opener '' , `` ' Little Speck in Garnered Fruit ' '' , `` The Harbinger '' , `` While the Auto Waits '' , `` A Comedy in Rubber '' , `` One Thousand Dollars '' , `` The Defeat of the City '' , `` The Shocks of Doom '' , `` The Plutonian Fire '' , `` Nemesis and the Candy Man '' , `` Squaring the Circle '' , `` Roses , Ruses and Romance '' , `` The City of Dreadful Night '' , `` The Easter of the Soul '' , `` The Fool - killer '' , `` Transients in Arcadia '' , `` The Rathskeller and the Rose '' , `` The Clarion Call '' , `` Extradited from Bohemia '' , `` A Philistine in Bohemia '' , `` From Each According to His Ability '' , `` The Memento '' The Gentle Grafter ( 1908 ) , collection of 14 short stories : `` The Octopus Marooned '' , `` Jeff Peters as a Personal Magnet '' , `` Modern Rural Sports '' , `` The Chair of Philanthromathematics '' , `` The Hand That Riles the World '' , `` The Exact Science of Matrimony '' , `` A Midsummer Masquerade '' , `` Shearing the Wolf '' , `` Innocents of Broadway '' , `` Conscience in Art '' , `` The Man Higher Up '' , `` Tempered Wind '' , `` Hostages to Momus '' , `` The Ethics of Pig '' Roads of Destiny ( 1909 ) , collection of 22 short stories : `` Roads of Destiny '' , `` The Guardian of the Accolade '' , `` The Discounters of Money '' , `` The Enchanted Profile '' , `` Next to Reading Matter '' , `` Art and the Bronco '' , `` Phœbe '' , `` A Double - dyed Deceiver '' , `` The Passing of Black Eagle '' , `` A Retrieved Reformation '' , `` Cherchez la Femme '' , `` Friends in San Rosario '' , `` The Fourth in Salvador '' , `` The Emancipation of Billy '' , `` The Enchanted Kiss '' , `` A Departmental Case '' , `` The Renaissance at Charleroi '' , `` On Behalf of the Management '' , `` Whistling Dick 's Christmas Stocking '' , `` The Halberdier of the Little Rheinschloss '' , `` Two Renegades '' , `` The Lonesome Road '' Options ( 1909 ) , collection of 16 short stories : `` ' The Rose of Dixie ' '' , `` The Third Ingredient '' , `` The Hiding of Black Bill '' , `` Schools and Schools '' , `` Thimble , Thimble '' , `` Supply and Demand '' , `` Buried Treasure '' , `` To Him Who Waits '' , `` He Also Serves '' , `` The Moment of Victory '' , `` The Head - hunter '' , `` No Story '' , `` The Higher Pragmatism '' , `` Best - seller '' , `` Rus in Urbe '' , `` A Poor Rule '' Strictly Business ( 1910 ) , collection of 23 short stories : `` Strictly Business '' , `` The Gold That Glittered '' , `` Babes in the Jungle '' , `` The Day Resurgent '' , `` The Fifth Wheel '' , `` The Poet and the Peasant '' , `` The Robe of Peace '' , `` The Girl and the Graft '' , `` The Call of the Tame '' , `` The Unknown Quantity '' , `` The Thing 's the Play '' , `` A Ramble in Aphasia '' , `` A Municipal Report '' , `` Psyche and the Pskyscraper '' , `` A Bird of Bagdad '' , `` Compliments of the Season '' , `` A Night in New Arabia '' , `` The Girl and the Habit '' , `` Proof of the Pudding '' , `` Past One at Rooney 's '' , `` The Venturers '' , `` The Duel '' , `` ' What You Want ' '' Whirligigs ( 1910 ) , collection of 24 short stories : `` The World and the Door '' , `` The Theory and the Hound '' , `` The Hypotheses of Failure '' , `` Calloway 's Code '' , `` A Matter of Mean Elevation '' , `` Girl '' , `` Sociology in Serge and Straw '' , `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' , `` The Marry Month of May '' , `` A Technical Error '' , `` Suite Homes and Their Romance '' , `` The Whirligig of Life '' , `` A Sacrifice Hit '' , `` The Roads We Take '' , `` A Blackjack Bargainer , `` The Song and the Sergeant '' , `` One Dollar 's Worth '' , `` A Newspaper Story '' , `` Tommy 's Burglar '' , `` A Chaparral Christmas Gift '' , `` A Little Local Colour '' , `` Georgia 's Ruling '' , `` Blind Man 's Holiday '' , `` Madame Bo - Peep of the Ranches '' Sixes and Sevens ( 1911 ) , collection of 25 short stories : `` The Last of the Troubadours '' , `` The Sleuths '' , `` Witches ' Loaves '' , `` The Pride of the Cities '' , `` Holding Up a Train '' , `` Ulysses and the Dogman '' , `` The Champion of the Weather '' , `` Makes the Whole World Kin '' , `` At Arms with Morpheus '' , `` A Ghost of a Chance '' , `` Jimmy Hayes and Muriel '' , `` The Door of Unrest '' , `` The Duplicity of Hargraves '' , `` Let Me Feel Your Pulse '' , `` October and June '' , `` The Church with an Overshot - Wheel '' , `` New York by Camp Fire Light '' , `` The Adventures of Shamrock Jolnes '' , `` The Lady Higher Up '' , `` The Greater Coney '' , `` Law and Order '' , `` Transformation of Martin Burney '' , `` The Caliph and the Cad '' , `` The Diamond of Kali '' , `` The Day We Celebrate '' Rolling Stones ( 1912 ) , collection of 22 short stories : `` The Dream '' , `` A Ruler of Men '' , `` The Atavism of John Tom Little Bear '' , `` Helping the Other Fellow '' , `` The Marionettes '' , `` The Marquis and Miss Sally '' , `` A Fog in Santone '' , `` The Friendly Call '' , `` A Dinner at -- -- -- '' , `` Sound and Fury '' , `` Tictocq '' , `` Tracked to Doom '' , `` A Snapshot at the President '' , `` An Unfinished Christmas Story '' , `` The Unprofitable Servant '' , `` Aristocracy Versus Hash '' , `` The Prisoner of Zembla '' , `` A Strange Story '' , `` Fickle Fortune , or How Gladys Hustled '' , `` An Apology '' , `` Lord Oakhurst 's Curse '' , `` Bexar Scrip No. 2692 '' Waifs and Strays ( 1917 ) , collection of 12 short stories : `` The Red Roses of Tonia '' , `` Round The Circle '' , `` The Rubber Plant 's Story '' , `` Out of Nazareth '' , `` Confessions of a Humorist '' , `` The Sparrows in Madison Square '' , `` Hearts and Hands '' , `` The Cactus '' , `` The Detective Detector '' , `` The Dog and the Playlet '' , `` A Little Talk About Mobs '' , `` The Snow Man '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Marquis and Miss Sally '' , Everybody 's Magazine , vol 8 , issue 6 , June 1903 , appeared under the byline `` Oliver Henry '' Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1922 ) . `` Henry , O . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed . ) . London & New York . Jump up ^ `` Biography : O. Henry '' . North Carolina History . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malcolm D. MacLean ( Summer 1968 ) . `` O. Henry in Honduras '' . American Literary Realism , 1870 -- 1910 . 1 ( 3 ) : 36 -- 46 . JSTOR 27747601 . Jump up ^ Current - Garcia , Eugene ( 1993 ) . O. Henry : A Study of the Short Fiction ( First ed . ) . New York City : Twayne Publishers , Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 0859 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Sydney Porter at Find a Grave . Jump up ^ Henry , O. `` A Madison Square Arabian Night , '' from The Trimmed Lamp : `` Oh , I know what to do when I see victuals coming toward me in little old Bagdad - on - the - Subway . I strike the asphalt three times with my forehead and get ready to spiel yarns for my supper . I claim descent from the late Tommy Tucker , who was forced to hand out vocal harmony for his pre-digested wheaterina and spoopju . '' The Trimmed Lamp , Project Gutenberg text Jump up ^ Henry , O. `` Dream '' . Read Book Online website . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Porter , William Sydney ( O. Henry ) '' . Ncpedia.org . ^ Jump up to : Guy Davenport , The Hunter Gracchus and Other Papers on Literature and Art , Washington , D.C. : Counterpoint , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` ' O. Henry ' on Himself , Life , and Other Things '' ( PDF ) , New York Times , April 4 , 1909 , p . SM9 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Clarke ( 1977 ) . Pseudonyms . BCA . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( October 17 , 1952 ) . `` THE SCREEN IN REVIEW ; Four O. Henry Short Stories Offered in Fox Movie at Trans - Lux 52d Street '' . New York Timws . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnett , Ethel Stephens ( 1973 ) . For Whom Our Public Schools Were Named , Greensboro , North Carolina . Piedmont Press . p. 245 . Jump up ^ `` O. Henry Middle School , Austin , TX '' . Archive.austinisd.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Master Storyteller O. Henry 's 150th Birthday Anniversary '' . U.S. Postal Service . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mark Memmot , `` Obama Quotes O. Henry on ' Purely American ' Nature of Thanksgiving '' , The Two - Way , NPR.org . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Schlosser , `` Please Mr. President , Pardon O. Henry Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , O. Henry Magazine , October 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Pardons : Few from Obama , and None for O. Henry '' . Go.bloomberg.com . February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Edith Evan Asbury , `` For O. Henry , a Hometown Festival '' , The New York Times , April 13 , 1985 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Smith , C. Alphonso ( November 1916 ) . `` The Strange Case of Sydney Porter And `` O. Henry '' `` . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXXIII : 54 -- 64 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutO . Henryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Works by O. Henry at Project Gutenberg Works by or about O. Henry at Internet Archive Works by O. Henry at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) O. Henry Museum Biography and stories Wall Street Journal article on O. Henry O. Henry on IMDb O. Henry Items on the Portal to Texas History O. Henry Short stories `` The Duplicity of Hargraves '' ( 1902 ) `` A Retrieved Reformation '' ( 1903 ) `` The Cop and the Anthem '' ( 1904 ) `` The Gift of the Magi '' ( 1905 ) `` After Twenty Years '' ( 1906 ) `` Conscience in Art '' ( 1907 ) `` The Last Leaf '' ( 1907 ) `` The Third Ingredient '' ( 1908 ) `` The Ransom of Red Chief '' ( 1910 ) `` Makes the Whole World Kin '' ( 1911 ) Novels Cabbages and Kings ( 1904 ) Story collections The Four Million ( 1906 ) Roads of Destiny ( 1909 ) Whirligigs ( 1910 ) Waifs and Strays ( 1917 ) Related O. Henry Award William Sidney Porter House O. Henry House and Museum O. Henry Hall O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 film ) Strictly Business ( 1962 film ) The Trust That Went Bust ( 1983 miniseries ) BNE : XX966418 BNF : cb12003963j ( data ) GND : 118639536 ISNI : 0000 0001 2096 055X LCCN : n79071080 MusicBrainz : 7293409c - da33 - 4b30 - b6c9 - edb7b8696f77 NDL : 00443080 NKC : jn19981001453 NLA : 35429365 SELIBR : 190502 SNAC : w67x3tc9 SUDOC : 027469050 VIAF : 46770914 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._Henry&oldid=854341873 '' Categories : O. 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-1934067982338553662 | Mission San Gabriel Arcángel | Mission San Gabriel Arcángel - wikipedia Mission San Gabriel Arcángel Jump to : navigation , search Mission San Gabriel Arcángel A view of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in April 2005 . The open stairway at the far right leads to the choir loft , and to the left is the six - bell campanario ( `` bell wall '' ) that was built after the original bell structure , located at the far end of the church , toppled during the 1812 Wrightwood earthquake . Location in Los Angeles County Location 428 South Mission Dr . San Gabriel , California 91776 - 1299 Coordinates 34 ° 5 ′ 50.59 '' N 118 ° 6 ′ 22.68 '' W / 34.0973861 ° N 118.1063000 ° W / 34.0973861 ; - 118.1063000 Coordinates : 34 ° 5 ′ 50.59 '' N 118 ° 6 ′ 22.68 '' W / 34.0973861 ° N 118.1063000 ° W / 34.0973861 ; - 118.1063000 Name as founded La Misión del Santo Príncipe El Arcángel , San Gabriel de Los Temblores English translation The Mission of the Saintly Prince The Archangel , St. Gabriel of the Tremblors Patron Gabriel , Holy Prince of Archangels Nickname ( s ) `` Pride of the Alta California Missions '' `` Mother of Agriculture in California '' Founding date September 8 , 1771 Founding priest ( s ) Pedro Benito Cambón and Angel de la Somera ( 1st ) ; Father Presidente Junípero Serra ( 2nd ) Founding Order Fourth Military district First Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Tongva Gabrieliño Native place name ( s ) ' Iisanchanga , Shevaanga Baptisms 7,825 Marriages 1 , 18 Burials 5,670 Secularized 1834 Returned to the Church 1859 Governing body Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Current use Chapel / Museum U.S. National Register of Historic Places Designated 1971 Reference no . # 71000158 California Historical Landmark Reference no . # 158 Website http://www.sangabrielmission.org Mission San Gabriel Arcángel is a fully functioning Roman Catholic mission and a historic landmark in San Gabriel , California . The settlement was founded by Spaniards of the Franciscan order on `` The Feast of the Birth of Mary , '' September 8 , 1771 , as the fourth of what would become 21 Spanish missions in California . San Gabriel Arcángel , named after the Archangel Gabriel and often referred to as the `` Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles '' , was designed by Antonio Cruzado , who hailed from Córdoba , Spain . Cruzado gave the building its strong Moorish architectural influence . The capped buttresses and the tall , narrow windows are unique among the missions of the California chain . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mission industries 3 Mission bells 4 Visitors 5 Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8 , 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon . The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores ( the River of the Earthquakes -- the Santa Ana River ) . The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows . The site of the Misión Vieja ( or `` Old Mission '' ) is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue . In 1776 , a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex , which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present - day San Gabriel ( the native settlement of ' Iisanchanga ) . The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent . On December 9 , 1812 ( the `` Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin '' ) , a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California . The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three - bell campanario , located adjacent to the chapel 's east façade , to collapse . A larger , six - bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla . While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like , architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta ( upper ) California . Legend has it that the founding expedition was confronted by a large group of native Tongva peoples whose intention was to drive the strangers away . One of the priests laid a painting of `` Our Lady of Sorrows '' on the ground for all to see , whereupon the natives , designated by the settlers as the Gabrieliños , immediately made peace with the missionaries , because they were so moved by the painting 's beauty . Today the 300 year old work hangs in front of and slightly to the left of the old high altar and reredos in the Mission 's sanctuary . A large stone cross stands in the center of the campo santo ( cemetery ) , first consecrated in 1778 and then again on January 29 , 1939 by the Los Angeles Archbishop John Cantwell . It serves as the final resting place for some 6,000 `` neophytes ; '' a small stone marker denotes the gravesite of José de Los Santos , the last American Indian to be buried on the grounds , at the age of 101 in February 1921 . Also interred at the Mission are the bodies of numerous Franciscan priests who died during their time of service , as well as the remains of Reverend Raymond Catalan , C.M.F. , who undertook the restoration of the Mission 's gardens . Entombed at the foot of the altar are the remains of eight Franciscan priests ( listed in order of interment ) : Miguel Sánchez , Antonio Cruzado , Francisco Dumetz , Roman Ulibarri , Joaquin P. Nuez , Gerónimo Boscana , José Bernardo Sánchez , and Blas Ordaz . Buried among the priests is centenarian Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné , the `` keeper of the keys '' under Spanish rule ; her grave is marked by a bench dedicated in her memory . Mission San Gabriel Arcángel c. 1900 . The trail in the foreground is part of the original El Camino Real . Well over 25,000 baptisms were conducted at San Gabriel between 1771 and 1834 , making it the most prolific in the mission chain . In its heyday it furnished food and supplies to settlements and other missions throughout California . A majority of the Mission structures fell into ruins after it was secularized in November 1834 . The once - extensive vineyards were falling to decay , with fences broken down and animals roaming freely through it . The Mission 's chapel functioned as a parish church for the City of San Gabriel from 1862 until 1908 , when the Claretian Missionaries came to San Gabriel and began the job of rebuilding and restoring the Mission . In 1874 , tracks were laid for Southern Pacific Railroad near the mission . In 2012 , artifacts from the mission era were found when the tracks were lowered into a trench known as the Alameda Corridor - East . On October 1 , 1987 the Whittier Narrows earthquake damaged the property . A significant portion of the original complex has since been restored . Mission industries ( edit ) The goal of the missions was to become self - sufficient in relatively short order . Farming was the most important industry of any mission . Prior to the missions , the native - Americans had developed a complex , self - sufficient culture . The missionaries believed the native Tongva people were inferior and in need of conversion to Christianity . The mission priests established what they thought of as a manual training school : to teach the Indians their style of agriculture , the mechanical arts , and the raising and care of livestock . The missions , utilizing the labor of the neophytes , produced everything they used and consumed . After 1811 , the mission Indians could be said to sustain the entire military and civil government of California . `` The names of the rancherias associated with San Gabriel Mission were : Acuragna , Alyeupkigna , Awigna , Azucsagna , Cahuenga , Chokishgna , Chowigna , Cucomogna , Hahaulogna , Harasgna , Houtgna , Hutucgna , Isanthcogna , Maugna , Nacaugna , Pascegna , Pasinogna , Pimocagna , Pubugna , Sibagna , Sisitcanogna , Sonagna , Suangna , Tibahagna , Toviscanga , Toybipet , Yangna . '' To efficiently manage its extensive lands , Mission San Gabriel established several outlying sub-missions , known as asistencias . Several of these became or were included in land grants following the Mexican secularization of the missions in the 1830s , including : Rancho Santa Ana del Chino Rancho La Puente San Bernardino de Sena Estancia Rancho Santa Anita In 1816 , the Mission built a grist mill on a nearby creek . El Molino Viejo still stands , now preserved as a museum and historic landmark . Other mission industries included cowhide tanning / exporting and tallow - rendering ( for making soap and for export ) , lime kilns , tile making , cloth weaving for blankets and clothing , and adobe bricks . Mission bells. ( edit ) Bells were important to daily life at any mission . They were rung to mark mealtimes , to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services , to mark births and funerals , to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary , and at other times ; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing of the mission bells. The mission bells were also used to tell time . Visitors ( edit ) Today visitors can tour the church , museum and grounds . The adobe museum building was built in 1812 and was originally used for sleeping quarters and book storage . Exhibits include mission relics , books and religious artifacts . The grounds feature operations from the original mission complex , including indoor and outdoor kitchens , winery , water cisterns , soap and candle vats , tanning vats for preparing cattle hides , and a cemetery . There is also a gift shop . A streetcar of the Pacific Electric Railway makes a stop at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel c. 1905 . Matrimonial Investigation records of the San Gabriel Mission ( edit ) As part of the William McPherson Collection in the Special Collections at Claremont Colleges ' Honnold / Mudd Library , the Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission are a valuable resource for research on the pre-statehood activities of the Mission . William McPherson was a rancher , scholar , and collector from Orange County , California who donated his extensive collection of mission documents , primarily from the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , to Special Collections in 1964 . The matrimonial records span 1788 -- 1861 and are notarized interviews with couples wanting to marry in the Roman Catholic Church , performed to establish the couples ' freedom to marry . The collection includes 165 investigations , with 173 men and 170 women . Because the donated records are fragile , they are no longer available to be photocopied . The California Digital Library has an online guide available to search the collection . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California Mission San Francisco Solano ( California ) Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles Asistencia El Molino Viejo San Bernardino Asistencia USNS Mission San Gabriel ( AO - 124 ) -- a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné Hugo Reid San Gabriel Mission High School Henninger Flats Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Leffingwell , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 113 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 41 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 48 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Engelhardt , San Diego Mission , pp. v , 228 `` The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego , San Luis Rey , San Juan Capistrano , and San Gabriel ... '' Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ `` San Gabriel Arcángel '' . California Missions . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Bellezza . Missions of Los Angeles . Jump up ^ McCawley , p 189 Jump up ^ http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_15440867?source=rss Pasadena Star News Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` At a planned train trench , an archaeological treasure trove '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Earnhardt 1922 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` History of San Gabriel Arcangel Mission '' . Access Genealogy . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mission , Museum , Grounds , Gardens , and Gift Shop '' , San Gabriel Mission ^ Jump up to : Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Claremont Colleges Digital Library . Jump up ^ Special Collections . William McPherson Collection . References ( edit ) Baer , Kurt ( 1958 ) . Architecture of the California Missions . University of California Press , Los Angeles , CA . Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1920 ) . San Diego Mission . James H. Barry Company , San Francisco , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin , O.F.M. ( 1922 ) . San Juan Capistrano Mission . Standard Printing Co. , Los Angeles , CA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Engelhardt , Zephyrin ( 1931 ) . Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . Franciscan Herald Press , Chicago , IL . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . McCawley , William ( 2006 ) . The First Angelinos : The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles . Malki Museum Press and Ballena Press , Banning and Novato , CA . ISBN 0 - 9651016 - 1 - 4 . Newcomb , Rexford ( 1973 ) . The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California . Dover Publications , Inc. , New York , NY . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21740 - X . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Wright , R. ( 1950 ) . California 's Missions . Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman , Arroyo Grande , CA . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Advantage Publishers Group , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . Young , S. & Levick , M. ( 1988 ) . The Missions of California . Chronicle Books LLC , San Francisco , CA . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3694 - 0 . External links ( edit ) San Gabriel Mission Parish Elevation and Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper Listing , drawings , and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Official website of the Gabrieleno / Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel San Gabriel Mission High Details of the Mission and photos Mission 's Fan Page on Facebook Matrimonial Investigation Records of the San Gabriel Mission at Claremont Colleges Digital Library Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 102 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . 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, San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the founding father of the san gabriel mission | [
"Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8, 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon. The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores (the River of the Earthquakes—the Santa Ana River). The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows.[12] The site of the Misión Vieja (or \"Old Mission\") is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue. In 1776, a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex, which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present-day San Gabriel (the native settlement of 'Iisanchanga). The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent. On December 9, 1812 (the \"Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin\"), a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California. The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three-bell campanario, located adjacent to the chapel's east façade, to collapse. A larger, six-bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla. While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like, architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta (upper) California.",
"Mission San Gabriel was founded on September 8, 1771 by Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera and Fray Pedro Benito Cambon. The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the Río de los Temblores (the River of the Earthquakes—the Santa Ana River). The priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows.[12] The site of the Misión Vieja (or \"Old Mission\") is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue. In 1776, a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex, which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present-day San Gabriel (the native settlement of 'Iisanchanga). The Mission is the base from which the pueblo that became the city of Los Angeles was sent. On December 9, 1812 (the \"Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin\"), a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California. The 1812 Wrightwood earthquake caused the three-bell campanario, located adjacent to the chapel's east façade, to collapse. A larger, six-bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the capilla. While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like, architectural historian Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta (upper) California."
] | [
"Fray Angel Francisico de Sonera",
"Fray Pedro Benito Cambon"
] |
-5966953198115849338 | List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States | List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy ( retiring July 31 , 2018 ) Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004231780000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7004299400000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004255870000000000 ♠ 70 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004311660000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004291870000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004249400000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004233940000000000 ♠ 64 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004212600000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004185810000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004111030000000000 ♠ 30 years , 145 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003976000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 263 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003910300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 337 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003874500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 344 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003467000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 287 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003454600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 163 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003326100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 339 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003289700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 340 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002459000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 94 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of July 13 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . 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1697022322293594106 | Tuatha Dé Danann | Tuatha Dé Danann - wikipedia Tuatha Dé Danann Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Danann ( disambiguation ) . `` Áes dána '' redirects here . For other uses , see Aes Dana ( disambiguation ) . The Tuatha Dé Danann as depicted in John Duncan 's `` Riders of the Sidhe '' ( 1911 ) The Tuath ( a ) Dé Danann ( Irish pronunciation : ( t̪ɣuəhə djeː d̪ɣan̪ɣən̪ɣ ) , usually translated as `` people ( s ) / tribe ( s ) of the goddess Dana or Danu '' ) , also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ( `` tribe of the gods '' ) , are a supernatural race in Irish mythology . They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland . The Tuath Dé dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans and the human world . Their traditional rivals are the Fomorians ( Fomoire ) , who seem to represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature . Each member of the Tuath Dé has been associated with a particular feature of life or nature , but many appear to have more than one association . Many also have bynames , some representing different aspects of the deity and others being regional names or epithets . Much of Irish mythology was recorded by Christian monks , who modified it to an extent . They often depicted the Tuath Dé as kings , queens and heroes of the distant past who had supernatural powers or who were later credited with them . Other times they were explained as fallen angels who were neither good nor evil . However , some medieval writers acknowledged that they were once gods . A poem in the Book of Leinster lists many of them , but ends `` Although ( the author ) enumerates them , he does not worship them '' . The Dagda 's name is explained as meaning `` the good god '' ; Brigit is called `` a goddess worshipped by poets '' ; while Goibniu , Credne and Luchta are referred to as Trí Dé Dána ( `` three gods of craftsmanship '' ) , Characters such as Lugh , the Morrígan , Aengus and Manannán mac Lir appear in tales set centuries apart , showing all the signs of immortality . They also have parallels in the pantheons of other Celtic peoples : for example Nuada is cognate with the British god Nodens ; Lugh is cognate with the pan-Celtic god Lugus ; Brigit with Brigantia ; Tuirenn with Taranis ; Ogma with Ogmios ; and the Badb with Catubodua . The Tuath Dé eventually became the Aos Sí or `` fairies '' of later folklore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Legendary history 3 The Four Treasures 4 Tuatha Dé Danann High Kings of Ireland 5 Tuatha Dé Danann family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 Primary sources 9 External links Name ( edit ) Part of a series on Celtic mythology Polytheism Deities ( list ) Animism Gaelic mythology Irish Scottish Tuath Dé Fomhoraigh Hebridean mythology and folklore Mythological Cycle Ulster Cycle Fianna Cycle Brythonic mythology Welsh Breton Cornish British Iron Age religion Mabinogion Matter of Britain Trioedd Ynys Prydein Concepts Otherworld Champion 's portion Geis Imbas forosnai Loathly lady Magic mist Sacred trees Shapeshifting Silver Branch Threefold death Wasteland Well of wisdom Religious vocations Druids Bards Vates Festivals Samhain Calan Gaeaf Imbolc Gŵyl Fair Beltane Calan Mai Lughnasadh Calan Awst Category Mythology portal The Old Irish word tuath ( plural tuatha ) means `` people , tribe , nation '' ; dé is the genitive case of día and , depending on context , can mean `` god , gods , goddess '' or more broadly `` supernatural being , object of worship '' . In the earliest writings , the mythical race are referred to as the Tuath Dé ( plural Tuatha Dé ) . However , Irish monks also began using the term Tuath Dé to refer to the Israelites , with the meaning `` People of God '' . Apparently to avoid confusion with the Israelites , writers began to refer to the mythical race as the Tuath Dé Danann ( plural Tuatha Dé Danann ) . The Old Irish pronunciation is ( t̪uaθa d̪jeː d̪anan̪ ) and the Modern Irish pronunciation is ( t̪ɣuə ( hi ) djeː d̪ɣan̪ɣən̪ɣ ) in the West and North , and ( t̪ɣuəhə djeː d̪ɣan̪ɣən̪ɣ ) in the South . A rough English approximation is tooə ( hə ) day danən or tooə ( hə ) jay danən . Danann is generally believed to be the genitive of a female name , for which the nominative case is not attested . It has been reconstructed as Danu , of which Anu ( genitive Anann ) may be an alternative form . Anu is called `` mother of the Irish gods '' by Cormac mac Cuilennáin . This may be linked to the Welsh mythical figure Dôn . Hindu mythology also has a goddess called Danu , who may be an Indo - European parallel . However , this reconstruction is not universally accepted . It has also been suggested that Danann is a conflation of dán ( `` skill , craft '' ) and the goddess name Anann . The name is also found as Donann and Domnann , which may point to the origin being proto - Celtic * don , meaning `` earth '' ( compare the Old Irish word for earth , doman ) . There may be a link with the mythical Fir Domnann and the British Dumnonii . Legendary history ( edit ) The Tuatha Dé Danann were descended from Nemed , leader of a previous wave of inhabitants of Ireland . They came from four cities to the north of Ireland -- Falias , Gorias , Murias and Finias -- where they acquired their magical skills and attributes . According to Lebor Gabála Érenn , they came to Ireland `` in dark clouds '' and `` landed on the mountains of ( the ) Conmaicne Rein in Connachta '' , otherwise Sliabh an Iarainn , `` and they brought a darkness over the sun for three days and three nights '' . They immediately burnt the ships `` so that they should not think of retreating to them ; and the smoke and the mist that came from the vessels filled the neighboring land and air . Therefore it was conceived that they had arrived in clouds of mist '' . A poem in the Lebor Gabála Érenn says of their arrival : It is God who suffered them , though He restrained them they landed with horror , with lofty deed , in their cloud of mighty combat of spectres , upon a mountain of Conmaicne of Connacht . Without distinction to descerning Ireland , Without ships , a ruthless course the truth was not known beneath the sky of stars , whether they were of heaven or of earth . Led by their king , Nuada , they fought the First Battle of Magh Tuireadh on the west coast , in which they defeated and displaced the native Fir Bolg , who then inhabited Ireland . In the battle , Nuada lost an arm to their champion , Sreng . Since Nuada was no longer `` unblemished '' , he could not continue as king and was replaced by the half - Fomorian Bres , who turned out to be a tyrant . The physician Dian Cecht replaced Nuada 's arm with a working silver one and he was reinstated as king . However , Dian Cecht 's son Miach was dissatisfied with the replacement so he recited the spell , `` ault fri halt dí & féith fri féth '' ( joint to joint of it and sinew to sinew ) , which caused flesh to grow over the silver prosthesis over the course of nine days and nights . However , in a fit of jealous rage Dian Cecht slew his own son . Because of Nuada 's restoration as leader , Bres complained to his family and his father , Elatha , who sent him to seek assistance from Balor , king of the Fomorians . The Tuatha Dé Danann then fought the Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh against the Fomorians . Nuada was killed by the Fomorian king Balor 's poisonous eye , but Balor was killed himself by Lugh , the champion of the Tuatha Dé , who then took over as king . A third battle was fought against a subsequent wave of invaders , the Milesians , from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula ( present day Galicia and Northern Portugal ) , descendants of Míl Espáine ( who are thought to represent the Goidelic Celts ) . The Milesians encountered three goddesses of the Tuatha Dé Danann , Ériu , Banba and Fodla , who asked that the island be named after them ; Ériu is the origin of the modern name Éire , and Banba and Fodla are still sometimes used as poetic names for Ireland . Their three husbands , Mac Cuill , Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine , who were kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann at that time , asked for a truce of three days , during which the Milesians would lie at anchor nine waves ' distance from the shore . The Milesians complied , but the Tuatha Dé Danann created a magical storm in an attempt to drive them away . The Milesian poet Amergin calmed the sea with his verse , then his people landed and defeated the Tuatha Dé Danann at Tailtiu . When Amergin was called upon to divide the land between the Tuatha Dé Danann and his own people , he cleverly allotted the portion above ground to the Milesians and the portion underground to the Tuatha Dé Danann . The Tuatha Dé Danann were led underground into the Sidhe mounds by Manannán mac Lir . Preceded by Fir Bolg Mythical invasions of Ireland AFM 1897 BC FFE 1477 BC Succeeded by Milesians The four treasures ( edit ) The Tuatha Dé Danann brought four magical treasures with them to Ireland , one apiece from their Four Cities : The Dagda 's Cauldron The Spear of Lugh The Stone of Fal The Sword of Light of Nuada Tuatha Dé Danann high kings of Ireland ( edit ) The following is a chronology from the Annals of the Four Masters ; based on reign - lengths given in Geoffrey Keating 's Forus Feasa ar Erinn . Nuada 's original reign lacks a precise start date . Nuada ( first reign ) AFM unknown - 1897 BC ; FFE unknown - 1477 BC Bres AFM 1897 - 1890 BC ; FFE 1477 - 1470 BC Nuada ( final reign ) AFM 1890 - 1870 BC ; FFE 1470 - 1447 BC Lugh AFM 1870 - 1830 BC ; FFE 1447 - 1407 BC Eochaid Ollathair AFM 1830 - 1750 BC ; FFE 1407 - 1337 BC Delbáeth AFM 1750 - 1740 BC ; FFE 1337 - 1327 BC Fiacha AFM 1740 - 1730 BC ; FFE 1327 - 1317 BC Mac Cuill , Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine AFM 1730 - 1700 BC ; FFE 1317 - 1287 BC Tuatha Dé Danann family tree ( edit ) The following table is based on the genealogies given by Geoffrey Keating and in the Lebor Gabála Érenn , and references in Cath Maige Tuireadh . It is not clear whether the various Elathas and Delbáeths are meant to be different figures of the same name or different traditions regarding the genealogy of the same figure . It is also notable that Fomorians such as Elatha and Balor are closely related to the Tuatha Dé . Agnoman of Scythia Nemed Iarbonel Faidh Beothach Iobáth Enna Tabarn Tat ____________________________________ __________________________________ Allai Indai __________________________ __________________________ Orda Nét Elatha ____________________ ______________________________________________ Etarlám Esar Brec Delbáeth Dot Bres Eochaid Dian Cecht Elatha Balor ___________ ___________ _________________ ______________________ Nuada ( Elcmar ) Cu Cethen Cian Miach Airmed Dagda Fiacha Delbáeth Ogma Allód Ethniu ( Nechtan ) ( Lir ) _____ ____ _____________ ____________ Etarlám Nemain Bec - Felmas Lug Cermait Aengus Bodb Midir Brigid Boann Delbáeth Manannan ( Tuireann ) _________ _________ ______________________ __________________________________ Ernmas Abean MacCuill MacCecht MacGréine Fiacha Brian Iuchar Iucharba Danand Goibniu Credne Luchta Ollam __________________ Ériu = Badb Aoi Banba = Macha Fódla = Mórrígan = Anu Other members of the Tuatha Dé Danann include : Abartach Beag Bé Chuille Brea Fand See also ( edit ) Olympian Pantheon Picts Aos Sí References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Koch , John T. Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO , 2006 . pp. 1693 - 1695 Jump up ^ MacCulloch , John Arnott . The Religion of the Ancient Celts . The Floating Press , 2009 . pp. 80 , 89 , 91 Jump up ^ Smyth , Daragh . A Guide to Irish Mythology . Irish Academic Press , 1996 . p. 74 Jump up ^ Ward , Alan ( 2011 ) . The Myths of the Gods : Structures in Irish Mythology . p. 9 Jump up ^ Carey , John . `` Tuath Dé '' , in The Celts : History , Life , and Culture . Edited by John T. Koch . ABC - CLIO , 2012 . pp. 751 - 753 Jump up ^ W.B. Yeats ( 1888 ) . Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry . p. 1 Jump up ^ MacKillop , James ( 2006 ) . Myths and Legends of the Celts Penguin guides to world mythology . Penguin . p. 90 . ISBN 9780141941394 . Three gods patronize the crafts : Goibniu , Credne and Luchta . Jump up ^ Koch , Celtic Culture , pp. 729 , 1490 , 1696 Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia . The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore . Infobase Publishing , 2004 . p. 167 Jump up ^ MacCulloch , John Arnott . Celtic Mythology . Dover Publications , 2004 . p. 49 Jump up ^ Black , Ronald . The Gaelic Otherworld . Birlinn , 2008 . p. xxxii Jump up ^ Dictionary of the Irish Language , Compact Edition , Royal Irish Academy , 1990 , pp. 612 Jump up ^ James MacKillop , Dictionary of Celtic Mythology , Oxford University Press , p. 366 Jump up ^ Joe , Jimmy . `` Tuatha Dé Danann '' . www.timelessmyths.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ James MacKillop , Myths and Legends of the Celts , Penguin , 2005 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ John T Koch & John Carey ( eds ) , The Celtic Heroic Age , Celtic Studies Publications , 1997 , p. 245 Jump up ^ Lebor Gabála Érenn § 49 Jump up ^ MacKillop 1998 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Gray , Cath Maige Tuired , Irish Texts Society , London 1983 , pp 32 - 3 Jump up ^ www.sengoidelc.com - Quotations from early Irish Literature Jump up ^ `` Tuatha De Danann '' . www.ireland-information.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Primary sources ( edit ) R.A.S. Macalister ( ed . ) . Lebor Gabála Érenn ( The Book of the Taking of Ireland ) . Dublin : Irish Texts Society . Mesca Ulad External links ( edit ) Article on Tuatha Dé Danann on Celtic website Transceltic.com Irish mythology : the Mythological Cycle Supernatural figures Tuatha Dé Danann Abcán Abean Aed Aengus Anu / Danu / Danand Áine Airmed Badb Bé Chuille Bébinn Boann Bodb Derg Bres Brian Brigid Cermait Cian Clídna Credne Dagda Delbáeth Dian Cecht Ecne Elcmar Ernmas Étaín Ériu - Banba - Fódla Fand Fiacha Flidais Fuamnach Goibniu Lén Lí Ban Lir Luchta Lug Mac Gréine - Mac Cuill - Mac Cecht Macha Manannán Miach Midir Morrígan Nechtan Neit Nemain Nuada Ogma Tuirenn Fomhoraigh Balor Bres Cethlenn Cichol Conand Elatha Ethniu Tethra Others Caillech Carman Crom Cruach Donn Mug Ruith Tailtiu Tlachtga Tuan mac Cairill Settlers Cesair Partholón Nemed Fir Bolg Aengus mac Umor Eochaid mac Eirc Fiacha Cennfinnán Fodbgen Gann - Genann - Sengann Rinnal Rudraige Sláine Sreng Milesians Amergin Glúingel Breogán Éber Érimón Fénius Farsaid Goídel Glas Lámfhind Míl Scota Creatures Aes Síde Enbarr Failinis Glas Gaibhnenn Items Areadbhar Four Treasures Fragarach Lúin of Celtchar Uaithne Places Otherworld Mag Mell Tír na nÓg Tech Duinn Brú na Bóinne Connla 's Well Fintan 's Grave Teamhair Toraigh Uisneach Texts Lebor Gabála Érenn Cath Maige Tuired Tochmarc Étaíne Aided Chlainne Lir Aided Chlainne Tuirenn Immram Brain Dindsenchas part of a series on Celtic mythology Fairies Related articles Changeling Classifications of fairies Fairy fort Fairy godmother Fairy - locks Fairy path Fairy riding Fairy ring Fairy tale Hungry grass Royalty in folklore Áine Alberich Arawn Beira Bodb Derg Brigid Clíodhna The Dagda Donn Dullahan Fairy Queen Finvarra Freyr and Yngvi Freyja Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr ap Greidawl Gyre - Carling / Nicnevin Manannán mac Lir Queen of Elphame Saci - pererê Royalty in literature Belphoebe Caelia Elegast Erlking Gloriana Lurline Mab Oberon Titania Fairylands in folklore Alfheim / Elphame Annwn Arcadia ( utopia ) Avalon , Afallach , and Emain Ablach Brú na Bóinne Cnoc Meadha Cnoc na Teamhrach Fortunate Isles Hy Brasil Inis Vitrin Mag Mell Niðavellir Otherworld Rathcroghan Seelie Court Svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr Tír na nÓg Unseelie Court Fairies in culture The Blue Fairy Cottingley Fairies Faerieworlds Faery Wicca Fairy painting The Faerie Queene The Fairly OddParents Tinker Bell Fairies in folklore Northern Europe Alp Luachra Anjana Aos Sidhe Arkan Sonney Asrai Banshee Barghest Bean nighe Billy Blind Biróg Bloody Bones Bluecap Bodach Boggart Bogle Brag Brownie Bucca Buggane Bugul Noz Caoineag Cat sìth Cù Sìth Ceffyl Dŵr Clurichaun Coblynau Cyhyraeth Drow Duende Duergar Dullahan Dwarf Each - uisge Elf Enchanted Moura Fear dearg Fear gorta Fenodyree Finfolk Fuath Gancanagh Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Glashtyn Gnome Goblin Green Man Gremlin Grindylow Gwyllion Gwyn ap Nudd Habetrot Haltija The Hedley Kow Heinzelmännchen Hob Hobgoblin Hödekin Hulder Iannic - ann - ôd Imp Jack - o ' - lantern Jack o ' the bowl Jenny Greenteeth Joan the Wad Joint - eater Kabouter Kelpie Kilmoulis Klabautermann Knocker Knucker Kobold Korrigan Leanan sídhe Leprechaun Lorelei Lubber fiend Mare Melusine Mermaid Merrow Mooinjer veggey Morgen Nain Rouge Näkki Nicnevin Nix Ogre Peg Powler Pixie Púca / Pwca Puck Radande Redcap Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Sluagh Spriggan Sprite / Water sprite Sylph Tomte Tooth fairy Troll Tuatha Dé Danann Tylwyth Teg Undine Water horse Wight Will - o ' - the - wisp Wirry - cow Yan - gant - y - tan Xana Fairy - like beings in folklore Africa Abatwa Asanbosam Aziza Bultungin Jengu Kishi Mami Wata Obayifo Rompo Tikoloshe Yumboes Oceania Bunyip Manaia Mimis Muldjewangk Patupaiarehe Taniwha Tipua Wandjina Yara - ma - yha - who Yowie Americas Alux Chaneque Curupira Encantado Ishigaq Jogah Menehune Nawao Nimerigar Nûñnë'hï Pukwudgie Saci Squonk Asia Apsara Diwata Kappa Kijimuna Kitsune Kodama Koro - pok - guru Mogwai Orang bunian Puteri Peri Bake - danuki Tengu Tennin Yaksha Yakshini Yōkai Yōsei Europe Greek Dryad Hamadryad Kallikantzaros Lampad Maenad Naiad Nereid Nymph Oceanid Pan Potamides Satyr Silenus Romanic Căpcăun Faun Iele Lares Di Penates Sânziană Spiriduș Squasc Vâlvă Vântoase Zână Zmeu Slavic Bagiennik & Bannik Berehynia Domovoi Karzełek Kikimora Likho Polevik Psotnik Rusalka Vila Vodyanoy Celtic Tuatha Dé Danann Texts Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1832 ) See also Portal Category List of beings referred to as fairies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Tuatha_Dé_Danann&oldid = 796017665 '' Categories : Tuatha Dé Danann Mythological peoples Fairies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 23 : 26 . 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6892126169394922313 | Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3) | Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 3 ) Wizards of Waverly Place season three cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 28 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release October 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) -- October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes The third season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from October 9 , 2009 to October 15 , 2010 . The Russo children , Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , Justin ( David Henrie ) , and Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) continue to compete to become the leading wizard in their family and meet many friends and adversaries along the way . Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise co-star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex 's best friend , Harper Finkle . This is the first season of the series to be broadcast in high - definition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening sequence 2 Synopsis 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Opening sequence ( edit ) The opening sequence is the same as it was for the previous seasons . The characters in the opening sequence still remain in Standard Definition , only the background being converted to high definition . The sequence begins with Alex ( Selena Gomez ) waking up in the morning with her alarm clock buzzing off . She uses a spell to make the time 6 : 30 . She then goes into the bathroom where Justin ( David Henrie ) is observing himself in the mirror where Alex pushes him to the side . He gets annoyed and then uses magic to put her into the mirror . In the kitchen , Max ( Jake T. Austin ) has an orange which turns into a vanilla cupcake . Meanwhile , Harper ( Jennifer Stone ) meets Alex at the front door while pointing at her watermelon shirt . Back at the kitchen , Max is about to put his cupcake into his backpack when his mother , Teresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) , makes him turn it back into an orange . Alex tells her mother that she is late for school . In the lair , Jerry ( David DeLuise ) has his spellbook fly away . He then goes to retrieve it . In the sub shop , Alex opens her book bag and the spellbook goes in . Jerry lectures her as the main title card appears . Then the four friends walk to school . Synopsis ( edit ) Justin is now a graduated wizard and no longer needs to take wizard training classes with his fellow siblings . Alex now feels the need to step her training skills with a little help from Harper who now lives with the Russos . Justin also continues his relationship with a vampire named Juliet ( Bridgit Mendler ) and Alex starts a new one with a werewolf named Mason ( Gregg Sulkin ) . Both relationships end badly , with Juliet being transformed to look her real age and Mason turned permanently into a wolf . However , Justin has moved on with help from Harper and Alex , who has resumed her relationship with Mason after `` country magic '' restores him to human form . Justin attempts to fulfill a number of achievements he thinks make up a successful senior year at high school , including joining the basketball team , being elected student body president , hosting a big party , and winning the science fair with a water powered engine . Meanwhile , Alex meets a teenage wizard named Stevie Nichols ( Hayley Kiyoko ) , who generals the same personality as Alex. Alex and Stevie become friends , much to Harper 's dismay . Then , Stevie begins a wizard revolution and Alex tricks her into joining the revolution to freeze Stevie and transport her powers to her brother , Warren . Max then destroys Stevie by accident . Alex has romance going off and on in this season . Max falls for his first girlfriend . The season finale has the family kidnapped by government agents for being wizards . Tricked into believing an alien invasion is coming , Justin tells the agents magic exists , leading to most wizards being captured . The Russos manage to escape with Alex declaring they need to tell the world the truth to save the wizard world . Guest stars and recurring cast include : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman , Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols , Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen , Moisés Arias as Conscience , Bella Thorne as Nancy Lukey , Fred Willard as Mr. Stuffleby , Austin Butler as George , Shakira as Herself , Ted McGinley as Magroder , John O'Hurley as Captain Jim Bob Sherwood , Wilmer Valderrama as Uncle Ernesto , Kate Flannery as Elaine Finkle , and Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Alex Russo David Henrie as Justin Russo Jake T. Austin as Max Russo Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo David DeLuise as Jerry Russo Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes This season consists of 28 episodes . Filmed in July 2009 to January 2010 . Wizards of Waverly Place Season 3 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Franken Girl '' Bob Koherr Peter Murrieta October 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) 301 4.6 As Justin is continuously getting annoyed by Alex breaking into his room and stealing things , he decides to create a female Frankenstein 's monster to act as a ' body guard ' and names her `` Franken Girl '' . However , when Alex beats the monster and still manages to break into Justin 's room , he tries to get revenge by casting a spell to make Franken Girl Alex 's best friend but also casts a `` spell lock '' to stop Alex from reversing the spell . Although initially annoyed by Franken Girl 's obsession with her , Alex soon takes a liking to her , which just makes Justin more mad and more eager to seek revenge . He soon thinks up a rather elaborate ( and somewhat demented ) revenge plan to make Franken Girl love cheerleading ( the sport that Alex hates the most ) and she forces Alex to join the squad when she sees a flyer of a `` cheerleaders wanted '' sign . The episode ends with Franken Girl accidentally launching Alex out of the school when Alex mentions `` I 'll be late for Algebra . '' Guest stars : Perry Mattfeld as FrankenGirl , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate Notes : This is the first episode of the series to be broadcast in high definition , and the show now utilizes a ' filmized ' appearance ( though it is still shot on videotape , as is standard with Disney Channel sitcoms beginning with Sonny with a Chance ) . This episode aired on September 27 , 2009 on Disney Channel Middle East . It was the first of two times that Frankengirl appeared . This is the final season playing the original version of the series theme song . Starting in the fourth season , the theme song will be remixed and sung by Selena Gomez . 53 `` Halloween '' Bob Koherr Todd J. Greenwald October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 302 4.5 The Russos ' haunted house has been lame every year , mostly because Justin insists that they focus on safety and making the right decisions to avoid being `` haunted '' by them later in life . The person in charge of the haunted house , Mr. Evans , threatens to take the Russos ' contribution away if it is not scarier this Halloween . Alex then goes to the wizard world and gets three real ( but only mildly scary ) ghosts , following her father 's orders . However , they are n't scary enough , as at first , Teresa thinks they 're just people in masks . Alex and Harper go back to the wizard world and get `` Mantooth '' , the scariest ghost from the wizard world who used to scare Justin at night . Mantooth does something with his face that scares the children so badly that they flee the house . Mr. Evans immediately declares that their haunted house is too scary and takes it away anyway . Guest stars : Bo Foxworth as Coach , Scott Freeburg as Doug , Daniel Roebuck as Mr. Evans , Sean Whalen as Mantooth , Hilary Hacker as Miss Chenowith , Stephen A.F. Day as Frank , Shannon McClung as Doug 's Body , Keith Allan as Wally 54 `` Monster Hunter '' Bob Koherr Richard Goodman October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) 303 4.3 Justin signs up for Monster Hunting after he masters his 5,000 th spell . Knowing that Justin could become the family wizard , Alex studies with help from Harper . Meanwhile , Max performs a spell that separates his conscience from himself . Then , he performs another spell to make monsters go all over the city to sabotage Justin 's training even though his conscience tells him not to . Later , Alex , Max and his conscience go to help Justin with the monsters and Alex performs two spells successfully and saves Justin . Special guest stars : Fred Willard as Mr. Stuffleby , Moisés Arias as Conscience 55 `` Three Monsters '' Victor Gonzalez Justin Varava October 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) 304 4.4 Justin begins his Monster Hunting course and senses that there are three unregistered monsters on Waverly Place . Forgetting that Juliet and her family live there , he tells the professionals , and they come looking for her . Realizing his mistake , Justin tries to fix it by trying to find three other monsters . In the end , the monster hunters take away Franken Girl and Justin 's robot . Meanwhile , Max tries to separate himself from his conscience because he thinks that he is trying to steal his mother . Special guest star : Moisés Arias as Conscience Guest stars : Bridgit Claire Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , Wendi McLendon - Covey as Dr. Ice , Pat Finn as Luxor Absent : David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 56 5 `` Night at the Lazerama '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Murrieta November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 306 4.7 For his first official monster hunting assignment , Justin is dispatched to capture a mind controlling mummy after all of the other monster hunters are apparently killed in action . Arriving at the museum , Justin and Juliet end up getting trapped in an exhibit with a soundproof plastic window , leaving them unable to call for help and the window itself immune to Justin 's magic . Justin believes that they can wait until morning for a worker to let them out , but quickly realizes otherwise when he remembers that exposure to sunlight will incinerate Juliet . Justin ultimately decides that Juliet needs to look in the mummy 's eyes and become his slave in order to leave so she will not be destroyed , though he promises to hunt down the mummy and save Juliet one day . Meanwhile , Alex , in an attempt to sabotage Max 's increasingly good behavior and gain a better chance at winning the wizard competition , has Harper separate Conscience from Max , and Max 's behavior becomes increasingly horrific ; however , she quickly rushes to fix the problem when Jerry informs her that Conscience will become his own person if he is separated from Max for too long . After reuniting Max and his conscience , Alex discovers Justin 's plight and rushes to save him , but arrives too late to save Juliet from the mummy . Special guest star : Moisés Arias as Conscience Guest stars : Bridgit Claire Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie , John Eric Bentley as Mummy 57 6 `` Doll House '' Jean Sagal Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 305 4.1 After Harper finds out that her parents are moving to Pittsburgh , the Russos offer to clear out their basement so she can live with them and stay in New York . While Alex and Harper clean out the basement to make room for Harper 's things , they find Alex 's old doll house . Alex shrinks herself down to fit in the doll house to use as her own art studio , but Jerry and Theresa give the doll house away to a little girl named Olive , with Alex still in it . Unable to use magic to get out , as she had dropped her wand , Alex gets Harper 's attention and begs her not to tell Justin . However , Harper tells him and then the pair help Alex , when she makes him buy the doll house back . Meanwhile , Justin tries to sell his `` Captain Jim - Bob Sherwood Farmhouse Space Command Module '' which is worth $400 . Guest stars : Yara Shahidi as Olive , Gregg Binkley as Randy 58 7 `` Marathoner Harper '' `` Marathoner Helper '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 307 4.2 After Harper wins a marathon , she discovers that Alex used magic to help her win every competition since they were very young , including the marathon . Upset that she never really won anything on her own , Alex decides to let Harper do all the contests again from the past in order to have the opportunity to win without the aid of magic , though things go wrong when Harper proves to be completely incompetent in everything . Meanwhile Justin decides to enter the marathon so he can be the first Russo to win an athletic trophy . Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke 59 8 `` Alex Charms a Boy '' Bob Koherr Peter Murrieta January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) 313 3.9 Alex meets and falls for Mason , a transfer student from the United Kingdom . After they start dating , she finds him perfect in every way , except for his view of art , which is dogs and parts of American history . Alex tries to make him more American , by throwing water balloons at people ( being rude ) and laughing in appreciation ( making fun of Mr. Laritate and Harper 's clothes ) . In order to make him a better artist , Alex takes matters into her own hands by putting a spell on Mason to make her his new artistic inspiration , which ends up on Mason kissing Alex in the rain . Meanwhile , Justin trains for finding the mummy that took away Juliet , so Jerry gives Justin goggles where you can see behind you so Justin would n't have to look into the mummy 's eyes and get turned to his minion . During this , it is discovered that , when Max cast the spell that set monsters running loose in an idiotic attempt to sabotage Justin 's monster hunting , one of the escaped monsters is said mummy , thus making Max himself indirectly responsible for both Juliet 's kidnapping and the deaths of all of the other monster hunters . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Gregg Sulkin as Mason Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 60 9 `` Wizards vs. Werewolves '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio and Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) 314 / 315 6.2 In this episode , Justin and Max continue to search for Juliet . Meanwhile , Mason and Alex continue dating and Mason gives her a glowing necklace . However , Mason keeps running away from Alex before the evening . She becomes suspicious and follows him one night . Alex and Harper discover that Mason is actually a werewolf . She confesses that she is a wizard and they continue to date . Mason then reveals that the necklace only glows when someone is in love with the person who put it on the other person . When Justin and Max find out that Mason is a werewolf , Justin thinks that Mason can help track down Juliet . He tracks her scent to Transylvania , where the mummy has been holding Juliet prisoner and expecting Justin , though they destroy the mummy after a brief face - off . The Russo 's happiness at saving Juliet is cut short when it is discovered that Juliet and Mason dated one another three centuries ago , and the situation worsens when Mason impulsively blurts out that he still loves her . Alex throws away the True Love Necklace and breaks up with Mason . Juliet then says that she used to love Mason , but her soulmate is Justin . Alex is heartbroken the next day , and Mason goes to the substation to talk to Alex , but she wo n't let him explain , and Harper decides to set up an `` Alex - watch '' to keep the two separate . Later , Mason meets Max , who manages to take him to Alex. Mason is able to persuade Alex to go back to Transylvania with him to search for the True Love Necklace , so that Mason can prove his feelings for her . Justin , Max , and Juliet follow them . At odds with Justin , Mason transforms into a full Werewolf and starts to attack Justin , which results in being attacked by Juliet . During the fight , Juliet bites Mason and is scratched by him in turn : as a result , Juliet loses her vampire powers and quickly ages into a white - haired , wrinkly old lady , and Mason transforms into an actual wolf . Before this happens , however , Alex successfully locates the necklace and puts it on Mason , which proves that he does indeed love her . Realizing that they can no longer be together , Juliet and Mason reluctantly break up with Justin and Alex . They then depart , leaving both Russos completely heartbroken . Guest stars : Bridgit Claire Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen , Gregg Sulkin as Mason , John Eric Bentley as Mummy 61 10 `` Positive Alex '' Victor Gonzalez Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein February 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 26 ) 308 3.6 Alex has a crush on George , the school 's bandleader , but is unable to get his attention because he is turned off by her sour attitude and unenergetic cheers at the school basketball games . Determined to get George to ask her to the school dance , she casts a spell on herself to become a positive person . Unfortunately , the spell backfires when , during the next game , Alex 's newfound optimism turns out to be too much when she starts cheering for the opposing team , ultimately leading Tribeca Prep to squander a huge lead and lose the game . Meanwhile , Justin has joined the basketball team and is trying to get a big senior moment captured on video . During the game , Justin gets to play and scores 3 three pointers . However , Max , tasked with capturing the game on videotape , is too fascinated with the camera , conducting somewhat embarrassing zoom - in shots of Theresa and Jerry , and forgets all about the action on the court . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Austin Butler as George 62 11 `` Detention Election '' Bob Koherr Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein March 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) 309 3.3 Justin and Zeke are running against each other to become Student Body President . Justin soon finds his efforts put in jeopardy after someone wallpaper 's Principal Laritate 's office with posters of his campaign and he is accused of masterminding the prank . In Saturday detention , Alex befriends a rebellious new girl at school named Stevie . On their trip to Coney Island , Jerry , Max and Harper are stuck on a Ferris wheel and Max drops his wand in an attempt to get them off . Harper is flashed off the Ferris wheel by Alex , and they both try to help Justin out of trouble . Meanwhile , Justin has gained newfound popularity by taking credit for the prank and also to get more votes for his campaign . But his friendship with Zeke may be strained when he chooses his popularity over his best friend . In the end , Justin wins the race but he is disqualified because of the prank . Alex takes the blame so Justin can become president but Stevie confesses that she pulled off the prank . Justin becomes Student Body President by six votes , but Zeke withdrew his vote when he found out that Justin did not vote . However , Justin gained his friendship with Zeke back and lost his popularity . Harper is sent back on the Ferris wheel by Alex , who was banned and wanted revenge because Jerry , Max and Harper went without her , where Jerry and Max are still stuck on , but luckily she grabbed her jacket made of spicy and teriyaki jerky . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie , Grant Alan as Eddie Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 63 12 `` Dude Looks Like Shakira '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Murrieta April 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) 317 3.5 Theresa and Jerry go on vacation and leave Uncle Kelbo to watch the kids . When Uncle Kelbo comes he is not him , he is Shakira . He confess to them that there is no Shakira and that he made her up years ago . Uncle Kelbo tells them that there is a strict law against using magic for fame and fortune , Max and Alex try to find a cure so that Uncle Kelbo can stay his real self . Max finds a spell and has the same problem as Uncle Kelbo , except he turns into a garbage can . Special guest star : Shakira as herself Guest stars : Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo , Michael Monken as MacGruder Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 64 13 `` Eat to the Beat '' Guy Distad Richard Goodman April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 310 3.3 After Harper 's lunchtime Shakespeare impressions are a total bust , Alex and Stevie ask Justin to hire a rock band to play at lunchtime . Justin agrees , feeling that he owes Stevie since she got him elected to become Student Body President . However , Justin hires a smooth jazz band instead of a rock band , which angers Alex. Harper later finds out that Stevie is a wizard , but instantly forgets it after Stevie uses a spell to erase Harper 's short - term memory . Guest stars : Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie , Aaron Hendry as Grrrtarist , Beau Billingslea as Burt Parks Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 65 14 `` Third Wheel '' Robbie Countryman Justin Varava April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) 311 3.6 Harper tells Alex that Stevie is a wizard after Harper sees Stevie use a wand , with Stevie erasing her memory , which Alex helps Harper regain . Alex then confronts Stevie about her secret and the two bond even more because of their magical abilities making Harper feel left out . Meanwhile , Justin and Zeke come with the idea to build a float for the school 's homecoming festivities . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 66 15 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Alex '' Victor Gonzalez Todd J. Greenwald May 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) 312 3.5 Alex is caught off guard when she discovers that Stevie is leading a wizard revolution . To the dismay of Justin and Harper , she decides to help Stevie with her quest to make sure no wizard ever has to give up their powers again . Alex agrees to Stevie shortly after Stevie barricades the wizard portal with a broom stick . Alex and Stevie also ask Max to join in their revolution , to which Max agrees . Max also declares himself as king , so the two girls have to obey his commands . Justin , knowing his sisters antics , orders a Chinese meal that comes with magic fortune cookies that possess the ability to give a glimpse into the future , thus allowing Justin to find out what Alex will end up doing . Alex is seen telling Harper that after it was all over , they would still be friends . Justin tries to stop her , thinking that she would go through with Stevie 's plan , but Alex ends up tricking Stevie , using her wand to turn Stevie into a rock - type substance , freezing her body , and transporting all of Stevie 's magical powers to her brother . Shortly after this sequence , Max curiously pokes Stevie 's frozen body , accidentally tipping her over . Upon impact with the floor , Stevie 's frozen body breaks into hundreds of pieces . To Alex it does not matter , because she still has her only true friend Harper , who was , is , and will always be there for Alex until the very end . Guest stars : Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie , Richard Chiu as Warren , Ezra Weisz as Clown Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 67 16 `` Western Show '' Bob Koherr Justin Varava May 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) 316 3.5 After Superintendent Clanton fires Mr. Laritate ( because of Alex 's Rollerskate and Pie Day and Max 's carelessness ) and takes over his school responsibilities and tortures Alex , Justin and Max , They go to Mr. Laritate where he already has a western themed job . So Alex uses a spell that takes Mr. Laritate back in time to the Old West to convince him to fight for his job . After Mr. Laritate learned a lesson back in the western days , he goes back to the school and asks Clanton to give his job as a principal again . Guest stars : Ted McGinley as Superintendent Clanton , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 68 17 `` Alex 's Logo '' David DeLuise David Henrie May 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) 318 3.7 When Alex 's newly designed T - shirts become wildly popular at school , Justin demands that she turn over a fee to the Student Council for selling them on school property . With her generous donation , Alex becomes the winner of the Citizenship award and when Justin puts the truth spell on her to find if she used magic to get the award , he purposefully leaves it on causing her to tell the truth about everyone during her award ceremony speech and then causing everyone to hate her . Guest star : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 69 18 `` Dad 's Buggin ' Out '' Guy Distad Todd J. Greenwald June 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) 319 3.4 Justin and Zeke are preparing for the Alien Language League banquet which will be hosted at the Sub Station . Alex carelessly leaves the portal to the Wizard World open , and a pocket elf and fairy escape as well as a Wizard bug , which bites Jerry , and he transforms into a huge insect . He interferes with the Alien Language League Banquet and Justin 's hopes of getting a Lifetime Achievement Award by scaring away Joey the Crepe kid and eating all the homemade crepes Theresa was forced to make after Joey ran away , but things take a turn for the better when Alex helps Justin by presenting Jerry in his bug form , as an alien from another planet , knowing how important getting the award is to Justin . In the end Justin is given the Lifetime Achievement Award trophy after all , but Jerry , who is still a giant insect , accidentally melts it . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Michael Monken as MacGruder , Paulie Litt as Joey the Crepe Kid , Rachel Cannon as Flutter , Al Madrigal as Pocket Elf 70 19 `` Max 's Secret Girlfriend '' Bob Koherr Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein June 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 11 ) 321 3.2 Alex and Harper find out that Max has a girlfriend named Nancy , but has been keeping it a secret so not to get embarrassed by his family . Later Theresa finds out about it and admonishes him for lying . Since he took his mother 's advice , he tells Nancy his secret about being a wizard . The Russos then make up another lie to cover the truth , and Nancy breaks up with him because Max keeps on lying to get her to like him . Guest star : Bella Thorne as Nancy 71 20 `` Alex Russo , Matchmaker ? '' David DeLuise Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio July 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) 322 3.3 Alex sets Harper up with Justin 's best friend Zeke for the school science fair . But Alex becomes frustrated when she sees that Harper and Zeke are actually interested in their science project than sharing romantic feelings for each other . She then casts a spell to make sparks fly between them , which literally happens when they touch . Meanwhile , Justin creates a water - powered engine , while Max `` creates life '' by finding items under his bed and putting in a barbecue grill . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Ezra Weisz as John , Darrin Butters as Jon 72 21 `` Delinquent Justin '' Mary Lou Belli Justin Varava July 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 16 ) 323 3.6 When Justin is about to graduate high school , Alex tells him that she made a duplicate Justin and put him through four years of college . Justin is revolted , however , to discover that the college version of himself has become a free - spirited hippie who does not care about studying or about life . Soon Alex recombines the two Justins , but the duplicate Justin takes over the mind of the regular Justin , leaving Alex to fix the problem . Meanwhile , Jerry and Theresa try to be better parents . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 73 22 `` Captain Jim Bob Sherwood '' Jean Sagal Richard Goodman July 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 23 ) 320 3.6 Alex and Justin are chosen to create an issue of the Captain Jim Bob Sherwood comic book , with Justin writing the story and Alex doing the illustrations . But when they ca n't agree on their ideas , Alex uses magic and displaces Captain Jim Bob from the comic book , leaving him loose out in the city . Guest star : John O'Hurley as Captain Jim Bob Sherwood 74 23 `` Wizards vs. Finkles '' Victor Gonzalez Peter Dirksen July 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) 325 3.7 Harper 's parents comes to town to audition for a gig as a train vaudeville act in Romania. Harper is completely embarrassed by them , while Alex is won over by them and agrees to join their act , while Harper gets to be in the annual Russo family photo , as both Alex and Harper take on roles in each other 's families that they refused to fill themselves -- Alex had objected to being in the family photo , and Harper had objected to joining the vaudeville act . However , Alex learns that being in the act is not all fun and games and soon wants out . Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Kate Flannery as Elaine Finkle , Scot Robinson as Marty Finkle Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 75 24 `` All About You - Niverse '' Bob Koherr Marcus Alexander Hart August 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) 326 3.7 After Alex is punished for one of her schemes in order to go on the class trip to Europe , she defiantly steps into a magical mirror and her world instantly becomes all about her . Alex enjoys how everyone listens to her , but when her mother tries to call her back , mirror - Harper breaks the mirror and could possibly be trapped in that world forever . Justin and Zeke hold an e-waste drive for old electronics in order to save themselves for the `` Robot Revolution '' . Guest star : Dan Benson as Zeke Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 76 25 `` Uncle Ernesto '' Bob Koherr Todd J. Greenwald August 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 27 ) 327 3.4 Justin , Alex and Max promise a magic - free night for their mother 's birthday . When they invite their Uncle Ernesto over , they must stow away magical gifts from Uncle Kelbo . After opening the presents , chaos breaks out as the kids try to hide magic from their mother and uncle . In the end of the episode , Alex proves that she loves her mother more than magic by discarding the egg of a FuChicken ( see `` Magical objects '' section below ) which would have told who would win the wizard competition . Special guest star : Wilmer Valderrama as Uncle Ernesto Guest star : Michael D. Cohen as Swiss Army Elf 77 26 `` Moving On '' Robbie Countryman Peter Murrieta September 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) 324 4.5 When Justin fails to get over Juliet , Alex transforms Harper into a young version of Juliet . Justin is delighted to see her again , until Harper , as Juliet , tries to make him move on . She does convince him to move on after revealing herself . The episode ends with Justin on a date with his new girlfriend and the real Juliet watching him from afar , with a smile on her face . Special guest star : Bridgit Claire Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen Guest star : Laura Samuels as Sara 78 27 `` Wizards Unleashed '' `` Alex Saves Mason ( Alternative ) / Puppy Love ( United Kingdom ) '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio ( Part 1 ) Justin Varava ( Part 2 ) October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 328 - 329 4.8 After Alex sees on the news a feature about a painting wolf in the Pocono Mountains , she automatically believes that it is Mason . Justin , Max , and Alex flash to the location of the wolf , and learn that it is indeed Mason . However , they then learn that Mason is being held against his will by a family of hillbilly wizards who will agree to give Mason back to Alex in exchange for the Russos ' wizard world portal . Alex agrees to make the exchange , unbeknownst to her brothers . The hillbilly family arrive at the Russos ' lair for the exchange but Alex fools them by concealing their portal with an anti-magic realm . Because of that , Mason , who had transformed to his human form , reverts back to a wolf as a form of revenge from the hillbillies . The Russos figure out about the transforming hillbilly music and use it on Mason , but he is turned to a half wolf / half human . Until then , they have to find the missing instrument for the hillbilly song ; Mason is stuck in his half wolf / half human form , leaving Alex embarrassed to be seen with him in public . Meanwhile , Zeke and Harper take care of the Sub Station and Harper tries to make Zeke kiss her all the while . At Zeke 's party , Mason 's cover is blown and Alex is humiliated , leaving Mason heartbroken and he leaves her . Harper tells Alex about how she always wore eccentric , flashy clothing but Alex was n't afraid to be seen with her at all and the same should go for Mason . Alex flashes herself into the elevator where Mason is scratching his neck and apologizes and says she loves him and kisses him . They go back to Zeke 's apartment , unaffected by everyone 's stares and gawks and they dance , laughing at all their good memories when they were an art couple at Tribeca Prep . In the end , Justin finds the missing instrument , the mouth harp , and plays it and Mason is back to his human form . In the meantime , Theresa and Jerry go on an anniversary trip to Connecticut and stay in a cheap motel , using a camera concealed in a teddy bear to check on the Sub Station . This is a one - hour special . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Mary - Pat Green as Ma , Gary Grubbs as Pa 79 28 `` Wizards Exposed '' Bob Koherr Richard Goodman October 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) 330 4.3 The government finds out that the Russo family are wizards , and takes them into custody to find out more . Max and Alex are both interrogated by Agent Lamwood and Scientist One , but both refuse to say anything . When Justin is interrogated , he is tricked into thinking that aliens are going to attack so he reveals that he is a wizard and that they have a wizard lair . Meanwhile , Harper is trying to find out how to contact the wizard world to inform them of the Russo 's abduction ; she tells Mason who decides to go through the portal to find help . The government raids the wizard world and arrests many wizards , including Professor Crumbs and Chancellor Rudy Tootietootie , as well as Mason along with the Russo family . The Russo family escape the prison and learn that all magic has been switched off . With the help of a magic cootie catcher given by Professor Crumbs , Alex casts a spell duplicating their family three times so they can think of a plan to escape . Scientist One helps the Russo family , Mason , and Rooty Tootietootie escape telling them that Agent Lamwood is crazy because they are supposed to be researching lizards not wizards . The episode ends on a cliffhanger as the Russo family wonder what to do and whether Alex is right in saying they should reveal to the world that wizards exist to save their fellow wizards . Special guest star : Gregg Sulkin as Mason Guest stars : Dan Benson as Zeke , Jonathan Kite as Agent Lamwood , Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell as Scientist One , Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Andy Kindler as Chancellor Tootietootie Note : This episode ends on a cliffhanger and is resumed in the season 4 opener , `` Alex Tells The World '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Record - breaking Monday Night Football , MLB playoffs on TBS , NCIS , WWE RAW , and Wizards of Waverly Place top weekly cable charts Posted on October 13 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , MLB playoffs , Hannah Montana and NCIS top weekly cable chart Posted on October 20 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Football , Baseball Monk , White Collar , Jeff Dunham , and Sons of Anarchy top weekly cable chart Posted on October 27 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : NFL , Sons of Anarchy , Monk , WWE RAW and White Collar top weekly cable charts Posted on November 24 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : WWE RAW , NCIS , SpongeBob and Sarah Palin Top Weekly Cable Charts Posted on January 20 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Disney 's `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' Hits Series Highs with 6.2 Million Viewers Posted on January 25 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : WWE RAW , CNN Newsroom , Burn Notice and SpongeBob Top Weekly Cable Viewing Posted on March 2 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : WWE Raw , Deadliest Catch , Spongebob Top Weekly Cable Viewing Posted on April 20 , 2010 by Bill Gorman Jump up ^ `` Stargate Universe '' + `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' and Other Friday Cable Finals -- tvbythenumbers.com Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : Lebron is the King ( of Cable ) , Celtics vs. Cavs , WWE RAW , iCarly Top Weekly Cable Viewing Posted on May 4 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : NBA Playoffs , WWE RAW and iCarly Top Weekly Cable Viewing Posted on May 11 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : NBA Playoffs , WWE RAW , NCIS and Law & Order : SVU Top Weekly Cable Viewing Posted on May 18 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Friday Cable Ratings : Say Yes To The Dress , The Soup , Merlin Finale & More Posted on July 6 , 2010 by Bill Gorman Jump up ^ Led by Sonny With a Chance and Hannah Montana Disney Channel Claims the Week 's Top 10 Telecasts in Kids 6 -- 11 and Tweens 9 -- 14 -- tvbythenumbers.com Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : Rizzoli & Isles , The Closer , Burn Notice & Brickyard 400 Top Week 's Viewership -- tvbythenumbers.com Jump up ^ Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart Posted on November 3 , 2009 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Friday Cable : Eureka Down a Bit ; Suite Life on Deck Draws Over 4 Million & More -- tvbythenumbers.com Jump up ^ Friday Cable : Eureka , Haven Up ; Victorious Bests Wizards of Waverly Place & More Posted on August 30 , 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : VMAs , Boise State , The Closer & Rizzoli & Isles Top Week 's Cable Viewing by Robert Seidman Posted on September 14 , 2010 -- TVbythenumbers.com Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football , ' ' Jersey Shore , ' Wizards of Waverly Place , ' ' Phineas and Ferb ' Top Week 's Cable Viewing By Robert Seidman -- October 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Cable Top 25 : Brett Favre , New York Yankees , Badgers -- Buckeyes , Chilean Miners Rescue & ' iCarly ' Top Week 's Cable Viewing By Robert Seidman -- October 19 , 2010 -- tvbythenumbers.com External links ( edit ) List of Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 3 ) episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_3)&oldid=818903372 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 07 : 43 . 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3834538440991511302 | Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands) | Henderson island ( Pitcairn Islands ) - wikipedia Henderson island ( Pitcairn Islands ) Henderson Island UNESCO World Heritage site Map of Henderson Island Location Pacific Ocean Criteria Natural : vii , x Reference 487 Inscription 1988 ( 12th Session ) Website http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/487 Coordinates 24 ° 21 ′ S 128 ° 19 ′ W / 24.35 ° S 128.32 ° W / - 24.35 ; - 128.32 Coordinates : 24 ° 21 ′ S 128 ° 19 ′ W / 24.35 ° S 128.32 ° W / - 24.35 ; - 128.32 Location of Henderson Island in the Pacific Ocean Henderson Island ( formerly also San Juan Bautista and Elizabeth Island ) is an uninhabited island in the south Pacific Ocean . It is one of the world 's last two raised coral atolls whose ecosystems remain relatively unaffected by human contact . Ten of its 51 flowering plants , all four of its land birds and about a third of the identified insects and gastropods are endemic -- a remarkable diversity given the island 's size . Measuring 9.6 kilometres ( 6.0 mi ) by 5.1 kilometres ( 3.2 mi ) , it has an area of 37.3 square kilometres ( 14.4 sq mi ) and is located 193 kilometres ( 120 mi ) northeast of Pitcairn Island . It has poor soil and little fresh water , and is unsuitable for agriculture . There are three beaches on the northern end and the remaining coast comprises steep ( mostly undercut ) cliffs up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) in height . In 1902 Henderson was annexed to the Pitcairn Islands colony , now a South Pacific British Overseas Territory . It was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations in 1988 . Contents 1 History 2 Natural resources 3 Geography 4 Flora 5 Fauna 5.1 Birds 5.2 Other animals 5.3 Biological risk 6 Plastic debris 7 Gallery 7.1 Beach 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Archaeological evidence suggests that a small permanent Polynesian settlement existed on Henderson at some time between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries . The reasons for the group 's disappearance remain unknown , but may relate to the similar disappearance of the Polynesians on Pitcairn Island , on whom the Hendersonians would have depended for many of the basics of life , especially stone for making tools . The Pitcairn Polynesians may in turn have disappeared because of the decline of nearby Mangareva ; thus , Henderson was at the end of a chain of small , dependent colonies of Mangareva . Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , leading a Spanish expedition , was the first European to discover the island on 29 January 1606 and named it San Juan Bautista ; Captain Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules rediscovered the island on 17 January 1819 and named it Henderson Island ; and on 2 March 1819 Captain Henry King in the Elizabeth landed on the island to find the king 's colours already flying . His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree . A sperm whale rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex on 20 November 1820 ( a report of which inspired Herman Melville to write Moby - Dick ) , and the crew arrived at Henderson on 20 December in three small whaleboats . They found the island 's only known drinkable water - source -- a brackish spring on the north shore , exposed at half tide -- and ate fish , birds , eggs , crabs and peppergrass ; but they had largely exhausted the ready food within a week and on 27 December the three boats set sail for South America , leaving behind Thomas Chappel , Seth Weeks , and William Wright who chose to stay , and who survived until their rescue on 9 April 1821 . In his account of the ordeal , Chappel reported having seen human skeletons in a cave . In August 1851 visitors from Pitcairn Island also found skeletons in a cave and wreckage on the adjacent beach . After a party of Pitcairn Islanders collecting miro wood rediscovered the skeletons in March 1958 , a medical examination determined that the bones were of Caucasian origin , and they were then buried in a shallow grave inside the cave . An American survey team examined the bones in 1966 and buried them in five coffins in the left - hand corner of the cave , tightly jamming a large cross between the ceiling and the rock floor at the entrance . They concluded the remains were of five or six people , one of whom was between three and five years of age . It was presumed they were the survivors of a shipwreck who died of dehydration . A final examination in the context of a scientific expedition in 1991 concluded that the human remains on Henderson Island were prehistoric Polynesians . Henderson , along with Oeno and Ducie , was formally annexed to the British Empire in 1902 by Captain G.F. Jones , who visited the islands in a cutter with a crew of Pitcairn Islanders ; and in August 1937 , HMS Leander on a journey from Europe to New Zealand carried out an aerial survey of Henderson , Oeno and Ducie , and on each island a British flag was planted and an inscription was nailed up proclaiming `` This island belongs to H.B.M. King George VI . '' In 1957 a 27 year - old American , Robert Tomarchin lived the life of a castaway on the island for approximately 2 months , accompanied by a pet chimpanzee , apparently as a publicity stunt , until people from Pitcairn rescued him in two longboats . In the early 1980s , American businessman Arthur `` Smiley '' Ratliff expressed interest in establishing a home for himself with an airstrip on the island . The Pitcairn Island Council approved his plans in April 1981 but the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office overrode the decision and vetoed the proposed development after environmentalist groups had lobbied to protect the natural ecology and environment of the island . Henderson Island was listed as a World Heritage site in 1988 . Natural resources ( edit ) Since the introduction of aluminium - hulled long - boats in the 20th century , Pitcairners have made regular trips to Henderson to harvest the wood of miro and tou trees . Usually they venture to Henderson once per year , but they may make up to three trips if the weather is favourable . Pitcairners carve the wood into curios for tourists , from which they derive much of their income . Geography ( edit ) A view along the northern beach Henderson Island is a raised coral atoll that , with Pitcairn , Ducie and Oeno Islands , forms the Pitcairn Island Group . The nearest major landmass is more than 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) away . This coral limestone island sits atop a conical ( presumed volcanic ) mound , rising from a depth of roughly 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) . Its surface is mostly reef - rubble and dissected limestone -- an extremely rugged mixture of steep , jagged pinnacles and shallow sink holes -- and , except for the north end , the island is encircled by steep limestone cliffs up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) high . There are three main beaches , on the northwest , north , and northeast sides , and the north and northwest sides are fringed by reefs . The depression at the island 's centre is thought to be a raised lagoon . There is only one known potable ( drinkable ) water source , a brackish spring on the north shore exposed at half tide , rising from a crevice in flat rock , large surfaces of which compose the face of the beach . The surrounding ocean tidal range is about one metre at spring tide . Flora ( edit ) Thespesia populnea Apart from five species bordering the beaches , including coconut palms , the vegetation is undisturbed . Henderson Island is covered by 5 -- 10 m tall tangled scrub forest , more thinly covered in the central depression . It has 51 native species of flowering plants , ten of which are unique to the island ( endemic ) . Dominant tree species include coconut palms , Pandanus tectorius , Thespesia populnea ( miro ) , Tournefortia argentea , Cordia subcordata ( tou ) , Guettarda speciosa , Pisonia grandis , Geniostoma hendersonense , Nesoluma st. - johnianum , Hernandia stokesii , Myrsine hosakae , and Celtis sp . Fauna ( edit ) The Henderson lorikeet ( Vini stepheni ) , also known as the Stephen 's lorikeet , is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae , endemic to Henderson Island . Birds ( edit ) The island is presently home to four endemic land bird species -- the Henderson fruit dove , Henderson lorikeet , Henderson reed warbler and the flightless Henderson crake . Three species of the family Columbidae -- the Henderson ground dove , the Henderson imperial pigeon and the Henderson archaic pigeon -- were formerly endemic to the island , but became extinct when the Polynesians arrived around 1000 CE . Of the fifteen non-endemic seabird species found , nine or more are believed to breed on the island . Breeding colonies of the globally endangered Henderson petrel formerly existed on Ducie , but were wiped out by invasive rats by 1922 . It is believed to now nest uniquely on Henderson island . Bones associated with prehistoric Polynesian settlement sites dating to somewhere between 500 and 800 years ago include those of the Polynesian storm petrel , Marquesan imperial pigeon , and Polynesian or Pacific imperial pigeon which are no longer found on the island , and two others -- Christmas shearwater and red - footed booby -- that still visit but no longer nest . It is hypothesized that the Polynesian settlers may have driven these bird species , along with six terrestrial snail species , to local extinction , and this loss of a ready and regular food supply may have contributed to the Polynesians ' subsequent disappearance . The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area for its endemic landbirds and breeding seabirds . Other animals ( edit ) Coconut crab . The invertebrate species are largely unknown but a third of the island 's known non-marine gastropods and insects are endemic . There are no native mammals but the Pacific rat , introduced by Polynesians 800 years ago , abounds . A skink ( Emoia cyanura ) , and the green sea turtle have been identified , and an unidentified gecko has been reported . There are also crabs . Biological risk ( edit ) Land bird populations appear to be relatively stable but there is high risk of introduction to the island of predators , disease vectors and diseases by unauthorised landings of yachts . Introduction of the Eurasian black rat or the domestic cat would be likely to cause almost immediate extinction of the ground - dwelling Henderson crake and possibly other species . The endemic birds may have no immunity to the fatal avian pox which is transmitted by biting flies such as hippoboscidae . Between July and November 2011 a partnership of the Pitcairn Islands Government and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds implemented a poison baiting programme aimed at eradicating the Pacific rat . Mortality was massive but of the 50,000 to 100,000 population , 60 to 80 individuals survived and the population has now fully recovered . Plastic debris ( edit ) Research published in April 2017 looked at debris on several beaches , and reported `` the highest density of plastic rubbish anywhere in the world '' as a result of the South Pacific Gyre . The beaches contain an estimated 37.7 million items of debris together weighing 17.6 tonnes . In a study transect on North Beach , each day 17 to 268 new items washed up on a 10 - metre section . The study noted that purple hermit crabs ( Coenobita spinosus ) make their homes in plastic containers washed up on beaches . Gallery ( edit ) Beach ( edit ) Northwest Beach View along the beach Northwest Beach . North beach North beach East beach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Remote island has ' world 's worst ' plastic rubbish density '' . BBC News . 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO World Heritage listing '' . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stefan , Vincent H. ( 2002 ) . `` Henderson Island crania and their implication for Southeastern Polynesian prehistory '' . Journal of the Polynesian Society . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 2005 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weisler , Marshall I. ( 1995 ) . `` Henderson Island prehistory : colonization and extinction on a remote Polynesian island '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 56 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 377 -- 404 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1995. tb01099. x . Jump up ^ Brand , Donald D. ( 1967 ) . The Pacific Basin : A History of its Geographical Explorations . New York : The American Geographical Society . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Thomas Farel ( 1 September 1990 ) . Stove by a Whale : Owen Chase and the Essex . Wesleyan University Press . pp. 62 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6244 - 9 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Part 15 '' . History of Government and Laws . Pitcairn Islands Study Center . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Henderson Island skeletons '' . www.winthrop.dk . Jump up ^ Rehder HA ; Randall JE ( 15 January 1975 ) . `` Ducie Atoll : Its history , physiography and biota '' ( PDF ) . Atoll Research Bulletin . 183 : 1 -- 55 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00775630.183. 1 . Jump up ^ Winthrop , Mark . `` The Henderson Island monkey story '' . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Serpell J. `` Desert island risk '' . New Scientist ( 5 May 1983 ) : 320 . Jump up ^ Brooke , M. de L. ; I. Hepburn ; R.J. Trevelyan ( 2004 ) . `` Henderson Island World Heritage Site Management Plan 2004 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Foreign and Commonwealth Office , London : 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Graves GR . The endemic land birds of Henderson Island , Southeastern Polynesia : Notes on natural history and conservation . The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 1992 ; 104 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Potential for rat predation to cause decline of the globally threatened Henderson petrel Pterodroma atrata : evidence from the field , stable isotopes and population modelling '' ( PDF ) . 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steadman DW , Olson SL . Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island , South Pacific : Man - caused extinctions on an `` uninhabited '' island . PNAS. 1 September 1985 ; 82 ( 18 ) : 6191 -- 6195 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 82.18. 6191 . Jump up ^ Weisler , Marshall I. ( Spring 1994 ) . `` The Settlement of Marginal Polynesia : New Evidence from Henderson Island '' . Journal of Field Archaeology. 21 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 102 . doi : 10.1179 / jfa. 1994.21. 1.83 . JSTOR 530246 . Jump up ^ BirdLife International . ( 2012 ) . Important Bird Areas factsheet : Henderson Island . Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ RSPB ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Aircraft carrier and helicopters come to unique island 's rescue '' . BirdLife . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . `` Henderson Island Restoration Project '' . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Amos , W. ; Nichols , H.J. ; Chuchyard , T. ; Brooke , M. de L. ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Rat eradication comes within a whisker ! A case study of a failed project from the South Pacific '' . Royal Society Open Science . 3 : 160110 . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160110 . Jump up ^ Lavers , Jennifer L. ; Bond , Alexander L. `` Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world 's most remote and pristine islands '' . PNAS : 201619818 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1619818114 . Jump up ^ Remote South Pacific island has highest levels of plastic rubbish in the world , Dani Cooper , ABC News Online , 16 May 2017 Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` 38 million pieces of plastic waste found on uninhabited South Pacific island '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No one lives on this remote Pacific island -- but it 's covered in 38 million pieces of our trash '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed ( 2005 ) , ch. 3 . Nathaniel Philbrick , In the Heart of the Sea : The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex , Penguin Books 2001 . Chase , Owen ( 1821 ) . Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale - Ship Essex . W.B. Gilley . No ISBN . New York . Nickerson , Thomas ( 1984 ) . The Loss of the Ship `` Essex '' Sunk by a Whale and the Ordeal of the Crew in Open Boats . Nantucket Historical Society . Kelly , Celsus ( 1966 ) , La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo : the journal of Fray Martin de Munilla , O.F.M. , and other documents relating to the voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea ( 1605 - 1606 ) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan ( 1617 - 1627 ) , Cambridge , published by the Hakluyt Society at Cambridge University Press , ( Works issued by the Hakluyt Society , 2nd ser. , no . 126 - 127 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henderson Island ( Pitcairn Islands ) . The Henderson Island Website Henderson Island -- UNESCO Isla Henderson ( Spanish ) Google Street View of the north and north - east beaches , May 2013 Pitcairn Islands articles Islands Ducie Henderson Oeno Pitcairn Settlement Adamstown Politics Council Governors Law enforcement Rulers Culture Symbols Anthem Bounty Bible Dollar ( commemorative currency ) Flag and coat of arms Postage stamps Other topics Birds Demographics Geography History Internet domain Languages Pitkern Pitcairn Islanders Outline Bibliography Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe ( see inclusion criteria for further information ) . Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)&oldid=852342431 '' Categories : Islands of the Pitcairn Islands World Heritage Sites in the Pitcairn Islands Uninhabited islands of the Pitcairn Islands Important Bird Areas of the Pitcairn Islands Atolls of the Pitcairn Islands Former populated places in Oceania 2nd - millennium establishments in the Pitcairn Islands 1902 establishments in the British Empire Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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3990849633822393758 | German nationalism | German nationalism - wikipedia German nationalism Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Pan-Germanism , German Question , and Germans § Identity The Reichsadler ( `` imperial eagle '' ) from the coat of arms of Henry VI , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany , dated 1304 . The Reichsadler is the predecessor of the Bundesadler , the heraldic animal of today 's national emblem of Germany . German nationalism is the nationalist idea that Germans are a nation , promotes the unity of Germans into a nation state , and emphasizes and takes pride in the national identity of Germans . The earliest origins of German nationalism began with the birth of romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars when Pan-Germanism started to rise . Advocacy of a German nation state began to become an important political force in response to the invasion of German territories by France under Napoleon . In the 19th century Germans debated the German Question over whether the German nation state should comprise a `` Lesser Germany '' that excluded Austria or a `` Greater Germany '' that included Austria . The faction led by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck succeeded in forging a Lesser Germany . Aggressive German nationalism is viewed as having been a key factor in causing both World Wars . In World War II , the Nazis sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich , emphasizing ethnic German identity and German greatness to the exclusion of all others by exterminating Jews , Gypsies , and other peoples in the Holocaust . After the defeat of the Nazis , Germany was divided into East and West Germany in the opening acts of the Cold War , and each state retained a sense of German identity and held reunification as a goal , albeit in different contexts . The creation of the European Union was in part an effort to harness German identity to a European identity . West Germany underwent its economic miracle following the war , which led to the creation of guest worker program ; many of these workers ended up settling in Germany which has led to tensions around questions of national and cultural identity , especially with regard to Turks who settled in Germany . German reunification was achieved in 1990 following Die Wende ; an event that caused some alarm both inside and outside of Germany . Germany has emerged as a power inside Europe and in the world ; its role in the European debt crisis and in the European migrant crisis have led to criticism of German authoritarian abuse of its power , especially with regard to the Greek debt crisis , and raised questions within and without Germany as to Germany 's role in the world . German nationalism has been generally viewed in the country as taboo and people within Germany have struggled to find ways to acknowledge its past but take pride in its past and present accomplishments - the German question has never been fully resolved in this regard . A wave of national pride swept the country when it hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Far - right parties that stress German national identity and pride and seek to exclude or denigrate non-Germans have existed since the end of World War II but have never governed . Outside of modern - day Germany in Austria , there are Austrian nationalists who have rejected the unification of Austria with Germany on the basis of preserving Austrians ' Catholic religious identity from the potential danger posed by being part of a Protestant - majority Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Defining a German nation 1.2 19th century 1.3 Revolutions of 1848 to German Unification of 1871 1.4 1871 to World War I , 1914 -- 1918 1.5 Colonial empire 1.6 Interwar period , 1918 - 1933 1.7 Nazi Germany , 1933 - 1945 1.8 1945 to the present 2 German nationalism in Austria 3 Symbols 4 Nationalist political parties 4.1 Current 4.2 Defunct 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) Defining a German nation ( edit ) Defining a German nation based on internal characteristics presented difficulties . Since the start of the Reformation in the 16th century , the German lands had been divided between Catholics and Lutherans and linguistic diversity was large as well . Today , the Swabian , Bavarian , Saxon and Cologne dialects in their most pure forms are estimated to be 40 % mutually intelligible with modern Standard German , meaning that in a conversation between a native speaker of any of these dialects and a person who speaks only standard German , the latter will be able to understand slightly less than half of what is being said without any prior knowledge of the dialect , a situation which is likely to have been similar or greater in the 19th century . Nationalism among the Germans first developed not among the general populace but among the intellectual elites of various German states . The early German nationalist Friedrich Karl von Moser , writing in the mid 18th century , remarked that , compared with `` the British , Swiss , Dutch and Swedes '' , the Germans lacked a `` national way of thinking '' . However , the cultural elites themselves faced difficulties in defining the German nation , often resorting to broad and vague concepts : the Germans as a `` Sprachnation '' ( a people unified by the same language ) , a `` Kulturnation '' ( a people unified by the same culture ) or an `` Erinnerungsgemeinschaft '' ( a community of remembrance , i.e. sharing a common history ) . Johann Gottlieb Fichte -- considered the founding father of German nationalism -- devoted the 4th of his Addresses to the German Nation ( 1808 ) to defining the German nation and did so in a very broad manner . In his view , there existed a dichotomy between the people of Germanic descent . There were those who had left their fatherland ( which Fichte considered to be Germany ) during the time of the Migration Period and had become either assimilated or heavily influenced by Roman language , culture and customs , and those who stayed in their native lands and continued to hold on to their own culture . Later German nationalists were able to define their nation more precisely , especially following the rise of Prussia and formation of the German Empire in 1871 which gave the majority of the German - speakers in Europe a common political , economic and educational framework . In the late 19th century and early 20th century , some German nationalist added elements of racial ideology , ultimately culminating in the Nuremberg Laws , sections of which sought to determine by law and genetics who was to be considered German . 19th century ( edit ) Johann Gottfried Herder , the founder of the concept of nationalism itself , although he did not support its program . It was not until the concept of nationalism itself was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder that German nationalism began . German nationalism was Romantic in nature that were based upon the principles of collective self - determination , territorial unification and cultural identity , and a political and cultural programme to achieve those ends . The German Romantic nationalism derived from the Enlightenment era philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau 's and French Revolutionary philosopher Emmanuel - Joseph Sieyès ' ideas of naturalism and that legitimate nations must have been conceived in the state of nature . This emphasis on the naturalness of ethno - linguistic nations continued to be upheld by the early 19th century Romantic German nationalists Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Ernst Moritz Arndt , and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn who all were proponents of Pan-Germanism . The invasion of the Holy Roman Empire ( HRE ) by Napoleon 's French Empire and its subsequent dissolution brought about a German liberal nationalism as advocated primarily by the German middle - class bourgeoisie who advocated the creation of a modern German nation - state based upon liberal democracy , constitutionalism , representation , and popular sovereignty while opposing absolutism . Fichte in particular brought German nationalism forward as a response to the French occupation of German territories in his Addresses to the German Nation ( 1808 ) , evoking a sense of German distinctiveness in language , tradition , and literature that composed a common identity . After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars at the Congress of Vienna , German nationalists tried but failed to establish Germany as a nation - state , instead the German Confederation was created that was a loose collection of independent German states that lacked strong federal institutions . Economic integration between the German states was achieved by the creation of the Zollverein ( `` Custom Union '' ) of Germany in 1818 that existed until 1866 . The move to create the Zollverein was led by Prussia and the Zollverein was dominated by Prussia , causing resentment and tension between Austria and Prussia . Revolutions of 1848 to German unification of 1871 ( edit ) Depiction of the session of the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848 . Germania , painting by Philipp Veit , 1848 . The Revolutions of 1848 led to revolution in various German states . Liberal nationalists did not seize power in a number of German states and an all - German parliament was created in Frankfurt in May 1848 . The Frankfurt Parliament attempted to create a national constitution for all German states but rivalry between Prussian and Austrian interests resulted in proponents of the parliament advocating a `` small German '' solution ( a monarchical German nation - state without Austria ) with the imperial crown of Germany being granted to the King of Prussia . The King of Prussia refused the offer and efforts to create a liberal German nation - state faltered and collapsed . In the aftermath of the failed attempt to establish a liberal German nation - state , rivalry between Prussia and Austria intensified under the agenda of Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who blocked all attempts by Austria to join the Zollverein . A division developed among German nationalists , with one group led by the Prussians that supported a `` Lesser Germany '' that excluded Austria and another group that supported a `` Greater Germany '' that included Austria . The Prussians sought a Lesser Germany to allow Prussia to assert hegemony over Germany that would not be guaranteed in a Greater Germany . By the late 1850s German nationalists emphasized military solutions . The mood was fed by hatred of the French , a fear of Russia , a rejection of the 1815 Vienna settlement , and a cult of patriotic hero - warriors . War seemed to be a desirable means of speeding up change and progress . Nationalists thrilled to the image of the entire people in arms . Bismarck harnessed the national movement 's martial pride and desire for unity and glory to weaken the political threat the liberal opposition posed to Prussia 's conservatism . Prussia achieved hegemony over Germany in the `` wars of unification '' : the Second Schleswig War ( 1864 ) , the Austro - Prussian War ( which effectively excluded Austria from Germany ) ( 1866 ) , and the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 ) . A German nation - state was founded in 1871 called the German Empire as a Lesser Germany with the King of Ashwin inheritting the throne of German Emperor ( Deutscher Kaiser ) and Bismarck becoming Chancellor of Germany . 1871 to World War i , 1914 -- 1918 ( edit ) Unlike the prior German nationalism of 1848 that was based upon liberal values , the German nationalism utilized by supporters of the German Empire was based upon Prussian authoritarianism , and was conservative , reactionary , anti-Catholic , anti-liberal and anti-socialist in nature . The German Empire 's supporters advocated a Germany based upon Prussian and Protestant cultural dominance . This German nationalism focused on German identity based upon the historical crusading Teutonic Order . These nationalists supported a German national identity claimed to be based on Bismarck 's ideals that included Teutonic values of willpower , loyalty , honesty , and perseverance . The Catholic - Protestant divide in Germany at times created extreme tension and hostility between Catholic and Protestant Germans after 1871 , such as in response to the policy of Kulturkampf in Prussia by German Chancellor and Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck , that sought to dismantle Catholic culture in Prussia , that provoked outrage amongst Germany 's Catholics and resulted in the rise of the pro-Catholic Centre Party and the Bavarian People 's Party . There have been rival nationalists within Germany , particularly Bavarian nationalists who claim that the terms that Bavaria entered into Germany in 1871 were controversial and have claimed the German government has long intruded into the domestic affairs of Bavaria. ≈ German nationalists in the German Empire who advocated a Greater Germany during the Bismarck era focused on overcoming dissidence by Protestant Germans to the inclusion of Catholic Germans in the state by creating the Los von Rom ! ( `` Away from Rome ! '' ) movement that advocated assimilation of Catholic Germans to Protestantism . During the time of the German Empire , a third faction of German nationalists ( especially in the Austrian parts of the Austria - Hungary Empire ) advocated a strong desire for a Greater Germany but , unlike earlier concepts , led by Prussia instead of Austria ; they were known as Alldeutsche . Social Darwinism , messianism , and racialism began to become themes used by German nationalists after 1871 based on the concepts of a people 's community ( Volksgemeinschaft ) . Colonial Empire ( edit ) Main article : German colonial empire An important element of German nationalism as promoted by the government and intellectual elite was the emphasis on Germany asserting itself as a world economic and military power , aimed at competing with France and the British Empire for world power . German colonial rule in Africa 1884 - 1914 was an expression of nationalism and moral superiority that was justified by constructing employing an image of the natives as `` Other '' . This approach highlighted racist views of mankind . German colonization was characterized by the use of repressive violence in the name of ' culture ' and ' civilization ' , concepts that had their origins in the Enlightenment . Germany 's cultural - missionary project boasted that its colonial programs were humanitarian and educational endeavors . Furthermore , the wide acceptance among intellectuals of social Darwinism justified Germany 's right to acquire colonial territories as a matter of the ' survival of the fittest ' , according to historian Michael Schubert . Interwar period , 1918 - 1933 ( edit ) Main article : Weimar Republic Germany after the Treaty of Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighboring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The government established after WWI , the Weimar republic , established a law of nationality that was based on pre-unification notions of the German volk as an ethno - racial group defined more by heredity than modern notions of citizenship ; the laws were intended to include Germans who had immigrated and to exclude immigrant groups . These laws remained the basis of German citizenship laws until after reunification . The government and economy of the Weimar republic was weak ; Germans were dissatisfied with the government , the punitive conditions of war reparations and territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles as well as the effects of hyperinflation . Economic , social , and political cleavages fragmented Germany 's society . Eventually the Weimar Republic collapsed under these pressures and the political maneuverings of leading German officials and politicians . Nazi Germany , 1933 - 1945 ( edit ) See also : Preussentum und Sozialismus Boundaries of the planned `` Greater Germanic Reich '' The Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) , led by Austrian - born Adolf Hitler , believed in an extreme form of German nationalism . The first point of the Nazi 25 - point programme was that `` We demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people 's right to self - determination '' . Hitler , an Austrian - German by birth , began to develop his strong patriotic German nationalist views from a very young age . He was greatly influenced by many other Austrian pan-German nationalists in Austria - Hungary , notably Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Karl Lueger . Hitler 's pan-German ideas envisioned a Greater German Reich which was to include the Austrian Germans , Sudeten Germans and other ethnic Germans . The annexing of Austria ( Anschluss ) and the Sudetenland ( annexing of Sudetenland ) completed Nazi Germany 's desire to the German nationalism of the German Volksdeutsche ( people / folk ) . 1945 to the present ( edit ) After WWII , the German nation was divided in two states , West Germany and East Germany , and some former German territories east of the Oder -- Neisse line were made part of Poland . The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany which served as the constitution for West Germany was conceived and written as a provisional document , with the hope of reuniting East and West Germany in mind . The formation of the European Economic Community , and latterly the European Union , was driven in part by forces inside and outside of Germany that sought to embed Germany identity more deeply in a broader European identity , in a kind of `` collaborative nationalism '' . The reunification of Germany became a central theme in West German politics , and was made a central tenet of the East German Socialist Unity Party of Germany , albeit in the context of a Marxist vision of history in which the government of West Germany would be swept away in a proletarian revolution . The question of Germans and former German territory in Poland , as well as the status of Königsberg as part of Russia , remained hard , with people in West Germany advocating to take that territory back through the 1960s . East Germany confirmed the border with Poland in 1950 , while West Germany , after a period of refusal , finally accepted the border ( with reservations ) in 1970 . The desire of the German people to be one nation again remained strong , but was accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness through the 1970s and into the 1980s ; Die Wende , when it arrived in the late 1980s driven by the East German people , came as a surprise , leading to the 1990 elections which put a government in place that negotiated the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and reunited East and West Germany , and the process of inner reunification began . The reunification was opposed in several quarters both inside and outside of Germany , including Margaret Thatcher , Jürgen Habermas , and Günter Grass , out of fear of that a united Germany might resume its aggression toward other countries . Just prior to reunification West Germany had gone through a national debate , called Historikerstreit , over how to regard its Nazi past , with one side claiming that there was nothing specifically German about Nazism , and that the German people should let go its shame over the past and look forward , proud of its national identity , and others holding that Nazism grew out of German identity and the nation needed to remain responsible for its past and guard carefully against any recrudescence of Nazism . This debate did not give comfort to those concerned about whether a reunited Germany might be a danger to other countries , nor did the rise of skinhead neo-nazi groups in the former East Germany , as exemplified by riots in Hoyerswerda in 1991 . An identity - based nationalist backlash arose after unification as people reached backward to answer `` the German question '' , leading to violence by four Neo-Nazi / far - right parties which were all banned by Germany 's Federal Constitutional Court after committing or inciting violence : the Nationalist Front , National Offensive , German Alternative , and the Kamaradenbund . One of the key questions for the reunified government , was how to define a German citizen . The laws inherited from the Weimar republic that based citizenship on heredity had been taken to their extreme by the Nazis and were unpalatable and fed the ideology of German far - right nationalist parties like the National Democratic Party of Germany ( NDP ) which was founded in 1964 from other far - right groups . Additionally , West Germany had received large numbers of immigrants ( especially Turks ) , membership in the European Union meant that people could move more or less freely across national borders within Europe , and due to its declining birthrate even united Germany needed to receive about 300,000 immigrants per year in order to maintain its workforce . ( Germany had been importing workers ever since its post-war `` economic miracle '' through its Gastarbeiter program . ) The Christian Democratic Union / Christian Social Union government that was elected throughout the 1990s did not change the laws , but around 2000 a new coalition led by the Social Democratic Party of Germany came to power and made changes to the law defining who was a German based on jus soli rather than jus sanguinis . The issue of how to address its Turkish population has remained a difficult issue in Germany ; many Turks have not integrated and have formed a parallel society inside Germany , and issues of using education or legal penalties to drive integration have roiled Germany from time to time , and issues of what a `` German '' is , accompany debates about `` the Turkish question '' . Pride in being German remained a difficult issue ; one of the surprises of the 2006 FIFA World Cup which was held in Germany , were widespread displays of national pride by Germans , which seemed to take even the Germans themselves by surprise and cautious delight . Germany 's role in managing the European debt crisis , especially with regard to the Greek government - debt crisis , led to criticism from some quarters , especially within Greece , of Germany wielding its power in a harsh and authoritarian way that was reminiscent of its authoritarian past and identity . Tensions over the European debt crisis and the European migrant crisis and the rise of right - wing populism sharpened questions of German identity around 2010 . The Alternative for Germany party was created in 2012 as a backlash against further European integration and bailouts of other countries during the European debt crisis ; from its founding to 2017 the party took on nationalist and populist stances , rejecting German guilt over the Nazi era and calling for Germans to take pride in their history and accomplishments . In the 2014 European Parliament election , the NDP won their first ever seat in the European Parliament . German nationalism in Austria ( edit ) Main article : German nationalism in Austria After the Revolutions of 1848 / 49 , in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution , the Austrian defeat in the Austro - Prussian War ( 1866 ) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany , and increasing ethnic conflicts in the Habsburg Monarchy of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , a German national movement evolved in Austria . Led by the radical German nationalist and anti-semite Georg von Schönerer , organisations like the Pan-German Society demanded the link - up of all German - speaking territories of the Danube Monarchy to the German Empire , and decidedly rejected Austrian patriotism . Schönerer 's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Hitler 's ideology . In 1933 , Austrian Nazis and the national - liberal Greater German People 's Party formed an action group , fighting together against the Austrofascist regime which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity . Whilst it violated the Treaty of Versailles terms , Hitler , a native of Austria , unified the two German states together `` ( Anschluss ) '' in 1938 . This meant the historic aim of Austria 's German nationalists was achieved and a Greater German Reich briefly existed until the end of the war . After 1945 , the German national camp was revived in the Federation of Independents and the Freedom Party of Austria . Symbols ( edit ) Flag of Germany , originally designed in 1848 and used at the Frankfurt Parliament , then by the Weimar Republic , and the basis of the flags of East and West Germany from 1949 until today . Flag of the German Empire , originally designed in 1867 for the North German Federation , it was adopted as the flag of Germany in 1871 . This flag was used by opponents of the Weimar Republic who saw the black - red - yellow flag as a symbol of it . Recently it has been used by far - right nationalists in Germany . Flag of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 . This flag was used by the Nazi Party and is banned in Germany under German law . The flag is used today by neo-Nazis . It is based on the colours of the flag of the German Empire . Nationalist political parties ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Freedom Party of Austria ( 1956 -- present ) National Democratic Party of Germany ( 1964 -- present ) The Republicans ( 1983 -- present ) Alternative for Germany ( 2013 -- present ) Defunct ( edit ) German National People 's Party ( 1918 -- 33 ) German Workers ' Party ( 1919 -- 20 ) Greater German People 's Party ( 1920 -- 34 ) National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( 1920 -- 45 ) Deutsche Rechtspartei ( 1946 -- 50 ) Federation of Independents ( 1949 -- 55 ) Socialist Reich Party ( 1949 -- 52 ) Deutsche Reichspartei ( 1950 -- 64 ) German Social Union ( 1956 -- 62 ) Free German Workers ' Party ( 1979 -- 95 ) German People 's Union ( 1987 -- 2011 ) National Offensive ( 1990 -- 92 ) See also ( edit ) Nationalism # Germany Deutschtum German National People 's Party Frankfurt Parliament German question Unification of Germany German reunification Related nationalisms Austrian nationalism Bavarian nationalism Prussian nationalism Rhenish nationalism Swabian nationalism Swiss nationalism Völkisch movement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Verheyen 1999 , pp. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Motyl 2001 , pp. 190 . Jump up ^ Spohn , Willfried ( 2005 ) , `` Austria : From Habsburg Empire to a Small Nation in Europe '' , Entangled identities : nations and Europe , Ashgate , p. 61 Jump up ^ Ethnologue , mutual intelligibility of German dialects / Languages of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Jansen , Christian ( 2011 ) , `` The Formation of German Nationalism , 1740 - 1850 , '' in : Helmut Walser Smith ( Ed . ) , The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 234 - 259 ; here : p. 239 - 240 . Jump up ^ The German Opposition to Hitler , Michael C. Thomsett ( 1997 ) p7 . Jump up ^ Address to the German Nation , p52 . Jump up ^ The German Opposition to Hitler , Michael C. Thomsett ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Motyl 2001 , pp. 189 - 190 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 , pp. 24 . Jump up ^ Smith 2010 , pp. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Verheyen 1999 , pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Jusdanis 2001 , pp. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ Verheyen 1999 , pp. 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frank Lorenz Müller , `` The Spectre of a People in Arms : The Prussian Government and the Militarisation of German Nationalism , 1859 - 1864 , '' English Historical Review ( 2007 ) 122 # 495 pp 82 - 104 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Verheyen 1999 , pp. 8 , 25 . Jump up ^ Kesselman 2009 , pp. 181 . Jump up ^ Samson 2002 , pp. 440 . Jump up ^ Gerwarth 2005 , pp. 20 . Jump up ^ Wolfram Kaiser , Helmut Wohnout . Political Catholicism in Europe , 1918 - 45 . London , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2004 . P. 40 . Jump up ^ James Minahan . One Europe , Many Nations : A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups . Greenwood Publishing Group , Ltd. , 2000 . P. 108 . Jump up ^ Seton - Watson 1977 , pp. 98 . Jump up ^ Verheyen 1999 , pp. 24 . Jump up ^ Michael Schubert , `` The ' German nation ' and the ' black Other ' : social Darwinism and the cultural mission in German colonial discourse , '' Patterns of Prejudice ( 2011 ) 45 # 5 pp 399 - 416 . Jump up ^ Felicity Rash , The Discourse Strategies of Imperialist Writing : The German Colonial Idea and Africa , 1848 - 1945 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Berdahl , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` German Reunification in Historical Perspective '' . The Berkeley Journal of International Law . 23 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15779 / Z38RS8N . ^ Jump up to : Cameron , Keith ( 1999 ) . National Identity . Intellect Books . ISBN 9781871516050 . Jump up ^ Posener , Alan ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` German nationalism can only be contained by a united Europe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jessup , John E. ( 1998 ) . An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution , 1945 - 1996 . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 0313281129 . Jump up ^ Brown , Timothy S. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Subcultures , Pop Music and Politics : Skinheads and `` Nazi Rock '' in England and Germany `` . Journal of Social History . 38 ( 1 ) : 157 -- 178 . JSTOR 3790031 . Jump up ^ `` National Democratic Party of Germany ( NPD ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Conradt , David P. Germany 's New Politics : Parties and Issues in the 1990s . Berghahn Books . p. 258 . ISBN 9781571810335 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Guest Workers '' . German Missions in the United States . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Study says Turks are Germany 's worst integrated immigrants '' . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration : Survey Shows Alarming Lack of Integration in Germany '' . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Welfare Use of Immigrants and Natives in Germany : The Case of Turkish Immigrants '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Prevezanos , Klaudia ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Turkish guest workers transformed German society Germany and Turkey - A difficult relationship DW.COM 30.10. 2011 '' . Deutsche Welle . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard ( 18 June 2006 ) . `` In World Cup Surprise , Flags Fly With German Pride '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 29 June 2006 ) . `` Germany revels in explosion of national pride and silly headgear '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Shuster , Simon ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Germany Finds Itself Playing the Villain in Greek Drama '' . Time . Jump up ^ Wagstyl , Stefan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Merkel 's tough tactics prompt criticism in Germany and abroad '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Cohen , Roger ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` The German Question Redux '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Taub , Amanda ; Fisher , Max ( 18 January 2017 ) . `` Germany 's Extreme Right Challenges Guilt Over Nazi Past '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the ' Alternative for Germany ' : Origins , Aims and Consequences '' ( PDF ) . University of Denver . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Susanne ; Fleischhauer , Jan ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` AfD Head Frauke Petry : ' The Immigration of Muslims Will Change Our Culture ' '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new faces ready to sweep into the European parliament '' . The Guardian . 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Gladding Whiteside , The Socialism of Fools : Georg Ritter von Schönerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism ( U of California Press , 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Ian Kershaw ( 2000 ) . Hitler : 1889 - 1936 Hubris . pp. 33 -- 34 , 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2003 ) . Fascism in Europe , 1919 - 1945 . Routledge . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16942 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bideleux , Robert ; Jeffries , Ian ( 1998 ) , A history of eastern Europe : Crisis and Change , Routledge , p. 355 Jump up ^ Anton Pelinka , Right - Wing Populism Plus `` X '' : The Austrian Freedom Party ( FPÖ ) . Challenges to Consensual Politics : Democracy , Identity , and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region ( Brussels : P.I.E. - Peter Lang , 2005 ) pp. 131 -- 146 . Further reading ( edit ) Gerwarth , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Bismarck myth : Weimar Germany and the legacy of the Iron Chancellor . Oxford , England , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928184 - X . Hagemann , Karen . `` Of ' manly valor ' and ' German Honor ' : nation , war , and masculinity in the age of the Prussian uprising against Napoleon '' . Central European History 30 # 2 ( 1997 ) : 187 - 220 . Jusdanis , Gregory ( 2001 ) . The Necessary Nation . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08902 - 7 . Kesselman , Mark ( 2009 ) . European Politics in Transition . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 87078 - 4 . Motyl , Alexander J. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism , Volume II . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 227230 - 7 . Pinson , K.S. Pietism as a Factor in the Rise of German Nationalism ( Columbia UO , 1934 ) . Samson , James ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge History of Nineteenth - Century Music . Cambridge UP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59017 - 5 . Schulze , Hagen . The Course of German Nationalism : From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763 - 1867 ( Cambridge UP , 1991 ) . Seton - Watson , Hugh ( 1977 ) . Nations and states : an enquiry into the origins of nations and the politics of nationalism . Methuen & Co. Ltd . ISBN 0 - 416 - 76810 - 5 . Smith , Anthony D. ( 2010 ) . Nationalism . Cambridge , England , UK ; Malden , Massachusetts , USA : Polity Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 289260 - 6 . Smith , Helmut Walser . German nationalism and religious conflict : culture , ideology , politics , 1870 - 1914 ( Princeton UP , 2014 ) . Verheyen , Dirk ( 1999 ) . The German question : A Cultural , Historical , and Geopolitical Exploration . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 6878 - 2 . ( hide ) Ethnic nationalism Africa Acholi Afrikaner Algerian Berber Canarian Congolese Egyptian Ethiopian Hutu Igbo Libyan Nigerian Sahrawi Rhodesian Somali Tunisian Ugandan Asia Arab Assamese Assyrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Baloch Bangladeshi Bengali Bodo Burmese Burmese Buddhist Chinese Circassian Dalit East Turkestani Filipino Gorkha Hindu Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Japanese Kashmiri Khmer Korean Kurdish Lebanese Lezgian Malay Early Malaysian Malay Malaysian Hindu Manchurian Mongolian Marathi Naga Pashtun Pakistani Palestinian Punjabi Ryukyu Saraiki Sikh Sindhi Sinhalese Buddhist South Asian Muslim Sri Lankan Tamil Syrian Taiwanese Tamil Thai Tibetan Tripuri Turkic Turkish Vietnamese Zaza Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in Rep. of Macedonia Andalusian Armenian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Basque Bavarian Belgian Belarusian Bosniak Breton British Bulgarian Canarian Castilian Catalan Celtic Circassian Cornish Corsican Croatian Cypriot Czech Czechoslovak English Estonian Faroese Flemish Finnish French Galician German in Austria Georgian Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Lezgian Lithuanian Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan Padanian Polish Prussian Rhenish Romanian Russian Scandinavian Sardinian Scottish Serbian Sicilian Slavic Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swabian Swiss Turkic Turkish Ukrainian Ulster Valencian Venetian Walloon Welsh Yugoslav The Americas American Argentine Brazilian Canadian Confederate Mexican Puerto Rican Native - American Greenlandic Québécois Oceania Australian Hawaiian Māori Nelsonian NZ South Islander Other Arab ( spanning two continents ) Black Christian Islamic White Soviet ( spanning two continents ) Zionist Note : Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above . This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_nationalism&oldid=798167507 '' Categories : German nationalism History of Europe Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 10 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the rise of nationalism in german speaking states | [] | [] |
8288259092227118914 | Chennai Express | Chennai Express - Wikipedia Chennai Express This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 7 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Chennai Express Theatrical release poster Directed by Rohit Shetty Produced by Gauri Khan Ronnie Screwvala Siddharth Roy Kapur Karim Morani Screenplay by Yunus Sajawal Robin Bhatt ( Additional screenplay ) Story by K. Subash Starring Deepika Padukone Shah Rukh Khan Narrated by Shah Rukh Khan Music by Songs : Vishal -- Shekhar Background score : Amar Mohile Cinematography Dudley Edited by Steven H. Bernard Production company Red Chillies Entertainment Distributed by UTV Motion Pictures Release date 8 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) ( Overseas markets ) 9 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 09 ) ( India ) Running time 141 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 115 crore Box office ₹ 423 crore Chennai Express ( / tʃ ɪˈnaɪ / ( listen ) / ɪkˈsprɛs / ) is a 2013 Indian Hindi - language action comedy film directed by Rohit Shetty and written by Sajid - Farhad and Yunus Sajawal . Produced by Gauri Khan , Karim Morani , Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur , the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Mithaiwala , a man who accidentally boards the eponymous train and journeys from Mumbai to Rameshwaram , falling in love with the daughter of a local don , played by Deepika Padukone . Chennai Express had Nikitin Dheer and Sathyaraj play supporting roles . The first planned collaboration between Khan and Shetty was a remake of Angoor ( 1982 ) . The script of Chennai Express , which was initially written as a backup project for Khan , was chosen instead . Conceived as a `` commercial '' romance , the film was originally titled Ready Steady Po . Filming began in Mehboob Studio in October 2012 and was completed by May 2013 . A large part of the film was set in Ooty , for which sets were constructed in Wai . The music for Chennai Express was composed by Amar Mohile . UTV Motion Pictures acquired the distribution rights of the film . Chennai Express was released theatrically in overseas markets on 8 August 2013 and a day later in India . The film received mixed reviews from critics . Regardless , it broke several box office records in India and abroad , becoming the quickest film to collect ₹ 1 billion ( US $15 million ) net domestically . The film surpassed 3 Idiots to become the highest - grossing Bollywood film worldwide at that point . As of March 2018 , it is the eleventh highest - grossing Bollywood film worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming and post-production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Critical response 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Legal issues 6 Critical reception 6.1 India 6.2 Overseas 7 Box office 7.1 India 7.2 Overseas 7.3 Records 8 Awards and nominations 9 Game 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Rahul Mithaiwala ( Shah Rukh Khan ) is an orphaned bachelor living in Mumbai . Raised by his grandparents from the age of eight , Rahul 's grandfather ( Lekh Tandon ) owns a chain of confectionery shops . Before his grandfather 's 100th birthday celebration , two of Rahul 's friends invite him to accompany them on a vacation in Goa , which he accepts . Rahul 's grandfather dies on the eve of the celebration , just when he witnesses Sachin Tendulkar on TV in a cricket match get dismissed on his 99th run . His grandmother tells Rahul that his grandfather wanted his ashes to be divided into two parts -- one of each to be immersed in the Ganga and Rameswaram . She asks Rahul to take the ashes to Rameswaram and disperse them . Reluctantly , he accepts her request but is also eager to attend the Goa trip . Rahul and his friends plan to dump the ashes at Goa but his grandmother wants to see him off , forcing Rahul to travel by train . He books a single ticket on the Chennai Express , planning to meet his friends along the way , at Kalyan Junction station . However , Rahul forgets to take the ashes , and he almost misses the train when he returns to collect them . As he tries to leave the train , he notices a young woman running to board it . He helps her and four other people board the moving train , but the train leaves the station before he can get off . Rahul tries to flirt with the woman , who starts communicating by singing parodies of Hindi film songs , and explains that the four men are trying to kidnap her . Rahul lends her his mobile phone so that she can contact her friends , but the men with her grab it and throw it from the train . Rahul is annoyed , but says nothing because the men are carrying weapons . Rahul tells the Travelling Ticket Examiner about them , but they push the inspector into a river below a bridge . Panicked , Rahul learns that the men are her cousins , and that her name is Meenalochni `` Meena '' Azhagusundaram ( Deepika Padukone ) . She is fleeing from a forced marriage to Tangaballi ( Nikitin Dheer ) . Her father , Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram ( Sathyaraj ) is a powerful headman of the local mafia in Tamil Nadu . Rahul ( Shahrukh Khan ) helps Meenamma ( Deepika Padukone ) board the train , a spoof of the famous train scene in sharukh Khan 's 1995 film Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Meena takes Rahul to her father and introduces him as her lover . Tangaballi challenges Rahul to a duel that Rahul unknowingly accepts , due to his lack of knowledge in Tamil . On the night of the duel , Rahul escapes with the help of a local policeman , Shamsher ( Mukesh Tiwari ) , but he ends up on a ship with Sri Lankan terrorists and smugglers . A gun battle ensues between the police force and the terrorists . When the police officers investigate and take Rahul into custody , he tells his story and ends up back in Komban . Terrified and once again surrounded by Azhagusundaram 's sickle - wielding henchmen , Rahul pretends to take Meena hostage and escapes with her in her father 's car , battling Azhagasundaram 's men . When the car breaks down , Rahul and Meena quarrel and part ways . Rahul , not knowing which way to go , returns to Meena , who takes him to the Vidhamba village . Meena tells the villagers that they are a married couple who needs protection and rest , to which the villagers agree . Meena then realises that she has fallen in love with Rahul . When Rahul plans to sneak away , she argues , not wanting to earn the villagers ' distrust . Tangaballi catches Rahul as he tries to leave , but the villagers help them escape again . Meena persuades Rahul to disperse his grandfather 's ashes and travels with him to Rameswaram , where they complete the rites . On their way back , Rahul realises that he has fallen in love with Meena , and does not tell her where they are going . He takes Meena back to her father and tries to make him understand and honour his daughter 's wish . He also tells Meena that he loves her . Rahul tells Tangaballi and his goons that he is ready for the fight this time . In the fight that follows , Rahul is severely injured but emerges victorious . Meena 's father and Tangaballi reform , accepting that the love of a common man like Rahul is bigger than their physical ability and political influence . Azhagusundaram allows Rahul to marry Meena . Rahul then leaves a message that love knows no regional or language barriers and that with a strong heart , there is no limit to what the common man can achieve . Cast ( edit ) Deepika Padukone as Meenalochni `` Meenamma '' Azhagusundaram Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Mithaiwala Nikitin Dheer as Tangaballi Sathyaraj as Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram Priyamani ( special appearance in `` 1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor '' ) Mukesh Tiwari as Inspector Shamsher Kamini Kaushal as Rahul 's grandmother Puvisha Manoharan as Meenalochni ` s cousin Lekh Tandon as Rahul 's grandfather Yogi Babu as Sri Lankan smuggler Jasper as Henchman King Kong as a passerby Rakesh Kukreti as Bobby , Rahul 's friend Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Mayank and Rohit Shetty had originally planned to team up with Shah Rukh Khan for a remake of the 1982 film , Angoor . After the 2011 blockbuster Singham , Shetty had begun writing the script of the film but left it half - finished . The script of Chennai Express was ready for Khan as a back - up , because of the difficulty of obtaining the actor 's filming dates . Upon reading the script , Khan liked the idea and agreed to star in it before the Angoor remake , causing Angoor 's remake to be postponed . Shetty said the film is `` a hard - core commercial film with a romantic angle . The story is about this man 's travel from Mumbai to Rameshwaram and what happens during the journey . '' About 68 minutes of footage were enhanced with CGI by Reliance MediaWorks . Chennai Express was initially written as a backup project for Khan ( pictured ) . Shah Rukh Khan was the first actor to be approached with the script and was the first lead actor to be signed for the film . Rohit Shetty stated that despite the title , Khan would not play a South Indian in the film . The casting of the lead heroine was the subject of much press speculation ; Kareena Kapoor , Asin and Deepika Padukone were rumoured to be involved . Shetty denied those rumours , stating that the cast would be finalised in April 2012 , and that he was going to cast an established actress in the role . In October 2012 , it was confirmed that Deepika Padukone had been signed to play the female lead opposite Khan , and photographs showing Padukone and Khan shooting were released . This was Padukone 's second film opposite Khan , with whom she made her Bollywood debut in the 2007 blockbuster Om Shanti Om . Starting with this film , which was released on Women 's Day , Khan wished to have the name of his female co-star appear above his own in the credits . Sathyaraj was cast to play the role of Padukone 's father -- the film 's main antagonist -- making his debut in Bollywood . Actress Priyamani was signed in January 2013 for an item number in the film . Other personalities from Tamil cinema , including Delhi Ganesh and Mohan V. Raman , appear in minor roles . The film was initially titled as Ready Steady Po . However , to emphasis on the connection with South India , the film was retitled as Chennai Express with the planned title used as the tagline . Filming and post-production ( edit ) The Munnar Hill station in Kerala , one of the film 's major locations Filming on the project began at Mehboob Studio in Mumbai on 5 October 2012 . additional filming was done at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station with a minimal crew . Stills of the lead actor were unofficially released in mid-October 2012 . In November 2012 , the cast and crew went to Goa to begin filming the scenes set there . Vasco Da Gama Railway Station was used to portray as Kalyan Junction railway station . A romantic scene on board a train passing next to Dudhsagar Falls was also shot . In December 2012 , the crew went to Jakarta to film certain scenes . In January 2013 , a shoot was supposedly scheduled to take place in Ooty , but since Khan felt that Ooty was too far from Mumbai , several locations from Ooty were reconstructed on the outskirts of Panchgani in Wai by the art director Narendra Ruharikar . It took over 40 days and ₹ 15 million to build the required sets . Filming in Wai took the entire month of March 2013 . A 10 - day shooting schedule in Munnar , Kerala , began in mid-April 2013 ; scenes were filmed at Devikulam Lake , Meesapulimala , Wagavara and Kannimala . Filming was stopped for several days because of heavy rainfall , resulting in the schedule being slightly extended until end of the same month . A press conference was held in Munnar . In May 2013 , scenes were filmed in North Goa . Padukone finished shooting on 25 May 2013 . Khan flew to Hyderabad in May 2013 to film his remaining scenes . The film has several Tamil dialogues , but to retain context no subtitles were used . Chennai Express was produced by Gauri Khan , Karim Morani , Ronnie Screwvala and Siddharth Roy Kapur under the Red Chillies Entertainment banner . It was released internationally by UTV Motion Pictures . Soundtrack ( edit ) Chennai Express Soundtrack album by Vishal - Shekhar Released 1 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) Recorded 2012 -- 2013 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 39 : 34 Language Hindi Label T - Series Vishal - Shekhar chronology Gippi ( 2013 ) Gippi 2013 Chennai Express ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein 2013 Singles from Chennai Express `` Lungi Dance '' Released : 13 July 2013 The score of Chennai Express was composed by Amar Mohile ; the songs were composed by the duo Vishal - Shekhar , and the lyrics were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya and Yo Yo Honey Singh . Recording of the songs began in late October 2012 . The track `` Ready Steady Po '' was recorded in November 2012 by the music 's composers . Several sources said that the director and actor were unsatisfied with the score . The director was reportedly asked to plan for a different musical composition . However , the composers denied these rumours . In mid-April 2013 , singer S.P. Balasubrahmanyam recorded the title track for the film , marking his return to Bollywood for playback after an absence of fifteen years . He said the song celebrated the spirit of togetherness . Initially , Balasubrahmanyam was apprehensive , but chose to sing due to the content and leads of the film . The song `` 1 2 3 4 get on the dance floor '' was released as a promotional single on World Music Day . On 27 June 2013 , the video promo of the song `` Titli '' was released , and on 11 July 2013 , the promo video of `` Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari '' was released . On 19 July 2013 , T - Series uploaded a song to its official channel on YouTube ; sung by Honey Singh . The song was titled `` Lungi Dance -- The ' Thalaivar ( r ) ' Tribute '' in honour of the film actor Rajinikanth . On 25 July 2013 , a promotional video of the song `` Tera Rasta Main Chhodoon Na '' was released . The music album was launched on 1 July 2013 . Track list No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` 1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor '' Vishal Dadlani , Hamsika Iyer , Sricharan 3 : 48 2 . `` Titli '' Gopi Sunder , Chinmayi , Srimathumitha 5 : 50 3 . `` Tera Rastaa Chhodoon Na '' Anusha Mani , Amitabh Bhattacharya 4 : 13 4 . `` Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari '' Sunidhi Chauhan , Arijit Singh , Neeti Mohan 5 : 07 5 . `` Ready Steady Po '' Vishal Dadlani , Brodha V , Smokey , Enkore , Natalie Di Luccio 3 : 28 6 . `` Chennai Express '' S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , Jonita Gandhi 4 : 47 7 . `` Titli '' Zoheb Khan , Phoenyx 3 : 40 8 . `` Chennai Express ( Mashup ) '' DJ Kiran Kamath 3 : 37 9 . `` Lungi Dance '' Yo Yo Honey Singh 4 : 36 Total length : 39 : 34 Critical Response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Devesh Sharma ( Filmfare ) IBN Live Yashika Mathur ( Daily News and Analysis ) Joginder Tuteja ( Rediff ) The soundtrack album of Chennai Express received positive reviews . Devesh Sharma of Filmfare gave the album 4 / 5 , saying that it is `` a robust offering , which is full of new sounds and zany surprises '' , and that Vishal - Shekhar put in a lot of effort to bring out their best for the film . IBN Live gave the album 3.5 / 5 and stated that the album was another `` winner '' from Vishal - Shekhar . The composers were critically praised for blending different forms of music which `` pepped '' the otherwise usual Bollywood music . Yashika Mathur of DNA gave the album 3.5 / 5 and said that Chennai Express is `` another winner from Vishal - Shekhar '' that `` boasts of a soothing bouquet of typical Bollywood numbers and some peppy tracks with exceptional mixing . '' She wrote that it `` is likely to appeal to music lovers of all age - groups and sentiments '' and called it `` ( a ) n entertaining all - rounder , the composers must be applauded for fusing different music and beats to pep up the otherwise usual Bollywood music . '' Joginder Tuteja of Rediff.com gave the album 3 / 5 and wrote that the title song , `` Chennai Express '' , is `` just about average '' . He expressed his displeasure over Balasubramaniam 's ill - suiting of voice for Shah Rukh Khan , and said that in all the song was not remarkable . He however complimented that the overall outcome was `` satisfactory '' with a few of the songs even standing out . Anand Holla of Mumbai Mirror said , `` It 's easy to imagine director Rohit Shetty 's crystal clear brief to Vishal - Shekhar , involving words such as catchy , peppy , fun , and of course ' hit songs ' . Given how happily formulaic the soundtrack has turned out , V -- S have given us a fair idea of what awaits us this Eid . '' Release ( edit ) The film had paid previews in India on 8 August 2013 , with ten to twelve shows at multiplexes . Chennai Express was scheduled to be released in non-traditional international markets . In Peru , it was the first Hindi film to be released on the same day as in India . Chennai Express was also released in Morocco , Germany , Switzerland , Austria , France , and Israel . The price of tickets for Chennai Express was increased 40 percent above the usual tariff during the weekday shows and up to 20 percent on weekends ; although this increase was not uniformly applied in all multiplexes . The film was released in 2,550 cinemas across 3,550 screens in India , and across 700 screens internationally -- including 196 screens in North America , 175 in the United Kingdom , 55 in the Middle East , and 30 in Australia -- the widest Bollywood release up to that point . Marketing ( edit ) A first look of Chennai Express was released on 1 January 2013 . A thirty - one second title track teaser , sung by S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , was released on 23 May 2013 . The official trailer of the film was released at an event in Mumbai on 13 June 2013 ; two days after its launch it exceeded four million views on YouTube . The outfits worn by Khan and Padukone in the film were auctioned ; proceeds from the sale were donated to a charity . The auction took place around the day of the film 's release . A Karaoke app developed by Singbox -- a Swedish gaming studio -- was launched on 2 August 2013 for Android and iOS based smartphones . Khan promoted his film on the reality television shows Comedy Nights with Kapil , Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah , Madhubala Ek Ishq Ek Junoon , DID Super Moms , Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 and Indian Idol Junior . The Zeitgeist -- Google 's year - end compilation of the most frequent search queries -- named Chennai Express the most trending topic of 2013 in India . The film 's satellite television rights were sold to Zee Network for ₹ 480 million ( US $7.4 million ) . The agreement was linked to the film 's box office revenue -- the first deal of its kind in Indian cinema . If Chennai Express collected over ₹ 1.3 billion ( US $20 million ) net , then for every ₹ 100 million earned after that , the producers would get an additional ₹ 20 million . The film had its television premiere on 20 October 2013 , and was seen by a record number of viewers , almost doubling that of the highest rated fiction show . It helped its broadcaster , Zee TV , to reach the top position among General Entertainment Channels that month . Legal issues ( edit ) Along with Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! , Chennai Express was initially abandoned by Pakistani distributors and exhibitors because four Pakistani films were released on the same day . The release dates were postponed to 15 and 9 August , respectively . During its Wai schedule of filming , the film 's unit ran into trouble for using too much water from Dhom Dam , in the drought - stricken Satara district of Maharashtra . The state 's relief and rehabilitation minister , Patangrao Kadam , addressed the problem . The film 's poster and trailer , released on Twitter and YouTube , were criticised by some Tamil media for their depiction of Tamil ethos . They said Padukone 's heavily accented dialogue resembled a Malayalee accent rather than a Tamil one . Padukone defended the film , saying that it did not parody South Indian culture and that most of the crew , including herself , are South Indians . She later said , `` Why would we spoof our own culture ? '' On 31 July 2013 , the Nationalist political party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena 's film wing threatened to disrupt the film 's premiere ; it reportedly attempted to dislodge ongoing popular Marathi movies from cinemas that show only one film at a time . The party was upset with reports that the distributors of Chennai Express had demanded prime slots in single screen cinemas , and at some multiplexes , where the superhit Marathi film Duniyadari had been popular since 19 July . On 1 August 2013 , both the film directors , Rohit Shetty and Sanjay Jadhav were called on by Raj Thackeray to find a solution . After listening to both parties , Thackeray ruled that if Duniyadari was not removed from single screen cinemas across the state , then the MNS would not object to the release of Chennai Express in Maharashtra . Chennai Express was released in 10 languages . Critical reception ( edit ) Chennai Express received mixed reviews from critics worldwide . India ( edit ) Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars and wrote , `` On the whole , ' Chennai Express ' has the trademark Rohit Shetty stamp all over . You seek entertainment , entertainment and entertainment in a film like ' Chennai Express ' and the movie lives up to the hype and hoopla surrounding it . '' Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated the movie 4 of 5 stars , stating , `` The film 's peppered with humorous set pieces and colourful locales and songs . Rohit Shetty makes chettinad - style masala movies . And that 's the perfect description of this film . If you do n't plan to engage in a multi-lateral critique of dramatic elements and narrative , this film can be fun . '' Sarita Tanwar Of DNA gave the movie 3.5 of 5 stars and said , `` This is a treat for all Hindi film lovers . It has all the ingredients you 'd expect from a big commercial masala film -- big star cast , drama , action , comedy , songs , the car chases and the big finish , all delivered in Rohit Shetty 's unapologetic ishtyle ... Overall , this is a bubblegum blockbuster . '' Meena Iyer of Times of India gave the movie 3.5 of 5 stars , saying , `` Chennai Express is a magnificently mounted film . In an ode to his own cinema -- read Golmaal series or Bol Bachchan , Rohit Shetty , the director , who has grossers in Bollywood 's 100 - crore club , ups the scale for his Eid offering . '' Padukone received largely positive response from critics . Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the movie 3 of 5 stars and said that , `` The whole - hearted zeal that SRK and Deepika bring to the table and the steady flow of funny one - liners serve Shetty 's purpose well , turning Chennai Express into a full - on masala film that is completely unapologetic about its intentions . And that is its USP ( Unique Selling Point ) . '' Zee News rated the movie 3 of 5 stars , stating that if one ignores the platitudes , the absence of `` punch '' in the script and predictability , then the person is `` onboard for a fun ride '' with Chennai Express . India Today gave the film 3 stars : `` The good news first . ' Chennai Express ' is a pleasant and likeable film in parts . The bad news is , it does nothing for Shah Rukh Khan 's imdomitable star power except to tell us he can still play a 40 - year ( old ) Rahul without faltering . '' Abhishek Gupta of India TV gave it 2.5 stars and wrote , `` The comedy along with the action is rarely served with equal entertainment in today 's cinema . We discern Rohit Shetty for his mass leisure which includes cars fluttering from the unknown corners and comedy which is n't slapstick but works . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars , and wrote that the film comes up with some genuinely funny moments . She commended Padukone 's looks , although she criticized aspects of her stagecraft skills . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave the film 2.5 stars , saying , `` Chennai Express evokes a few laughs but otherwise it decides to shift tracks from droll comedy to dreadful drama . '' Khalid Mohamed of Deccan Chronicle gave the film 2.5 stars and wrote , `` board Chennai Express at your own risk '' . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave the film 2 / 5 rating and said the film was a `` big , fat '' bore . He commented that Chennai Express was a `` bloated vanity project '' , and felt that the lead actor could have performed better . Mayank Shekhar of Dainik Bhaskar rated it 1 star out of 5 , saying , `` You 've paid for the ticket ? Yes . Now just sit back and suffer . '' Overseas ( edit ) Rachel Saltz of The New York Times wrote , `` ' Chennai Express ' feels like a sumptuous meal with carefully chosen wine and tasty appetizers but a botched main course . Money and visual care have been lavished on this Bollywood action - comedy - romance and glossy stars engaged ( Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone ) . But the movie chugs along for most of its 2 hours and 20 minutes searching for comedy and characters in a frantically overplotted story . '' Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24 / 7 wrote , `` Rohit Shetty 's s ( h ) tyle of romance relies heavily on buffoonery and will be applauded mainly by Shah Rukh Khan loyalists '' . She added , `` Rohit 's carnival - like comedy coaxes some laughs , but can leave you exhausted . '' Sneha said that Padukone 's performance `` outshines '' that of Khan . Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote , `` Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone are ill matched in this overworked comedy / romance / actioner ... Shetty 's need to maintain his characters ' romantic heroism constantly grates against his depictions of their ridiculousness . '' Simon Foster of the Special Broadcasting Service gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and described it as `` a loud , lame - brained romantic comedy from the ( very ) broad directorial brush of Rohit Shetty , SRK 's over-hyped vehicle sees the charismatic but ageing actor badly miscast and easily overshadowed by his leading lady , Deepika Padukone . '' Box Office ( edit ) See also : List of highest - grossing Bollywood films At the time , Chennai Express became the highest grossing Bollywood film , both in India and around the world , when it collected ₹ 3.96 billion ( US $61 million ) . It currently stands as the eleventh - highest grossing Bollywood film worldwide . The film 's gross broke the ₹ 3.92 billion ( US $60 million ) record set by 3 Idiots , according to Box Office India . The film 's final worldwide gross was ₹ 423 crore ( US $ 72.31 million ) . India ( edit ) During paid previews , Chennai Express performed well , with the Hindi version collecting ₹ 67.5 million , surpassing the previous record held by 3 Idiots , according to Box Office India . The film collected ₹ 292.5 million on its opening day , making it the second highest opening day collection behind Ek Tha Tiger . The film broke the second and third day box office records , collecting ₹ 264.30 million ( US $4.0 million ) , and ₹ 292.10 million ( US $4.5 million ) respectively , and collected ₹ 870.8 million ( US $13 million ) ( ₹ 938.3 million ( US $14 million ) including paid previews ) , breaking the previous weekend record set by Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani . Chennai Express set another record for worldwide opening gross , earning ₹ 1.59 billion ( US $24 million ) in the three - day weekend . The film performed well on Monday , collecting over ₹ 120 million ( US $1.8 million ) . It grossed ₹ 115 million ( US $1.8 million ) on its first Tuesday , becoming Shah Rukh Khan 's highest - grossing film in India . The film grossed ₹ 125.60 million ( US $1.9 million ) on Wednesday . Box Office India reported that the film grossed ₹ 190 million ( US $2.9 million ) net on Thursday , taking its first week total ( including paid previews ) to ₹ 1.461. 50 billion ( US $22 million ) , beating the previous record of Ek Tha Tiger . It had a worldwide gross of ₹ 2.5 billion ( US $38 million ) in the first seven days . The film collected ₹ 237.50 million ( US $3.6 million ) on its second weekend , taking the total domestic net to ₹ 1.68 billion ( US $26 million ) , and also became the second highest grossing Bollywood film in ten days with a worldwide gross of ₹ 3.14 billion ( US $48 million ) . The film earned ₹ 1.85 billion ( US $28 million ) in two weeks and had collected ₹ 1.94 billion ( US $30 million ) after its third weekend in the domestic market . It grossed ₹ 160 million ( US $2.5 million ) in its third week , bringing up its total to ₹ 2.00. 75 billion ( US $31 million ) . Chennai Express broke the domestic net record set by 3 Idiots in its fourth weekend and added around ₹ 57.40 million ( US $880,000 ) in week four to take the total to ₹ 2.06 billion ( US $32 million ) . The film collected ₹ 3.5 million ( US $54,000 ) on its sixth week , for a final total of ₹ 2.08. 25 billion ( US $32 million ) . The film 's lifetime domestic distributor share stands at ₹ 1.15 billion ( US $18 million ) , breaking Ek Tha Tiger 's previous record of ₹ 1.07 billion ( US $16 million ) . Overseas ( edit ) Chennai Express also broke overseas records ; during paid previews in the UK the film collected more than any first day of a Bollywood film in the UK . The film broke opening weekend records in foreign territories , taking in ₹ 504.70 million ( US $7.7 million ) , including record collections from key markets in the US ( $2.22 million ) , the UAE ( AED 7.73 million ) and the UK ( £ 934,118 ) . Chennai Express set a record for opening weekends overseas , grossing US $7.1 million . It was also successful in Pakistan , where it collected Rs 18.4 million ( US $170,000 ) in its opening weekend . By 18 August , the film had broken all box office records in Karachi by grossing over Rs 40 million ( US $380,000 ) . The film earned ₹ 720 million ( US $11 million ) in just nine days in overseas markets . By the second weekend , it had grossed approximately US $14 million . Chennai Express had grossed about US $16 million by its third weekend overseas and US $16.85 million by the fourth weekend . By the fifth weekend , the film had grossed about US $17.25 million abroad . It was still collecting in its sixth weekend , taking its total to US $17.40 million . Records ( edit ) Box office records made by Chennai Express ( hide ) Box office record Record details Previous record holder Ref . Number of screens 3,700 screens Dabangg 2 ( 2012 , 3,450 screens ) Paid previews ₹ 67.50 million ( US $1.0 million ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 , ₹ 27.50 million ( US $420,000 ) ) Second day ₹ 264.30 million ( US $4.0 million ) Ra. One ( 2011 , ₹ 229 million ( US $3.5 million ) ) Third day ₹ 292.10 million ( US $4.5 million ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 , ₹ 224.40 million ( US $3.4 million ) ) Opening weekend ₹ 870 million ( US $13 million ) ( ₹ 920 million ( US $14 million ) including paid previews ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( ₹ 630 million ( US $9.6 million ) ) Opening week ₹ 1.39 billion ( US $21 million ) ( ₹ 1.461. 50 billion ( US $22 million ) including paid previews ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 , ₹ 1.28 billion ( US $20 million ) ) Worldwide opening weekend ₹ 1.67 billion ( US $26 million ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( ₹ 1.07 billion ( US $16 million ) ) Opening weekend in the United States $2,220,497 My Name Is Khan ( 2010 , $1,944,027 ) Overseas opening weekend $7,100,000 My Name Is Khan ( $5,300,000 ) Domestic nett . gross ( excludes Entertainment tax ) ₹ 2.08. 25 billion ( US $32 million ) 3 Idiots ₹ 2.02 billion ( US $31 million ) Distributor share ( Domestic ) ₹ 1.15 billion ( US $18 million ) Ek Tha Tiger ( ₹ 1.07 billion ( US $16 million ) ) Worldwide gross ₹ 3.95 billion ( US $60 million ) 3 Idiots ( ₹ 3.92 billion ( US $60 million ) ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Filmfare Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Sony Trendsetter of the Year Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Film Red Chillies Entertainment Nominated Best Director Rohit Shetty Nominated Best Actor ( Male ) Shahrukh Khan Nominated Best Music Director Vishal -- Shekhar Nominated Best Actor ( Female ) Deepika Padukone Nominated Best Playback Singer ( Female ) Chinmayi Nominated IIFA Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Best Actor ( Female ) Deepika Padukone Won Song Recording Vinod Verma Won Sound Design Anup Dev Won Best Film Red Chillies Entertainment Nominated Best Director Rohit Shetty Nominated Best Actor ( Male ) Shahrukh Khan Nominated Star Guild Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Best Actor ( Female ) Deepika Padukone Won Entertainer of the Year Shahrukh Khan Won Best Film Red Chillies Entertainment Nominated Best Director Rohit Shetty Nominated Best Music Director Vishal -- Shekhar Nominated Best Choreography Chinni Prakash Nominated Best Dialogue Sajid - Farhad Nominated Screen Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Best Marketed Film Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Visual Effects Red Chillies VFX Won Best Actor ( Male ) -- Popular Shahrukh Khan Won Best Actor ( Female ) Deepika Padukone Won Best Actor ( Female ) -- Popular Deepika Padukone Won Best Actor Male Shahrukh Khan Nominated Best Playback Singer ( Female ) Chinmayi Nominated Zee Cine Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Best Film - Popular Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Marketed Film Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Actor ( Male ) -- Popular Shahrukh Khan Won Best Actor ( Female ) -- Popular Deepika Padukone Won Best Director Rohit Shetty Nominated Best Music Direction Vishal -- Shekhar Nominated Best Playback Singer ( Female ) Chinmayi Nominated Best Choreography Raju Sundaram Nominated Best Dialogue Sajid - Farhad Nominated BIG Star Entertainment Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Most Entertaining Comedy Red Chillies Entertainment Won Jodi of The Year Shahrukh Khan , Deepika Padukone Won Entertainer of the Year Shahrukh Khan Won Most Entertaining Singer -- Male Honey Singh Won Most Entertaining Actress ( Comedy ) Deepika Padukone Won Most Entertaining Music Vishal -- Shekhar Nominated Most Entertaining Film of the Year Red Chillies Entertainment Nominated Most Entertaining Song `` Lungi Dance '' Nominated Bollywood Hungama Surfers ' Choice Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Best Movie Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Actor Shahrukh Khan Won Best Actress Deepika Padukone Won Best Marketed Movie Red Chillies Entertainment Won Best Director Rohit Shetty Nor ! Runner - up Golden Kela Awards Year Category Nominee Result 2013 Worst Film Red Chillies Entertainment Nominated Worst Actress Deepika Padukone Nominated Worst Director Rohit Shetty Nominated Most Irritating Song `` Lungi Dance '' Nominated Worst Lyrics `` 1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor '' Nominated Game ( edit ) A platform running game titled Chennai Express : Escape from Rameshwaram , based on the film and featuring Shahrukh Khan & Deepika Padukone , was developed by Disney UTV 's digital wing , and launched on 24 July 2013 for Android systems . In the game , the player rides a virtual roller - coaster , fighting off goons and dodging obstacles while they attempt to collect over 10,000 coins in order to unlock Padukone 's game avatar . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While Box Office India confirms that the film grossed ₹ 2.08 billion ( US $32 million ) at the end of its run , other trade analysts like Taran Adarsh and Komal Nahta claimed an 8 - percent higher figure of ₹ 2.27 billion ( US $35 million ) . Nevertheless , Box Office India 's figures have been used . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thakkar , Mehul S ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Women 's Day : It 's ladies first for Shah Rukh Khan '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Starting with his upcoming film Chennai Express , the credit rolls will not feature his name first , but that of his leading actress . Jump up ^ Suprateek Chatterjee ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : SRK 's Chennai Express is Rohit Shetty 's tribute to DDLJ '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shalvi Mangaokar ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Chennai Express Finally Chugs Off '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 31 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express ( 2013 ) International Box Office Results -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chennai Express ' Release Date Delayed : Shah Rukh - Deepika Starrer Pushed to 9 August '' . International Business Times . 19 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Budget Movies All Time '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cain , Rob ( 20 March 2016 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Fan ' Aims To Continue Movie Megastar 's Global Hit Streak '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 31 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone 's DDLJ moment in Chennai Express '' . The Indian Express . 18 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chennai Express ' has made me a better actor : Nikitin Dheer '' . The Times of India . 12 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Characters of Chennai Express '' . Koimoi. 2 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramchander . `` Priyamani eyes for Salman and Shahrukh Khan movies '' . One India . Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saibal Chatterjee ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express movie review '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood Hungama Chennai Express ( 2013 ) '' . Bollywood Hungama. 1 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SRK says yes to Rohit Shetty 's Chennai Express '' . NDTV. 9 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm making Chennai Express with SRK -- Rohit Shetty '' . Bollywood Hungama. 16 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Philip Bode ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` 68 minutes of CGI to augment narrative '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Nabanita ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Shahrukh Khan develops Beefy Muscles for Chennai Express '' . One India . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Nabanita ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Rohit Shetty Furious '' . One India . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/j5ue1kjP0Dus3qKfDCMf6M/Deepika-Padukone-This-time-I-bullied-him-a-lot.html Jump up ^ `` StarGaze : SRK , Deepika Padukone on the sets of ' Chennai Express ' and more '' . CNN - IBN. 6 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deepika to star with Shah Rukh '' . CNN - IBN . Press Trust of India . 12 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramchander ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Sathyaraj turns Deepika Padukone 's Father in Chennai Express ? '' . One India . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramchander ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` Priyamani to shake her booty for Shahrukh in Chennai Express ! '' . Oneindia Entertainment . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Meena Venkatraman ( 16 May 2013 ) . `` King Can '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh - Salman spotted together at Mehboob studio '' . India TV News . 8 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express : Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone Bring Back ' DDLJ ' Memories '' . Businessofcinema. 27 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubina A. Khan ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` SRK 's working Sunday for Chennai Express ! '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Simran Chopra ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Chennai Express : Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone Shoot At Iconic Dudhsagar Falls '' . Business of Cinema . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Baker ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone shoot waterfall sequence '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh Khan leaves for Jakarta with Chennai Express team '' . Glamsham. 8 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Upala KBR ( 30 March 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan brings Ooty to Wai ! '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone flaunt lungi for Chennai Express '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team ' Chennai Express ' Wraps Up Wai Schedule '' . Koimoi. 1 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` King Khan in Munnar for ' Chennai Express ' shooting '' . The New Indian Express . 30 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Awasthy K ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Munnar Diaries '' . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh Khan not to act in Malayalam cinema '' . Asianet News . Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Salman and SRK together in Goa '' . Filmfare. 20 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Puri ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` New Pictures : Shahrukh Khan , Deepika Padukone on Chennai Express sets '' . Oneindia Entertainment . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Akshata Shetty ( 27 April 2013 ) . `` Deepika Padukone wraps up ' Chennai Express ' shoot '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar Picks Aamir Khan Over SRK at Birthday Bash ! '' . Business of Cinema. 27 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Will wait for 3 -- 4 days to count ' Chennai Express ' collections : Shah Rukh Khan '' . The Times of India . IANS. 10 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Chennai Express ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We are living in an age of fast and furious change : Joi '' . The Times of India . 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Apoorva Dutt ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express : Why Vishal Dadlani is wrong about Yo Yo Honey Singh '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Udita Jhunjhunwala ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` Amit Trivedi & Amitabh Bhattacharya '' . Livemint . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dibyojyoti Baksi ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan not happy with music of Chennai Express '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Akshata Shetty ( 27 April 2013 ) . `` Not asked to re-work ' Chennai Express ' music : Vishal - Shekhar '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mehul S Thakkar ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Salman 's voice now belongs to Shah Rukh '' . Mumbai Mirror . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titli Chennai Express Official Video '' . T - Series . 27 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari : Chennai Express song '' . T - Series . 11 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Thalaivar Tribute ( Lungi Dance ) Feat . Yo Yo Honey Singh '' . T - Series . 23 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tera Rastaa Chhodoon Na Song Chennai Express '' . T - Series . 25 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Music Album '' . Taran Adarsh. 2 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Devesh Sharma ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` Music Review : Chennai Express '' . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 7 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Chennai Express ' Music Review : It 's an entertaining all - rounder '' . CNN - IBN . IANS. 4 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yashika Mathur ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Music review : Chennai Express chugs on experimentation '' . IANS . Archived from the original on 6 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joginder Tuteja ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Music review : Chennai Express has some aces up its sleeve '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anand Holla ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Music review : Chennai Express '' . Mumbai Mirror . Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Paid Previews Draw Bumper Response at Multiplexes ( Internet Archive ) '' . Box Office India . 8 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's Peru hooked on to Bollywood culture '' . Business Standard . PTI. 4 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood rides on Chennai Express to new international markets '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 3 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Vickey Lalwani ( 3 August 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh 's ' Chennai Express ' turn costlier for cinemagoers '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Meena Iyer ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` ' Chennai Express ' breaks multiple records '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan - starrer Chennai Express to get biggest Bollywood release in UK ? '' . Hindustan Times . Press Trust of India . 31 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movie preview : Fun ride on Chennai Express '' . Deccan Herald . 6 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Besharam To Have Second Widest Release of All Time '' . Box Office India . 1 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Screen Counts 2013 '' . Box Office India . 26 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Ready Steady Po for Chennai Express ! '' . India Today . 2 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunitra Pacheco ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` SRK and Deepika launch Chennai Express trailer ! '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Apurva Singh ( 26 July 2013 ) . `` SRK , Deepika 's Chennai Express costumes to be auctioned for charity '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh , Deepika Padukone 's outfits in ' Chennai Express ' to be auctioned '' . CNN - IBN . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Karaoke app launched '' . Bollywood Hungama. 6 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express : 10 innovative marketing techniques used for the film '' . IBN Live . 8 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunny Leone most searched personality on Google in 2013 '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 18 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nandini Raghavendra ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Zee buys satellite rights of Chennai Express for its upcoming channel ' & Pictures ' '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Roshini Olivera ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express helps ZEE TV overtake Star Plus '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The films were ' Waar ' , ' Main Hoon Shahid Afridi ' , ' Ishq Khuda ' and ' Josh ' . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh , Akshay shelved in Pakistan '' . DAWN. 24 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to blackout Shah Rukh 's ' Chennai Express ' and Akshay 's ' Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai 2 ' '' . The Indian Express . 23 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Interesting Facts you did not know about Chennai Express '' . Daily Bhaskar . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Vivadha Medai ( The debate dais ) ( Television ) ( in Tamil ) . SUN News . 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Chennai Express ' posters spark debate ; much ado about nothing ? '' . CNN - IBN. 3 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Not spoofing South India in Chennai Express : Deepika Padukone : Bollywood , News '' . India Today . 6 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raj Thackeray gives Chennai Express green signal after meeting Rohit Shetty '' . NDTV . Indo - Asian News Service . 1 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh Khan 's Chennai Express getting mixed reviews '' . The Times of India . 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express '' . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachit Gupta ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Chennai Express '' . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarita Tanwar ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Grab a bucket of popcorn , sit back and enjoy the ride as Chennai Express is here to entertain '' . Daily News and Analysis . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Meena Iyer ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Resham Sengar ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` ' Chennai Express ' review : This vehicle is worth being onboard for once ! '' . Zee News . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express review : A typical sambar - and - sandalwood creation '' . India Today . 9 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express movie review '' . India TV . 8 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shubhra Gupta ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Review : Chennai Express '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sukanya Verma ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Review : Chennai Express is a rollicking trip to nowhere ! '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chennai Express ' review : Board at your own risk '' . Deccan Chronicle . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chennai Express ' review : It 's a big , fat bore . A bloated vanity project for an actor capable of so much more '' . IBNlive.in.com. 16 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayank Shekhar ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Chennai Express '' . Daily.bhaskar.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachel Saltz ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Taking the Fast Train to Win a Mob Princess '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneha M. Francis ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Bollywood review : Deepika Padukone outshines SRK in ' Chennai Express ' '' . Emirates247.com . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Foster ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Bollywood blockbuster railroads logical storytelling '' . Special Broadcasting Service . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide TOP TEN 2013 '' . Box Office India . 12 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Will Be The Final Worldwide Business Of Krrish 3 And What Was Chennai Express Worldwide ? '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Crosses Ek Tha Tiger Worldwide In Ten Days '' . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Rates ( 58.5 INR per USD ) '' . OFX. 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express Has Huge Paid Previews '' . Box Office India . 7 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Has Excellent Opening '' . Box Office India . 9 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Will Once Upon A Time In Mumbai Dobara Open With On Day One ? '' . Box Office India . 13 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Second Day Territorial Breakdown -- Box Office India '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Highest Second Day Collections -- Box Office India '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Weekends 2013 : Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram Leela 3rd '' . Boxofficeindia.com. 18 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top Opening Weekends : Chennai Express Leads By A Distance - Box Office India '' . Box Office India . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekends 2013 : Grand Masti 4th -- Box Office India '' . Box Office India . 16 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Worldwide Weekends 2013 : Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram Leela 3rd '' . Box Office India . 19 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Opening Weekend : KRRISH 3 Sixth '' . Box Office India . 7 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Is Highest Shahrukh Khan Grosser in Five Days '' . Box Office India . 14 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express crosses 125 cr ; 200 cr target ? '' . The Times of India . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Wednesday business '' . Box Office India . 15 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express : 137.1 cr till Wednesday '' . The Times of India . 15 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten All Time First Week Grossers : DHOOM 3 Leads By 25 % '' . Box Office India . 27 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Beats Ek Tha Tiger First Week Record '' . Box Office India . 16 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express Week One Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Beats Ek Tha Tiger First Week Record '' . Box Office India . 16 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Worldwide First Weeks 2013 : Besharam 50 % Of Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani '' . Box Office India . 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Second Weekend Business '' . Box Office India . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Crosses Ek Tha Tiger Worldwide in Ten Days '' . Box Office India . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express third weekend '' . Box Office India . 26 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Hits 200 Crore in Three Weeks '' . Box Office India . 30 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express Is All Time Record Grosser Without Records in Big Circuits '' . Box Office India . 5 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Only Bright Spot in a Dull August '' . Box Office India . 5 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express 206 Cr in Four Weeks Madras Cafe 41 Cr in Two Weeks '' . Box Office India . 6 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shudh Desi Romance Opens Well Zanjeer Dull '' . Box Office India . 7 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Week Four Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India . 9 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express Final Lifetime Business '' . Box Office India . 18 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Totals Multiplex : v Single Screens '' . Box Office India . 18 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BO Report Card : Krrish 3 is the first highest grosser of 2013 so far '' . Bollywood Hungama. 4 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chennai Express Heads For ALL TIME RECORD Distributor Share - Box Office India '' . Box Office India . 20 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Has Huge Start in Overseas '' . Box Office India . 9 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 9 -- 11 -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Report : Audiences Travel to ' Elysium ' Over Crowded Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo. 11 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shekhar ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` Chennai Express 1st Weekend Collection at Overseas Box Office '' . Oneindia Entertainment . Archived from the original on 15 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas First Weekends 2013 : Besharam 4th '' . Box Office India . 9 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chennai Express ' a big hit in Karachi -- The Times of India '' . The Times of India . 12 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan 's Chennai Express earns Rs 40 million in Pakistan '' . The Indian Express . 19 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan 's ' Chennai Express ' breaks records in Pak '' . Deccan Chronicle . PTI. 18 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express reaches Rs 157 - crore station in one week '' . Business Standard . 17 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ankita Mehta ( 17 August 2013 ) . `` ' Chennai Express ' Box Office Collection : SRK Starrer Crosses ₹ 200 Crore Worldwide in 9 Days '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SRK 's Chennai Express breaks records overseas '' . Hindustan Times . 17 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai Dobaara Dull Chennai Express Heads For $16 Plus '' . Box Office India . 21 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satyagraha $1.35 Million Weekend Chennai Express At $16.85 Million '' . Box Office India . 4 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Masti Is Poor Chennai Express Still Going '' . Box Office India . 18 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Besharam To Have Second Widest Release of All Time '' . Box Office India . 1 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Express Paid Previews Draw Bumper Response at Multiplexes '' . Box Office India . 8 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Highest Second Day Collections '' . Box Office India . 11 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Overseas Opening Weekends : Chennai Express Tops '' . Box Office India . 14 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QandA '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of winners of 59th Filmfare Awards '' . NDTV. 24 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IIFA Awards 2014 : The list of nominees '' . IBN Live . 22 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IIFA 2014 Technical Awards Winners '' . Bollywood Hungama. 28 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards nomination '' . Oneindia Entertainment . 7 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Guild Awards - Winners '' . Star Guild Awards . Archived from the original on 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Screen Awards 2015 , Latest News on Screen Awards 2015 , Photo Gallery '' . The Indian Express . 31 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Deepu Madhavan ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Zee Cine Awards 2014 : Farhan , Deepika , Shahrukh , Sonakshi Sweep Trophies '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2014 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 5 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners List Announced Of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 '' . Koimoi. 18 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners : Bollywood Hungama Surfers Choice Movie Awards 2013 '' . Bollywood Hungama. 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Kela Awards 2014 : Ranveer and Deepika get nominated for worst actors '' . India Today . 30 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Golden Kela Awards 2014 ′ : SRK , Deepika , Priyanka , Aamir Get Nominated In Their List '' . Koimoi. 31 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan launches Chennai Express game '' . DNA India . 24 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Indiagames ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Chennai Express Official Game '' . Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 -- via Google Play . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chennai Express Official website ( archive ) Chennai Express on IMDb Chennai Express at Box Office Mojo Chennai Express at Bollywood Hungama Chennai Express at Rotten Tomatoes India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Comedy portal Films produced by Gauri Khan Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) Billu ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) Ra. One ( 2011 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Chennai Express ( 2013 ) Happy New Year ( 2014 ) Dilwale ( 2015 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Raees ( 2017 ) Films directed by Rohit Shetty Golmaal series Golmaal : Fun Unlimited ( 2006 ) Golmaal Returns ( 2008 ) Golmaal 3 ( 2010 ) Golmaal Again ( 2017 ) Singham series Singham ( 2011 ) Singham Returns ( 2014 ) Other films Zameen ( 2003 ) Sunday ( 2008 ) All the Best : Fun Begins ( 2009 ) Bol Bachchan ( 2012 ) Chennai Express ( 2013 ) Dilwale ( 2015 ) Simmba ( 2018 ) Films produced by UTV Motion Pictures 2015 ABCD 2 Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai 2014 Anjaan Naan Sigappu Manithan Heropanti Khoobsurat 2013 Chennai Express Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru Settai Ghanchakkar Satyagraha Kai Po Che ABCD : Any Body Can Dance 2012 Heroine Thaandavam Barfi ! Joker Vettai Mugamoodi Rowdy Rathore Kalakalappu Vazhakku Enn 18 / 9 Grandmaster Arjun : The Warrior Prince Paan Singh Tomar Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu 2011 No One Killed Jessica 7 Khoon Maaf Thank You Delhi Belly Chillar Party Deiva Thirumagal Muran My Friend Pinto Tees Maar Khan Guzaarish We Are Family Peepli Live Udaan I Hate Luv Storys Raajneeti Harishchandrachi Factory Chance Pe Dance 2009 What 's Your Raashee ? Unnaipol Oruvan Aagey Se Right Kaminey Agyaat Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge Delhi - 6 Dev. D 2008 Jodhaa Akbar Aamir The Happening Mumbai Meri Jaan A Wednesday ! Poi Solla Porom Welcome to Sajjanpur Fashion Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! 2007 I Think I Love My Wife Hattrick The Namesake Life in a ... Metro The Blue Umbrella Athidi Kannamoochi Yenada Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal 2006 Chup Chup Ke Khosla Ka Ghosla Rang De Basanti 2005 Main , Meri Patni Aur Woh Lakshya Swades Red Chillies Entertainment People Shah Rukh Khan Gauri Khan Films Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani ( 2000 ) Aśoka ( 2001 ) One 2 Ka 4 ( 2001 ) Chalte Chalte ( 2003 ) Main Hoon Na ( 2004 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) Billu ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Always Kabhi Kabhi ( 2011 ) Ra. 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4107224954705269197 | Talk:Theodore Roosevelt/Archive 2 | Talk : Theodore Roosevelt / Archive 2 - wikipedia Talk : Theodore Roosevelt / Archive 2 < Talk : Theodore Roosevelt ( Redirected from Talk : Theodore Roosevelt / archive2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This is an archive of past discussions . Do not edit the contents of this page . If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one , please do so on the current talk page . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cartoon Date 2 Vandalism reversion 3 First Marriage section problems 4 `` death '' section 5 Correct Pronunciation of Roosevelt 's Last Name 6 Theodore Roosevelt makes the cover of Time Magazine 7 `` Other '' section 8 the only good indians 9 First marriage 10 Puck cartoon 11 Puck 12 What ? 13 First oath of office 14 power of the presidency 15 Views on Race 16 Pronunciation 17 NPOV and Justification and Whitewashing of Imperial Policy 18 Photo problems 19 POV ? 20 Minor garble 21 refimprove 22 The lead paragraph 23 White supremacist beliefs ? 24 The run - on sentences in the 1884 convention 25 Noted Teddy Roosevelt Impersonator 26 Small Typo 27 Only Sitting President 28 Thanksgiving Day proclamation 29 Brownsville shooting 30 Pronunciation 31 Lincoln Penny Image 32 Medal of Honor 33 Big Stick Quote 34 Medal of Honor & Noble Peace Prize icons need to be added 35 Five - story house or Four - story house ? 36 Secretary of the Navy 37 TR 's fraternity at Harvard 38 teddy bear origin story 39 Why no edit ? ? 40 Moh ? 41 Sportsmanship - Factual accuracy doubted 42 Writings , speeches 43 Foreign Policy 44 Health care 45 Republican party rift 46 Error in the Margin 47 Added better quality photos and other pages on parents , sister and daughter 48 Quote not actually found in referenced article 49 This article may be too long ? 50 First book published - The Naval War of 1812 51 Presidency 1901 - 1909 52 Tolstoy Link 53 Race Section 54 Criticism ? 55 Roosevelt _́ s travel to Brazil 56 Death 57 split article ( s ) 58 Middle Name 59 Columbia Law School alumni 60 Middle initial ? 61 Small question 62 TR was member of Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity at Harvard 63 Medal of Honor 64 Youngest President in office 65 Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt 66 Recognizing Theodore Roosevelt 's legacy in North Dakota 67 Middle initial ... revisited 68 `` D '' 69 The lead 70 Civil Service Commission - Blockquote Broken 71 Frequent vandalism ; proposed page lock 72 100 KB tag / splits 73 Roosevelt 's Views and Political Positions of Theodore Roosevelt 74 Medal of Honor 75 I Recieved A Message About Vandalizing This Page 76 New ideas / work about roots of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 77 TR 's Defective Moral Character 78 Simple Typo 79 Theodore Roosevelt -- no middle name 80 Headings of `` Education '' and `` First marriage and response to catastrophic loss '' 81 fyi 82 Small Typo 83 Which presidental photo ? 84 Edit request from 24.6. 117.160 , 3 May 2010 85 Another edit request 85.1 And another 86 Linkfarm removed Cartoon Date 1910 cartoon shows Roosevelt 's multiple roles to 1919 The title of the cartoon `` 1910 cartoon shows Roosevelt 's multiple roles to 1919 '' must surely be incorrect unless the cartoonist had precognitive abilities , Wolbo 10 : 21 , 28 May 2007 ( UTC ) Vandalism reversion Hello all . I 've done a partial revert to correct some vandalism from 209.94. 106.3 on 5 Feb 07 . Bdevoe 22 : 03 , 5 February 2007 ( UTC ) I do n't know why , but this article is particularly prone to vandalism . I feel like I 'm here to revert something once a day , and I 'm only catching a little of it . How about some kind of protection for it ? -- Oaxaca dan 17 : 47 , 28 February 2007 ( UTC ) I 'm a little upset , because it seems that someone has gone onto the page and revised the simplified spelling paragraph back into normal English . Could someone please correct this ? Thank you . 129.170. 233.187 21 : 56 , 3 July 2007 ( UTC ) First Marriage section problems The paragraph that talks about Alice being called sister by her siblings , which appears before she was given to her aunt for care , really confuses me . Was there time travel so that she lived during the second marriage with her siblings and then traveled back in time to be given to her aunt ? I 'm guesing that some point about Alice and TR 's relationship later in life , but that is n't related to TR 's first marriage. Mulp 01 : 06 , 3 June 2007 ( UTC ) I have read that Alice spent some limited time during visits with her half - siblings when they were young . `` The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt '' Rickster77 00 : 25 , 11 July 2007 ( UTC ) `` Death '' section Theres some stuff in the death section thats not about his death . Im not sure where i should put it though ... JamesBenjamin 04 : 12 , 1 July 2007 ( UTC ) ... Response / suggestions : ... The item about the White House Gang could go in White House section . Then maybe a new section : Religious Views and Life Philosophy to cover religious practices , Freemason , views and strenuous life , physical activity etc . This new section could go right after `` World War I '' section . The item about his name preference : `` Teddy vs. Theodore '' could go in childhood , education and personal life . How does that sound ? Rickster77 00 : 41 , 11 July 2007 ( UTC ) Correct Pronunciation of Roosevelt 's Last Name This can no longer be in dispute because we have Roosevelt , himself , pronouncing it on an 1898 audio file and also corresponding with several people on the correct pronunciation `` Rose - ah - velt . '' See audio of TR announcing bugle calls with that pronuciation in 1898 at http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/record.cfm as well as TR from a letter on the same at http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d227/Theodore_Roosevelt and finally from the Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia at the Theodore Roosevelt Association ( TRA ) Web site at http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/TR%20Web%20Book/TR_CD_to_HTML571.html SimonATL 22 : 12 , 13 July 2007 ( UTC ) Theodore Roosevelt makes the cover of Time Magazine Roosevelt was on the cover of Time Magazine as the feature article on June 26 , 2006 entitled , The 20th Century Express - At home and abroad , Theodore Roosevelt was the locomotive President , the man who drew his flourishing nation into the future . Any bets if the editors read our article . I also heard that Time Magazine 's editors did consult with the Theodore Roosevelt Association in researching their cover story . SimonATL 22 : 53 , 13 July 2007 ( UTC ) `` Other '' section The first item states TR 's first photo was of him looking out window at Lincoln funeral train . I have never seen any factual record to verify that one of these two faces was TR . I think we need to stick to the facts and re-write this to say one of the two distant faces could possibly be TR . The faces are way too small in the photo . The photo by the way was an area wide photo of Lincoln Funeral train with many distant faces . To say it IS a picture of TR is really not correct . This has never been proven to show TR , ... Or has it been ? ? You are correct about the controversy surrounding that photo . While many authoritive accounts says something like , `` It is thought to be a young Theodore Roosevelt and his sister ... '' or words to that effect , the Theodore Roosevelt Association has traced this photo to TR 's grandfather 's home , indicating on their web site that in this photo , a young Theodore , `` Watches Abraham Lincoln 's funeral procession from an upstairs window of his grandfather 's house on Union Square , New York City . With him are his younger brother Elliott and a friend named Edith Kermit Carow . '' See http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm SimonATL 23 : 01 , 13 July 2007 ( UTC ) The only good Indians Can anyone verify that Roosevelt actually said `` I do n't go so far as to think that ' the only good Indians are dead Indians ' , but I believe nine out of ten are , and I should n't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth '' ? Thanks . - TheMightyQuill 23 : 50 , 16 July 2007 ( UTC ) Answer - TR said the following words about American Indians in a speech in January 1886 in South Dakota , which is readable in connection with the subject in hand . He is contrasting the cowboy with the indian . Interestingly , after attacking stereotypes of the cowboy as `` ruffians and desperadoes '' he goes indicates his contempt for the Indians that he had seen out in the Dakota territory and Wyoming where he went to hunt and ranch from approximately 1883 - 1886 . Bear in mind the the Indians that he had seen were far from the sterotypical `` noble red man '' of earlier sagas . Many displaced Indians had been forced to survive by stealing the white man 's cattle that had also displaced the American bison . Their actions were the direct consequence of their having lost the Wars of the Plains to the US Army . Having witnessed the slaughter of tens of millions of bison in both the great southern and northern herds , the Indians were more often than not cheated out of the US government 's food allocations on their reservations by crooked agents . The story is widely known . Roosevelt simply reflects the popular Dakota stereotypes toward the defeated indians that the cowboys and ranchers with whom he had associated himself held . Here 's what TR said : `` My friends seem to think , '' said Roosevelt , `` that I can talk only on two subjects - the bear and the cowboy - and the one I am to handle this evening is the more formidable of the two . After all , the cowboys are not the ruffians and desperadoes that the nickel library prints them . Of course , in the frontier towns where the only recognized amusements are vices , there is more or less of riot and disorder . But take the cowboy on his native heath , on the round - up , and you will find in him the virtues of courage , endurance , good fellowship , and generosity . He is not sympathetic . The cowboy divides all humanity into two classes , the sheep and the goats , those who can ride bucking horses and those who ca n't ; and I must say he does n't care much for the goats . `` I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the western view of the Indian . I do n't go so far as to think that the only good Indian is the dead Indian , but I believe nine out of every ten are , and I should n't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth . The most vicious cowboy has more moral principle than the average Indian . Take three hundred low families of New York and New Jersey , support them , for fifty years , in vicious idleness , and you will have some idea of what the Indians are . Reckless , revengeful , fiendishly cruel , they rob and murder , not the ' cowboys who can take care of themselves , but the defenseless , lone settlers of the plains . As for the soldiers , an Indian chief once asked Sheridan for a cannon . ' What ! do you want to kill my soldiers with it ? ' asked the general . ' No , ' replied the chief , ' Want to kill cowboy ; kill soldier with a club . ' `` Ranch life is ephemeral . Fences are spreading . all over the western country , and , by the end of the century , most of it will be under cultivation . I , for one , shall be sorry to see it go ; for when the cowboy disappears , one of the best and healthiest phases of western life will disappear with him . '' Source : Roosevelt in the Bad Lands , Hermann Hagedorn ( Boston , 1921 ) , pp. 354 - 356 A COMMENT on TR 's opinion . Let 's remember that TR was only 28 when he said this , he had seen for himself the horrible condition under which the Indians were living under , having been defeated and put on reservations less than 10 years before his speech . Custer had been defeated less than 10 years before and anti-Indian sentiment still ran high . Also when he became a Commissioner of the US Civil Service and had to tour government installations from coast to coast and actually witnessed , first hand , the squalor and neglect of native Americans , his attitude toward them softened considerably and he fought on the behalf against the corruption of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the wholesale theft of provisions set aside for the Indians by crooked federal agents. SimonATL 23 : 25 , 10 August 2007 ( UTC ) First marriage Where is the content for this heading ? It makes the overall article weaker by raising reader expectations Fidelia 01 : 22 , 19 September 2007 ( UTC ) Puck cartoon In the `` Puck '' cartoon of TR handing over his polices to Taft , can we get an identification of who the bellman carrying the Big Stick is a caricature of ? Wondering , -- Infrogmation 16 : 07 , 19 September 2007 ( UTC ) According to an edit by User : SimonATL to the image while it was here on en : Wikipedia , it is William Loeb . Unfortunately that info was n't transfered when the image was moved to Commons ; I have corrected that shameful oversight . -- Infrogmation 16 : 49 , 19 September 2007 ( UTC ) Puck I think it is William Loeb in the pic but it sure does look like Theodore Roosevelt playing all the characters but maybe it is someone else . Who knows ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.120. 145.194 ( talk ) 23 : 52 , 19 September 2007 ( UTC ) What ? What happened to the main page ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Bubbablake 2 ( talk contribs ) 23 : 56 , 19 September 2007 ( UTC ) If you mean the Theodore Roosevelt article , you inappropriately removed a word and added blank indentation at the start of a paragraph , which the Wiki software makes into preformated text . I fixed it for you . HTH , -- Infrogmation 00 : 14 , 20 September 2007 ( UTC ) First oath of office The article at present says `` Roosevelt did not swear on the Bible nor on any other book , making him unique among presidents . '' The first phrase of the sentence is sourced , the second had a request for a reference . This list on memory. loc was just given as a citation , but I am removing it because as far as I can see it does not actually confirm the final phrase of the sentence . This list of what presidents took the oath by lists several as `` unknown '' . Unless we have a specific reference showing that all other presidents than TR took their oaths on a book , I suggest we change the phrase to something on the order of `` Roosevelt did not swear on the Bible nor on any other book , contrary to the ususual tradition of US presidents . '' Other thoughts ? -- Infrogmation 11 : 14 , 23 September 2007 ( UTC ) I have reworded the passage to a less sweeping claim per the above . -- Infrogmation 03 : 59 , 30 September 2007 ( UTC ) Power of the presidency The article currently says ( without citation ) : Overall , historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation 's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage ... Historians do generally agree that he did this , but whether they credit or blame him for it is another matter ; that an expansion of presidential power was a good thing is a quite controversial thesis . A number of critics of neoconservatism , in particular , blame Roosevelt for setting a precedent whereby the presidency simply seizes power for itself . See , among other sources , Thomas Woods 's 33 Questions About American History You 're Not Supposed to Ask , pp. 136 -- 142 ( admittedly not the world 's most neutral source , but it was the first one handy ; there are plenty of more sober analyses , from both the left and the libertarian right , that criticize Roosevelt on this point ) . As a more trivial point , Mark Twain was also not a fan of his policies ( `` insane & irresponsible '' ) . -- Delirium 09 : 31 , 4 November 2007 ( UTC ) Views on race His views on Indians and countries peopled with an `` inferior race '' need to listed to make this article less hagiographic . I have accordingly added excerpts from `` Winning the west '' Indianminister 08 : 12 , 11 October 2007 ( UTC ) Roosevelt , a white patrician of European heritage simply reflected the predominant world - view of his race and class , that the Anglo - Europeans were superior culturally to all other races . Think about it , however , this was an early 20th Century view . While not justifiable in the early 21st Century , before we call him a racist , etc , let 's remember the context and the era . It 's easy to pass judgement on people from the last century based on today 's higher standards . Actually , TR was the first US President to invite a black man to dine in the White House , Booker T. Washington and he sought his counsel on federal appointments in the south . Also , TR decried and publically denounced lynching as degrading to both victims as well as perpetrators . Re attitudes towards native Americans , this is discussed in a section above , while you mentioned in the article that TR thought the struggle between `` civilization and savagery '' why would this be suprising to you . The native Americans were locked in the proverbial Stone Age when the whites first came to North America . How do expect someone of Roosevelt 's class , education and training would view paleolithic aboriginal inhabitants both in North America and in Australia ? When TR was president , he severely criticized Indian fighter , Nelson Miles , for the massacre of Indians at Wounded Knee , writing to him , `` In the Wounded Knee fight , the troops under your command killed squaws and children as well as unarmed Indians and armed Indians who had ceased to resist . '' Roosevelt also critized his leadership saying of Miles , `` that you , who were not actually present , could not prevent these outrages , and could not have prefented them had you been present . Source . Nelson A. Miles , a Hero to His Men , by By Peter R. Demontravel , 1998 , Kent State Re his evolving attitude towards American Indians Answer - TR said the following words about American Indians in a speech in January 1886 in South Dakota , which is readable in connection with the subject in hand . He is contrasting the cowboy with the indian . Interestingly , after attacking stereotypes of the cowboy as `` ruffians and desperadoes '' he goes indicates his contempt for the Indians that he had seen out in the Dakota territory and Wyoming where he went to hunt and ranch from approximately 1883 - 1886 . Bear in mind the the Indians that he had seen were far from the sterotypical `` noble red man '' of earlier sagas . Many displaced Indians had been forced to survive by stealing the white man 's cattle that had also displaced the American bison . Their actions were the direct consequence of their having lost the Wars of the Plains to the US Army . Having witnessed the slaughter of tens of millions of bison in both the great southern and northern herds , the Indians were more often than not cheated out of the US government 's food allocations on their reservations by crooked agents . The story is widely known . Roosevelt simply reflects the popular Dakota stereotypes toward the defeated indians that the cowboys and ranchers with whom he had associated himself held . Here 's what TR said : `` My friends seem to think , '' said Roosevelt , `` that I can talk only on two subjects - the bear and the cowboy - and the one I am to handle this evening is the more formidable of the two . After all , the cowboys are not the ruffians and desperadoes that the nickel library prints them . Of course , in the frontier towns where the only recognized amusements are vices , there is more or less of riot and disorder . But take the cowboy on his native heath , on the round - up , and you will find in him the virtues of courage , endurance , good fellowship , and generosity . He is not sympathetic . The cowboy divides all humanity into two classes , the sheep and the goats , those who can ride bucking horses and those who ca n't ; and I must say he does n't care much for the goats . `` I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the western view of the Indian . I do n't go so far as to think that the only good Indian is the dead Indian , but I believe nine out of every ten are , and I should n't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth . The most vicious cowboy has more moral principle than the average Indian . Take three hundred low families of New York and New Jersey , support them , for fifty years , in vicious idleness , and you will have some idea of what the Indians are . Reckless , revengeful , fiendishly cruel , they rob and murder , not the ' cowboys who can take care of themselves , but the defenseless , lone settlers of the plains . As for the soldiers , an Indian chief once asked Sheridan for a cannon . ' What ! do you want to kill my soldiers with it ? ' asked the general . ' No , ' replied the chief , ' Want to kill cowboy ; kill soldier with a club . ' `` Ranch life is ephemeral . Fences are spreading . all over the western country , and , by the end of the century , most of it will be under cultivation . I , for one , shall be sorry to see it go ; for when the cowboy disappears , one of the best and healthiest phases of western life will disappear with him . '' Source : Roosevelt in the Bad Lands , Hermann Hagedorn ( Boston , 1921 ) , pp. 354 - 356 A COMMENT on TR 's opinion . Let 's remember that TR was only 28 when he said this , he had seen for himself the horrible condition under which the Indians were living under , having been defeated and put on reservations less than 10 years before his speech . Custer had been defeated less than 10 years before and anti-Indian sentiment still ran high . Also when he became a Commissioner of the US Civil Service and had to tour government installations from coast to coast and actually witnessed , first hand , the squalor and neglect of native Americans , his attitude toward them softened considerably and he fought on the behalf against the corruption of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the wholesale theft of provisions set aside for the Indians by crooked federal agents. SimonATL 20 : 27 , 9 November 2007 ( UTC ) Pronunciation OK , I can understand that people might often mispronounce `` Roosevelt '' , but I 've never heard anyone get the number of syllables wrong , which makes that comment seem strange and pointless . Simply stating that he pronounced the first vowel sound as a long O instead of a long U should be sufficient . - 66.93. 200.116 ( talk ) 14 : 44 , 23 November 2007 ( UTC ) NPOV and justification and whitewashing of imperial policy Much of this article exhibits a strong bias towards justifying Roosevelt 's imperialistic policies . That the Roosevelt Corollary was added to intervene ' when governmental corruption made it necessary ' , and that Roosevelt intended to ' help ' `` underdeveloped '' nations seem particularly absurd an strongly exemplify a racist and paternalistic justification of violent intervention into Latin American nations . Considering much of T.R. 's legacy is cementing an aggressive imperialist approach to hemispherical affairs it is very important to amend this article . SDali2008 -- Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 10 : 16 , 20 September 2007 ( UTC ) Understand , but Roosevelt did n't `` invent '' imperialism but it was already a `` going concern '' and TR simply felt that the US as `` Giant of the West '' needed to not stand idly by while Britain , France and Germany gobbled up more countries . He did n't really realized the `` price '' that any Empire ultimately has to pay in blood , treasure and morality to hold together its empire , witness what the US 's Iraq experience is costing it . SimonATL ( talk ) 05 : 07 , 6 January 2008 ( UTC ) It seems that our friend TR is entirely with out sin ! how patriotic ! ! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.152. 48.161 ( talk ) 16 : 51 , 3 December 2007 ( UTC ) Why is it suddenly important to frame Roosevelt 's beliefs in a 21st century manner ? Why is it so impossible to believe that he really did have these intentions when going on these imperialist adventures ? This is the type of revisionist thinking that threatens to cloud what actually happened - sticking with the facts of the day and using the best possible sources is always the correct approach . Monsieurdl 17 : 20 , 3 December 2007 ( UTC ) TR ' helped ' Panama declare independance ? Charging imperialism is hardly a 21st century critique , TR was widely attacked as an aggressive imperialist at the time . This article is strongly pro-Roosevelt , glorifying development in colonial possessions , ignoring popular opposition in the Philippines , the Platt Amendment and Domination of Cuba . This article regurgitates government rhetoric as fact . TR 's role in imperialism is dramatic , using his involvement in the Spanish American War to catapult him to power . The Roosevelt Correlary marks a very important turning point in U.S. foreign policy , reversing the revolutionary Monroe doctrine and rejecting Central American sovereignty and asserting the U.S. as the active hemispherical hegemon . This article fails on several front , recognizing the historical importance of TR in forming the new American empire , establishing NPOV tone and analysis that delineates rhetoric from reality , glowing admiration of a controversial leader , and apologist appraisal of imperialism that should sicken anyone outside the U.S. , as well as any Americans who seek an honest evaluation of U.S. action and the growth of American power . Much of TR scholarship is ignored , and it embarrasses the wikipedia community that this page is not NPOV tagged. 68.56. 175.198 ( talk ) 08 : 41 , 31 December 2007 ( UTC ) Critic says the TR article `` embarrasses the wikipedia community . '' This is interesting as I did n't know that he had polled the wikipedia community for its opinion of this article . But he has some good points , opposition to TR 's policies on Cuba and Panama are not limited to modern times . In fact , there was an anti-imperialism movement that vehemently opposed the extension of American influence and control outside of the US and which extended into Cuba and the Phillipines . But let 's remember TR did NOT invent the age of Imperialism . But he DID plug into the concept . By definition , this critic thinks that all aspects of so - called imperialism are evil and that all wikipedians would agree on this . But this is not established fact . Was TR controversial ? Sure he was . Without a doubt , he moved more and more towards the recognition that the political institutions needed reform and he did it from municipal through state through federal positions and then finally into the White House . Interesting that this controversial leader is the ONLY US President who has been referred to and quoted by virtually every democratic and republican candidate in the 2008 US presidential campaign . Not only that in modern polls , in an age of highly polarized politics , in which George W. Bush was viewed as 6th best president by republicans and 6th worst by democrats , TR was placed in # 5 position by BOTH republicans and democrats . Why is this so ? Because he was just a jingoist imperialist ? No - because , in many ways he epitomized the best aspects of BOTH major US political parties . As a republican he advocated high tarrifs and yet he demanded that both labor and management reach a settlement of a major coal strike . And he did n't call out the army to support the owners , either . He was the first truely environmental president setting aside 10 % of the federal lands to preserve them for the future . He understood that there were places where only a strong federal government could solve regional and national problems . Look at his advocacy of strong federal support for irrigation in the West . He did this for all Americans . He was against the tyranny of either management or labor . He was essentially for what he called `` the square deal '' that benefited ALL Americans and not just any one group - both management and labor . While other Republicans fought against labor , Roosevelt , even though he was a life - long Republican , well understood that the US was coming into an industrial age in which there was a natural `` combination '' of industrial forces into the hands of an increasingly powerful group of the so - called `` captains of industry . '' Not stopping with stand - pat resistance to labor organization , TR also realized and wrote and spoke extensively that there would also be natural and inevitable `` combinations '' as they were called in the late 19th Century and early 20th century of labor into organizations who would demand collective labor agreements . As for the Roosevelt Corralary to the Monroe Doctrine . TR put this forth not to absorb over every small Western hemisphere country , but rather to protect them from European powers seizing customs offices in port cities to extract debt payments . TR well understood that the Europeans would expand their influence from the ports right into the hearts of these small countries . He knew that an American guarantee of debt payment backed up by force sometimes , as in the example of the Dominican Republic when the US took over customs and balanced payments completly in only a couple years , kept the Germans , the French and British OUT of the Dominican Republic ( DR ) . When DR leadership literally offered the country to the US as a territory to be annexed and offered statehood , TR turned them down flat . Look at Cuba and the Phillipines , TR realized that only a reduction of tarriff barriers against these countries would help grown their economies . He fought against both republican and democrat opposition and the business interests to lower their tarrifs . Sure TR was and is controversial , but he was the FIRST president since Lincoln to grasp growing national problems that had been ignored for over a half a century , face up to them and demand effective national strategies to address them . And to these problems he brought his world - class education , experience at all levels of government , a consistent policy of fairness , equity and the square deal and pushed and shoved an isolationist and increasingly socially polarized American society into the 20th Century . Of COURSE there were aspects of this pushing and shoving that need discussion in this article , but TR was no pinheaded cowboy jingoist , he brought a coherent imperialist view to both national and international issues and set the US on a course of growth that created the modern US society - yes , and for better or worse a much changed country from the post-Civil War country of his childhood . Any country on earth would be blessed to have a national leader as well prepared for the demands of his age as was Theodore Roosevelt in his time . We can no longer afford on - the - job training for national leaders who are told what to think by their so - called handlers . We need leaders actually prepared for national leadership . SimonATL ( talk ) 05 : 07 , 6 January 2008 ( UTC ) TR did not seek to mimic the Eurpoean powers in creating an `` empire , '' to some extent because it was not necessary . Europe used imperial possessions as sources of raw materials that could be sent to the mother country 's industries . With its own abundant natural resources , America did not need this sort of empire . And as with many other terms , `` imperialist '' does not mean in 2008 what it meant in 1898 after the Spanish - American War . Then it meant as described above - overseas possessions owned lock , stock and barrel by a mother country that administered them not for their own good but for the good of the mother country . America did acquire possessions after the Spanish - American War , but in the thinking of the day , to westernize them and thereby advance them . The `` empire '' was not conceived as permanent . Cuba was given its independence almost immediately . The Phillipines were promised independence and got it . Puerto Rico regularly holds free elections on what it wants to do , and if it ever chooses independence ( which regularly come in last among the alternatives in these elections ) , it would get it . Paternalistic it might have been , misguided perhaps , but not an empire in the European sense . Today , `` imperialist '' it is used negatively to describe America as a country that wants to create an `` empire '' subservient to itself . In my opinion , that is not so . America is not imperialist , it is internationalist . We accept that today , but in TR 's time , when isolationism was the mantra , it was a dirty word . America , in the past and still today , has always been , as TR knew , a force for good . The goal has not been to create mini-Americas , but rather to bring democracy and stability to parts of the world where it did not exist . ( With TR then , and still today . ) As an example , David Halberstam , a fine historian and wonderful writer , but to be fair , a man always alert to flaws in America and its policies , nevertheless points out in `` The Coldest Winter , '' the democracy , freedom and economy of South Korea is a direct result of the American interest in and influence on the country . Versus the wasteland that is North Korea . Likewise consider the American `` empire '' in Western Europe after World War II and how it flourished as a bastion of democracy and economic progress because of American protection and , in the beginning , American money ( the Marshall Plan ) . Compare it with the Soviet empire in eastern Europe kept in place with guns . ( Remember Hungary in 1956 ? ) And which no longer exists . TR sought to protect American interests in the Western hemisphere with the Roosevelt Corollary , take steps to protect America and its interests elsewhere through a well - thought out foreign policy backed by a fortified military ( especially the Navy ) , and understood that the more the rest of the world looked like America in terms of democracy , economy and stability , the less America would be threatened . Some empire ! His international projection of American ideals involved an international presence . But it took World War II and the role it forced on America after the war was won for Americans finally to accept Theodore Roosevelt 's internationalism . From a Theodore Roosevelt Association Member HarryH of Atlanta , GA SimonATL ( talk ) 15 : 38 , 7 January 2008 ( UTC ) POV ? Yes or No - Why ? Let 's wrap this up . What 's the consensus ? Yes , the article contains a great many number of pluses , but they are aptly born out by many written sources . The article also contains discussions of some of TR 's negatives , ego , immaturity , impulsiveness , big mouth , occasional lapses of candot - including quotes fro some of his biggest historical critics such as Henry Pringle ( 19310 ) which can continue to be expanded upon . SimonATL ( talk ) 23 : 15 , 8 January 2008 ( UTC ) Photo problems I realize that Wikipedia articles are encouraged to have uniform - sized illustrations . However , in the spirit of WP : IAR we should also realize that making a good article sometimes demands a few enlargements . Particularly photos of 50 men of which just one is the essay subject , sometimes defy even identifying the subject without fixing the photo . I 've done that for 3 key black and whites in this article . See what you think . I also noted that there was very large empty space at one point , which provided room for a enlargement of the official portrait , which is about as good a visual impression as we have of the standing subject . So I blew that up , too . I hope it works on everybody 's readers , and invite comment on this . Also , feel free to enlarge anything else in this article that gives you squints . I personaly had trouble even with a 21 inch viewer , and my eyes are fine . S B H arris 06 : 38 , 23 December 2007 ( UTC ) POV ? I am doing a paper for school about TR as a tyrannical leader ... I know I should n't be looking at wikipedia to begin with , but I am just to get an idea . Anyways , this article is essentially all pro-Teddy . I feel like this is not right and not encyclopedic -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.67. 121.171 ( talk ) 00 : 14 , 5 December 2007 ( UTC ) Everyone is perfectly able to add good sourced material that showed his flaws and negative moments , but a ) using appropriate language , not ego trip as an example , and b ) judging him by the standards of today , which is not fair nor just is what I vehemently oppose . I 'm all for improving this article , and will always encourage more ! Monsieurdl ( talk ) 14 : 21 , 11 December 2007 ( UTC ) I agree that this article sometimes has overlooked some of the more negative aspects of TR 's political life , specifically . Although I 'm a member of the Theodore Roosevelt Association , I , for one , am not blind to this criticsm . Accordingly , I 'm adding some more background where needed . For example , in the discussion of TR 's role in the 1884 Republican National Convention , I added the following : `` Refusing to join other Mugwumps in supporting Democrat Grover Cleveland , the Democratic nominee , he debated with his friend Henry Cabot Lodge the plusses and minuses of staying loyal or straying . When asked by a reporter whether he would support Blain , Roosevelt replied that , `` That question I decline to answer . It is a subject I do not care to talk about . '' ( 16 ) While Roosevelt complained , `` off the record , '' about the Blain 's nomination to a reporter upon leaving the convention , in probably the most crucial moment of his young political career , in 1884 the young Roosevelt resisted the very instinct to bolt from the Party that would overwhelm his political sense by 1912 . When another reporter quoted Roosevelt saying that he had indicated that he would give `` ' hearty support ' '' to any decent democrat , '' in an account of the Convention , Roosevelt would later take great ( and to some historical critics such as ( ( Henry Pringle Pringle ) , ) very disingenuous pains to distance himself from his own earlier comment indicating that it had not been for publication ( 17 ) . '' Some historians such as Henry Pringle made a profession of reading as many negative and controversial readings into mostly TR 's political conduct . His biography of TR , written in the 1930s , swung the balance of historical opinion sharply AGAINST TR . More modern books such as Edumund Morris and David McCullough have tried to restore balance and also to make use of newer historical data . SimonATL ( talk ) 07 : 40 , 4 January 2008 ( UTC ) On the POV or NON-POV issue , this article makes extensive use of historians such as Henry Pringle who were happy to point out TR 's `` vices '' as well as his virtues . He was the supreme egoist and even one of his greatest admireres , Edmund Morris speaks of `` his favorite person pronoun , I , '' but that said , by the time TR left Havard , the extent of his many talents was not only apparent to himself , but to all who got past his youthful emotionalism and enthusiasm . He never lost much of this intense personal energy and magnetism . You couple incredible intellectual gifts , a world - class education , the powers of observation of a trained naturalist and a trained historian , a mostly secure financial situation making daily survival not an issue except for the many self - imposed challeges Roosevelt made for himself , a strong body ( after years of struggle ) and an intense desire to `` make something of himself '' and what do you expect ? When he died in 1919 , he was almost universally considered the greatest living American . People from every civilized country celebrated his accomplishments . While some people spoke of his incredible ambitious and egoistic nature , let 's remember the whys behind it and what was driving him ? Wealth , drink , wine , women and song ? No , he was clearly an intensely idealistic and romantic individual yet with an incredibly well - developed pragmatic sense . As he said , `` Keep you eyes on the stars but your feet on solid ground . '' He never lacked the ability or willingness to demonize his political opponents and was forever convinced of the righteousness of his particular cause of the moment , but consider the causes he DID take up , political reform for his entire career . He never left an office remarkably unimproved , from a young New York assemblyman to the White House , he improved every office and organization he touched . Always the student , from day one , no matter what the job , he had done his homework and without exception amazed his new staff on his grasp of the issues of that particular office . This was true from youth to death . He was a century ahead of his time on the environment and on conservation . He was a century ahead of his time on international diplomacy . And in that capacity , he was as capable of incredibly deft and nuanced activity , when needed , as a heavy hand . Consider his handling of the Morroco Incident and the Russo - Japanese War . He had no illusions about the constraints nor restraints imposed on him by the particular geo - political situation . He seldom fought a battle he had n't carefully analyzed could n't win except the 1912 election - and even there , he was aiming to be a kick in the pants to both political parties that he saw dominated by politicians who did not have the public interest at heart and in that respect he was largely correct . I think his record of both personal and political `` greatness '' is clear. SimonATL ( talk ) 03 : 35 , 5 January 2008 ( UTC ) While I largely agree with you ( Morris , I think , likens TR to a locomotive , and that 's about right ) , the article does have some defects of ommission . I think that the positives on TR that you mention are largely borne out by the judgment of historians about his presidency ranking in the top 5 . Wiki neutrality only requires that significant minority opinions be represented by a minority of space . Why do we need TR today ? Because we need to read about a man who can give a speech minutes after being shot in the chest by an assassin . And a more innocent world in which he 's allowed to do so ( before Ghandi , JFK , RFK , MLK , Bhutto ... ) . America seems to have lost something post-9 / 11 , and our average citizens need to take something of the pluck of TR . But the dark side of TR is that he was childlike in his egoism ( which in adults we call egotism ) , and sometimes he went over the top , as in the spelling reform which the article mentions , but does n't really underscore the significance of . This is real mania , on the verge of mental illness . People like this can accomplish amazing things ( TR being prime example ) . But they can also be really dangerous , especially when lacking self insight . Brands makes a strong argument that this was a fairly significant flaw which went hand in hand with TR 's greatest strength -- the Aristotelian hubris of the romantic hero . Yes , the article mentions ARL 's comment that TR wanted to be the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral . And that 's funny enough that there 's not enough sober consideration given to the idea that it might be more or less true , and to Brands ' assertion that TR was more or less incapable of seeing anybody who disagreed with him as other than corrupt , stupid , immoral , or cowardly . Sometimes all at once . And that 's not good . If there was ever a human being who did n't WP : AGF , TR was that man . This needs a bit more discussion to give the full treatment of a man who lacked the introspection and self - mockery of ( say ) a JFK . It 's just amazing TR did n't get into more trouble than he did . Consider that our present president with the horrid approval rating has only a fraction of the self - assurance - in - the - face - of - all - evidence , that TR had . But of course TR was saved many a time from disaster by his knowledge , energy , and other kinds of intelligence . Fascinating character . S B H arris 05 : 38 , 6 January 2008 ( UTC ) Thanks for the many insights into the POV / NPOV claim on this article and to the discussion on the positive as well as negative traits that made up Theodore Roosevelt . So where do we stand ? The VOTE : POV ? No - Why ? True , the article contains a great many number of pluses , but they are aptly born out by many written sources . The article also contains discussions of some of TR 's negatives , ego , immaturity , impulsiveness , big mouth , occasional lapses of candot - including quotes fro some of his biggest historical critics such as Henry Pringle ( 19310 ) which can continue to be expanded upon . SimonATL ( talk ) 23 : 15 , 8 January 2008 ( UTC ) I Vote YES to remove the silly POV tag . Vidor ( talk ) 12 : 18 , 21 January 2008 ( UTC ) I Vote YES ( also ) to remove the silly POV tag . Criticisms going back to TR 's time and also from his most vociferous critics such as Henry Pringle ( 1932 bio ) are also incorporated . Yes , he could be an egomaniac , a jingoist and an imperialist . So what , he 's not on Mt . Rushmore for nothing . Yes , he DID advance his own personal interests , but they were almost totally consistent with the USA national interest as well . Critics and supporters agree on most of the positives as well as the negatives . He 's NOT quoted by every USA 2008 presidential candidate for nothing ! Remove the tag ASAP . And I 'll do it myself unless I hear a good case for the POV , which I have n't seen yet . Here ' what the critics should do - 1 Read his 30 plus books include his autobiography. # 2 Read virtually every bio on him from Herman Hagedorn thru Constance Milard. # 3 Read his speeches . # 4 Read his letters to his children . # 5 Read the tributes made to him at his death . # 5 Read the German , British and Russian Emperor 's personal letters on TR . They all thought him the most extraordinary man of his age and the quintisential American . Sorry , would be critics , he WAS an amazing American who forever changed the US presidency , fought his own party for the American people , single - handedly pushed thru the Panama Canal . Won BOTH the ( Congressional ) Medal of Honor AND the Noble Peace Prize , help found the world 's FIRST conservation club , directly helped to found the World 's FIRST national park , saving Yellowstone from crass commercialization , wrote the still definitive history of the origins of the US Navy , wrote the still definitive work on US western expansion , started the 1st US forest service , started the 1st US anti-trust litigation , put 10 % ( 250 million acres ) of the USA under federal protection , save the last surviving 100 Redwoods from destruction , founded the 1st national monuments in the USA and the first wild game sanctuaries . Worked in 6 languages . I could go on and on . These are ALL factually verifiable . I say NON POV . In fact , I 'm going to add even MORE criticisms of him as I find them . But he was one HECK of a guy - an American Lion , if ever there was one ! SimonATL ( talk ) 23 : 32 , 22 January 2008 ( UTC ) Minor garble The `` Assassination attempt '' section contains this sentence : Roosevelt , as a very experienced hunter and anatomist , besides the fact he was n't coughing blood meant the bullet had not completely penetrated the chest wall to his lung ( he was correct ) , and so declined suggestions he go to the hospital immediately . Something 's a bit garbled here . Does `` besides '' mean that he had two reasons not to go ? -- 207.176. 159.90 ( talk ) 03 : 04 , 30 January 2008 ( UTC ) Meant to read `` decided '' , I think . Fixed . S B H arris 04 : 01 , 30 January 2008 ( UTC ) refimprove I recently spent a considerable amount of time fact - tagging roughly 1 / 4 of this article ( intending to finish later ) , which contains a large amount of unencyclopedic prose. ( 1 ) User Vidor later swept in and waved his magic wand , undoing all my hard work. ( 2 ) In light of this , I 'm here to request the addition of a refimprove box at the top of the page . I 'd do it myself , but like so much of Wikipedia , this article is apparently no longer a community project . I 'd love to see how long the guardians of this article can tolerate their masterpiece being `` defaced '' by such an irreverent request for quality control . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.241. 198.109 ( talk ) 16 : 20 , 17 January 2008 ( UTC ) I like to think of it as `` editing '' , but `` magic wand '' does sound more cool . By the way , sticking the word `` fact '' into an article thousands of times really is n't `` hard work '' . Vidor ( talk ) 12 : 16 , 21 January 2008 ( UTC ) No , the hard work is deciding WHERE they should go . I have a hard time believing that every single ( ( fact ) ) tag added was a bad one ( I have no idea who the IP user above , is ) . So if somebody was being lazy , who was it more likely to be ? Just WP : AGF and remove some of the tags you really do n't like at all and think are outrageous , and leave the ones that are at least plausable . That will make this more of a community project . That said , remember , please , that in general articles can be assumed to be running factually on the last cite given , unless they switch to making some really outrageous or very quantitative comment . We do n't need a cite for every sentence or even every paragraph . If we did , we 'd need some `` hidden '' reference system , like the professional biographies being written today use . S B H arris 23 : 40 , 22 January 2008 ( UTC ) Thank you for the respect , SBHarris . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.241. 198.109 ( talk ) 21 : 59 , 5 February 2008 ( UTC ) The lead paragraph I 've just read the article and I think the lead paragraph could do with a major re-vamping , it looks too long and un-tidy . AndreNatas ( talk ) 22 : 21 , 3 February 2008 ( UTC ) White supremacist Beliefs ? From the article : `` Civilised man can only keep the peace by subduing his barbarian neighbour . '' `` Their life was only a few degrees less meaningless , squalid and ferocious than that of wild animals . '' ( Justifying his role in slaughtering Indians in South Dakota . ) That says nothing about white supremacy , at all . -- Windsock ( talk ) 17 : 12 , 8 February 2008 ( UTC ) The run - on sentences in the 1884 convention I decided to rewrite and repair all of the convoluted prepositional phrases in the final paragraph ( The 1884 convention ) . Not only were they confusingly stacked , in unwieldy sentences , but there were unnecessary words that hindered the sentence flow . You can see the earlier versions for this . I think it reads better now. Dfoofnik ( talk ) 19 : 32 , 22 February 2008 ( UTC ) Noted Teddy Roosevelt Impersonator Just a brief mention of Mr. Jim Foote who regularly goes around the country ( I 've seen him in DC and in TR 's home town , where I live ) `` performing '' as President Roosevelt . Anyone who is a `` fan , admirer and TR enthusiast '' would probably agree mentioning Mr. Foote is appropriate or at the very least an interesting tid - bit . Dantali ( talk ) 16 : 18 , 28 February 2008 ( UTC ) Small Typo Sorry if this is really minuscule , but in the army template thing a ways down in the article detailing TR 's command , his rank is listed as `` Colonek '' , which I am assuming should be `` Colonel '' as the article itself states . This is a minor thing , but I do n't have an account ATM , so if anyone agrees , it would be a good idea to change it ? Thanks . 68.56. 217.30 ( talk ) 15 : 08 , 23 February 2008 ( UTC ) Fixed . Accurizer ( talk ) 15 : 17 , 23 February 2008 ( UTC ) Only sitting President Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to be awarded a Nobel Prize ( in any category ) in 1906 , and he remains the only sitting president to win the Nobel Peace Prize ( for his part in ending the Russo - Japanese War ) . Jimmy Carter won the award as a former president . What about Woodrow Wilson ( 1919 ) ? Also there is no `` Nobel Peace Prize '' Icon for Mr. Teddy Roosevelt like there is one for Al Gore . any editor who knows how to put one in please do so . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.224. 140.166 ( talk ) 02 : 23 , 11 April 2008 ( UTC ) There was one , but it got deleted about a month ago when the image was removed from the Commons . I 've put it back . -- Zsero ( talk ) 16 : 09 , 11 April 2008 ( UTC ) Thanksgiving day proclamation This quote from New York World is a journalistic satire , not a real example of spelling reform . `` When nerly three centuries ago , the first settlers kam to the kuntry which has bekom this great republik , tha confronted not only hardship and privashun , but terible risk of thar lives ... The kustum has now bekum nashnul and hallowed by immemorial usaj ... '' Page 155 of Robert E. Kling 's 1970 The Government Printing Office , has details on this , including the date of publication in the newspaper . Unfortunately , Google Books is n't letting me read the whole page on that. -- Pharos ( talk ) 04 : 45 , 29 March 2008 ( UTC ) Brownsville shooting This incident may in fact be important enough to Roosevelt 's career that it does belong somewhere on this page , but the paragraph that keeps getting added to the `` views on race '' section seems to have parachuted in there at random . I appreciate that the IP editor is trying to be reasonable , and has trimmed down the unsourced editorialising that it used to contain , but now we need to decide whether it belongs on the page at all , and if so where ? It also still needs cleaning up , since the latest version just is n't comprehensible English . But the more important question is where , if anywhere , to put it . ETA : It is already at Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt , where it occupies one sentence . It certainly should n't take up more space in the main article than it does in the sub-article . -- Zsero ( talk ) 22 : 32 , 2 April 2008 ( UTC ) I agree that it 's important enough to be somewhere on the page . Since it is referred in one sentence however , I feel as though it 's enough . -- DavidD4scnrt ( talk ) 04 : 34 , 11 April 2008 ( UTC ) Pronunciation He appears to have been given the same pronunciation as FDR . TR was rose velt whereas FDR was roo se velt 13 : 01 , 19 May 2008 ( UTC ) I added `` Citation needed '' to the article 's questionable claim about pronunciation . My understanding is that Roo se velt is correct for Teddy , but ROSE se velt is correct for FDR , but I do n't have a reference . -- MiguelMunoz ( talk ) 03 : 37 , 22 May 2008 ( UTC ) Lincoln Penny Image Can we find a better picture of the Lincoln Penny ? By 1968 , the image of Lincoln had strayed from VDB 's work , and had much bolder features . In 1969 , the mint decided to return to VDB 's original design , which was more subtle , but since that time , the work has strayed again . An image of a 1969 penny or a 1909 penny would be a better tribute to VDB 's work . -- MiguelMunoz ( talk ) 03 : 40 , 22 May 2008 ( UTC ) Medal of Honor Under the `` firsts '' section , this award should be cited as `` the Medal of Honor '' , not `` a Medal of Honor '' . Additionally the MOH image should be included and placed at the top of his image as well . I had placed it next to the Noble Peace Price and someone unjustly removed it . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.183. 219.24 ( talk ) 06 : 54 , 28 May 2008 ( UTC ) Big stick quote I heard a version of the `` Big Stick '' quote once that went Speak softly and carry a big stick , and all the world will listen . Is this someone embellishing or is this part of the original quote ? Obviously with out confirmation and citation it ca n't go in the article but I thought it relevant if minor . Dachande ( talk ) 16 : 36 , 28 May 2008 ( UTC ) Medal of Honor & noble Peace Prize icons need to be added The Noble icon was there ... now it 's been deleted for some erroneous reason . T.R. deserves having BOTH the MOH & NPP icons near his image due to their tremendous significance . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.100. 104.17 ( talk ) 19 : 45 , 30 May 2008 ( UTC ) Five - story house or Four - story house ? I 'm reading David McCullough 's `` Mornings on Horseback '' right now and on pg. 19 , it states the building is a five - story , and so I changed it accordingly . However , the official brochure I downloaded by a . pdf file says `` A fourth story was also added to the original three - story brownstone . '' However , it does n't say anything about further renovations . Therefore it implies that it is a four - story . Which is right ? Exec . Tassadar ( comments , contribs ) 13 : 11 , 30 May 2008 ( UTC ) Secretary of the Navy When did Roosevelt leave the office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy ? The infobox is wrong , and the information is not in the article . Sectori ( talk ) 13 : 08 , 6 May 2008 ( UTC ) There is somewhere a great photo of Teddy as a boy leaning out a New York apt bulding window watching a parade of some important person . I do n't remember where I saw it , but if anyone does , it would be a great addtion to this article . If I remember correctly it is only a coincidence that Teddy was in the picture. Trucker11 ( talk ) 11 : 47 , 13 May 2008 ( UTC ) I think you mean the picture in David McCullough 's Mornings on Horseback on apge 129 , at the bottom . The picture is from the Theodore Roosevelt collection , Harvard . Exec . Tassadar ( comments , contribs ) 10 : 05 , 31 May 2008 ( UTC ) I 've checked just now but the photos are unavailable on the ' net as of yet . However , if it can be of any interest to the English Wikipedia , the web pages you should visit are here and here . Exec . Tassadar ( comments , contribs ) 10 : 16 , 31 May 2008 ( UTC ) TR 's fraternity at Harvard I was always told that TR was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity while at Harvard , I noticed today that the TR wikipedia page lists his fratewrnity as Alpha Delta Phi . Both fraternities seem to claim his membership . What 's the correct answer ? Jlbelford4 ( talk ) 18 : 20 , 16 July 2008 ( UTC ) teddy bear origin story The citation for the story that the Teddy bear is so named because Roosevelt refused to kill it actually contradicts that claim in the article ; this link says Roosevelt order a bear 's mercy killing . I do n't know if I ought to edit the article or the link , as I 'm not sure which is true . Seijihyouronka ( talk ) 22 : 23 , 16 July 2008 ( UTC ) Why no edit ? ? Why no edit ? ? I was going to put some information that Teddy was the youngest president in the history of the United States , but I ca n't edit the aricle to do so . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Madirox22 ( talk contribs ) 16 : 19 , 30 June 2008 ( UTC ) This article is semi-protected until 22 : 01 , 23 July 2008 ( UTC ) due to vandalism . Unregistered users and registered users who are not yet autoconfirmed can not edit the page . - auburnpilot talk 01 : 14 , 1 July 2008 ( UTC ) The third paragraph already says he was `` the youngest person to become President '' and it 's mentioned again in the `` Presidency 1901 - 1909 '' section . There 's also a footnote that explains that JFK was the youngest person elected President - Horo ( talk ) 04 : 58 , 1 July 2008 ( UTC ) Moh ? What is the reason for including the `` Moh '' image and link to the left of Roosevelt 's name in the infobox ? There is no source citation to justify this inclusion , and it thus seems inappropriate . I propose deletion of this medal - like image and link . Comments ? -- Adavidb 11 : 53 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC ) I checked Archive2 and realized the link is what needed to be corrected ( to `` Medal of Honor '' ) , which I 've done . -- Adavidb 12 : 00 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC ) Sportsmanship - Factual accuracy doubted This account clearly comes from Owen Wister . The story where C.S. Hanks and TR fought , Hanks punched TR when the referee called time at the end of a round . However , not only did the article Wister wrote appear twenty years after the incident , another eyewitness , George Spalding , called Wister 's account `` the most barefaced egregious manufactured history ever conceived . '' Additionally , while the NY Times and the Harvard Advocate published comments and accounts of the boxing match , none of them mention any high sportsmanship , nor does TR himself in his diary . Exec . Tassadar ( comments , contribs ) 11 : 00 , 27 July 2008 ( UTC ) So , if there 's no objections , I 'll delete it . Exec . Tassadar ( comments , contribs ) 06 : 53 , 11 August 2008 ( UTC ) Writings , speeches TR was a prolific writer and incredibly effective public speaker - but there is nothing in the article to suggest that or to provide a good link to this info . Are n't there any TR specialists out there that could make this contribution to the article ? Vontrotta ( talk ) 11 : 48 , 27 August 2008 ( UTC ) Foreign policy Would anyone mind if I were to add a bit about the resolution of the Venezuela crisis , which essentially precipitated the Roosevelt Corrollary to the Monroe Doctrine . It is really a marvelous bit of diplomacy . There are features of TR 's foreign policy that demonstrate a mastery of `` speak softly '' as opposed to the dominant view of his `` big stick '' attitude . Quigonpaj ( talk ) 15 : 33 , 1 September 2008 ( UTC ) Health care The beginning of the article makes claims about Roosevelt and universal health care , but I do not see where this is discussed in the article proper . Am I missing something ? 65.6. 60.78 ( talk ) 14 : 26 , 4 October 2008 ( UTC ) Republican Party Rift The following sentence occurs in the first paragraph of the Republican Party Rift section : `` When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk severe tensions inside the Republican Party -- pitting producers ( manufacturers and farmers ) against merchants and consumers -- he stopped talking about the issue . '' This sentence starts a discussion about some tariff , without having mentioned anywhere in that section what tariff they are referring to . It looks as if somehow in the editing process , there was a disconnect introduced between the section up to this sentence , and the remainder of this section . I do n't know enough about the subject to fix it , but as a reader I found it confusing . -- MisterSquirrel 01 : 19 , 6 October 2008 ( UTC ) Error in the Margin darth vader is in star wars charlie sheen Added better quality photos and other pages on parents , sister and daughter I think its important to show photos that emphasize TR 's vigorous and bellicose nature because they went into the making who he was . Also added photos to TR 's first wife , Alice and his first daughter , Alice . Added pages with photos of both Roosevel 's mother , Martha ( Mittie ) Bulloch Roosevelt and his father Theodore , Sr. Please continue to edit for clarity and content . Thanks SimonATL 8 : 10 , 20 Feb 2006 ( UTC ) Agreed. 64.0. 112.9 ( talk ) 04 : 14 , 20 October 2008 ( UTC ) Quote not actually found in referenced article this quote : `` Ladies and gentlemen , I do n't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot ; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose . '' ( 72 ) is supposedly from the ( 72 ) reference page , but it is actually not to be found there. -- 132.69. 238.217 ( talk ) 20 : 08 , 21 October 2008 ( UTC ) This article may be too long ? I saw the too long tag on the article and did some measurements . I used Firebug_ ( Firefox_extension ) to get total size and download time for a fast broadband connection ( so time depends on wikimedia server bandwidth ) . Theodore Roosevelt 731 KB total , 16 seconds George H.W. Bush 380 KB , 18 seconds Bill Clinton 738 KB , 16 seconds The actual HTML part of each article ( not including the images , javascript and CSS ) is around 90 Kilobytes , so most of the contribution to the slow loading of these articles is not due to the text . It is due to images , references , and the navigation templates at the bottom . I also used wikipedia 's Page Size gadget to get the prose size : Theodore Roosevelt 61 kB ( 10114 words ) George H.W. Bush 41 kB ( 6768 words ) Bill Clinton 49 kB ( 7869 words ) That 's as far as I got before wikimedia servers reported problems . Even though the figures might look not so good for Theodore Roosevelt 's article , I do n't think it should be split for readability reasons alone ( i.e. I did not find it arduous to read ) . If the too long tag is intended to alert editors that it 's taking too long to load ( and must be impossible for a dial - up user ) , I would agree , but most Featured Articles have this problem and the solution lies not in cutting the text but in severely pruning the templates ( and maybe reduce the actual byte - size of the image thumnbnails ) . Maybe split the navigation templates to a subpage ? I hope this helps . - 84user ( talk ) 17 : 59 , 22 September 2008 ( UTC ) I highly disagree . This page is too small . Please add more information peoples . Thank you . 209.68. 139.250 ( talk ) 17 : 44 , 22 October 2008 ( UTC ) I 'd have to disagree as well , I would n't say it 's too small , but its a good amount of length , and it is indepth without being boring , lets keep it -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.112. 20.78 ( talk ) 22 : 26 , 9 November 2008 ( UTC ) First book published - The Naval War of 1812 The first book published section is written in terribly poor English from the very first sentence ( `` While at Harvard , the ( sic ) Roosevelt began a systematic study ... '' ) . I would fix it , but I ca n't edit the page , and the quality of the language frankly leads me to doubt the quality of the content contained therein . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.67. 215.114 ( talk ) 23 : 22 , 3 November 2008 ( UTC ) Presidency 1901 - 1909 This article indicates that TR did not use a Bible for his inauguration and is footnoted as # 46 . At this US Senate site http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/chronology/troosevelt1905.cfm it says that he used the same Bible he took his oath of office as NY Governor in 1898 , and that it was opened to James 1 : 22 - 23 . It 's an official Senate history site , so should n't that be taken as a primary source ? Ktho64152 ( talk ) 00 : 20 , 29 October 2008 ( UTC ) I believe he used a bible for his second inauguration , but I do n't think he used a bible for his first one because it was an emergency inauguration after the assassination of President William McKinley. Tad Lincoln ( talk ) 06 : 11 , 13 November 2008 ( UTC ) Tolstoy Link In the `` Life in the Badlands '' section , it is mentioned that Roosevelt read Tolstoy to keep himself awake while guarding three outlaws . The link attached to the name Tolstoy leads to an article on the Tolstoy family of Russia . I believe this is a mistake . Should n't the link lead to the article about Leo Tolstoy ? Can someone please change this ? I do not know how to. 131.193. 229.41 ( talk ) 06 : 25 , 12 November 2008 ( UTC ) Race section I 'm slightly concerned that the section regarding TR 's views on race paints a skewed picture of the guy . He 's almost portrayed as a nasty , bigoted racist , when he was actually quite progressive for his time . Much of his views that seem despicable now are better understood within the context of his views of evolution , believing that the `` negro race '' ( sorry if that comes off as being offensive ) was simply behind the white race , and needed to promote and encourage its most successful members to `` catch up . '' He spoke very often of treating each person on their merits , regardless of color , and was outspoken in his support for Japanese immigrants against discrimination . I 've written something I 'd like to add to the section , but I fear it might focus too much of the overall article on the issue of race . I also think the `` Views on Race '' section should be moved farther down the article underneath the `` Character and Beliefs section . '' Any thoughts on that ? Anyway , here is what I wanted to add as a point of clarification to the race section . Is it too long ? Much of Roosevelt 's views on race , many of which are unacceptable in today 's society , should be taken in the context of the time . His attitudes were rooted in the emerging zeitgeist of evolutionary thought of the period . Influenced by Darwin , Lamarck , and Le Bon , Roosevelt felt that the black race was collectively inferior to whites , but that those blacks who distinguished themselves should be afforded every right and privilege of their white counterparts . He felt that the equality for the black race would come through progress from one generation to the next . ( Morris , Theodore Rex , 2001 , 52 - 54 ) While , in today 's world , such an attitude might be considered abominable , he was lauded by liberal whites , and was received as the usher of a new era in the black community ( Theodore Rex , 54 ) . William McGill , a black preacher in Tennessee , wrote that `` The Administration of President Roosevelt is to the Negro what the heart is to the body . It has pumped life blood into every artery of the Negro in this country . '' ( Theodore Rex , 2001 , 200 ) . Even Pope Leo XIII remarked approvingly of TR 's determination `` to seek equality of treatment of all the races . '' ( Robinson , My Brother , 47 , 2 / 15 / 1903 ) He wrote to a friend that , regarding the difficult issue of race relations , `` the only wise and honorable and Christian thing to do is to treat each black man and each white man strictly on his merits as a man . '' ( TR to Albion W. Tourgee , 11 / 08 / 1901 , Letters , vol. 3 , 190 - 191 ) Additionally , Roosevelt risked outrage ( and perhaps physical harm ) while speaking to a heavily - armed crowd in Butte , Montana during his 1903 Western tour : `` I fought beside colored troops at Santiago , and I hold that if a man is good enough to be put up and shot at then he is good enough for me to do what I can to get him a square deal . '' ( Theodore Rex , Edmund Morris , 2001 , 233 ) Perhaps his attitude is best understood in comparison to those of others in his time , who accused him of `` mingling and mongrelization '' of the white race , and notably of Benjamin Tillman , Senator of South Carolina , who commented on Roosevelt dining with Booker T. Washington as such : `` The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that ( n - word ) will necessitate our killing a thousand ( n - words ) in the South before they learn their place again . '' ( Theodore Rex , Edmund Morris , 2001 , 55 ) He was also mocked in a Washington Post cartoon of his famous `` teddy bear '' hunt , showing him turning in disgust while a white hunter drags a very black bear by a rope around the neck. ( Theodore Rex , Edmund Morris , 2001 , 173 ) Other examples of Roosevelt 's opposition to racism including proceeding with the court - martial and dismissal of General Jake Smith , who publicly advocated racial genocide in the Phillipines. ( Theodore Rex , Edmund Morris , 2001 , 127 ) He also spoke out against those whites who exacerbated the racist `` Yellow Peril , '' remarking passionately about the positive qualities of the Japanese to Congress , and referring to Japan as `` one of the greatest of civilized nations . '' ( Theodore Rex , Edmund Morris , 2001 , 483 ) The section on race is not balanced and the information above needs to be added to it . TR was a product of his times , but he was far more progressive on race than most people of his time . That needs to be brought out in the article . His racially - tinged statements need to be put within the context of the times . SimonATL ( talk ) 13 : 02 , 26 September 2008 ( UTC ) I second the motion . I just added the above information to the article . It is not encyclopedic to hide every positive race thing TR did just because TR was wrong for today 's wiser standards Arosa ( talk ) 12 : 49 , 5 November 2008 ( UTC ) I like the section , but I think using `` ( n - word ) '' when the original quote uses the actual word is not okay . WP : CENSOR . IronDuke 22 : 07 , 5 November 2008 ( UTC ) Hello there , I 'm a European browsing random Wikipedia articles . To me the text about evolutionary zeitgeist added after Roosevelt 's views on war against `` savages '' seems to be an expression of the writer 's belief in the goodness of Roosevelt rather than a truthful clarification . The main thing that should be understood is that Darwin did not encourage war against indigenous people as Roosevelt did . He simply predicted it . In fact , in his normative statements , Darwin was consistently against slavery , oppression , and maltreatment of all kind . Here are a couple of quotes from Darwin 's writings to give you an idea of what I mean : `` Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war , because it is against barbarians . Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country ? '' ( Darwin on the war against indians in South America , `` Voyage of the Beagle '' , 1839 , chapter V ) `` N. America does not do England Justice : I have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with the North . Some few , & I am one , even and wish to God , though at the loss of millions of lives , that the North would proclaim a crusade against Slavery . '' ( Darwin writing to Asa Gray about the civil war in US ( June 5 , 1861 ) The Correspondence of Charles Darwin Vol. 9 1861 ) In case you are interested in this subject , google `` Darwin on race and slavery '' for more quotes . The hateful attitude against ethnic minorities in the United States is heritage of slavery and has nothing to do with the writings of Darwin , Lamarck or Le Bon . Teerui ( talk ) 14 : 57 , 15 November 2008 ( UTC ) I have now removed the connection to Darwin , Lamarck and Le Bon . It is a bit long , and should be trimmed , but I do think that there needs to be a more balanced inclusion of quotes and anecdotes than what are currently in the article . Or , perhaps it should link to another article `` Roosevelt 's Views on Race '' ? Quigonpaj ( talk ) 15 : 33 , 1 September 2008 ( UTC ) Please fix the table at the bottom -- TR became President in 1901 , as it says at the top ! ! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.37. 66.13 ( talk ) 22 : 29 , 2 September 2008 ( UTC ) I know that the maniac - `` You 're - A-Racist ! '' crowd is a large one so I 'm not going to bother to amend this article just to see it reversed three seconds later but I 'd be remiss if I did n't note for posterity the utterly ridiculous fact that in a relatively tiny article about one of the most extraordinary public figures in all of American history there 's a prominent section well high up in the article entitled `` Views on Race '' . Do n't get me wrong . As a reality - biased individual I 'm not interested in seeing these quotes vanish down a memory hole . They just are n't remotely important enough to be included ( and so prominently ! ) in an article of this length . As a disclaimer I should note that I personally believe it altogether possible that the average Japanese has inherently greater mathematical ability ( environmental factors being equal ) than the average Pygmy . I see no reason for us to assume that cranial evolution decided to cease when all other forms of evolution continued apace - particularly when faced with overwhelming evidence to the effect that it HAS continued to a worthy - of - mention degree . BUT - even if history DOES bear me out ( in a mixed - race future perhaps where everyone will be descended from the same ancestral mongrelized stock ) and the ( seeming ) fact of human differences is yawningly accepted and undisputed , I would protest some future wikipedia taking too great a note of the many extraordinary folk of our day who happen to have been on `` the wrong side '' of this ( or any particular ) issue . In general , what I 'm protesting is the view of many annoying self - righteous activists who believe that any and every issue must first and foremost be looked at through some particular lense or another . By the moral standards of any particular time or place Theodore Roosevelt 's life and personality undoubtedly include both laudable and condemnable details but to choose any particular one to thrust up so highly in a tiny piece about this fascinating giant of a man is to assault truth to an unforgivable degree . - m -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.13. 143.121 ( talk ) 11 : 29 , 22 October 2008 ( UTC ) Criticism ? Looking through this article , I am exteremely surprised to find almost no criticism of Teddy , except for the ' Views on race ' section , which someone even tried to get deleted or washed down as per above . There has to be some criticism he received somewhere , which should be brough to light . I do agree he was a great man , but the article seems to be severly lacking in balance . 74.95. 169.158 ( talk ) 01 : 32 , 8 October 2008 ( UTC ) Good points , but I 've tried to expand the articl to include criticism of his actions including some of his clearly disingenuous statements to the press following the 1885 Republican Convention , pointed out by Henry Pringle , TR 's severest critic . I will also , soon be adding the criticisms pointed out by John Morton Blum in his short but excellent work , `` The Republican Roosevelt . '' SimonATL ( talk ) 01 : 56 , 19 October 2008 ( UTC ) It says he was in favor of universal health care -- that 's a pretty big criticism. -- 209.159. 37.194 ( talk ) 01 : 22 , 3 December 2008 ( UTC ) Roosevelt _́ s travel to Brazil In 1901 or 1904 , Roosevelt joined an expetition led by Candido Mariano Rondon to the countryside of Brazil in which they discovered a river . Based on this trip he wrote _́ Through Brazilian Wilderness ` . In an issue of _́ The New York Times _́ released in 1991 or 1992 , it is said that Roosevelt had contracted a tropical disease while in Brazil . This is the first time I _́ m editing . I hope this information will be useful Unsigned comment by 97.96. 178.226 at 23 : 22 on 22 / 01 / 2009 . Thanks but we already have this noted in the article under ' 1913 -- 1914 South American Expedition ' . AllanHainey ( talk ) 15 : 42 , 25 January 2009 ( UTC ) Death There is nothing in the article about his death . I did the math and he was only 61 at the time of his passing . Did the bullet wound in his chest have anything to do with it ? How , where , and with whom did he pass away ? Dank - you - berry - mooch -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.166. 17.230 ( talk ) 16 : 53 , 27 January 2009 ( UTC ) There is a Later years and death section . -- ADavidB 04 : 13 , 28 January 2009 ( UTC ) TR had long ago , in Harvard diagnosed with a congenital heart ailment . He had taken Nitroglycerin tablets ( Nitris Oxyide which keeps the arteries more subtle probably prevented massive heart attacks ) What greatly weakend TR was really his trip down to the Amazon Rain forest in 1913 . There , he probably caught or RE-caught Malaria , dysenterry , and several other tropical diseases that greatly weakened his immune system . He also cut himself on his foot which led to a terrible infection that , even before he got out of the jungle , nearly killed him . If not for the care of a physician and his son , Kermit who were on the trip , he never would have survived . He was also nearly blind in one eye and nearly deaf in one ear . He had terrible attacks of angina indicating partially blocked arteries , blood vessles that brought to him to his knees in pain in the jungle . When his party arrived at the end of the trip , he had to be carried off his dugout on a stretcher . He had lost over 40 pounds . When he returned to NYC , he wrote a friend that that trip had probably shortened his life by 10 years . Actually it shortened his life more than that . He was in and out of hospitals until he died in Jan 1919 . In fact , he had been hospitalized in all of Dec of 1918 almost dying right there . He SURELY lived up to one of his most famous mottos - `` Better to burn out than rust out ! '' SimonATL ( talk ) 07 : 10 , 12 February 2009 ( UTC ) See the section on the Amazon trip which I added to the article several years ago . At a Theodore Roosevelt Association symposium in 2006 , in Atlanta , GA , I met the author of an excellent book on that adventure / tragedy and she talked about the experience that nearly killed him . Had he NOT taken that 1913 trip , he surely would have been re-elected US president in 1920 . In fact , he was making plans for that campaign in January 1919 when he died . SimonATL ( talk ) 07 : 10 , 12 February 2009 ( UTC ) split article ( s ) This article is way too long , some of the Presidency should go in the main article . I would also suggest an early life of Theodore Roosevelt , Early professional life of Theodore Roosevelt , and a Post-presidential life of Theodore Roosevelt. -- Levineps ( talk ) 22 : 56 , 5 February 2009 ( UTC ) It 's not proper to have two articles on TR 's presidency , as is presently the case with Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt 's Presidency . The first article 's name seems to be the standard , and the second should be merged with it . -- ADavidB 13 : 16 , 20 February 2009 ( UTC ) Middle Name For some reason , this site lists TR 's middle initial as `` D . '' Why ? What is his middle name ? I keep finding that he had no middle name . This should be fixed . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.146. 191.92 ( talk ) 19 : 41 , 24 March 2009 ( UTC ) The initial is provided based on a reference to its being `` D '' ( though no expansion provided ) within a book published in 1916 . The Navy Department Library 's list of Assistant Secretaries of the Navy also includes a `` D '' as Theodore Roosevelt 's middle initial . I 've found some web sites that list Theodore Roosevelt among presidents who had no middle name , though I 'm not sure of their reliability . -- ADavidB 01 : 46 , 25 March 2009 ( UTC ) I now understand the middle initial reference in the Navy list is for the president 's namesake son Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , so the issue remains clouded . -- ADavidB 07 : 54 , 27 March 2009 ( UTC ) I believe he did not have a middle name , as the National Park Service claims ( admittedly , on a rather unprofessional page here ( 3 ) . ) Also the arguement ( here ) makes sense , that historians love using middle names -- why would the only reference to his middle name be on One page in One book ? It is more likely a typo . Surely there is information such as his birth certificate , or from the New York Governors Office that would settle this ? - AJ Halliwell ( talk ) 17 : 31 , 2 April 2009 ( UTC ) Records when Roosevelt was born were not nearly as well kept as they are today , so it is entirely possible that there is no birth certificate , or , if there is one , that it has been lost . If his son was a `` jr . '' , then they would have to have the same full name , so it does n't really make sense that he would have no middle name but his son would . Tad Lincoln ( talk ) 17 : 46 , 2 April 2009 ( UTC ) Columbia Law School alumni TR is an alumnus of Columbia Law School , a fact not mentioned in the `` Categories Section '' at the bottom of the page . TR 's mention as an alumnus of Columbia University does not compensate for the absence of the former . See `` Categories Section '' for FDR 69.121. 23.234 ( talk ) 23 : 57 , 29 May 2009 ( UTC ) Middle initial ? There has been some disagreement on whether Theodore Roosevelt had a middle name / initial . This book ( copyright 1916 ) is the source for the current D. initial . I searched to see if I could find corroboration for this information . The official White House biography makes no mention of a middle name / initial . ( not definitive one way or other ) The Theodore Roosevelt Association biography also makes no mention of a middle name / initial . ( not definitive one way or other ) The Nobel Foundation biography also makes no mention of a middle name / initial . ( not definitive one way or other ) A National Park Service fact page says he did not have a middle name . What I think is the most definitive answer though is this 13 August 1899 New York Times article . This NY Times article says that Theodore Roosevelt did not have a middle name until he was talked about as a candidate for Governor of NY . A newspaper added a `` B . '' to his name . I think the middle initial should be removed from the lede . Some information should be added in the early political career section that explains how he acquired a middle initial . A new name 2008 ( talk ) 02 : 05 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) I ( User : Bcorr ) was the one who added in the middle initial , and in addition to the 1916 reference , his son Theodore Roosevelt Jr. more conclusively had the middle initial `` D : , as is demonstrated by the fact the the U.S. Department of the Navy lists him as `` Theodore D. Roosevelt , Jr . '' in a list of Assistant Secretaries of the Navy at www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/rosters/assist_sec_navy.htm . I have copied here a discussion from my talk page about the topic , and I do think the middle initial ought to be included with the citation as I did in my last edit . However , here is some grist for the mill : = = ( ( Theodore Roosevelt ) ) = = Hi , I noticed this edit to the article ( removed ( widely reprinted ) `` D . '' vandalism - Theodore Roosevelt did n't have a middle name ) . Since I noticed that you are the one who added the initial , I thought you might want to have a look . -- Luk 08 : 30 , 12 May 2009 ( UTC ) Thanks , Luk -- I appreciate the note . I even referenced it -- here is the source : http://books.google.com/books?id=SjYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22Theodore+D+Roosevelt%22&source=bl&ots=_8Nlup6H4N&sig=B390EmU_dR22cVnvWOPqrW4cHkc&hl=en&ei=KALESdSiBOffnQfd7YnCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result , which is from the `` Origin and History of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America '' , published during his lifetime in 1916 , and where his name with the middle initial is found on page 162 . In my original edit , I included the citation as : ( ( cite web url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SjYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%22Theodore+D+Roosevelt%22&source=bl&ots=_8Nlup6H4N&sig=B390EmU_dR22cVnvWOPqrW4cHkc&hl=en&ei=KALESdSiBOffnQfd7YnCDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result title = Origin and History of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America accessdate = 2009 - 03 - 20 last = Sanford first = Elias Benjamin authorlink = coauthors = year = 1916 format = publisher = S.S. Scranton Company page = 162 ) ) I 'll go back there and leave a note for the editor in question . BCorr Брайен 00 : 58 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) BCorr , I 'm quite certain that 's a typo in your reference . There are n't any other relevant scholarly references to a `` Theodore D. Roosevelt '' in the Google books return your cite 's from , and this New York Times article from 1899 indicates Roosevelt did n't have a middle name , as does this National Park Service page for Theodore Roosevelt National Park . Indeed , as the NYT article points out , giving him a middle name was a common error , and there are also a number of references that would support calling him `` Theodore B. Roosevelt '' , `` Theodore R. Roosevelt '' , or even `` Theodore J. Roosevelt '' . Frimairist ( talk ) 01 : 56 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) I do n't think it 's a typo . I found it after discovering that his son Theodore Roosevelt Jr. more conclusively had the middle initial `` D '' . This is demonstrated by the fact the the U.S. Department of the Navy lists him as `` Theodore D. Roosevelt , Jr . '' in a list of Assistant Secretaries of the Navy at www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/rosters/assist_sec_navy.htm . While the NPS page is somewhat compelling , I would n't say it is enough to contradict the other sources , and the New York Times article is written in a rather humorous tone and makes a point about how the print media are often inaccurate , and I do n't think it really is proof that TR did n't have a middle name . Thanks , BCorr Брайен 02 : 12 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) BCorr Брайен 02 : 28 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) One more thing : I did a more specific Google book search -- http://books.google.com/books?id=FysZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484&dq=%22Theodore+D+Roosevelt%22 with over forty results . This reference from a 1895 publication relating the events of the year is , I think , rather definitive and completely undermines the 1899 New York Times article : http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Theodore+D+Roosevelt%22&source=in&ei=nswrSvGCNcOFtgfIufzNCA&sa=X&oi=book_group&ct=title&cad=bottom-3results&resnum=11 : The Chautauquan , p. 484 ; Published by M. Bailey , Publisher , 1895 ( note carefully that the caption `` President Roosevelt '' underneath the iconic engraving refers to his being president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners , not of the U.S. ) In this , he is clearly identified as `` Theodore D. Roosevelt , '' and there is not a reasonable doubt about its accuracy . Thanks , BCorr Брайен 17 : 37 , 7 June 2009 ( UTC ) Based on your research it looks like `` D '' is the correct and it should be listed in the lede as his middle initial . A new name 2008 ( talk ) 20 : 28 , 7 June 2009 ( UTC ) Small question There is no mention of Roosvelt 's eccentric coffee drinking why is that ? I was watching the History channel and it was mentioned , I went and looked on Wikipedia to clarify and it is not here ! I found it on some other websites though . Apparently , he drank up to 1 gallon of coffee a day , I think that is worth noting . I have never edited a wiki entry , and would rather not mess anything up that everyone worked so hard on and I 'm not even sure if most of you would consider adding this . Anyways , I will leave it up to the main contributors of this article whether to add this small detail or not . Thanks ! Answer : You 're absolutely right on the coffee . In the `` TR Rex '' bio , Morris mentions TR 's breakfasts `` laced as usual by vast infusions of caffeine , served only to stoke Roosevelt 's energy . '' pg 17 - 18 . Interesting point . Let 's add it under interesting facts . SimonATL 1 : 10 , 23 Feb 2006 ( UTC ) Addendum : The quote used by Maxwell House Coffee , `` Good To The Last Drop '' , is a quote from Theodore Roosevelt , who , having stopped in to a roadside home and been given a cup of coffee , made this remark as a compliment to the hostess and the coffee she had brewed . Actually , that house was near the ancestral home of US president Andrew Jackson in Tenessee . References : History Channel 's `` The Presidents '' ( 1825 - 1849 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) He drank two gallons of coffee ! 4DJONG ( talk ) 18 : 40 , 22 June 2009 ( UTC ) TR was member of Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity at Harvard Theodore was a member of Alpha Delta Phi NOT Delta Kappa Epsilon as indicated in article . This needs to be corrected . This can be checked in catalogs of the Alpha Delta Phi . Pneshamkin ( talk ) 23 : 12 , 17 June 2009 ( UTC ) Medal of Honor It says as of 2008 TR was the only President to recieve this award . To my knowledge he still is. ( edit ) This should be updated to show this. Frogo Baggins ( talk ) 02 : 54 , 28 June 2009 ( UTC ) It now reads `` thus far '' . It would be impractical to update this sentence with each passing year another president does not received the medal . -- ADavidB 12 : 40 , 28 June 2009 ( UTC ) Yes it would I was expectin `` to date '' but that is just fine . Thank you for changing it . Frogo Baggins ( talk ) 06 : 21 , 2 July 2009 ( UTC ) Youngest President in office Do we count him as the youngest president that was not elected until his re-election ? Seance President Kennedy was the youngest man to ever be elected to the office of president of the united states. Or do we just say he was the youngest one to hold the office without being elected first ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.140. 130.69 ( talk ) 04 : 34 , 3 July 2009 ( UTC ) Try actually reading the article and see what it says . S B H arris 05 : 24 , 3 July 2009 ( UTC ) Yes I have read it but im still wondering where do we rank him on the youngest ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.140. 130.69 ( talk ) 13 : 50 , 3 July 2009 ( UTC ) Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt This article was too long , and is tagged as such . So I split off the political positions section into a new article , and summarized it here . Thoughts ? Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 18 : 03 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) I do n't have a huge problem with it or anything , as this is n't an article I frequently edit , but you should probably discuss changes this big before making them . Unit Anode 18 : 05 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) It 's not like I deleted 8K ... more like I moved 15K of the article to someplace else . Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 18 : 18 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) It does n't matter . It 's a large change , and per WP : BRD , please wait for discussion here to develop before restoring the change . I have no opinion for or against the change , but it 's a big change , and needs discussion before restoring it . Unit Anode 18 : 19 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) I would note that when editing this article , a message `` this article is 128KB . It may be appropriate to split it '' appears . Childhood of Theodore Roosevelt could also get its own article . Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 18 : 22 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) So the discussion is ... are you , meaning the Roosevelt editors , OK with just a summary of the political positions so long as the block quotes and the rest of the section are in Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt ? I am ... and if people agree with me , I 'll put it back to the way I had it . Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 18 : 28 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) As someone who watches the article simply to protect it from vandalism , I would support the change , with the caveat that the section in the main article have more than 3 - 4 sentences . I also support creation of a Childhood article , as you mentioned above . Let 's give it 24 - 48 hours or so before making the change , though , as some of the more frequent editors of this article might not log in before a day or two passes . Unit Anode 18 : 34 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) The 24 - 48 hours have come and gone , so Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt is here to stay . I might try the childhood article at a later date Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 17 : 41 , 20 August 2009 ( UTC ) Recognizing Theodore Roosevelt 's legacy in North Dakota There is no mention in the article of Theodore Roosevelt National Park , the Elkhorn Ranch unit in particular and the recent acquistion , supported by over 50 conservation groups , of additional lands by the US Forest Service to help preserve the `` cradle of conservation '' . The US Forest Service is currently going through a planning process on how these lands should be managed for future generations . In addition , the National Park Service and the US Forest Service are nominating these lands ( headquarters , federal lands , and one - agreeable - private landowner ) as a National Historic District . I am certain more information on these efforts can be found out and incorporated into the site by contacting either agency . Sschwenke ( talk ) 20 : 51 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) There 's a lot of stuff that is n't mentioned , and ca n't be because the article is too long already . May I suggest mentioning it in a different article , and linking it ? Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 21 : 46 , 18 August 2009 ( UTC ) Middle initial ... revisited I just restored the middle initial and reference in accordance with the extensive discussion and agreement at Talk : Theodore_Roosevelt / archive2 # Middle_initial. 3F . I only note it here so that we do n't have to go through this all over again . Thanks , BCorr Брайен 13 : 39 , 22 August 2009 ( UTC ) I undid your edit because when you did that , you also reverted the edits regarding the going and coming back of the `` very - long '' tag and the moving of Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt to its own article . You can put back the D. , so long as you do it from the current revision . Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 15 : 56 , 22 August 2009 ( UTC ) I put back the D , since you think it 's OK 24.128. 49.84 ( talk ) 11 : 39 , 24 August 2009 ( UTC ) `` D. '' What does `` D '' stand for ? 76.66. 192.144 ( talk ) 04 : 10 , 28 August 2009 ( UTC ) There are a couple of reasonable possibilities from his mother 's family ( to which he was very attached ) , but both are completely speculative as no citations exist that I have seen : his maternal grandmother 's grandmother was Mary DeVeaux ; his mother 's maternal grandfather was Daniel Stewart ( and his grandfather in turn was also Daniel Stewart ) . There are also many other family names that could qualify . See http://www.genealogy.com/famousfolks/theodore-roosevelt/nindex.htm#DARLING for more . It would be interesting to see some good research into this . Thanks , BCorr Брайен 22 : 32 , 7 September 2009 ( UTC ) The lead I find many issues that need addressing with the lead of this article . It was brought to my attention by an editor who feels that it is simply too long . Well , it is long , but this is one of the most remarkable men to have lived in the history of America , and it 's certainly going to have a longer lead than the average article . In fact , when I first tried rewriting it , instead of trimming its size , I actually ended up with a version that was about 30 % longer ! But reading it , I felt that the lead had a more significant problem : It fails the requirement of WP : LEAD that it act as a summary of the article . Some things were left out of the lead , but more strangely , sometimes the treatment in the lead was the biggest treatment a subject received ! Anyway , I 'm redoing it to be more in compliance with the requirements of the guideline . It certainly wo n't be perfect . And I 'll probably leave out some things that some people think must be in the lead . ( I definitely had to leave out stuff that I would have preferred to include . ) Anyway , we can always talk about it . Un sch ool 03 : 11 , 8 September 2009 ( UTC ) The article period is too long . We need more subartlicles . I 'm thinking Early life of Theodore Roosevelt should be our next article Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 22 : 43 , 9 September 2009 ( UTC ) You may be correct . Until then , the article exists as it does right now , and at least the lead section is closer to WP : LEAD standards . Un sch ool 03 : 31 , 10 September 2009 ( UTC ) Any objections if I try to clean up the lead ? It is waaaay too long , and full of unneccesary details . Feel free to take this scrub to task if I 'm in the wrong here ... -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201. 234.198 ( talk ) 17 : 30 , 10 September 2009 ( UTC ) I posted the above comment ... I fully expect another paragraph or two to pop up very shortly , but I 've tried my best to ' cut the fat ' from the lead . It 's probably too brief , but there 's so much information to cover concerning TR - my point is that the lead ca n't and should n't be 1000 words long . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201. 234.198 ( talk ) 18 : 02 , 10 September 2009 ( UTC ) Well , actually , yes , I do object . I already trimmed this lead down , and I left it at a size consistent with the policies at WP : LEAD . Even the most vocal proponent at WP : LEAD for cutting down Lead Sections , User : TonyTheTiger , who hates leads that are too long , acknowledged that , for this man , the lead as I left it was an appropriate length . This man led an extremely complex and full life , and it is only natural that his lead would be somewhat longer than average . And what are you talking about , `` the lead ca n't and should n't be 1000 words long '' ? Look at it . My counter says I left it at 555 words long , and now you have it trimmed to 127 words . It appears to me that you do not yet understand the guideline WP : LEAD . So here 's the path I would like to take . I am going to revert it back to the previous version , at its previous length . I am suggesting that you study WP : LEAD If you still feel your lead is better , then maybe go on the talk page there and ask other people who have significant experience with the guideline to compare your version and mine . After that , if you still want to cut this back , come back to this talk page . Together , you and I and everyone else who is interested in creating a good lead within the guidelines can agree to principles , and then work it out together . You will find that I have no desire to impose my wishes , that I only want us to work together to achieve consensus within the guidelines . Is that fair ? Un sch ool 02 : 25 , 12 September 2009 ( UTC ) The shorter lead is much , MUCH better . The lead as you want it is far too long . It is too detailed for a lead . 65.169. 210.66 ( talk ) 19 : 56 , 14 September 2009 ( UTC ) Well , if you feel that way , get a discussion started on it , include your proposal , and see if you can get consensus . But this falls within the guidelines currently , whereas this version fails to meet the requirements of WP : LEAD to encapsulate the key points of the article as a whole . Good luck . Un sch ool 03 : 41 , 2 October 2009 ( UTC ) Civil Service Commission - Blockquote Broken Viewing the `` Civil Service Commission '' section under `` Reentering Public Life '' the second paragraph is clearly a supposed to be a blockquote . I went to edit the code and it appear that the blockquote tags are in place an properly formatted . I am not seeing that paragraph display properly . I am running Mozilla Firefox 3.5. 3 . I also viewed the section in IE 8 and it is similarly broken . 67.182. 190.19 ( talk ) 06 : 55 , 20 September 2009 ( UTC ) Frequent vandalism ; proposed page lock I recently undid an edit where this article had the info box codex all messed up and not being pictured on the page . Quite embarrassing to see a former President 's wikipedia page not properly protected from vandalism . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.5. 241.139 ( talk ) 22 : 25 , 8 October 2009 ( UTC ) Most pages on Wikipedia are not protected , including those of former Presidents . Vandalism is an unfortunate part of Wikipedia that all article have to deal with on occasion , but pages generally are not protected unless their is excessive , persistent vandalism , a problem which this article does not currently have . Tad Lincoln ( talk ) 22 : 40 , 8 October 2009 ( UTC ) 100 KB tag / splits Needs more summary style and daughter articles . My main suggestions are Childhood of Theodore Roosevelt and Post-Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 03 : 08 , 22 October 2009 ( UTC ) Roosevelt 's Views and Political Positions of Theodore Roosevelt Somewhere along the line , somebody changed the section entitled `` Political Positions '' to `` Roosevelt 's Views '' , buried the link to Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt , and added two long sections that belong there , not here . I renamed it back to `` Political Positions '' , made the link prominent , and pasted the sections there . Thoughts ? Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 04 : 16 , 29 September 2009 ( UTC ) I 'm in agreement with the changes you made . -- ADavidB 04 : 40 , 29 September 2009 ( UTC ) I found the ' Political Positions ' page to have too many duplicate sections to the main section . The only difference between the ' Political Positions ' on the main page and this one was that all the speeches had been removed and an entire section on his view on ' race ' had be removed as well . For the sake of cohesiveness and because it really does n't add that much to the section , I put the speeches back in the main page . Looking at the ' Political Positions ' page now is irrelevant . I think this link should be removed . -- Demosfoni ( talk ) 05 : 12 , 7 November 2009 ( UTC ) I 'm reverting that edit on the grounds that a ) block quotes really do n't belong anywhere , and b ) the article was too long , which is why I broke off the political positions page in the first place . Purplebackpack89 ( talk ) 01 : 42 , 25 December 2009 ( UTC ) Medal of Honor The main article on Theodore Roosevelt , 26th U.S. present , contains these two sentences . `` He was effectively running the US Department of the Navy when the Spanish American War broke out ; he resigned and led a small regiment in Cuba known as the Rough Riders , earning himself the Medal of Honor . '' `` Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders after capturing San Juan HillFor his actions , Roosevelt was nominated for the Medal of Honor which was subsequently disapproved . '' I could not access the article to correct it . Arnold Bendixen ( talk ) 00 : 18 , 23 December 2009 ( UTC ) Arnold Bendixen I saw the passages that are in the article . I will examine the source to see which is correct . Way To Go . Nice catch. -- Jojhutton ( talk ) 01 : 01 , 23 December 2009 ( UTC ) I recieved a message about vandalizing this page I just wanted to ask what was it that was spammed ? I do n't believe I have ever made any contributions to this article and I apparently have recieved 3 warnings since June of 2006 . I have barely started editing articles on Wikipedia around September . Is this an error , I really do n't want to get banned or anything especially when it is not my fault . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by Clow987 ( talk contribs ) 16 : 30 , 12 November 2006 . I have had that happen to me before too . I really do n't like it . It shows that Wikipedia is faulty. -- 24.253. 226.202 ( talk ) 18 : 54 , 3 February 2010 ( UTC ) If you 're not registered , it shows you 're using the same IP address as someone else who vandalized Wikipedia . If you do n't like that , you 're free to register an account and use it . -- ADavidB 02 : 58 , 4 February 2010 ( UTC ) New ideas / work about roots of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor A new history of what the author James Bradley calls `` the imperial cruise '' -- his previous books include Flags of our fathers ; Bradley 's father was one of the famous Iwo Jima flag - raisers profiled in that book / movie -- posits that Pres . T. Roosevelt 's secret dealings with and leanings toward the Japanese , during the negotiations over the end of the Russo - Japanese war , sowed seeds of the attack , nearly 40 years later , on Pearl Harbor . The eponymous cruise covered in Bradley 's new book was a high - profile Pacific cruise sponsored more or less by TR ( his daughter Alice and his Secretary of War were amongst those aboard the Manchuria ) in 1905 and foreshadowed the Great White Fleet cruise of 1907 - 9 , which TR ordered ( per Wiki ) . The following bit I added to the introduction of the TR article , at the point of the Russo - Japanese / Nobel Peace Prize note , citing an op - ed Bradley wrote in the NY Times at the time of the recent Pearl Harbor anniversary . His ( TR 's ) Asian diplomacy has come under new scrutiny in 2009 , being labeled `` diplomacy that will live in infamy '' as a way to link it to the later 1941 Japanese Pearl Harbor attack . ref name = `` NYT01 '' `` Diplomacy that will live in Infamy '' , Op - Ed by James Bradley , The New York Times , December 5 , 2009 ( p . WK11 of NY ed . Dec. 6 , 2009 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . / ref The bit was removed as `` nonscholarly pop history '' and the editor suggested I introduce it here on the talk page `` first . '' So doing , now . I recognize that Bradley 's new look at TR and the roots of WW2 - Pacific is not from the academy , not a scholarly study . However , my reading of Bradley 's piece , a couple of reviews of his books ( one here ) , and an excerpt from the book , led me to feel the work he 's done and the information he 's uncovered has some credibility , brings some new insight , and is worthy of attention . I do n't expect his work to single - handedly turn opinion on the President 's actions , and the effects of those actions . It may even be proven not credible . But I also do n't think my entry , above , undermined the quality of the TR article ; I think it opened the subject for readers to consider on its merits , and to build upon or rebut . When removing my bit , the same editor did improve the exisitng article with a citation from a standard history for the section . I would propose , however , also adding my bit back in following that footnote , since my bit introduces a new viewpoint . I see there 's a `` popular culture '' section of the TR article . It seems wrong to relegate Bradley 's work to such a corner , but ... Any thoughts ? Swliv ( talk ) 23 : 02 , 15 December 2009 ( UTC ) Sounds like a dubious claim at best . See the article Correlation does not imply causation . It would be like saying the United States expedition to Korea led to later involvement in the Korean War simply because they both involved Korea . Andy120290 ( talk ) 23 : 35 , 15 December 2009 ( UTC ) The two reviews I 've seen on Bradley are highly negative . I looked at his book and he 's not familiar with the scholarship -- one hardly expects that of a pop historian who has never published in the time period or on any topic of diplomatic history . ( He 's best known for his very well written book about his grandfather , who was one of the flag raisers at Iwo Jima ) . Bradley does not clearly pass the reliable source rule , so I suggest we stick with the scores of solid scholars who have spent years on TR - related topics and whose books have been favorable evaluated . Rjensen ( talk ) 02 : 44 , 16 December 2009 ( UTC ) Agree with editor , Rjensen . Knowledgeable scholars have all but laughed at Bradley 's claims . It 's that old logical fallacy that the Romans called `` post hoc ergo propter hoc '' meaning ( because Event 2 happened chronologically `` after this ( Event 1 ) therefore ( it happened ) because of Event 1 '' thanks . SimonATL ( talk ) 02 : 45 , 27 January 2010 ( UTC ) TR 's defective moral character I think there needs to be a greater discussion of Roosevelt 's defective moral character and the deleterious effect that it had on the United States . He abandoned his infant daughter while he went out West to find himself . He left his government position to fight in the Spanish - American War . In 1909 - 1913 , unable to fathom the idea that William Howard Taft might disagree with him , he set about to destroy him , and did so , during the 1912 election , by splitting the Republican Party . This enabled the racist adulterer , Woodrow Wilson , to become President , even though Wilson received only a minority of the popular vote . Wilson then went on to bring us the income tax , the Federal Reserve , and unnecessary involvement in the First World War . Wilson also dismantled the protective tariff , allowed the country to be flooded with cheap imports , and effectively destroyed the manufacturing base of the United States . All of this made possible by Theodore Roosevelt 's petulant temper tantrum in 1912 when he could not get his way at the Republican Convention . Finally , Theodore Roosevelt seems to have been incapable of intelligent comment on anything . Everything was `` bully , bully '' for him . As Mark Hanna lamented when President McKinley was killed , `` that damn cowboy ( Theodore Roosevelt ) is President now , '' or words to that effect . John Paul Parks ( talk ) 16 : 19 , 7 November 2009 ( UTC ) Park 's comments are rank hogwash . Roosevelt could comment on an encylopedic range of topics in English , Dutch , German and French . I suggest you read any standard biography on TR , even the critical ones . None of his biographers , including the most critical ones such as Henry Pringle ever said that TR was `` incapable of intelligent comment on anything . '' I ca n't believe anyone who has even read this article on the most superficial level possible could come to such an inane conclusion . I suggest you read what people who knew and worked with Roosevelt said about him , themselves on the 1st anniversary of his death in 1919 . See a series of tributes paid to Roosevelt at the Rock Mountain Club in October of 1919 at http://books.google.com/books?id=AfMaAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=one\page&q=&f=false SimonATL ( talk ) 00 : 54 , 29 January 2010 ( UTC ) Sounds like our critic is only familiar with TR from a TV movie or something . And he attacks someone 's `` defective moral character '' by quoting Mark Hanna ? Wha ? ? ? How corrupt and amoral was Hanna ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.14. 91.180 ( talk ) 22 : 39 , 11 February 2010 ( UTC ) Simple Typo I have n't made enough edits to be allowed to edit semi-protected pages but there is a lonely quotation mark after his book title `` Published after Roosevelt 's graduation from Harvard , The Naval War of 1812 '' was immediately accepted by reviewers who praised the book 's scholarship and style . '' ( Here : ( 7 ) ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by ImFromNASA ( talk contribs ) 03 : 25 , 16 February 2010 ( UTC ) Done I have removed the extra qote . Thanks for noticing it . ~ ~ GB fan ~ ~ 03 : 32 , 16 February 2010 ( UTC ) Theodore Roosevelt -- no middle name I just got an email from TR 's great grandson , Tweed Roosevelt , who is the chairman of the Theodore Roosevelt Association ( TRA ) . Mr. Roosevelt assured me that Theodore Roosevelt had neither a middle name nor middle initial . Additionally , US Navy Commander , Henry Hendrix , who is a board member of the TRA and who did research on this topic , has copies of TR 's birth certificate and other documents that indicate NO middle name nor middle initial . Commander Hendrix is emailing these scanned documents to the TRA Web administrator for inclusion on their web site , http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org and as soon as those documents are posted I will remove the middle initial from this page as it 's pretty much a settled issue at this point . We 'll wait for those docs to come thru . Be prepared for MI removal ! Ultimately , it does NOT matter what the press thought or did not think about Roosevelt 's alleged middle name or middle initial . The official records speak for themselves . SimonATL ( talk ) 00 : 45 , 30 January 2010 ( UTC ) Interestingly , the earliest mention of Roosevelt 's initial `` D . '' is in 1895 ( ( 8 ) ) about his May 6 appointment to the New York Police Board of Commissioners , which reads , `` Mayor Strong appointed to the Police Board of Commissioners some men of distinction , as Col. Frederick D. Grant ( son of Gen. Grant ) and Theodore D. Roosevelt , who resigned from the National Civil Service Commission to take this new work , Avery D. Andrews , a West Point graduate , and Andrew D. Parker . Mr. Roosevelt is the head of the commission . '' The four men listed here all have the initial `` D . '' , which prompts me to wonder if the author simply assigned them the initial after Grant ( whose initial is `` D . '' for `` Dent '' ) because he did not know their middle names , sort of like how companies sometimes assign the initial `` X . '' to employees with no middle name . Or perhaps more likely , all of the other men did have the initial `` D . '' , and the typist simply was not being careful and gave it to Roosevelt , too . As a side note , here is a photo of these D - initialed men together : ( 9 ) . Also , Parker was later removed ( on Saint Patrick 's Day 1898 ) by Strong `` on the ground of neglect of duty ''. ( 10 ) Back to the initial : here 's the real clincher : another report on the Police Board of Commissioners lists Roosevelt as `` Theodore W. Roosevelt '' ( 11 ) . Some other contemporary claims to Teddy Roosevelt 's initials : Theodore A. Roosevelt ( 1900 ) ; Theodore B. Roosevelt ( 1911 1902 1901 1899 1898 ) ; Theodore F. Roosevelt ( 1899 ) ; Theodore N. Roosevelt ( 1914 ) ; Theodore R. Roosevelt ( 1915 ) ; and Theodore S. Roosevelt ( 1907 ) . Not to mention all the other men living in the late 19th and early 20th centuries named `` Theodore Roosevelt '' , including one of the president 's cousins , Theodore T. Roosevelt. ( 12 ) Based on the arguments laid out in the previous middle initial discussions ( `` Middle Name '' , `` Middle initial ? '' , `` Middle initial ... revisited '' , and `` 'D ' '' ) , this would indicate Roosevelt had multiple middle names. :) All this confusion , which is not confined to Wikipedia , may merit some discussion of his nonexistent initial in the article , though . -- the Man in Question ( in question ) 07 : 35 , 5 February 2010 ( UTC ) I have heard that the cleaning of their middle names is a constant occupation for people without any . The old joke in my family was that my great - uncle 's name was `` Johnny None '' after the middle name given him by the US Army . Jarhed ( talk ) 08 : 39 , 20 February 2010 ( UTC ) Headings of `` education '' and `` first marriage and response to catastrophic loss '' The headings of `` Education '' and `` First marriage and response to catastrophic loss '' seem out of place . Should n't `` Education '' come before `` First marriage and response to catastrophic loss '' ? Education starts out talking about his home schooling , which happened during his childhood , and he did n't meet Alice until his junior year at Harvard , and they did n't marry until after his graduation . Just seems very odd to me. > Best O Fortuna ( talk ) 09 : 30 , 16 March 2010 ( UTC ) fyi footnote link # 104 is broken -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.229. 86.152 ( talk ) 07 : 20 , 4 April 2010 ( UTC ) It now points to the updated location . -- ADavidB 08 : 40 , 5 April 2010 ( UTC ) Small typo There appears to be a small typo in the `` Meat Inspection Act '' section . `` ... that are impure or falsely label , from ... '' should read `` ... that are impure or falsely labeled , from ... '' -- Loki74 ( talk ) 23 : 32 , 9 April 2010 ( UTC ) corrected Profitoftruth85 ( talk ) 02 : 32 , 10 April 2010 ( UTC ) Which presidental photo ? I like clean and neat black and white at right . The orotone ( gold tint ) is scruffy and , like the other alternative , lacks detail : The other alternative is also included as the one below , left . Votes from editors , please ? This is an aesthetic question , not one we can solve by appear to WP : RS or WP : V or even WP : NPOV . S B H arris 18 : 45 , 16 April 2010 ( UTC ) I see no reason why we ca n't have the other two at other places in the article . The current one ( i.e. top right ) is fine for the infobox Purplebackpack89 06 : 47 , 3 May 2010 ( UTC ) I do recall something in the MoS saying that if possible , the image ; s subject should be facing the text , which is why I added the second one to the left . Connormah ( talk contribs ) 01 : 47 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Edit request from 24.6. 117.160 , 3 may 2010 ( ( editsemiprotected ) ) Search word : Roosvelt . There is one instance under Popular Culture . Please add the correct vowel . Thank you . 24.6. 117.160 ( talk ) 06 : 15 , 3 May 2010 ( UTC ) Done and thanks ! enna @ 06 : 26 , 3 May 2010 ( UTC ) Another edit request ( ( editsemiprotected ) ) In the ( ( sisterlinks ) ) template in the External links section , several of the projects ought to be disabled as they do not return useful results . Please disable Wiktionary , Wikibooks and Wikiversity by adding wikt = no b = no v = no to the template . Also , I note several constructive comments and suggestions on this talkpage from non-autoconfirmed editors ; perhaps it is time the protection were reviewed . 86.41. 61.203 ( talk ) 00 : 56 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Done thanks ~ ~ GB fan ~ ~ 01 : 06 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) And another In the opening paragraph , the link to Progressive Party ( United States , 1912 ) is rather odd ; as it is part of the name , it would be best to incorporate `` Progressive '' into the link , like so : Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party of 1912 . 86.41. 61.203 ( talk ) 01 : 03 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Done also ~ ~ GB fan ~ ~ 01 : 14 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Thanks heaps GB fan . 86.41. 61.203 ( talk ) 01 : 19 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Your welcome , I have also requested unprotection of the page per your suggestion . We will see what happens . ~ ~ GB fan ~ ~ 01 : 30 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) That 's great , thanks ! 86.41. 61.203 ( talk ) 07 : 13 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) LINKFARM removed Per WP : LINKFARM , I 'm moving the extraordinarily numerous external links here for review and possible integration as citations : `` Theodore Roosevelt Association - Founded in 1920 by Roosevelt 's friends and admirers to preserve his legacy . Extensive online resources and bibliography '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Extensive essay on Theodore Roosevelt and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt : A Resource Guide '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Dies Suddenly at Oyster Bay Home ; Nation Shocked , Pays Tribute to Former President ; Our Flag on All Seas and in All Lands at Half Mast '' . Headline . New York Times . January 6 , 1919 , . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Addresses given at the Rocky Mountain Club dinner on the anniversary of Theodore Roosevelt by those who knew him . A tribute to Theodore Roosevelt on the first anniversary of his death . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . William Andrews . `` Police Department History Site '' . The Early Years : The Challenge of Public Order - 1845 to 1870 `` . New York City . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Leadership of the City of New York Police Department 1845 -- 1901 '' . The New York City Police Department Museum . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` American Experience Theodore Roosevelt '' . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Corinne Roosevelt Robinson . `` My Brother Theodore Roosevelt , 1921 '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Downloadable audio recordings of Roosevelt '' ( MP3 ) . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Audio clips of Roosevelt 's speeches '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Roosevelt podcasts '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Audio Recording of Roosevelt 's Progressive Party Acceptance Speech , `` Progressive Covenant with the People '' with text included. `` . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Quotes '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Works - Bartleby 's Online Books '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Klos , Stanley L. `` Presidential Biography '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Works by Theodore Roosevelt at Project Gutenberg Works by / about `` Theodore Roosevelt '' Check url = value ( help ) . Internet Archive . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Index of T. Roosevelt Etexts . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Detailed biography of Theodore Roosevelt from the 1911 version of Encyclopedia Britannica '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Address '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . State of the Union addresses for 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , and 1908 `` Nobel Peace Prize 1906 : Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Papers at the Library of Congress '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt : His Life & Times on Film ( LOC ) '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Sagamore Hill National Historic Site '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site : Birthplace of the Modern Presidency a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` NobelPrize. org 's entry on Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Congressional Medal of Honor 's entry on Theodore Roosevelt ; including citation and pictures '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Medal of Honor Recipients on Film '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` White House biography '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Family and Descendants of Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Ron Schuler 's Parlour Tricks : Teddy '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Links '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt Quotes , Pictures and Biography at TeddyRoosevelt.com '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` Theodore Roosevelt cylinder recordings , from the ( ( Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project ) ) at the ( ( University of California , Santa Barbara ) ) Library . '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . URL -- wikilink conflict ( help ) `` On Theodore Roosevelt 's progressive vision from the ( ( Roosevelt Institution ) ) , a student ( ( think tank ) ) inspired in part by Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . URL -- wikilink conflict ( help ) `` Boone and Crockett Club , founded by Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . `` How to pronounce Theodore Roosevelt '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Yesterday 's News blog 1901 newspaper account of Roosevelt 's `` Big Stick '' speech at the Minnesota State Fair Archive of Theodore Roosevelt Pictures still of Theodore Roosevelt going on first aeroplane flight different view of Theodore Roosevelt & Arch Hoxsey in Wright aeroplane St Louis October 1910 Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt / Archive 2 in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Theodore Roosevelt / Archive 2 at Find a Grave Retrieved on 2008 - 07 - 03 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Text `` Roosevelt , Theodore '' ignored ( help ) Theodore Roosevelt with video , audio , pictures and other sources from Library of Congress and National Archives Facsimile of the first edition of Through the Brazilian Wilderness 86.41. 61.203 ( talk ) 07 : 13 , 13 May 2010 ( UTC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Theodore_Roosevelt/Archive_2&oldid=720465316 '' Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 May 2016 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name two international organizations which do not work in a democratic manner.why do you think so | [] | [] |
-4979947628214462479 | List of all-time NBA win-loss records | List of all - time NBA win - loss records - wikipedia List of all - time NBA win - loss records Tim Duncan and Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs , who have the best all - time win - loss record percentage in the NBA The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams ranked by win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season . The records include wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Defunct BAA / NBA franchises are also listed , provided they played at least one season , beginning with the 1949 -- 50 NBA season , which was the first season following the merger between the BAA and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . Additionally , the records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team 's playing time in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , despite the 1976 NBA - ABA merger . The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win - loss record percentage , with . 622 . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win - loss record percentage , with . 397 . The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins , with 3,329 , while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 3,010 . The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games , with 5,642 . Conversely , the Pelicans have played the least overall games , with 1,296 . Contents 1 Active franchises 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 2 Defunct franchises 2.1 Regular season 3 References 4 Notes Active franchises ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest all - time win - loss record percentage in NBA history Best win - loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Pct . First NBA season Total games Division San Antonio Spurs 2,114 1,282 . 622 1976 -- 77 3,396 Southwest Los Angeles Lakers 3,296 2,237 . 596 1948 -- 49 5,533 Pacific Boston Celtics 3,329 2,313 . 590 1946 -- 47 5,642 Atlantic Oklahoma City Thunder 2,234 1,900 . 540 1967 -- 68 4,134 Northwest 5 Utah Jazz 1,914 1,646 . 538 1974 -- 75 3,560 Northwest 6 Portland Trail Blazers 2,081 1,807 . 535 1970 -- 71 3,888 Northwest 7 Phoenix Suns 2,167 1,885 . 535 1968 -- 69 4,052 Pacific 8 Houston Rockets 2,172 1,962 . 525 1967 -- 68 4,134 Southwest 9 Miami Heat 1,255 1,157 . 520 1988 -- 89 2,412 Southeast 10 Chicago Bulls 2,183 2,032 . 518 1966 -- 67 4,215 Central 11 Philadelphia 76ers 2,806 2,662 . 513 1949 -- 50 5,468 Atlantic 12 Milwaukee Bucks 2,069 1,983 . 511 1968 -- 69 4,052 Central 13 Dallas Mavericks 1,539 1,529 . 502 1980 -- 81 3,068 Southwest 14 Indiana Pacers 1,696 1,699 . 500 1976 -- 77 3,395 Central 15 Atlanta Hawks 2,717 2,753 . 497 1949 -- 50 5,470 Southeast 16 New York Knicks 2,761 2,878 . 490 1946 -- 47 5,639 Atlantic 17 Detroit Pistons 2,692 2,840 . 487 1948 -- 49 5,532 Central 18 Denver Nuggets 1,649 1,747 . 486 1976 -- 77 3,396 Northwest 19 Golden State Warriors 2,715 2,923 . 482 1946 -- 47 5,638 Pacific 20 Orlando Magic 1,116 1,214 . 479 1989 -- 90 2,330 Southeast 21 New Orleans Pelicans 610 686 . 471 2002 -- 03 1,296 Southwest 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 1,829 2,059 . 470 1970 -- 71 3,888 Central 23 Toronto Raptors 844 994 . 459 1995 -- 96 1,838 Atlantic 24 Sacramento Kings 2,523 3,010 . 456 1948 -- 49 5,533 Pacific 25 Washington Wizards 2,096 2,519 . 454 1961 -- 62 4,615 Southeast 26 Charlotte Hornets 988 1,260 . 440 1988 -- 89 2,248 Southeast 27 Brooklyn Nets 1,408 1,988 . 415 1976 -- 77 3,396 Atlantic 28 Memphis Grizzlies 759 1,079 . 413 1995 -- 96 1,838 Southwest 29 Los Angeles Clippers 1,562 2,326 . 402 1970 -- 71 3,888 Pacific 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 925 1,405 . 397 1989 -- 90 2,330 Northwest Playoffs ( edit ) The following playoff listing is accurate through the end of the 2018 NBA Playoffs . The Los Angeles Lakers have the most post-season wins ( 438 ) , most post-season games played ( 734 ) , and highest post-season winning percentage (. 597 ) out of any NBA team . The Minnesota Timberwolves have the fewest post-season wins ( 18 ) and the lowest post-season winning percentage (. 346 ) . The New Orleans Pelicans have the fewest post-season games played ( 49 ) . Best win - loss record in division Rank Team Won Lost Pct . Last playoff appearance Total games Division Los Angeles Lakers 438 296 . 597 2013 734 Pacific Boston Celtics 366 278 . 568 2018 644 Atlantic Miami Heat 124 100 . 554 2018 224 Southeast San Antonio Spurs 219 177 . 553 2018 396 Southwest 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 125 104 . 546 2018 229 Central 6 Chicago Bulls 186 158 . 541 2017 344 Central 7 Golden State Warriors 176 151 . 538 2018 327 Pacific 8 Detroit Pistons 188 178 . 514 2016 366 Central 9 Philadelphia 76ers 221 210 . 513 2018 431 Atlantic 10 Oklahoma City Thunder 160 159 . 502 2018 319 Northwest 11 New York Knicks 186 189 . 496 2013 375 Atlantic 12 Indiana Pacers 115 118 . 494 2018 233 Central 13 Houston Rockets 147 152 . 492 2018 299 Southwest 14 Phoenix Suns 133 141 . 485 274 Pacific 15 Utah Jazz 123 140 . 468 2018 263 Northwest 16 Dallas Mavericks 91 105 . 464 2016 196 Southwest 17 Orlando Magic 57 66 . 463 2012 123 Southeast 18 Milwaukee Bucks 111 130 . 461 2018 241 Central 19 Portland Trail Blazers 108 139 . 437 2018 247 Northwest 20 Brooklyn Nets 62 80 . 437 2015 142 Atlantic 21 Atlanta Hawks 153 202 . 431 2017 355 Southeast 22 Sacramento Kings 80 107 . 428 2006 187 Pacific 23 Los Angeles Clippers 44 60 . 423 2017 104 Pacific 24 Washington Wizards 98 134 . 422 2018 232 Southeast 25 New Orleans Pelicans 20 29 . 408 2018 49 Southwest 26 Toronto Raptors 32 50 . 390 2018 82 Atlantic 27 Memphis Grizzlies 29 46 . 387 2017 75 Southwest 28 Denver Nuggets 61 101 . 377 2013 162 Northwest 29 Charlotte Hornets 23 40 . 365 2016 63 Southeast 30 Minnesota Timberwolves 18 34 . 346 2018 52 Northwest Defunct franchises ( edit ) The following is a listing of the all - time win - loss records of defunct NBA franchises . Amongst defunct franchises , the Chicago Stags have the highest win - loss record percentage , with . 612 . The Denver Nuggets have the lowest win - loss record percentage , with . 177 . The Baltimore Bullets have the most games played ( 450 ) , wins ( 158 ) , and losses ( 292 ) for a defunct NBA franchise . The Denver Nuggets , Sheboygan Red Skins , and Waterloo Hawks are tied for the fewest games played , with 62 . For the purposes of the defunct franchises win - loss records listing , teams that recorded playing time in the BAA are only included if they additionally played during at least one season following the BAA -- NBL merger . For this reason , the Pittsburgh Ironmen , Indianapolis Jets , Detroit Falcons , Toronto Huskies , and Cleveland Rebels are excluded . Regular season ( edit ) Rank Team GP Won Lost Pct . First NBA season Last NBA season Chicago Stags 237 145 92 . 612 1946 -- 47 1949 -- 50 Washington Capitols 271 157 114 . 579 1946 -- 47 1950 -- 51 Anderson Packers 64 37 27 . 578 1949 -- 50 St. Louis Bombers 237 122 115 . 515 1946 -- 47 1949 -- 50 5 Indianapolis Olympians 269 132 137 . 491 1949 -- 50 1952 -- 53 6 Sheboygan Red Skins 62 22 40 . 355 1949 -- 50 7 Baltimore Bullets 450 158 292 . 351 1947 -- 48 1954 -- 55 8 Waterloo Hawks 62 19 43 . 306 1949 -- 50 9 Denver Nuggets 62 11 51 . 177 1949 -- 50 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . National Basketball Association . July 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aschburner , Steve ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` We All Count Numbers But Do All Numbers Count ? '' . Hang Time Blog . National Basketball Association . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA & ABA Team Index '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports - Reference . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets back in 2014 - 15 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets assume historical records from New ( Orleans ) Pelicans '' . ProBasketballTalk . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ BAA win - loss records are included , as the NBA claims the BAA 's history as its own . For example , at NBA History online its table of one - line `` NBA Season Recaps '' begins 1946 -- 47 without comment . Jump up ^ For the purposes of this list , NBL statistics are not included , as unlike with BAA statistics prior to the BAA - NBL merger , the NBA has not included NBL statistics when recapping their history . ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Pelicans began play as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 NBA season , due to the original Charlotte Hornets ( which began play in the 1988 -- 89 NBA season ) relocating to New Orleans . The city of Charlotte was then awarded the 30th NBA franchise , dubbed the Charlotte Bobcats , which began play in the 2004 -- 05 NBA season . The New Orleans Hornets rebranded as the New Orleans Pelicans , with the 2013 -- 14 NBA season being their first under the Pelicans name . The Bobcats then rebranded as the Charlotte Hornets , first playing under the Hornets name in 2014 . This second incarnation of Charlotte Hornets retained statistics and records of the original Charlotte Hornets franchise which played from the 1988 -- 89 NBA season to the 2001 -- 02 NBA season -- as well as the statistics and records accumulated while playing as the Bobcats -- while the New Orleans Pelicans franchise was retroactively regarded as a 2002 -- 03 season expansion franchise , maintaining the statistics and records accumulated from that season onwards . Jump up ^ This team 's history and records are not affiliated with the current day Washington Wizards who played as the Baltimore Bullets from 1963 -- 64 to 1972 -- 73 . Jump up ^ This team 's history and records are not affiliated with current day Denver Nuggets team . National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_all-time_NBA_win-loss_records&oldid=865965046 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 10 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what nba franchise has the highest winning percentage of all time | [
"The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win-loss record percentage, with .622.[3] The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win-loss record percentage, with .397.[3] The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins, with 3,329, while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 3,010.[3] The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games, with 5,642.[3] Conversely, the Pelicans have played the least overall games, with 1,296.[3]\n"
] | [
"San Antonio Spurs"
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4226220388172733904 | Bates Motel (season 5) | Bates Motel ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Bates Motel ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Bates Motel ( season 5 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Vera Farmiga Freddie Highmore Max Thieriot Olivia Cooke Nestor Carbonell Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network A&E Original release February 20 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) -- April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Bates Motel episodes The fifth and final season of Bates Motel premiered on February 20 , 2017 , and concluded on April 24 , 2017 . The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET / PT on A&E . The series itself is described as a `` contemporary prequel '' to the 1960 film Psycho , following the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film . However , the final season of the series loosely adapts the plot of Psycho . The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay , Oregon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Filming 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel characters Main ( edit ) Vera Farmiga , Freddie Highmore , and Max Thieriot ( left to right ) portray Norma Louise Bates , Norman Bates , and Dylan Massett , respectively . Olivia Cooke , Nestor Carbonell , and Rihanna ( left to right ) portray Emma Decody , Sheriff Alex Romero , and Marion Crane , respectively . Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody Nestor Carbonell as Alex Romero Special guest ( edit ) Rihanna as Marion Crane Recurring ( edit ) Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun Ryan Hurst as Chick Hogan Brooke Smith as Sheriff Jane Greene Isabelle McNally as Madeleine Loomis Austin Nichols as Sam Loomis Jillian Fargey as Maggie Summers Damon Gupton as Dr. Gregg Edwards Natalia Cordova - Buckley as Julia Ramos Guest ( edit ) Carlton Cuse as Highway Patrol Officer John Hainsworth as Jim Blackwell Antonio Cayonne as Bruce Herman Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) In June 2016 , showrunner Kerry Ehrin confirmed the return of Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun for the final season , in an interview with Deadline.com . The following month , it was announced that Rihanna had been cast in the iconic role of Marion Crane . In September 2016 , Isabelle McNally joined the cast of the series , portraying the role of Madeleine Loomis , a young woman who resembles Norma . That same month , Brooke Smith joined the cast as Sheriff Jane Greene . In January 2017 , Austin Nichols was cast in the role of Sam Loomis , a prominent role in both the source material and the film adaptation . That same month , Ryan Hurst 's return as Chick Hogan was reported . In March 2017 , it was revealed that series executive producer Carlton Cuse would appear as a police officer trailing Marion Crane . That same month , Natalia Cordova - Buckley joined the cast as Julia Ramos , an attorney . Filming ( edit ) The series was filmed on location in Aldergrove , British Columbia . At the beginning of the first season , a replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on 272nd Street . Freddie Highmore was tapped to write an episode for the season , as well as direct an episode , marking his directorial debut . Max Thieriot and Nestor Carbonell were also tapped to direct an episode each for season 5 . Production on the season began on September 16 , 2016 . The series filmed its final scenes at the specially - built Bates Motel set in Aldergrove on January 25 , 2017 , and production began tearing the house down the following day . Carbonell filmed his final scenes as Sheriff Alex Romero on January 27 , 2017 . Filming officially wrapped for the series on January 31 , 2017 . In February 2017 , the Bates Motel exterior set in Aldergrove was subsequently demolished . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` Dark Paradise '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.34 It has been two years since the death of Norma . Norman is now living alone and running the Bates Motel . He stays with his hallucination , `` Mother '' , whom he believes faked her death to the rest of the world , while he is secretly keeping Norma 's preserved corpse in the basement . Dylan and Emma are now married with an infant daughter , and are unaware of Norma 's death . Caleb shows up , much to the stress of Dylan , so Emma asks Caleb to leave for Dylan 's sake . Romero is in prison and is denied parole . Romero sends a hitman to kill Norman , but Norman murders him instead . He meets Madeleine Loomis , a young store - owner who resembles Norma . While `` Mother '' and Norman dispose of the hitman 's body in a lake , the man 's phone rings . Norman answers it to hear Romero 's voice . 42 `` The Convergence of the Twain '' Sarah Boyd Alyson Evans & Steve Kornacki February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 1.28 Norman visits Romero in prison and Romero warns that he will come for Norman . Norman goes to dinner with Madeleine and her husband Sam , who is cheating on her . `` Mother '' follows Norman and asks why he is having dinner with a girl who looks like her . Caleb returns to White Pine Bay , looking for Norma , but instead learns that Norma committed suicide over a year earlier . He breaks down with grief at her grave . Later , he and Chick have an altercation in a bar . Caleb says he knows Norman killed Norma , because she would never commit suicide , and vows to get revenge . He goes back to the Bates house and discovers Norma 's frozen corpse in the basement . Norman , dressed as `` Mother '' , attacks Caleb . Chick witnesses this , shocked . 43 `` Bad Blood '' Sarah Boyd Tom Szentgyorgyi March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 1.28 Caleb wakes to find himself chained in the basement of the Bates house . Norman , as `` Mother '' , visits him to recount their history . This causes Caleb to slowly lose his mind . Chick , now aware of Norman 's mental condition , remains at the house to research his true - crime novel based on Norman . Madeleine admits her troubled marriage to Norman , and they become friends . Romero is granted a transfer , following his prison fight . He escapes custody , only to be shot while trying to steal a car from a farm . `` Mother '' insists that Norman should kill Caleb , as she can not do it . Norman sets Caleb free , but `` Mother '' chases him into the road , where a distracted Chick accidentally hits him with his car . 44 `` Hidden '' Max Thieriot Torrey Speer March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 1.25 Caleb dies from the accident and Chick cremates the body . The new sheriff is informed about Jim Blackwell skipping parole and questions Norman , as Blackwell had the house 's address . Romero tends to his gunshot wounds before showing up at Maggie Summers ' house . Chick tries to move into the Bates house , only to be turned away by Norman , who does not think Chick being there is a good idea . Norman and `` Mother '' continue to get into arguments , as Norman wants to have control over his own life . Madeleine invites Norman over to her house for dinner since Sam is out of town , and they start kissing . `` Mother '' appears and Norman visualizes Madeleine with her throat slit . He runs back home , calling for `` Mother , '' who is not there . 45 5 `` Dreams Die First '' Nestor Carbonell Erica Lipez & Kerry Ehrin March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 1.36 Norman awakens to find no sign of his mother . Sheriff Greene informs him that Romero may come after him . In Seattle , Dylan explains to Emma why he cut off contact with Norma , revealing that Norman is sick and Emma 's mother went missing after checking into the motel . Emma later discovers that Norma is dead . Sam 's mistress , Marion Crane , goes on the run after stealing $400,000 from her boss ; Madeleine confronts Sam about the affair . Norman encounters his old therapist , Dr. Edwards , and is faced again with the reality that Norma is dead and he assumes her persona . He visits the White Horse Bar , and is confused when the patrons recognize him from the night before . A man attempts to seduce him and Norman has a flashback of `` Mother '' and the man having sex . Panicking , he flees home just as Marion arrives at the Bates Motel . 46 6 `` Marion '' Phil Abraham Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 1.30 Norman greets Marion at the motel ; Emma informs a shocked Dylan of his mother 's death . After Norman and Marion eat dinner together , Norman spies on her as she undresses for her shower . He later reveals to her that Sam is married . When Marion sees Sam and Madeleine arguing at his house , she smashes his car windows in anger and returns to the motel . `` Mother '' tries to goad Norman into killing Marion , but Norman , unwilling to do this , fights back and forces Marion out of the motel before he can hurt her , saving her life . Marion leaves town as Sam shows up at her room . He decides to shower while waiting for her . When `` Mother '' compares Sam to Norman 's father , Norman stabs Sam to death in the shower . 47 7 `` Inseparable '' Steph Green Story by : Freddie Highmore & Erica Lipez Teleplay by : Freddie Highmore April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 1.26 `` Mother '' and Norman dispose of Sam 's body , though Norman does not want to hallucinate `` Mother '' anymore . Sheriff Greene reveals that Jim Blackwell 's body was recovered . Norman buries Norma 's frozen corpse in the woods in case police investigate his house . Dylan arrives at the Bates ' house and says that Norman should have told him about Norma 's death , and to let him help Norman , as he sees that Norman is sick . Dylan learns that Dr. Edwards is missing and presumed dead , even though Norman said he 'd met with him . Dylan then meets Madeleine , who is worried about a missing Sam . Dylan asks Norman about Sam and encourages him to take his medication , but `` Mother '' takes over and tries to kill Dylan . Norman intervenes , yelling that Dylan is his brother , and Dylan , in shock , watches him struggle with himself . Norman comes to , dials 911 , and confesses to Sam 's murder . 48 8 `` The Body '' Freddie Highmore Erica Lipez April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 1.23 Norman is anxious to be arrested , fearing that he will see `` Mother '' and she will intervene . He is interrogated , and given his medication , but `` Mother '' forces him to vomit it out and takes full control of him . `` Mother '' blames Madeleine for Sam 's murder and says Norman confessed to take the fall for her . Dylan gets a lawyer and explains that Norman is not a criminal nor a bad person - he is mentally ill and needs a mental institution . Emma 's mother 's body is also found and identified from the lake , confirming Dylan 's suspicion about Norman killing her . Romero returns to the Bates ' property and finds Chick , who has set up his writing desk in the house . Chick is killed by Romero after mocking him and the entire situation . Sam 's body is found next , and Norman , with `` Mother '' still in control , is charged with three murders . 49 9 `` Visiting Hours '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Scott Kosar April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 1.22 Norman 's attorney suggests entering an insanity plea , as he could be put to death if convicted . Emma arrives to see Dylan but is unsure whether the two of them will make it when Dylan takes his brother 's side . After seeing the evidence presented at Norman 's hearing , Madeleine asks Dylan how he can live with himself after knowing Norman was sick and still leaving him to do what he did . Emma decides to go back home , but not before going to see Norman . She instantly realizes he is in `` Mother 's '' persona , and so asks him to tell the real Norman that she misses him . Romero discovers where Norman is and forces the officers to release him . He forces Norman into Norman 's car and orders him to take them to Norma 's body . 50 10 `` The Cord '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin & Carlton Cuse April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 1.41 `` Mother '' leads Romero to Norma 's body and as Romero mourns over it , Norman subdues him and shoots him with his own gun . Before Romero dies , he tells Norman that Norman will never be able to escape from the fact that he killed his own mother . `` Mother '' tells Norman that with Romero dead and now that he really knows the truth - that he killed her - there is nothing left to protect him from , and she leaves him for good . Unable to handle this , Norman 's mind regresses to when they first moved to the motel . Under that delusion , he takes Norma 's body back to the house and invites Dylan for dinner . Dylan does not inform the police . Instead , armed with a gun , he goes . After seeing Norma 's corpse at the dinner table , Dylan begs Norman to face reality but Norman is unwilling to live without his mother . Dylan is forced to fatally shoot him when Norman charges at him with a knife . Norman dies in Dylan 's arms and thanks Dylan for letting him reunite with Norma in death . The motel and house are sold , and Dylan and Emma make a happy life together with their daughter in Seattle . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season has received positive reviews from television critics . It received 81 out of 100 from Metacritic , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 8 out of 8 critical responses were positive , averaging a 100 % rating . Ratings ( edit ) Overall , the fifth season of Bates Motel averaged 1.29 million viewers , with a 0.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dark Paradise '' February 20 , 2017 0.5 1.34 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.53 `` The Convergence of the Twain '' February 27 , 2017 0.4 1.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Bad Blood '' March 6 , 2017 0.5 1.28 0.5 1.31 1.0 2.60 `` Hidden '' March 13 , 2017 0.4 1.25 0.6 1.38 1.0 2.63 5 `` Dreams Die First '' March 20 , 2017 0.5 1.36 0.5 1.35 1.0 2.71 6 `` Marion '' March 27 , 2017 0.5 1.30 0.6 1.38 1.1 2.68 7 `` Inseparable '' April 3 , 2017 0.4 1.26 0.6 1.40 1.0 2.65 8 `` The Body '' April 10 , 2017 0.4 1.23 0.6 1.34 1.0 2.57 9 `` Visiting Hours '' April 17 , 2017 0.4 1.23 0.5 1.33 0.9 2.56 10 `` The Cord '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 1.41 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A A ^ Cable Live + 3 data is used here as Live + 7 was not made available . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel In its fifth and final season , Bates Motel was nominated for one award . Year Awards Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Freddie Highmore Nominated The listed years are of television release , annual ceremonies are usually held the following year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Bates Motel ' to End After Five Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel sets final check - in date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' On Set : Showrunners And Stars On Freddie Highmore 's Writing Debut '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna To Play Iconic ' Psycho ' Role In ' Bates Motel ' Fifth & Final Season -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ; Halterman , Jim ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna Joins ' Bates Motel ' in Janet Leigh Role '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Season 5 : House of Cards Actress Cast as Norma 's Doppelganger '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel Elects Grey 's Anatomy Alum Brooke Smith ( New ) Sheriff '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : ' The Walking Dead 's Austin Nichols To Recur on Season 5 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Go a Little Mad with the Bates Motel Season 5 Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : Carlton Cuse 's Surprising Cameo ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel : Freddie Highmore Talks About the Final Season '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marie , April ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` # SDCC16 : Bates Motel Cast Bittersweet About Series End ; Excited for Rihanna as Marion Crane '' . Dread Central . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` SHOOT : BATES MOTEL Final Season 's First Day at Motel & House Set in Aldergrove '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : BATES MOTEL 's Last Day at its Aldergrove House & Motel Set '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : BATES MOTEL Tears Down Gothic House Set . Motel Stays For Now '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` SERIES FINALE : Nestor Carbonell ( aka Romero ) 's Last Day on BATES MOTEL '' . YVR Shoots . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Nestor Carbonell Thanks Vera Farmiga As He Wraps Filming On A&E Series '' . Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel wraps filming , Vera Farmiga smooches Freddie Highmore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood North : The Bates Motel gets hit by the wrecking ball ( gallery ) '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' holds steady , ' Bates Motel ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' and ' WWE Raw ' tick down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' premieres on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' and ' Bates Motel ' dip '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' ticks up , ' WWE Raw ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Street Outlaws ' ticks up , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' leads , ' Love & Hip Hop ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' hits series low , ' Bates Motel ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Draft leads , ' Better Call Saul ' jumps : Cable Live + 3 ratings for April 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bates Motel on IMDb Bates Motel at TV.com ( hide ) Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bates_Motel_(season_5)&oldid=825823884 '' Categories : Bates Motel ( TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4481404210056476738 | F.C. Crotone | F.C. Crotone - wikipedia F.C. Crotone Jump to : navigation , search F.C. Crotone Full name Football Club Crotone Nickname ( s ) I Pitagorici ( The Pythagoreans ) Gli Squali ( The Sharks ) I Rossoblu ( The Red and Blues ) Founded 1910 ; 108 years ago ( 1910 ) Ground Ezio Scida Ground Capacity 16,547 Chairman Gianni Vrenna Manager Walter Zenga League Serie A 2016 -- 17 Serie A , 17th Website Club website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Football Club Crotone is an Italian football club based in Crotone , Calabria . Founded in 1910 , holding home games at Stadio Ezio Scida , which has a 16,547 - seat capacity . The club plays in Serie A after being promoted from Serie B in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Colors and badge 3 Current squad 3.1 Out on loan 4 Primavera squad 5 Managers 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first team from Crotone , Milone Crotone , was founded in 1910 and participated in several minor leagues including Prima Divisione ( which later would be known as Serie C ) . Following World War II , a new club , Unione Sportiva Crotone replaced the previous one , playing seven seasons in Serie C . In 1963 the club was relegated to Serie D , but returned to the third division the following year , remaining there for fourteen consecutive seasons , missing promotion in 1977 when finishing third behind Bari and Paganese . In 1978 , following the Italian football league reorganisation , Crotone was relegated to Serie C2 and the following year was declared bankrupt . A new club , Associazione Sportiva Crotone , began competing again in the Prima Categoria ( eighth division ) . Crotone was promoted to Serie C2 in 1984 -- 85 , but only for one season . The team 's name was changed to Kroton Calcio , and the club was promoted again to C2 after the 1986 -- 87 season , where it played until 1991 . A second bankruptcy led to the foundation of Football Club Crotone Calcio with Raffaele Vrenna as chairman , starting in the Promozione ( 7th level ) . Crotone gained successive promotions to Serie C2 and C1 , winning in the play - offs against Locri and Benevento , respectively . Under Antonello Cuccureddu , Crotone first reached Serie B in 2000 , returning to the second level two seasons later . Again in division two in 2004 , after disposing of Viterbese in the promotion play - offs , it remained in the category until the 2006 -- 07 season . After being beaten by Taranto in the 2008 play - offs , Crotone returned to the second division the following season , defeating Benevento . The team was promoted to the Italian top flight ( Serie A ) , for the 2016 -- 17 season for the first time in its history . They finished in 17th , securing a place in the next Serie A season , by beating Lazio 3 -- 1 on the last matchday , knocking down Empoli as they lost their match against Palermo . Colors and badge ( edit ) Team colours are dark blue and red . Current squad ( edit ) As of 31 January 2018 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Alex Cordaz ( captain ) GK Marco Festa 5 MF Adrian Stoian 6 MF Marcus Rohdén 7 DF Federico Ceccherini 9 FW Andrea Nalini 10 MF Andrea Barberis 11 FW Federico Ricci ( on loan from Sassuolo ) 13 MF Mariano Izco 17 FW Ante Budimir ( on loan from Sampdoria ) 19 MF Moussa Diaby ( on loan from Paris Saint - Germain ) 20 DF Daniel Pavlović 21 MF Niccolò Zanellato ( on loan from Milan ) 23 DF Marco Capuano ( on loan from Cagliari ) No . Position Player 29 FW Marcello Trotta ( on loan from Sassuolo ) 31 DF Mario Sampirisi 32 FW Marco Tumminello ( on loan from Roma ) 34 DF Stefan Simić ( on loan from Milan ) 37 DF Davide Faraoni 38 MF Rolando Mandragora ( on loan from Juventus ) 78 GK Aniello Viscovo 87 MF Bruno Martella 89 MF Giovanni Crociata 92 MF Ahmad Benali ( on loan from Pescara ) 93 DF Arlind Ajeti ( on loan from Torino ) 99 FW Simy Nwankwo Out on loan ( edit ) Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player DF Luca Bruno ( at Siracusa until 30 June 2018 ) DF Mirko Esposito ( at Catania until 30 June 2018 ) DF Manuel Nicoletti ( at Catanzaro until 30 June 2018 ) DF Giuseppe Cuomo ( at Rende until 30 June 2018 ) DF Leandro Cabrera ( at Getafe until 30 June 2018 ) No . Position Player MF Oliver Kragl ( at Foggia until 30 June 2018 ) MF Andrej Kotnik ( at Formentera until 30 June 2018 ) MF Marco Firenze ( at Pro Vercelli until 30 June 2018 ) FW Andrea Tripicchio ( at Casertana until 30 June 2018 ) MF Aristóteles Romero ( at Ankaran until 30 June 2018 ) MF Ćazim Suljić ( at Ankaran until 30 June 2018 ) Primavera squad ( edit ) As of 5 January 2017 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player -- GK Matias Macci -- GK Umberto Pettinato -- GK Nerijus Tabokas -- DF Francesco Amaranto -- DF Marco Capone -- DF Michele Carrozza -- DF Giuseppe Cuomo -- DF Adolfo Federico -- DF Augusto Nebbioso -- DF Ibrahime Mbaye -- MF Mario Aggiorno -- MF Francesco Araldo -- MF Felice Cimino No . Position Player -- MF Armando Cistaro -- MF Matteo Gennari -- MF Pasquale Giannotti -- MF Daniele Pupa -- MF Francesco Villa -- FW Pietro Bartolotti -- FW Giuseppe Borello -- FW Marco Calderaro -- FW Antonio Colacchio -- FW Mario Fiorentino -- FW Gianfranco Galli -- FW Giuseppe Gerace -- FW Francesco Pellizzi Managers ( edit ) Antonio Bacchetti ( 1954 -- 55 ) Bruno Giordano ( 1996 -- 97 ) Antonello Cuccureddu ( 1999 -- 01 ) Giuseppe Papadopulo ( 2000 -- 01 ) Antonio Cabrini ( 2001 ) Stefano Cuoghi ( 2001 -- 02 ) Franco Selvaggi ( 2002 ) Gian Piero Gasperini ( 2003 -- 06 ) Andrea Agostinelli ( 2004 -- 05 ) Elio Gustinetti ( 2006 -- 07 ) Guido Carboni ( 2007 ) Francesco Moriero ( 2008 -- 09 ) Franco Lerda ( 2009 -- 10 ) Leonardo Menichini ( 2010 ) Eugenio Corini ( 2010 -- 11 ) Leonardo Menichini ( 2010 -- 12 ) Massimo Drago ( 2012 -- 15 ) Ivan Jurić ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Davide Nicola ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Walter Zenga ( 2017 -- ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Società '' ( in Italian ) . F.C. Crotone . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crotone promoted to Serie A for first time in their history '' . espnfc.com. 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ La rosa del F.C. Crotone Prima squadra Jump up ^ La rosa del F.C. Crotone Primavera External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Italian ) F.C. Crotone The club Seasons Grounds Stadio Ezio Scida Serie A 2017 -- 18 clubs Atalanta Benevento Bologna Cagliari Chievo Crotone Fiorentina Genoa Hellas Verona Internazionale Juventus Lazio Milan Napoli Roma Sampdoria Sassuolo SPAL Torino Udinese Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Como Cremonese Empoli Foggia Frosinone Lecce Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Parma Pescara Perugia Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Siena Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Venezia Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie A Lega Calcio ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Broadcasters Statistics and awards Records Team of the Year Footballer of the Year Coach of the Year Goalkeeper of the Year Referee of the Year Football Club of the Year Italian Footballer of the Year Foreign Footballer of the Year Young Footballer of the Year Defender of the Year Top scorers Players with 100 + goals Hat - tricks Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Associated competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Serie B Serie C Serie D European UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Football in Italy Overview National association League system List of clubs List of venues Records Scudetto Cadetti Capocannoniere International Italy B team C team Olympic team Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 18 Under - 17 Under - 16 Under - 15 Italy women Leagues Lega Serie A Lega Serie B Serie C Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Lega Calcio defunct League competitions Serie A Prima Divisione defunct Divisione Nazionale defunct Serie B Serie C Lega Pro Prima Divisione defunct Lega Pro Seconda Divisione defunct Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria Cup competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Supercoppa di Serie C Supercoppa di Lega di Seconda Divisione defunct Coppa Italia Serie D Coppa Italia Dilettanti Youth competitions Leagues Campionato Primavera 1 Campionato Primavera 2 Campionato Nazionale Dante Berretti Campionato Juniores Nazionali Campionato Nazionale Primavera ( defunct ) Coppa Italia Primavera Supercoppa Primavera Torneo di Viareggio Women 's competitions Serie A Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Awards Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Italian Football Hall of Fame Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91 / 1981 , Article 18B financial doping scandals Caso Genoa 2006 Italian football scandal 2011 -- 12 Italian football scandal 2015 Italian football scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Serie A players Foreign Serie A players Foreign Serie B players Seasons 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F.C._Crotone&oldid=825331125 '' Categories : F.C. Crotone Football clubs in Calabria Association football clubs established in 1910 Serie B clubs Serie C clubs 1910 establishments in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using Template : Football kit with incorrect pattern parameters Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which season was crotone promoted to the serie a league | [
"Football Club Crotone is an Italian football club based in Crotone, Calabria. Founded in 1910, holding home games at Stadio Ezio Scida, which has a 16,547-seat capacity. The club plays in Serie A after being promoted from Serie B in 2016."
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6660558081569891159 | Mall of the Emirates | Mall of the Emirates - wikipedia Mall of the Emirates Jump to : navigation , search Mall of the Emirates مول الإمارات Location Dubai , United Arab Emirates Coordinates 25 ° 7 ′ 5 '' N 55 ° 12 ′ 2 '' E / 25.11806 ° N 55.20056 ° E / 25.11806 ; 55.20056 Coordinates : 25 ° 7 ′ 5 '' N 55 ° 12 ′ 2 '' E / 25.11806 ° N 55.20056 ° E / 25.11806 ; 55.20056 Opening date September 28 , 2005 Owner Majid Al Futtaim ( MAF Holding ) No. of stores and services 700 + No. of anchor tenants 11 Total retail floor area 2,400,000 square feet ( 220,000 m ) No. of floors Parking 7000 + Public transit access Mall of the Emirates Metro Station Red Line Bus routes : 84 , 93 , F29 , F30 , F33 Website Mall of the Emirates Website Mall of the Emirates ( Arabic : مول الإمارات ) is a shopping mall in Dubai . Developed and owned by Majid Al Futtaim Properties , it opened in November 2005 and is located at interchange four on Sheikh Zayed road . The multi-level shopping mall currently features more than 630 retail outlets , 7900 parking spaces , over 100 restaurants & Cafes , 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores . It has a total gross leasable area of 255,489 square meters . It also hosts family leisure activities including Ski Dubai ( the Middle East 's first indoor ski resort and snow park ) , the 500 - seat capacity Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre and Magic planet , one of the largest indoor family entertainment centres in Dubai . In November 2005 , it was named the World 's Leading New Shopping Mall at the World Travel Awards in London . Forbes has also recognized Mall of the Emirates as one of the top five shopping malls in Dubai . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction and history 2 Milestones 3 Shopping 4 Entertainment 5 Ski Dubai 6 Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre 7 Vox Cinemas 8 Magic Planet 9 Dining 10 Expansion 11 Gallery 12 References 13 External links Construction and history ( edit ) The project was launched in October 2003 at an estimated cost of AED 800 million ( US $218 million ) , and was scheduled to be completed in September 2005 . The architecture in the three - storey complex combines Arabic and Mediterranean elements , with each level connected to a car park . The mall was designed by the American architectural firm F + A Architects . The main building contract was handled by Khansaheb , while the Ski Dubai contract was given to Pomagalski . The chair lifts in the snow park and the structural steel works were handled by Emirates Building System and the piling by Bauer . The mall opened for business on September 28 , 2005 with an official inauguration in November . Milestones ( edit ) September 2005 -- Mall of the Emirates opens November 2005 -- Opening of Ski Dubai , the Middle East 's first indoor ski resort and snow park April 2006 -- Kempinski opens hotel at the mall September 2008 -- mall announces expansion to increase facilities for shopping , dining and parking September 2009 -- completion of metro link to mall from the Red Line of the Dubai Metro August 2010 -- launch of Fashion Dome 2012 -- ranked the 7th most productive shopping centre in the world , earning USD 1,423 per square foot per annum , according to research by the international Council of Shopping Centres ( ICSC ) June 2013 -- Mall of the Emirates announces Evolution 2015 , a multi-stage AED 1 billion redevelopment project September 2015 -- Mall of the Emirates opened the new expansion on Level 2 . Shopping ( edit ) Shops at the mall include a Carrefour hypermarket , Centrepoint , Debenhams , Harvey Nichols , Home Centre , Jashanmal and Marks & Spencer . There are outlets for books , stationery , toys , gift , fashion , art , accessories , electronics , jewellery , watches , furniture , cosmetics , perfumes and financial services . Entertainment ( edit ) The mall also hosts a number of family leisure offerings . These include the Magic Planet family entertainment area , a 14 - screen VOX Cinema , Ski Dubai , and the Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre . Ski Dubai ( edit ) Main article : Ski Dubai Ski slope in Ski Dubai Ski Dubai is a large indoor skiing facility at Mall of the Emirates , offering snowboarding , ski lessons , children 's play area and cafe . It opened in November 2005 and houses the world 's largest indoor snow park . It is operated by Majid Al Futtaim Leisure & Entertainment . Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre ( edit ) Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre ( DUCTAC ) is a non-profit , cross-community creative centre that opened in November 2006 , under the patronage of Princess Haya bint Hussein . It is spread over 7,424 square metres on the second floor of the Mall of the Emirates . There is a two - level theatre and rehearsal spaces , along with an arts centre housing galleries , classrooms , studios , music school , library and high specification visual arts gallery . VOX Cinemas ( edit ) Vox Cinemas has a 14 - screen multiplex cinema at Mall of the Emirates , including 2 VOX Gold screens . VOX Cinemas is owned and operated by Majid Al Futtaim Cinemas . It is located in the new expansion area at Mall of the Emirates level 2 and consists of 24 - screens including an IMAX with Laser theatre , Vox Kids , 4DX Cinema and Theatre by Rhodes . Magic Planet ( edit ) Magic Planet is an indoor family entertainment centre with two entertainment zones for children and young adults . It has a ten - pin bowling alley with 12 lanes , pool and billiard tables , 180 amusement machines , and other attractions including a carousel , racing simulators , Jumping Star , soft play and bumper cars . It also includes the RoboCoaster ( a two - person thrill ride unique to the Middle East ) and XD Dark Ride , a `` 7D '' adventure with 3D movie graphics and 4D effects including motion , wind and light . Dining ( edit ) The mall has over 100 restaurants and cafes including eight restaurants in the Fashion Dome : Two international food courts Restaurants including St. Maxim 's , Salmontini , Karam Beirut and Apres and Sezzam on the first floor UAE 's African - themed diner Tribes at the Fashion Dome Häagen - Dazs cafe 12 new dining options on Level 2 including Omina Baharat , 800 Degrees Nepolitana Pizzeria , Dean & Deluca , Eat Greek Kouzina , Din Tai Fung , Azkadenya , Texas De Brazil & Common Grounds . The Cheesecake Factory , American restaurant Al Halabi -- Lebanese restaurant P.F Chang 's -- American Chinese restaurant Miu Shanghai Tea House and Restaurant offers a menu comprising an eclectic culinary array from Japan , China , Thailand and Indonesia . YO ! Sushi -- conveyor belt sushi Expansion ( edit ) Mall of the Emirates ' AED 1 billion multi-stage redevelopment project , Evolution 2015 , completed in September 2015 . The new Fashion District featuring 30 contemporary brands marked the completion of Phase 1 . Phase 2 has added a second taxi rank located next to Ski Dubai on level 4 . Phase 3 , unveiled a new retail extension on Level 2 -- an additional 36,000 sqm of retail space added to include 40 new retailers On 10 September 2013 , Mall of the Emirates announced a multi-stage redevelopment project worth an estimated AED 1 billion ( US $274 million ) , which is called as Evolution 2015 . Phase one of the project which will increase 5,000 sqm area more is already completed but expected to open in mid-2015 includes new shopping , dining and entertainment concepts . However , due to the limitations of its location , the mall will be expanded upwards by constructing a second floor on top of the Carrefour area . On 25 August 2014 , Mall of the Emirates announced phase two of its strategic redevelopment project , Evolution 2015 which is now currently underway . In this stage , the mall will be expanded by gross leasable area of 26,000 meter sq . This project includes an additional of 1300 new spaces for car parking , 12 new restaurants , new prayer rooms for both , men and women and the relocation of the current VOX Cinemas which will now have 24 screens . The new expansion project `` Evolution 2015 '' was officially opened on 28 September 2015 which increased the gross leasable area to 26,000 meter sq . On 30 September 2015 , David Beckham visited the mall for the inauguration of the Adidas store which was built in the newly expanded section . Gallery ( edit ) Ski Dubai seen from the Sheikh Zayed Road Looking into Ski Dubai from inside the mall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Your Local Travel Guide to Worldwide Destinations -- My Destination '' . MyDestination.com Hubsite Travel . Jump up ^ Matthew Kassel ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` The Coolest Shopping Malls -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . ^ Jump up to : Dubai FAQs . `` Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` The Five Best Shopping Malls In Dubai '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gulf Construction Online -- Work progresses on Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ Yamurai Zendera . `` Special report : The UAE 's most iconic projects '' . Jump up ^ Tim Newbold . `` Mall of the Emirates all set to open today -- Khaleej Times '' . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the emirates , let 's largest shopping mall '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates ( MoE ) -- Al Barshaa 1 , Dubai , United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) ( مول الإمارات ) -- TEN Yellow Pages '' . Jump up ^ `` Luxury 5 Star Hotel in Dubai -- Kempinski Hotel Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ Staff Report . `` Mall of the Emirates to undergo big expansion '' . Jump up ^ Dubai FAQs . `` Dubai Metro Red Line '' . Jump up ^ Daisy Carrington ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Enter the Fashion Dome '' . Time Out Dubai . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's MOE Ranks Among World 's Top 10 Lucrative Malls '' . Gulf Business . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates Announces Evolution 2015 ; Multi-Stage AED 1 Billion Redevelopment '' . 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Mall of Emirates extension opening on September28 ; Will Apple store open too ? '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Shops in Mall of the Emirates -- Dubai , United Arab Emirates -- TEN Yellow Pages '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Search '' . Time Out Dubai . Jump up ^ Dubai FAQs . `` Ski Dubai '' . Jump up ^ `` Ski Dubai -- Majid Al Futtaim '' . Jump up ^ `` Your Local Travel Guide to Worldwide Destinations '' . MyDestination.com Hubsite Travel . Jump up ^ Jyoti Kalsi , Special to Weekend Review . `` View installations that relate to Dubai at Ductac '' . gulfnews.com . Jump up ^ `` DUCTAC Studios '' . tangodubai.org . Jump up ^ `` VOX Mall of the Emirates Cinema '' . TotallyEmirates . Jump up ^ `` Pictures - Mall of the Emirates new Dhs 1 billion expansion '' . gulfbusiness.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates ' Dh1bn ' vertical ' expansion opens '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ Staff Report . `` Mall of the Emirates to unveil Dh1b extension on Sept 28 -- Khaleej Times '' . Jump up ^ Super User . `` Magic Planet '' . UAE4Kidz . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Best restaurants in Dubai -- Fast foods , Cafes , International food courts , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates extension to open on Sept 28 '' . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Shopping 's never been better , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Mall of the Emirates to get extra floor in $274 m expansion '' . ArabianIndustry.com . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Shopping 's never been better , Mall of the Emirates '' . Jump up ^ `` Mall of the Emirates unveils new extension on live broadcast '' . Gulf News . 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Beckham opens new Adidas store at Mall of the Emirates '' . The National . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mall of the Emirates at Wikimedia Commons Official website Majid Al Futtaim Group Majid Al Futtaim Subsidiaries City Centre Mirdif Mall of Egypt Mall of the Emirates Ski Dubai VOX Cinemas Shopping malls in the United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Mall Al Wahda Mall Dalma Mall Khalidiyah Mall Marina Mall Mushrif Mall Dubai Current Arabian Center BurJuman City Centre Deira City Center Me'aisem City Centre Mirdif The Dubai Mall Dubai Outlet Mall Festival Waterfront Centre Ibn Battuta Mall Mall of Arabia Mall of the Emirates Mercato Shopping Mall Wafi Mall Planned Mall of the World Elsewhere Al Shaab Village Al Ain Mall Developments in Dubai Skyscrapers Burj Al Alam Infinity Tower Damac Heights Dubai Pearl Emirates Towers Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Almas Tower Address Boulevard Jumeirah Lake Towers Trump International Hotel and Tower Pentominium The Wave Tower Shopping centres Arabian Center BurJuman City Centre Deira Dubai Outlet Mall The Dubai Mall Ibn Battuta Mall Mall of Arabia Mall of the Emirates Mall of the World Mercato Shopping Mall Entertainment City of Arabia Dubai Autodrome Dubailand Dubai Sports City Global Village Transport Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai Metro Green Line Red Line Dubai Tram Dubai Trolley Palm Jumeirah Monorail Land reclamation Bluewaters Island Dubai Waterfront Jumeirah Islands Logo Islands Marsa Al Arab Palm Islands Deira Island Palm Jebel Ali Palm Jumeirah The Universe The World Other projects Arabian Canal Atlantis , The Palm Bawadi Business Bay Culture Village Downtown Dubai Dubai Design District Dubai Festival City Dubai Golf City Dubai International City Dubai Lifestyle City Dubai Marina Dubai Meydan City Dubai Multi Commodities Centre Dubai South Dubai TechnoPark Falconcity of Wonders Hydropolis Jebel Ali Village Jumeirah Garden City Mohammed bin Rashid City Palm Grandeur Sustainable City Town Square Wafi City List of development projects in Dubai List of tallest buildings in Dubai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_of_the_Emirates&oldid=841618453 '' Categories : Shopping malls established in 2005 Shopping malls in Dubai Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many shops in mall of the emirates | [
"The multi-level shopping mall currently features more than 630 retail outlets, 7900 parking spaces, over 100 restaurants & Cafes, 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores. It has a total gross leasable area of 255,489 square meters. It also hosts family leisure activities including Ski Dubai (the Middle East’s first indoor ski resort and snow park), the 500-seat capacity Dubai Community Theatre and Arts Centre and Magic planet, one of the largest indoor family entertainment centres in Dubai.[1][2]"
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"630 retail outlets, 7900 parking spaces, over 100 restaurants & Cafes, 80 luxury stores and 250 flagship stores"
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1916583936219302135 | Heavy water | Heavy water - wikipedia Heavy water Not to be confused with hard water or tritiated water . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Heavy water Names IUPAC name ( H ) - Water Other names Deuterium oxide Water - d Dideuterium monoxide Properties Chemical formula O Molar mass 20.0276 g mol Appearance Colorless liquid Odor Odorless Density 1.107 g mL Melting point 3.82 ° C ; 38.88 ° F ; 276.97 K Boiling point 101.4 ° C ( 214.5 ° F ; 374.5 K ) Solubility in water Miscible log P − 1.38 Refractive index ( n ) 1.328 Viscosity 1.25 mPa s ( at 20 ° C ) Dipole moment 1.87 D Hazards NFPA 704 0 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Heavy water ( deuterium oxide , H O , D O ) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D , also known as heavy hydrogen ) , rather than the common hydrogen - 1 isotope ( H or H , also called protium ) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water . The presence of deuterium gives the chemical different nuclear properties , and the increase of mass gives it different physical and chemical properties compared to normal `` light water '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 Other heavy forms of water 2.1 Semiheavy water 2.2 Heavy - oxygen water 2.3 Tritiated water 3 Physical properties 4 History 5 Effect on biological systems 5.1 Effect on animals 5.2 Toxicity in humans 5.3 Heavy water radiation contamination confusion 6 Production 6.1 Argentina 6.2 Soviet Union 6.3 United States 6.4 India 6.5 Empire of Japan 6.6 Norway 6.7 Canada 6.8 Iran 6.9 Pakistan 6.10 Other countries 7 Applications 7.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance 7.2 Organic chemistry 7.3 Fourier transform spectroscopy 7.4 Neutron moderator 7.5 Neutrino detector 7.6 Metabolic rate testing in physiology and biology 7.7 Tritium production 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Explanation ( edit ) Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with a nucleus containing a neutron and a proton ; the nucleus of a protium ( normal hydrogen ) atom consists of just a proton . The additional neutron makes a deuterium atom roughly twice as heavy as a protium atom . A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary `` light '' water . The weight of a heavy water molecule , however , is not substantially different from that of a normal water molecule , because about 89 % of the molecular weight of water comes from the single oxygen atom rather than the two hydrogen atoms . The colloquial term heavy water refers to a highly enriched water mixture that contains mostly deuterium oxide D O , but also some hydrogen - deuterium oxide ( HDO ) and a smaller number of ordinary hydrogen oxide H O molecules . For instance , the heavy water used in CANDU reactors is 99.75 % enriched by hydrogen atom - fraction -- meaning that 99.75 % of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type . For comparison , ordinary water ( the `` ordinary water '' used for a deuterium standard ) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms , meaning that 0.0156 % of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type . Heavy water is not radioactive . In its pure form , it has a density about 11 % greater than water , but is otherwise physically and chemically similar . Nevertheless , the various differences in deuterium - containing water ( especially affecting the biological properties ) are larger than in any other commonly occurring isotope - substituted compound because deuterium is unique among heavy stable isotopes in being twice as heavy as the lightest isotope . This difference increases the strength of water 's hydrogen - oxygen bonds , and this in turn is enough to cause differences that are important to some biochemical reactions . The human body naturally contains deuterium equivalent to about five grams of heavy water , which is harmless . When a large fraction of water ( > 50 % ) in higher organisms is replaced by heavy water , the result is cell dysfunction and death . Heavy water was first produced in 1932 , a few months after the discovery of deuterium . With the discovery of nuclear fission in late 1938 , and the need for a neutron moderator that captured few neutrons , heavy water became a component of early nuclear energy research . Since then , heavy water has been an essential component in some types of reactors , both those that generate power and those designed to produce isotopes for nuclear weapons . These heavy water reactors have the advantage of being able to run on natural uranium without using graphite moderators that pose radiological and dust explosion hazards in the decommissioning phase . Most modern reactors use enriched uranium with ordinary water as the moderator . Other heavy forms of water ( edit ) Semi-heavy water ( edit ) Semiheavy water , HDO , exists whenever there is water with light hydrogen ( protium , H ) and deuterium ( D or H ) in the mix . This is because hydrogen atoms ( hydrogen - 1 and deuterium ) are rapidly exchanged between water molecules . Water containing 50 % H and 50 % D in its hydrogen actually contains about 50 % HDO and 25 % each of H O and D O , in dynamic equilibrium . In normal water , about 1 molecule in 3,200 is HDO ( one hydrogen in 6,400 is in the form of D ) , and heavy water molecules ( D O ) only occur in a proportion of about 1 molecule in 41 million ( i.e. one in 6,400 ) . Thus semiheavy water molecules are far more common than `` pure '' ( homoisotopic ) heavy water molecules . Heavy - oxygen water ( edit ) Water enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes O and O is also commercially available , e.g. , for use as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer . It is `` heavy water '' as it is denser than normal water ( H O is approximately as dense as D O , H O is about halfway between H O and D O ) -- but is rarely called heavy water , since it does not contain the deuterium that gives D O its unusual nuclear and biological properties . It is more expensive than D O due to the more difficult separation of O and O. H O is also used for production of fluorine - 18 for radiopharmaceuticals and radiotracers and for positron emission tomography . Tritiated water ( edit ) Tritiated water contains tritium ( H ) in place of protium ( H ) or deuterium ( H ) , and therefore it is radioactive . Physical properties ( edit ) Physical properties of isotopologues of water Property D O ( Heavy water ) HDO ( Semiheavy water ) H O ( Light water ) Freezing point 3.82 ° C ( 38.88 ° F ) ( 276.97 K ) 2.04 ° C ( 35.67 ° F ) ( 275.19 K ) 0.0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ( 273.15 K ) Boiling point 101.4 ° C ( 214.5 ° F ) ( 374.55 K ) 100.7 ° C ( 213.3 ° F ) ( 373.85 K ) 100.0 ° C ( 212 ° F ) ( 373.15 K ) Density at STP ( g / mL ) 1.1056 1.054 0.9982 Temp. of maximum density 11.6 ° C Unverified 3.98 ° C Dynamic viscosity ( at 20 ° C , mPa s ) 1.2467 1.1248 1.0016 Surface tension ( at 25 ° C , N / m ) 0.07187 0.07193 0.07198 Heat of fusion ( kJ / mol ) 6.132 6.227 6.00678 Heat of vaporisation ( kJ / mol ) 41.521 Unverified 40.657 pH ( at 25 ° C ) 7.44 ( `` pD '' ) 7.266 ( `` pHD '' ) 7.0 pK ( at 25 ° C ) 7.44 ( `` pK D O '' ) Unverified 7.0 Refractive index ( at 20 ° C , 0.5893 μm ) 1.32844 Unverified 1.33335 The physical properties of water and heavy water differ in several respects . Heavy water is less dissociated than light water at given temperature , and the true concentration of D ions is less than H ions would be for a light water sample at the same temperature . The same is true of OD vs. OH ions . For heavy water Kw D O ( 25.0 ° C ) = 1.35 × 10 , and ( D ) must equal ( OD ) for neutral water . Thus pKw D O = p ( OD ) + p ( D ) = 7.44 + 7.44 = 14.87 ( 25.0 ° C ) , and the p ( D ) of neutral heavy water at 25.0 ° C is 7.44 . The pD of heavy water is generally measured using pH electrodes giving a pH ( apparent ) value , or pHa , and at various temperatures a true acidic pD can be estimated from the directly pH meter measured pHa , such that pD+ = pHa ( apparent reading from pH meter ) + 0.41 . The electrode correction for alkaline conditions is 0.456 for heavy water . The alkaline correction is then pD+ = PHa ( apparent reading from pH meter ) + 0.456 . These corrections are slightly different from the differences in p ( D+ ) and p ( OD - ) of 0.44 from the corresponding ones in heavy water . Heavy water is 10.6 % denser than ordinary water , and heavy water 's physically different properties can be seen without equipment if a frozen sample is dropped into normal water , as it will sink . If the water is ice - cold the higher melting temperature of heavy ice can also be observed : it melts at 3.7 ° C , and thus does not melt in ice - cold normal water . An early experiment reported not the `` slightest difference '' in taste between ordinary and heavy water . However , rats given a choice between distilled normal water and heavy water were able to avoid the heavy water based on smell , and it may have a different taste . No physical properties are listed for `` pure '' semi-heavy water , because it is unstable as a bulk liquid . In the liquid state , a few water molecules are always in an ionised state , which means the hydrogen atoms can exchange among different oxygen atoms . Semi-heavy water could , in theory , be created via a chemical method , but it would rapidly transform into a dynamic mixture of 25 % light water , 25 % heavy water , and 50 % semi-heavy water . However , if it were made in the gas phase and directly deposited into a solid , semi heavy water in the form of ice could be stable . This is due to collisions between water vapour molecules being almost completely negligible in the gas phase at standard temperatures , and once crystallized collisions between the molecules cease altogether due to the rigid lattice structure of solid ice . History ( edit ) Harold Urey discovered the isotope deuterium in 1931 and was later able to concentrate it in water . Urey 's mentor Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis in 1933 . George de Hevesy and Erich Hofer used heavy water in 1934 in one of the first biological tracer experiments , to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body . The history of large - quantity production and use of heavy water in early nuclear experiments is given below . Emilian Bratu and Otto Redlich studied the autodissociation of heavy water in 1934 . Effect on biological systems ( edit ) Different isotopes of chemical elements have slightly different chemical behaviors , but for most elements the differences are far too small to use , or even detect . For hydrogen , however , this is not true . The larger chemical isotope - effects seen between protium ( light hydrogen ) versus deuterium and tritium manifest because bond energies in chemistry are determined in quantum mechanics by equations in which the quantity of reduced mass of the nucleus and electrons appears . This quantity is altered in heavy - hydrogen compounds ( of which deuterium oxide is the most common ) more than for heavy - isotope substitution in other chemical elements . This isotope effect of heavy hydrogen is magnified further in biological systems , which are very sensitive to small changes in the solvent properties of water . Heavy water is the only known chemical substance that affects the period of circadian oscillations , consistently increasing the length of each cycle . The effect is seen in unicellular organisms , green plants , isopods , insects , birds , mice , and hamsters . The mechanism is unknown . To perform their tasks , enzymes rely on their finely tuned networks of hydrogen bonds , both in the active center with their substrates , and outside the active center , to stabilize their tertiary structures . As a hydrogen bond with deuterium is slightly stronger than one involving ordinary hydrogen , in a highly deuterated environment , some normal reactions in cells are disrupted . Particularly hard - hit by heavy water are the delicate assemblies of mitotic spindle formation necessary for cell division in eukaryotes . Plants stop growing and seeds do not germinate when given only heavy water , because heavy water stops eukaryotic cell division . The deuterium cell is larger and it is a modification of the direction of division . The cell membrane also changes , and it reacts first to the impact of heavy water . In 1972 it was demonstrated that an increase in the percentage content of deuterium in water reduces plant growth . Research conducted on the growth of prokaryote microorganisms in artificial conditions of a heavy hydrogen environment showed that in this environment , all the hydrogen atoms of water could be replaced with deuterium . Experiments showed that bacteria can live in 98 % heavy water . However , all concentrations over 50 % of deuterium in the water molecules were found to kill plants . Effect on animals ( edit ) Experiments in mice , rats , and dogs have shown that a degree of 25 % deuteration causes ( sometimes irreversible ) sterility , because neither gametes nor zygotes can develop . High concentrations of heavy water ( 90 % ) rapidly kill fish , tadpoles , flatworms , and Drosophila . Mammals ( for example , rats ) given heavy water to drink die after a week , at a time when their body water approaches about 50 % deuteration . The mode of death appears to be the same as that in cytotoxic poisoning ( such as chemotherapy ) or in acute radiation syndrome ( though deuterium is not radioactive ) , and is due to deuterium 's action in generally inhibiting cell division . It is more toxic to malignant cells than normal cells but the concentrations needed are too high for regular use . As in chemotherapy , deuterium - poisoned mammals die of a failure of bone marrow ( bleeding and infection ) and intestinal - barrier functions ( diarrhea and fluid loss ) . Despite the problems of plants and animals in living with too much deuterium , prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria , which do not have the mitotic problems induced by deuterium , may be grown and propagated in fully deuterated conditions , resulting in replacement of all hydrogen atoms in the bacterial proteins and DNA with the deuterium isotope . Full replacement with heavy atom isotopes can be accomplished in higher organisms with other non-radioactive heavy isotopes ( such as carbon - 13 , nitrogen - 15 , and oxygen - 18 ) , but this can not be done for the stable heavy isotope of hydrogen . Deuterium oxide is used to enhance boron neutron capture therapy , but this effect does not rely on the biological effects of deuterium per se , but instead on deuterium 's ability to moderate ( slow ) neutrons without capturing them . Toxicity in humans ( edit ) Because it would take a very large amount of heavy water to replace 25 % to 50 % of a human being 's body water ( water being in turn 50 -- 75 % of body weight ) with heavy water , accidental or intentional poisoning with heavy water is unlikely to the point of practical disregard . Poisoning would require that the victim ingest large amounts of heavy water without significant normal water intake for many days to produce any noticeable toxic effects . Oral doses of heavy water in the range of several grams , as well as heavy oxygen O , are routinely used in human metabolic experiments . See doubly labeled water testing . Since one in about every 6,400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium , a 50 kg human containing 32 kg of body water would normally contain enough deuterium ( about 1.1 g ) to make 5.5 g of pure heavy water , so roughly this dose is required to double the amount of deuterium in the body . A loss of blood pressure may partially explain the reported incidence of dizziness upon ingestion of heavy water . However , it is more likely that this symptom can be attributed to altered vestibular function . Heavy water radiation contamination confusion ( edit ) Although many people associate heavy water primarily with its use in nuclear reactors , pure heavy water is not radioactive . Commercial - grade heavy water is slightly radioactive due to the presence of minute traces of natural tritium , but the same is true of ordinary water . Heavy water that has been used as a coolant in nuclear power plants contains substantially more tritium as a result of neutron bombardment of the deuterium in the heavy water ( tritium is a health risk when ingested in large quantities ) . In 1990 , a disgruntled employee at the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station in Canada obtained a sample ( estimated as about a `` half cup '' ) of heavy water from the primary heat transport loop of the nuclear reactor , and loaded it into a cafeteria drink dispenser . Eight employees drank some of the contaminated water . The incident was discovered when employees began leaving bioassay urine samples with elevated tritium levels . The quantity of heavy water involved was far below levels that could induce heavy water toxicity , but several employees received elevated radiation doses from tritium and neutron - activated chemicals in the water . This was not an incident of heavy water poisoning , but rather radiation poisoning from other isotopes in the heavy water . Some news services were not careful to distinguish these points , and some of the public were left with the impression that heavy water is normally radioactive and more severely toxic than it is . Even if pure heavy water had been used in the water cooler indefinitely , it is not likely the incident would have been detected or caused harm , since no employee would be expected to get much more than 25 % of their daily drinking water from such a source . Production ( edit ) On Earth , deuterated water , HDO , occurs naturally in normal water at a proportion of about 1 molecule in 3,200 . This means that 1 in 6,400 hydrogen atoms is deuterium , which is 1 part in 3,200 by weight ( hydrogen weight ) . The HDO may be separated from normal water by distillation or electrolysis and also by various chemical exchange processes , all of which exploit a kinetic isotope effect . ( For more information about the isotopic distribution of deuterium in water , see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water . ) In theory , deuterium for heavy water could be created in a nuclear reactor , but separation from ordinary water is the cheapest bulk production process . The difference in mass between the two hydrogen isotopes translates into a difference in the zero - point energy and thus into a slight difference in the speed of the reaction . Once HDO becomes a significant fraction of the water , heavy water becomes more prevalent as water molecules trade hydrogen atoms very frequently . Production of pure heavy water by distillation or electrolysis requires a large cascade of stills or electrolysis chambers and consumes large amounts of power , so the chemical methods are generally preferred . The most cost - effective process for producing heavy water is the dual temperature exchange sulfide process ( known as the Girdler sulfide process ) developed in parallel by Karl - Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack in 1943 . An alternative process , patented by Graham M. Keyser , uses lasers to selectively dissociate deuterated hydrofluorocarbons to form deuterium fluoride , which can then be separated by physical means . Although the energy consumption for this process is much less than for the Girdler sulfide process , this method is currently uneconomical due to the expense of procuring the necessary hydrofluorocarbons . As noted , modern commercial heavy water is almost universally referred to , and sold as , deuterium oxide . It is most often sold in various grades of purity , from 98 % enrichment to 99.75 -- 99.98 % deuterium enrichment ( nuclear reactor grade ) and occasionally even higher isotopic purity . Argentina ( edit ) Argentina is the main producer of heavy water , using an ammonia / hydrogen exchange based plant supplied by Switzerland 's Sulzer company . It is also a major exporter to Canada , USA , Germany , and other countries . The heavy water production facility located at Arroyito , Neuquén Province is the world 's largest heavy water production facility . Argentina produces 200 tons of heavy water per year using , not H S bithermal method , but monothermal ammonia - hydrogen isotopic exchange . Soviet Union ( edit ) In October 1939 , Soviet physicists Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Yulii Borisovich Khariton concluded that heavy water and carbon were the only feasible moderators for a natural uranium reactor , and in August 1940 , along with Georgy Flyorov , submitted a plan to the Russian Academy of Sciences calculating that 15 tons of heavy water were needed for a reactor . With the Soviet Union having no uranium mines at the time , young Academy workers were sent to Leningrad photographic shops to buy uranium nitrate , but the entire heavy water project was halted in 1941 when German forces invaded during Operation Barbarossa . By 1943 , Soviet scientists had discovered that all scientific literature relating to heavy water had disappeared from the West , which Flyorov in a letter warned Soviet leader Joseph Stalin about , and at which time there was only 2 -- 3 kg of heavy water in the entire country . In late 1943 , the Soviet purchasing commission in the U.S. obtained 1 kg of heavy water and a further 100 kg in February 1945 , and upon World War II ending , the NKVD took over the project . In October 1946 , as part of the Russian Alsos , the NKVD deported to the Soviet Union from Germany the German scientists who had worked on heavy water production during the war , including Karl - Hermann Geib , the inventor of the Girdler sulfide process . These German scientists worked under the supervision of German physical chemist Max Volmer at the Institute of Physical Chemistry in Moscow with the plant they constructed producing large quantities of heavy water by 1948 . United States ( edit ) During the Manhattan Project the United States constructed three heavy water production plants as part of the P - 9 Project at Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Heavy water was also acquired from the Cominco plant in Trail , British Columbia , Canada . The Chicago Pile - 3 experimental reactor used heavy water as a moderator and went critical in 1944 . The three domestic production plants were shut down in 1945 after producing around 20 metric tons of product ( around 20,000 litres ) . The Wabash plant was reopened and began resumption of heavy water production in 1952 . In 1953 , the United States began using heavy water in plutonium production reactors at the Savannah River Site . The first of the five heavy water reactors came online in 1953 , and the last was placed in cold shutdown in 1996 . The SRS reactors were heavy water reactors so that they could produce both plutonium and tritium for the US nuclear weapons program . The U.S. developed the Girdler sulfide chemical exchange production process -- which was first demonstrated on a large scale at the Dana , Indiana plant in 1945 and at the Savannah River Plant , South Carolina in 1952 . DuPont operated the SRP for the USDOE until 1 April 1989 , when Westinghouse took it over . India ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India is one of the world 's largest producers of heavy water through its Heavy Water Board and also exports to countries like Republic of Korea and the US . Development of heavy water process in India happened in three phases : The first phase ( late 1950s to mid-1980s ) was a period of technology development , the second phase was of deployment of technology and process stabilisation ( mid-1980s to early 1990s ) and third phase saw consolidation and a shift towards improvement in production and energy conservation . Empire of Japan ( edit ) In the 1930s , it was suspected by the United States and Soviet Union that Austrian chemist Fritz Johann Hansgirg built a pilot plant for the Empire of Japan in Japanese ruled northern Korea to produce heavy water by using a new process he had invented . Norway ( edit ) Main article : Norwegian heavy water sabotage `` Heavy water '' made by Norsk Hydro In 1934 , Norsk Hydro built the first commercial heavy water plant at Vemork , Tinn , with a capacity of 12 tonnes per year . From 1940 and throughout World War II , the plant was under German control and the Allies decided to destroy the plant and its heavy water to inhibit German development of nuclear weapons . In late 1942 , a planned raid by British airborne troops failed , both gliders crashing . The raiders were killed in the crash or subsequently executed by the Germans . On the night of 27 February 1943 Operation Gunnerside succeeded . Norwegian commandos and local resistance managed to demolish small , but key parts of the electrolytic cells , dumping the accumulated heavy water down the factory drains . On 16 November 1943 , the Allied air forces dropped more than 400 bombs on the site . The Allied air raid prompted the Nazi government to move all available heavy water to Germany for safekeeping . On 20 February 1944 , a Norwegian partisan sank the ferry M / F Hydro carrying heavy water across Lake Tinn , at the cost of 14 Norwegian civilian lives , and most of the heavy water was presumably lost . A few of the barrels were only half full , and therefore could float , and may have been salvaged and transported to Germany . Recent investigation of production records at Norsk Hydro and analysis of an intact barrel that was salvaged in 2004 revealed that although the barrels in this shipment contained water of pH 14 -- indicative of the alkaline electrolytic refinement process -- they did not contain high concentrations of D O. Despite the apparent size of the shipment , the total quantity of pure heavy water was quite small , most barrels only containing 0.5 -- 1 % pure heavy water . The Germans would have needed a total of about 5 tons of heavy water to get a nuclear reactor running . The manifest clearly indicated that there was only half a ton of heavy water being transported to Germany . Hydro was carrying far too little heavy water for one reactor , let alone the 10 or more tons needed to make enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon . Israel admitted running the Dimona reactor with Norwegian heavy water sold to it in 1959 . Through re-export using Romania and Germany , India probably also used Norwegian heavy water . Canada ( edit ) As part of its contribution to the Manhattan Project , Canada built and operated a 6 - tonnes - per - year electrolytic heavy water plant at Trail , British Columbia , which started operation in 1943 . The Atomic Energy of Canada Limited ( AECL ) design of power reactor requires large quantities of heavy water to act as a neutron moderator and coolant . AECL ordered two heavy water plants , which were built and operated in Atlantic Canada at Glace Bay , Nova Scotia ( by Deuterium of Canada Limited ) and Port Hawkesbury , Nova Scotia ( by General Electric Canada ) . These plants proved to have significant design , construction and production problems . Consequently , AECL built the Bruce Heavy Water Plant ( 44 ° 11 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 21 ′ 42 '' W / 44.1854 ° N 81.3618 ° W / 44.1854 ; - 81.3618 ( Bruce Heavy Water Plant ) ) , which it later sold to Ontario Hydro , to ensure a reliable supply of heavy water for future power plants . The two Nova Scotia plants were shut down in 1985 when their production proved unnecessary . The Bruce Heavy Water Plant ( BHWP ) in Ontario was the world 's largest heavy water production plant with a capacity of 1600 tonnes per year at its peak ( 800 tonnes per year per full plant , two fully operational plants at its peak ) . It used the Girdler sulfide process to produce heavy water , and required 340,000 tonnes of feed water to produce one tonne of heavy water . It was part of a complex that included eight CANDU reactors , which provided heat and power for the heavy water plant . The site was located at Douglas Point / Bruce Nuclear Generating Station near Tiverton , Ontario on Lake Huron where it had access to the waters of the Great Lakes . AECL issued the construction contract in 1969 for the first BHWP unit ( BHWP A ) . Commissioning of BHWP A was done by Ontario Hydro from 1971 through 1973 , with the plant entering service on June 28 , 1973 and design production capacity being achieved in April 1974 . Due to the success of BHWP A and the large amount of heavy water that would be required for the large numbers of upcoming planned CANDU nuclear power plant construction projects , Ontario Hydro commissioned three additional heavy water production plants for the Bruce site ( BHWP B , C , and D ) . BHWP B was placed into service in 1979 . These first two plants were significantly more efficient than planned , and the number of CANDU construction projects ended up being significantly lower than originally planned , which led to the cancellation of construction on BHWP C & D. In 1984 BHWP A was shut down . By 1993 Ontario Hydro had produced enough heavy water to meet all of its anticipated domestic needs ( which were lower than expected due to improved efficiency in the use and recycling of heavy water ) , so they shut down and demolished half of the capacity of BHWP B . The remaining capacity continued to operate in order to fulfill demand for heavy water exports until it was permanently shut down in 1997 , after which the plant was gradually dismantled and the site cleared . AECL is currently researching other more efficient and environmentally benign processes for creating heavy water . This is essential for the future of the CANDU reactors since heavy water represents about 15 -- 20 % of the total capital cost of each CANDU plant . Iran ( edit ) Since 1996 a plant for production of heavy water was being constructed at Khondab near Arak . On 26 August 2006 , Iranian President Ahmadinejad inaugurated the expansion of the country 's heavy - water plant . Iran has indicated that the heavy - water production facility will operate in tandem with a 40 MW research reactor that had a scheduled completion date in 2009 . Iran produced deuterated solvents in early 2011 for the first time . The core of the IR - 40 is supposed to be re-designed based on the nuclear agreement in July 2015 . Iran is currently allowed to store only 130 Tons of heavy - water . Pakistan ( edit ) The 50 MW heavy water and natural uranium research reactor at Khushab , in Punjab province , is a central element of Pakistan 's program for production of plutonium , deuterium and tritium for advanced compact warheads ( i.e. thermonuclear weapons ) . Pakistan succeeded in acquiring a tritium purification and storage plant and deuterium and tritium precursor materials from two German firms . Other countries ( edit ) Romania produces heavy water at the Drobeta Girdler sulfide plant for domestic and export purposes . France operated a small plant during the 1950s and 1960s . Heavy water exists in elevated concentration in the hypolimnion of Lake Tanganyika in East Africa . It is likely that similar elevated concentrations exist in lakes with similar limnology , but this is only 4 % enrichment ( 24 vs 28 ) and surface waters are usually enriched in D O by evaporation to even greater extend by faster H O evaporation . Applications ( edit ) Nuclear magnetic resonance ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy when using water as solvent if the nuclide of interest is hydrogen . This is because the signal from light - water ( H O ) solvent molecules interfere with observing the signal from the molecule of interest dissolved in it . Deuterium has a different magnetic moment and therefore does not contribute to the H - NMR signal at the hydrogen - 1 resonance frequency . For some experiments , it may be desirable to identify the labile hydrogens on a compound , that is hydrogens that can easily exchange away as H ions on some positions in a molecule . With addition of D O , sometimes referred to as a D O shake , labile hydrogens exchange away and are substituted by deuterium ( H ) atoms . These positions in the molecule then do not appear in the H - NMR spectrum . Organic Chemistry ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is often used as the source of deuterium for preparing specifically labelled isotopologues of organic compounds . For example , C-H bonds adjacent to ketonic carbonyl groups can be replaced by C-D bonds , using acid or base catalysis . Trimethylsulfoxonium iodide , made from dimethyl sulfoxide and methyl iodide can be recrystallized from deuterium oxide , and then dissociated to regenerate methyl iodide and dimethyl sulfoxide , both deuterium labelled . In cases where specific double labelling by deuterium and tritium is contemplated , the researcher must be aware that deuterium oxide , depending upon age and origin , can contain some tritium . Fourier transform spectroscopy ( edit ) Deuterium oxide is often used instead of water when collecting FTIR spectra of proteins in solution . H O creates a strong band that overlaps with the amide I region of proteins . The band from D O is shifted away from the amide I region . Neutron moderator ( edit ) Heavy water is used in certain types of nuclear reactors , where it acts as a neutron moderator to slow down neutrons so that they are more likely to react with the fissile uranium - 235 than with uranium - 238 , which captures neutrons without fissioning . The CANDU reactor uses this design . Light water also acts as a moderator , but because light water absorbs more neutrons than heavy water , reactors using light water for a reactor moderator must use enriched uranium rather than natural uranium , otherwise criticality is impossible . A significant fraction of outdated power reactors , such as the RBMK reactors in the USSR , were constructed using normal water for cooling but graphite as a moderator . However , the danger of graphite in power reactors ( graphite fires in part led to the Chernobyl disaster ) has led to the discontinuation of graphite in standard reactor designs . Because they do not require uranium enrichment , heavy water reactors are more of a concern in regards to nuclear proliferation . The breeding and extraction of plutonium can be a relatively rapid and cheap route to building a nuclear weapon , as chemical separation of plutonium from fuel is easier than isotopic separation of U-235 from natural uranium . Among current and past nuclear weapons states , Israel , India , and North Korea first used plutonium from heavy water moderated reactors burning natural uranium , while China , South Africa and Pakistan first built weapons using highly enriched uranium . In the U.S. , however , the first experimental atomic reactor ( 1942 ) , as well as the Manhattan Project Hanford production reactors that produced the plutonium for the Trinity test and Fat Man bombs , all used pure carbon ( graphite ) neutron moderators combined with normal water cooling pipes . They functioned with neither enriched uranium nor heavy water . Russian and British plutonium production also used graphite - moderated reactors . There is no evidence that civilian heavy water power reactors -- such as the CANDU or Atucha designs -- have been used to produce military fissile materials . In nations that do not already possess nuclear weapons , nuclear material at these facilities is under IAEA safeguards to discourage any diversion . Due to its potential for use in nuclear weapons programs , the possession or import / export of large industrial quantities of heavy water are subject to government control in several countries . Suppliers of heavy water and heavy water production technology typically apply IAEA ( International Atomic Energy Agency ) administered safeguards and material accounting to heavy water . ( In Australia , the Nuclear Non-Proliferation ( Safeguards ) Act 1987 . ) In the U.S. and Canada , non-industrial quantities of heavy water ( i.e. , in the gram to kg range ) are routinely available without special license through chemical supply dealers and commercial companies such as the world 's former major producer Ontario Hydro . Neutrino detector ( edit ) The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( SNO ) in Sudbury , Ontario uses 1,000 tonnes of heavy water on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada Limited . The neutrino detector is 6,800 feet ( 2,100 m ) underground in a mine , to shield it from muons produced by cosmic rays . SNO was built to answer the question of whether or not electron - type neutrinos produced by fusion in the Sun ( the only type the Sun should be producing directly , according to theory ) might be able to turn into other types of neutrinos on the way to Earth . SNO detects the Cherenkov radiation in the water from high - energy electrons produced from electron - type neutrinos as they undergo charged current ( CC ) interactions with neutrons in deuterium , turning them into protons and electrons ( however , only the electrons are fast enough to produce Cherenkov radiation for detection ) . SNO also detects neutrino ↔ electron scattering ( ES ) events , where the neutrino transfers energy to the electron , which then proceeds to generate Cherenkov radiation distinguishable from that produced by CC events . The first of these two reactions is produced only by electron - type neutrinos , while the second can be caused by all of the neutrino flavors . The use of deuterium is critical to the SNO function , because all three `` flavours '' ( types ) of neutrinos may be detected in a third type of reaction as well , neutrino - disintegration , in which a neutrino of any type ( electron , muon , or tau ) scatters from a deuterium nucleus ( deuteron ) , transferring enough energy to break up the loosely bound deuteron into a free neutron and proton via a neutral current ( NC ) interaction . This event is detected when the free neutron is absorbed by Cl present from NaCl deliberately dissolved in the heavy water , causing emission of characteristic capture gamma rays . Thus , in this experiment , heavy water not only provides the transparent medium necessary to produce and visualize Cherenkov radiation , but it also provides deuterium to detect exotic mu type ( μ ) and tau ( τ ) neutrinos , as well as a non-absorbent moderator medium to preserve free neutrons from this reaction , until they can be absorbed by an easily detected neutron - activated isotope . Metabolic rate testing in Physiology. and Biology ( edit ) Main article : Doubly labeled water test Heavy water is employed as part of a mixture with H O for a common and safe test of mean metabolic rate in humans and animals undergoing their normal activities . Tritium production ( edit ) See also : Tritium § Deuterium Tritium is the active substance in self - powered lighting and controlled nuclear fusion , its other uses including autoradiography and radioactive labeling . It is also used in nuclear weapon design for boosted fission weapons and initiators . Some tritium is created in heavy water moderated reactors when deuterium captures a neutron . This reaction has a small cross-section ( probability of a single neutron - capture event ) and produces only small amounts of tritium , although enough to justify cleaning tritium from the moderator every few years to reduce the environmental risk of tritium escape . Producing a lot of tritium in this way would require reactors with very high neutron fluxes , or with a very high proportion of heavy water to nuclear fuel and very low neutron absorption by other reactor material . The tritium would then have to be recovered by isotope separation from a much larger quantity of deuterium , unlike production from lithium - 6 ( the present method ) , where only chemical separation is needed . Deuterium 's absorption cross section for thermal neutrons is 0.52 milli barns ( 5.2 × 10 m ; 1 barn = 10 m ) , while those of oxygen - 16 and oxygen - 17 are 0.19 and 0.24 millibarns , respectively . O makes up 0.038 % of natural oxygen , making the overall cross section 0.28 millibarns . Therefore , in D O with natural oxygen , 21 % of neutron captures are on oxygen , rising higher as O builds up from neutron capture on O. Also , O may emit an alpha particle on neutron capture , producing radioactive carbon - 14 . See also ( edit ) Water portal Cold fusion Interstellar ice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parpart , Arthur K. ( December 1935 ) . `` The permeability of the mammalian erythrocyte to deuterium oxide ( heavy water ) '' . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology. 7 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 162 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1030070202 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Svishchev , I.M. ; Kusalik , P.G. ( January 1994 ) . `` Dynamics in liquid water , water - d2 , and water - t2 : a comparative simulation study '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 98 ( 3 ) : 728 -- 733 . doi : 10.1021 / j100054a002 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . 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Redlich , Die elektrolytische Dissoziation des schweren Wassers ; vorläufige Mitttelung , Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie , 170 , 153 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pittendrigh , C.S. ; Caldarola , P.C. ; Cosbey , E.S. ( July 1973 ) . `` A Differential Effect of Heavy Water on Temperature - Dependent and Temperature - Compensated Aspects of the Circadian System of Drosophila pseudoobscura '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 70 ( 7 ) : 2037 -- 2041 . Bibcode : 1973PNAS ... 70.2037 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 70.7. 2037 . PMC 433660 . PMID 4516204 . Jump up ^ Katz , J.J. 1965 . Chemical and biological studies with deuterium . 39th Annual Priestly Lecture , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pa . pp. 1 -- 110 , August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O. V ; Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) . `` Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells '' . Biomedicine. 1 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 31 -- 50 . 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Pure Appl . Chem. 32 : 221 -- 250 . doi : 10.1351 / pac197232010221 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.B. ; Skladnev , D.A. ; Egorova , T.A. ; Shvets , V.I. ( 1996 ) . `` Biological Effects of Heavy Water '' . Bioorganic Chemistry . 22 ( 10 -- 11 ) : 861 -- 874 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.V. , Shvez , V. I , Skladnev , D.A. , Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) Studying of Microbic Synthesis of Deuterium Labeled L - Phenylalanin by Methylotrophic Bacterium Brevibacterium Methylicum on Media with Different Content of Heavy Water , Biopharmaceutical journal , Moscow , No. 1 , Vol. 4 , No 1 , pp. 11 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mosin , O.V. , Ignatov , I. ( 2012 ) Isotopic Effects of Deuterium in Bacteria and Micro-Algae in Vegetation in Heavy Water , Water : Chemistry and Ecology , No. 3 , Moscow , pp. 83 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Skladnev D.A. , Mosin O.V. , Egorova T.A. , Eremin S.V. , Shvets V.I. ( 1996 ) Methylotrophic Bacteria as Sources of 2H - and 13C - amino Acids . Biotechnology , pp. 14 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : D.J. Kushner ; Alison Baker ; T.G. Dunstall ( 1999 ) . `` Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds '' . Can . J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 77 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 88 . doi : 10.1139 / cjpp - 77 - 2 - 79 . PMID 10535697 . used in boron neutron capture therapy ... D2O is more toxic to malignant than normal animal cells ... Protozoa are able to withstand up to 70 % D2O . Algae and bacteria can adapt to grow in 100 % D2O Jump up ^ Thomson , J.F. ( 1960 ) . `` Physiological Effects of D O in Mammals . Deuterium Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 84 : 736 -- 744 . Bibcode : 1960NYASA ... 84 ... 736T . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1960. tb39105. x . Jump up ^ Trotsenko , Y.A. , Khmelenina , V.N. , Beschastny , A.P. ( 1995 ) The Ribulose Monophosphate ( Quayle ) Cycle : News and Views . Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds , in : Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds ( Lindstrom M.E. , Tabita F.R. , eds . ) . San Diego ( USA ) , Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers , pp. 23 - 26 . Jump up ^ Watson , P.E. ; et al. ( 1980 ) . `` Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 33 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Money , K.E. ; Myles ( February 1974 ) . `` Heavy water nystagmus and effects of alcohol '' . Nature . 247 ( 5440 ) : 404 -- 405 . Bibcode : 1974Natur. 247 ... 404M . doi : 10.1038 / 247404a0 . PMID 4544739 . Jump up ^ `` Point Lepreau in Canada '' . NNI ( No Nukes Inforesource ) . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 6 March 1990 ) . `` Radiation Punch Nuke Plant Worker Charged With Spiking Juice '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Waltham , Chris ( August 1998 ) . An Early History of Heavy Water ( PDF ) ( Report ) . University of British Columbia . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Method for isotope replenishment in an exchange liquid used in a laser '' . Google.com . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trimod Besta : Arroyito Heavy Water Production Plant , Argentina '' ( PDF ) . Trimodbesta.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ecabert , R . `` The heavy water production plant at Arroyito , Arge ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garcia , E.E. `` The projects for heavy water production of the Arg ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Conde Bidabehere , Luis F. `` Heavy water . An original project in the Argentine ... INIS '' . Inis.iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTION OF A SAFEGUARDS APPROACH FOR THE ARROYITO HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION PLANT '' ( PDF ) . Iaea.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattan-project-history/Events/1942-1945/espionage.htm Jump up ^ Pietsch , Barbara ; Sadovsky , A.S. ( May 2015 ) . Heavywater . History of One Priority . Part 3 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . J11505 . Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry . ISSN 2227 - 6920 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 -- via International periodic scientific journal ( SWorld ) . Jump up ^ Oleynikov , Pavel V. ( 2000 ) . German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Nonproliferation Review . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Convert metric tonnes of water to liters of water water volume vs. weight conversion '' . Convert-to.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Streifer , Bill . 1945 : When Korea Faced Its Post-Colonial Future ( Report ) . Academia.edu . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ See Norsk Hydro Rjukan Jump up ^ Gallagher , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Assault In Norway : Sabotaging the Nazi Nuclear Program . Guilford , Connecticut : The Lyons Press . ISBN 1585747505 . ^ Jump up to : NOVA ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Hitler 's Sunken Secret ( transcript ) '' . NOVA Web site . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Scandals Oslo Must Put to Rest '' Archived 23 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... International Herald Tribune , 1988 - 10 - 07 , p. 6 ( 14 September 1988 ) . Retrieved from Wisconsinproject.org on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Milhollin , Gary ( 1987 ) . `` Heavy Water Cheaters '' . Foreign Policy ( 69 ) : 100 . doi : 10.2307 / 1148590 . ISSN 0015 - 7228 . Jump up ^ Google Earth Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission . March 2003 https://www.ceaa-acee.gc.ca/EADDB84F-docs/report_e.pdf . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ DAVIDSON , G.D. ( 1978 ) . `` Bruce Heavy Water Plant Performance '' . Separation of Hydrogen Isotopes . AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY . pp. 27 -- 39 . ISBN 0841204209 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Galley , M.R. ; Bancroft , A.R. ( October 1981 ) . `` CANADIAN HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION - 1970 TO 1980 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arak -- Heavy Water Production Plant '' . globalsecurity.org. 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iran 's president launches a new nuclear project '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 27 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Arak -- Iran Special Weapons Facilities '' . globalsecurity.org. 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` آب سنگین اراک ، بهانهجویی جدید غرب - ایسنا '' . Isna.ir . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Khushab Heavy Water Plant '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History or Utopia : 45 ) Heavy water , nuclear reactors and ... the living water '' . Peopletales.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Limnology and hydrology of Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi ; Studies and reports in hydrology ; Vol. : 54 ; 1997 '' ( PDF ) . Unesdoc.unesco.org . p. 39 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . H Craig 1975 Jump up ^ H Craig 1974 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ct114wz#page-55 Jump up ^ `` HEAVY WATER REACTORS : STATUS AND PROJECTED DEVELOPMENT '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The SNO Detector '' . The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute , Queen 's University at Kingston . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . External links ( edit ) Heavy Water and Heavy Water -- Part II at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Heavy Water Production , Federation of American Scientists Heavy Water : A Manufacturer 's Guide for the Hydrogen Century Is `` heavy water '' dangerous ? Straight Dope Staff Report . 9 December 2003 Annotated bibliography for heavy water from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Ice is supposed to float , but with a little heavy water , you can make cubes that sink Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Objects Oleg Mosin , Ignat Ignatov J. Chem. Phys. 41 , 1964 Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Commons Wiktionary Molecules detected in outer space Molecules Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen ( molecular ) Hydroxyl radical Iron ( II ) oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen ( molecular ) Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen ( molecular ) Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide Triatomic Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium isocyanide Amino radical Carbon dioxide Carbonyl sulfide CCP radical Chloronium Diazenylium Dicarbon monoxide Disilicon carbide Ethynyl radical Formyl radical Hydrogen cyanide ( HCN ) Hydrogen isocyanide ( HNC ) Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxyl Iron cyanide Isoformyl Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide Methylene radical Nitrous oxide Nitroxyl Ozone Phosphaethyne Potassium cyanide Protonated molecular hydrogen Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Silicon carbonitride c - Silicon dicarbide SiNC Sulfur dioxide Thioformyl Thioxoethenylidene Titanium dioxide Tricarbon Water Four atoms Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid Five atoms Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon - carbide cluster Six atoms Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene Seven atoms Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol Eight atoms Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal Nine atoms Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile Ten atoms or more Acetone Benzene Benzonitrile Buckminsterfullerene ( C fullerene , buckyball ) C fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra - acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl - cyano - diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n - Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine Deuterated molecules Ammonia Ammonium ion Formaldehyde Formyl radical Heavy water Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen deuteride Hydrogen isocyanide Methylacetylene Trihydrogen cation Unconfirmed Anthracene Dihydroxyacetone Ethyl methyl ether Glycine Graphene H NCO Linear C Naphthalene cation Phosphine Pyrene Silylidine Related Abiogenesis Astrobiology Astrochemistry Atomic and molecular astrophysics Chemical formula Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Cosmic ray Cosmochemistry Diffuse interstellar band Earliest known life forms Extraterrestrial life Extraterrestrial liquid water Forbidden mechanism Helium hydride ion Homochirality Intergalactic dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Photodissociation region Iron -- sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound Outer space PAH world hypothesis Panspermia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) RNA world hypothesis Spectroscopy Tholin Category : Astrochemistry Portal : Astrobiology Oxygen compounds AgO Al O AmO Am O As O As O Au O B O BaO BeO Bi O BiO Bi O BrO Br O Br O CO CO C O CaO CaO CdO CeO Ce O Ce O ClO Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O Cl O CoO Co O Co O CrO Cr O Cr O Cr O CsO Cs O CuO D O Dy O Er O Eu O OF O O FeO Fe O Fe O Ga O Ga O GeO GeO H O H O H O HfO HgO Hg O Ho O I O I O I O I O In O IrO KO K O La O Li O Li O Lu O MgO Mg O MnO MnO Mn O Mn O MoO MoO Mo O NO NO N O N O N O N O NaO Na O Na O NbO NbO Nd O Chemical formulas Binary compounds of hydrogen Alkali metal hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH Lithium hydride , LiH ionic metal hydride Beryllium hydride Left ( gas phase ) : BeH covalent metal hydride Right : ( BeH ) ( solid phase ) polymeric metal hydride Borane and diborane Left : BH ( special conditions ) , covalent metalloid hydride Right : B H ( standard conditions ) , dimeric metalloid hydride Methane , CH covalent nonmetal hydride Ammonia , NH covalent nonmetal hydride Water , H O covalent nonmetal hydride Hydrogen fluoride , HF covalent nonmetal hydride Alkaline earth hydrides Monohydrides BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH BeH MgH CaH SrH BaH Group 13 hydrides Boranes BH Alanes AlH Al H Gallanes GaH Ga H Indiganes InH In H Thallanes TlH Tl H Group 14 hydrides Linear alkanes CH more ... Linear alkenes more ... Linear alkynes more ... Silanes SiH Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H Si H more ... Silenes Si H Silynes Si H SiH Germanes GeH Ge H Ge H Ge H Ge H Stannanes SnH Sn H Plumbanes PbH CH CH CH Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes Annulenes Many more Pnictogen hydrides Azanes NH more ... Azenes Phosphanes PH more ... Phosphenes Arsanes AsH As H Stibanes SbH Bismuthanes BiH HN NH radical Hydrogen chalcogenides Polyoxidanes H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O H O more ... Polysulfanes more ... Selanes H Se H Se Tellanes H Te H Te Polanes PoH HO HO HO H O -- O H S = S ( HS ) S+ -- S -- HS HDO D O T O Hydrogen halides HF HCl HBr HI HAt Transition metal hydrides ScH YH YH TiH ZrH HfH VH VH NbH NbH TaH CrH CrH CrH NiH PdH ( x < 1 ) FeH FeH FeH CuH ZnH CdH HgH Lanthanide hydrides LaH LaH CeH CeH PrH PrH NdH NdH SmH SmH EuH GdH GdH TbH TbH DyH DyH HoH HoH ErH ErH TmH TmH YbH YbH LuH LuH Actinide hydrides AcH ThH Th H PaH UH NpH NpH PuH PuH AmH AmH CmH Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_water&oldid=850445480 '' Categories : Deuterated solvents Forms of water Neutron moderators Nuclear reactor coolants Oxygen compounds Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | at what temperature would a sample of heavy water freeze | [
"\nPhysical properties of isotopologues of water[9]\n\n\nProperty\nD2O (Heavy water)\nHDO (Semiheavy water)\nH2O (Light water)\n\n\nFreezing point\n3.82 °C (38.88 °F) (276.97 K)\n2.04 °C (35.67 °F) (275.19 K)\n0.0 °C (32 °F) (273.15 K)\n\n\nBoiling point\n101.4 °C (214.5 °F) (374.55 K)\n100.7 °C (213.3 °F) (373.85 K)\n100.0 °C (212 °F) (373.15 K)\n\n\nDensity at STP (g/mL)\n1.1056\n1.054\n0.9982\n\n\nTemp. of maximum density\n11.6 °C\nUnverified\n3.98 °C[10]\n\n\nDynamic viscosity (at 20 °C, mPa·s)\n1.2467\n1.1248\n1.0016\n\n\nSurface tension (at 25 °C, N/m)\n0.07187\n0.07193\n0.07198\n\n\nHeat of fusion (kJ/mol)\n6.132\n6.227\n6.00678\n\n\nHeat of vaporisation (kJ/mol)\n41.521\nUnverified\n\n40.657\n\n\npH (at 25 °C)[11]\n7.44 (\"pD\")\n7.266 (\"pHD\")\n7.0\n\n\npKb (at 25 °C)[11]\n7.44 (\"pKb D2O\")\nUnverified\n7.0\n\n\nRefractive index (at 20 °C, 0.5893 μm)[12]\n1.32844\nUnverified\n1.33335\n"
] | [
"3.82 °C (38.88 °F) (276.97 K)"
] |
-3573921262953399366 | Penn & Teller | Penn & Teller - wikipedia Penn & Teller Jump to : navigation , search Penn & Teller Penn Jillette ( left ) & Teller ( right ) in 2012 Penn Fraser Jillette Raymond Joseph Teller ( 1955 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1955 ( age 63 ) ( Penn ) ( 1948 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1948 ( age 70 ) ( Teller ) Residence Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Years active 1975 -- present Known for Magic , comedy , skepticism Website www.pennandteller.com Penn & Teller ( Penn Jillette and Teller ) are American magicians and entertainers who have performed together since the late 1970s , noted for their ongoing act which combines elements of comedy with magic . The duo have been featured in numerous stage and television shows such as Penn & Teller : Fool Us , and are currently headlining in Las Vegas at The Rio . Penn Jillette serves as the act 's orator and raconteur . Teller , on the other hand , generally does not speak while performing , and instead communicates through mime and nonverbals , though his voice can occasionally be heard during their live shows and television appearances . Besides magic , the pair has become associated with the advocacy of atheism , scientific skepticism , and libertarianism , particularly through their television show Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Off - stage relationship 3 Honors 4 Tricks 5 Politics and personal lives 6 Filmography 6.1 Television 6.2 Books 7 Other media 7.1 Music 7.2 Video games 7.3 Attractions 8 References 9 External links Career ( edit ) Penn Jillette and Teller were introduced to each other by Wier Chrisemer , and performed their first show together at the Minnesota Renaissance Festival on August 19 , 1975 . From the late 1970s through 1981 , Penn , Teller , and Chrisemer performed as a trio called `` The Asparagus Valley Cultural Society '' which played in San Francisco at the Phoenix Theater . Chrisemer helped to develop some bits that continued , most notably Teller 's `` Shadows '' trick , which involves a single red rose . The group disbanded in 1981 after Chrisemer quit show business , leaving Penn Jillette and Teller to work as a pair on a show called `` Mrs. Lonsberry 's Seance of Horror '' . Penn & Teller in 1988 , at the 40th Emmy Awards By 1985 , Penn & Teller were receiving positive reviews for their Off Broadway show and Emmy Award - winning PBS special , Penn & Teller Go Public . In 1987 , they began the first of three Broadway runs . The same year , they appeared as three - card Monte scam artists in the music video for `` It 's Tricky '' by Run - DMC . Through the late 1980s and early 1990s , the duo made numerous television appearances on Late Night with David Letterman and Saturday Night Live , as well as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Late Night with Conan O'Brien , Today , and others . Penn & Teller had national tours throughout the 1990s , gaining critical praise . They have also made television guest appearances on Babylon 5 ( as the comedy team Rebo and Zooty ) , The Drew Carey Show , a few episodes of Hollywood Squares from 1998 until 2004 , ABC 's Muppets Tonight , FOX 's The Bernie Mac Show , an episode of the game show Fear Factor on NBC , NBC 's The West Wing , in a two - part episode of the final season of ABC 's Home Improvement in 1998 , four episodes during season 1 of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch in 1996 , NBC 's Las Vegas , and Fox 's The Simpsons episodes `` Hello Gutter , Hello Fadder '' and `` The Great Simpsina '' and the Futurama film Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder in 2009 . They appeared in the music video for Katy Perry 's 2009 single `` Waking Up in Vegas '' , in which they are thrown out of a hotel room by Perry . From 2003 to 2010 , their Showtime television show Bullshit ! took a skeptical look at psychics , religion , the pseudoscientific , conspiracy theories , and the paranormal . It has featured critical segments on gun control , astrology , Feng Shui , environmental issues , PETA , weight loss , the Americans with Disabilities Act , and the war on drugs . The pair have written several books about magic , including Penn & Teller 's Cruel Tricks For Dear Friends , Penn & Teller 's How to Play with Your Food , and Penn & Teller 's How to Play in Traffic . Since 2001 , Penn & Teller have performed in Las Vegas at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino . Penn Jillette hosted a weekday one - hour talk show on Infinity Broadcasting 's Free FM radio network from January 3 , 2006 , to March 2 , 2007 , with cohost Michael Goudeau . He also hosted the game show Identity , which debuted on December 18 , 2006 , on NBC . Their television series Penn & Teller Tell a Lie premiered on the Discovery Channel on October 5 , 2011 . Since 2011 , Penn & Teller have hosted Penn & Teller : Fool Us , originally on ITV , moving to The CW in 2015 . Penn & Teller credit magician and skeptical activist James Randi for their own careers . During an interview at TAM ! 2012 , Penn stated that Randi 's book Flim - Flam ! was an early influence on him , and said that `` If not for Randi there would not be Penn & Teller as we are today . '' Off - stage relationship ( edit ) Jillette has told interviewer Larry King and Seth Meyers that a big part of the duo 's success and longevity is due to their never having been close friends . They respect each other as business partners and enjoy working together , but have little in common besides magic . As a result of their drastically different lifestyles and interests , they rarely socialize or interact when not working . However , Jillette has also said , in a video where he and Teller responded to questions from members of Reddit and also in a video interview for Big Think , that while they share few interests outside magic , Teller is his best friend and his children treat him as a close relative . He stated that while most entertainment partnerships such as Martin and Lewis and Lennon -- McCartney were based on a deep affection for each other that lends to a certain volatility when things go wrong , their business relationship and friendship is based on a respect for each other . Teller has echoed these sentiments . In an NPR interview , Teller said their disagreements often lead to better artistic decisions because they bring out new ideas and expand the range of discussion . Honors ( edit ) Penn & Teller at a ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in April 2013 . On April 5 , 2013 , Penn & Teller were honored with the 2,494 th star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their achievement in the category of Live Performance . Their star is a few steps away from the star of Harry Houdini and down the street from The Magic Castle . In 2005 , Penn & Teller were awarded the Richard Dawkins Award , an award given to people who raised public consciousness of atheism in the previous year . Tricks ( edit ) Penn & Teller material varies from light - hearted gags such as graphic tricks and clever pranks to tackling issues through political satire and by exposing frauds . Many of their effects rely heavily on shock appeal and fantasy violence , although presented in a humorous manner . Some of their more daring tricks include Teller hanging upside - down over a cushion of spikes in a straitjacket , Teller submerged in a huge container of water , and Teller being run over by an 18 - wheel tractor - trailer . Penn & Teller will often present tricks that they initially appear to have bungled , in the `` trick gone wrong '' vein . Sometimes , the pair will claim to reveal a secret of how a magic trick is done , but those tricks are usually invented by the duo for the sole purpose of exposing them , and therefore designed with more spectacular and weird methods than would have been necessary had it just been a `` conventional '' magic trick . For example , during their NBC Off the Deep End special , an escape act was performed where Teller was placed into a wooden box that was then put into shark - infested waters . The live audience believed Teller to be inside , but the television audience was shown that Teller escaped the box through a trapdoor in the bottom before it was placed in the water . He continued to read a magazine and eat a snack while awaiting his cue . Often a trick will be presented as if to explain it to the audience , only for a more elaborate version to be performed . In a segment of Bullshit ! , Penn & Teller demonstrate the illusion of sawing a woman in half , only for the saw to fall and `` accidentally '' cut the woman in half again . Penn & Teller perform their own adaptation of the famous bullet catch illusion . Each simultaneously fires a gun at the other through small panes of glass and then `` catches '' the other 's bullet in his mouth . They also have an assortment of card tricks in their repertoire , virtually all of them involving the force of the Three of Clubs on an unsuspecting audience member as this card is easy for viewers to identify on television cameras . The duo will sometimes perform tricks that discuss the intellectual underpinnings of magic . One of their routines , titled `` Magician vs. Juggler '' , features Teller performing card tricks while Penn juggles and delivers a monologue on the difference between the two : jugglers start as socially aware children who go outside and learn juggling with other children ; magicians are misfits who stay in the house and teach themselves magic tricks out of spite . In one of their most politically charged tricks , they make an American flag seem to disappear by wrapping it in a copy of the United States Bill of Rights , and apparently setting the flag on fire , so that `` the flag is gone but the Bill of Rights remains '' . The routine may also feature the `` Chinese bill of rights '' , presented as a transparent piece of acetate . They normally end the trick by restoring the unscathed flag to its starting place on the flagpole ; however , on a TV guest appearance on The West Wing , this final part was omitted . The methods of the trick were revealed by the duo in an episode of Fool Us . One of their more recent tricks involves a powered nail gun with a quantity of missing nails from the series of nails in its magazine . Penn begins by firing several apparently real nails into a board in front of him . He then proceeds to fire the nail gun into the palm of his hand several times , while suffering no injuries . His pattern builds as he oscillates between firing blanks into his hand and firing nails into the board , and fires one blank into Teller 's crotch . Near the end of the trick , he says that it is a trick and that he and Teller believe that it is morally wrong to do things on stage that are really dangerous -- it makes the audience complicit in unnecessary human risk . A trick introduced in 2010 is a modern version of the bag escape , replacing the traditional sack with a black trash bag apparently filled with helium . Teller is placed in the bag which is then pumped full of helium and sealed by an audience member . For the escape , the audience is blinded by a bright light for a second and when they are able to see again , Teller has escaped from the bag and Penn is holding it , still full of helium , above his head , before releasing it to float to the ceiling . The duo had hoped to put the trick in their mini-tour in London ; however , it was first shown to the public in their Las Vegas show on August 18 , 2010 . In June 2011 , Penn & Teller performed this trick for the first time in the United Kingdom on their ITV show Fool Us . Politics and personal lives ( edit ) On Bullshit ! , the duo described their social and political views as libertarian . In addition to disbelief in the paranormal and pseudoscience , Penn & Teller also take a view of doubtfulness to government authority . In various episodes of their show , they have heavily criticized both the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency , as well as taken stances against circumcision and gun control , and in support of ideas such as freedom to eat fast food , private property , and lower taxes . Penn & Teller are both H.L. Mencken research fellows with the Cato Institute , a libertarian think - tank and research organization . Penn & Teller have shown support for the Brights movement and are now listed on the movement 's homepage under the Enthusiastic Brights section . According to an article in Wired magazine , their license plates are customized so they read , `` Atheist '' and `` Godless '' , and when Penn signs autographs , he sometimes writes `` there is no God '' with his signature . They have described themselves as teetotalers . Their book , Penn & Teller 's How to Play in Traffic , explains that they avoid alcohol , drugs , and caffeine , though they do smoke cigarettes in some videos . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 My Chauffeur Bone & Abdul Penn & Teller 's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends Themselves Direct - to - video 1989 Penn & Teller Get Killed 1991 The Eyes Scream : A History of the Residents 1994 Car 54 , Where Are You ? Luther and Luther Cameo appearance 1999 Fantasia 2000 Themselves Presenting The Sorcerer 's Apprentice segment 2005 The Aristocrats Penn also co-directed the film 2013 Tim 's Vermeer Directed by Teller , Produced by Penn 2014 An Honest Liar 2016 Director 's Cut Herbert Blount and Rudy Nelson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Miami Vice : The Prodigal Son Penn 's character was Jimmy Borges Miami Vice : Like a Hurricane Teller 's character was Ralph Fisher 1985 Penn & Teller Go Public Themselves Filmed at and first aired on KCET Los Angeles 1985 -- 86 Saturday Night Live 7 Episodes Invisible Thread Also known as Penn & Teller 's Invisible Thread 1989 Exploring Psychic Powers ... Live `` Healed '' a fake blister on Teller 's thumb The Magic of David Copperfield XII : The Niagara Falls Challenge Guest appearance during the illusion `` Camera Trick '' Do n't Try This at Home ! 1991 Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? Presented one of the clues for where the villain had gone . Live from AT&T Bell Labs Aired only to American Schools via satellite 1994 The Unpleasant World of Penn & Teller Channel 4 1995 Phobophilia The World 's Greatest Magic II Performed the `` Bullet Catch '' illusion for the show finale . 1995 , 1997 The Drew Carey Show Archibald Fenn & Geller 2 Episodes : `` Drew Meets Lawyers '' and `` See Drew Run '' 1995 -- 2008 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Themselves 4 Episodes : 14 November 1995 , 27 November 1998 , 13 May 2004 , 25 November 2008 Space Ghost Coast to Coast Episode : `` $20.01 '' 1996 , 1997 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Drell & Skippy Episodes : `` Pilot '' , `` Terrible Things '' , `` Jenny 's Non-Dream '' , `` First Kiss '' 1997 Friends Salesmen Episode : `` The One With The ' Cuffs '' Muppets Tonight Themselves Episode : `` The Gary Cahuenga Episode '' Penn & Teller 's Home Invasion ABC Special 1997 -- 2003 Late Night with Conan O'Brien 3 Episodes : 16 October 1997 , 7 June 2000 , & 23 January 2003 1998 Dharma and Greg Vincent & Mr Boots ( Uncredited ) Episode : `` The Cat 's Out of the Bag '' 1998 Babylon 5 Rebo & Zooty Episode : `` Day of the Dead '' 1998 -- 99 Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular Themselves 24 Episodes 1998 , 2000 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart 2 Episodes : 13 August 1998 , 5 June 2000 1998 Hollywood Squares 60 Episodes 1999 Home Improvement Episode : `` Knee Deep '' 1999 , 2011 The Simpsons 2 Episodes : `` Hello Gutter , Hello Fadder '' , `` The Great Simpsina '' 2002 ¡ Mucha Lucha ! `` The Return of El Maléfico '' Grand Illusions : The Story of Magic Discovery Channel documentary ( 6 episodes ) Fear Factor Episode : `` Celebrity Fear Factor 3 '' 2003 Las Vegas Episode : `` Luck Be a Lady '' Penn & Teller 's Magic and Mystery Tour Three - part mini-series The Bernie Mac Show Episode : `` Magic Jordan '' 2003 -- 10 Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! 89 Episodes The West Wing Episode : `` In The Room '' 2004 -- 10 Last Call with Carson Daly 6 Episodes : 13 July 2004 , 16 November 2005 , 5 April 2007 , 16 June 2008 , 5 April 2010 , 5 May 2010 2005 Penn & Teller : Off the Deep End Made for NBC , shown November 13 , 2005 2007 , 2008 Late Show with David Letterman 2 Episodes : # 15.32 , # 15.113 2009 Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder The Great American Road Trip Guests FETCH ! with Ruff Ruffman They taught one of the show 's contestants , Rubye , to perform magic tricks Hell 's Kitchen Episode : `` 9 Chefs Compete Part 1 '' 2011 Cash Cab Guest contestants playing for charity Penn & Teller : Tell a Lie 6 Episodes , Discovery Channel 2011 -- present Penn & Teller : Fool Us 35 Episodes , ITV1 and The CW 2012 The Apprentice Penn competed and Teller appears for support 2013 Celebrity Apprentice 2014 Wizard Wars Main judges in all of the 12 episodes to date , SyFy Blue Peter Guests 2015 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Season 11 Episode 10 StarTalk Season 2 Episode 4 2016 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Season 15 Episode 27 2018 The Grand Tour Season 2 , Episode 9 2018 Deception `` Pilot '' Cameo appearance Books ( edit ) Penn & Teller : Penn & Teller 's How to Play in Traffic ( 1997 , ISBN 1 - 57297 - 293 - 9 ) Penn & Teller 's How to Play with Your Food ( 1992 , ISBN 0 - 679 - 74311 - 1 ) Penn & Teller 's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends ( 1989 , ISBN 0 - 394 - 75351 - 8 ) Penn without Teller : Sock ( 2004 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 32805 - 2 ) How to Cheat Your Friends at Poker : The Wisdom of Dickie Richard ( 2006 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 34905 - X ; Co-author : Mickey D. Lynn ) God , No ! : Signs You May Already Be an Atheist and Other Magical Tales ( 2011 , ISBN 1451610378 ) Every Day is an Atheist Holiday ! : More Magical Tales from the Author of God , No ! ( 2012 , ISBN 1469276887 ) Presto ! : How I Made Over 100 Pounds Disappear and Other Magical Tales ( 2016 , ISBN 1501140183 ) Teller without Penn : When I 'm Dead All This Will Be Yours : Joe Teller -- A Portrait By His Kid ( 2000 , ISBN 0 - 922233 - 22 - 5 ) Other media ( edit ) Music ( edit ) `` Penn & Teller Present : Music to Look at Boxes By '' ( With Mike `` Jonesy '' Jones ) `` It 's Tricky '' by Run -- D.M.C. ( Penn & Teller shown throughout the video and at the end appear to take over the persona of Run -- D.M.C. ) `` Something to Believe In '' by The Ramones ( Penn & Teller are seen supporting the fictitious `` Hands Across Your Face '' charity ) `` Waking up in Vegas '' by Katy Perry ( Penn & Teller are kicked out of their hotel room by Perry and her boyfriend . ) `` This Time I 've Got It '' by The Great Tomsoni & Co . ( Penn & Teller in lab coats , Penn playing bass guitar ) Video games ( edit ) Penn & Teller 's Smoke and Mirrors 1995 -- Absolute Entertainment for Sega CD & 3DO ( unreleased ) Sabrina , the Teenage Witch : Spellbound 1998 -- Simon & Schuster for PC -- Voices for Drell & Skippy The 1995 video game Penn & Teller 's Smoke and Mirrors featured a mini-game called Desert Bus in which the player drove a bus route between Tucson and Las Vegas . Once reaching the destination , the player gets one point and , if desired , can then drive the return route . The game was considered by some to be long and boring yet found a cult audience . The game has since been used in an annual charity event called `` Desert Bus for Hope '' run by the Canadian internet comedy troupe LoadingReadyRun . The fundraiser involves members of LoadingReadyRun ( and occasional guests ) playing the game and streaming that live online , while interviewing celebrities via Skype and accepting challenges for the audience , with all proceeds being donated to Child 's Play . On November 14 , 2011 , an iOS port of Desert Bus was created and released in the iTunes Store . The game was developed in conjunction with the Desert Bus For Hope event and all profits from the game are donated to charity . Attractions ( edit ) `` Penn & Teller : New ( kd ) Las Vegas 3D '' was a 2012 Halloween Horror Nights maze collaborated at Universal Orlando . It featured a backstory of Las Vegas being destroyed by Penn & Teller 's latest magic trick involving a nuclear warhead gone wrong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Teller '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ pennjillette ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` 36 years ago today , Teller and I did our first show together at the Minnesota Renaissance Festival . Had done a few shows together before that '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Rea , Steven ( 28 June 1985 ) . `` Penn & Teller -- What A Team '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jones on How Teller Got His Magic Back '' . Esquire. 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Penn & Teller Booking Agent -- Book Penn & Teller Comedian For Corporate and Private Events Worldwide '' . Artists > Comedy . Entertainment Booking Agency . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Penn and Teller Conjure a Broadway Run This Summer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn & Teller on Babylon 5 '' . 13 July 2004 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Penn & Teller : Two decades of real Las Vegas magic '' . LasVegasSun.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Infinity Broadcasting article on Penn Jump up ^ Penn & Teller website Jump up ^ `` '' 38 Years of Magic and B.S. : A Conversation with Penn & Teller '' - TAM 2012 `` . Youtube.com . James Randi Foundation . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Penn & Teller ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` IAMA : Penn and Teller reddit 's top ten questions '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Penn Jillette ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Penn Jillette : Penn and Teller Are Not Lovers '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2015/08/01/428169268/for-penn-tellers-magical-partnership-the-trick-is-telling-the-truth Jump up ^ `` Magicians Penn & Teller get star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magicians Penn & Teller Get Star On Walk Of Fame '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magicians Penn & Teller Honored With Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Penn & Teller on force trick Jump up ^ Guide to West Wing on Penn & Teller Jump up ^ Penn & Teller : Fool Us . Season 1 . Episode 5 . July 16 , 2011 . ITV . Jump up ^ Penn Says : Nail Gun Trick Jump up ^ Twitter / MrTeller : Helium went in tonight . It Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Shermer - Science , Skepticism and Libertarianism '' . Point of Inquiry . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cato Institute fellow 's page : Penn Jillette '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cato Institute fellow 's page : Teller '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Brights ' Net -- Enthusiastic Brights ( Page 2 ) '' . The-Brights.net . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Brights ' Net : Enthusiastic Brights Jump up ^ Gagnon , Geoffrey ( November 2006 ) . `` Faces of the New Atheism : The Illusionists '' . Wired . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Never shy about their atheism ( Penn 's got the Nevada license plates ATHEIST and GODLESS ) , the two have been raising their voices -- even the oft - silent Teller -- to decry the muddying line between church and state ... Sometimes they 'll even sign autographs with `` There is no God . '' Jump up ^ https://bampfa.org/event/eyes-scream-history-residents Jump up ^ `` New Honor For Penn , Teller '' . Los Angeles Times . 15 May 1986 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home ! ( TV Movie 1990 ) - IMDb '' . Jump up ^ `` WitWi Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 ) PILOT # 1 : The Purloined Pooch Jerrylynn vs. Prashant vs. Mike '' . Jump up ^ AT&T Archives and History Center , Warren , NJ ( 1993 ) . `` AT&T Archives : Live from AT&T Bell Labs ( 1993 ) '' . AT&T . AT&T Tech Channel . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Phobophilia : The Love of Fear ( 1995 ) - IMDb '' . Jump up ^ `` Home Invasion ( TV Movie 1997 ) - IMDb '' . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2ZrTYJN3aE Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/DeceptionABC/status/973018867021774848 Jump up ^ Penn Jillette Discusses Unreleased Sega CD Game Jump up ^ Penn and Teller New ( kd ) Las Vegas ' 3D haunted house revealed for Halloween Horror Nights 2012 at Universal Orlando External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penn & Teller . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Penn & Teller Official website A man , a ball , a hoop , a bench ( and an alleged thread ) ... TELLER ! Academy of Magical Arts Performing Fellowship 1968 : Richard Cardini , Harry Willard 1969 : Jose Frakson , Slydini 1970 : Kuda Bux 1971 : Richiardi Jr . 1972 : Les Levante 1973 : Maurice Rooklyn 1974 : Marvyn & Carol Roy 1975 : Channing Pollock 1976 : Roy Benson , Neil Foster 1977 : Leon Mandrake , Tihany 1978 : Johnny Platt , Russell Swann 1979 : Jimmy Grippo 1980 : Suzy Wandas Bennett 1981 : Andre Kole 1982 : John Calvert 1983 : Billy McComb , The Morettis 1984 : Carl Ballantine , Bert Easley 1985 : Mardoni & Louise , Johnny Thompson 1986 : Will Rock , Tom & Liz Tucker , Eddie Tullock 1987 : Milo & Roger 1988 : Shimada 1989 : Topper Martyn 1990 : Del Ray 1991 : Don Alan 1992 : Harry Blackstone Jr. , Terry Seabrooke 1993 : Norm Neilson 1994 : Chuck & Jan Jones 1995 : Doug Henning , Jack Kodell 1996 : Michael Skinner , Tommy Wonder 1997 : René Lavand , Peter Reveen 1998 : Goldfinger & Dove , Martin Nash 1999 : Bruce Cervon , Ed & Nancy Keener 2000 : Richard Ross , Juan Tamariz 2001 : Earl Nelson , The Pendragons 2002 : Harry Lorayne , Alan Shaxon 2003 : Walter `` Zaney '' Blaney 2004 : Magic Christian 2005 : Bobby Baxter , Flip Hallema 2006 : Eugene Burger , Chen Kai 2007 : Penn & Teller , Dr. Sawa 2008 : Celeste Evans , Howie Schwarzman 2009 : Pat Thompson , J.C. Wagner 2010 : Franz Harary , Bob White 2011 : Finn Jon 2012 : David Williamson 2013 : David Kaye 2014 : John Carney 2015 : Greg Frewin 2016 : Luis Piedrahita , Fielding West Academy of Magical Arts Magician of the Year 1968 : Dai Vernon 1970 : Albert Goshman 1971 : Ron Wilson 1972 : Mark Wilson 1973 : Shimada 1974 : Mark Wilson 1975 : Siegfried & Roy 1976 : Doug Henning 1977 : Norm Nielsen 1978 : Harry Blackstone Jr . 1979 : David Copperfield 1980 : Marco the Magi 1981 : Richiardi Jr 1982 : Paul Daniels 1983 : Siegfried & Roy 1984 : Harry Blackstone Jr . 1985 : Lance Burton 1986 : David Copperfield 1987 : The Pendragons 1988 : Harry Anderson 1989 : Princess Tenko 1990 : Silvan 1991 : Lance Burton 1992 : Juan Tamariz 1993 : Jeff McBride 1994 : The Pendragons 1995 : Penn & Teller 1996 : Ricky Jay 1997 : Mark Kalin & Jinger 1998 : Luis De Matos 1999 : Silvan 2000 : Joaquin Ayala 2001 : Rick Thomas 2002 : David Blaine 2003 : Mac King 2004 : Darren Romeo 2005 : Criss Angel 2006 : Cyril Takayama 2007 : Derren Brown 2008 : Guy Hollingworth 2009 : Ed Alonzo 2010 : Topas 2011 : Lu Chen 2012 : Penn & Teller 2013 : Yu Ho - Jin 2014 : Michael Carbonaro 2015 : Dynamo 2016 : Derek DelGaudio Criticism of religion By religion Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Opus Dei Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Protestantism Seventh - day Adventist Unification Church Westboro Baptist Church Hinduism Islam Islamism Twelver Shia Islam Wahhabism Jainism Judaism Monotheism New religious movement Scientology Sikhism Yazdânism Zoroastrianism Religious texts Bible Quran Hadiths Mormon sacred texts Book of Mormon Talmud Religious figures Aisha Charles Taze Russell Ellen White Jesus Moses Muhammad Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Saul Religious violence Buddhism Christianity Mormonism Judaism Islam Terrorism Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Persecution Christian thought on persecution and tolerance War In Islam In Judaism Sectarian violence By country India Anti-Christian violence In Odisha Nigeria Pakistan Books Atheist Manifesto Breaking the Spell : Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Christianity Unveiled God in the Age of Science ? God Is Not Great God : The Failed Hypothesis Letter to a Christian Nation The Age of Reason The Blind Watchmaker The Caged Virgin The End of Faith The God Delusion The Rage Against God Why I Am Not a Christian Why I Am Not a Muslim Movements Agnosticism Antitheism Atheism Criticism of atheism Cārvāka New Atheism Nontheistic religions Parody religion Penn & Teller Penn Jillette Teller Television shows Penn & Teller Tell a Lie Penn & Teller : Fool Us Penn & Teller : Off the Deep End Penn & Teller 's Magic and Mystery Tour Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! ( Awards and episodes ) Behind the Scenes Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular The Unpleasant World of Penn & Teller Other articles Penn & Teller Get Killed Penn & Teller 's Cruel Tricks for Dear Friends Penn & Teller 's Smoke and Mirrors `` It 's Tricky '' Tim 's Vermeer Wizard Wars VIAF : 121166653 LCCN : no2007115876 MusicBrainz : b4d4c17b - 243a - 4091 - b61d - c4ed13a65b98 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penn_%26_Teller&oldid=832278314 '' Categories : Academy of Magical Arts Performing Fellowship winners Academy of Magical Arts Magician of the Year winners American atheists American comedy duos American libertarians American magicians American skeptics American atheism activists Critics of alternative medicine Critics of creationism Critics of religions Libertarianism in the United States Nevada Libertarians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2013 Vague or ambiguous time from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 23 : 48 . 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5645697622808715088 | Climate of the United States | Climate of the United States - Wikipedia Climate of the United States For change , see Climate change in the United States . Köppen climate types of the US The climate of the United States varies due to differences in latitude , and a range of geographic features , including mountains and deserts . Generally , the climate of the U.S. becomes warmer the further south one travels , and drier the further west , until one reaches the West Coast . West of the 100th meridian , much of the US has a cold semi-arid climate in the interior upper western states to warm to hot desert climates in the far southwestern US , while a Mediterranean climate prevails along the California coast . East of the 100th meridian , the climate is humid continental in northern areas ( locations above 40 north latitude ) , to humid temperate in the central and middle Atlantic coast regions , to humid subtropical in the Gulf and south Atlantic regions . Southern Florida is tropical , as are Hawaii and the US Virgin Islands . Higher - elevation areas of the Rocky Mountains , the Wasatch , Sierra Nevada , and Cascade Range are alpine . Coastal areas of Oregon and Washington have an oceanic climate . The state of Alaska , on the northwestern corner of the North American continent , is largely dominated by a subarctic climate , but with a subpolar oceanic climate in the southeast ( Alaska Panhandle ) , southwestern peninsula and Aleutian Islands , and a polar climate in the north . The primary drivers of weather in the contiguous United States are the seasonal change in the solar angle , the migration north / south of the subtropical highs , and the seasonal change in the position of the polar jet stream . In the Northern Hemisphere summer the subtropical high pressure systems move northward and closer to the United States mainland . In the Atlantic Ocean , the Bermuda High creates a south - southwest flow of warm , humid air over the eastern , southern and central United States - resulting in warm to hot temperatures , high humidity and occasional to frequent thunderstorm activity . In the Pacific Ocean high pressure builds toward the California coast , resulting in a northwesterly airflow creating the sunny , dry , and stable weather conditions prevalent along the West Coast in summer . In the Northern Hemisphere winter , the subtropical highs retreat southward . The polar jet stream ( and associated conflict zone between cold , dry air masses from Canada and warm , moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico ) drops further southward into the United States - bringing major rain , ice and snow events , and much more variable temperatures , with rapid temperature rises and falls not uncommon . Areas in the southern US ( Florida , the Gulf Coast , the Desert Southwest , and southern California ) however , often have more stable weather , as the polar jet stream 's impact does not usually reach that far south . Weather systems , be they high - pressure systems ( anticyclones ) , low - pressure systems ( cyclones ) or fronts ( boundaries between air masses of differing temperature , humidity and most commonly , both ) are faster - moving and more intense in the winter / colder months than in the summer / warmer months , when the belt of lows and storms generally moves into southern Canada . The Gulf of Alaska is the origination area of many storms that enter the United States . Such `` North Pacific lows '' enter the US through the Pacific Northwest , then move eastward across the northern Rocky Mountains , northern Great Plains , upper Midwest , Great Lakes and New England states . Across the central states from late fall to spring , `` Panhandle hook '' storms move from the central Rockies into the Oklahoma / Texas panhandle areas , then northeast toward the Great Lakes . They generate unusually large temperature contrasts , and often bring copious Gulf moisture northward , resulting sometimes in cold conditions and possibly - heavy snow or ice north and west of the storm track , and warm conditions , heavy rains and potentially - severe thunderstorms south and east of the storm track - often simultaneously . Across the northern states in winter usually from Montana eastward , `` Alberta clipper '' storms track east and bring light to moderate snowfalls from the Great Lakes to New England , and often , windy and severe Arctic outbreaks behind them . When winter - season Canadian cold air masses drop unusually far southward , `` Gulf lows '' can develop in or near the Gulf of Mexico , then track eastward or northeastward across the Southern states , or nearby Gulf or South Atlantic waters . They sometimes bring rain , but can bring snow or ice across the South , mostly in interior or northern areas . In the cold season ( generally November to March ) , most precipitation occurs in conjunction with organized low - pressure systems and associated fronts . In the summer , storms are much more localized , with short - duration thunderstorms common in many areas east of the 100th meridian . In the warm season , storm systems affecting a large area are less frequent , and weather conditions are more solar ( sun ) controlled , with the greatest chance for thunderstorm and severe weather activity during peak heating hours , mostly between 3 PM and 9 PM local time . From May to August especially , often - overnight mesoscale - convective - system ( MCS ) thunderstorm complexes , usually associated with frontal activity , can deliver significant to flooding rainfall amounts from the Dakotas / Nebraska eastward across Iowa / Minnesota to the Great Lakes states . From late summer into fall ( mostly August to October ) , tropical cyclones ( hurricanes , tropical storms and tropical depressions ) sometimes approach or cross the Gulf and Atlantic states , bringing high winds , heavy rainfall , and storm surges ( often topped with battering waves ) to coastal areas . Record one day precipitation by county between 1979 and 2011 . A map of the average annual high temperatures in the United States . Contents 1 Regional overview 1.1 Southwest 1.2 Gulf Coast / Lower Mississippi Valley / South Atlantic states 1.3 Southern Plains / Lower Midwest / Middle East Coast 1.4 Northern Great Plains / North - Central / Great Lakes / New England 1.5 Pacific Northwest 2 Precipitation 3 Extremes 4 Overall average ( s ) 5 Natural disasters and effects 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Regional overview ( edit ) Southwest ( edit ) The Southwest has a hot desert climate , at lower elevations . Cities like Phoenix , Las Vegas , Yuma , and Palm Springs have average highs over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) during the summer months and lows in the 70s or even 80s . In winter , daily temperatures in the southwest are cooler with highs in the 50s and 60s F , and lows in the 40s F . In Phoenix , Las Vegas and similar Southwestern desert areas , on average June is the driest month , after Pacific - originating winter storms have concluded and before the Southwestern summer `` monsoon '' begins . The Southwest and the Great Basin are affected by said monsoon from the Gulf of California from July -- September . This results in some increase in humidity and cloud cover , bringing higher nighttime low temperatures and localized thunderstorms to the region , which can result in flash flooding . Further eastward in the desert Southwest ( Tucson , AZ eastward toward El Paso , TX ) , winter - season precipitation decreases , while the summer monsoon increasingly provides a summer precipitation maximum . For example , El Paso has a pronounced July to September precipitation maximum . Still , drought has been frequent in the region , often lasting for periods of years or longer . Forest fires across the Western United States ( especially the southwest ) occur many years , and can be severe to extreme in especially hot , dry summer seasons . Northern Arizona and New Mexico , central and northern Nevada and most of Utah ( outside higher mountain areas ) have a temperate semi-desert to desert climate , but with colder and snowier winters than in Phoenix and similar areas , and less - hot summers ( as at Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Summer high temperatures often reach the 90s , but low temperatures drop into the low 60s and even 50s . As in other temperate desert climates , the dry air results in large differences ( sometimes over 40 degrees ) between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures . Precipitation , though scarce , often falls year - round , influenced both by summer thunderstorms brought by the Southwestern monsoon ( primarily in southern areas ) , and by winter - season storms from the Pacific Ocean . The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate . Daily high temperatures range from 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) in the summer to 50 to 65 ° F ( 10 to 16 ° C ) in winter , with low temperatures from the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s in summer to the mid 40s F in winter . Like most Mediterranean climates , much of coastal California has a wet winter and dry summer . Early summers can often bring cool , overcast weather ( fog and low stratus clouds ) to coastal California . As such , the warmest summer weather is delayed until August , even September in many areas of the California coast ; on average , September is the warmest month in San Francisco , CA . Upwelling of cold Pacific waters also contributes to the frequent cool spring and early summer weather in coastal California . In California 's inland river valleys ( Bakersfield , Sacramento areas ) , the wet - winter , dry - summer pattern remains , but winters are cooler and more prone to occasional frost or freeze , while summers are much hotter , with blazing sunshine and daytime high temperatures not uncommonly in the 90s ° F to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Gulf coast / lower Mississippi Valley / South Atlantic States ( edit ) The Gulf and South Atlantic states have a humid subtropical climate with mostly mild winters and hot , humid summers . Most of the Florida peninsula including Tampa and Jacksonville , along with other coastal cities like Houston , New Orleans , Savannah , GA , Charleston , SC and Wilmington , NC all have average summer highs from near 90 to the lower 90s F , and lows generally from 70 to 75 ° F ( 21 to 24 ° C ) ; combined with moist tropical air , this creates the sultry summer weather conditions that prevail here . In the interior South , in cities like Raleigh , NC , Atlanta , Birmingham , AL , Nashville , TN and Jackson , average summer highs and lows are similar to coastal areas , while some areas of interior eastern and central Texas ( i.e. Dallas , Austin and San Antonio areas ) have average daily highs in the mid to upper 90s F. In winter , average daily high temperatures range from the 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) s ( upper South : northern Arkansas , Kentucky and Virginia ) , to the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s along the Gulf Coast and South Atlantic coast ( Charleston southward ) , with 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in central and southern Florida and far southern Texas . Average daily lows in winter range from 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) s north to 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) s along the Gulf and far South Atlantic coasts , with 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) s in Florida and coastal south Texas . Much of the interior South ( Tennessee , Kentucky and the northern Gulf states ) has a winter or spring maximum in precipitation , with December , March or April typically the wettest month , and August to October the driest months - for example , at Birmingham , AL , Huntsville , AL , Tupelo , MS and Memphis , TN . From November to April , these areas commonly experience sharp conflicts between cold , dry air from Canada and warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico . Fueled by abundant Gulf moisture , these air - mass clashes often produce heavy precipitation in winter and spring across the mid-South . Here , thunderstorms can occur any month , with severe weather possible , especially in November and from late February to May . Much of the mid-South lies within Dixie Alley , an area of relatively high tornado risk . Given the prevailing heat and humidity , summer - season thunderstorms can occur throughout the South , but they are heavier and more frequent along the Gulf coast , South Atlantic coast ( Norfolk , VA area southward ) , and in peninsular Florida . Along most of the Gulf coast ( i.e. New Orleans and Pensacola areas ) , and in South Atlantic coastal and sand hills areas ( i.e. Columbia , SC , Fayetteville , NC , Raleigh , NC , Wilmington , NC , and Norfolk , VA ) , July and August are usually the wettest months , and precipitation is fairly evenly distributed the rest of the year . Primarily from August to early October , the coastal Gulf and South Atlantic states are susceptible to being struck by tropical weather systems ( tropical depressions , tropical storms and hurricanes ) , which can bring damaging to destructive winds , very heavy rains and damaging oceanic storm surges . In winter , snow , sleet and ice can occur , mostly in the South 's middle and northern regions , when southerly - tracking storms throw Gulf or Atlantic moisture over cold Canadian air at ground level . Southern Florida has a tropical climate , with all months having a mean temperature of higher than 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , a wet season from May through October , and a dry season from November through April . In cities like Fort Lauderdale , Miami , Key West , Naples , and Palm Beach average daily highs range from the mid 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in winter to near 90 ° F ( 32 - 33 ° C ) in summer . Average overnight lows range from the upper 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) s in winter to the mid and upper 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) s in summer . Southern Florida is the warmest region of the US mainland in winter . Southern Plains / lower Midwest / middle east coast ( edit ) The region from the southern Plains , to the lower Midwest , eastward to the central East Coast ( the New York City / coastal Connecticut region southward to Virginia ) has a temperate climate , with cool to cold winters and warm to hot , humid summers . Daytime highs range from 80 to 90 ° F ( 27 to 32 ° C ) in summer to 35 to 50 ° F ( 2 to 10 ° C ) in winter . Lows range from the 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) s in summer to 25 to 35 ° F ( − 4 to 2 ° C ) in winter . Cities in this region include Wichita , KS , St. Louis , MO , Springfield , IL , Indianapolis , IN , Columbus , OH , Pittsburgh , PA , Philadelphia , PA , Washington , D.C. , Richmond , VA , New York City , NY , New Haven , CT , and Atlantic City , NJ . Precipitation is spread fairly evenly throughout the year , though as one travels from Indiana westward there is an increasingly prominent early - summer concentration , with a May maximum in northern Texas and Oklahoma , and a June maximum increasingly evident from ( central / northern ) Indiana westward to Kansas . As one travels from east to west across Texas , Oklahoma and Kansas , average annual precipitation steadily decreases . Far western Texas ( El Paso area ) is desert , and average annual precipitation is less than twenty inches ( 510 mm ) in westernmost Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle , where the climate qualifies as semi-arid . In the lower Midwest ( and southern Plains states , especially ) , temperatures can rise or drop rapidly ; winds can be extreme ; and clashing air masses , including hot , dry air of Mexican and / or Southwestern origin , warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold , dry air from Canada can spawn severe thunderstorms and tornadoes , particularly from April to June . The `` dryline , '' separating hot , dry air of Mexican / Southwestern U.S. origin from warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico , often causes severe , occasionally violent , thunderstorms to fire in central and eastern Texas , Oklahoma and Kansas ; these sometimes contribute toward the hailstorms and tornado outbreaks that the Southern Plains are well known for . Reflecting these air - mass conflicts , central Oklahoma , including the Oklahoma City and Moore - Norman areas , has the highest frequency of tornadoes per unit land area on planet Earth , with May the highest - risk month for tornadoes throughout `` Tornado Alley , '' from northern Texas north - northeastward toward western and central Iowa . Northern Great Plains / north - central / Great Lakes / New England ( edit ) The northern half of the Great Plains ( Nebraska northward ) , northern Midwest , Great Lakes , and New England states have a humid continental climate . Here there are four distinct seasons , with warm to hot summers , and cold and often - snowy winters . Average daily high temperatures range from 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) s ( in North Dakota , and central and northern Minnesota ) to 30 ° F ( − 1 ° C ) s in winter to 70 to 80 ° F ( 21 to 27 ° C ) s in summer , while overnight lows range from below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) in winter ( in North Dakota and much of Minnesota ) to 50 to 60 ° F ( 10 to 16 ° C ) s in summer . In the New England states , precipitation is evenly distributed around the year , with a slight late fall - early winter ( November -- December ) maximum along the New England coast from Boston , MA northward due to intense early - winter storms . In the Great Lakes states , cold Arctic air in winter crossing the relatively warmer lake waters can result in frequent and sometimes very heavy lake - effect snow , especially on the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes ( for example , in western Michigan 's Lower Peninsula and in the Buffalo , NY area ) . Cities in this area include Minneapolis , MN , Omaha , NE , Sioux Falls , SD , Fargo , ND , Chicago , IL , Cleveland , OH , Buffalo , NY , Albany , NY , Boston , MA , Concord , NH and Augusta , ME . As one travels from east to west across Nebraska , South Dakota and North Dakota , average annual precipitation steadily decreases , and the westernmost counties of these states have a semi-arid climate , with about or just over 15 inches of precipitation per year , on average ( see climate data for Williston , ND , Rapid City , SD and Scottsbluff , NE ) . In the upper Midwest and northern Plains states , temperatures may rise or fall rapidly , and winds ( from warm - season thunderstorms or larger - scale low - pressure systems ) can be strong to extreme . Here , air - mass conflicts primarily involve warm , moist air from the Gulf of Mexico , clashing with cool to cold , dry air from Canada , with only occasional intrusions of hot , dry air from the southwest . The conflicts between Canadian and Gulf air commonly produce severe thunderstorms ( including hailstorms , especially on the western Plains ) and tornadoes , particularly in May and June . In the northern Plains and North Central states generally , June is the year 's wettest month on average , owing to maximum shower and thunderstorm activity . Also , June is the highest - risk month for severe weather throughout North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Iowa , Wisconsin and northern Illinois . Pacific Northwest ( edit ) The Pacific Northwest has an oceanic climate . The climate is wet and cool in autumn , winter , and spring , and stable and drier in the summer months , especially July and August . On average , the wettest month is typically November or December ; the driest , July . In the summer months , average highs in cities like Seattle and Portland are from 70 to 79 ° F ( 21 to 26 ° C ) with lows from 50 to 59 ° F ( 10 to 15 ° C ) , while in winter daily highs are from 40 to 49 ° F ( 4 to 9 ° C ) and overnight lows from 30 to 39 ° F ( − 1 to 4 ° C ) . In winter , the Pacific Northwest ( especially coastal districts and other areas west , i.e. on the prevailing windward side , of the Olympic and Cascade mountain ranges ) , experiences a mostly overcast , wet and cool climate , but without severe cold like that found in the interior northern U.S. ( i.e. Minnesota / North Dakota ) . At lower elevations , winter precipitation falls mostly as rain . However , snow does occur even at the lowest elevations , primarily when Pacific moisture interacts with cold air intruding into the Pacific Northwest from western Canada ( i.e. Alberta and interior British Columbia ) . In Seattle , WA and Portland , OR , winter - season snowfall varies greatly ; in Seattle , the average winter - season snowfall is about 7 inches . In January 1950 ( the coldest month in Pacific Northwest history ) , Seattle received an all - time record 57 inches of snow ; that same month , Portland received 41 inches . Summers in the Pacific Northwest are generally cool , especially along the coastline . The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau ( the Intermontane Plateaus ) are arid or semiarid regions , with high summer temperatures in the 90s to occasionally over 100 at lower elevations ( e.g. at Boise , ID ) , with annual precipitation averaging less than 15 inches ( 380 mm ) as a result of the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades . Both coastal and interior areas of Oregon and Washington , and southern Idaho , have a wet - winter , dry - summer precipitation pattern , but traveling eastward into Montana and Wyoming , this transitions progressively toward relatively drier winters and a May and eventually June precipitation maximum , the latter characteristic of the Northern Plains and much of the upper Midwest ( i.e. both Dakotas , Nebraska , Iowa and Minnesota ) . Precipitation ( edit ) Average precipitation See also : United States rainfall climatology The characteristics of precipitation across the United States differ significantly across the United States and its possessions . Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western , southern , and southeast Alaska annually . During the fall , winter , and spring , Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation . Most of Florida has a subtropical monsoon rainfall pattern ( wet summer and dry winter ) . In the central and upper eastern United States , precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year , although summer rainfall increases as one moves southeastward . Lake - effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes , as well as Great Salt Lake and the Finger Lakes during the cold season . The average snow to liquid ratio across the contiguous United States is 13 : 1 , meaning 13 inches ( 330 mm ) of snow melts down to 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of water . The El Niño - Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution , by altering rainfall patterns across the West , Midwest , the Southeast , and throughout the tropics . During the summer , the Southwest monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic Ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the country as well as the Great Plains . Equatorward of the subtropical ridge , tropical cyclones enhance precipitation ( mostly from August to October ) across southern and eastern sections of the country , as well as Puerto Rico , the United States Virgin Islands , the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , and American Samoa . Over the top of the ridge , the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes . Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains , Midwest , and Great Lakes during the warm season , contributing up to 10 % of the annual precipitation to the region . Extremes ( edit ) Several different air masses affect the United States . In northern Alaska , tundra and arctic conditions predominate , and the temperature has fallen as low as − 80 ° F ( − 62 ° C ) . On the other end of the spectrum , Death Valley , California once reached 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , officially the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth . On average , the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth . The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches ( 1,758 cm ) ; the record there was 1,122 inches ( 2,850 cm ) in the winter of 1971 -- 72 . This record was broken by the Mt . Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches ( 2,896 cm ) of snowfall for the 1998 - 99 snowfall season . Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains , near the Great Salt Lake and the Sierra Nevada , near Lake Tahoe . Along the coastal mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental US , with Quinault Ranger Station in Washington having an average of 137 inches ( 3,480 mm ) . Hawaii receives even more , with 460 inches ( 11,684 mm ) measured annually , on average , on Mount Waialeale , in Kauai . The Sonoran Desert in the southwest is home to the driest locale in the US . Yuma , Arizona , has an average of 2.63 inches ( 67 mm ) of precipitation each year . hide Climate data for United States Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 108 ( 42 ) 118 ( 48 ) 124 ( 51 ) 129 ( 54 ) 134 ( 57 ) 127 ( 53 ) 126 ( 52 ) 117 ( 47 ) 105 ( 41 ) 100 ( 38 ) 134 ( 57 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 80 ( − 62 ) − 75 ( − 59 ) − 68 ( − 56 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) − 1 ( − 18 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 5 ( − 15 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 48 ( − 44 ) − 61 ( − 52 ) − 72 ( − 58 ) − 80 ( − 62 ) Source : http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762182.html Overall average ( s ) ( edit ) hide Climate data for Contiguous US average Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 30.8 ( − 0.7 ) 34.7 ( 1.5 ) 42.6 ( 5.9 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 61.0 ( 16.1 ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 72.8 ( 22.7 ) 65.4 ( 18.6 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 33.4 ( 0.8 ) 52.8 ( 11.6 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.201 ( 55.9 ) 2.012 ( 51.1 ) 2.402 ( 61.0 ) 2.441 ( 62.0 ) 2.882 ( 73.2 ) 2.909 ( 73.9 ) 2.772 ( 70.4 ) 2.61 ( 66.3 ) 2.492 ( 63.3 ) 2.161 ( 54.9 ) 2.122 ( 53.9 ) 2.26 ( 57.4 ) 29.228 ( 742.4 ) Source : NOAA ( US ) Natural disasters and effects ( edit ) A powerful tornado in Texas . Because of contrasting air masses , the Great Plains , the Midwest , and the southern United States have frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during both the spring and the summer . In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else in the world . They usually can touch down during the spring and the summer . The strip of land from north Texas north to Nebraska and east into Southern Michigan is known as Tornado Alley , where many houses have tornado shelters and where many towns have tornado sirens . Stretching across Mississippi and Alabama , Dixie Alley has experienced both tornadoes and violent thunderstorms , with peak tornado season coming on as early as February and waning by May . Florida also reports many tornadoes , but these rarely are very strong . The southern US has a second tornado season during the autumn . Generally , the area at greatest risk for tornadoes migrates northward from February to June , peaking in the Gulf States in February and March , the Ohio Valley and lower Midwest in April , southern and central Plains and central Midwest in May , and Northern Plains and upper Midwest ( Dakotas , Minnesota , and Wisconsin ) in June . Both the Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods . Widespread severe flooding is rare . Some exceptions include the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982 -- 83 El Niño event in the western United States . Localized flooding can , however , occur anywhere . Mudslides from heavy rain can even cause problems in any mountainous areas , particularly in the Southwest . The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the monsoon season in summer leads to sometimes devastating flash floods as well . On the other hand , Nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt in both the New England and Great Lakes regions . In 2013 , the US sustains $10 billion annually in damage from floods . The Southwest has the worst droughts ; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have decimated the Anasazi people . Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spreads of wildfires . Although severe drought is rare , it has occasionally caused some major problems , such as those during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) , which coincided with the Great Depression . Farmland failed throughout the Plains , entire regions were virtually depopulated , and dust storms ravaged the land . More recently , the western US experienced widespread drought from 1999 to 2004 . In terms of deaths from heatwaves , 7,415 losses occurred between 1999 and 2010 , a mean of 618 per year . A disproportionate number of men , a full 68 % of deaths , versus women have been affected . The highest yearly total of heat - related deaths during that time frame was in 1999 . The lowest was in 2004 . In terms of deaths caused by waves of cold temperatures , the same gender inequality exists ; 66 % of hypothermia - related deaths in 2002 were of males . From 1979 to 2002 , 16,555 deaths occurred due to exposure to excessive cold temperatures , a mean of 689 per year . See also ( edit ) United States portal Climate change in the United States Geography of the United States United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States Meteorology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://komonews.com/weather/scotts-weather-blog/just-how-bad-was-the-winter-of-1949-1950 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.oregonlive.com/weather/index.ssf/2017/01/january_snowfall_record-settin.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.oregonphotos.com/Portland%20Cold.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Norman W. Junker . West Coast Cold Season Heavy Rainfall Events . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Schmidlin . Climatic Summary of Snowfall and Snow Depth in the Ohio Snowbelt at Chardron . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Martin A. Baxter , Charles E. Graves , and James T. Moore . A Climatology of Snow - to - Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ John Monteverdi and Jan Null . WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO . 97 - 37 NOVEMBER 21 , 1997 : El Niño and California Precipitation . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nathan Mantua . La Niña Impacts in the Pacific Northwest . Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southeast Climate Consortium . SECC Winter Climate Outlook . Archived March 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Reuters . La Nina could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Flagstaff , Arizona . The Monsoon . Retrieved on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Roth , David M ; Weather Prediction Center ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Maximum Rainfall caused by Tropical Cyclones and their Remnants Per State ( 1950 -- 2012 ) '' . Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker S. Ashley , Thomas L. Mote , P. Grady Dixon , Sharon L. Trotter , Emily J. Powell , Joshua D. Durkee , and Andrew J. Grundstein . Distribution of Mesoscale Convective Complex Rainfall in the United States . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack Each state 's low temperature record , USA Today , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World : Highest Temperature '' . World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive . Arizona State University . 2012 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Atlas . Average Annual Precipitation , 1961 - 1990 . Archived September 28 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Diana Leone . Rain supreme . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hereford , Richard , et al. , Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region , 1893 -- 2001 , US Geological Survey , Fact Sheet 117 - 03 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer '' . Viewer.nationalmap.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES Climate Summary '' . Jump up ^ NOVA , Tornado Heaven , Hunt for the Supertwister , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Baird , Joel Banner ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stream - gage insight at risk from budget cuts '' . The Burlington Free Press . Burlington , Vermont . pp. 3C . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Jim E. and John E. Costa , Large Floods in the United States : Where They Happen and Why , US Geological Survey Circular 1245 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ QuickStats : Number of Heat - Related Deaths , * by Sex -- National Vital Statistics System , United States , † 1999 -- 2010 § . Cdc.gov ( 2012 - 09 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hypothermia - Related Deaths - United States , 2003 - 2004 . Cdc.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Climate of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_United_States&oldid=856921838 '' Categories : Climate of the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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5249265402452564486 | Spanish language in the United States | Spanish language in the United States - wikipedia Spanish language in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spanish language distribution in the United States by county as of 2000 . Hispanic and Latino Americans National origin groups ( show ) Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Puerto Ricans ( stateside ) Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americanss Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans History ( show ) History of Hispanic and Latino Americans History of Mexican Americans Colonial casta system ( show ) castizo cholo criollo mestizo mulato pardo / moreno zambo Political movements ( show ) Chicano Movement Hispanic and Latino American politics Organizations ( show ) Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC Culture ( show ) Literature Music Religion Studies Related national groups ( show ) Belizean Americans Brazilian Americans Filipino Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Portuguese Americans Spanish Americans Surinamese Americans Languages ( show ) English Spanglish Spanish Cuban Spanish United States New Mexican Puerto Rican Ethnic groups ( show ) Californio Chicano Hispano Isleño Nuevomexicano Nuyorican Tejano Lists ( show ) Communities with Hispanic majority Hispanic and Latino Americans Puerto Rico Related topics Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States of America . Forty - five million Hispanophones speak Spanish as their first , second or heritage language , and there are six million Spanish language students in the United States . This makes the United States the third - largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico and Colombia , and before Spain . Spanish has both the largest number of native language Romance speakers and native Indo - European language speakers in the world . About half of all American Spanish speakers also assessed themselves as speaking English `` very well '' in the 2000 U.S. Census . There are more Spanish - speakers in the United States than speakers of French , German , Italian , Hawaiian , varieties of Chinese and Native American languages combined . According to the 2012 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by 38.3 million people aged five or older , more than twice that of 1990 . The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries , with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America . Colonizers settled in areas that would later become the states of Florida , Texas , Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , Nevada , Utah , and California . The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent . Western regions of the Louisiana Territory were also under Spanish rule between 1763 and 1800 , after the French and Indian War , further extending the Spanish influence throughout the modern - day United States of America . After the incorporation of these areas into the United States in the first half of the 19th century , the Spanish language was later reinforced in the country by the acquisition of Puerto Rico in 1898 . Later waves of emigration from Mexico , Cuba , El Salvador and elsewhere in Hispanic America to the United States beginning in the second half of the 19th century to the present - day have strengthened the role of the Spanish language in the country . Today , Hispanics are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States , thus increasing the use and importance of American Spanish in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early Spanish settlements 1.2 Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 -- 1804 ) 1.3 Annexation of Texas and the Mexican -- American War 1.4 Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) 1.5 Modern mass migration 2 Geographic distribution 3 Current status 3.1 California 3.2 Arizona 3.3 New Mexico 3.4 Texas 3.5 Puerto Rico 4 Spanish place names 5 Learning trends in the United States 6 Variation 6.1 Spanish sub-types 7 Common English words derived from Spanish 8 Phonetic features 9 Lexical features 10 Future of Spanish in the United States 11 American literature in Spanish 11.1 Southwest Colonial literature 11.2 19th century 11.3 20th century 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading History ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) . He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current United States because he led the first European expedition to Florida , which he named . Spanish was the first European language spoken in the territory that is now the United States . See also : History of Hispanic and Latino Americans Early Spanish settlements ( edit ) Spanish was among the very first European languages spoken in North America , preceded only by Old Norse . Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513 . In 1565 , the Spaniards founded St. Augustine , Florida , and as of the early 1800s , it became the oldest continuously occupied European settlement in what is now the United States . In 1898 , San Juan , the capital of Puerto Rico , became the oldest city in all of the U.S. territory : Juan Ponce De León founded San Juan in 1508 . Historically , the Spanish - speaking population increased because of territorial annexation of lands claimed earlier by the Spanish Empire and by wars with Mexico and by land purchases , while modern factors continue increasing the size of this population . In 1819 Florida was sold by Spain to the United States by Adams -- Onís Treaty ; many Spanish settlers , whose ancestors came from Cuba , Andalusia , and the Canary Islands , became U.S. citizens and continued to speak Spanish . Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 -- 1804 ) ( edit ) Further information : Louisiana Purchase In the late 18th and early 19th centuries , land claimed by Spain encompassed a large part of the contemporary U.S. territory , including the French colony of Louisiana that was under Spanish occupation from 1769 to 1800 , and then part of the United States since 1803 . When Louisiana was sold to the United States , its Spanish and Cajun French inhabitants became U.S. citizens , and continued to speak Spanish or French . In 1813 , George Ticknor started a program of Spanish Studies at Harvard University . Annexation of Texas and the Mexican -- American War ( edit ) Spanish language heritage in Florida dates back to 1565 , with the founding of Saint Augustine , Florida . Spanish was the first European language spoken in Florida . In 1821 , after Mexico 's War of Independence from Spain , Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas . A large influx of Americans soon followed , originally with the approval of Mexico 's president . In 1836 , the now largely `` American '' Texans fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas . In 1846 , the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state . Per the 1850 U.S. census , fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent , and nearly all were Spanish - speaking people ( both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan ) who were outnumbered ( six - to - one ) by English - speaking settlers ( both Americans and other immigrant Europeans ) . After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain , California , Nevada , Arizona , Utah , western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming also became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California . Most of New Mexico , western Texas , southern Colorado , southwestern Kansas , and the Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory led to New Mexican Spanish differing notably from both Spanish spoken in other parts of the United States of America and Spanish spoken in the present - day United Mexican States . Mexico lost almost half of the northern territory gained from Spain in 1821 to the United States in the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . This included parts of contemporary Texas , and Colorado , Arizona , New Mexico , Wyoming , California , Nevada , and Utah . Although the lost territory was sparsely populated , the thousands of Spanish - speaking Mexicans subsequently became U.S. citizens . The war - ending Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) does not explicitly address language . However , the English - speaking American settlers who entered the Southwest established their language , culture , and law as dominant , to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere . In 1855 , California declared that English would be the only medium of instruction in its schools ; the newly admitted state of New Mexico followed suit in 1891 to mandate that all of its schools teach in English only . The first California constitutional convention in 1849 had eight Californio participants ; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish , and it contained a clause requiring all published laws and regulations to be published in both languages . One of the very first acts of the first California Legislature of 1850 was to authorize the appointment of a State Translator , who would be responsible for translating all state laws , decrees , documents , or orders into Spanish . But the state 's second constitutional convention in 1872 had no Spanish - speaking participants ; the convention 's English - speaking participants felt that the state 's remaining minority of Spanish - speakers should simply learn English ; and the convention ultimately voted 46 - 39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English . Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) ( edit ) Further information : Spanish -- American War In 1898 , consequent to the Spanish -- American War , the United States took control of Cuba and Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam as American territories . In 1902 , Cuba became independent from the United States , while Puerto Rico remained a U.S. territory . The American government required government services to be bilingual in Spanish and English , and attempted to introduce English - medium education to Puerto Rico , but the latter effort was unsuccessful . In 1917 , the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese was founded , and the academic study of Spanish literature was helped by negative attitudes towards German due to World War I. From 1942 to 1962 , the Bracero program would provide for mass Mexican migration to the United States . Once Puerto Rico was granted autonomy in 1948 , even mainlander officials who came to Puerto Rico were forced to learn Spanish . Only 20 % of Puerto Rico 's residents understand English , and although the island 's government had a policy of official bilingualism , it was repealed in favor of a Spanish - only policy in 1991 . This policy was reversed in 1993 when a pro-statehood party ousted a pro-independence party from the commonwealth government . Modern mass migration ( edit ) The relatively recent but large influx of Spanish - speakers to the United States has increased the overall total of Spanish - speakers in the country . They form majorities and large minorities in many political districts , especially in California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , the American states bordering Mexico , and also in South Florida . Mexicans first moved to the United States as refugees in the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution from 1910 -- 1917 , but many more emigrated later for economic reasons . The large majority of Mexicans are in the former Mexican - controlled areas in the Southwest . At over 5 million , Puerto Ricans are easily the second largest Hispanic group . Of all major Hispanic groups , Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish , but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish . Puerto Ricans are natural - born U.S. citizens , and many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City , Orlando , Philadelphia , and other areas of the Eastern United States , increasing the Spanish - speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population , especially in Central Florida . In Hawaii , where Puerto Rican farm laborers and Mexican ranchers have settled since the late 19th century , seven percent of the islands ' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both . The Cuban Revolution of 1959 created a community of Cuban exiles who opposed the Communist revolution , many of whom left for the United States . In 1963 , the Ford Foundation established the first bilingual education program in the United States for the children of Cuban exiles in Miami - Dade County , Florida . The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 boosted immigration from Latin American countries , and in 1968 , Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act . Most of these one million Cuban Americans settled in southern and central Florida , while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States ; most are fluent in Spanish . In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration . Likewise , the Nicaraguan Revolution promoted a migration of Contras who were opposed to the socialist government in Nicaragua , to the United States in the late 1980s . Most of these Nicaraguans migrated to Florida , California and Texas . SER - Niños Charter School , a K -- 8 bilingual public school in Houston , Texas . Bilingual education is popular in school districts with large numbers of Spanish - speakers . The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems . The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s , in which 20 to 30 percent of El Salvador 's population emigrated . About 50 percent , or up to 500,000 of those who escaped , headed to the United States , which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans , making Salvadoran Americans the fourth - largest Hispanic and Latino American group , after the Mexican - American majority , stateside Puerto Ricans , and Cubans . As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s , hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States . Between 1980 and 1990 , the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000 . The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador , including earthquakes and hurricanes . By 2008 , there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States . Until the 20th century , there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States . Between the 18th and early 19th centuries , there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela , only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who were born and / or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish . From 1910 to 1930 , it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States ; however , there are few specific figures indicating these statistics . Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education , only to remain there following graduation . They are frequently joined by relatives . However , since the early 1980s , the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US . In the 2000s , dissident Venezuelans migrated to South Florida , especially the suburbs of Doral and Weston . Other main states with Venezuelan American populations are , according to the 1990 census , New York , California , Texas ( adding to their existing Hispanic populations ) , New Jersey , Massachusetts and Maryland . Refugees from Spain also migrated to the U.S. due to the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 - 1939 ) and political instability under the regime of Francisco Franco that lasted until 1975 . The majority of Spaniards settled in Florida , Texas , California , New Jersey , New York City , Chicago , and Puerto Rico . The publication of data by the United States Census Bureau in 2003 revealed that Hispanics were the largest minority in the United States and caused a flurry of press speculation in Spain about the position of Spanish in the United States . That year , the Instituto Cervantes , an organization created by the Spanish government in 1991 to promote Spanish language around the globe , established a branch in New York . Geographic distribution ( edit ) See also : Languages of the United States and List of U.S. cities by Spanish - speaking population Spanish - speakers in the United States Year Number of native Spanish - speakers Percent of US population 1980 11 million 5 % 17.3 million 7 % 2000 28.1 million 10 % 37 million 13 % 2015 41 million 13 % Sources : In total , there were 36,995,602 people aged five or older in the United States who spoke Spanish at home ( 12.8 % of the total U.S. population ) . Current status ( edit ) Public elementary school sign in Spanish in Memphis , Tennessee . The Spanish - language logo of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Although the United States has no de jure official language , English is the dominant language of business , education , government , religion , media , culture , civil society , and the public sphere . Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language , especially at the management level . Some states , such as New Mexico , provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents , in Spanish and English , and other commonly used languages . English is the home language of most Americans , including a growing proportion of Hispanic Americans ; between 2000 and 2015 , the proportion of Hispanics who spoke Spanish at home decreased from 78 to 73 percent . As noted above , the only major exception is the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , where Spanish is the official and most commonly used language . Throughout the history of the Southwest United States , the controversial issue of language as part of cultural rights and bilingual state government representation has caused socio - cultural friction between Anglophones and Hispanophones . Currently , Spanish is the most widely taught second language in the United States . California ( edit ) California 's first constitution recognized Spanish language rights : All laws , decrees , regulations , and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State , which from their nature require publication , shall be published in English and Spanish . -- California Constitution , 1849 , Art . 11 Sec. 21 . By 1870 , English - speaking Americans were a majority in California ; in 1879 , the state promulgated a new constitution under which all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English , a clause that remained in effect until 1966 . In 1986 , California voters added a new constitutional clause , by referendum , stating that : English is the official language of the State of California . -- California Constitution , Art . 3 , Sec. 6 Spanish remains widely spoken throughout the state , and many government forms , documents , and services are bilingual , in English and Spanish . And although all official proceedings are to be conducted in English : A person unable to understand English who is charged with a crime has a right to an interpreter throughout the proceedings . -- California Constitution , Art . 1 . Sec. 14 Arizona ( edit ) The state ( like its southwestern neighbors ) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico . The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863 , when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory . The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish - speakers until the 1940s , although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones ( including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English ) ; the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish - speakers . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : New Mexican Spanish New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state ; however , the state has no official language . New Mexico 's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English . Although English is the state government 's paper working language , government business is often conducted in Spanish , particularly at the local level . Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico - Colorado border and the contemporary U.S. -- Mexico border since the 16th century . Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish - speaking areas over most of its 400 - year existence , New Mexico Spanish , and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th - and 17th - century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary . In addition , it contains many words from Nahuatl , the language currently spoken by the Nahua people in Mexico . New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley , Mexican - Spanish words ( mexicanismos ) , and borrowings from English . Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form , changes in verb endings , particularly in the preterite , and partial merging of the second and third conjugations . Texas ( edit ) `` No Smoking '' sign in Spanish and English at the headquarters of the Texas Department of Health in Austin , Texas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Texas , English is the state 's de facto official language ( though it lacks de jure status ) and is used in government . However , the continual influx of Spanish - speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas . Although it is a part of the Southern United States , Texas 's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic , and consequently , Spanish is commonly spoken in the region . The Government of Texas , through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code , mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Spanish The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognizes Spanish and English as official languages ; Spanish is the dominant first language . Spanish place names ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. place names of Spanish origin Learning trends in the United States ( edit ) Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and higher education . More than 790,000 university students were enrolled in Spanish courses in the autumn of 2013 , with Spanish the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities . Some 50.6 percent of the total number of U.S. students enrolled in foreign - language courses take Spanish , followed by French ( 12.7 % ) , American Sign Language ( 7 % ) , German ( 5.5 % ) , Italian ( 4.6 % ) , Japanese ( 4.3 % ) , and Chinese ( 3.9 % ) , although the totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S. population . Variation ( edit ) La Época is an upscale Miami department store , whose Spanish name comes from Cuba . La Época is an example of the many businesses started and owned by Spanish - speakers in the United States . The influence of English on American Spanish is very important . In many Latino ( also called Hispanic ) youth subcultures , it is fashionable to variously mix Spanish and English , thereby producing Spanglish . Spanglish is the name for the admixture of English words and phrases to Spanish for effective communication . The Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española ( North American Academy of the Spanish Language ) tracks the developments of the Spanish spoken in the United States , and the influences of English upon it . Spanish sub-types ( edit ) Language experts distinguish the following varieties of the Spanish spoken in the United States : Mexican : the U.S. -- Mexico border , throughout the US southwest from California to Texas , as well as the city of Chicago , but becoming ubiquitous throughout the continental United States as Mexican Spanish is used as the standardized dialect of Spanish in the continental United States . Caribbean Spanish : Spanish as spoken by Puerto Ricans , Cubans , and Dominicans . Largely heard throughout the Northeastern United States and Florida , especially New York City and Miami , among other cities in the Eastern US . Central American Spanish : Spanish as spoken by Hispanics with origins in Central American countries such as El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , and Panama . Largely heard in major cities throughout California and Texas , as well as Washington DC , New York , and Miami . South American Spanish : Spanish as spoken by Hispanics with origins in South American countries such as Venzuela , Colombia , Peru , and Chile . Largely heard in major cities throughout New York , California , Texas , and Florida . Colonial Spanish : Spanish as spoken by descendants of Spanish colonists and early Mexicans before United States expansion and annexion of the US southwest and other areas . Californian ( 1769 -- present ) : California , especially the Central Coast Isleño ( Islander ) ( 18th century -- present ) : St. Bernard Parish , Louisiana New Mexican Spanish : Central and north - central New Mexico and south - central Colorado and the border regions of Arizona , Texas , and New Mexico , and southeastern Colorado Most post-first generations of Spanish - speakers tend to speak the language with American English accents of the region they grew up in . Common English words derived from Spanish ( edit ) Main article : List of English words of Spanish origin Analogously , many Spanish words are now standard American English . Admiral Avocado ( aguacate from Nahuatl aguacatl ) Aficionado Banana ( originally from Wolof ) Buckaroo ( vaquero ) Cafeteria ( cafetería ) Chocolate ( from Nahuatl xocolatl ) Cigar ( cigarro ) Corral Coyote ( from Nahuatl coyotl ) Desperado ( desesperado ) Guerrilla Guitar ( guitarra ) Hurricane ( huracán from the Taíno storm god Juracán ) Junta Lasso ( lazo ) Potato ( patata ; see Etymology of `` potato '' ) Ranch ( rancho ) Rodeo Siesta Tomato ( tomate from Nahuatl tomatl ) Tornado Vanilla ( vainilla ) Univisión is the country 's largest Spanish language network , followed by Telemundo . It is the country 's fourth - largest network overall . Phonetic Features ( edit ) This section contains an enumeration of examples , but lacks a general overview of its topic . You can help by adding an appropriate introductory section . Editing help is available . ( April 2017 ) First settled by the Spanish in the 16th century , today , 19 % of Floridians speak Spanish , and is the most widely taught second language . In Miami , 67 % of residents spoke Spanish as their first language in 2000 . As most ancestors of Hispanic Americans came from Hispanic America , ⟨ z ⟩ and ⟨ c ⟩ ( before / e / and / i / ) are pronounced as ( s ) , the same as ⟨ s ⟩ . However , seseo ( replacement of ( θ ) with ( s ) ) is also typical of the speech of Hispanic Americans of Andalusian and Canarian descent . Andalusia 's and the Canary Island 's predominant position in the conquest and subsequent immigration to Hispanic America from Spain is thought to be the reason for the absence of this distinction in most Hispanic American dialects . Most Americans of Spanish descent pronounce the two letters as ( s ) . Most speakers in Spain , particularly the regions that have a distinctive / θ / phoneme , realize / s / with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge . Phonetically this is an `` apico - alveolar '' `` grave '' sibilant ( s̺ ) , with a weak `` hushing '' sound reminiscent of retroflex fricatives . To a Hispanic and Latino American speaker , European Spanish / s / is close to ( ʃ ) like English sh as in she . However , this apico - alveolar realization of / s / is not uncommon in some Latin American Spanish dialects which lack ( θ ) ; some inland Colombian Spanish ( particularly Antioquia ) and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico - alveolar / s / . Spanish in the United States usually features yeísmo : there is no distinction between ⟨ ll ⟩ and ⟨ y ⟩ , and both are ( ʝ ) . However , yeísmo is an expanding and now dominant feature of European Spanish , particularly in urban speech ( Madrid , Toledo ) and especially in Andalusia and Canary Islands , though in rural use ( ʎ ) is preserved not only in central and northern Spain but also in scatter areas of Andalusia and the Canary Islands . Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both ⟨ ll ⟩ and ⟨ y ⟩ as ( ʒ ) or ( ʃ ) . The traditional pronunciation of the digraph ⟨ ll ⟩ as ( ʎ ) is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range , especially in inland Peru and the Colombia highlands ( Santander ) , northern Argentina , all Bolivia and Paraguay . Most speakers with ancestors born in coastal regions may debuccalize or aspirate syllable - final / s / to ( h ) , or drop it entirely , so that está ( esˈta ) ( `` s / he is '' ) sounds like ( ehˈta ) or ( eˈta ) , as in southern Spain ( Andalusia , Murcia , Castile -- La Mancha ( except North - East ) , Canary Islands , Ceuta and Melilla ) . ⟨ g ⟩ ( before / e / or / i / ) and ⟨ j ⟩ are usually aspirated to ( h ) in Caribbean and other coastal dialects , as well as in all Colombia , and southern Mexico , as in most southern Spanish dialects . While it may be ( x ) in other dialects of Hispanic Americans and often ( χ ) in Peruvian Spanish dialect , this is a common feature of Castilian Spanish . It is usually aspirated to ( h ) as in most southwestern Spanish varieties . Very often , especially in Argentina and Chile , ( x ) becomes more fronted ( ç ) when preceding high vowels / e , i / ( these speakers approach ( x ) to the realization of German ⟨ ch ⟩ in ich ) ; in other phonological environments it is pronounced either ( x ) or ( h ) . In many Caribbean dialects , the phonemes / l / and / r / at the end of a syllable sound alike or can be exchanged : caldo > ca ( r ) do , cardo > ca ( l ) do ; / r / in word - final position becomes silent , giving Caribbean dialects of Spanish a partial non-rhoticity . This happens at a reduced level in Ecuador and Chile as well and is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia . In many Andean regions , the alveolar trill of rata and carro is realized as an alveolar approximant ( ɹ ) or even as a voiced apico - alveolar ( z ) . The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with an indigenous substrate and it is quite common in Andean regions , especially in inland Ecuador , Peru , most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay . In Puerto Rico , aside from ( ɾ ) , ( r ) , and ( l ) , syllable - final / r / can be realized as ( ɹ ) , an influence of American English on the Puerto Rican dialect ; `` verso '' ' ( verse ) becomes ( ˈbeɹso ) , aside from ( ˈbeɾso ) , ( ˈberso ) , or ( ˈbelso ) , `` invierno '' ( winter ) becomes ( imˈbjeɹno ) , aside from ( imˈbjeɾno ) , ( imˈbjerno ) , or ( imˈbjelno ) , and `` escarlata '' ( scarlet ) becomes ( ehkaɹˈlata ) , aside from ( ehkaɾˈlata ) , ( ehkarˈlata ) , or ( ehkaˈlata ) . In word - final position , / r / will usually be one of these : a trill , a tap , approximant , ( l ) , or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause , as in amo ( r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l ) paterno ' paternal love ' , amor ( aˈmo ) , a tap , approximant , or ( l ) when the followed by a vowel - initial word , as in amo ( ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l ) eterno ' eternal love ' ) . The voiced consonants / b / , / d / , and / ɡ / are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most Colombian Spanish dialects ( rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects ) : pardo ( ˈpaɾdo ) , barba ( ˈbaɾba ) , algo ( ˈalɡo ) , peligro ( peˈliɡɾo ) , desde ( ˈdezde / ˈdehde ) -- rather than the ( ˈpaɾðo ) , ( ˈbaɾβa ) , ( ˈalɣo ) , ( peˈliɣɾo ) , ( ˈdezðe / ˈdehðe ) of Spain and the rest of Spanish America . A notable exception is the Department of Nariño and most Costeño speech ( Atlantic coastal dialects ) which feature the soft , fricative realizations common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects . Word - final / n / is frequently velar ( ŋ ) in Latin American Spanish ; this means a word like pan ( bread ) is often articulated ( ' paŋ ) . To an English - speaker , those speakers that have a velar nasal for word - final / n / make pan sound like pang . Velarization of word - final / n / is so widespread in the Americas that it is easier to mention those regions that maintain an alveolar , European - style , / n / : most of Mexico , Colombia ( except for coastal dialects ) and Argentina ( except for some northern regions ) . Elsewhere , velarization is common , though alveolar word - final / n / can appear among some educated speakers , especially in the media or in singing . Velar word - final / n / is also frequent in Spain , especially in southern Spanish dialects ( Andalusia and the Canary Islands ) and also in the Northwest : Galicia , Asturias and León . Lexical Features ( edit ) The usage of Spanish words in American bilinguals shows a convergence of semantics between English and Spanish cognates . For example , the Spanish words atender ( `` to pay attention to '' ) and éxito ( `` success '' ) acquire a similar semantic range in American Spanish to the English words `` attend '' and `` exit '' . In some cases , loanwords from English give existing Spanish words a homonymic meaning : so while coche has come to acquire the additional meaning of `` coach '' in the United States , it retains its older meaning of `` car '' . Disappearance of de ( of ) in certain expressions , as is the case with the dialect of Spanish in the Canary Islands . Example : esposo Rosa instead of esposo de Rosa , gofio millo instead of gofio de millo , etc . Doublets of Arabic - Latinate synonyms with the Arabic form are more common in American Spanish , which derives from Latin American Spanish and so influenced by Andalusian Spanish like Andalusian and Latin American alcoba for standard habitación or dormitorio ( ' bedroom ' ) or alhaja for standard joya ( ' jewel ' ) . See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America . Future of Spanish in the United States ( edit ) Spanish - speaking Americans are the fastest growing linguistic group in the United States . Continual immigration and prevalent Spanish - language mass media ( such as Univisión , Telemundo , and Azteca América ) support the Spanish - speaking populations . Moreover , because of the North American Free Trade Agreement , it is common for many American manufacturers to use multilingual product labeling using English , French and Spanish , three of the four official languages of the Organization of American States . Besides the businesses that always have catered to Hispanophone immigrants , a small , but increasing , number of mainstream American retailers now advertise bilingually in Spanish - speaking areas and offer bilingual , English - Spanish customer services . One common indicator of such businesses is Se Habla Español which means `` Spanish Is Spoken '' . Federal agencies such as the United States Postal Service translate information into Spanish . The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated into Spanish , following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration . Moreover , non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies . There are 500 Spanish newspapers , 152 magazines , and 205 publishers in the United States ; magazine and local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased substantially from 1999 to 2003 , with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent , respectively . Historically , immigrants ' languages tend to disappear or become reduced through generational assimilation . Spanish disappeared in several countries and U.S. territories during the 20th century , notably in the Philippines and in the Pacific Island countries of Guam , Micronesia , Palau , the Northern Marianas islands , and the Marshall Islands . The English - only movement seeks to establish English as the sole official language of the United States . Generally , they exert political public pressure upon Hispanophone immigrants to learn English and speak it publicly ; as universities , business , and the professions use English , there is much social pressure to learn English for upward socio - economic mobility . Generally , Hispanic American origin US residents ( 13.4 % of the 2002 population ) are bilingual to a degree . A Simmons Market Research survey recorded that 19 percent of the Hispanic American origin population speak only Spanish , 9 percent speak only English , 55 percent have limited English proficiency , and 17 percent are fully English - Spanish bilingual . Intergenerational transmission of Spanish is a more accurate indicator of Spanish 's future in the United States than raw statistical numbers of Hispanophone immigrants . Although Hispanic American origin immigrants hold varying English proficiency levels , almost all second - generation Hispanic American origin U.S. residents speak English , yet about 50 percent speak Spanish at home . Two - thirds of third - generation Mexican Americans speak only English at home . Calvin Veltman undertook in 1988 , for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project , the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants . Veltman 's language shift studies document abandonment of Spanish at rates of 40 percent for immigrants who arrived in the U.S. before the age of 14 , and 70 percent for immigrants who arrived before the age of 10 . The complete set of these studies ' demographic projections postulates the near - complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations . Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census ( which has not been repeated ) , data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the U.S. Hispanic American origin population . American literature in Spanish ( edit ) See also : Cuban American literature Southwest colonial literature ( edit ) In 1610 , Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá published his Historia de Nuevo México ( History of New Mexico ) . 19th century ( edit ) In 1880 , José Martí moved to New York City . Eusebio Chacón published El hijo de la tempestad in 1892 . 20th century ( edit ) Federico García Lorca wrote his collection of poems , Poeta en Nueva York , and the two plays Así que pasen cinco años and El público while living in New York . Giannina Braschi wrote the Hispanic postmodern poetry classic El imperio de los sueños in Spanish in New York . José Vasconcelos and Juan Ramón Jiménez were both exiled to the United States . In her autobiography When I was Puerto Rican ( 1993 ) , Esmeralda Santiago recounts her childhood on the island during the 1950s and her family 's subsequent move to New York City , when she was 13 years old . Originally written in English , the book is an example of New York Rican literature . See also ( edit ) United States portal Latino and Hispanic American portal Language portal List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States List of U.S. cities with diacritics List of U.S. communities with Hispanic majority populations List of Spanish - language newspapers published in the United States International comparisons : Bilingualism in Canada French language in Canada , as Canada 's closest Romance language counterpart to Spanish in the USA Russian language in Ukraine Bilingualism in Hong Kong General : Bilingual education Spanish language in the Americas List of colloquial expressions in Honduras Spanish language in the Philippines History of the Spanish language Languages in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Instituto Cervantes ( Enciclopedia del español en Estados Unidos ) Jump up ^ Instituto Cervantes ' Yearbook 2006 -- 07 . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Más ' speak spanish ' que en España '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Census , Language in the US '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Primary language spoken at home by people aged 5 or older '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ US Census Bureau Public Information Office . `` Facts for Features : Hispanic Heritage Month 2010 : Sept. 15 -- Oct. 15 - Facts for Features & Special Editions - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau '' . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Ofelia ( 2015 ) . `` Racializing the Language Practices of U.S. Latinos : Impact on Their Education '' . In Cobas , Jose ; Duany , Jorge ; Feagin , Joe . How the United States Racializes Latinos . Routledge . pp. 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Van Young , Eric ( 2001 ) . The Other Rebellion : Popular Violence , Ideology , and the Mexican Struggle . Stanford University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4821 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Guadalupe Valdés et al. , Developing Minority Language Resources : The Case of Spanish in California ( Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters , 2006 ) , 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Martin , Daniel W. ( 2006 ) . Henke 's California Law Guide ( 8th ed . ) . Newark : Matthew Bender & Co. pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 08205 - 7595 - X . Jump up ^ Winchester , J. The Statutes of California Passed At The First Session of the Legislature . San Jose : California State Printer . p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford , James ( 1997 ) . `` Puerto Rico and Official English '' . Language Policy . ^ Jump up to : Drew Walker ( 2010 ) . `` A Countries and Their Cultures : Venezuelan American '' . Countries and their cultures . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ del Valle , Jose ( 2006 ) . `` US Latinos , la hispanofonia , and the Language Ideologies of High Moderinty '' . In Mar - Molinero , Clare ; Stewart , Miranda . Globalization and Language in the Spanish - Speaking World : Macro and Micro Perspectives . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` What is the future of Spanish in the United States ? '' . Pew Research Center . 5 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Langauage Use and English - Speaking Ability : 2000 . Census.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Spanish in the United States '' . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Primary language spoken at home by people aged 5 or older '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nasser , Haya El ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Candidates Facing More Latino Voters Who Do n't Speak Spanish '' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education , Fall 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cobos , Rubén ( 2003 ) `` Introduction '' A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish ( 2nd ed . ) Museum of New Mexico Press , Santa Fe , N.M. , p. ix , ISBN 0 - 89013 - 452 - 9 Jump up ^ Cobos , Rubén , op . cit. , pp. x-xi . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2054.001 . '' Texas Legislature . Retrieved on June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Brod `` Foreign Language Enrollments in US Institutions of Higher Education -- Fall 1986 '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2001 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 ... AFL Bulletin . Vol. 19 , no . 2 ( January 1988 ) : 39 -- 44 Jump up ^ Goldberg , David ; Looney , Dennis ; Lusin , Natalia ( February 2015 ) . `` Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education , Fall 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Modern Language Association . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Miriam ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hispanics ' Like Clout , Not the Label '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ D.M. Levine ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) . `` As Hispanic Television Market Grows , Univision Reshuffles Executives '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Smead , Robert ; Clegg , J Halvor . `` English Calques in Chicano Spanish '' . In Roca , Ana ; Jensen , John . Spanish in Contact : Issues in Bilingualism . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Roque Mateos , Ricardo ( 2017 ) . A Good Spanish Book . University Academic Editions . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Faries , David ( 2015 ) . A Brief History of the Spanish Language . University of Chicago Press . p. 198 . Further reading ( edit ) Romero , Simon ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Spanish Thrives in the U.S. Despite an English - Only Drive '' . The New York Times . - Version in Spanish Hispanic and Latino American groups in the United States Caribbean Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Nuyorican North American Hispano Californio Nuevomexicano Tejano Creoles of Louisiana Isleño Mexican Chicano Indigenous Mexican Punjabi Central American Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran South American Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan European Spanish Asturian Basque Catalan Canarian Galician Jews Racial groups All groups Amerindian Asian Punjabi Black White Multiracial Quadroon Castizo `` Cholo '' Mestizo Mulatto Pardo Zambo Languages Chicano English New York Latino English New Mexican Spanish Spanglish Spanish Portuguese Ethnic and religious groups Christians Garifuna Jews Muslims Related ethnic groups Belizean Filipino Guyanese Haitian Portuguese Surinamese Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . 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-2528703497092655853 | Edward Ferrars | Edward Ferrars - Wikipedia Edward Ferrars Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edward Ferrars Full name Edward Ferrars Gender Male Age 23 Income £ 100 / year , after being cut off Education privately tutored in the home of the Reverend Mr. Pratt , then at Oxford Primary residence Mainly in London with his mother ; occasionally at Norland Park ; the rest of the time in Oxford London residence With his mother Family Romantic interest ( s ) Miss Lucy Steele , Elinor Dashwood , Miss Morton Parents Late Mr. Ferrars , Mrs. Ferrars Sibling ( s ) Fanny Ferrars Dashwood , Robert Ferrars Edward Ferrars is a fictional character in Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility . He is the elder of Fanny Dashwood 's two brothers and forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood . As first described in Sense and Sensibility : `` Edward Ferrars was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address . He was not handsome , and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing . He was too diffident to do justice to himself ; but when his natural shyness was overcome , his behaviour gave every indication of an open , affectionate heart . His understanding was good , and his education had given it solid improvement . But he was neither fitted by abilities nor disposition to answer the wishes of his mother and sister , who longed to see him distinguished -- as -- they hardly knew what . '' His personality , while it lacks the flash of Marianne Dashwood 's romantic interest Willoughby , indicates more fortitude . Despite the good common sense that links him to Elinor , he is able to attach himself to other people and form bonds of friendship and love with ease . He exemplifies great loyalty when he sacrifices his potential happiness with Elinor to honor a promise he made to another girl when he was younger . He and Marianne 's future husband Colonel Brandon are both models of great character under unimpressive exteriors . This simplicity makes them rather less three - dimensional than Pride and Prejudice 's Fitzwilliam Darcy and Emma 's Mr. Knightley . He eventually marries Elinor after he is abandoned by Lucy Steele for his now propertied brother . Notable portrayals ( edit ) Chet Stratton in 1950 Robin Ellis in 1971 Bosco Hogan in 1981 Hugh Grant in the 1995 film adaptation Ajith Kumar in the 2000 Tamil adaptation Kandukondain Kandukondain Dan Stevens in the 2008 BBC serial adaption Nicholas D'Agosto as `` Edward Ferris '' in the 2011 film From Prada to Nada Henry Devas in Helen Edmundson 's 2013 BBC Radio 4 adaptation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - Sense And Sensibility - Media Centre '' . External links ( edit ) Jane Austen portal Fictional characters portal Sense and Sensibility at Project Gutenberg Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility Characters Elinor Dashwood Edward Ferrars Marianne Dashwood John Willoughby Colonel Brandon Films Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) Soundtrack List of accolades Kandukondain Kandukondain ( 2000 ) From Prada to Nada ( 2011 ) Miniseries Sense and Sensibility ( 1971 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1981 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 2008 ) Novels The Secrets of Love ( 2005 ) Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters ( 2009 ) Others Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 ) This article about a literature character is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Ferrars&oldid=837505515 '' Categories : Sense and Sensibility characters Fictional characters introduced in 1811 Fictional gentry Literary character stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does edward marry in sense and sensibility | [
"He eventually marries Elinor after he is abandoned by Lucy Steele for his now propertied brother."
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"Elinor"
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2027548876756782696 | Bilbo Baggins | Bilbo Baggins - wikipedia Bilbo Baggins Jump to : navigation , search For the Scottish backing band , see Bilbo Baggins ( band ) . Bilbo Baggins Tolkien 's legendarium character J.R.R. Tolkien 's illustration of Bilbo Baggins . Aliases Bilba Labingi Race Hobbit Book ( s ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Bilbo Baggins is the title character and protagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien 's 1937 novel The Hobbit , as well as a supporting character in The Lord of the Rings . In Tolkien 's narrative conceit , in which all the writings of Middle - earth are translations from the fictitious volume of The Red Book of Westmarch , Bilbo is the author of The Hobbit and translator of various `` works from the elvish '' ( as mentioned in the end of The Return of the King ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 The Hobbit 1.2 The Lord of the Rings 1.2. 1 The Appendices 1.2. 2 Poems and songs written by Bilbo 1.3 Bilbo 's Last Song 2 Portrayals in adaptations 3 Family tree 4 Namesakes 5 See also 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Appearances ( edit ) The Hobbit ( edit ) In The Hobbit , Bilbo Baggins , a hobbit in comfortable middle age at 50 years old , was hired as a `` burglar , '' despite his objections , by the wizard Gandalf and 13 Dwarves led by their king Thorin Oakenshield on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain and its treasure from the dragon Smaug . The adventure took Bilbo and the companions through the wilderness , to the elf haven of Rivendell , across the Misty Mountains and the black forest of Mirkwood , to Lake - town in the middle of Long Lake , and eventually to the Mountain itself . Here , after the dragon was killed and the Mountain was reclaimed , the Battle of Five Armies took place . In his journey , Bilbo encountered other fantastic creatures , including trolls , elves , giant spiders , a man who can change shape into a bear , goblins , eagles , wolves and a slimy , murderous creature named Gollum . Underground , near Gollum 's lair , Bilbo accidentally found a magic ring of invisibility , which he used to escape from Gollum . By the end of the journey , Bilbo had become wiser and more confident , having saved the day in many precarious situations . Bilbo 's journey has been compared to a pilgrimage of grace . The Hobbit can be characterized as a `` Christian bildungsroman which equates progress to wisdom gained in the form of a rite of passage . He rescued the dwarves from giant spiders with the magic ring and a short Elven - sword he acquired . He used the ring to sneak around in dangerous places , as well as his wits to smuggle the dwarves out of the elves ' prisons . When tensions arose over ownership of the recovered treasure , he tried unsuccessfully to bring the opposing sides to compromise , using the Arkenstone , a stolen heirloom jewel , as leverage . This strained his relationship with Thorin , but the two were reconciled at Thorin 's deathbed . At the end of the story , Bilbo returned to his home in the Shire only to find that several of his relatives , believing him to be dead , were trying to claim his home and possessions . In addition to becoming wealthy from his share of the dwarves ' treasure , he found that he , like Adam , had traded respectability for experience and wisdom . At the end , Gandalf proclaims Bilbo is no longer the Hobbit he was . This is certainly true as Bilbo has fully matured . Continuing the pilgrimage theme , a true pilgrimage does not end at the destination , but rather when the wanderer is absolved , blessed , and ready to return home . The Lord of the Rings ( edit ) This Middle - earth - related Section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fellowship of the Ring , the first volume of The Lord of the Rings , begins with Bilbo 's `` eleventy - first '' ( 111th ) birthday , 60 years after the beginning of The Hobbit . The main character of the novel is Frodo Baggins , Bilbo 's cousin , who celebrates his 33rd birthday and legally comes of age on the same day . In T.A. 2989 ( S.R. 1389 ) , Bilbo , a lifelong bachelor , adopted Frodo , the orphaned son of his first cousin Primula Brandybuck and his second cousin Drogo Baggins , and made him his heir . Though Frodo was actually `` his first and second cousin once removed either way '' , the two regarded each other as uncle and nephew . All this time Bilbo had kept his magic ring , with no idea of its significance , using it mostly to hide from his obnoxious cousins , the Sackville - Bagginses , when they came to visit . Gandalf 's investigations revealed it to be the One Ring forged by the Dark Lord Sauron . The Ring had prolonged Bilbo 's life beyond the normal hobbit span , and at 111 he still looked 50 . While the Ring did not initially corrupt him as it had its previous owners , it was beginning to affect him ; over the years , it had begun to prey on his mind when out of his sight , and he lost sleep and felt `` thin , sort of stretched ... like butter that has been scraped over too much bread '' . On the night of his and Frodo 's birthday , Bilbo threw himself a party and invited all of the Shire . He signed his home , Bag End , and estate over to Frodo . He then gave a farewell address to his neighbors , at the end of which he put on the Ring and vanished from sight . As Bilbo prepared finally to leave the house , he reacted with panic and suspicion when Gandalf tried to persuade him to leave the Ring with Frodo . Bilbo refused to give up the Ring , referring to it as his `` precious '' -- just as Gollum had . Gandalf lost his temper with his old friend and talked some sense into him . Bilbo admitted he would have liked to be rid of the Ring , and he left it behind , becoming the first person to do so voluntarily . He left the Shire that night , and was never seen in Hobbiton again . His earlier adventure , his eccentric habits as a hobbit , and his sudden disappearance led to the enduring figure of `` Mad Baggins '' in hobbit folklore , who disappeared with a flash and a bang and returned with gold and jewels . Freed of the Ring 's power over his senses , Bilbo travelled first to Rivendell , and then on to visit the dwarves of the Lonely Mountain . After he returned to Rivendell he spent much of the next 17 years living a pleasant life of retirement : eating , sleeping , writing poetry , and working on his memoirs , There and Back Again , known as The Hobbit . He became a scholar of Elven lore , leaving behind the Translations from the Elvish , which forms the basis of what is known to us as The Silmarillion . When Frodo and his friends Samwise Gamgee , Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took stopped in Rivendell on their quest to destroy the Ring , Bilbo was still alive but now visibly aged , the years having caught up with him after he surrendered the Ring . Upon seeing the Ring again , he suddenly tried to take it from Frodo ; he returned to his senses when a terrified Frodo backed away , and he broke down in tears , apologizing for bringing the burden of the Ring onto Frodo . After the quest to destroy the Ring was fulfilled in The Return of the King , Gandalf and the four Hobbits visited Rivendell on their way back to the Shire and found Bilbo still living there . He gave Frodo a set of manuscripts that later became Translations from the Elvish , and also gave Sam a small bag of gold that represented the last of his share from Smaug 's vast hoard . Two years later Bilbo accompanied Gandalf , Elrond , Galadriel , and Frodo to the Grey Havens , there to take ship for Tol Eressëa across the sea , on 29th ' September ' T.A. 3021 . He had already celebrated his 131st birthday by this time , surpassing the Old Took by one year and becoming the oldest Hobbit ever in Middle - earth . ( The natural lifespan of Hobbits is about 100 years . ) The appendices ( edit ) According to Appendix C of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo was born to Bungo Baggins and Belladonna Took in T.A. 2890 , or S.R. 1290 . The Lord of the Rings gives the date of Bilbo 's birthday as 22 September , but the actual date in the Shire calendar was Halimath 22 ; Tolkien tells us in Appendix D that he `` used our modern names '' for the months `` to avoid confusion , while the seasonal implications of our names are more or less the same '' , so that Halimath is translated as September , but that `` the Shire dates were actually in advance of ours by some ten days , and our New Year 's Day corresponded more or less to the Shire January 9 '' . The Bagginses of Bag End were one of the oldest , wealthiest , and most respectable Hobbit families in Hobbiton until the year 2941 ( SR 1341 ) , when Bilbo inexplicably disappeared on his adventure and was thought dead . Poems and songs written by Bilbo ( edit ) `` A Walking Song '' `` All that is gold does not glitter '' `` The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late '' `` The Road Goes Ever On '' Bilbo 's last Song ( edit ) Tolkien 's posthumously published poem `` Bilbo 's Last Song '' , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , describes Bilbo 's contemplation of his forthcoming voyage to the Undying Lands . The illustrations evoke his last ride in the company of Elrond from Rivendell to the Grey Havens , as described in The Lord of the Rings . Portrayals in adaptations ( edit ) Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring In the 1968 BBC Radio serialization of The Hobbit , Bilbo was played by Paul Daneman . Nicol Williamson portrayed Bilbo with a light West Country accent in the 1974 performance released on Argo Records . In the 1977 Rankin / Bass animated version of The Hobbit , Bilbo was voiced by Orson Bean . Bean also voiced both the aged Bilbo and Frodo in the same company 's 1980 adaptation of The Return of the King . In Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo was voiced by Norman Bird . Billy Barty was the model for Bilbo , as well as Frodo and Sam , in the live - action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping . The 3000th story to be broadcast in the BBC 's long - running children 's programme Jackanory was The Hobbit , in 1979 . Four narrators told the story , with Bilbo 's part being played by Bernard Cribbins In the BBC 's 1981 radio serialization of The Lord of the Rings , Bilbo is played by John Le Mesurier . Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey In the 1993 television miniseries Hobitit by Finnish broadcaster Yle , Bilbo is portrayed by Martti Suosalo . Throughout the 2003 video game the players control Bilbo , voiced by Michael Beatie . The game follows the plot of the book , but adds the elements of platform gameplay and various side - objectives along the main quests . In The Lord of the Rings Online ( 2007 ) Bilbo resides in Rivendell , mostly playing riddle games with the Elf Lindir in the Hall of Fire . The game also includes multiple outlanding stories about Bilbo 's adventures and his ultimate fate from various Hobbits in the Shire . In Peter Jackson 's films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Bilbo is played by Ian Holm , who had played Frodo in the BBC radio series 20 years earlier . The movies omit the 17 - year gap between Bilbo 's 111th birthday and Frodo 's departure from the Shire , as a result Bilbo mentions in Rivendell that he was unable to revisit the Lonely Mountain before his retirement . In Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film series , a prequel to The Lord of the Rings , the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) and The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) . Family tree ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Balbo Baggins Berylla Boffin Laura Grubb Mungo Pansy Fastolph Bolger Ponto Mimosa Bunce Lily Togo Goodbody Largo Tanta Hornblower Bungo Belladonna Took Belba Rudigar Bolger Longo Camellia Sackville Linda Bodo Proudfoot Bingo Chica Chubb Fosco Ruby Bolger Bilbo Baggins Otho Sackville - Baggins Lobelia Bracegirdle Falco Chubb - Baggins ? Dora Drogo Primula Brandybuck Dudo ? Lotho Poppy Filibert Bolger Frodo Daisy Griffo Boffin Namesakes ( edit ) The International Astronomical Union names all colles ( small hills ) on Saturn 's moon Titan after characters in Tolkien 's work . In 2012 , they named a hilly area `` Bilbo Colles '' after Bilbo Baggins . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal The Quest of Erebor Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Frodo referred to Bilbo as his `` uncle '' , they were in fact first and second cousins , once removed either way ( his paternal great - great - uncle 's son 's son and his maternal great - aunt 's son ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Bilbo 's Journey : Discovering the Hidden Meaning of the Hobbit . Charlotte , NC : Saint Benedict Press . ISBN 978 - 1618900586 . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` A Long - expected Party '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. `` Prologue , Of the Ordering of the Shire '' . The Lord of the Rings . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , Appendix D . Jump up ^ Nicol Williamson on IMDB Jump up ^ White , James ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Martin Freeman Confirmed As Bilbo ! '' . Empire . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bilbo Colles '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Bilbo Baggins '' . Tolkien Gateway . Bilbo Baggins on IMDb For an alternate , fuller , version of Bilbo 's family tree see Rodovid Engine . A brief character study of Bilbo Baggins J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit Hobbit ( word ) Legendarium Middle - earth Editions English - language editions Early American editions The Annotated Hobbit Translations Characters Bilbo Gandalf Thorin Oakenshield Balin Dwalin Fíli Kíli Dori Nori Ori Óin Glóin Bifur Bofur Bombur Tom , Bert & Bill Elrond Great Goblin Gollum Lord of the Eagles Beorn Elvenking Master of Lake - town Smaug Bard Dáin Náin Related works The History of The Hobbit Bilbo 's Last Song Adaptations and derivatives Radio The Hobbit ( 1968 ) Film The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Original characters Music Video games The Hobbit ( 1982 ) The Hobbit ( 2003 ) Guardians of Middle - earth ( 2012 ) Lego The Hobbit ( 2014 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) Toys Middle - earth Lego sets portal category wiktionary commons J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilbo_Baggins&oldid=819045009 '' Categories : Middle - earth Hobbits Fictional writers Fictional swordsmen The Lord of the Rings characters Characters in The Hobbit Bearers of the One Ring Fictional characters who can turn invisible Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from December 2010 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Tolkien articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 02 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played young bilbo in lord of the rings | [
"In Peter Jackson's The Hobbit film series, a prequel to The Lord of the Rings, the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman[6] while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in An Unexpected Journey (2012) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)."
] | [
"Martin Freeman"
] |
2501025296023176090 | List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average | List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average - wikipedia List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest point changes 2 Largest percentage changes 3 Largest intraday point swings 4 Largest intraday point changes 5 Largest intraday point changes with turnovers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Largest point changes ( edit ) ( hide ) The first four tables show only the largest one - day changes between a given day 's close and the close of the previous trading day , not the largest changes during the trading day ( i.e. intraday changes ) . The two largest point drops in history occurred the week of February 5 , 2018 , though this chiefly reflects the absolute magnitude of the Index at the time ; in percentage terms , it has little significance . Largest daily point gains Rank Date Close Net change % Change &2008 - 10 - 13 9,387.61 + 936.42 + 11.08 &2008 - 10 - 28 9,065.12 + 889.35 + 10.88 &2018 - 03 - 26 24,202.60 + 669.40 + 2.84 &2015 - 08 - 26 16,285.51 + 619.07 + 3.95 5 &2018 - 02 - 06 24,912.77 + 567.02 + 2.33 6 &2008 - 11 - 13 8,835.25 + 552.60 + 6.67 7 &2000 - 03 - 16 10,630.61 + 499.19 + 4.93 8 &2009 - 03 - 23 7,775.86 + 497.48 + 6.84 9 &2008 - 11 - 21 8,046.42 + 494.14 + 6.54 10 &2011 - 11 - 30 12,045.68 + 490.05 + 4.24 11 &2002 - 07 - 24 8,191.29 + 488.95 + 6.35 12 &2008 - 09 - 30 10,850.66 + 485.21 + 4.68 13 &2002 - 07 - 29 8,711.88 + 447.48 + 5.41 14 &2018 - 03 - 09 25,335.74 + 440.53 + 1.77 15 &2011 - 08 - 09 11,239.77 + 429.92 + 3.98 16 &2011 - 08 - 11 11,143.31 + 423.37 + 3.95 17 &2014 - 12 - 18 17,778.15 + 421.28 + 2.43 18 &2008 - 03 - 18 12,392.66 + 420.40 + 3.51 19 &2008 - 03 - 11 12,156.81 + 416.66 + 3.55 20 &2008 - 10 - 20 9,265.43 + 413.21 + 4.67 Largest daily point losses Rank Date Close Net change % Change 2018 - 02 - 05 24,345.75 − 1,175.21 − 4.60 2018 - 02 - 08 23,860.46 − 1,032.89 − 4.15 &2008 - 09 - 29 10,365.45 − 777.68 − 6.98 &2008 - 10 - 15 8,577.91 − 733.08 − 7.87 5 2018 - 03 - 22 23,957.89 − 724.42 - 2.93 6 &2001 - 09 - 17 8,920.70 − 684.81 − 7.13 7 &2008 - 12 - 01 8,149.09 − 679.95 − 7.70 8 &2008 - 10 - 09 8,579.19 − 678.92 − 7.33 9 &2018 - 02 - 02 25,520.96 − 665.75 − 2.54 10 &2011 - 08 - 08 10,809.85 − 634.76 − 5.55 11 &2000 - 04 - 14 10,305.78 − 617.78 − 5.66 12 &2016 - 06 - 24 17,400.75 − 610.32 − 3.39 13 &2015 - 08 - 24 15,871.35 − 588.40 − 3.57 14 &2018 - 04 - 06 23,932.76 − 572.46 − 2.34 15 &1997 - 10 - 27 7,161.14 − 554.26 − 7.18 16 &2015 - 08 - 21 16,459.75 − 530.94 − 3.12 17 &2011 - 08 - 10 10,719.94 − 519.83 − 4.62 18 &2008 - 10 - 22 8,519.21 − 514.45 − 5.69 19 &2011 - 08 - 04 11,383.68 − 512.76 − 4.31 20 &1998 - 08 - 31 7,539.06 − 512.61 − 6.37 Largest percentage changes ( edit ) ( hide ) Largest daily percentage gains Rank Date Close Net change % Change 1933 - 03 - 15 62.10 + 8.26 + 15.34 1931 - 10 - 06 99.34 + 12.86 + 14.87 1929 - 10 - 30 258.47 + 28.40 + 12.34 1932 - 09 - 21 75.16 + 7.67 + 11.36 5 2008 - 10 - 13 9,387.61 + 936.42 + 11.08 6 2008 - 10 - 28 9,065.12 + 889.35 + 10.88 7 1987 - 10 - 21 2,027.85 + 186.84 + 10.15 8 1932 - 08 - 03 58.22 + 5.06 + 9.52 9 1932 - 02 - 11 78.60 + 6.80 + 9.47 10 1929 - 11 - 14 217.28 + 18.59 + 9.36 11 1931 - 12 - 18 80.69 + 6.90 + 9.35 12 1932 - 02 - 13 85.82 + 7.22 + 9.19 13 1932 - 05 - 06 59.01 + 4.91 + 9.08 14 1933 - 04 - 19 68.31 + 5.66 + 9.03 15 1931 - 10 - 08 105.79 + 8.47 + 8.70 16 1932 - 06 - 10 48.94 + 3.62 + 7.99 17 1939 - 09 - 05 148.12 + 10.03 + 7.26 18 1931 - 06 - 03 130.37 + 8.67 + 7.12 19 1932 - 01 - 06 76.31 + 5.07 + 7.12 20 2009 - 03 - 23 7,775.86 + 497.48 + 6.84 Largest daily percentage losses Rank Date Close Net change % Change 1914 - 12 - 12 54.62 − 16.80 − 23.52 1987 - 10 - 19 1,738.74 − 508.00 − 22.61 1929 - 10 - 28 260.64 − 38.33 − 12.82 1929 - 10 - 29 230.07 − 30.57 − 11.73 5 1929 - 11 - 06 232.13 − 25.55 − 9.92 6 1899 - 12 - 18 58.27 − 5.57 − 8.72 7 1932 - 08 - 12 63.11 − 5.79 − 8.40 8 1907 - 03 - 14 76.23 − 6.89 − 8.29 9 1987 - 10 - 26 1,793.93 − 156.83 − 8.04 10 2008 - 10 - 15 8,577.91 − 733.08 − 7.87 11 1933 - 07 - 21 88.71 − 7.55 − 7.84 12 1937 - 10 - 18 125.73 − 10.57 − 7.75 13 2008 - 12 - 01 8,149.09 − 679.95 − 7.70 14 2008 - 10 - 09 8,579.19 − 678.92 − 7.33 15 1917 - 02 - 01 88.52 − 6.91 − 7.24 16 1997 - 10 - 27 7,161.14 − 554.26 − 7.18 17 1932 - 10 - 05 66.07 − 5.09 − 7.15 18 2001 - 09 - 17 8,920.70 − 684.81 − 7.13 19 ( tie ) 1931 - 09 - 24 107.79 − 8.20 − 7.07 19 ( tie ) 1933 - 07 - 20 96.26 − 7.32 − 7.07 Some sources ( including the file Highlights / Lowlights of The Dow on the Dow Jones website ) show a loss of − 24.39 % ( from 71.42 to 54.00 ) on December 12 , 1914 , placing that day atop the list of largest percentage losses . The New York Stock Exchange reopened that day following a nearly four - and - a-half - month closure since July 30 , 1914 , and the Dow in fact rose several percent that day ( from 71.42 to 74.56 , or + 4.4 % ) . However , the apparent decline was due to a later 1916 revision of the Dow Jones Industrial Average , which retroactively adjusted the values following the closure but not those before , and it represents the only discontinuity in the index 's history rather than an actual loss . Largest intraday point swings ( edit ) A point swing is the difference between the intraday high and the intraday low . ( The intraday high may not be the same as the opening price ; for instance , in the 2010 Flash Crash , the market reached an intraday high , higher than the opening price ) . This is distinguished from an intraday point drop or gain , which is the difference between the opening price and the intraday low or high . This table shows the largest intraday point swings since 1987 . As the `` Net Change '' column shows , 13 of these 20 largest intraday swings occurred during days on which the Dow declined , while only 7 occurred during days on which it advanced . Four of the ten largest intraday swings occurred amidst the global financial crisis of 2007 - 08 , four of the five largest intraday swings occurred during one week in February 2018 , and none of the top 20 occurred before the year 2000 . At the time , during the height of the crisis , nine of the ten largest intraday swings ever ( and 15 of the top 20 ) occurred over a single span of trading days between September 29 , 2008 , and December 1 , 2008 . ( hide ) Rank Date Close Day high Day low Point swing Net change 2018 - 02 - 05 24,345.75 25,520.53 23,923.88 1,596.65 − 1,175.21 2018 - 02 - 06 24,912.77 24,946.23 23,778.74 1,167.49 + 567.02 2015 - 08 - 24 15,871.35 16,459.75 15,370.33 1,089.42 − 588.40 2018 - 02 - 08 23,860.46 24,903.68 23,849.23 1,054.45 - 1,032.89 5 2018 - 02 - 09 24,190.90 24,382.14 23,360.29 1,021.85 + 330.44 6 2008 - 10 - 10 8,451.19 8,901.28 7,882.51 1,018.77 − 128.00 7 2010 - 05 - 06 10,520.32 10,879.76 9,869.62 1,010.14 − 347.80 8 2008 - 10 - 13 9,387.61 9,427.99 8,462.18 965.81 + 936.42 9 2008 - 11 - 13 8,835.25 8,876.59 7,965.42 911.17 + 552.59 10 2008 - 10 - 28 9,065.12 9,082.08 8,174.73 907.35 + 889.35 11 2008 - 10 - 09 8,579.19 9,448.14 8,579.19 868.95 − 678.91 12 2008 - 10 - 16 8,979.26 9,013.27 8,197.67 815.60 + 401.35 13 2008 - 10 - 06 9,955.50 10,322.76 9,525.32 797.44 − 369.88 14 2018 - 04 - 04 24,295.89 24,308.96 23,523.16 785.80 + 230.94 15 2018 - 04 - 02 23,644.19 24,123.80 23,344.52 779.28 − 458.92 16 2008 - 10 - 15 8,577.91 9,308.76 8,530.12 778.64 − 733.08 17 2008 - 09 - 29 10,365.45 11,139.94 10,365.45 777.68 − 777.68 18 2000 - 04 - 14 10,305.77 10,922.85 10,201.53 721.32 − 617.77 19 2008 - 10 - 14 9,310.99 9,794.37 9,085.43 708.94 − 76.62 20 2000 - 04 - 04 11,164.84 11,418.24 10,717.78 700.46 − 57.09 Largest intraday point changes ( edit ) ( hide ) Largest intraday point gains An intraday point gain is defined as the difference between the opening price ( which may or may not be the intraday low ) and the intraday high . This is distinguished from a point swing , which is defined as the difference between the intraday high and the intraday low . Such records that turned negative are also recorded in a separate list . The opening price is used to calculate the point gain . The previous day close is used to calculate the net change . Rank Date Open Day high Point gain Net change &2008 - 10 - 13 8,462.42 9,427.99 965.57 + 936.42 2008 - 10 - 28 8,178.72 9,082.08 903.36 + 889.35 2015 - 08 - 26 15,676.26 16,303.75 627.49 + 619.07 2018 - 02 - 06 24,345.75 24,946.23 600.48 + 567.02 5 2008 - 11 - 13 8,281.14 8,876.59 595.45 + 552.59 6 2011 - 08 - 11 10,729.85 11,278.90 558.96 + 423.37 7 2008 - 11 - 24 8,048.09 8.599. 02 550.93 + 396.97 8 2008 - 11 - 21 7,552.37 8,071.75 519.38 + 494.13 9 2002 - 07 - 24 7,698.46 8,202.02 503.56 + 488.95 10 2009 - 03 - 23 7,279.25 7,780.72 501.47 + 497.48 11 2008 - 09 - 30 10,371.58 10,868.90 497.32 + 485.21 12 2000 - 03 - 16 10,139.58 10,632.46 492.88 + 499.19 13 2011 - 11 - 30 11,559.27 12,045.68 486.41 + 490.05 14 2008 - 09 - 18 10,609.01 11,076.44 467.43 + 410.03 15 2001 - 04 - 18 10,226.88 10,687.14 460.26 + 399.10 16 2008 - 09 - 19 11,027.51 11,483.05 455.54 + 368.75 17 2010 - 05 - 10 10,386.18 10,835.17 448.99 + 404.71 18 2002 - 07 - 29 8,267.99 8,711.88 443.89 + 447.49 19 2008 - 10 - 16 8,577.04 9,013.27 436.23 + 401.35 20 2011 - 08 - 09 10,810.91 11,244.01 433.10 + 429.92 Largest intraday point drops An intraday point drop is defined as the difference between the opening price ( which may or may not be the intraday high ) and the intraday low . This is distinguished from a point swing , which is defined as the difference between the intraday high and the intraday low . Such records that turned positive are also recorded in a separate list . The opening price is used to calculate the point drop . The previous day close is used to calculate the net change . Rank Date Open Day low Point Drop Net change 2018 - 02 - 05 25,520.96 23,923.88 1,597.08 − 1,175.21 2015 - 08 - 24 16,459.75 15,370.33 1,089.42 − 588.40 2018 - 02 - 08 24,902.30 23,849.23 1,053.07 - 1,032.89 2010 - 05 - 06 10,868.12 9,869.62 998.50 − 346.51 5 2008 - 10 - 06 10,322.52 9,525.32 797.20 − 369.88 6 2008 - 09 - 29 11,139.62 10,365.45 774.17 − 777.68 7 2008 - 10 - 15 9,301.91 8,530.12 771.79 − 733.08 8 2018 - 04 - 02 24,076.60 23,344.52 732.08 − 458.92 9 2000 - 04 - 14 10,922.85 10,201.53 721.32 − 617.78 10 2001 - 09 - 17 9,580.32 8,883.40 696.92 − 684.81 11 2008 - 10 - 22 9,027.84 8,335.30 692.54 − 514.45 12 2008 - 10 - 10 8,568.67 7,882.51 686.16 − 128.00 13 2008 - 12 - 01 8,826.89 8,141.36 685.53 − 679.95 14 2008 - 10 - 09 9,261.69 8,579.19 682.50 − 678.91 15 2018 - 02 - 09 23,992.67 23,360.29 632.38 + 330.44 16 2011 - 08 - 08 11,433.93 10,809.85 624.08 − 634.76 17 2018 - 02 - 02 26,061.79 25,490.66 571.13 − 665.75 18 1997 - 10 - 27 7,714.40 7,159.92 554.48 − 554.20 19 2015 - 09 - 01 16,528.03 15,979.95 548.08 − 469.68 20 2007 - 02 - 27 12,628.90 12,086.06 542.84 − 416.02 Largest intraday point changes With turnovers ( edit ) ( hide ) Largest intraday point gains that turned negative These are the largest intraday point gains that closed in negative territory at the end of the trading session . In order to be considered an intraday point gain , the intraday high must be above the open price . The previous day close is not a factor . Rank Date Open Day high Close Highest points 2015 - 08 - 25 15,882.27 16,312.94 15,666.44 430.67 2008 - 10 - 14 9,388.97 9,794.37 9,310.99 405.40 2018 - 02 - 07 24,892.87 25,293.96 24,893.35 400.13 2008 - 10 - 10 8,568.67 8,901.28 8,451.19 332.61 5 2008 - 10 - 03 10,483.96 10,796.26 10,325.38 312.30 6 2008 - 10 - 17 8,975.35 9,281.12 8,852.22 305.77 7 2008 - 10 - 29 9,062.33 9,363.32 8,990.96 300.99 8 2018 - 02 - 21 24,988.06 25,267.99 24,797.78 279.93 9 2015 - 01 - 13 17,645.02 17,923.01 17,613.68 277.99 10 1999 - 04 - 19 10,493.89 10,765.74 10,440.53 271.85 11 2014 - 12 - 16 17,173.07 17,427.44 17,068.87 254.37 12 2008 - 09 - 02 11,545.63 11,790.17 11,516.92 244.54 13 2008 - 10 - 27 8,375.92 8,599.10 8,175.77 223.18 14 2008 - 11 - 10 8,946.60 9,159.58 8,870.54 212.98 15 2008 - 01 - 30 12,480.14 12,681.41 12,442.83 201.27 16 2015 - 09 - 17 16,738.08 16,933.43 16,674.74 195.35 17 2000 - 04 - 04 11,225.34 11,418.24 11,164.84 192.90 18 2008 - 11 - 20 7,995.53 8,187.40 7,552.29 191.87 19 2008 - 10 - 08 9,437.23 9,628.07 9,258.10 190.84 20 2008 - 10 - 09 9,261.69 9,448.14 8,579.19 186.45 Largest intraday point losses that turned positive These are the largest intraday point losses that closed in positive territory at the end of the trading session . In order to be considered an intraday point loss the intraday low must be below the open price . The previous day close is not a factor . Rank Date Open Day low Close Lowest points 2018 - 02 - 09 23,992.67 23,360.29 24,190.90 632.38 2008 - 10 - 16 8,577.04 8,197.67 8,979.26 379.37 2008 - 01 - 23 11,969.08 11,644.81 12,270.17 324.27 2008 - 11 - 13 8,281.14 7,965.42 8,835.25 315.72 5 2018 - 02 - 06 24,085.17 23,778.74 24,912.77 306.43 6 2008 - 10 - 23 8,519.77 8,243.55 8,691.25 276.22 7 2008 - 12 - 05 8,376.08 8,118.50 8,635.42 257.58 8 2011 - 10 - 04 10,651.44 10,404.49 10,808.71 246.95 9 2011 - 08 - 05 11,383.98 11,139.00 11,444.61 244.98 10 2018 - 02 - 15 25,047.82 24,809.42 25,200.37 238.40 11 2008 - 03 - 13 12,096.49 11,875.78 12,145.74 220.71 12 2011 - 08 - 26 11,149.82 10,929.20 11,284.54 220.62 13 2015 - 07 - 07 17,684.92 17,465.68 17,776.91 219.24 14 2008 - 12 - 12 8,563.10 8,347.81 8,629.68 215.29 15 1989 - 08 - 02 2,637.33 2,426.33 2,657.44 211.00 16 2011 - 08 - 09 10,810.91 10,604.07 11,239.77 206.84 17 2009 - 01 - 15 8,196.24 7,995.13 8,212.49 201.11 18 2008 - 03 - 17 11,946.45 11,756.60 11,972.25 189.85 19 1997 - 10 - 28 7,160.90 6,971.07 7,498.30 189.83 20 2008 - 01 - 31 12,438.28 12,249.93 12,650.36 188.35 See also ( edit ) Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical record closes of the Dow Jones Industrial Average List of largest daily changes in the S&P 500 List of largest daily changes in the Nasdaq Composite List of stock market crashes , including : Wall Street Crash of 1929 ( October 24 -- 29 , 1929 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) ( October 19 , 1987 ) Friday the 13th mini-crash ( October 13 , 1989 ) October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 2010 Flash Crash ( May 6 , 2010 ) August 2011 stock markets fall References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Index Data All - Time Largest One Day Gains and Losses '' . wsj.com . Jump up ^ Highlights / Lowlights of The Dow Archived 2008 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Excel spreadsheet ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sizzlers and Fizzlers '' . us.spindices.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Shell , Adam ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Dow rebounds by 669 points , its best day since 2008 , as trade war fears ease in stock market '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Imbert , Fred ; Gibbs , Alexandra ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Dow closes 567 points higher after crazy market swings '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Campos , Rodrigo ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Global stocks , oil rally on U.S. jobs data , Korea news '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Lu ; Wittenstein , Jeran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Bad Day Turns Terrifying With the Dow 's Dramatic Drop '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` Dow plunges 1,000 points as market swoons again '' . CBC News . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stocks Take Record Tumble , Down 777 Points '' . CBS News . September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TSX , U.S. , European markets plunge amid economic worries '' . CBC News . October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mikolajczak , Chuck ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Stocks tumble to worst day in six weeks after Trump tariff action '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Kirka , Danica ; Lee , Youkyung ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Stocks crash as UK vote to quit EU shocks investors '' . AP The Big Story . London . Associated Press . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyersohn , Nathaniel ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Dow tumbles 572 points as trade war fears pummel stocks '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Setting the Record Straight on the Dow Drop '' . The New York Times . October 26 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` The Day Stocks Rose but the Dow Plunged '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Lauricella , Tom ; McKay , Peter A. ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Dow Takes a Harrowing 1,010.14 - Point Trip '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 -- via www.wsj.com . Jump up ^ `` Historical Index Data Largest Intraday Point Swings , Since 1987 '' . wsj.com . External links ( edit ) Dow Jones Indexes Averages Dow Jones Indexes Averages Statistics Dow Jones Indexes DJIA Historical Stock Prices Banking panics in the United States 1792 1796 -- 97 1819 1825 1837 1847 1857 1866 1873 1884 1890 ( Baring crisis ) 1893 1896 1901 1907 1910 - 11 1929 2007 -- 08 Stock market crashes 17th century Early stock market crashes in the Dutch Republic 18th century The Mississippi Bubble South Sea Bubble of 1720 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796 -- 97 19th century Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837 Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Encilhamento Panic of 1893 Panic of 1896 20th century Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Depression of 1920 -- 21 Wall Street Crash of 1929 Recession of 1937 -- 38 1971 Brazilian markets crash 1973 -- 74 stock market crash Souk Al - Manakh stock market crash ( 1982 ) Japanese asset price bubble ( 1986 -- 1991 ) Black Monday ( 1987 ) Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange collapse Friday the 13th mini-crash ( 1989 ) 1990s Japanese stock market crash Dot - com bubble ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27 , 1997 , mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 21st century Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Stock market downturn of 2002 Chinese stock bubble of 2007 United States bear market of 2007 -- 09 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Dubai debt standstill European debt crisis 2010 Flash Crash 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami ( Aftermath ) August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2015 -- 16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015 -- 16 stock market crash 2016 United Kingdom EU referendum ( Aftermath ) See also : List of stock market crashes and bear markets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_daily_changes_in_the_Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average&oldid=835144814 '' Categories : Dow Jones Industrial Average Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Norsk Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 20 : 49 . 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5385996172947529047 | Tawny Kitaen | Tawny Kitaen - wikipedia Tawny Kitaen Jump to : navigation , search Tawny Kitaen Julie E. Kitaen ( 1961 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 1961 ( age 56 ) San Diego , California , USA Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Coverdale ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Chuck Finley ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Children Julie E. `` Tawny '' Kitaen ( / kɪˈteɪ. ən / ; born August 5 , 1961 ) is an American actress and media personality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Legal troubles 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Kitaen was born in San Diego , California , in 1961 , the daughter of Linda ( née Taylor ) , a housewife and a former beauty pageant participant , and Terry Kitaen , an employee of a neon sign company . Julie began using the name `` Tawny '' at the age of 12 , on her own initiative . Career ( edit ) Kitaen began her acting career in 1983 with a minor role in the television movie Malibu . In 1984 , she starred as the title character of the erotic - adventure movie The Perils of Gwendoline in the Land of the Yik - Yak , also called Gwendoline . She also co-starred in the movie Bachelor Party as the bride - to - be of a young Tom Hanks , and was the star of the 1986 horror movie Witchboard . Kitaen appeared in several videos in the 1980s for the band Whitesnake , including the hits `` Here I Go Again '' , `` Still of the Night '' , `` Is This Love , '' and `` The Deeper The Love . '' She was then dating Whitesnake 's lead singer , David Coverdale , to whom she was later briefly married . Kitaen appeared in Seinfeld , once , as Jerry 's girlfriend in the 1991 episode `` The Nose Job . '' She had recurring parts in Hercules : The Legendary Journeys and co-hosted America 's Funniest People from 1992 to 1994 . Kitaen was also in 19 episodes of the TV series The New WKRP in Cincinnati from 1991 to 1993 as a night - time DJ named Mona Loveland ; in the show , her night - time program was called Midnight With Mona . Kitaen was one of the cast of the sixth edition of the VH1 reality television show The Surreal Life , which began airing in March 2006 . While trying to deal with chemical - dependence issues described below in more detail , which marred her legal status as also detailed below , Kitaen also appeared in the second season of the VH1 reality TV show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew , which began in October 2008 . Dr. Drew Pinsky , who moderated Celebrity Rehab With Dr. Drew , subsequently came under fire for the fact that at least two celebrities he had tried to help , television actor Jeff Conaway and country - and - western singer Mindy McCready , had subsequently died of complications of their respective dependencies . Personal Life ( edit ) Kitaen dated RATT guitarist Robbin Crosby during and after high school . She followed the bands to LA in the late 70 's to find a career of her own . Kitaen married Whitesnake lead singer David Coverdale in 1989 . Nevertheless , she had an affair with O.J. Simpson during Simpson 's marriage to Nicole Brown and her marriage to Coverdale . Coverdale and Kitaen divorced in 1991 . Kitaen was married to baseball player Chuck Finley from 1997 to 2002 . She has two daughters , Wynter Finley ( b . 1993 ) and Raine Finley ( b . 1998 ) . Legal troubles ( edit ) In 2002 , Kitaen was charged with domestic violence for an incident involving her then husband , professional baseball player Chuck Finley . She had kicked Finley in the face repeatedly with high heeled shoes . Three days later , Finley filed for divorce . After a plea bargain , Kitaen agreed to `` enter a spousal battery counseling program and avoid contact with Finley . '' The couple had been married for five years and had two daughters together , Wynter and Raine . In November 2006 , prosecutors charged Kitaen with possessing 15 grams of cocaine in her San Juan Capistrano home in Orange County . The authorities said her two children were home at the time and Kitaen had given deputies permission for the search . In December 2006 , she entered a six - month rehabilitation program in exchange for the dismissal of a felony drug possession charge . On September 26 , 2009 , Kitaen was arrested for driving under the influence in Newport Beach , California . The following July , she pleaded no contest to misdemeanor DWI and was sentenced to a couple days in jail , ordered to attend a first offender alcohol program and required to perform 64 hours of community service . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 The Perils of Gwendoline in the Land of the Yik - Yak Gwendoline 1984 Bachelor Party Debbie Thompson 1986 Witchboard Linda Brewster 1986 Crystal Heart Alley Daniels 1986 Instant Justice Virginia Happy Hour Misty Roberts 1989 White Hot Vanessa Three of Hearts Woman in Bar Playback Sara Burgess 1997 Dead Tides Nola 2002 Happy Hour Short film 2009 Too Cool 2011 Here We Go Again Short film 2014 Naked After Midnight Rikki Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 To Tell the Truth Herself Game show Malibu Mahoney 's girlfriend TV film 1985 California Girls Karen Malone TV film 1986 - 1987 Capitol Meredith Ross TV series Glory Years Melinda Murphy TV film 1989 Santa Barbara Lisa DiNapoli Appeared between February 28 , 1989 and July 21 , 1989 1989 Booker Skylar Samperton Episode : `` Someone Stole Lucille '' 1991 They Came From Outer Space Monica Bates Episode : `` Sex , Lies & UFOs : Part 2 '' 1991 Shades of L.A. Linda Makowski Episodes : `` Line of Fire : Parts 1 & 2 '' 1991 Veronica Clare Episodes : `` The Boxing Story '' , `` Slow Violence '' 1991 Seinfeld Isabel Episode : `` The Nose Job '' 1991 - 1993 New WKRP in Cincinnati , The The New WKRP in Cincinnati Mona Loveland Main role ( 19 episodes ) 1992 - 1994 America 's Funniest People Cohost ( with Dave Coulier ) Succeeded Arleen Sorkin 1992 - 1996 Eek ! The Cat Annabelle ( voice ) Main role ( 39 episodes ) 1994 Married ... with Children Dominique Episode : `` Shoeway to Heaven '' 1994 Hercules and the Circle of Fire Deianeira TV film 1994 Hercules in the Underworld Deianeira TV film 1994 Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur Deianeira TV film 1995 Burke 's Law Rhonda Dooley Episode : `` Who Killed Cock - a-Doodle Dooley ? '' 1995 Hercules : The Legendary Journeys Deianeira Episodes : `` The Wrong Path '' , `` The Other Side '' 1997 Hercules : The Legendary Journeys Deianeira Episode : `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' 2011 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Lydia Kole Episode : `` Father of the Bride '' 2012 Life@Large TV miniseries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to the State of California . California Birth Index , 1905 - 1995 . Center for Health Statistics , California Department of Health Services , Sacramento , California . Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461 Jump up ^ Time Waster . `` Tawny Kitaen : Major League Hitter '' . The . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tawny Kitaen '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Seinfeld . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Rehab 2 with Dr. Drew Show Cast , Episodes , Guides , Trailers , Web Exclusives , Previews '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( March 15 , 1987 ) . `` LOVE TRIANGLE IN ' WITCHBOARD ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` '' VH1 Heads Back to Rehab With Dr. Drew Pinsky for a Second Season of ' Celebrity Rehab With Dr. Drew . ' '' June 10 , 2008. `` . Jump up ^ TV Guide , June 23 , 2008 . Page 8 . Jump up ^ `` '' Celebs Check Into Rehab 2 With Dr. Drew `` ; vh1.com ; June 10 , 2008 . '' . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller ( 4 March 2016 ) . Raging Heart : The Intimate Story of the Tragic Marriage of O.J. and Nicole Brown Simpson . Graymalkin Media . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63168 - 066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller ( 1995 ) . Raging Heart : The Intimate Story of the Tragic Marriage of O.J. and Nicole Brown Simpson . Pocket Books . pp. 198 , 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 52145 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Tawny Kitaen and O.J. Simpson '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kitaen Files $12 - Mil Lawsuit Against Ex '' . People Magazine . September 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Wife accepts Chuck Finley plea bargain '' . cbcsports. 2002 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Faber , Judy ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Tawny Kitaen Faces Felony Drug Charges '' . CBS News Online . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tawny Kitaen enters drug rehab for cocaine - Celebrities - MSNBC.com '' . Jump up ^ Vyas , Sunil ; ' Bachelor Party ' actress Tawny Kitaen in cocaine possession row earthtimes.org ; November 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ Reuters ; Tawny Kitaen enters drug rehab for cocaine msnbc ; December 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Actress Tawny Kitaen arrested in Calif. for DUI '' . Associated Press . 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Coker , Matt ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Tawny Kitaen Sells 2 Homes for $4.3 Million , Which is Less Than What She Paid for Them '' . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://santabarbara-online.com/lisadin2.htm Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150223203744/http://capridge.com/lisa.htm External links ( edit ) Tawny Kitaen on IMDb VIAF : 39587037 LCCN : no2011149764 ISNI : 0000 0000 5924 6436 BNF : cb14193824p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tawny_Kitaen&oldid=803562508 '' Categories : 1961 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American film actresses Jewish American actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Living people People from San Juan Capistrano , California Actresses from San Diego Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 07 : 38 . 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-3309611285995018412 | Persuasive writing | Persuasive writing - wikipedia Persuasive writing This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( March 2017 ) Persuasive writing intends to convince readers to believe in an idea and to do an action . Many writings such as critics , reviews , reaction papers , editorials , proposals , advertisements , and brochures use different ways of persuasion to influence readers . Three common techniques in persuasive writing ( edit ) 1 . Presenting strong evidence , such as facts and statistics , statements of expert authorities , and research findings establishes credibility . Readers will more likely be convinced to side with the writer 's position or agree with his or her opinion if it is backed up by verifiable evidence . 2 . Concrete , relevant , and reasonable examples can enhance the writer 's idea or opinion . They can be based on observations or from the writer 's personal experience . 3 . Accurate , current , and balanced information adds to the credibility of persuasive writing . The writer does not only present evidence that favor his or her ideas , but he or she also acknowledges some evidence that opposes his or her own . In the writing , though , his or her ideas would be sounder . Ethos , logos , and pathos ( edit ) Ethos is the appeal to ethics . It convinces the audience of the credibility of the writer . The writer 's expertise on his or her subject matter lends to such credibility . The level of education and profession of the writer also come into play . Logos is the appeal to logic and reason . It is the most commonly accepted mode in persuasion because it aims to be scientific in its approach to argumentation . In writing , facts are presented in a logical manner , and faulty logic is avoided . Pathos is the appeal to emotion . This aims to convince the audience by appealing to human emotions . Emotions such as sympathy , anger , and sadness motivate humans ; using pathos will then get the audience to be emotionally invested in the subject of the writing . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persuasive_writing&oldid=844513128 '' Categories : Persuasion Writing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 12 : 13 . About Wikipedia | why is a piece of music considered a type of persuasive argument | [] | [] |
-999890227126378498 | I Wanna Get Next to You | I Wanna get next to you - wikipedia I Wanna get next to you `` I Wanna Get Next To You '' Single by Rose Royce from the album Car Wash : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` Sunrise '' ( US ) `` Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is '' ( International ) Released December 1976 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1976 Genre Disco , soul Length 3 : 56 Label MCA / Whitfield Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Rose Royce singles chronology `` Car Wash '' ( 1976 ) `` I Wanna Get Next To You '' ( 1976 ) `` I 'm Going Down '' ( 1977 ) `` Car Wash '' ( 1976 ) `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' ( 1976 ) `` I 'm Going Down '' ( 1977 ) `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' is a 1976 soul single written , composed and produced by American songwriter and producer Norman Whitfield , and most famously sung by American R&B band Rose Royce . It is the third official single from the Car Wash soundtrack . The song has also become a staple on oldies radio and on adult contemporary stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The song talks about how a narrator pleads love for a beautiful woman , except that the young woman is unkind , and does not understand his affection for her , as he wastes his own money calling her , but she does not respond , regardless , he still wants to `` get next '' to her . Chart performance ( edit ) The song became the group 's second top 10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 10 , and peaking at number 3 on the Hot Soul Singles chart . The song was also successful worldwide , becoming their second Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom , peaking at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart . Weekly charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australia KMR 53 Canadian RPM Singles Chart 14 New Zealand Singles Chart 6 UK Singles Chart 14 US Easy Listening 9 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Hot Soul Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 169 Canada 129 New Zealand 44 UK 148 US Billboard Hot 100 87 In popular culture ( edit ) The song was sung on the popular sitcom in 1995 , Martin , in the season three episode , `` All the Players Came '' , where Martin Lawrence 's character , Jerome , the pimp , sings the song to guest star Pam Grier as part of a competition , facing off with Dolemite and Huggy Bear ( played by Rudy Ray Moore and Antonio Fargas ) for Detroit 's `` Player of the Year '' award , as part of the competition he sings the song poorly which attracts Pam Grier , which he later in the episode wins unanimously . In the same year , the sound was also featured on the soundtrack to the popular movie Friday . In 1997 , this song was covered by R&B singer Cherrelle , and the R&B duo Christión . The song was also featured on the movie Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Charts Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd , Turramurra , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Chartstats -- Artist -- Rose Royce '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Archived 2014 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 11 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3866 Jump up ^ `` Old - Charts '' . Old - Charts . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Rose Royce Studio albums Car Wash Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom Rose Royce III : Strikes Again ! Rose Royce IV : Rainbow Connection Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` Car Wash '' `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' `` I 'm Going Down '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` Ooh Boy '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` Is It Love You 're After '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wanna_Get_Next_to_You&oldid=840530384 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles Songs written by Norman Whitfield Rose Royce songs Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Soul ballads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 13 : 57 . 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-7581190399012757165 | If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) | If You Were the Only Girl ( in the World ) - wikipedia If You Were the Only Girl ( in the World ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Upstairs , Downstairs episode , see If You Were the Only Girl in the World . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` If You Were the Only Girl ( In the World ) '' is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey . It was written for the musical revue The Bing Boys Are Here , which premièred on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square , London . The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing , played by George Robey , and his love interest Emma , originated by Violet Loraine . The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946 . It has become a standard , recorded by many artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable recordings 2 Film and television appearances 3 Lyrics 4 References 5 External links Notable recordings ( edit ) Perry Como - recorded on March 21 , 1946 , and released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 1857 - B , the flip side of `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' . This version reached # 14 on the Billboard magazine charts . The recording was also released in the United Kingdom by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog number BD - 1165 , the flip side of `` I Dream of You ( More than You Dream I Do ) '' . Peggy Lee as `` If You Were the Only Boy in the World '' , a transcription for Capitol Records , recorded on July 29 , 1946 . Donald Peers with two pianos recorded it at Royal Albert Hall , London , on June 13 , 1949 , as the first song of a medley along with `` Blue Skies '' and `` There 's a Rainbow ' Round My Shoulder '' . The medley was released by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog number B 9792 . Doris Day recorded the song for her 1953 Columbia Records album By the Light of the Silvery Moon and sang the song with Gordon MacRae in the 1953 film By the Light of the Silvery Moon Gordon MacRae and June Hutton - for the Capitol Records album By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) . Georgia Brown - as `` If You Were the Only Boy in the World '' , for the album Sings a Little of What You Fancy ( 1962 ) . Kathy Kirby - as `` If You Were the Only Boy in the World '' , for her album Kathy Kirby Sings 16 Hits from Stars and Garters ( 1963 ) . Dean Martin - for his album Dream with Dean ( 1964 ) Barbra Streisand recorded this song under the title `` If You Were the Only Boy in the World '' , with a Peter Matz arrangement for her album My Name Is Barbra in 1965 . Frankie Vaughan - for the album Love Hits & High Kicks ( 1985 ) . Anton Szandor LaVey , founder of The Church of Satan , performed the song on his 1990 album Satan Takes a Holiday . Film and television appearances ( edit ) Actor - singer Rudy Vallee sang it in the 1929 film The Vagabond Lover , with the beat changed from a foxtrot to a waltz . The song was sung by soldiers during a concert in the 1944 war drama The Way Ahead . The song is performed at the entertainment evening in the 1957 film The Bridge on the River Kwai , set during World War II . David Abraham sings a line of this song in the movie Kotwal Saab ( 1977 ) to celebrate the news of marriage between his two paying guests . The song was heard in the 2000 episode `` Pardon My Past '' of the television show Charmed . The song was sung by a honeymooning couple in The Duchess of Duke Street , Series 2 , Episode 8 . The song was sung for wounded British soldiers by the characters Lady Mary Crawley and Matthew Crawley ( played by Michelle Dockery and Dan Stevens , respectively ) in Series 2 , Episode 4 of Downton Abbey , set in 1918 and broadcast in 2011 . It was sung , ahistorically , in waltz ( 3⁄4 ) time . The song is played as a solo piano instrumental by the character Malcolm Hamilton in the BBC Scotland soap , River City , at the end of the 3 July 2012 episode . Lyrics ( edit ) Sometimes when I feel bad and things look blue I wish a girl I had ... say one like you . Someone within my heart to build her throne Someone who 'd never part , to call my own If you were the only girl in the world and I were the only boy Nothing else would matter in the world today We could go on loving in the same old way A garden of Eden just made for two With nothing to mar our joy I would say such wonderful things to you There would be such wonderful things to do If you were the only girl in the world and I were the only boy . No - one I 'll ever care for dear ... but you . No - one I 'll fancy , therefore love me do . Your eyes have set me dreaming all night long ... Your eyes have set me scheming , right or wrong If you were the only girl in the world and I were the only boy Nothing else would matter in the world today We could go on loving in the same old way A garden of Eden just made for two With nothing to mar our joy I would say such wonderful things to you There would be such wonderful things to do If you were the only girl in the world and I were the only boy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If You Were the Only Girl in the World '' , Music of the Great War ( 2014 ) , accessed January 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Como Discography '' . kokomo.ca . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee Discography '' . peggyleediscography.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 45worlds.com '' . 45worlds.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand Archives : Records / My Name is Barbra album . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` If You Were the Only Girl ( in the World ) '' sung by Loraine and Robey , 1916 ( mp3 ) ( hide ) Doris Day Solo albums You 're My Thrill ( 1949 ) Young Man with a Horn ( 1950 ) Tea for Two ( 1950 ) Lullaby of Broadway ( 1951 ) On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) I 'll See You in My Dreams ( 1951 ) By the Light of the Silvery Moon ( 1953 ) Calamity Jane ( 1953 ) Young at Heart ( 1954 ) Love Me or Leave Me ( 1955 ) Day Dreams ( 1955 ) Day by Day ( 1956 ) The Pajama Game ( 1957 ) Day by Night ( 1957 ) Hooray for Hollywood ( 1958 ; 1959 ) Cuttin ' Capers ( 1959 ) What Every Girl Should Know ( 1960 ) Show Time ( 1960 ) Bright and Shiny ( 1961 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1961 ) Duet ( 1962 ) You 'll Never Walk Alone ( 1962 ) Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( 1962 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Love Him ( 1963 ) The Doris Day Christmas Album ( 1964 ) With a Smile and a Song ( 1964 ) Latin for Lovers ( 1965 ) Doris Day 's Sentimental Journey ( 1965 ) The Love Album ( 1994 ) My Heart ( 2011 ) Singles `` Again '' `` Ai n't We Got Fun '' `` Any Way the Wind Blows '' `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' `` Confess '' `` The Deadwood Stage ( Whip - Crack - Away ! ) '' `` Everybody Loves a Lover '' `` If I Give My Heart to You '' `` If You Were the Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` It 's Magic '' `` Love Somebody '' `` Lullaby of Broadway '' `` Move Over Darling '' `` My Darling , My Darling '' `` My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time '' `` My Love and Devotion '' `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' `` Secret Love '' `` Sentimental Journey '' `` Thoughtless '' `` ( Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To ) Shanghai '' `` Sugar Bush '' `` You Should Have Told Me '' Related articles Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Doris Day Animal League The Doris Day Show episodes George Weidler ( second husband ) Martin Melcher ( third husband ) Terry Melcher ( son ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Were_the_Only_Girl_(In_the_World)&oldid=818958523 '' Categories : 1916 songs Doris Day songs Vocal duets Barbra Streisand songs Songs with music by Nat Ayer Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 02 . 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-489959977318302716 | Instant messaging | Instant messaging - Wikipedia Instant messaging Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Web - based instant messaging . For messaging via apps , see Messaging apps . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A buddy list in Pidgin 2.0 Instant messaging ( IM ) technology is a type of online chat that offers real - time text transmission over the Internet . A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network . Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties , when each user chooses to complete a thought and select `` send '' . Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real - time text , which transmits messages character by character , as they are composed . More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer , clickable hyperlinks , Voice over IP , or video chat . Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission , usually referred to as `` chat rooms '' , where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other ( for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication ) . Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users ( often using a contact list also known as a `` buddy list '' or `` friend list '' ) . Depending on the IM protocol , the technical architecture can be peer - to - peer ( direct point - to - point transmission ) or client - server ( an Instant message service center retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device ) . By 2010 , instant messaging over the Web was already in sharp decline , in favor of messaging features on social networks such as Facebook and Twitter . The most popular IM platforms closed , such as AIM closed in 2017 , and Windows Live Messenger was merged into Skype . Today , most instant messaging takes place on messaging apps ( such as WhatsApp , Facebook Messenger , WeChat , and Viber ) , which by 2014 had more users than social networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 2010s : Messaging apps replace IM 3 Clients 4 Interoperability 5 IM language 6 Business application 7 Types of products 7.1 Serverless messengers 8 Conversational commerce 9 Security risks 10 Compliance risks 10.1 In the United States 10.2 World - wide 11 Security and archiving 12 User base 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Instant messaging is a set of communication technologies used for text - based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks . IM -- chat happens in real - time . Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other technologies such as email due to the perceived quasi-synchrony of the communications by the users . Some systems permit messages to be sent to users not then ' logged on ' ( offline messages ) , thus removing some differences between IM and email ( often done by sending the message to the associated email account ) . IM allows effective and efficient communication , allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply . However IM is basically not necessarily supported by transaction control . In many cases , instant messaging includes added features which can make it even more popular . For example , users may see each other via webcams , or talk directly for free over the Internet using a microphone and headphones or loudspeakers . Many applications allow file transfers , although they are usually limited in the permissible file - size . It is usually possible to save a text conversation for later reference . Instant messages are often logged in a local message history , making it similar to the persistent nature of emails . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Command - line Unix `` talk '' , using a split screen user interface , was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . 2014 recreation screenshot of the original Talkomatic program , released in 1973 , on the PLATO system ( on an orange plasma display ) . Though the term dates from the 1990s , instant messaging predates the Internet , first appearing on multi-user operating systems like Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) and Multiplexed Information and Computing Service ( Multics ) in the mid-1960s . Initially , some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing , but quickly were used to facilitate communication with other users logged into the same machine . As networks developed , the protocols spread with the networks . Some of these used a peer - to - peer protocol ( e.g. talk , ntalk and ytalk ) , while others required peers to connect to a server ( see talker and IRC ) . The Zephyr Notification Service ( still in use at some institutions ) was invented at MIT 's Project Athena in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users . Parallel to instant messaging were early online chat facilities , the earliest of which was Talkomatic ( 1973 ) on the PLATO system , which allowed 5 people to chat simultaneously on a 512x512 plasma display ( 5 lines of text + 1 status line per person ) . During the bulletin board system ( BBS ) phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s , some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging ; Freelancin ' Roundtable was one prime example . The first such general - availability commercial online chat service ( as opposed to PLATO , which was educational ) was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980 , created by CompuServe executive Alexander `` Sandy '' Trevor in Columbus , Ohio . Early instant messaging programs were primarily real - time text , where characters appeared as they were typed . This includes the Unix `` talk '' command line program , which was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Some BBS chat programs ( i.e. Celerity BBS ) also used a similar interface . Modern implementations of real - time text also exist in instant messengers , such as AOL 's Real - Time IM as an optional feature . In the latter half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s , the Quantum Link online service for Commodore 64 computers offered user - to - user messages between concurrently connected customers , which they called `` On - Line Messages '' ( or OLM for short ) , and later `` FlashMail . '' ( Quantum Link later became America Online and made AOL Instant Messenger ( AIM , discussed later ) . While the Quantum Link client software ran on a Commodore 64 , using only the Commodore 's PETSCII text - graphics , the screen was visually divided into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying `` Message From : '' and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing , and presented a list of options for responding . As such , it could be considered a type of graphical user interface ( GUI ) , albeit much more primitive than the later Unix , Windows and Macintosh based GUI IM software . OLMs were what Q - Link called `` Plus Services '' meaning they charged an extra per - minute fee on top of the monthly Q - Link access costs . Modern , Internet - wide , GUI - based messaging clients as they are known today , began to take off in the mid-1990s with PowWow , ICQ , and AOL Instant Messenger . Similar functionality was offered by CU - SeeMe in 1992 ; though primarily an audio / video chat link , users could also send textual messages to each other . AOL later acquired Mirabilis , the authors of ICQ ; a few years later ICQ ( then owned by AOL ) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the U.S. patent office . Meanwhile , other companies developed their own software ; ( Excite , MSN , Ubique , and Yahoo ! ) , each with its own proprietary protocol and client ; users therefore had to run multiple client applications if they wished to use more than one of these networks . In 1998 , IBM released IBM Lotus Sametime , a product based on technology acquired when IBM bought Haifa - based Ubique and Lexington - based Databeam . In 2000 , an open source application and open standards - based protocol called Jabber was launched . The protocol was standardized under the name Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) . XMPP servers could act as gateways to other IM protocols , reducing the need to run multiple clients . Multi-protocol clients can use any of the popular IM protocols by using additional local libraries for each protocol . IBM Lotus Sametime 's November 2007 release added IBM Lotus Sametime Gateway support for XMPP . As of 2010 , social networking providers often offer IM abilities . Facebook Chat is a form of instant messaging , and Twitter can be thought of as a Web 2.0 instant messaging system . Similar server - side chat features are part of most dating websites , such as OKCupid or PlentyofFish . The spread of smartphones and similar devices in the late 2000s also caused increased competition with conventional instant messaging , by making text messaging services still more ubiquitous . Many instant messaging services offer video calling features , voice over IP and web conferencing services . Web conferencing services can integrate both video calling and instant messaging abilities . Some instant messaging companies are also offering desktop sharing , IP radio , and IPTV to the voice and video features . The term `` Instant Messenger '' is a service mark of Time Warner and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States . For this reason , in April 2007 , the instant messaging client formerly named Gaim ( or gaim ) announced that they would be renamed `` Pidgin '' . 2010s : messaging apps replace IM ( edit ) In the 2010s , more people started to use messaging apps like WhatsApp , WeChat , Facebook Messenger and Line than instant messaging like AIM . For example , WhatsApp was founded in 2009 , and Facebook acquired in 2014 , by which time it already had half a billion users . Clients ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Comparison of instant messaging clients Each modern IM service generally provides its own client , either a separately installed piece of software , or a browser - based client . These usually only work within the same IM network , although some allow limited function with other services . Third party client software applications exist that will connect with most of the major IM services . Interoperability ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pidgin 's tabbed chat window in Linux Standard complementary instant messaging applications offer functions like file transfer , contact list ( s ) , the ability to hold several simultaneous conversations , etc . These may be all the functions that a small business needs , but larger organizations will require more sophisticated applications that can work together . The solution to finding applications capable of this is to use enterprise versions of instant messaging applications . These include titles like XMPP , Lotus Sametime , Microsoft Office Communicator , etc. , which are often integrated with other enterprise applications such as workflow systems . These enterprise applications , or enterprise application integration ( EAI ) , are built to certain constraints , namely storing data in a common format . There have been several attempts to create a unified standard for instant messaging : IETF 's Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) and SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions ( SIMPLE ) , Application Exchange ( APEX ) , Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol ( IMPP ) , the open XML - based Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) , and Open Mobile Alliance 's Instant Messaging and Presence Service developed specifically for mobile devices . Most attempts at producing a unified standard for the major IM providers ( AOL , Yahoo ! and Microsoft ) have failed , and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol . However , while discussions at IETF were stalled , Reuters signed the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement in September 2003 . This agreement enabled AIM , ICQ and MSN Messenger users to talk with Reuters Messaging counterparts and vice versa . Following this , Microsoft , Yahoo ! and AOL agreed to a deal in which Microsoft 's Live Communications Server 2005 users would also have the possibility to talk to public instant messaging users . This deal established SIP / SIMPLE as a standard for protocol interoperability and established a connectivity fee for accessing public instant messaging groups or services . Separately , on October 13 , 2005 , Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced that by the 3rd quarter of 2006 they would interoperate using SIP / SIMPLE , which was followed , in December 2005 , by the AOL and Google strategic partnership deal in which Google Talk users would be able to communicate with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an AIM account . There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols : Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM client application . Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM server application . This approach moves the task of communicating with the other services to the server . Clients need not know or care about other IM protocols . For example , LCS 2005 Public IM Connectivity . This approach is popular in XMPP servers ; however , the so - called transport projects suffer the same reverse engineering difficulties as any other project involved with closed protocols or formats . Some approaches allow organizations to deploy their own , private instant messaging network by enabling them to restrict access to the server ( often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall ) and administer user permissions . Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN , by using an encrypted , firewall - friendly , HTTPS - based protocol . Usually , a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages , such as pre-populated contact lists , integrated authentication , and better security and privacy . Certain networks have made changes to prevent them from being used by such multi-network IM clients . For example , Trillian had to release several revisions and patches to allow its users to access the MSN , AOL , and Yahoo ! networks , after changes were made to these networks . The major IM providers usually cite the need for formal agreements , and security concerns as reasons for making these changes . The use of proprietary protocols has meant that many instant messaging networks have been incompatible and users have been unable to reach users on other networks . This may have allowed social networking with IM - like features and text messaging an opportunity to gain market share at the expense of IM . IM language ( edit ) See also : SMS language Users sometimes make use of internet slang or text speak to abbreviate common words or expressions to quicken conversations or reduce keystrokes . The language has become widespread , with well - known expressions such as ' lol ' translated over to face - to - face language . Emotions are often expressed in shorthand , such as the abbreviation LOL , BRB and TTYL ; respectively laugh ( ing ) out loud , be right back , and talk to you later . Some , however , attempt to be more accurate with emotional expression over IM. Real time reactions such as ( chortle ) ( snort ) ( guffaw ) or ( eye - roll ) are becoming more popular . Also there are certain standards that are being introduced into mainstream conversations including , ' # ' indicates the use of sarcasm in a statement and ' * ' which indicates a spelling mistake and / or grammatical error in the prior message , followed by a correction . Business application ( edit ) Instant messaging has proven to be similar to personal computers , email , and the World Wide Web , in that its adoption for use as a business communications medium was driven primarily by individual employees using consumer software at work , rather than by formal mandate or provisioning by corporate information technology departments . Tens of millions of the consumer IM accounts in use are being used for business purposes by employees of companies and other organizations . In response to the demand for business - grade IM and the need to ensure security and legal compliance , a new type of instant messaging , called `` Enterprise Instant Messaging '' ( `` EIM '' ) was created when Lotus Software launched IBM Lotus Sametime in 1998 . Microsoft followed suit shortly thereafter with Microsoft Exchange Instant Messaging , later created a new platform called Microsoft Office Live Communications Server , and released Office Communications Server 2007 in October 2007 . Oracle Corporation has also jumped into the market recently with its Oracle Beehive unified collaboration software . Both IBM Lotus and Microsoft have introduced federation between their EIM systems and some of the public IM networks so that employees may use one interface to both their internal EIM system and their contacts on AOL , MSN , and Yahoo . As of 2010 , leading EIM platforms include IBM Lotus Sametime , Microsoft Office Communications Server , Jabber XCP and Cisco Unified Presence . Industry - focused EIM platforms such as Reuters Messaging and Bloomberg Messaging also provide IM abilities to financial services companies . The adoption of IM across corporate networks outside of the control of IT organizations creates risks and liabilities for companies who do not effectively manage and support IM use . Companies implement specialized IM archiving and security products and services to mitigate these risks and provide safe , secure , productive instant messaging abilities to their employees . IM is increasingly becoming a feature of enterprise software rather than a stand - alone application . Types of products ( edit ) IM products can usually be categorised into two types : Enterprise Instant Messaging ( EIM ) and Consumer Instant Messaging ( CIM ) . Enterprise solutions use an internal IM server , however this is n't always feasible , particularly for smaller businesses with limited budgets . The second option , using a CIM provides the advantage of being inexpensive to implement and has little need for investing in new hardware or server software . For corporate use , encryption and conversation archiving are usually regarded as important features due to security concerns . There are also a bunch of open source encrypting messengers . Sometimes the use of different operating systems in organizations requires use of software that supports more than one platform . For example , many software companies use Windows in administration departments but have software developers who use Linux . An Instant Message Service Center ( IMSC ) is a network element in the mobile telephone network which delivers instant messages . When a user sends an IM message to another user , the phone sends the message to the IMSC . The IMSC stores the message and delivers it to the destination user when they are available . The IMSC usually has a configurable time limit for how long it will store the message . Few companies who make many of the IMSCs in use in the GSM world are Miyowa , Followap and OZ . Other players include Acision , Colibria , Ericsson , Nokia , Comverse Technology , Now Wireless , Jinny Software , Miyowa , Feelingk and few others . Serverless messengers ( edit ) Major IM services are controlled by their corresponding companies . They usually follow the client - server model when all clients have to first connect to the central server . This requires users to trust this server because messages can generally be accessed by the company . Companies can be compelled to reveal their user 's communication . Companies can also suspend user accounts for any reason . There is the class of instant messengers that uses the serverless model , which does n't require servers , and the IM network consists only of clients . There are several serverless messengers : RetroShare , Tox , Bitmessage , Ricochet , Ring . Serverless messengers are generally more secure because they involve fewer parties . Conversational commerce ( edit ) Main article : Conversational commerce Conversational commerce is e-commerce via various means of messaging : live chat on e-commerce Web sites , live chat on messaging apps such as WeChat , Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp chatbots on messaging apps or Web sites via voice assistants Security risks ( edit ) See also : Secure instant messaging Crackers ( malicious or black hat hackers ) have consistently used IM networks as vectors for delivering phishing attempts , `` poison URLs '' , and virus - laden file attachments from 2004 to the present , with over 1100 discrete attacks listed by the IM Security Center in 2004 -- 2007 . Hackers use two methods of delivering malicious code through IM : delivery of viruses , trojan horses , or spyware within an infected file , and the use of `` socially engineered '' text with a web address that entices the recipient to click on a URL connecting him or her to a website that then downloads malicious code . Viruses , computer worms , and trojans usually propagate by sending themselves rapidly through the infected user 's contact list . An effective attack using a poisoned URL may reach tens of thousands of users in a short period when each user 's contact list receives messages appearing to be from a trusted friend . The recipients click on the web address , and the entire cycle starts again . Infections may range from nuisance to criminal , and are becoming more sophisticated each year . IM connections sometimes occur in plain text , making them vulnerable to eavesdropping . Also , IM client software often requires the user to expose open UDP ports to the world , raising the threat posed by potential security vulnerabilities . Compliance risks ( edit ) In addition to the malicious code threat , the use of instant messaging at work also creates a risk of non-compliance to laws and regulations governing use of electronic communications in businesses . In the United States ( edit ) In the United States alone there are over 10,000 laws and regulations related to electronic messaging and records retention . The better - known of these include the Sarbanes -- Oxley Act , HIPAA , and SEC 17a - 3 . Clarification from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) was issued to member firms in the financial services industry in December , 2007 , noting that `` electronic communications '' , `` email '' , and `` electronic correspondence '' may be used interchangeably and can include such forms of electronic messaging as instant messaging and text messaging . Changes to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , effective December 1 , 2006 , created a new category for electronic records which may be requested during discovery in legal proceedings . World - wide ( edit ) Most nations also regulate use of electronic messaging and electronic records retention in similar fashion as the United States . The most common regulations related to IM at work involve the need to produce archived business communications to satisfy government or judicial requests under law . Many instant messaging communications fall into the category of business communications that must be archived and retrievable . Security and archiving ( edit ) See also : Secure instant messaging In the early 2000s , a new class of IT security provider emerged to provide remedies for the risks and liabilities faced by corporations who chose to use IM for business communications . The IM security providers created new products to be installed in corporate networks for the purpose of archiving , content - scanning , and security - scanning IM traffic moving in and out of the corporation . Similar to the e-mail filtering vendors , the IM security providers focus on the risks and liabilities described above . With rapid adoption of IM in the workplace , demand for IM security products began to grow in the mid-2000s . By 2007 , the preferred platform for the purchase of security software had become the `` computer appliance '' , according to IDC , who estimate that by 2008 , 80 % of network security products will be delivered via an appliance . By 2014 however , the level of safety offered by instant messengers was still extremely poor . According to a scorecard made by the Electronic Frontier Foundation , only 7 out of 39 instant messengers received a perfect score , whereas the most popular instant messengers at the time only attained a score of 2 out of 7 . A number of studies have shown that IM services are quite vulnerable for providing user privacy . User base ( edit ) See also : List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2015 ) More than 100 million users Instant messenger client Company Usage eBuddy eBuddy 250 million users ( September 2011 ) Facebook Messenger Facebook 900 million active users ( April 2016 ) iMessage Apple Inc . 140 million users ( June 2012 ) Line Naver Corporation 217 million monthly active users ( 2016 ) Skype Microsoft Corporation 34 million peak online ( February 2012 ) , 560 million total ( April 2010 ) Telegram Telegram Messenger LLP 200 million monthly active users ( March 2018 ) WeChat Tencent Holdings Limited 889 million users ( 2016 ) Whatsapp Facebook , Inc . 1200 million monthly active users ( January 2017 ) Other platforms Instant messenger client Company Usage AIM AOL , Inc Closed in December 2017 BlackBerry Messenger BlackBerry 91 million total users ( October 2014 ) Discord Discord inc . 25 million users ( December 2016 ) Hike Messenger Hike Messenger 70 million active users ( October 2015 ) Gadu - Gadu GG Network S.A. 6.5 million users active daily ( majority in Poland ) ( June 2010 ) IBM Sametime IBM Corp . 15 million ( enterprise ) users ( Unknown ) ICQ ICQ LLC . 11 million total users ( July 2014 ) IMVU IMVU , inc . 1 million users ( June 2007 ) MXit MXit Lifestyle ( Pty ) Ltd . 7.4 million monthly subscribers ( majority in South Africa ( July 2013 ) Paltalk Paltalk.com 5.5 million monthly unique users ( August 2013 ) Windows Live Messenger Microsoft Corporation Closed Xfire Xfire , Inc . 24 million registered users ( January 2014 ) XMPP ( Protocol used by multiple clients ) XMPP Standards Foundation 1200 + million ( September 2011 ) Yahoo ! Messenger Yahoo ! , Inc . 22 million users ( Unknown ) See also ( edit ) Terms Ambient awareness Communications protocol Mass collaboration Message - oriented middleware Operator messaging Social media Text messaging Unified communications / messaging Lists Comparison of instant messaging clients Comparison of instant messaging protocols Other Code Shikara ( Computer worm ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Jon ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Instant messaging : This conversation is terminated '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://help.aol.com/articles/aim-discontinued Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28987797 Jump up ^ `` The rise of messaging platforms '' . The Economist , via Chatbot News Daily . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Van Vleck . `` Instant Messaging on CTSS and Multics '' . Multicians.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ CompuServe Innovator Resigns After 25 Years , The Columbus Dispatch , May 11 , 1996 , p. 2F Jump up ^ Wired and Inspired , The Columbus Dispatch ( Business page ) , by Mike Pramik , November 12 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` AOL Instant Messenger 's Real - Time IM feature '' . Help.aol.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RealJabber. org 's animation of real - time text '' . Realjabber.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Screenshot of a Quantum Link OLM '' . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Of Final Decisions Issued By The Trademark Trial And Appeal Board '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Important and Long Delayed News '' , Announcement of Gaim renaming ( to Pidgin ) , April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/ Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Chat Services '' ( PDF ) . sameroom.io . Jump up ^ `` The decline of instant messaging '' . BBC News . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ instant messaging Archived February 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , NetworkDictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` Oracle Buzzes with Updates for its Beehive Collaboration Platform '' . CMSWire . May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Better Business IMs - Business Technology '' . Im.about.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Reader Questions IM Privacy at Work '' . Im.about.com. 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Schneier , Bruce / Seidel , Kathleen / Vijayakumar , Saranya ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Multi-Encrypting Messengers -- in : A Worldwide Survey of Encryption Products , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adams , David / Maier , Ann - Kathrin ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` BIG SEVEN Study , open source crypto - messengers to be compared - or : Comprehensive Confidentiality Review & Audit : Encrypting E-Mail - Client & Secure Instant Messenger , Descriptions , tests and analysis reviews of 20 functions of the applications based on the essential fields and methods of evaluation of the 8 major international audit manuals for IT security investigations including 38 figures and 87 tables '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Skype hauled into court after refusing to hand call records to cops '' . The Register . 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.retailtouchpoints.com/topics/omnichannel-cross-channel-strategies/retail-s-big-opportunity-87-of-u-s-consumers-grasp-the-power-of-conversational-commerce Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/06/how-to-prepare-your-products-and-brand-for-conversational-commerce/ Jump up ^ `` IM Security Center '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why just say no to IM at work '' . blog.anta.net . October 29 , 2009 . ISSN 1797 - 1993 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESG compliance report excerpt , Part 1 : Introduction '' . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ FINRA , Regulatory Notice 07 - 59 , Supervision of Electronic Communications , December 2007 Jump up ^ Chris Christiansen and Rose Ryan , International Data Corp. , `` IDC Telebriefing : Threat Management Security Appliance Review and Forecast '' Jump up ^ Stuart Dredge . `` How secure is your favourite messaging app ? Today 's Open Thread '' . the Guardian . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secure Messaging Scorecard '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Saad . `` IM Session Identification by Outlier Detection in Cross-correlation Functions '' . Conference on Information Sciences and Systems ( CISS ) . Jump up ^ Saleh , Saad . `` Breaching IM Session Privacy Using Causality '' . IEEE Global Communications Conference ( GLOBECOM ) . Jump up ^ Data for September 2011 Jump up ^ 900 million active users . Retrieved 7 April 2016 Jump up ^ Alexia Tsotsis . `` iMessage Has More Than 140M Users And Has Sent Over 150B Messages , With Over 1B Messages Sent Per Day '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LINE : number of monthly active users 2016 Statistic '' . Statista . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 34 Million People Concurrently Online on Skype -- - Skype Blogs '' . Skype Blogs . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Catalin Cimpanu ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Skype Flaunts 560 Million Users Figure '' . softpedia . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ On October 24 , 2012 Skype 6.0 ( Liive , Raul ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Skype 6.0 for Mac and Windows Desktop -- - Skype Blogs '' . Blogs.skype.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013. ) connected users on Yahoo , WLM , Skype , and Facebook networks . Facebook excluded , this amounts to 83 % of worldwide IM desktop client market share based on data from June 2011 . ( `` Security Industry Market Share Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Opswat.com . June 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 24. ) Jump up ^ https://telegram.org/blog/200-million Jump up ^ `` WeChat : number of users 2016 Statista '' . Statista . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp : number of users 2013 - 2017 Statista '' . Statista . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ 91 million Active BBM Users . Retrieved 6 March 2015 Jump up ^ Kerr , Chris ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Booming game chat app Discord intros in - game text , voice integration '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` Brands Gadu Gadu '' . Naspers.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Speed , Ilya Khrennikov 2014 - 07 - 29T18 : 43 : 55Z - Comments Email Print . `` ICQ Messenger Is Growing for the First Time in Years '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IMVU Information '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MXit federates with the Google Talk network . Jump up ^ SA Social Media Landscape 2014 , World Wide Worx Jump up ^ `` PalTalk : It Was `` Flattering '' To Be Included In The PRISM Slidedeck `` . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 06 . PalTalk , a profitable group video chat site that 's been around for more than a decade and has about 5.5 million monthly uniques ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Xfire Front Page '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ This number is based on the number of Facebook accounts ( `` 500 Million Stories Facebook '' . Blog.facebook.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11. ) Google talk and WLM accounts . ( `` Anyone can build a Messenger client -- with open standards access via XMPP '' . Windowsteamblog.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11. ) Further , as there are many other open source servers ( some also with companies behind it ) , the number provided is probably too small . However , many of these servers are not federated , and so , do not actually interact as is usually expected of XMPP servers . External links ( edit ) Instant Messaging at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Instant messaging Protocols ( comparison ) Open IMPP IRC Matrix MTProto RetroShare Signal Protocol SIP MSRP SIMPLE Tox XMPP Jingle WFP Zephyr DDP Closed MSNP OSCAR TOC Skype YMSG Services AIM BAND BlackBerry Messenger Discord Facebook Messenger Google Allo Google Hangouts Google Talk GroupMe Hike Messenger HipChat ICQ iGap iMessage IRC Networks KakaoTalk Kik Libon Line Marco Polo Microsoft Messenger service Nimbuzz ooVoo Palringo Signal Skype Skype Qik Slack Snapchat SNOW Tango Telegram QQ Threema Tox Trillian Upptalk Veon Viber WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Windows Messenger service Yahoo ! Messenger Clients ( comparison ) Single protocol Allo AIM Baidu Hi BlackBerry Messenger CSipSimple Facebook Messenger FaceTime Fetion Gadu - Gadu GroupMe IBM Sametime ICQ IMVU Linphone Palringo RetroShare Ricochet Ring Signal Skype Telegram Tencent QQ Tox WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Wire Yahoo ! Messenger Multi-protocol Adium Ayttm BitlBee Centericq eBuddy Empathy Fire Gizmo5 Instantbird Jitsi Kopete Messages / iChat Miranda IM Nimbuzz Pidgin QIP 2010 Skype for Business Trillian Telepathy Upptalk Xfire XMPP ( Jabber ) Bombus ChatSecure Conversations Gajim Google Talk Psi Tkabber Spark MSNP aMSN emesene Windows Live Messenger Windows Messenger Skype See also Backchannel Buddy profile Chat log Chatbot Contact list Emoticon File sharing Instant message service center LAN messenger Messaging apps Presence information Shoutbox SMS language Status message Videotelephony Voice over IP Webcam Web chat Circuit FirstClass Flock Fuze Box Glip Hall.com Lua Yammer Computer - mediated communication Online chat Online discussion Communication software Collaborative software Social network service Virtual learning environment Asynchronous conferencing Email Electronic mailing list FidoNet Usenet Internet forum Textboard Imageboard Shoutbox Bulletin board system Online guestbook Synchronous conferencing Data conferencing Instant messaging Internet Relay Chat LAN messenger Talker Videoconferencing Voice over IP Voice chat in online gaming Web chat Web conferencing Publishing Blog Microblogging Wiki Web syndication History Blogging Podcasting Video blogging Web syndication technology Types Art Bloggernacle Classical music Corporate Dream diary Edublog Electronic journal Fake Family Fashion Food Health Law Lifelog Litblog MP3 News Photoblog Police Political Prayer Project Reverse Travel Warblog Technology General BitTorrent Feed URI scheme Features Linkback Permalink Ping Pingback Reblogging Refback Rollback Trackback Mechanism Conversation threading Geotagging RSS enclosure Synchronization Memetics Atom feed Data feed Photofeed Product feed RDF feed Web feed RSS GeoRSS MRSS RSS TV Social Livemark Mashup pooling Referencing RSS editor RSS tracking Streaming media Standard OML OPML RSS Advisory Board -- Usenet : . net World Wide Web + ( - let ) XBEL XOXO Form Audio podcast Enhanced podcast Mobilecast Narrowcasting Peercasting Screencast Slidecasting Videocast Webcomic Web series Anonymous blogging Collaborative blog Columnist Instant messaging Liveblogging Microblog Mobile blogging Roblog Spam blog Video blogging Motovlogging Media Alternative media Carnivals Fiction Journalism Citizen Database Online diary Search engines Sideblog Software Web directory Micromedia Aggregation News Poll Review Search Video Atom AtomPub Broadcatching Hashtag NewsML G2 Social communication Social software Web Slice Related Blogosphere Escribitionist Glossary of blogging Pay per click Posting style Slashdot effect Spam in blogs Uses of podcasting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instant_messaging&oldid=835179967 '' Categories : Internet culture Internet Relay Chat Social networking services Instant messaging Online chat Videotelephony Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Articles with obsolete information from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with Curlie links Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 01 : 39 . 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-6553630257777688940 | Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry | Royal Commission into misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and financial Services Industry - Wikipedia Royal Commission into misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and financial Services Industry Misconduct in the banking , superannuation and financial services industry Inquiries Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry Commissioner The Honourable Justice Kenneth Madison Hayne AC QC Inquiry period 14 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) -- present Constituting instrument Royal Commissions Act 1902 ( Cth ) Website financialservices.royalcommission.gov.au The Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry , also known as the Banking Royal Commission and the Hayne Royal Commission , is a royal commission established in 2017 by the Australian government pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902 to inquire into and report on misconduct in the banking , superannuation and financial services industry . Contents 1 Background 2 Terms of reference 2.1 Response 3 Commissioner and executive 4 Powers 5 Submissions 6 Public hearings 6.1 Consumer lending practices 6.2 Financial planning and wealth management 6.3 Small and medium enterprises 6.4 Financial services and Indigenous communities 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Michelle Grattan has characterised the incoming Abbott Liberal - National government as being `` determined to weaken protections '' that Labor had introduced , although she noted these attempts were defeated by the Senate crossbench . In light of an account fraud scandal at US - bank Wells Fargo , on 5 May 2014 ABC TV Four Corners , in conjunction with Fairfax journalists , broadcast an exposé of a sales - driven culture within the Commonwealth Bank 's ( CBA ) financial planning division , that was described as profit at all cost . Chaired by Labor Senator Mark Bishop , a subsequent Senate committee inquiry recommended a royal commission into the fraud scandal that left thousands of CBA customers millions of dollars out of pocket . The committee reported on the performance of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission ( ASIC ) . Several days later , CBA chief executive Ian Narev apologised unreservedly to customers who lost money in the bank 's financial planning scandal . Treasurer at the time , Joe Hockey , whose mother was impacted by the scandal , stated that the bank did not act quickly enough to address the problem . The CBA was subsequently embroiled in other matters including money laundering for drug syndicates , turning a blind eye to terrorism financing , ignoring statutory reporting responsibilities for more than three years on more than 750,000 accounts , and impropriety in foreign exchange trading . The National Australia Bank ( NAB ) was implicated during 2015 in a series of scandals concerning financial planners where it was revealed that the NAB quietly paid millions of dollars in compensation to hundreds of clients for what it considered was inappropriate financial planning advice by its staff between 2009 and 2015 . A whistleblower claimed that there was a volatile , toxic and Machiavellian culture within NAB . ASIC banned NAB staff who were previously licensed to provide financial advice . Subsequently , it was revealed that NAB were also implicated in impropriety in foreign exchange trading . Westpac was implicated in allegations that it rigged one of Australia 's key interest rates , the bank bill swap rate and was sued under responsible lending laws for using an automated process to decide whether peoples ' home loan applications met lending criteria . Further , a Westpac banker was imprisoned for fraudulently lending millions of dollars to elderly pensioners . Following ASIC investigations , Westpac was instructed to make a donation of $3 million to Financial Literacy Australia after ASIC found that the bank 's employees disclosed confidential details of their clients ' orders to other foreign exchange traders . Westpac refunded $65 million to 220,000 customers after it failed to pass on benefits they should have received under package deals , including home loans , credit cards and transaction accounts , offered by the bank . The ANZ Bank ( ANZ ) was also implicated in the bank bill swap rate scandal and settled with ASIC prior to the commencement of legal proceedings . Macquarie Bank was implicated in the foreign exchange trading scandal and was instructed to donate $2 million to charity and to open up its foreign exchange arm to scrutiny after ASIC uncovered a series of breaches by its traders . Appearing before the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics , chief executives of the ANZ , CBA , NAB , and Westpac advised that , despite consumer complaints , very few senior bank staff were dismissed due to misconduct ; despite supervising more junior staff who had been dismissed . In a 2016 speech before the National Press Club , opposition leader Bill Shorten outlined his plans for a royal commission into the banking sector , should Labor win government at the 2016 federal election . Meanwhile , Liberals Warren Entsch MP also supported calls for a royal commission ; as well as CBA whistleblower , Jeff Morris , who , for eight years , since 2008 , documented the industry 's `` systemic bad behaviour '' . Despite an attempt launched in April 2016 to protect consumer interests , increase transparency and accountability , and build trust and confidence in banks , amidst growing community concerns , in January 2017 twenty - five members of the Australian Banking Association launched Better Banking , an initiative aimed to provide improve products , service and culture , and to provide consumers with helpful information and resources . In April 2016 Steve Sedgwick AO , a former senior Australian public servant , was commissioned to conduct a review into bankers ' pay and commissions ; and recommended the termination of bonus payments to retail bank employees that are linked to sales performance . In March 2017 ASIC handed down a report on financial advice compliance in the sector ; and in September 2017 the Turnbull government introduced legislation to establish the Australian Financial Complaints Authority , an external dispute resolution body aimed to simplify how customers resolve complaints with bank and other financial services organisations . Over the preceding years , there had been widespread criticism of ASIC 's activities as a regulatory body , including its supervision of banks . In late 2017 , as a backlash against the legalisation of same sex marriage , the Nationals threatened to introduce a private member 's bill calling for a commission of inquiry into the banking system . It was reported that the bill would be co-sponsored by the Nationals , Labor , the Greens and Senate crossbench parties . Nationals Senator Barry O'Sullivan , and LNP MPs George Christensen and Llew O'Brien , together with the Greens , Labor , and Senate crossbench parties , had enough numbers to force the Turnbull government 's opposition to a royal commission . In the 2017 federal budget , the Turnbull government proposed the introduction of a bank tax ( or levy ) that applied to banks with liabilities of at least $100 billion . With political pressure mounting , on 30 November 2017 Turnbull and his Treasurer , Scott Morrison , announced plans for a royal commission . Terms of reference ( edit ) On 14 December 2017 , the Governor - General Sir Peter Cosgrove issued Commonwealth letters patent appointing the commissioner and the commission 's terms of reference . The commissioner was directed `` to inquire into and report on misconduct in the banking , superannuation and financial services industry . '' It is due to table its final report on 1 February 2019 , which has been noted to be not long before the next Australian federal election . Response ( edit ) The setting up of the royal commission was supported by the Opposition leader , Bill Shorten ; however , opposition treasury spokesperson , Chris Bowen , stated that Labor disagreed with the terms of reference and wanted the Government to consult with consumer groups and those impacted by financial scandals . Meanwhile , the Greens sought to widen the commission 's terms of reference . The Australian Banking Association , and some of its members , who initially opposed calls for a royal commission , supported the terms of reference ; however the Association 's CEO , Anna Bligh warned that the commission could push up interest rates . As revelations of misconduct came to light during the hearings , political pressure was exerted on the Turnbull government that it had delayed the establishment of the Royal Commission ; and Mathias Cormann , the Finance Minister , indicated that if Commissioner Hayne sought more time to extend the life of the Royal Commission , the government would respond positively . Commissioner and executive ( edit ) On 1 December 2017 Turnbull announced the appointment of Justice Kenneth Hayne as the sole commissioner for the royal commission . The commissioner subsequently announced that he would be assisted by legal counsel including Rowena Orr , Michael Hodge , Albert Dinelli , Eloise Dias , and Mark Costello . Powers ( edit ) Main article : Royal Commissions Act 1902 The powers of Royal Commissions in Australia are set out in the enabling legislation , the Royal Commissions Act 1902 . Royal Commissions , appointed pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act or otherwise , have powers to issue a summons to a person to appear before the Commission at a hearing to give evidence or to produce documents specified in the summons ; require witnesses to take an oath or give an affirmation ; and require a person to deliver documents to the Commission at a specified place and time . A person served with a summons or a notice to produce documents must comply with that requirement , or face prosecution for an offence . The penalty for conviction upon such an offence is a fine of A $ 1,000 or six months imprisonment . A Royal Commission may authorise the Australian Federal Police to execute search warrants . Submissions ( edit ) The Commission invited individuals or entities to make public submissions using an online form , with provision for those who require further assistance via email or by telephone . The purpose of the submissions was to identify the nature of alleged misconduct , the factors that led to the misconduct occurring , and the steps taken to resolve the complaint and the outcomes of the complaint . The role of the Commission was not to resolve individual complaints , yet to come to an understanding of the systematic failures that may have led to the complaint occurring . As of 9 March 2018 , the Commission received 1,894 submissions of which the leading matters related to personal finance , superannuation , and small business finance . The commissioner identified a number of themes , as follows : Some Features of the Australian Banking Industry : Background Paper Some Features of the Australian Mortgage Broking Industry : Background Paper Some Features of Car Financing in Australia : Background Paper Everyday Consumer Credit - Overview of Australian Law Regulating Consumer Home Loans , Credit Cards and Car Loans : Background Paper Public hearings ( edit ) Initial proceedings commenced on 12 February 2018 . Key comments made by the Commissioner during this hearing and elsewhere include : A part of what I 've got to do eventually , I think , may be to assess what ADIs and other financial service entities have made of complaints and revelations . The industry is a large industry , large participants , lots of people . Things go wrong . It 's a human system , therefore things go wrong . Sometimes things go wrong through dishonesty . Sometimes things go wrong because of neglect , carelessness , or just sheer coincidence . I understand all of that . There is a whole raft of law up there governing this industry . One thing that I may have to look at , I think , is what the attitude , either of the industry generally , if there were such a thing , participants in the industry , is to the notion of obedience to the law . Obedience to the law that governs the way they conduct their affairs . There may be a difference -- I do n't say there is -- there may be a difference between a breakdown in controls and an acknowledgment of breach of law . Treat that as the soliloquy it undoubtedly is , Mr Waldron , or deal with it as you wish . But I do n't want people ignoring the fact these are ideas that are at least on the table . -- Hayne , J . Consumer lending practices ( edit ) The first round of public hearings commenced on 13 March , and these were focused on consumer lending practices within the context of credit products such as home loans , car loans and credit cards . Over fourteen days , the Royal Commission heard from executives from ANZ Bank , APRA , ASIC , Aussie Home Loans , Citigroup , Commonwealth Bank , the Finance Sector Union , ING Bank , NAB , Smartline HomeLoans and Westpac . Before the Royal Commission : ANZ ... acknowledged that it had engaged in misconduct and conduct falling short of community standards expectations relating to home loans , credit cards , processing errors and car finance . The Royal Commission heard that ANZ had failed to accurately verify the living expenses of home loan customers referred to the bank by mortgage brokers , believing that this was the responsibility of the brokers , in spite of a conflict of interest in doing so ; and that , due to processing issues , it had charged nearly 500,000 home loan customers the incorrect interest rate for more than ten years , leading the bank to overcharge customers by approximately $90 million . CBA acknowledged that it had engaged in misconduct in limited respects ... in conduct falling below community standards and expectations in relation to add - on insurance , responsible lending and offers of credit . Commissioner Hayne questioned whether the CBA was `` economical with the truth '' in failing to tell customers the value of commissions it pays to mortgage brokers in return for selling its products . The Royal Commission also heard that due to a system of trailing commissions paid to mortgage brokers , the CBA rewarded brokers for encouraging customers to enter into larger homes loans and for longer terms than needed . The Royal Commission heard that the CBA - owned Aussie Home Loans retained commissions where broker agreements were terminated following detection of alleged fraudulent activity ; and that it failed to refer such brokers to the industry association for disciplinary action . ( NAB ) ... acknowledged it had engaged in misconduct and conduct falling below community standards and expectations in relation to home lending , credit cards , personal loans and processing or administration errors . However , when queried on the matter by Counsel Assisting that `` ... there was fraudulent conduct engaged in by NAB bankers and by introducers ... We see no reference here to any fraudulent conduct . In fact the language is very qualified in the description of the conduct here ... the conduct was in breach of the group 's policies and processes including provision of potentially unsuitable loans , reliance on potentially false documentation , use of correct income figures , potentially dishonest application of customers ' signatures , and a potential misstatement of some loans in loan documentation . Now , what I want to put to you is that NAB knows and you know that there were unsuitable loans , there was false documentation , there was dishonest application of customers ' signatures on consent forms and there was the misstatement of some loans in loan documentation . All of those things occurred , did they not ? '' NAB 's Mark Waldron agreed that conduct was fraudulent and beyond misconduct ; `` Yes , we can now say that they have occurred . '' It was reported that NAB employees in greater western Sydney were accepting bribes in order to facilitate loans they knew were based on false documentation in order to reach lending targets and to collect personal bonuses ; and up to 15 per cent of all home loans approved did not meet NAB 's standard criteria for valuation , serviceability and document verification . Westpac ... acknowledged that across the brands ( of Westpac , St George Bank , Bank of Melbourne and RAMS ) it ... engaged in actual or potential misconduct and conduct falling below community standards and expectations relating to home lending , credit cards , car loans , add - on insurance , processing or administration errors and unsolicited offers of credit . The Commission heard that , similar to ANZ , Westpac believed that it was not its responsibility to verify loan applicants ' personal expenses , with this responsibility resting with brokers , especially for car loans originated by motor vehicle dealers acting as brokers ; and that financial kickbacks to car dealers reflected a conflict of interest . Financial planning and wealth management ( edit ) In mid-April 2018 , the second round of hearings , focused on the financial planning and wealth management industry commenced . During this round , on 20 April 2018 Craig Meller resigned as CEO of AMP Limited after it was revealed in a public hearing before the Royal Commission that AMP charged clients for financial advice which was not provided , and misled ASIC on numerous occasions . Small and medium enterprises ( edit ) The third round of hearings , due to commence in mid-May 2018 , will focus on small and medium enterprises . Financial Services and Indigenous communities ( edit ) In July , proceedings moved to Darwin to examine financial services , particularly funeral insurance , and how they impacted on Indigenous communities . The Royal Commission will not consider consumer leases , payday loans or in - store credit arrangements ' impacts on Indigenous communities because they are not within the terms of reference . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Banking in Australia Financial regulation in Australia Four pillars policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grattan , Michelle . `` Grattan on Friday : Government 's misjudgement on banking royal commission comes back to bite it '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` Banking Bad '' ( transcript ) . Four Corners . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Pat ; Janda , Michael ( 27 June 2014 ) . `` Senate inquiry demands royal commission into Commonwealth Bank , ASIC '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Janda , Michael ( 4 July 2014 ) . `` Commonwealth Bank boss Ian Narev says sorry for multi-million - dollar financial planning scandal '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Verrender , Ian ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` How the Commonwealth Bank laid the groundwork for a royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , James ; Eyers , James ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` CBA and NAB admit impropriety in foreign exchange trading '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ; Williams , Ruth ( 21 February 2015 ) . `` Forgery , sackings and millions in compensation : NAB under fire over financial planners '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Danckert , Sarah ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Senior NAB financial planner banned for deceptive conduct '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - 022MR ASIC bans former NAB bank adviser for seven years '' ( Press release ) . Australian Securities and Investments Commission . 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dankert , Sarah ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Westpac to fight ASIC allegations after ANZ , NAB settle rate - rigging case '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Dankert , Sarah ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' Implausible ' : Westpac trader grilled over testimony '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Janda , Michael ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Westpac not alone in ASIC home loan investigation '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Long , Stephen ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Westpac : Landmark Federal Court case over lending practices sends message to other banks '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ed ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Former Westpac banker David St Pierre jailed over $4 million fraud '' . news.com.au . AAP . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Uribe , Alice ; Thomson , James ( 15 March 2017 ) . `` Westpac , ANZ to pay $6 million over FX system ' inadequacy ' '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeates , Clancy ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Westpac refunds $65 m to 200,000 customers over discount errors '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Chau , David ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` ANZ settles interest rate rigging case just before trial begins '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Georgia ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Macquarie admits to misconduct inside its foreign exchange trading arm '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Eyers , James ( 10 April 2016 ) . `` Big four banks sack few for misconduct '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Primrose ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` Bank inquiry : NAB 's Andrew Thorburn , Westpac 's Brian Hartzer '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coorey , Phillip ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Labor vows royal commission into entire financial services sector '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Kara ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Whistleblower Jeff Morris says ' nothing will change ' without a Royal Commission into banks '' . news.com.au . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coorey , Phillip ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Banks losing battle in image repair , leaked documents reveal '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Better Banking . Australian Banking Association . 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Sally ; Shapiro , Jonathan ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Bankers ' pay to be reviewed by former public service cop Stephen Sedgwick '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Frost , James ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Banks forced to scrap bonus pay schemes linked wholly to sales targets '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Uribe , Alice ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Stephen Sedgwick says bank culture ca n't be regulated ' from the outside ' '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Peter ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Banks urged to make a sharp break with the past to improve culture : ABA report '' . The World Today . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission '' ( PDF ) . Economics References Committee , Australian Senate . Commonwealth of Australia . June 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 76010 - 037 - 7 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ; Butler , Ben ; Williams , Ruth ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Scrutinising ASIC : Is it a watchdog or a dog with no teeth ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASIC defends itself against ' appalling ' criticisms '' ( transcript ) . 7.30 ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Leigh Sales . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for the future : A capability review of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission : A report to government '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth of Australia . December 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925220 - 78 - 0 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Pat ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` ASIC report highlights a deep culture problem in Australia 's banks '' . The Conversation . The Conversation Media Group Ltd . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ( 26 March 2017 ) . `` ASIC needs more power over white - collar criminals , according to Senate '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Nats plot bank royal commission in gay marriage payback '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Efforts to thwart bank probe increase as bill released '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Bank inquiry almost certain after Nationals secure crucial second vote '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what we know about the banking royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Anna ; Norman , Jane ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Election 2016 : Federal Government dismisses call for banking commission as ASIC takes on NAB '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Carrington ( 10 May 2017 ) . `` Federal budget 2017 : How the new bank tax will work '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` Scott Morrison 's plan to derail the bank inquiry '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Lucy ; Yaxley , Louise ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Malcolm Turnbull backflips on banking royal commission after big four call for inquiry to restore public faith '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Belot , Henry ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` As it happened : Malcolm Turnbull announces banking royal commission after prolonged Nationals pressure '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Patent '' ( PDF ) . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Grattan , Michelle . `` Grattan on Friday : Government 's misjudgement on banking royal commission comes back to bite it '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ; Eyers , James ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Political fight looms over royal commission '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Eyers , James ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Royal commission could have been worse for the banks '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Dan ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` NAB , ANZ bosses say calls for royal commission in banking a ' serious distraction ' '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Major banking reform and change is already under way '' ( Press release ) . Australian Banking Association . 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Commission '' ( Press release ) . Australian Banking Association . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , Philip ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Banking royal commission could lead to higher mortgage rates '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McIlroy , Tom ( 22 April 2018 ) . `` Financial Services Minister Kelly O'Dwyer challenged over royal commission '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Andrew ; Coorey , Phillip ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` Banking royal commission could be extended : Finance Minister Mathias Cormann '' . Financial Review . Australia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Malcolm ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Appointment of Royal Commissioner '' . Prime Minister of Australia ( Press release ) . Canberra . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , Caitlyn ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Banking royal commission : Government appoints former Judge Kenneth Hayne to lead inquiry '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbourn , Michaela ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` The woman asking the hard questions at the banking royal commission '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ROYAL COMMISSIONS ACT 1902 - SECT 2 Power to summon witnesses and take evidence '' . Austlii.edu.au . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROYAL COMMISSIONS ACT 1902 - SECT 3 Failure of witnesses to attend or produce documents '' . Austlii.edu.au . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ROYAL COMMISSIONS ACT 1902 - SECT 4 Search warrants '' . Austlii.edu.au . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public submissions '' . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . Australian Government . 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home page '' . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . Australian Government . 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Janda , Michael ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Blog : Banking royal commission hears credit cards biggest cause of financial stress '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Publications '' . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . Australian Government . 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 2 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 8 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchens , Gareth ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` ANZ admits not checking key details of loan applications made via brokers '' . Guardian Australia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frost , James ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Hayne Royal Commission : Banking royal commission : ANZ is still charging the wrong interest rate '' . Financial Review . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lannin , Sue ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Banking royal commission : ANZ says ' processing errors ' to blame for it overcharging customers by $90 million '' . ABC News . Ausralia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 9 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 10 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 4 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ruth ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Economical with the truth ' : CBA rapped over broker commissions '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Maley , Karen ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Hayne Royal Commission : Life 's tough as a foot soldier for the big banks '' . Financial Review . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Hutchens , Gareth ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Broker payments an incentive to sell risky mortgages , CBA admits '' . Guardian Australia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Ruth ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Aussie Home Loans mortgage broker fraud kept secret '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Banking royal commission day 3 : CBA , Aussie Home Loans front inquiry '' . Financial Review . 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Proceedings : Day 5 '' ( transcript ) . Auscript Australia Pty Limited . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frost , James ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Hayne Royal Commission : NAB staff took cash bribes to ' smash targets '' . Financial Review . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Danckert , Sarah ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` NAB board aware of alleged fraud ring for months : commission told '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Janda , Michael ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Banking royal commission focuses on bonuses that encouraged loan fraud '' . ABC News . Ausralia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Frost , James ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Banking Royal Commission : We rely on car dealers to verify our loans , says Westpac '' . Financial Review . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lannin , Sue ( 22 March 2018 ) . `` Banking royal commission : Westpac 's ' unacceptable ' car loan policies under spotlight '' . ABC News . Ausralia . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Hearings '' . Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . Australian Government . 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMP CEO quits after shocking revelations at the banking royal commission '' . SBS News . 20 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Letts , Stephen ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` AMP boss Craig Meller steps down , company apologises after scandals revealed at banking royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Funeral insurer denies payout to customer of more than 20 years after daughter 's death '' . ABC News . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` $52,000 for an $18,000 car : Finance program helping Aboriginal people vulnerable to scams '' . ABC News . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking , Superannuation and Financial Services Industry . Video archive of all the testimonies gathered during the Royal Commission 's public hearings . Morrison , Scott ; Turnbull , Malcolm ( 30 November 2018 ) . `` Royal Commission -- Banks and Financial Services '' ( Press release ) . Commonwealth of Australia . Turnbull , Malcolm ; Morrison , Scott ( 30 November 2018 ) . `` Banks and Financial Services Royal Commission , Sam Dastyari and same - sex marriage '' ( transcript ) ( Interview ) . Commonwealth of Australia . 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3211195638816952099 | Chris McCandless | Chris McCandless - wikipedia Chris McCandless This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christopher McCandless Self - portrait of McCandless on the Stampede Trail , found undeveloped in his camera after his death . Christopher Johnson McCandless ( 1968 - 02 - 12 ) February 12 , 1968 El Segundo , California , U.S. Disappeared April 28 , 1992 c . August 1992 ( aged 24 ) Stampede Trail , Alaska , U.S. Cause of death Starvation , possibly brought on by poisoning Body discovered September 6 , 1992 Other names Chris McCandless Alexander Supertramp Education Wilbert Tucker Woodson High School Alma mater Emory University Christopher Johnson McCandless ( / məˈkændlɪs / ; February 12 , 1968 -- c . August 1992 ) was an American hiker and itinerant traveler , who also went by the name `` Alexander Supertramp '' . After graduating from college in 1990 , McCandless traveled across the North American continent and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992 . There , he set out along an old mining road known as the Stampede Trail , with minimal supplies , hoping to live simply off the land . In September , McCandless ' decomposing body , weighing only 30 kilograms ( 66 lb ) , was found by a hunter in a converted bus , Fairbanks Bus 142 , used as a backcountry shelter along the Stampede Trail , on the eastern bank of the Sushana River . His cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation , although the exact cause remains the subject of some debate . In January 1993 , Jon Krakauer published McCandless ' story in that month 's issue of Outside magazine . He had been assigned the story and had written it under a tight deadline . Inspired by the details of McCandless ' story , Krakauer wrote and published the more extensive biographical book Into the Wild ( 1996 ) , about McCandless ' travels . The book was subsequently adapted into a 2007 film directed by Sean Penn , with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless . That same year , McCandless ' story also became the subject of Ron Lamothe 's documentary The Call of the Wild ( 2007 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Travels 2.1 Alaska 3 Death 3.1 Possible death scenarios 4 Legacy 5 Assessments 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Christopher Johnson McCandless was born in El Segundo , California . He was the first child of Wilhelmina `` Billie '' McCandless ( née Johnson ) and Walter `` Walt '' McCandless . The couple subsequently had one more child , a daughter named Carine . McCandless also had six half - siblings from Walt McCandless ' first marriage , who lived with their mother in California . Author Jon Krakauer later speculated that Walt 's transition between these two marriages may have deeply affected and profoundly shaped McCandless ' world - view . In 1976 , the family relocated to Washington , D.C. , and settled in suburban Annandale , Virginia , when McCandless ' father was hired as an antenna specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ; McCandless ' mother worked as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft . The couple went on to establish a successful consultancy business out of their home , specializing in Walt 's area of expertise . McCandless graduated from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax , Virginia , in 1986 . He excelled academically , although a number of teachers and fellow students observed that he `` marched to the beat of a different drummer . '' McCandless also served as captain of the cross-country team , where he would urge teammates to treat running as a spiritual exercise in which they were `` running against the forces of darkness ... all the evil in the world , all the hatred . '' In the summer of 1986 , McCandless traveled to Southern California and reconnected with distant relatives and friends . It was during this journey he learned that his father had not yet divorced his first wife when McCandless and his sister Carine were born , and had apparently maintained somewhat of a double life before the move to Virginia . It is speculated that this discovery had a profound impact on the younger McCandless . McCandless graduated from Emory University in May 1990 , with a bachelor 's degree in the double majors of history and anthropology . After graduating , McCandless donated most of his savings to charity and adopted a vagabond lifestyle , working when necessary as a restaurant food preparer and farm hand . An avid outdoorsman , McCandless completed several lengthy wilderness hiking trips and paddled a canoe down a portion of the Colorado River before hitchhiking to Alaska , in April 1992 . Travels ( edit ) By the end of summer in 1990 , McCandless had driven his Datsun through Arizona , California , and South Dakota , where he worked at a grain elevator in Carthage . A flash flood disabled his car , at which point he removed its license plates , took what he could carry , and kept moving on foot . His car was later found , repaired , and put into service as an undercover vehicle for the local police department . Alaska ( edit ) In April 1992 , McCandless hitchhiked from Carthage , South Dakota , to Fairbanks , Alaska . As noted by Krakauer , McCandless was last seen alive at the head of the Stampede Trail on April 28 , 1992 , by a local electrician named Jim Gallien . Gallien had given McCandless a ride from Fairbanks to the start of the rugged track just outside the small town of Healy . Gallien later said he had been seriously concerned about the safety of McCandless ( who introduced himself as `` Alex '' ) , after noticing McCandless ' light pack , minimal equipment , meager rations , and obvious lack of experience . Gallien said he had deep doubts about `` Alex '' 's ability to survive the harsh and unforgiving Alaskan bush . Gallien repeatedly tried to persuade McCandless to defer the trip , at one point offering to detour to Anchorage , and buy him suitable equipment and supplies . However , McCandless ignored Gallien 's persistent warnings and refused his offers of assistance ( though McCandless did accept a pair of Wellington boots , two sandwiches , and a packet of corn chips from Gallien ) . Gallien dropped McCandless off believing McCandless would head back towards the highway within a few days as hunger set in . After hiking along the snow - covered Stampede Trail , McCandless came upon an abandoned bus ( about 28 miles ( 45 km ) west of Healy at 63 ° 52 ′ 5.96 '' N 149 ° 46 ′ 8.39 '' W / 63.8683222 ° N 149.7689972 ° W / 63.8683222 ; - 149.7689972 ) alongside an overgrown section of the trail near Denali National Park . McCandless , according to Into the Wild , attempted to continue `` heading west until I hit the Bering Sea . '' However , he was deterred by the thick Alaskan bush and returned to the bus , where he set up camp and attempted to live off the land . He had 4.5 kilograms ( 9.9 lb ) of rice , a Remington semi-automatic rifle with 400 rounds of . 22LR hollowpoint ammunition , a number of books , including one on local plant life , some personal effects , and a few items of camping equipment . Self - portrait photographs and journal entries indicate he foraged for edible plants and hunted game . McCandless hunted porcupines , squirrels , and birds , such as ptarmigans and Canada geese . On June 9 , 1992 , he stalked and shot a moose . However , the meat spoiled within days after McCandless failed to properly preserve it . It has been speculated that McCandless may have been responsible for vandalizing several cabins in the area that were stocked with food , survival equipment , and emergency supplies . In response , Denali National Park Chief Ranger Ken Kehrer has categorically stated that McCandless was not considered a viable suspect by the National Park Service . McCandless ' journal documents 113 days in the area . In July , after living in the bus for three months , he decided to head back to civilization -- but the trail was blocked by the swollen Teklanika River ; the watercourse by that stage was considerably higher and swifter than when he had crossed in April . McCandless did not have a detailed topographical map of the region and was unaware of a hand - operated tramway that crossed the river eight - tenths of a mile away from where he had previously crossed . At this point , McCandless headed back to the bus and re-established his camp . He posted an S.O.S. note on the bus , which stated : Attention Possible Visitors . S.O.S. I need your help . I am injured , near death , and too weak to hike out . I am all alone , this is no joke . In the name of God , please remain to save me . I am out collecting berries close by and shall return this evening . Thank you , Chris McCandless . August ? Death ( edit ) McCandless ' final written journal entry , noted as `` Day 107 '' , simply read , `` Beautiful Blue Berries . '' The days 108 through 113 contained no words and were marked with only slashes . On September 6 , 1992 , a hunter who was looking for shelter for the night came upon the converted bus McCandless had been staying in . Upon entering , he smelled what he thought was rotting food and discovered `` a lump '' in a sleeping bag . The hunter quickly radioed police , who arrived the following day . They found McCandless ' decomposing body in the sleeping bag . He had died of starvation sometime in August . Possible death scenarios ( edit ) In his book Into the Wild ( 1997 ) , Jon Krakauer suggests two factors may have contributed to McCandless ' death . First , he offered that McCandless was running the risk of a phenomenon known as `` rabbit starvation '' , from overrelying on lean game for nutrition . Krakauer also speculated that McCandless might have been poisoned by a toxic alkaloid called swainsonine , by ingesting seeds ( Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii ) containing the toxin , or possibly by a mold that grows on them ( Rhizoctonia leguminicola ) when he put them damp into a plastic bag . Swainsonine inhibits metabolism of glycoproteins , which causes starvation despite ample caloric intake . However , an article in the September 2007 issue of Men 's Journal , by Matthew Powers , states that extensive laboratory testing showed there were no toxins or alkaloids present in the H. alpinum seeds McCandless had been eating . Dr. Thomas Clausen , the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at UAF , said , `` I tore that plant apart . There were no toxins . No alkaloids . I 'd eat it myself '' . Analysis of the wild sweet peas , given as the cause of McCandless ' death in Into the Wild , found no toxic compounds , and there is not a single account in modern medical literature of anyone being poisoned by this species of plant . As Powers put it : `` He did n't find a way out of the bush , could n't catch enough food to survive , and simply starved to death '' . In 2013 , a new hypothesis was proposed . Ronald Hamilton , a retired bookbinder at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania , suggested a link between the symptoms described by McCandless and the poisoning of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca . He put forward the proposal that McCandless starved to death because he was suffering from paralysis in his legs induced by lathyrism , which prevented him from gathering food or hiking out . Lathyrism may be caused by ODAP poisoning from seeds of Hedysarum alpinum ( commonly called wild potato ) . The ODAP , a toxic amino acid , had not been detected by the previous studies of the seeds because they had suspected and tested for a toxic alkaloid , rather than an amino acid , and nobody had previously suspected that Hedysarum alpinum seeds contained this toxin . The protein would be relatively harmless to someone who was well - fed and on a normal diet , but toxic to someone who was malnourished , physically stressed , and on an irregular and insufficient diet , as McCandless was . As Krakauer points out , McCandless ' field guide did not warn of any dangers of eating the seeds , which were not yet known to be toxic . Krakauer suspects this is the meaning of McCandless ' journal entry of July 30 , which states `` EXTREMELY WEAK . FAULT OF POT ( ATO ) SEED . MUCH TROUBLE JUST TO STAND UP . STARVING . GREAT JEOPARDY . '' In September 2013 , Krakauer published an article in The New Yorker following up on Ronald Hamilton 's claims . A sample of fresh Hedysarum alpinum seeds was sent to a laboratory for HPLC analysis . Results suggest that the seeds contained 0.394 % beta - ODAP by weight , a concentration well within the levels known to cause lathyrism in humans , although the interpretation of the results was disputed by other chemists . The article notes that while occasional ingestion of foodstuffs containing ODAP is not hazardous for healthy individuals eating a balanced diet , `` individuals suffering from malnutrition , stress , and acute hunger are especially sensitive to ODAP , and are thus highly susceptible to the incapacitating effects of lathyrism after ingesting the neurotoxin '' . Anchorage , Alaska , reporter Craig Medred pointed out in a January 2015 article in the Alaska Dispatch News that mushrooms which McCandless collected , photographed , and consumed may have also contributed to his death . In February 2015 , Krakauer published a follow up article in The New Yorker that reported on scientific analysis of the H. alpinum seeds McCandless ate . A report in Wilderness and Environmental Medicine demonstrated relatively high levels of L - canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and suggests this as the toxic component in McCandless ' diet , rather than ODAP , as originally supposed by Ronald Hamilton . In his New Yorker article Krakauer goes on to speculate that L - canavanine `` was a contributing factor to '' McCandless ' death . Legacy ( edit ) The converted bus where McCandless lived and died has since become a well - known destination for hikers . Known as `` The Magic Bus '' , the 1946 International Harvester was abandoned by road workers in 1961 on the Stampede Trail where it remains today . A plaque in McCandless ' memory is affixed to the interior . McCandless ' life became the subject of a number of articles , books , films , and documentaries , which helped elevate his life to the status of modern myth . He became a romantic figure to some inspired by what they see as his free - spirited idealism , but to others a controversial misguided figure . `` The Magic Bus '' has become a pilgrimage destination for trekkers who camp at the vehicle , some of whom have also gotten into difficulties due to the Teklanika River . Assessments ( edit ) McCandless has been a polarizing figure since his story came to widespread public attention , with the publication of Krakauer 's January 1993 Outside article . While the author and many others have a sympathetic view of the young traveler , others , particularly Alaskans , have expressed negative views about McCandless and those who romanticize his fate . Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote : When you consider McCandless from my perspective , you quickly see that what he did was n't even particularly daring , just stupid , tragic , and inconsiderate . First off , he spent very little time learning how to actually live in the wild . He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area . If he ( had ) had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament ( ... ) Essentially , Chris McCandless committed suicide . Sherry Simpson , writing in the Anchorage Press , described her trip to the bus with a friend , and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful , Thoreau - like figure : Among my friends and acquaintances , the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after - dinner conversation . Much of the time I agree with the `` he had a death wish '' camp because I do n't know how else to reconcile what we know of his ordeal . Now and then I venture into the `` what a dumbshit '' territory , tempered by brief alliances with the `` he was just another romantic boy on an all - American quest '' partisans . Mostly I 'm puzzled by the way he 's emerged as a hero . Krakauer defends McCandless , claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was merely McCandless ' desire for `` being the first to explore a blank spot on the map . '' Krakauer continues : `` In 1992 , however , there were no more blank spots on the map -- not in Alaska , not anywhere . But Chris , with his idiosyncratic logic , came up with an elegant solution to this dilemma : He simply got rid of the map . In his own mind , if nowhere else , the terra would thereby remain incognita . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Jon Krakauer 's approximately 9,000 - word article , `` Death of an Innocent '' ( January 1993 ) , was published in Outside . Chip Brown 's full - length article on McCandless , `` I Now Walk Into the Wild '' ( February 8 , 1993 ) , was published in The New Yorker . Jon Krakauer 's non-fiction book , Into the Wild ( 1996 ) , expanded upon his 1993 Outside article and retraced McCandless ' travels leading up to the hiker 's eventual death . An eponymous 2007 film adaptation of Into the Wild , directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless , received a number of awards , including Best Picture from the American Film Institute . Ron Lamothe 's documentary , The Call of the Wild ( 2007 ) , also covers McCandless ' life story . The 2011 book `` Back To The Wild '' compiles photographs , postcards and journal entries by McCandless . A PBS documentary uncovering some additional information , with interviews , titled Return to the Wild : The Chris McCandless Story , first aired on the PBS network in November 2014 . Carine McCandless , Chris ' younger sister , wrote the memoir The Wild Truth ( November 2014 ) , published by HarperCollins . In the book , Carine describes the verbal , physical and sexual abuse her parents allegedly inflicted upon each other and their children , often fueled by alcohol . Carine cites her and her brother 's allegedly abusive childhoods as one of the motivating factors in Chris ' desire to `` disappear '' into the wilderness . In a statement released to the media shortly before the memoir was released , Walt and Billie McCandless denied their daughter 's accusations , stating that her book is , `` fictionalized writing ( that ) has absolutely nothing to do with our beloved son , Chris , his journey or his character . This whole unfortunate event in Chris ' life 22 years ago is about Chris and his dreams . '' See also ( edit ) Lillian Alling Christopher Thomas Knight Carl McCunn Richard Proenneke Everett Ruess Survivalism Timothy Treadwell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon . `` 6 '' . Into the Wild . Anchor Books . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` : : : Terra Incognita films : : : '' . Tifilms.com. 2007 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chip ( February 8 , 1993 ) . `` I Now Walk Into the Wild '' . The New Yorker : pg 38 . ISSN 0028 - 792X . ^ Jump up to : Drahl , Carmen ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Chemists Dispute How ' Into The Wild ' Protagonist Chris McCandless Died '' . Chemical and Engineering News . 91 ( 43 ) : 30 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died '' . The New Yorker Blog : Page - Turner . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The fiction that is Jon Krakauer 's ' Into The Wild ' '' . Alaska Dispatch News . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , J. , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Presence of l - canavanine in Hedysarum alpinum seeds and its potential role in the death of Chris McCandless . '' Wilderness & Environmental Medicine . doi : 10.1016 / j. wem. 2014.08. 014 Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( 1997 ) . Into The Wild . New York City : Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williams , Preston ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Remembering an Athlete Who Never Returned From the Wild '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Krakauer , Jon ( January 1993 ) . `` Death of an Innocent : How Christopher McCandless Lost His Way in the Wilds '' ( PDF ) . Outside . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 1997 ) . Into The Wild . New York City : Anchor . p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Carine ( 2014 ) . The Wild Truth . New York City : Harper One . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 232514 - 3 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 1996 ) . Into the Wild . New York : Doubleday . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48680 - 4 . Jump up ^ Into the Wild , page 197 Jump up ^ `` Scan of Chris McCandless ' note '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ Medred , Craig ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Examining Chris McCandless , 20 years after he went ' Into the Wild ' '' . adn.com . The Alaska Dispatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Bill ( October 5 , 1992 ) . `` End of the Trail '' . People . Time , Inc. 38 ( 14 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Into the Wild , page 188 ^ Jump up to : Power , Matthew . `` The Cult of Chris McCandless '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 ... Men 's Journal , September 2007 . Retrieved Jan 03 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild - Ali Ingah '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ `` When Edible Plants Turn Their Defenses On Us '' . usf.edu . October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris McCandless Now I Walk Into The Wild Biography - Christopher McCandless Journal '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ `` Christopher McCandless '' . christophermccandless.info . Jump up ^ Jon Krakauer ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Chris McCandless Died : An Update '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sainsbury , Brendan ; Benchwick , Greg ; Bodry , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Lonely Planet : Alaska ( 11 ed . ) . Lonely Planet . p. 274 . ISBN 1 - 742 - 20602 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Saverin , Diana ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Chris McCandless Obsession Problem '' . Outside Online . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Eva ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chasing Alexander Supertramp '' . Atavist . Jump up ^ Ottum , Lisa . `` The Miseducation of Chris McCandless '' . In Hall , Dewey W. Romantic Ecocriticism : Origins and Legacies . Lexington Publishing . pp. 253 -- 270 . ISBN 9781498518024 . Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . Outside Online . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : George Mason University English Department . Text and Community website . Christian , Peter . Chris McCandless from a Park Ranger 's Perspective . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Sherry . `` A Man Made Cold by the Universe '' . Anchorage Press . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Gordon ( Feb 1996 ) . `` North to Alaska '' . Metroactive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( January 1993 ) . `` Death of an Innocent '' ( PDF ) . Outside . Jump up ^ `` Into the Wild '' . The New York Times . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Wild '' . PBS Programs . November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Johnny ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chris McCandless ' Sister Pens New Book Detailing Parents ' Violence and Abuse '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Christopher McCandless -- Finding the Christopher McCandless Bus '' . freewheelings.com . Chris McCandless at Find a Grave ChristopherMcCandless.info Website on Christopher McCandless . Chrisspurpose.org -- CJ McCandless Memorial Foundation Dispatches from the Wild -- Excerpts of McCandless ' own articles published in the Emory Wheel student newspaper . Coordinates : 63 ° 52 ′ 06 '' N 149 ° 46 ′ 09 '' W / 63.8684 ° N 149.7693 ° W / 63.8684 ; - 149.7693 BNF : cb13168054v ( data ) GND : 1020883731 ISNI : 0000 0000 5563 8950 LCCN : n95068846 NDL : 00649907 NKC : jn20000701198 SELIBR : 75392 SUDOC : 059848596 VIAF : 14019862 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_McCandless&oldid=852041471 '' Categories : 1968 births 1992 deaths Accidental deaths in Alaska American nomads Deaths by starvation Emory University alumni Hikers People from Annandale , Virginia People from Los Angeles People from El Segundo , California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Infobox person using alma mater Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Requests for audio pronunciation ( English ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the guy from into the wild die | [
"Christopher Johnson McCandless (/məˈkændlɪs/; February 12, 1968[1] – c. August 1992) was an American hiker and itinerant traveler, who also went by the name \"Alexander Supertramp\". After graduating from college in 1990, McCandless traveled across the North American continent and eventually hitchhiked to Alaska in April 1992. There, he set out along an old mining road known as the Stampede Trail, with minimal supplies, hoping to live simply off the land. In September, McCandless' decomposing body, weighing only 30 kilograms (66 lb), was found by a hunter in a converted bus, Fairbanks Bus 142, used as a backcountry shelter along the Stampede Trail, on the eastern bank of the Sushana River. His cause of death was officially ruled to be starvation,[2][3] although the exact cause remains the subject of some debate.[4][5][6][7]\n"
] | [
"starvation"
] |
-5124268476955036373 | Stamp Act 1765 | Stamp Act 1765 - wikipedia Stamp Act 1765 Duties in American Colonies Act Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties , and other duties , in the British colonies and plantations in America , towards further defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same ; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations , as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned . Citation 5 George III , c. 12 Introduced by The Right Honourable George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 22 March 1765 Commencement 1 November 1765 Repealed 18 March 1766 Other legislation Repealed by Act Repealing the Stamp Act 1766 Relates to Declaratory Act Status : Repealed This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Stamp Act of 1765 ( short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765 ; 5 George III , c. 12 ) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain that imposed a direct tax on the Thirteen Colonies and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London , carrying an embossed revenue stamp . Printed materials included legal documents , magazines , playing cards , newspapers , and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies . Like previous taxes , the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency , not in colonial paper money . The purpose of the tax was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War , which was the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War . However , the colonists had never feared a French invasion to begin with , and they contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses . They suggested that it was actually a matter of British patronage to surplus British officers and career soldiers who should be paid by London . The Stamp Act was very unpopular among colonists . A majority considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent -- consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant . Their slogan was `` No taxation without representation . '' Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests , and the Stamp Act Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure when it petitioned Parliament and the King . One member of the British Parliament argued that the colonials were no different from the 90 % residents of Great Britain who did not own property and thus could not vote , but who were nevertheless `` virtually '' represented by land - owning electors and representatives who had common interests with them . An American attorney refuted this by pointing out that the relations between the Americans and the English electors were `` a knot too infirm to be relied on '' for proper representation , `` virtual '' or otherwise . Local protest groups established Committees of Correspondence which created a loose coalition from New England to Maryland . Protests and demonstrations increased , often initiated by the Sons of Liberty and occasionally involving hanging of effigies . Very soon , all stamp tax distributors were intimidated into resigning their commissions , and the tax was never effectively collected . Opposition to the Stamp Act was not limited to the colonies . British merchants and manufacturers pressured Parliament because their exports to the colonies were threatened by boycotts . The Act was repealed on 18 March 1766 as a matter of expedience , but Parliament affirmed its power to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' by also passing the Declaratory Act . A series of new taxes and regulations then ensued -- likewise opposed by the colonists . The episode played a major role in defining the grievances that were clearly stated within the text of the Indictment of George III section of the United States Declaration of Independence , enabling the organized colonial resistance that led to the American Revolution in 1775 . Contents 1 Background 2 British decision - making 2.1 Details of tax 3 Colonial reaction 3.1 Political responses 3.2 Protests in the streets 3.2. 1 Massachusetts 3.2. 2 Rhode Island 3.2. 3 New York 3.2. 4 Other Colonies 3.2. 5 Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean 3.2. 6 Sons of Liberty 3.2. 7 Colonial newspapers 3.3 Stamp Act Congress 4 Repeal 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) The British victory in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , known in America as the French and Indian War , had been won only at a great financial cost . During the war , the British national debt nearly doubled , rising from £ 72,289,673 in 1755 to almost £ 129,586,789 by 1764 . Post-war expenses were expected to remain high because the Bute ministry decided in early 1763 to keep ten thousand British regular soldiers in the American colonies , which would cost about £ 225,000 per year , equal to £ 30 million today . The primary reason for retaining such a large force was that demobilizing the army would put 1,500 officers out of work , many of whom were well - connected in Parliament . This made it politically prudent to retain a large peacetime establishment , but Britons were averse to maintaining a standing army at home so it was necessary to garrison most of the troops elsewhere . Stationing 10,000 troops to separate American Indians and frontiersmen was one role . The outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in May 1763 apparently reinforced the logic of this decision , as it was an American Indian uprising against the British expansion . The main reason to send 10,000 troops deep into the wilderness was to provide billets for the officers who were part of the British patronage system . John Adams said , `` Revenue is still demanded from America , and appropriated to the maintenance of swarms of officers and pensioners in idleness and luxury . '' Prime Minister George Grenville George Grenville became prime minister in April 1763 after the failure of the short - lived Bute Ministry , and he had to find a way to pay for this large peacetime army . Raising taxes in Britain was out of the question , since there had been virulent protests in England against the Bute ministry 's 1763 cider tax , with Bute being hanged in effigy . The Grenville ministry therefore decided that Parliament would raise this revenue by taxing the American colonists without their consent . This was something new ; Parliament had previously passed measures to regulate trade in the colonies , but it had never before directly taxed the colonies to raise revenue . Politicians in London had always expected American colonists to contribute to the cost of their own defense . So long as a French threat existed , there was little trouble convincing colonial legislatures to provide assistance . Such help was normally provided through the raising of colonial militias , which were funded by taxes raised by colonial legislatures . Also , the legislatures were sometimes willing to help maintain regular British units defending the colonies . So long as this sort of help was forthcoming , there was little reason for the British Parliament to impose its own taxes on the colonists . But after the peace of 1763 , colonial militias were quickly stood down . Militia officers were tired of the disdain shown to them by regular British officers , and were frustrated by the near - impossibility of obtaining regular British commissions ; they were unwilling to remain in service once the war was over . In any case , they had no military role , as the Indian threat was minimal and there was no foreign threat . Colonial legislators saw no need for the British troops . The Sugar Act of 1764 was the first tax in Grenville 's program to raise a revenue in America , which was a modification of the Molasses Act of 1733 . The Molasses Act had imposed a tax of 6 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 3.81 today ) on foreign molasses imported into British colonies . The purpose of the Molasses Act was not actually to raise revenue , but instead to make foreign molasses so expensive that it effectively gave a monopoly to molasses imported from the British West Indies . It did not work ; colonial merchants avoided the tax by smuggling or , more often , bribing customs officials . The Sugar Act reduced the tax to 3 pence per gallon ( equal to £ 1.63 today ) in the hope that the lower rate would increase compliance and thus increase the amount of tax collected . The Act also taxed additional imports and included measures to make the customs service more effective . Printed copy of the Stamp Act of 1765 American colonists initially objected to the Sugar Act for economic reasons , but before long they recognized that there were constitutional issues involved . The British Constitution guaranteed that British subjects could not be taxed without their consent , which came in the form of representation in Parliament . The colonists elected no members of Parliament , and so it was seen as a violation of the British Constitution for Parliament to tax them . There was little time to raise this issue in response to the Sugar Act , but it came to be a major objection to the Stamp Act the following year . British decision - making ( edit ) Parliament announced in April 1764 when the Sugar Act was passed that they would also consider a stamp tax in the colonies . Opposition from the colonies was soon forthcoming to this possible tax , but neither members of Parliament nor American agents in Great Britain ( such as Benjamin Franklin ) anticipated the intensity of the protest that the tax generated . Stamp acts had been a very successful method of taxation within Great Britain ; they generated over £ 100,000 in tax revenue with very little in collection expenses . By requiring an official stamp on most legal documents , the system was almost self - regulating ; a document would be null and void under British law without the required stamp . Imposition of such a tax on the colonies had been considered twice before the Seven Years ' War and once again in 1761 . Grenville had actually been presented with drafts of colonial stamp acts in September and October 1763 , but the proposals lacked the specific knowledge of colonial affairs to adequately describe the documents subject to the stamp . At the time of the passage of the Sugar Act in April 1764 , Grenville made it clear that the right to tax the colonies was not in question , and that additional taxes might follow , including a stamp tax . The Glorious Revolution had established the principle of parliamentary supremacy . Control of colonial trade and manufactures extended this principle across the ocean . This belief had never been tested on the issue of colonial taxation , but the British assumed that the interests of the thirteen colonies were so disparate that a joint colonial action was unlikely to occur against such a tax -- an assumption that had its genesis in the failure of the Albany Conference in 1754 . By the end of December 1764 , the first warnings of serious colonial opposition were provided by pamphlets and petitions from the colonies protesting both the Sugar Act and the proposed stamp tax . Benjamin Franklin represented Pennsylvania in discussions about the act For Grenville , the first issue was the amount of the tax . Soon after his announcement of the possibility of a tax , he had told American agents that he was not opposed to the Americans suggesting an alternative way of raising the money themselves . However , the only other alternative would be to requisition each colony and allow them to determine how to raise their share . This had never worked before , even during the French and Indian War , and there was no political mechanism in place that would have ensured the success of such cooperation . On 2 February 1765 , Grenville met to discuss the tax with Benjamin Franklin , Jared Ingersoll from New Haven , Richard Jackson , agent for Connecticut , and Charles Garth , the agent for South Carolina ( Jackson and Garth were also members of Parliament ) . These colonial representatives had no specific alternative to present ; they simply suggested that the determination be left to the colonies . Grenville replied that he wanted to raise the money `` by means the most easy and least objectionable to the Colonies '' . Thomas Whately had drafted the Stamp Act , and he said that the delay in implementation had been `` out of Tenderness to the colonies '' , and that the tax was judged as `` the easiest , the most equal and the most certain . '' The debate in Parliament began soon after this meeting . Petitions submitted by the colonies were officially ignored by Parliament . In the debate , Charles Townshend said , `` and now will these Americans , children planted by our care , nourished up by our Indulgence until they are grown to a degree of strength and opulence , and protected by our arms , will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from heavy weight of the burden which we lie under ? '' This led to Colonel Isaac Barré 's response : They planted by your care ? No ! Your oppression planted ' em in America . They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable , and among others to the cruelties of a savage foe , the most subtle , and I take upon me to say , the most formidable of any people upon the face of God 's earth ... They nourished by your indulgence ? They grew by your neglect of ' em . As soon as you began to care about ' em , that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over ' em , in one department and another , who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house , sent to spy out their liberty , to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon ' em ; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them ... They protected by your arms ? They have nobly taken up arms in your defence , have exerted a valour amidst their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier while drenched in blood , its interior parts have yielded all its little savings to your emolument ... The people I believe are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has , but a people jealous of their liberties and who will vindicate them if ever they should be violated ; but the subject is too delicate and I will say no more . '' Massachusetts Royal Governor William Shirley assured London in 1755 that American independence could easily be defeated by force . He argued : At all Events , they could not maintain such an Independency , without a Strong Naval Force , which it must forever be in the Power of Great Britain to hinder them from having : And whilst His Majesty hath 7000 Troops kept up within them , & in the Great Lakes upon the back of six of them , with the Indians at Command , it seems very easy , provided the Governors & principal Civil Officers are Independent of the Assemblies for their Subsistence , & commonly Vigilant , to prevent any Steps of that kind from being taken . Details of tax ( edit ) Proof sheet of one - penny stamps submitted for approval to Commissioners of Stamps by engraver , May 10 , 1765 The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament on 22 March 1765 with an effective date of 1 November 1765 . It passed 205 -- 49 in the House of Commons and unanimously in the House of Lords . Historians Edmund and Helen Morgan describe the specifics of the tax : The highest tax , £ 10 , was placed ... on attorney licenses . Other papers relating to court proceedings were taxed in amounts varying from 3d. to 10s . Land grants under a hundred acres were taxed 1s . 6d. , between 100 and 200 acres 2s. , and from 200 to 320 acres 2s . 6d. , with an additional 2s 6d . for every additional 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . Cards were taxed a shilling a pack , dice ten shillings , and newspapers and pamphlets at the rate of a penny for a single sheet and a shilling for every sheet in pamphlets or papers totaling more than one sheet and fewer than six sheets in octavo , fewer than twelve in quarto , or fewer than twenty in folio ( in other words , the tax on pamphlets grew in proportion to their size but ceased altogether if they became large enough to qualify as a book ) . The high taxes on lawyers and college students were designed to limit the growth of a professional class in the colonies . The stamps had to be purchased with hard currency , which was scarce , rather than the more plentiful colonial paper currency . To avoid draining currency out of the colonies , the revenues were to be expended in America , especially for supplies and salaries of British Army units who were stationed there . Two features of the Stamp Act involving the courts attracted special attention . The tax on court documents specifically included courts `` exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction . '' These type of courts did not currently exist in the colonies and no bishops were currently assigned to the colonies , who would preside over the courts . Many colonists or their ancestors had fled England specifically to escape the influence and power of such state - sanctioned religious institutions , and they feared that this was the first step to reinstating the old ways in the colonies . Some Anglicans in the northern colonies were already openly advocating the appointment of such bishops , but they were opposed by both southern Anglicans and the non-Anglicans who made up the majority in the northern colonies . The Stamp Act allowed admiralty courts to have jurisdiction for trying violators , following the example established by the Sugar Act . However , admiralty courts had traditionally been limited to cases involving the high seas . The Sugar Act seemed to fall within this precedent , but the Stamp Act did not , and the colonists saw this as a further attempt to replace their local courts with courts controlled by England . Colonial reaction ( edit ) Political responses ( edit ) Grenville started appointing Stamp Distributors almost immediately after the Act passed Parliament . Applicants were not hard to come by because of the anticipated income that the positions promised , and he appointed local colonists to the post . Benjamin Franklin even suggested the appointment of John Hughes as the agent for Pennsylvania , indicating that even Franklin was not aware of the turmoil and impact that the tax was going to generate on American - British relations or that these distributors would become the focus of colonial resistance . Debate in the colonies had actually begun in the spring of 1764 over the Stamp Act when Parliament passed a resolution that contained the assertion , `` That , towards further defraying the said Expences , it may be proper to charge certain Stamp Duties in the said Colonies and Plantations . '' Both the Sugar Act and the proposed Stamp Act were designed principally to raise revenue from the colonists . The Sugar Act , to a large extent , was a continuation of past legislation related primarily to the regulation of trade ( termed an external tax ) , but its stated purpose was entirely new : to collect revenue directly from the colonists for a specific purpose . The novelty of the Stamp Act was that it was the first internal tax ( a tax based entirely on activities within the colonies ) levied directly on the colonies by Parliament . It was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act was , because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy . The theoretical issue that soon held center stage was the matter of taxation without representation . Benjamin Franklin had raised this as far back as 1754 at the Albany Congress when he wrote , `` That it is suppos 'd an undoubted Right of Englishmen not to be taxed but by their own Consent given thro ' their Representatives . That the Colonies have no Representatives in Parliament . '' The counter to this argument was the theory of virtual representation . Thomas Whately enunciated this theory in a pamphlet that readily acknowledged that there could be no taxation without consent , but the facts were that at least 75 % of British adult males were not represented in Parliament because of property qualifications or other factors . Members of Parliament were bound to represent the interests of all British citizens and subjects , so colonists were the recipients of virtual representation in Parliament , like those disenfranchised subjects in the British Isles . This theory , however , ignored a crucial difference between the unrepresented in Britain and the colonists . The colonists enjoyed actual representation in their own legislative assemblies , and the issue was whether these legislatures , rather than Parliament , were in fact the sole recipients of the colonists ' consent with regard to taxation . Samuel Adams opposed the act In May 1764 , Samuel Adams of Boston drafted the following that stated the common American position : For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands ? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of ? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves -- It strikes our British Privileges , which as we have never forfeited them , we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain : If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid , are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves . Massachusetts appointed a five - member Committee of Correspondence in June 1764 to coordinate action and exchange information regarding the Sugar Act , and Rhode Island formed a similar committee in October 1764 . This attempt at unified action represented a significant step forward in colonial unity and cooperation . The Virginia House of Burgesses sent a protest of the taxes to London in December 1764 , arguing that they did not have the specie required to pay the tax . Massachusetts , New York , New Jersey , Rhode Island , and Connecticut also sent protest to England in 1764 . The content of the messages varied , but they all emphasized that taxation of the colonies without colonial assent was a violation of their rights . By the end of 1765 , all of the Thirteen Colonies except Georgia and North Carolina had sent some sort of protest passed by colonial legislative assemblies . The Virginia House of Burgesses reconvened in early May 1765 after news was received of the passage of the Act . By the end of May , it appeared that they would not consider the tax , and many legislators went home , including George Washington . Only 30 out of 116 Burgesses remained , but one of those remaining was Patrick Henry who was attending his first session . Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act ; he proposed his resolutions on 30 May 1765 , and they were passed in the form of the Virginia Resolves . The Resolves stated : Resolved , That the first Adventurers and Settlers of this his majesty 's colony and Dominion of Virginia brought with them , and transmitted to their Posterity , and all other his Majesty 's subjects since inhabiting in this his Majesty 's said Colony , all the Liberties , privileges , Franchises , and Immunities that have at any Time been held , enjoyed , and possessed , by the People of Great Britain . Resolved , That by the two royal Charters , granted by King James the First , the Colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all Liberties , Privileges , and Immunities of Denizens and natural Subjects , to all Intents and Purposes , as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England . Resolved , That the Taxation of the People by themselves , or by Persons chosen by themselves to represent them , who could only know what Taxes the People are able to bear , or the easiest method of raising them , and must themselves be affected by every Tax laid on the People , is the only Security against a burdensome Taxation , and the distinguishing characteristick of British Freedom , without which the ancient Constitution can not exist . Resolved , That his majesty 's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal Colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable Right of being governed by such Laws , respecting their internal Polity and Taxation , as are derived from their own Consent , with the Approbation of their Sovereign , or his Substitute ; and that the same hath never been forfeited or yielded up , but hath been constantly recognized by the King and People of Great Britain . On 6 June 1765 , the Massachusetts Lower House proposed a meeting for the 1st Tuesday of October in New York City : That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be , of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies , and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies , and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief . There was no attempt to keep this meeting a secret ; Massachusetts promptly notified Richard Jackson of the proposed meeting , their agent in England and a member of Parliament . Protests in the streets ( edit ) External video The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors , 58 : 01 , Benjamin L. Carp , WGBH Forum The Stamp Act : The Lowest Of The Mob , 49 : 35 , Molly Fitzgerald Perry , WGBH Forum While the colonial legislatures were acting , the ordinary citizens of the colonies were also voicing their concerns outside of this formal political process . Historian Gary B. Nash wrote : Whether stimulated externally or ignited internally , ferment during the years from 1761 to 1766 changed the dynamics of social and political relations in the colonies and set in motion currents of reformist sentiment with the force of a mountain wind . Critical to this half decade was the colonial response to England 's Stamp Act , more the reaction of common colonists than that of their presumed leaders . Both loyal supporters of English authority and well - established colonial protest leaders underestimated the self - activating capacity of ordinary colonists . By the end of 1765 ... people in the streets had astounded , dismayed , and frightened their social superiors . Massachusetts ( edit ) Early street protests were most notable in Boston . Andrew Oliver was a distributor of stamps for Massachusetts who was hanged in effigy on 14 August 1765 `` from a giant elm tree at the crossing of Essex and Orange Streets in the city 's South End . '' Also hung was a jackboot painted green on the bottom ( `` a Green - ville sole '' ) , a pun on both Grenville and the Earl of Bute , the two people most blamed by the colonists . Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered sheriff Stephen Greenleaf to take down the effigy , but he was opposed by a large crowd . All day the crowd detoured merchants on Orange Street to have their goods symbolically stamped under the elm tree , which later became known as the `` Liberty Tree '' . Ebenezer MacIntosh was a veteran of the Seven Years ' War and a shoemaker . One night , he led a crowd which cut down the effigy of Andrew Oliver and took it in a funeral procession to the Town House where the legislature met . From there , they went to Oliver 's office -- which they tore down and symbolically stamped the timbers . Next , they took the effigy to Oliver 's home at the foot of Fort Hill , where they beheaded it and then burned it -- along with Oliver 's stable house and coach and chaise . Greenleaf and Hutchinson were stoned when they tried to stop the mob , which then looted and destroyed the contents of Oliver 's house . Oliver asked to be relieved of his duties the next day . This resignation , however , was not enough . Oliver was ultimately forced by MacIntosh to be paraded through the streets and to publicly resign under the Liberty Tree . A 1765 broadside regarding the resignation of Andrew Oliver under the Liberty Tree As news spread of the reasons for Andrew Oliver 's resignation , violence and threats of aggressive acts increased throughout the colonies , as did organized groups of resistance . Throughout the colonies , members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty . These colonial groups of resistance burned effigies of royal officials , forced Stamp Act collectors to resign , and were able to get businessmen and judges to go about without using the proper stamps demanded by Parliament . On 16 August , a mob damaged the home and official papers of William Story , the deputy register of the Vice-Admiralty , who then moved to Marblehead , Massachusetts . Benjamin Hallowell , the comptroller of customs , suffered the almost total loss of his home . On 26 August , MacIntosh led an attack on Hutchinson 's mansion . The mob evicted the family , destroyed the furniture , tore down the interior walls , emptied the wine cellar , scattered Hutchinson 's collection of Massachusetts historical papers , and pulled down the building 's cupola . Hutchinson had been in public office for three decades ; he estimated his loss at £ 2,218 ( in today 's money , at nearly $250,000 ) . Nash concludes that this attack was more than just a reaction to the Stamp Act : But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson . Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone , behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair , lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as `` rable '' and to Boston 's popular caucus , led by Samuel Adams , as a `` herd of fools , tools , and synchophants . '' Governor Francis Bernard offered a £ 300 reward for information on the leaders of the mob , but no information was forthcoming . MacIntosh and several others were arrested , but were either freed by pressure from the merchants or released by mob action . The street demonstrations originated from the efforts of respectable public leaders such as James Otis , who commanded the Boston Gazette , and Samuel Adams of the `` Loyal Nine '' of the Boston Caucus , an organization of Boston merchants . They made efforts to control the people below them on the economic and social scale , but they were often unsuccessful in maintaining a delicate balance between mass demonstrations and riots . These men needed the support of the working class , but also had to establish the legitimacy of their actions to have their protests to England taken seriously . At the time of these protests , the Loyal Nine was more of a social club with political interests but , by December 1765 , it began issuing statements as the Sons of Liberty . Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island also experienced street violence . A crowd built a gallows near the Town House in Newport on 27 August , where they carried effigies of three officials appointed as stamp distributors : Augustus Johnson , Dr. Thomas Moffat , and lawyer Martin Howard . The crowd at first was led by merchants William Ellery , Samuel Vernon , and Robert Crook , but they soon lost control . That night , the crowd was led by a poor man named John Weber , and they attacked the houses of Moffat and Howard , where they destroyed walls , fences , art , furniture , and wine . The local Sons of Liberty were publicly opposed to violence , and they refused at first to support Weber when he was arrested . They were persuaded to come to his assistance , however , when retaliation was threatened against their own homes . Weber was released and faded into obscurity . Howard became the only prominent American to publicly support the Stamp Act in his pamphlet `` A Colonist 's Defence of Taxation '' ( 1765 ) . After the riots , Howard had to leave the colony , but he was rewarded by the Crown with an appointment as Chief Justice of North Carolina at a salary of ₤ 1,000 . New York ( edit ) Main article : Province of New York § Stamp Act In New York , James McEvers resigned his distributorship four days after the attack on Hutchinson 's house . The stamps arrived in New York Harbor on 24 October for several of the northern colonies . Placards appeared throughout the city warning that `` the first man that either distributes or makes use of stamped paper let him take care of his house , person , and effects . '' New York merchants met on 31 October and agreed not to sell any English goods until the Act was repealed . Crowds took to the streets for four days of demonstrations , uncontrolled by the local leaders , culminating in an attack by two thousand people on Governor Cadwallader Colden 's home and the burning of two sleighs and a coach . Unrest in New York City continued through the end of the year , and the local Sons of Liberty had difficulty in controlling crowd actions . Other colonies ( edit ) In Frederick , Maryland , a court of 12 magistrates ruled the Stamp Act invalid on 23 November 1765 , and directed that businesses and colonial officials proceed in all matters without use of the stamps . A week later , a crowd conducted a mock funeral procession for the act in the streets of Frederick . The magistrates have been dubbed the `` 12 Immortal Justices , '' and 23 November has been designated `` Repudiation Day '' by the Maryland state legislature . On 1 October 2015 , Senator Cardin ( D - MD ) read into the Congressional Record a statement noting 2015 as the 250th anniversary of the event . Among the 12 magistrates was William Luckett , who later served as lieutenant colonel in the Maryland Militia at the battle of Germantown . Other popular demonstrations occurred in Portsmouth , New Hampshire , Annapolis , Maryland , Wilmington and New Bern , North Carolina , and Charleston , South Carolina . In Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , demonstrations were subdued but even targeted Benjamin Franklin 's home , although it was not vandalized . By 16 November , twelve of the stamp distributors had resigned . The Georgia distributor did not arrive in America until January 1766 , but his first and only official action was to resign . The overall effect of these protests was to both anger and unite the American people like never before . Opposition to the Act inspired both political and constitutional forms of literature throughout the colonies , strengthened the colonial political perception and involvement , and created new forms of organized resistance . These organized groups quickly learned that they could force royal officials to resign by employing violent measures and threats . Quebec , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and the Caribbean ( edit ) The main issue was constitutional rights of Englishmen , so the French in Quebec did not react . Some English - speaking merchants were opposed , but were in a fairly small minority . The Quebec Gazette ceased publication until the act was repealed , apparently over the unwillingness to use stamped paper . In neighboring Nova Scotia a number of former New England residents objected , but recent British immigrants and London - oriented business interests based in Halifax , the provincial capital were more influential . The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute . The act was implemented in both provinces , but Nova Scotia 's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766 , beset by ungrounded fears for his safety . Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports , and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps . The Act occasioned some protests in Newfoundland , and the drafting of petitions opposing not only the Stamp Act , but the existence of the customhouse at St. John 's , based on legislation dating back to the reign of Edward VI forbidding any sort of duties on the importation of goods related to its fisheries . Violent protests were few in the Caribbean colonies . Political opposition was expressed in a number of colonies , including Barbados and Antigua , and by absentee landowners living in Britain . The worst political violence took place on St. Kitts and Nevis . Riots took place on 31 October 1765 , and again on 5 November , targeting the homes and offices of stamp distributors ; the number of participants suggests that the percentage of St. Kitts ' white population involved matched that of Bostonian involvement in its riots . The delivery of stamps to St. Kitts was successfully blocked , and they were never used there . Montserrat and Antigua also succeeded in avoiding the use of stamps ; some correspondents thought that rioting was prevented in Antigua only by the large troop presence . Despite vocal political opposition , Barbados used the stamps , to the pleasure of King George . In Jamaica there was also vocal opposition , which included threats of violence . There was much evasion of the stamps , and ships arriving without stamped papers were allowed to enter port . Despite this , Jamaica produced more stamp revenue ( £ 2,000 ) than any other colony . Sons of Liberty ( edit ) Main article : Sons of Liberty It was during this time of street demonstrations that locally organized groups started to merge into an inter-colonial organization of a type not previously seen in the colonies . The term `` sons of liberty '' had been used in a generic fashion well before 1765 , but it was only around February 1766 that its influence extended throughout the colonies as an organized group using the formal name `` Sons of Liberty '' , leading to a pattern for future resistance to the British that carried the colonies towards 1776 . Historian John C. Miller noted that the name was adopted as a result of Barre 's use of the term in his February 1765 speech . The organization spread month by month after independent starts in several different colonies . By 6 November , a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies , and in December an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut . In January , a correspondence link was established between Boston and Manhattan , and by March , Providence had initiated connections with New York , New Hampshire , and Newport . By March , Sons of Liberty organizations had been established in New Jersey , Maryland , and Norfolk , Virginia , and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia . The officers and leaders of the Sons of Liberty `` were drawn almost entirely from the middle and upper ranks of colonial society , '' but they recognized the need to expand their power base to include `` the whole of political society , involving all of its social or economic subdivisions . '' To do this , the Sons of Liberty relied on large public demonstrations to expand their base . They learned early on that controlling such crowds was problematical , although they strived to control `` the possible violence of extra-legal gatherings . '' The organization professed its loyalty to both local and British established government , but possible military action as a defensive measure was always part of their considerations . Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis , the Sons of Liberty professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a `` fundamental confidence '' that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax . Colonial newspapers ( edit ) Bradford 's Philadelphia paper gave a graphic warning . John Adams complained that the London ministry was intentionally trying `` to strip us in a great measure of the means of knowledge , by loading the Press , the colleges , and even an Almanack and a News - Paper , with restraints and duties . '' The press fought back . By 1760 the fledgling American newspaper industry comprised 24 weekly papers in major cities . Benjamin Franklin had created an informal network so that each one routinely reprinted news , editorials , letters and essays from the others , thus helping form a common American voice . All the editors were annoyed at the new stamp tax they would have to pay on each copy . By informing colonists what the other colonies were saying the press became a powerful opposition force to the Stamp Act . Many circumvented the and most equated taxation without representation with despotism and tyranny , thus providing a common vocabulary of protest for the Thirteen Colonies . The newspapers reported effigy hangings and stamp master resignation speeches . Some newspapers were on the royal payroll and supported the Act , but most of the press was free and vocal . Thus William Bradford , the foremost printer in Philadelphia , became a leader of the Sons of Liberty . He added a skull and crossbones with the words , `` the fatal Stamp , '' to the masthead of his Pennsylvania Journal and weekly Advertiser . Some of the earliest forms of American propaganda appeared in these printings in response to the law . The articles written in colonial newspapers were particularly critical of the act because of the Stamp Act 's disproportionate effect on printers . David Ramsay , a patriot and historian from South Carolina , wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution : It was fortunate for the liberties of America , that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty . Printers , when influenced by government , have genereally arranged themselves on the side of liberty , nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession . A stamp duty , which openly invaded the first , and threatened a great diminution of the last , provoked their united zealous opposition . Most printers were critical of the Stamp Act , although a few Loyalist voices did exist . Some of the more subtle Loyalist sentiments can be seen in publications such as The Boston Evening Post , which was run by British sympathizers John and Thomas Fleet . The article detailed a violent protest that occurred in New York in December , 1765 , then described the riot 's participants as `` imperfect '' and labeled the group 's ideas as `` contrary to the general sense of the people . '' These Loyalists beliefs can be seen in some of the early newspaper articles about the Stamp Act , but the anti-British writings were more prevalent and seem to have had a more powerful effect . Many papers assumed a relatively conservative tone before the act went into effect , implying that they might close if it was n't repealed . However , as time passed and violent demonstrations ensued , the authors became more vitriolic . Several newspaper editors were involved with the Sons of Liberty , such as William Bradford of The Pennsylvania Journal and Benjamin Edes of The Boston Gazette , and they echoed the group 's sentiments in their publications . The Stamp Act went into effect that November , and many newspapers ran editions with imagery of tombstones and skeletons , emphasizing that their papers were `` dead '' and would no longer be able to print because of the Stamp Act . However , most of them returned in the upcoming months , defiantly appearing without the stamp of approval that was deemed necessary by the Stamp Act . Printers were greatly relieved when the law was nullified in the following spring , and the repeal asserted their positions as a powerful voice ( and compass ) for public opinion . An English newspaper bewails the repeal of the Stamp Act . Stamp Act Congress ( edit ) Main article : Stamp Act Congress The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York in October 1765 . Twenty - seven delegates from nine colonies were the members of the Congress , and their responsibility was to draft a set of formal petitions stating why Parliament had no right to tax them . Among the delegates were many important men in the colonies . Historian John Miller observes , `` The composition of this Stamp Act Congress ought to have been convincing proof to the British government that resistance to parliamentary taxation was by no means confined to the riffraff of colonial seaports . '' The youngest delegate was 26 - year - old John Rutledge of South Carolina , and the oldest was 65 - year - old Hendrick Fisher of New Jersey . Ten of the delegates were lawyers , ten were merchants , and seven were planters or land - owning farmers ; all had served in some type of elective office , and all but three were born in the colonies . Four died before the colonies declared independence , and four signed the Declaration of Independence ; nine attended the first and second Continental Congresses , and three were Loyalists during the Revolution . New Hampshire declined to send delegates , and North Carolina , Georgia , and Virginia were not represented because their governors did not call their legislatures into session , thus preventing the selection of delegates . Despite the composition of the congress , each of the Thirteen Colonies eventually affirmed its decisions . Six of the nine colonies represented at the Congress agreed to sign the petitions to the King and Parliament produced by the Congress . The delegations from New York , Connecticut , and South Carolina were prohibited from signing any documents without first receiving approval from the colonial assemblies that had appointed them . Massachusetts governor Francis Bernard believed that his colony 's delegates to the Congress would be supportive of Parliament . Timothy Ruggles in particular was Bernard 's man , and was elected chairman of the Congress . Ruggles ' instructions from Bernard were to `` recommend submission to the Stamp Act until Parliament could be persuaded to repeal it . '' Many delegates felt that a final resolution of the Stamp Act would actually bring Britain and the colonies closer together . Robert Livingston of New York stressed the importance of removing the Stamp Act from the public debate , writing to his colony 's agent in England , `` If I really wished to see America in a state of independence I should desire as one of the most effectual means to that end that the stamp act should be enforced . '' Wikisource has original text related to this article : Declaration of Rights and Grievances The Congress met for 12 consecutive days , including Sundays . There was no audience at the meetings , and no information was released about the deliberations . The meeting 's final product was called `` The Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' , and was drawn up by delegate John Dickinson of Pennsylvania . This Declaration raised fourteen points of colonial protest . It asserted that colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen in addition to protesting the Stamp Act issue , and that Parliament could not represent the colonists since they had no voting rights over Parliament . Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies . They also asserted that the extension of authority of the admiralty courts to non-naval matters represented an abuse of power . In addition to simply arguing for their rights as Englishmen , the congress also asserted that they had certain natural rights solely because they were human beings . Resolution 3 stated , `` That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people , and the undoubted right of Englishmen , that no taxes be imposed on them , but with their own consent , given personally , or by their representatives . '' Both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania brought forth the issue in separate resolutions even more directly when they respectively referred to `` the Natural rights of Mankind '' and `` the common rights of mankind '' . Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina had proposed that the Congress ' petition should go only to the king , since the rights of the colonies did not originate with Parliament . This radical proposal went too far for most delegates and was rejected . The `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' was duly sent to the king , and petitions were also sent to both Houses of Parliament . Repeal ( edit ) Grenville was replaced by Lord Rockingham as Prime Minister on 10 July 1765 . News of the mob violence began to reach England in October . Conflicting sentiments were taking hold in Britain at the same time that resistance was building and accelerating in America . Some wanted to strictly enforce the Stamp Act over colonial resistance , wary of the precedent that would be set by backing down . Others felt the economic effects of reduced trade with America after the Sugar Act and an inability to collect debts while the colonial economy suffered , and they began to lobby for a repeal of the Stamp Act . The colonial protest had included various non-importation agreements among merchants who recognized that a significant portion of British industry and commerce was dependent on the colonial market . This movement had also spread through the colonies ; 200 merchants had met in New York City and agreed to import nothing from England until the Stamp Act was repealed . This cartoon depicts the repeal of the Stamp Act as a funeral , with Grenville carrying a child 's coffin marked `` born 1765 , died 1766 '' When Parliament met in December 1765 , it rejected a resolution offered by Grenville that would have condemned colonial resistance to the enforcement of the Act . Outside of Parliament , Rockingham and his secretary Edmund Burke , a member of Parliament himself , organized London merchants who started a committee of correspondence to support repeal of the Stamp Act by urging merchants throughout the country to contact their local representatives in Parliament . When Parliament reconvened on 14 January 1766 , the Rockingham ministry formally proposed repeal . Amendments were considered that would have lessened the financial impact on the colonies by allowing colonists to pay the tax in their own scrip , but this was viewed to be too little and too late . William Pitt stated in the Parliamentary debate that everything done by the Grenville ministry `` has been entirely wrong '' with respect to the colonies . He further stated , `` It is my opinion that this Kingdom has no right to lay a tax upon the colonies . '' Pitt still maintained `` the authority of this kingdom over the colonies , to be sovereign and supreme , in every circumstance of government and legislature whatsoever , '' but he made the distinction that taxes were not part of governing , but were `` a voluntary gift and grant of the Commons alone . '' He rejected the notion of virtual representation , as `` the most contemptible idea that ever entered into the head of man . '' Grenville responded to Pitt : Protection and obedience are reciprocal . Great Britain protects America ; America is bound to yield obedience . If , not , tell me when the Americans were emancipated ? When they want the protection of this kingdom , they are always ready to ask for it . That protection has always been afforded them in the most full and ample manner . The nation has run itself into an immense debt to give them their protection ; and now they are called upon to contribute a small share towards the public expence , and expence arising from themselves , they renounce your authority , insult your officers , and break out , I might also say , into open rebellion . Pitt 's response to Grenville included , `` I rejoice that America has resisted . Three millions of people , so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves , would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest . '' Between 17 and 27 January , Rockingham shifted the attention from constitutional arguments to economic by presenting petitions complaining of the economic repercussions felt throughout the country . On 7 February , the House of Commons rejected a resolution by 274 -- 134 , saying that it would back the King in enforcing the Act . Henry Seymour Conway , the government 's leader in the House of Commons , introduced the Declaratory Act in an attempt to address both the constitutional and the economic issues , which affirmed the right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' , while admitting the inexpediency of attempting to enforce the Stamp Act . Only Pitt and three or four others voted against it . Other resolutions passed which condemned the riots and demanded compensation from the colonies for those who suffered losses because of the actions of the mobs . The House of Commons heard testimony between 11 and 13 February , the most important witness being Benjamin Franklin on the last day of the hearings . He responded to the question about how the colonists would react if the Act was not repealed : `` A total loss of the respect and affection the people of America bear to this country , and of all the commerce that depends on that respect and affection . '' A Scottish journalist observed Franklin 's answers to Parliament and his affect on the repeal ; he later wrote to Franklin , `` To this very Examination , more than to any thing else , you are indebted to the speedy and total Repeal of this odious Law . '' A resolution was introduced on 21 February to repeal the Stamp Act , and it passed by a vote of 276 -- 168 . The King gave royal assent on 18 March 1766 . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution Some aspects of the resistance to the act provided a sort of rehearsal for similar acts of resistance to the 1767 Townshend Acts , particularly the activities of the Sons of Liberty and merchants in organizing opposition . The Stamp Act Congress was a predecessor to the later Continental Congresses , notably the Second Continental Congress which oversaw the establishment of American independence . The Committees of Correspondence used to coordinate activities were revived between 1772 and 1774 in response to a variety of controversial and unpopular affairs , and the colonies that met at the 1774 First Continental Congress established a non-importation agreement known as the Continental Association in response to Parliamentary passage of the Intolerable Acts . See also ( edit ) Board of Inland Revenue Stamping Department Archive British Library Philatelic Collections Revenue stamps of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act of 1765 -- A Serendipitous Find '' by Hermann Ivester in The Revenue Journal , The Revenue Society , Vol. XX , No. 3 , December 2009 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 24 . Jump up ^ Testimony of Doctor Benjamin Franklin , before an August Assembly of the British House of Commons , relating to the Repeal of the Stamp - Act , &c. , 1766 . Jump up ^ Soames Jennys , The Objections to the Taxation of Our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain , Briefly Considered ( 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Daniel Dulaney , Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies , for the Purpose of Raising a Revenue , by Act of Parliament ( 1765 ) ( reprinted in The American Revolution , Interpreting Primary Documents 47 - 51 ( Carey 2004 ) ) . Jump up ^ Draper pp. 216 -- 223 . Nash pp. 44 -- 56 . Maier pp. 76 -- 106 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 120 . Miller pg. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Daniella Garran ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Steps to the American Revolution '' . Lesson Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 21 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 ; Thomas , British Politics , 38 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 561 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 55 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 563 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan , Stamp Act Crisis , 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 560 . See also Charles S. Grant , `` Pontiac 's Rebellion and the British Troop Moves of 1763 '' , The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40 , no . 1 ( June 1953 ) , 75 -- 88 . Jump up ^ George Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of the United States of America , From the Discovery of the Continent . p. 292 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 510 -- 11 ; Thomas , British Politics , 6 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 62 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 37 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 32 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 44 . Jump up ^ Thomas , British Politics , 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Crucible of War , 547 . Jump up ^ Reid , Authority to Tax , 206 . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 109 -- 113 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 75 -- 76 . Weslager pg. 50 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 , 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Draper 231 -- 233 . Middlekauff pg. 77 . Ingersoll accepted a position of stamp distributor for Connecticut despite his opposition . Middlekauff pg. 108 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 78 -- 80 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 79 Jump up ^ George Louis Beer ( 1907 ) . British Colonial Policy , 1754 - 1765 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 34 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , Albion 's Seed ( 1989 ) p 825 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 96 -- 97 . Weslager ( pg. 42 ) also notes that the paper used had to be pre-stamped in England . Most paper came from there anyway , so there were `` approximately fifty colonial papermakers who operated their own mills '' who would suffer from decreased demand for their products . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 98 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 223 . Weslager pg. 51 -- 52 . Separate appointments were made for the three Canadian colonies ( Quebec , Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland ) , one each for East and West Florida , and five for the islands of the West Indies . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 311 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1956 ) pg. 19 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 58 -- 59 . Ferling pg 33 . Jump up ^ Morgan pg. 314 -- 315 . Draper pg. 223 Jump up ^ Ferling pg. 32 -- 34 . Middlekauff pg. 83 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 84 . The Resolves were widely reprinted and many versions of them are still seen . Middlekauff used the wording from the journal of the House of Burgesses . Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 60 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 65 Jump up ^ `` The Stamp Act : Troubling Their Neighbors '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lowest Of The Mob '' . WGBH and Lowell Institute . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Nash p. 44 Jump up ^ Nash p. 59 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Nash p. 53 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , pp. 29 - 30 Jump up ^ Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 Jump up ^ Hosmer pg. 91 -- 94 Jump up ^ Nash p. 48 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Nash p. 49 Jump up ^ Maier p. 85 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Wilkins Updike , History of the Episcopal church in Narragansett , Rhode Island ( 1847 ) p. 221 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nash pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 98 Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kerr , W.B. ( October 1932 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Quebec '' . English Historical Review . 47 ( 188 ) : 648 -- 651 . JSTOR 553075 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Wilfred B. ( September 1933 ) . `` The Stamp Act in Nova Scotia '' . New England Quarterly . 6 ( 3 ) : 552 -- 566 . JSTOR 359557 . Jump up ^ Anspach , Lewis Amadeus ( 1819 ) . A History of the Island of Newfoundland . London : self - published . p. 192 . OCLC 1654202 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Andrew J. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 51 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 26 . JSTOR 2946860 . Jump up ^ Maier pg. 76 -- 82 . Maier noted that the term `` sons of liberty '' , used in the generic sense , was used as early as the 1750s in some Connecticut documents . Jump up ^ Miller pg. 130 Jump up ^ Maiers pg. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 86 -- 88 Jump up ^ Maier pg. 101 -- 106 . Miller pg. 139 . Miller wrote , `` Had Great Britain attempted to enforce the Stamp Act , there can be little doubt that British troops and embattled Americans would have shed each other 's blood ten years before Lexington . As Benjamin Franklin remarked , a British army would not have found a rebellion in the American colonies in 1765 but it would have made one . '' Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown ( 1997 ) . The Strength of a People : The Idea of an Informed Citizenry in America , 1650 - 1870 . Uof North Carolina Press . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Roger P. Mellen , `` The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act . '' Journalism History 38.2 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ David A. Copeland ( 2000 ) . Debating the Issues in Colonial Newspapers : Primary Documents on Events of the Period . p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act '' by Arthur M. Schlesinger in The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( March 1935 ) , pp. 65 Jump up ^ Tillman 2013 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' New England Quarterly 8 # 1 ( 1935 63 - 83 online Jump up ^ Schlesinger pg. 74 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , `` The Colonial Newspapers and The Stamp Act '' p 69 . Jump up ^ Wood , S.G. `` The American Revolution : A History . '' Modern Library . 2002 , page 29 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 108 -- 111 Jump up ^ Miller pg. 137 -- 139 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 139 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 148 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 109 Jump up ^ Weslager pg. 115 . Morgan and Morgan pg. 142 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 145 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 151 -- 152 . `` Thus by the fall of 1765 the colonists had clearly laid down the line where they believed that Parliament should stop , and they had drawn that line not merely as Englishmen but as men . '' Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 111 -- 113 . Miller pg. 149 -- 151 Jump up ^ Morgan and Morgan pg. 49 -- 50 , pg. 331 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 113 -- 114 . Miller pg. 153 . Miller wrote of the Rockingham ministry , `` Of all the Whig factions , the Rockinghams were most benevolent toward the colonies . While they were as determined ... as ( other factions ) to maintain the sovereignty of great Britain , they insisted ( that ) the Americans must be treated as customers rather than as rebellious rogues who merited a sound whipping . '' Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 115 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Examination before the Committee of the Whole of the House of ... '' Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 121 Jump up ^ `` Glorious News , Boston , Friday 11 o'Clock , 16 May 1766 '' . London Gazette . Boston . 16 May 1776 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adair , Douglass . `` The Stamp Act in Contemporary English Cartoons . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1953 ) : 538 - 542 . in JSTOR Alexander , John K. Samuel Adams : America 's Revolutionary Politician. ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2114 - 1 Clark , Ronald W. Benjamin Franklin . A Biography. ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 50222 - 1 Draper , Theodore . A Struggle For Power : The American Revolution . ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2575 - 0 Ferling , John . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517600 - 1 Findling , John E. and Frank W. Thackeray . Events That Changed America in the Eighteenth Century . ( 1998 ) Greenwood Press . Hutchins , Zachary McLeod , ed. , Community without Consent : New Perspectives on the Stamp Act ( University Press of New England , 2016 ) . 264 pp. , online review Hoffer , Peter Charles . Benjamin Franklin Explains the Stamp Act Protests to Parliament , 1766 ( 2015 ) , with documents Hosmer , John Kendall ( 1896 ) . The Life of Thomas Hutchinson . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin . OCLC 1527164 . Maier , Pauline . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . ( 1991 -- original 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 30825 - 1 Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . ( 2005 ) ISBN 978 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution . ( 1943 ) Morgan , Edmund S. Colonial Ideas of Parliamentary Power 1764 -- 1766 . William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 5 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1948 ) , pg. 311 -- 341 . JSTOR Morgan , Edmund S. and Morgan , Helen M. The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution . ( 1963 ) Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2006 ) ISBN 9780143037200 Reid , John Phillip . Constitutional History of the American Revolution : The Authority to Tax . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 11290 - X . Arthur M. Schlesinger . The Colonial Newspapers and the Stamp Act . The New England Quarterly , Vol. 8 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1935 ) , pp. 63 -- 83 . Thomas , Peter D.G. British Politics and the Stamp Act Crisis : The First Phase of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1767 . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822431 - 1 . Weslager , C.A. The Stamp Act Congress . ( 1976 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 111 - 1 Douglass Adair & John A Schultz , eds. , Peter Oliver 's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion : A Tory View ( The Huntington Library , 1961 ) , p. 52 . External links ( edit ) Works related to Stamp Act ( 1765 ) at Wikisource Text of the 1765 Stamp Act Resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly on the Stamp Act , 21 September 1765 1766 Text of the Repeal of the Stamp Act Images of the type of stamps referred to in the Act . Profiles of the `` 12 Immortal Justices '' of Maryland who ruled the Stamp Act invalid and void on 23 November 1765 . 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-4135162270031365687 | 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic | 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic - wikipedia 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic Jump to : navigation , search The Arch Street wharf , where the first cluster of cases was identified During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia , 5,000 or more people were listed in the official register of deaths between August 1 and November 9 . The vast majority of them died of yellow fever , making the epidemic in the city of 50,000 people one of the most severe in United States history . By the end of September , 20,000 people had fled the city . The mortality rate peaked in October , before frost finally killed the mosquitoes and brought an end to the epidemic in November . Doctors tried a variety of treatments , but knew neither the origin of the fever nor that it was transmitted by mosquitoes ( which was not verified until the late nineteenth century ) . The mayor and a committee of two dozen organized a fever hospital at Bush Hill and other crisis measures . The assistance of the Free African Society was requested by the city and readily agreed to by the members , based on the mistaken assumption that native Africans would have the same partial immunity to the new disease as many had to malaria , the most common source of fever epidemics during the summer months . Black nurses aided the sick and the group 's leaders hired additional men to take away corpses , which most people would not touch . Blacks in the city died at the same rate as whites , about 240 altogether . Some neighboring towns refused to let refugees in from Philadelphia , for fear they were carrying the fever . Major port cities such as Baltimore and New York had quarantines against refugees and goods from Philadelphia although New York sent financial aid to the city . The once thriving city soon became distraught under the raging epidemic , leaving many to fight for their own lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 2 Epidemic declared 2.1 Temporary hospitals 2.2 Panic and refugees 3 Black nurses 4 Controversy over treatment 5 Government responses to crisis 6 Reactions by other cities 7 Carey 's accusations 8 Response of churches 9 End of the epidemic 10 Lists of the dead 11 Controversies over the epidemic 11.1 Cause 11.2 Differing courses of treatment 12 Aftermath 13 Representation in other media 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Primary sources 16.2 Secondary sources 17 External links Beginnings ( edit ) In the spring of 1793 , French colonial refugees , some with slaves , arrived from Cap Français , Saint - Domingue . The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the slave revolution in the north of the island . They crowded the port of Philadelphia , where the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city in August . It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes . It is transmitted during mosquito bites . The mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water . The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever and other diseases . Physicians and other survivors of the epidemic wrote extensively about it trying to learn from the crisis . In the ports and coastal areas of the United States , even in the northeast , the months of August and September were considered the `` sickly season , '' when fevers were prevalent . In the South , planters and other people wealthy enough usually left the Low Country during this season . Natives thought that newcomers especially had to undergo a `` seasoning '' and were more likely to die of what were thought to be seasonal fevers in their early years in the region . Philadelphia then was the temporary capital of the United States , and the government was due to return in the fall . President George Washington left the city . The first two people to die of yellow fever in early August in Philadelphia were both recent immigrants , one from Ireland and the other from Saint - Domingue . Letters describing their cases were published in a pamphlet about a month after they died . The young doctor sent by the Overseers of the Poor to treat the Irish woman was perplexed , and his treatment did n't save her . A 2013 book by Billy G. Smith , professor of history at Montana State University , makes a case that the principal vector of the 1793 plague in Philadelphia ( and other Atlantic ports ) was the British merchant ship Hankey , which had fled the West African colony of Bolama ( an island off West Africa , present day Guinea - Bissau ) the previous November , trailing yellow fever at every port of call in the Caribbean and eastern Atlantic seaboard . See : The Ship of Death : The Voyage That Changed the Atlantic World . Epidemic declared ( edit ) After two weeks and an increasing number of fever cases , Dr. Benjamin Rush , a doctor 's apprentice during the city 's 1762 yellow fever epidemic , saw the pattern ; he recognized that yellow fever had returned . Rush alerted his colleagues and the government that the city faced an epidemic of `` highly contagious , as well as mortal ... bilious remitting yellow fever . '' Adding to the alarm was that , unlike with most fevers , the principal victims were not the very young or very old . Many of the early deaths were teenagers and heads of families in the dockside areas . Believing that the refugees from Saint - Domingue were carrying the disease , the city imposed a quarantine of two to three weeks on immigrants and their goods , but was unable to enforce it as the epidemic increased its reach . Then the largest city in the US , with around 50,000 residents , Philadelphia was relatively compact and most houses were within seven blocks of its major port on the Delaware River . Docking facilities extended from Southwark south of the city to Kensington to the north . Cases of fever clustered at first around the Arch Street wharf . Rush blamed `` some damaged coffee which putrefied on the wharf near Arch Street '' for causing the fevers . Soon cases appeared in Kensington . As the port was critical to the state 's economy , the Pennsylvania governor , Thomas Mifflin , had responsibility for its health . He asked the port physician , Dr. James Hutchinson , to assess conditions . The doctor found that 67 of about 400 residents near the Arch Street wharf were sick , but only 12 had `` malignant fevers . '' Alarmed by what Rush and others told him , Mayor Matthew Clarkson asked the city 's medical society , the College of Physicians , to meet and advise the city 's government and citizens how to proceed . Rush later described some early cases : On August 7 , he treated a young man for headaches , fever and vomiting , and on the 15th treated his brother . On the same day a woman he was treating turned yellow . On the 18th a man in the third day of a fever had no pulse , was cold , clammy , and yellow , but he could sit up in his bed . He died a few hours later . On the 19th a woman Rush visited died within hours . Another physician said five persons within sight of her door died . None of those victims was a recent immigrant . The College published a letter in the city 's newspapers , written by a committee headed by Rush , suggesting 11 measures to prevent the `` progress '' of the fever . They warned citizens to avoid fatigue , the hot sun , night air , too much liquor , and anything else that might lower their resistance . Vinegar and camphor in infected rooms `` can not be used too frequently upon handkerchiefs , or in smelling bottles , by persons whose duty calls to visit or attend the sick . '' They outlined measures for city officials : stopping the tolling of church bells and making burials private ; cleaning streets and wharves ; exploding gunpowder in the street to increase the amount of oxygen . Everyone should avoid unnecessary contact with the sick . Crews were sent to clean the wharves , streets and the market , which cheered those remaining in the city . Many of those who could left the city . Elizabeth Drinker , a married Quaker woman , kept a journal for years ; her account from August 23 through August 30 tells the quickening story of the spread of the disease in the city and the rising toll of deaths . She also describes the many people leaving the city . Temporary hospitals ( edit ) Like all hospitals of that time , the Pennsylvania Hospital did not admit patients with infectious diseases . Bush Hill . The Seat of Wm. Hamilton Esqr . near Philadelphia , by James Peller Malcom . Bush Hill was the country seat of James Hamilton by this time . The Guardians of the Poor took over Bush Hill , a 150 - acre estate farther outside the city , whose owner William Hamilton was in England for an extended stay . Vice President John Adams had recently rented the main house , so yellow fever patients were placed in the outbuildings . Nurses were hired to treat patients , under orders by young physicians from the city , who were to visit on a daily basis . The end of August was not traditionally a busy time in the city . Many families who could afford to or who had relatives in the countryside lived elsewhere during that hot month . Beginning in September , shipments generally increased with the arrival of fall goods from Britain . In 1793 , the Federal Congress was not scheduled to resume session until November , but the Pennsylvania Assembly met in the first week of September . Founded by the Quaker William Penn , the city was the center of Quaker life in the United States . The Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends was scheduled to be held in the third week of September . Panic and refugees ( edit ) Between the College 's advisory on August 25 and the death of Dr. Hutchinson from yellow fever on September 7 , panic spread throughout the city ; more people fled . Between August 1 and September 7 , 456 people died in the city . On September 8 , 42 deaths were reported . An estimated 20,000 people left the city through September , including national leaders . The daily death toll remained above 30 until October 26 . The worst seven - day period was between October 7 and 13 , when 711 deaths were reported . Some neighboring towns had patrols on the roads to prevent entry by refugees . The major ports of Baltimore and New York prevented refugees from entering and quarantined them and goods from Philadelphia for weeks . The publisher Mathew Carey published a short pamphlet later in the fall in which he described the changes that had occurred in the life of the city : `` Those who ventured abroad , had handkerchiefs or sponges impregnated with vinegar of camphor at their noses , or smelling - bottles full of the thieves ' vinegar . Others carried pieces of tarred rope in their hands or pockets , or camphor bags tied round their necks ... People hastily shifted their course at the sight of a hearse coming towards them . Many never walked on the foot path , but went into the middle of the streets , to avoid being infected in passing by houses wherein people had died . Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets , and only signified their regard by a cold nod . The old custom of shaking hands fell in such general disuse , that many shrunk back with affright at even the offer of a hand . A person with crape ( mourning crepe ) , or any appearance of mourning , was shunned like a viper . '' Black nurses ( edit ) The College of Physicians ' advisory implied the fever was contagious and people should avoid contact with its victims although `` duty '' required that they be cared for . Yet in families , when the person with the fever was a mother or father , they could forbid their children from coming near them . Rush knew of Dr. John Lining 's observation during the 1742 yellow fever epidemic in Charleston , South Carolina , that African slaves appeared to be affected at rates lower than whites ; he thought they had a natural immunity . Writing a short letter to the newspapers under the pseudonym `` Anthony Benezet , '' a Quaker who had provided schooling for blacks , Rush suggested that the city 's people of color had immunity and solicited them `` to offer your services to attend the sick to help those known in distress . '' Richard Allen and Absalom Jones recalled their reaction to the letter in a memoir they published shortly after the epidemic : Early in September , a solicitation appeared in the public papers , to the people of colour to come forward and assist the distressed , perishing , and neglected sick ; with a kind of assurance , that people of our colour were not liable to take the infection . Upon which we and a few others met and consulted how to act on so truly alarming and melancholy occasion . After some conversation , we found a freedom to go forth , confiding in Him who can preserve in the midst of a burning fiery furnace , sensible that it was our duty to do all the good we could to our suffering fellow mortals . We set out to see where we could be useful . The first we visited was a man in Emsley 's alley , who was dying , and his wife lay dead at the time in the house , there were none to assist but two poor helpless children . We administered what relief we could , and applied to the overseers of the poor to have the woman buried . We visited upwards of twenty families that day -- they were scenes of woe indeed ! The Lord was plentiful to strengthen us , and removed all fear from us ... In order the better to regulate our conduct , we called on the mayor the next day , to consult with him on how to proceed , so as to be the most useful . The first object he recommended was a strict attention to the sick , and the procuring of nurses . This was attended to by Absalom Jones and William Gray ; and , in order that the distressed might know where to apply , the mayor advised that upon application to them they would be supplied . Soon after , the mortality increased , the difficulty of getting a corpse taken away , was such , that few were willing to do it , when offered great rewards . The black people were looked to . We then offered our services in the public papers , by advertising that we would remove the dead and procure nurses . Our services were the production of real sensibility -- we sought not fee nor reward , until the increase of the disorder rendered our labour so arduous that we were not adequate to the service we had assumed . Allen noted in his account that because of the increase in mortality , he and Jones had to hire five men to assist them in removing corpses , as most people avoided the sick and the dead . In a September 6 letter to his wife , Rush said that the `` African brethren ... furnish nurses to most of my patients . '' Despite Rush 's theory , most of the city 's people of color were not immune to the fever . Many of the slaves in Charleston in 1742 could have gained immunity before having been transported from Africa , by having been exposed to yellow fever in a mild case . People who survived one attack gained immunity . A total of 240 blacks died , in proportion to their population at the same rate as whites . Controversy over treatment ( edit ) Given the limited resources and knowledge of the times , the city 's response was creditable . The medical community did not know the natural history of yellow fever , a viral infection spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito . Efforts to clean the city did not defeat the spread of the fever as the mosquitoes bred in the clean water . Philadelphia 's newspapers continued to publish during the epidemic , and through the doctors and others tried to understand and combat the epidemic . On September 7 , Dr. Adam Kuhn advised patients to treat symptoms as they arose ; he had studied medicine at the University of Uppsala in Sweden . Rush claimed that he tried Kuhn 's and Steven 's stimulating remedies , and his patients still died . He recommended other treatments , including purging and bloodletting , and published his theories . The hope offered by any of these treatments was soon dashed when it became clear that they did not cure the disease , and the doctors ' competing claims demoralized patients . In his 1794 account of the epidemic , Matthew Carey noted that other doctors claimed to have used calomel before Rush and that `` its efficacy was great and rescued many from death . '' Carey added that the `` efficacy of bleeding , in all cases not attended with putridity , was great . '' Rush taught the African - American nurses how to bleed and purge patients . Allen and Jones wrote that they were thankful that `` we have been the instruments , in the hand of God , for saving the lives of hundreds of our suffering fellow mortals . '' Rush 's brand of medicine became the standard American treatment for fevers in the 1790s and was widely used for the next 50 years . Rush 's claim that his remedies cured 99 out of 100 patients have led historians and modern doctors to ridicule his remedies and approach to medical science . Some contemporaries also attacked him . The newspaper editor William Cobbett attacked Rush 's therapies and called him a Sangrado , after a character in Gil Blas , who bled patients to death . In 1799 Rush won a $5,000 libel judgment against Cobbett . Government responses to crisis ( edit ) The responses of the various levels of government in the city varied . The Federal government had no authority to act and Congress had not been in session since June . President Washington and his cabinet continued to meet until he left the city on September 10 for his scheduled vacation , a period that included laying the cornerstone on September 18 of the new US Capitol to be built in the City of Washington , the designated capital . Employees of the Treasury Department , who collected customs and worked on the country 's financial system , worked throughout the epidemic ; the post office also stayed open . The state legislature cut short its September session after a dead body was found on the steps of State House . Governor Mifflin became ill and was advised by his doctor to leave . The city 's banks remained open . But , banking operations were so slowed by the inability of people to pay off notes because of disruptions from the epidemic that banks automatically renewed notes until the epidemic ended . The mayor Matthew Clarkson organized the city 's response to the epidemic . Most of the Common Council members fled , along with 20,000 other residents . People who did not leave Philadelphia before the second week in September could leave the city only with great difficulty , and they faced road blocks , patrols , inspections and quarantines . On September 12 , Clarkson summoned fellow citizens interested in helping the Guardians of the Poor . They formed a committee to take over from the Guardians and address the crisis . On the 14th , Clarkson was joined by 26 men , who formed committees to reorganize the fever hospital , arrange visits to the sick , feed those unable to care for themselves , and arrange for wagons to carry the sick to the hospital and the dead to Potter 's Field . The Committee acted quickly : after a report of 15 - month - old twins being orphaned , two days later the Committee had identified a house for sheltering the growing number of orphans . As noted above , Richard Allen and Absalom Jones offered the services of members of the Free African Society to the Committee . When the Mayor 's Committee inspected the Bush Hill fever hospital , they found the nurses unqualified and arrangements chaotic . `` The sick , the dying , and the dead were indiscriminately mingled together . The ordure and other evacuations of the sick , were allowed to remain in the most offensive state imaginable ... It was , in fact , a great human slaughter - house . '' On September 15 , Peter Helm , a barrel maker , and Stephen Girard , a merchant and shipowner born in France , volunteered to personally manage the hospital and represent the Mayor 's Committee . They made rapid improvements in hospital operations : bedsteads were repaired and more brought from the prison so patients would not have to lie on the floor . A barn was adapted as a place for convalescing patients . On September 17 , the managers hired 9 female nurses and 10 male attendants , as well as a female matron . They assigned the 14 rooms to separate male and female patients . With the discovery of a spring on the estate , workers were organized to have clean water pumped into the hospital . Helm and Girard informed the Committee that they could accommodate more than the 60 patients then under their care , and soon the hospital had 140 patients . Girard found that the intermittent visits by four young physicians from the city added to the confusion about patient treatment . He hired Jean Deveze , a French doctor with experience treating yellow fever in Saint - Domingue ( now Haiti ) . Deveze cared only for the patients at the hospital , and he was assisted by French apothecaries . Deveze admired Girard 's fearlessness in his devotion to the patients . In a memoir published in 1794 , Deveze wrote of Girard : I even saw one of the diseased ... ( discharge ) the contents of his stomach upon ( him ) . What did Girard do ? ... He wiped the patient 's cloaths , comforted ( him ) ... arranged the bed , ( and ) inspired with courage , by renewing in him the hope that he should recover . -- From him he went to another , that vomited offensive matter that would have disheartened any other than this wonderful man . News that patients treated at the hospital were recovering encouraged many people to believe that medicine was gaining control of the fever . But , it soon became clear that mortality at the hospital remained high ; about 50 % died of those admitted . Reactions by other cities ( edit ) As the death toll in the city rose , officials in neighboring communities and major port cities such as New York and Baltimore established quarantines for refugees and goods from Philadelphia . New York established a `` Committee appointed to prevent the spreading and introduction of infectious diseases in this city '' , which set up citizen patrols to monitor entry to the city . Stage coaches from Philadelphia were not allowed in many cities . Havre de Grace , Maryland , for example , tried to prevent people from Philadelphia from crossing the Susquehanna River to Maryland . Neighboring cities did send food supplies and money ; for example , New York City sent $5000 to the Mayor 's Committee . Woodbury and Springfield , New Jersey ; Chester , Pennsylvania and Elkton , Maryland , were among towns that accepted refugees . President Washington corresponded with members of his cabinet on where to assemble if the epidemic prevented Congress from meeting as scheduled in December . Washington decided to hold the cabinet in early November in Germantown , at that time an independent town ten miles from the heart of Philadelphia . Carey 's accusations ( edit ) In his 1793 account of the epidemic , Mathew Carey contrasted the sacrifices of men like Joseph Inskeep , a Quaker who served on the Mayor 's Committee and also visited the sick , with the selfishness of others . When Inskeep contracted the fever , he asked for the assistance of a family whom he had attended when several of its members were sick . They refused ; he died , which might have happened even with their aid . Carey reported their refusal . He published rumors of greed , especially by landlords who threw convalescing tenants into the street to gain control of their flats . While he praised Richard Allen and Absalom Jones for their work , he suggested that blacks had caused the epidemic , and that some black nurses had charged high fees and even stolen from those for whom they cared . Allen and Jones quickly wrote a pamphlet to defend the people of color in the crisis . The historian Julie Winch believes they wanted to defend their community , knowing how powerful Carey was , and wanting to maintain the reputation of their people in the aftermath of the epidemic . The men noted that the first nurses from the Free African Society had worked without any pay . As the mortality rate increased , they had to hire men to get anyone to deal with the sick and dying . They recounted that the great prices paid did not escape the observation of that worthy and vigilant magistrate , Matthew Clarkson , mayor of the city , and president of the committee . He sent for us , and requested we would use our influence to lessen the wages of the nurses . But on informing him of the cause , i.e. that of the people over-bidding one another , it was concluded unnecessary to attempt any thing on that head ; therefore it was left to the people concerned . Allen and Jones noted that white nurses also profited and stole from their patients . `` We know that six pounds was demanded by and paid to a white woman , for putting a corpse into a coffin ; and forty dollars was demanded and paid to four white men , for bringing it down the stairs . '' Many black nurses served without compensation : `` A poor black man , named Sampson , went constantly from house to house where distress was , and no assistance , without fee or reward . He was smitten with the disorder , and died . After his death his family were neglected by those he had served . Sarah Bass , a poor black widow , gave all the assistance she could , in several families , for which she did not receive any thing ; and when any thing was offered her , she left it to the option of those she served . '' Response of churches ( edit ) Church clergy continued to hold services , which helped keep up residents ' morale . Rev. J. Henry C. Helmuth , who led the city 's German Lutheran congregation , wrote A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian . He also left a diary . On September 16 he reported that his church was `` very full '' the day before . In one week in October , 130 members of his congregation were buried . On October 13 , he wrote in his diary : Preached to a large gathering about Jes. 26 , 1 . I showed that Philadelphia a very blessed city -- the Lord is among us and especially in our congregation . I proved this with examples of dead and still living people . Baptized a child . Announced that I could not be with the corpses , that the sick should be reported to me in the morning so that I could visit them in the afternoon . The Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends at the Arch Street Meeting House drew 100 attendees , most from outside the city . The meetinghouse is not far from the waterfront where the epidemic had started . In their Yearly Epistle following the meeting , the Friends wrote that to have changed the time or place of the meeting would have been a `` haughty attempt '' to escape `` the rod '' of God , from which there was no escape . The Quaker John Todd , who attended the meeting , contracted the fever and died of it . His young widow , Dolley Payne Todd , later married James Madison , a Virginia congressman whom she met in Philadelphia and a future U.S. president . End of the epidemic ( edit ) President 's House , Philadelphia . Washington left the plague - ridden city for Mount Vernon on September 10 . He and his cabinet reassembled in Germantown in early November . On November 11 , Washington visited the city before the official all clear on November 14 , but did not reoccupy the President 's House until December . Doctors , preachers , and laymen all looked to the coming of autumn to end the epidemic . At first they hoped a seasonal `` equinoctial gale , '' or hurricane , common at that time of year , would blow away the fever . Heavy rains in late September seemed to correlate with a higher rate of cases . Residents next anticipated freezing temperatures at night , which they knew were associated with ending fall fevers . By the first two weeks of October and peak of the crisis , gloom pervaded the city . Most churches had stopped holding services , and the post office moved out of the area of the highest number of cases . The market days continued , and bakers continued to make and distribute bread . Several members of the Mayor 's Committee died . African - American nurses had also begun dying of the fever . Carts took ill victims to Bush Hill and the dead to burial grounds . Doctors also suffered illness and death , and fewer were available to care for patients . Three of Rush 's apprentices and his sister died ; he was too sick to leave his house . Such news cast doubts on Rush 's methods , but none of those victims had submitted to his harsh treatment . Those refugees from Saint - Domingue who thought they had immunity used the streets freely , but few other residents did . Those who had not escaped the city tried to wait out the epidemic in their homes . When the Mayor 's Committee took a quick census of the dead , they found that the majority of victims were poor people , who died in homes located in the alleys , behind the main streets where most of the business of city was conducted . On October 16 , after temperatures cooled , a newspaper reported that `` the malignant fever has very considerably abated . '' Stores began to reopen October 25 , many families returned , and the wharves were `` once more enlivened '' as a London - based ship arrived with goods . The Mayor 's Committee advised people outside the city to wait another week or 10 days before returning . It published directions for cleaning houses which had been closed up , recommending that they be aired for several days with all windows and doors open . `` Burning of nitre will correct the corrupt air which they may contain . Quick lime should be thrown into the privies and the chambers whitewashed . '' On the 31st , a white flag was hoisted over Bush Hill with the legend , `` No More Sick Persons Here . '' But , after some warm days , fever cases recurred . The white flag had to be struck . Finally on November 13 , stagecoaches resumed service to the north and south . A merchant reported that the streets were `` in an uproar and rendered the wharves impossible by reason of the vast quantities of wine , sugar , rum , coffee , cotton & c . The porters are quite savvy and demand extravagantly for anything they do . '' On November 14 , the Mayor 's Committee recommended purifying houses , clothing and bedding , but said that anyone could come to the city `` without danger from the late prevailing disorder . '' Lists of the dead ( edit ) An official register of deaths listed 4044 people as dying between August 1 and November 9 , 1793 based on grave counts , so the total was probably higher . City officials , medical and religious leaders , and newspaper publishers reported the number and names of victims , based on the minutes of the Mayor 's Committee . The Appendix of on - line edition of Minutes lists the names of all the patients admitted to Bush Hill hospital , as well as the disposition of their cases . The publisher Mathew Carey released his history of the epidemic just weeks after its end . He listed the names of the dead at the back of the book , which is one reason it was a bestseller . While Deveze did not reveal his patients ' names in describing his treatments , Rush named his patients in his memoir . Controversies over the epidemic ( edit ) The end of the epidemic did not end the controversies among the city 's doctors , who disagreed about causes and treatment . Hearing rumors that colleagues were going to try to get him expelled from the College of Physicians , Rush resigned and formed a new medical society , which many of the city 's younger doctors joined . Rush 's promotion of his remedies and attacks on others were strongly criticized by the medical community . Cause ( edit ) Merchants worried more about Rush 's theory that the fever arose from the filth of Philadelphia and was not imported from the West Indies . They did not want the port 's reputation to suffer permanently . Doctors used his treatments while rejecting his etiology of the disease . Others deprecated his therapies , such as Dr. Deveze , but agreed that the fever had local origins . Deveze had arrived on the refugee ship from Saint - Domingue which many accused of having carried the disease , but he thought it healthy . The doctors did not understand the origin or transmittal of the disease . Historians believe it was brought by refugees from Saint - Domingue , where it was endemic , and transmitted by mosquitoes between the infected and healthy persons . Differing courses of treatment ( edit ) Dr. Kuhn advised drinking wine , `` at first weaker wines , such as claret and Rhenish ; if these can not be had , Lisbon or Madeira diluted with rich lemonade . The quantity is to be determined by the effects it produces and by the state of debility which prevails , guarding against its occasioning or encreasing the heat , restlessness or delirium . '' He placed `` the greatest dependence for the cure to the disease , on throwing cool water twice a day over the naked body . The patient is to be placed in a large empty tub , and two buckets full of water , of the temperature 75 or 80 degrees Fahrenheit 's thermometer , according to the state of the atmosphere , are to be thrown on him . '' The water treatment was also advocated by Dr. Edward Stevens , who in mid-September claimed it had cured Alexander Hamilton , Secretary of the Treasury , of the fever . Rush searched the medical literature for other approaches . Benjamin Franklin had given him letters sent by Dr. John Mitchell , related to treating patients during a 1741 yellow fever outbreak in Virginia . ( Franklin never published the letters . ) Mitchell noted that the stomach and intestines filled with blood and that these organs had to be emptied at all costs . `` On this account , '' Mitchell argued , `` an ill - timed scrupulousness about the weakness of the body is of bad consequences in these urging circumstances ... I can affirm that I have given a purge in this case , when the pulse has been so low that it can hardly be felt , and the debility extreme , yet both one and the other have been restored by it . '' After experimenting , Rush decided that a powder of ten grains of calomel ( mercury ) and ten grains of the cathartic drug jalap ( the poisonous root of a Mexican plant , Ipomoea purga , related to the morning glory , which was dried and powdered before ingesting ) would create the desired elimination he was seeking . Since the demand for his services was so great , he had his assistants make as many of his powders in pill form as they could . On September 10 , he published a guide to treating the fever : `` Dr. Rush 's Directions for Curing and Treating the Yellow Fever '' , outlining a regimen of self - medication . At the first sign of symptoms , `` more especially if those symptoms be accompanied by a redness , or faint yellowness in the eyes , and dull or shooting pains about the region of the liver , take one of the powders in a little sugar and water , every six hours , until they produce four or five large evacuations from the bowels ... '' He urged that the patient stay in bed and `` drink plentifully '' of barley or chicken water . Then after the `` bowels are thoroughly cleaned , '' it was proper to take 8 to 10 ounces of blood from the arm if , after purging , the pulse was full or tense . To keep the body open he recommended more calomel or small doses of cream of tarter or other salts . If the pulse was weak and low , he recommended camomile or snakeroot as a stimulant , and blisters or blankets soaked in hot vinegar wrapped around the lower limbs . To restore the patient he recommended `` gruel , sago , panada , tapioca , tea , coffee , weak chocolate , wine whey , chicken broth , and white meats , according to the weak or active state of the system ; the fruits of the season may be eaten with advantage at all times . '' The sick room should be kept cool and vinegar should be sprinkled around the floor . Rush 's therapy was generalized as `` purge and bleed , '' and as long as the patient remained debilitated , Rush urged further purging and bleeding . Not a few of his patients became comatose . The calomel in his pills soon brought on a state of constant salivation , which Rush urged patients to attain to assure a cure . A characteristic sign of death was black vomit , which salivation seemed to ward off . Since he urged purging at the first sign of fever , other doctors began seeing patients who suffered severe abdominal distress . Autopsies after their death revealed stomachs destroyed by such purges. : Unlike other doctors , Deveze did not offer advice in the newspapers during the epidemic . He later discussed treatment in his memoir , which included 18 case studies and descriptions of several autopsies . While he deprecated Rush 's harsh purgatives and `` heroic '' bleeding , he moderately bled patients and also used medicines to evacuate the bowels . Like Rush , he thought poisons had to be `` abstracted '' in severely debilitated patients . Instead of purges , he used blisters to raise welts on the skin . Unlike Kuhn , he did not favor baths . He preferred to apply heat , using hot bricks on hands or feet . He strongly discounted the traditional treatment for severe fevers , which was to wrap patients in blankets , give them camomile tea or Madeira , and try to bring on sweats . He preferred `` acidulated '' water to the use of Peruvian bark as many patients found the bark distasteful . He thought the use of opium very helpful . Aftermath ( edit ) The Governor created a middle path : he ordered the city to be kept clean and the port policed to prevent infected ships , or those from the Caribbean , from docking until they had gone through a period of quarantine . The city suffered yellow fever epidemics in 1797 , 1798 , and 1799 , which kept the origin and treatment controversies alive . Some of the city 's clergy suggested the epidemic was a judgment from God . Led by the Quakers , the religious community petitioned the state legislature to prohibit theatrical presentations in the state . Such entertainment had been banned during the Revolution and had only recently been authorized . After an extensive debate in the newspapers , the State Assembly denied the petition . The recurrences of yellow fever kept discussions about causes , treatment and prevention going until the end of decade . Other major ports also had epidemics , beginning with Baltimore in 1794 , New York in 1795 and 1798 , and Wilmington in 1798 , making yellow fever a national crisis . New York doctors finally admitted that they had had an outbreak of yellow fever in 1791 that killed more than 100 people . All the cities that suffered epidemics continued to grow rapidly . The widespread recognition that the epidemics were based along the waterfront meant that cities grew more rapidly in outlying areas , but that was also where land was available at lower cost . Families who could afford it planned to vacate the port cities during the sick season . During the epidemic of 1798 , Benjamin Rush commuted daily from a house just outside the city , near what is now 15th and Columbia Streets , to the new city fever hospital , where as chief doctor he treated fever victims . The civic responses to the 1798 epidemics in Philadelphia and New York were more complex than the efforts of the 1793 Mayor 's Committee . For instance , Philadelphia forced evacuation of certain neighborhoods and placed refugees in supervised camps . After the epidemic , the city inspected all houses and destroyed those it deemed unhealthy . American doctors did not identify the vector of yellow fever until the late nineteenth century . In 1881 Carlos Finlay , a Cuban doctor , argued that mosquito bites caused yellow fever ; he credited Rush 's published account of the 1793 epidemic for giving him the idea . He said that Rush had written : `` Mosquitoes ( the usual attendants of a sickly autumn ) were uncommonly numerous ... '' In the late 1880s , Finlay 's theories were confirmed in Cuba by experiments of the US Medical Army Corps under direction of Dr. Walter Reed in the late 1880s , in which subjects allowed themselves to be bitten by infected mosquitoes . In the first week of September 1793 , Dr. William Currie published a description of the epidemic and an account of its progress during August . The publisher Mathew Carey had an account of the epidemic for sale in the third week of October , before the epidemic had ended . He accused blacks of causing the epidemic and black nurses of overcharging patients and taking advantage of them . The reverends Richard Allen and Absalom Jones of the Free African Society published their own account rebutting Carey 's attacks ; by that time Carey had already published the fourth edition of his popular pamphlet . Allen and Jones noted that some blacks had worked for free , that they had died at the same rate as whites from the epidemic , and that some whites had also overcharged for their services . Currie 's work was the first of several medical accounts published within a year of the epidemic . Dr. Benjamin Rush published an account more than 300 pages long . Two French doctors , Jean Deveze and Nassy , published shorter accounts . Clergymen also published accounts ; the most notable was by the Lutheran minister J. Henry C. Helmuth . In March 1794 , the Mayor 's Committee published its minutes . ( Letters written during the epidemic , which in some cases expressed the last sentiments of victims , were preserved by many families and have been a source for scholars in various archives . ) The rapid succession of other yellow fever epidemics in Philadelphia and elsewhere in the northeastern United States engendered many accounts of the efforts to contain , control and cope with the disease . Rush wrote accounts of the 1797 , 1798 , and 1799 epidemics in Philadelphia . He revised his account of the 1793 epidemic to eliminate reference to the disease being contagious . He varied his cures . In 1798 he was appointed as the chief doctor at the fever hospital . The mortality rate that year was roughly the same as it had been at Bush Hill in 1793 , despite radical difference between the therapies used . Noah Webster , then a notable New York newspaper publisher , joined two doctors in publishing the Medical Repository , a magazine that collected accounts of fever epidemics throughout the nation . Webster used this data in his 1798 book , suggesting that the nation was being subjected to a widespread `` epidemic constitution '' in the atmosphere that might last 50 years and make deadly epidemics almost certain . Yellow fever epidemics became seen as a national crisis . When in 1855 a French doctor published an 813 - page history of yellow fever in Philadelphia , covering outbreaks from 1699 to 1854 , he devoted only a few pages to the 1793 epidemic . General 20th - century US histories , such as the 10 - volume Great Epochs in American History , published in 1912 , used short excerpts from Carey 's account . The first history of the epidemic to draw on more primary sources was J.H. Powell 's Bring Out Your Dead ( 1949 ) , but he did not use the personal letters , which are largely held by Quaker colleges in the area . While Powell did not write a scholarly history of the epidemic , his work reviewed its historical importance . Since the mid-twentieth century , scholars have studied aspects of the epidemic , first in papers . For example , Martin Pernick 's `` Politics , Parties , and Pestilence : Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System , '' developed statistical evidence to show that Republican doctors generally used Rush 's therapies and Federalist doctors used Kuhn 's . Scholars celebrated the 200th anniversary of the epidemic with the publication of papers on various aspects of the epidemic . A 2004 paper in the Bulletin of the History of Medicine reexamined Rush 's use of bleeding . Representation in other media ( edit ) Several novels have explored the Philadelphia epidemic , including the following : Charles Brockden Brown , Arthur Mervyn ( 1799 ) Silas Weir Mitchell , The Red City ( 1909 ) Laurie Halse Anderson , Fever 1793 ( 2000 ) , young adult novel set in Philadelphia The following deals with a 19th - century epidemic of yellow fever in New Orleans : Josh Russell , Yellow Jack , 2000 , novel set in New Orleans in the 1840s before the Civil War See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Philadelphia Lazaretto , quarantine hospital built in 1799 in response to the 1793 epidemic Stubbins Ffirth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arnebeck , Bob ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US '' . Benjamin Rush , Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ From Genetic resistance to malaria : `` Where this parasite ( p. falciparum ) is endemic , young children have repeated malaria attacks . ( ... ) Repeated malaria infections strengthen adaptive immunity and broaden its effects against parasites expressing different to the good old immunity against malaria . '' ^ Jump up to : Mark A. Smith , `` Andrew Brown 's ' Earnest Endeavor ' : The Federal Gazette ' s Role in Philadelphia 's Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 '' , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 120 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1996 ) , pp. 321 -- 342 , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin . `` An Account of the Bilious Yellow Fever of 1793 , 1794 , p. 6 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Currie , William , An Historical Account of the Climate and Diseases of the United States , Philadelphia : T. Dobson , 1792 Jump up ^ Currie , William . `` A Description of the Malignant , infectious Fever Prevailing at Present in Philadelphia , pp 29 -- 30 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Ship of Death Yale University Press , 2013 ; accessed 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , L.H. , editor , Letters of Benjamin Rush , vol. 2 , p 641 . ^ Jump up to : `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 17 . Jump up ^ American Daily Advertiser , 28 August 1793 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp. 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp 21ff Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , 31 August 1793 Jump up ^ Drinker , Elizabeth ( 1889 ) . Biddle , Henry D. , ed . Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker , From 1759 to 1807 , A.D. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 19 -- 20 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell , J.H. , Bring Out Your Dead , 1949 , pp. 58 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Rush , pp. 129ff . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 22 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... '' Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Daily Advertiser , September 2 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 654 Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... pp 15 & 16 '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marion Brown , `` Adam Kuhn : Eighteenth Century Physician and Teacher '' , J Hist Med Allied Sci ( 1950 ) V ( Spring ) : 163 -- 177 . doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / V. Spring. 163 , accessed 26 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Butterfield , pp 1213 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 15 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... p. 5 '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Duffy , William , From Humors to Medical Science , 1993 , pp 68 -- 71 Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 12 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , J.H. , Bring Out Your Dead , pp. 216ff ^ Jump up to : Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee to Attend to and Alleviate the Sufferings of the Afflicted with the Malignant Fever , 1794 . Jump up ^ Minutes . `` p. 22 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen and Jones , A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... , 1993 , p. to come . Jump up ^ Minutes . `` p. 12 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 32 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minutes , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 17ff . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean ( 1794 ) . `` An Inquiry into and Observations upon the Causes and Effects of the Epidemic Disease Which Raged in Philadelphia , 1794 , p. 26 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 47ff . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp 36ff . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . pp. 59ff . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 79 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 75 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Winch on Jones ' and Allen 's response to Carey '' , Part 3 : Philadelphia / Yellow Fever Epidemic , PBS , 1998 , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... 1794 , . p. 63 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Richard . `` A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People ... pp 9 -- 11 '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helmuth , Justus Henry Christian , A short account of the yellow fever in Philadelphia for the reflecting Christian , translated from the German by Charles Erdmann , Philadelphia : 1794 , Open Collections Program : Contagion , Harvard University Library , accessed 28 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Yearly Meeting Epistle 1793 , '' Swarthmore College Library Quaker Collection ; see also letter by Margaret Morris to her daughter August 31 , 1793 , Haverford College Library Manuscript Collection . Jump up ^ Murphy , An American Plague , pp. 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 5 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Rush , pp. 349 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 51 , 241ff . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 16 , 1793 Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , October 25m 1793 . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , November 1 , 1793 . Jump up ^ Welsh papers , November 13 , 1793 , Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Minutes , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Minutes , pp. 205 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Carey , Matthew . A Short Account of the Malignant Feverish er ... 1794 , . pp. 121 -- 164 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` Inquiry p. 12 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ General Advertiser , September 11 , 1793 , also in Rush , pp. 207ff Jump up ^ Rush , pp 127ff Jump up ^ In a manuscript of 1744 , Dr. John Mitchell of Virginia detailed his observations and treatments of victims of a `` yellow fever '' epidemic in 1741 -- 2 ; copies of the manuscript were sent to Mr. Cadwallader Colden , a physician in New York , and to Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia ; the manuscript was eventually printed ( in large part ) in 1805 and reprinted ( in full ) in 1814 . See : ( John Mitchell ) ( 1805 ) ( Mitchell 's account of the Yellow Fever in Virginia in 1741 -- 2 ) , The Philadelphia Medical Museum , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . ( John Mitchell ) ( 1814 ) `` Account of the Yellow fever which prevailed in Virginia in the years 1737 , 1741 , and 1742 , in a letter to the late Cadwallader Colden , Esq. of New York , from the late John Mitchell , M.D.F.R.S. of Virginia , '' American Medical and Philosophical Register , 4 : 181 -- 215 . It should be noted , however , that Dr. Mitchell misdiagnosed the disease that he observed and treated , and that the disease was probably Weil 's disease or hepatitis . See : Saul Jarcho ( 1957 ) `` John Mitchell , Benjamin Rush , and Yellow fever , '' Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 31 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p61 Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin , An Account of the Bilious Yellow Fever , 1794 , p 211 . Jump up ^ Rush , p to come . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` An inquiry into and observations upon the causes and effects of the epidemic disease which raged in Philadelphia , 1794 , p. 76 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean . `` Inquiry p 60 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deveze , Jean ( 1794 ) . `` Inquiry p 6 '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . , Harvard University Library Jump up ^ Deveze , pp. to come . Jump up ^ Rush , Benjamin . `` Observations Upon the Origin of the Malignant Bilious , or Yellow Fever in Philadelphia , and Upon the Means of Preventing It : Addressed to the Citizens of Philadelphia '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . , Harvard University Library Jump up ^ `` An Earnest Call Occasioned by the Alarming Pestilential Contagion , '' November 8 , 1793 , Evans catalog # 25427 . Jump up ^ Federal Gazette , November 19 , 1793 and Philadelphia Gazette , March 25 , 1794 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , p. 803 . Jump up ^ Rush , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : `` Part 3 : Documents / A Short Account of the Malignant Fever ... Philadelphia , PBS Africans in America , website , accessed 26 March 2012 Jump up ^ Webster , Noah , A Brief History of Epidemic Disease , 1798 . Jump up ^ LaRoche , Yellow Fever , considered in its historical , pathological , etiological , and therapeutic relations , 1855 Jump up ^ Halsey , Francis W. , Great Epochs in American History , volume 4 , 1912 , pp 83 -- 89 Jump up ^ Pernick , Martin S. `` Politics , Parties , and Pestilence : Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the Rise of the First Party System , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 1972 , pp 559 -- 586 . Jump up ^ Estes , J. Worth , and Smith , Billy G. A Melancholy Scene of Devastation : The Public Response to the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic , Philadelphia : Science History Publications , 1997 . Jump up ^ Kopperman , Paul E. `` ' Venerate the Lancet ' : Benjamin Rush 's Yellow Fever Therapy in Context , '' Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 2004 , 78 : 539 -- 574 . Bibliography ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Allen , Richard ; Absalom Jones ( 1794 ) . A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People , During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia in the Year 1793 . Philadelphia : Franklin 's Head . Carey , Mathew. A Short Account of the Malignant Fever , Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia ( 1793 ) , text online , National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health Common Council , Philadelphia ( 1794 ) . Minutes of the Proceedings of the Committee Appointed on the Date of 14 September to Alleviate the Suffering of the Afflicted . Google E-Book . Currie , William ( 1793 ) . `` A Description of the Malignant , Infectious Fever prevailing at Present in Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia : Thomas Dobson . Drinker , Elizabeth ( 1889 ) . Biddle , Henry D. , ed . Extracts from the Journal of Elizabeth Drinker , From 1759 to 1807 , A.D. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company . Helmuth , J. Henry C. ( 1794 ) . A Short Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia for the Reflecting Christian . Translated by Charles Erdmann . Jones , Hoff & Derrick . , Open Collections Program : Contagion , Harvard University Library Rush , Benjamin ( 1794 ) . An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever as it appeared in the City of Philadelphia in 1793 . Google E-Book . Secondary sources ( edit ) Barnard , Bryn ( 2005 ) . Outbreak ! Plagues That Changed History . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 375 - 82986 - 5 . Garret , Laurie ( 1994 ) . The Coming Plague : Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 14 - 025091 - 3 . Jacobs Altman , Linda ( 1998 ) . Plague and Pestilence : A History of Infectious Disease . United States : Enslow Publishing Inc . ISBN 0 - 89490 - 957 - 6 . Murphy , Jim ( 2003 ) . An American Plague : The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 . New York : Clarion Books . ISBN 0 - 395 - 77608 - 2 . Powell , John Harvey ( 1993 ) ( 1949 ) . Bring Out Your Dead : The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 . Reprint . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1423 - 4 . Yount , Lisa ( 2000 ) . Epidemics . San Diego : Lucent Books . ISBN 1 - 56006 - 441 - 2 . `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . `` The Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia , 1793 '' . Harvard University Library Open Collections Programs . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia : The Great Experiment , Episode II , Fever : 1793 Film : The Great Fever , PBS American Experience program website , 30 October 2006 John Mitchell Mason ( 1793 ) . Sermon , preached September 20th , 1793 ; a day set apart , in the city of New - York , for public fasting , humiliation and prayer , on account of a malignant and mortal fever prevailing in the city of Philadelphia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic&oldid=834172457 '' Categories : History of Philadelphia 18th - century epidemics Yellow fever 1793 in Pennsylvania 1793 disasters 18th - century health disasters Medical outbreaks in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 start | [
"In the spring of 1793, French colonial refugees, some with slaves, arrived from Cap Français, Saint-Domingue. The 2,000 immigrants were fleeing the slave revolution in the north of the island.[3] They crowded the port of Philadelphia, where the first yellow fever epidemic in 30 years began in the city in August.[3][4] It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. It is transmitted during mosquito bites. The mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever and other diseases. Physicians and other survivors of the epidemic wrote extensively about it trying to learn from the crisis."
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"spring of 1793"
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6577639057671420062 | List of wine-producing countries | List of wine - producing countries - wikipedia List of wine - producing countries Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of wine - producing regions The following is a list of the top wine - producing countries and their volume of wine production for the year 2014 in metric tonnes , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , which is an agency of the United Nations ; this is the latest information available from the FAO . Their data show a total worldwide production of 31 million tonnes ( 1,000 kg ) of wine ( which roughly corresponds to 1,000 l ) with the top 15 producing countries accounting for over 90 % of the total . Map of global wine production in 2013 . Wine production by country in 2014 Rank Country ( with link to wine article ) Production ( tonnes ) Italy 4,796,600 Spain 4,607,850 France 4,293,466 United States 3,300,000 China 1,700,000 6 Argentina 1,498,380 7 Chile 1,214,000 8 Australia 1,186,343 9 South Africa 1,146,006 10 Germany 920,200 11 Portugal 603,327 12 Romania 378,283 13 Greece 334,300 14 Russia 327,400 15 New Zealand 320,400 16 Brazil 273,100 17 Hungary 258,520 18 Austria 199,869 19 Serbia 198,183 20 Moldova 149,850 21 Bulgaria 130,500 22 Georgia 108,600 23 Switzerland 93,365 24 Ukraine 86,904 25 Japan 85,000 26 Peru 73,000 27 Uruguay 72,500 28 Canada 54,663 29 Algeria 52,000 30 Czech Republic 52,000 31 Macedonia 51,013 32 Croatia 45,272 33 Turkey 44,707 34 Mexico 39,360 35 Turkmenistan 39,000 36 Morocco 37,000 37 Uzbekistan 36,000 38 Slovakia 32,527 39 Belarus 29,980 40 Kazakhstan 21,993 41 Tunisia 21,500 42 Albania 24,000 43 Montenegro 16,000 44 Lebanon 14,700 45 Slovenia 13,229 46 Colombia 13,000 47 Luxembourg 12,494 48 Cuba 12,080 49 Estonia 11,104 50 Cyprus 10,302 51 Azerbaijan 9,512 52 Bolivia 9,422 53 Madagascar 8,350 54 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,524 55 Armenia 6,174 56 Lithuania 6,005 57 Egypt 5,000 58 Israel 5,000 59 Belgium 2,900 60 Latvia 2,450 61 Malta 2,426 62 Zimbabwe 1,750 63 Kyrgyzstan 1,700 64 Paraguay 1,500 65 Ethiopia 1,297 66 Jordan 550 67 United Kingdom 425 68 Panama 159 69 Tajikistan 150 70 Liechtenstein 79 71 Syria 70 72 Reunion 30 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wine production ( tons ) '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . 6 October 2015 . p. 1 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Wine by country Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan China Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Nepal Palestine Philippines Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wine-producing_countries&oldid=839904957 '' Categories : Lists of countries by production Wine - related lists Wine by country Talk About Wikipedia Eesti فارسی Русский سنڌي தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 13 : 30 . About Wikipedia | who makes the most wine in the world | [
"\nWine production by country in 2014\n\nRank\nCountry\n(with link to wine article)\nProduction\n(tonnes)\n\n\n1\n Italy\n4,796,600\n\n\n2\n Spain\n4,607,850\n\n\n3\n France\n4,293,466\n\n\n4\n United States\n3,300,000\n\n\n5\n China\n1,700,000\n\n\n6\n Argentina\n1,498,380\n\n\n7\n Chile\n1,214,000\n\n\n8\n Australia\n1,186,343\n\n\n9\n South Africa\n1,146,006\n\n\n10\n Germany\n920,200\n\n\n11\n Portugal\n603,327\n\n\n12\n Romania\n378,283\n\n\n13\n Greece\n334,300\n\n\n14\n Russia\n327,400\n\n\n15\n New Zealand\n320,400\n\n\n16\n Brazil\n273,100\n\n\n17\n Hungary\n258,520\n\n\n18\n Austria\n199,869\n\n\n19\n Serbia\n198,183\n\n\n20\n Moldova\n149,850\n\n\n21\n Bulgaria\n130,500\n\n\n22\n Georgia\n108,600\n\n\n23\n Switzerland\n93,365\n\n\n24\n Ukraine\n86,904\n\n\n25\n Japan\n85,000\n\n\n26\n Peru\n73,000\n\n\n27\n Uruguay\n72,500\n\n\n28\n Canada\n54,663\n\n\n29\n Algeria\n52,000\n\n\n30\n Czech Republic\n52,000\n\n\n31\n Macedonia\n51,013\n\n\n32\n Croatia\n45,272\n\n\n33\n Turkey\n44,707\n\n\n34\n Mexico\n39,360\n\n\n35\n Turkmenistan\n39,000\n\n\n36\n Morocco\n37,000\n\n\n37\n Uzbekistan\n36,000\n\n\n38\n Slovakia\n32,527\n\n\n39\n Belarus\n29,980\n\n\n40\n Kazakhstan\n21,993\n\n\n41\n Tunisia\n21,500\n\n\n42\n Albania\n24,000\n\n\n43\n Montenegro\n16,000\n\n\n44\n Lebanon\n14,700\n\n\n45\n Slovenia\n13,229\n\n\n46\n Colombia\n13,000\n\n\n47\n Luxembourg\n12,494\n\n\n48\n Cuba\n12,080\n\n\n49\n Estonia\n11,104\n\n\n50\n Cyprus\n10,302\n\n\n51\n Azerbaijan\n9,512\n\n\n52\n Bolivia\n9,422\n\n\n53\n Madagascar\n8,350\n\n\n54\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n7,524\n\n\n55\n Armenia\n6,174\n\n\n56\n Lithuania\n6,005\n\n\n57\n Egypt\n5,000\n\n\n58\n Israel\n5,000\n\n\n59\n Belgium\n2,900\n\n\n60\n Latvia\n2,450\n\n\n61\n Malta\n2,426\n\n\n62\n Zimbabwe\n1,750\n\n\n63\n Kyrgyzstan\n1,700\n\n\n64\n Paraguay\n1,500\n\n\n65\n Ethiopia\n1,297\n\n\n66\n Jordan\n550\n\n\n67\n United Kingdom\n425\n\n\n68\n Panama\n159\n\n\n69\n Tajikistan\n150\n\n\n70\n Liechtenstein\n79\n\n\n71\n Syria\n70\n\n\n72\n Reunion\n30\n\n"
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"Italy"
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-3150349248241966125 | Antarctic Treaty System | Antarctic Treaty System - wikipedia Antarctic Treaty System The Antarctic Treaty French : Traité sur l'Antarctique Russian : Договор об Антарктике Spanish : Tratado Antártico Antarctic Treaty System Flag of the Antarctic Treaty Type Condominium Signed December 1 , 1959 Location Washington , D.C. , United States Effective June 23 , 1961 Condition Ratification of all 12 signatories Signatories 12 Parties 53 Depositary Federal government of the United States Languages English , French , Russian , and Spanish Antarctic Treaty at Wikisource A satellite composite image of Antarctica . The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements , collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System ( ATS ) , regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica , Earth 's only continent without a native human population . For the purposes of the treaty system , Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60 ° S latitude . The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 53 parties . The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve , establishes freedom of scientific investigation and bans military activity on the continent . The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War . Since September 2004 , the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters has been located in Buenos Aires , Argentina . International ownership treaties Antarctic Treaty System Law of the Sea Outer Space Treaty Moon Treaty International waters The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1 , 1959 , and officially entered into force on June 23 , 1961 . The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) of 1957 -- 58 . The twelve countries that had significant interests in Antarctica at the time were : Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Chile , France , Japan , New Zealand , Norway , South Africa , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States . These countries had established over 50 Antarctic stations for the IGY . The treaty was a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved `` on the ice '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Articles of the Antarctic Treaty 2 Other agreements 3 Bilateral treaties 4 Meetings 5 Parties 6 Antarctic Treaty Secretariat 7 Legal system 7.1 Australia 7.2 United States 7.3 New Zealand 7.4 South Africa 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Articles of the Antarctic Treaty ( edit ) Article 1 -- The area is to be used for peaceful purposes only ; military activity , such as weapons testing , is prohibited but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose ; Article 2 -- Freedom of scientific investigations and cooperation shall continue ; Article 3 -- Free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the United Nations and other international agencies ; Article 4 -- The treaty does not recognize , dispute , nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ; Article 5 -- The treaty prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes ; Article 6 -- Includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves but not the surrounding waters south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south ; Article 7 -- Treaty - state observers have free access , including aerial observation , to any area and may inspect all stations , installations , and equipment ; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given ; Article 8 -- Allows for good jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states ; Article 9 -- Frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations ; Article 10 -- All treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty ; Article 11 -- All disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or , ultimately , by the International Court of Justice ; Articles 12 , 13 , 14 -- Deal with upholding , interpreting , and amending the treaty among involved nations . The main objective of the ATS is to ensure in the interests of all humankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord . Pursuant to Article 1 , the treaty forbids any measures of a military nature , but not the presence of military personnel or equipment for the purposes of scientific research . Other agreements ( edit ) Disposal of waste by simply dumping it at the shoreline such as here at the Russian Bellingshausen Station base on King George Island in 1992 is no longer permitted by the Protocol on Environmental Protection Other agreements -- some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments -- include : Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora ( 1964 ) ( entered into force in 1982 ) The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals ( 1972 ) The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( 1982 ) The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities ( 1988 ) ( signed in 1988 , not in force ) The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed October 4 , 1991 , and entered into force January 14 , 1998 ; this agreement prevents development and provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution , fauna and flora , environmental impact assessments , waste management , and protected areas . It prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific . A sixth annex on liability arising from environmental emergencies was adopted in 2005 , but is yet to enter into force . Bilateral treaties ( edit ) Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the Government of the French Republic , regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic ( Paris , 25 October 1938 ) Treaty Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on Cooperation in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories ( TAAF ) , Heard Island and the McDonald Islands ( Canberra , 24 November 2003 ) Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories , Heard Island and the McDonald Islands ( Paris , 8 January 2007 ) Meetings ( edit ) The Antarctic Treaty System 's yearly Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings ( ATCM ) are the international forum for the administration and management of the region . Only 29 of the 53 parties to the agreements have the right to participate in decision - making at these meetings , though the other 24 are still allowed to attend . The decision - making participants are the Consultative Parties and , in addition to the 12 original signatories , include 17 countries that have demonstrated their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there . Parties ( edit ) Map of research stations and territorial claims in Antarctica ( 2002 ) As of 2015 , there are 53 states party to the treaty , 29 of which , including all 12 original signatories to the treaty , have consultative ( voting ) status . Consultative members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory . The 46 non-claimant nations either do not recognize the claims of others , or have not stated their positions . Parties with consulting status making a claim to Antarctic territory Parties with consulting status reserving the right to make a territorial claim Other parties with consulting status Parties without consulting status Non-party UN member states and observers Note : The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon . Country Signature Ratification / Accession Consultative status Notes Argentina ( claim ) * Dec 1 , 1959 Jun 23 , 1961 Jun 23 , 1961 Australia ( claim ) Dec 1 , 1959 Jun 23 , 1961 Jun 23 , 1961 Austria No Aug 25 , 1987 Belarus No Dec 27 , 2006 Belgium Dec 1 , 1959 Jul 26 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Brazil No May 16 , 1975 Sep 27 , 1983 Bulgaria No Sep 11 , 1978 Jun 5 , 1998 Canada No May 4 , 1988 Chile ( claim ) * Dec 1 , 1959 Jun 23 , 1961 Jun 23 , 1961 China No Jun 8 , 1983 Oct 7 , 1985 Colombia No Jan 31 , 1989 Cuba No Aug 16 , 1984 Czech Republic No Jan 1 , 1993 Apr 1 , 2014 Succession from Czechoslovakia , which acceded on June 14 , 1962 . Denmark No May 20 , 1965 Ecuador No Sep 15 , 1987 Nov 19 , 1990 Estonia No May 17 , 2001 Finland No May 15 , 1984 Oct 20 , 1989 France ( claim ) Dec 1 , 1959 Sep 16 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Germany ( claim ) ( rests since 1945 ) No Feb 5 , 1979 Mar 3 , 1981 Ratified as West Germany . East Germany also acceded on November 19 , 1974 , and received consultative status on October 5 , 1987 , prior to its reunification with West Germany . Greece No Jan 8 , 1987 Guatemala No Jul 31 , 1991 Hungary No Jan 27 , 1984 Iceland No Oct 13 , 2015 India No Aug 19 , 1983 Sep 12 , 1983 Italy No Mar 18 , 1981 Oct 5 , 1987 Japan Dec 1 , 1959 Aug 4 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Kazakhstan No Jan 27 , 2015 Malaysia No Oct 31 , 2011 Monaco No May 31 , 2008 Mongolia No Mar 23 , 2015 Netherlands No Mar 30 , 1967 Nov 19 , 1990 New Zealand ( claim ) Dec 1 , 1959 Nov 1 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 North Korea No Jan 21 , 1987 Norway ( claim ) Dec 1 , 1959 Aug 24 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Pakistan No Mar 1 , 2012 Papua New Guinea No Mar 16 , 1981 Succession from Australia . Effective from their independence on September 16 , 1975 . Peru No Apr 10 , 1981 Oct 9 , 1989 Poland No Jun 8 , 1961 Jul 29 , 1977 Portugal No Jan 29 , 2010 Romania No Sep 15 , 1971 Russia * * Dec 1 , 1959 Nov 2 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Ratified as the Soviet Union . Slovakia No January 1 , 1993 Succession from Czechoslovakia , which acceded on June 14 , 1962 . South Africa Dec 1 , 1959 Jun 21 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 South Korea No Nov 28 , 1986 Oct 9 , 1989 Spain No Mar 31 , 1982 Sep 21 , 1988 Sweden No Apr 24 , 1984 Sep 21 , 1988 Switzerland No Nov 15 , 1990 Turkey No Jan 24 , 1996 Ukraine No Oct 28 , 1992 Jun 4 , 2004 United Kingdom ( claim ) * Dec 1 , 1959 May 31 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 United States * * Dec 1 , 1959 Aug 18 , 1960 Jun 23 , 1961 Uruguay No Jan 11 , 1980 Oct 7 , 1985 Venezuela No May 24 , 1999 * Claims overlap . * * Reserved the right to claim areas . Antarctic Treaty Secretariat ( edit ) Main article : Antarctic Treaty Secretariat The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in Buenos Aires , Argentina in September 2004 by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ( ATCM ) . Jan Huber ( Netherlands ) served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until August 31 , 2009 . He was succeeded on September 1 , 2009 , by Manfred Reinke ( Germany ) . The tasks of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat can be divided into the following areas : Supporting the annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ( ATCM ) and the meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection ( CEP ) . Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol . Collecting , storing , arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM . Providing and disseminating public information about the Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic activities . Legal System ( edit ) Antarctica currently has no permanent population and therefore it has no citizenship nor government . All personnel present on Antarctica at any time are citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica , as there is no Antarctic sovereignty . The majority of Antarctica is claimed by one or more countries , but most countries do not explicitly recognize those claims . The area on the mainland between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west is the only major land on Earth not claimed by any country . Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector , the extent of which had never been officially defined , was considered to be unclaimed . That year , Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole . Governments that are party to the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection implement the articles of these agreements , and decisions taken under them , through national laws . These laws generally apply only to their own citizens , wherever they are in Antarctica , and serve to enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties : about which activities are acceptable , which areas require permits to enter , what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities , and so on . The Antarctic Treaty is often considered to represent an example of the common heritage of mankind principle . Australia ( edit ) This 1959 cover commemorated the opening of the Wilkes post office in the Australian Antarctic Territory . Since the designation of the Australian Antarctic Territory pre-dated the signing of the Antarctic Treaty , Australian laws that relate to Antarctica date from more than two decades before the Antarctic Treaty era . In terms of criminal law , the laws that apply to the Jervis Bay Territory ( which follows the laws of the Australian Capital Territory ) apply to the Australian Antarctic Territory . Key Australian legislation applying Antarctic Treaty System decisions include the Antarctic Treaty Act 1960 , the Antarctic Treaty ( Environment Protection ) Act 1980 and the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981 . United States ( edit ) The law of the United States , including certain criminal offences by or against U.S. nationals , such as murder , may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries . To this end , the United States now stations special deputy U.S. Marshals in Antarctica to provide a law enforcement presence . Some U.S. laws directly apply to Antarctica . For example , the Antarctic Conservation Act , Public Law 95 - 541 , 16 U.S.C. § 2401 et seq. , provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities , unless authorized by regulation or statute : the taking of native Antarctic mammals or birds the introduction into Antarctica of non-indigenous plants and animals entry into specially protected or scientific areas the discharge or disposal of pollutants into Antarctica or Antarctic waters the importation into the U.S. of certain items from Antarctica Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to US $10,000 in fines and one year in prison . The Departments of the Treasury , Commerce , Transportation , and the Interior share enforcement responsibilities . The Act requires expeditions from the U.S. to Antarctica to notify , in advance , the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs of the State Department , which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty . Further information is provided by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation . New Zealand ( edit ) In 2006 , the New Zealand police reported that jurisdictional issues prevented them issuing warrants for potential American witnesses who were reluctant to testify during the Christchurch Coroner 's investigation into the death by poisoning of Australian astrophysicist Rodney Marks at the South Pole base in May 2000 . Dr. Marks died while wintering over at the United States ' Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station located at the geographic South Pole . Prior to autopsy , the death was attributed to natural causes by the National Science Foundation and the contractor administering the base . However , an autopsy in New Zealand revealed that Dr. Marks died from methanol poisoning . The New Zealand Police launched an investigation . In 2006 , frustrated by lack of progress , the Christchurch Coroner said that it was unlikely that Dr. Marks ingested the methanol knowingly , although there is no certainty that he died as the direct result of the act of another person . During media interviews , the police detective in charge of the investigation criticized the National Science Foundation and contractor Raytheon for failing to co-operate with the investigation . South Africa ( edit ) South African law applies to all South African citizens in Antarctica , and they are subject to the jurisdiction of the magistrate 's court in Cape Town . In regard to violations of the Antarctic Treaty and related agreements , South Africa also asserts jurisdiction over South African residents and members of expeditions organised in South Africa . See also ( edit ) Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition ( ASOC ) Antarctic Protected Areas Antarctic Treaty issue Arctic Council Multilateral treaty Category : Outposts of Antarctica Research stations in Antarctica References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Antarctic Treaty '' in The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 15th edn. , 1992 , Vol. 1 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Antarctic Treaty '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . 2012 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ ATS.aq Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . United Nations . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.ccamlr.org/en/document/publications/convention-conservation-antarctic-marine-living-resources Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland , and the Government of the French Republic , regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic ( Paris , 25 October 1938 ) . ATS 13 of 1938 . '' Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaty Series . Retrieved on 15 April 2017 Jump up ^ `` Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the maritime areas adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories ( TAAF ) , Heard Island and the McDonald Islands ( Canberra , 24 November 2003 ) -- ATS 6 of 2005 '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories , Heard Island and the McDonald Islands ( Paris , 8 January 2007 ) -- ATS 1 of 2011 '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Antarctic Treaty Secretariat ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty : Parties '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Antarctic Treaty System : Introduction '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic : Succession to Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Germany : Accession to Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea : Succession to Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Russia : Ratification to Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Slovakia : Succession to Antarctic Treaty '' . United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Treaty System ( ATS ) '' . Department of International Relations and Cooperation . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Minturn , `` The Ownership of Antarctica , Its Living and Mineral Resources '' , Journal of Law and the Environment 4 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Norwegian Polar Institute . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Ole Magnus ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo , Norway : Aftenposten . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ... formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket . Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet . Jump up ^ Jennifer Frakes , The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed , Outer Space , and Antarctica : Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise ? Wisconsin International Law Journal . 2003 ; 21 : 409 Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division -- Australian environmental law and guidelines Jump up ^ Marshals and Antarctica Jump up ^ Hotere , Andrea . `` South Pole death file still open '' . Sunday Star Times , December 17 , 2006 . Retrieved on December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Presse - Agentur . `` Death of Australian astrophysicist an Antarctic whodunnit '' . Monstersandcritics.com , December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved on December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Paul . `` New Zealand Probes What May Be First South Pole Murder '' . The Daily Telegraph , ( December 14 , 2006 ) , reprinted in The New York Sun ( December 19 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Booker , Jarrod . `` South Pole scientist may have been poisoned '' . The New Zealand Herald , ( December 14 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` South Pole Death Mystery -- Who killed Rodney Marks ? '' Sunday Star Times ( January 21 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Section 2 of the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act , No. 55 of 1962 , as amended by the Environmental Laws Rationalisation Act , No. 51 of 1997 . Jump up ^ Antarctic Treaties Act , No. 60 of 1996 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Antarctic Treaty Antarctic Treaty Secretariat Full Text of the Antarctic Treaty Original facsimile of Antarctic Treaty Australian Antarctic Territory National Science Foundation -- Office of Polar Programs List of all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings An Antarctic Solution for the Koreas San Diego Union - Tribune , August 25 , 2005 ( Both South Korea and North Korea are members of the Antarctic Treaty ) Emblem of the Antarctic Treaty Territories of Antarctica Territorial claims Adélie Land ( France ) Argentine Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory Peter I Island ( Norway ) Queen Maud Land ( Norway ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Other territories Brazilian Antarctica ( zone of Interest ) Marie Byrd Land ( unclaimed ) Uruguayan Antarctica ( proposed ) Former territories New Swabia ( Germany ) Yamato Yukihara ( Japan ) Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Firefighting Flags Flora Geography Geology Global warming History Mammals Microorganisms Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Floristic Kingdom Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... Commons Antarctica portal Index Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . 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-1580369547316110104 | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | APJ Abdul Kalam - Wikipedia APJ Abdul Kalam This article is about the former President of India . For the Indian freedom fighter , see Abul Kalam Azad . In this Indian name , the name Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen is a patronymic , not a family name , and the person should be referred to by the given name , Abdul Kalam . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India In office 25 July 2002 -- 25 July 2007 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( 1931 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram , Madras Presidency , British India ( now in Ramanathapuram , Tamil Nadu , India 27 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 83 ) Shillong , Meghalaya , India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna ( 1997 ) Hoover Medal ( 2009 ) NSS Von Braun Award ( 2013 ) Notable work ( s ) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.com Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( / ˈæbdəl kəˈlɑːm / ( listen ) ; 15 October 1931 -- 27 July 2015 ) was an Indian scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007 . He was born and raised in Rameswaram , Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering . He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator , mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) and Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) and was intimately involved in India 's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts . He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology . He also played a pivotal organisational , technical , and political role in India 's Pokhran - II nuclear tests in 1998 , the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974 . Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then - opposition Indian National Congress . Widely referred to as the `` People 's President '' , he returned to his civilian life of education , writing and public service after a single term . He was a recipient of several prestigious awards , including the Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour . While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong , Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015 , aged 83 . Thousands including national - level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram , where he was buried with full state honours . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career as a scientist 3 Presidency 4 Post-presidency 5 Death 5.1 Reactions 5.2 Memorial 6 Personal life 7 Religious and spiritual views 7.1 Islam 7.2 Syncretism 7.3 Pramukh Swami as Guru 8 Writings 9 Awards and honours 9.1 Educational and scientific institutions 9.2 Island 9.3 Road 9.4 Plant species 9.5 Other awards and honours 10 Books and documentaries 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Early life and education Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island , then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu . His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque ; his mother Ashiamma was a housewife . His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi . Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family . His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners , with numerous properties and large tracts of land . Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka , as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban . As a result , the family acquired the title of `` Mara Kalam Iyakkivar '' ( wooden boat steerers ) , which over the years became shortened to `` Marakier . '' With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914 , however , the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time , apart from the ancestral home . By his early childhood , Kalam 's family had become poor ; at an early age , he sold newspapers to supplement his family 's income . In his school years , Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn . He spent hours on his studies , especially mathematics . After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School , Ramanathapuram , Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli , then affiliated with the University of Madras , from where he graduated in physics in 1954 . He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology . While Kalam was working on a senior class project , the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days . Kalam met the deadline , impressing the Dean , who later said to him , `` I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline '' . He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot , as he placed ninth in qualifiers , and only eight positions were available in the IAF . Career as a scientist This was my first stage , in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers -- Dr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash . This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me . APJ Abdul Kalam After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960 , Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( by Press Information Bureau , Government of India ) as a scientist after becoming a member of the Defence Research & Development Service ( DRDS ) . He started his career by designing a small hovercraft , but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO . Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai , the renowned space scientist . In 1969 , Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) where he was the project director of India 's first Satellite Launch Vehicle ( SLV - III ) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near - earth orbit in July 1980 ; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965 . In 1969 , Kalam received the government 's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers . Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati In 1963 to 1964 , he visited NASA 's Langley Research Center in Hampton , Virginia ; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt , Maryland ; and Wallops Flight Facility . Between the 1970s and 1990s , Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) and SLV - III projects , both of which proved to be successful . Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country 's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL , even though he had not participated in its development . In the 1970s , Kalam also directed two projects , Project Devil and Project Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme . Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam 's directorship . Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects . His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s , which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship . Kalam and Dr VS Arunachalam , metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister , worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister , R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another . R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹ 388 crores for the mission , named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme ( IGMDP ) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive . Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni , an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi , the tactical surface - to - surface missile , although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns . Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999 . The Pokhran - II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role . Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator , along with Rajagopala Chidambaram , during the testing phase . Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country 's best known nuclear scientist . However , the director of the site test , K Santhanam , said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a `` fizzle '' and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report . Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims . In 1998 , along with cardiologist Soma Raju , Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent , named the `` Kalam - Raju Stent '' . In 2012 , the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas , which was named the `` Kalam - Raju Tablet '' . Presidency Kalam served as the 11th President of India , succeeding K.R. Narayanan . He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884 , surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal . His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007 . On 10 June 2002 , the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) which was in power at the time , expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President , and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy . After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam , Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office , leaving the field clear . Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature : I am really overwhelmed . Everywhere both in Internet and in other media , I have been asked for a message . I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture . On 18 June , Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament , accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues . Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during his presidency The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies , with the media claiming that the election was a one - sided affair and Kalam 's victory was a foregone conclusion ; the count was held on 18 July . Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory , and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July . Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna , India 's highest civilian honour , before becoming the President . Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1954 ) and Dr Zakir Hussain ( 1963 ) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India . He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan . During his term as president , he was affectionately known as the People 's President , saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure . Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure . Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons , and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row . Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five - year tenure as president , rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee , who was later hanged . Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru , a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004 . While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006 , the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row . He also took the controversial decision to impose President 's Rule in Bihar in 2005 . In September 2003 , in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh , Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India , keeping in view the population of the country . At the end of his term , on 20 June 2007 , Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election . However , two days later , he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes . He did not have the support of the left parties , Shiv Sena and UPA constituents , to receive a renewed mandate . Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012 , media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term . After the reports , social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature . The BJP potentially backed his nomination , saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress , Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election . A month ahead of the election , Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam . Days afterwards , Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out , leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter . On 18 June 2012 , Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll . He said of his decision not to do so : Many , many citizens have also expressed the same wish . It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people . I am really overwhelmed by this support . This being their wish , I respect it . I want to thank them for the trust they have in me . Post-presidency After leaving office , Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong , the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad , and the Indian Institute of Management Indore ; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore ; chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram ; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University ; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India . He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad , and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University . In May 2012 , Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement , with a central theme of defeating corruption . In 2011 , Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant ; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people . The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant . Death Kalam at Bijnor a week before his death Wikinews has related news : Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83 On 27 July 2015 , Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on `` Creating a Livable Planet Earth '' at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong . While climbing a flight of stairs , he experienced some discomfort , but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest . At around 6 : 35 p.m. IST , only five minutes into his lecture , he collapsed . He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition ; upon arrival , he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life . Despite being placed in the intensive care unit , Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7 : 45 p.m IST . His last words , to his aide Srijan Pal Singh , were reportedly : `` Funny guy ! Are you doing well ? '' Following his death , Kalam 's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati , from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C - 130J Hercules . The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President , the Vice President , the Prime Minister , Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal , and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces , who laid wreaths on Kalam 's body . His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg ; there , the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage , including former prime minister Manmohan Singh , Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-President Rahul Gandhi , and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav . On the morning of 29 July , Kalam 's body , wrapped in the Indian flag , was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C - 130J aircraft , arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon . His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries , including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar , Venkaiah Naidu , Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya , K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan . After a brief ceremony , Kalam 's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam , from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram . Upon arriving at Rameswaram , his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening . On 30 July 2015 , the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram 's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours . Over 350,000 people attended the last rites , including the Prime Minister , the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka , Kerala and Andhra Pradesh . Reactions India reacted to Kalam 's death with an outpouring of grief ; numerous tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on social media . The Government of India declared a seven - day state mourning period as a mark of respect . President Pranab Mukherjee , Vice-President Hamid Ansari , Home Minister Rajnath Singh , and other leaders condoled the former President 's demise . Prime Minister Narendra Modi said `` ( Dr. Kalam 's ) death is a great loss to the scientific community . He took India to great heights . He showed the way . '' Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh , who had served as prime minister under Kalam , said , `` our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies . I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country . His life and work will be remembered for generations to come . '' ISRO chairman A.S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague `` a great personality and a gentleman '' , while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as `` a global leader '' for whom `` the downtrodden and poor people were his priority . He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation '' , adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill . South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman . The Bhutanese government ordered the country 's flags to fly at half - staff to mourn Kalam 's death , and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage . Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness , saying Kalam `` was a leader greatly admired by all people , especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people 's President '' . Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as `` a rare combination of a great statesman , acclaimed scientist , and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia '' and termed his death an `` irreparable loss to India and beyond '' . Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said `` as a nuclear scientist , he engaged himself in the welfare of the people '' . Ashraf Ghani , the President of Afghanistan , called Kalam `` an inspirational figure to millions of people , '' noting that `` we have a lot to learn from his life '' . Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam 's scientific contributions to India : `` Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality . '' The President of Pakistan , Mamnoon Hussain , and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death . The President of Sri Lanka , Maithripala Sirisena , also expressed his condolences . `` Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit , and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world . His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world . '' Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice-President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalam 's death , with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians . Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom , who had made an official visit to India during Kalam 's presidency , termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind . The Commander - in - Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces , Senior General Min Aung Hlaing , expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government . The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers , calling Kalam 's death `` an irreparable loss '' . Kathleen Wynne , the Premier of Ontario , which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions , expressed `` deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist , he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space programme . As a committed educator , he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best . And as a devoted leader , he gained support both at home and abroad , becoming known as ' the people 's President ' . I join our Indo -- Canadian families , friends , and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader . '' United States President Barack Obama extended `` deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam '' , and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman , notably his role in strengthening US -- India relations and increasing space co-operation between the two nations . `` Suitably named ' the People 's President ' , Dr. Kalam 's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world . '' Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support `` to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader , to the government , and entire people of India '' . He remarked on Kalam 's outstanding `` personal contribution to the social , economic , scientific , and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security , '' adding that Dr Kalam would be remembered as a `` consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations , who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian -- Indian cooperation . '' Other international leaders -- including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak , Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , and Vice-President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum -- also paid tribute to Kalam . In a special gesture , Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book . `` The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency . The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman . May he rest in peace and eternity '' , Ban wrote in his message . Memorial The Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu , in the island town of Rameswaram , Tamil Nadu . It was inaugurated Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017 . On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles with which Kalam had worked with . Acrylic paintings about his life are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life of the mass leader . There is a statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the Veena . There are two other smaller statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture . Personal life Kalam was the youngest of five siblings , the eldest of whom was a sister , Asim Zohra ( d . 1997 ) , followed by three elder brothers : Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar ( born 4 November 1916 ) , Mustafa Kalam ( d . 1999 ) and Kasim Mohammed ( d . 1995 ) . He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life , and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations , himself remaining a lifelong bachelor . Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle . He never owned a television , and was in the habit of rising at 6 : 30 or 7 a.m and sleeping by 2 a.m. His few personal possessions included his books , his veena , some articles of clothing , a CD player and a laptop ; at his death , he left no will , and his possessions went to his eldest brother , who survived him . In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam , Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu , who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol . Religious and spiritual views Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life . In fact , he made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book , Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Islam A proud and practising Muslim , daily namāz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam 's life . His father , the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram , had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children . His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue . As Kalam recalled : `` Every evening , my father A.P. Jainulabdeen , an imam , Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry , the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple , and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island . '' Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India 's multitudinous issues lay in `` dialogue and cooperation '' among the country 's religious , social , and political leaders . Moreover , since Kalam believed that `` respect for other faiths '' was one of the key cornerstones of Islam , he was fond of saying : `` For great men , religion is a way of making friends ; small people make religion a fighting tool . '' Syncretism One component of Kalam 's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India , and an enduring aspect of his legacy , is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India . In addition to his faith in the Koran and Islamic practice , Kalam was well - versed in Hindu traditions ; he learnt Sanskrit , read the Bhagavad Gita and he was a vegetarian . Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry , playing the veena ( a South Indian string instrument ) , and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day . In 2002 , in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming President , he reiterated his desire for a more united India , stating that `` ( d ) uring the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... ( and ) I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country '' . Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions , Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated , `` Kalam was a complete Indian , an embodiment of the eclecticism of India 's heritage of diversity '' . BJP leader L.K. Advani concurred that Kalam was `` the best exemplar of the Idea of India , one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India 's unity in immense diversity . This was most strikingly evident in the second - to - last book he published , presciently titled Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami . Pramukh Swami as guru Kalam 's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous , spiritual , and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami , the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya , who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru . The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen - year period took place on 30 June 2001 in New Delhi , during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami 's simplicity and spiritual purity . Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions . One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS ' Akshardham , Gandhinagar complex in September 2002 ; Pramukh Swami prayed for , and sprinkled holy water upon , the sites of all of the deceased , including the terrorists , demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred . Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami 's equanimity and compassion , citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him , Kalam stated that `` ( Pramukh Swami ) has indeed transformed me . He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God - synchronous orbit . No manoeuvres are required any more , as I am placed in my final position in eternity . '' Following Kalam 's death a month after his final book was released , co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam 's death . Writings APJ Abdul Kalam delivering a speech In his book India 2020 , Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a `` knowledge superpower '' and a developed nation by the year 2020 . He regarded his work on India 's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India 's place as a future superpower . I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action : ( 1 ) agriculture and food processing ; ( 2 ) education and healthcare ; ( 3 ) information and communication technology ; ( 4 ) infrastructure , reliable and quality electric power , surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country ; and ( 5 ) self - reliance in critical technologies . These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way , will lead to food , economic and national security . Kalam describes a `` transformative moment '' in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami , the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya , how India might realise this five - pronged vision of development . Pramukh Swami 's answer -- to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption -- became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam 's life , which he describes in his final book , Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji , published just a month before his death . It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him . Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology , including a research programme for developing biomedical implants . He also supported open source technology over proprietary software , predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people . Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999 . He explained , `` I feel comfortable in the company of young people , particularly high school students . Henceforth , I intend to share with them experiences , helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available . '' His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart . Awards and honours Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities . The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government . In 1997 , Kalam received India 's highest civilian honour , the Bharat Ratna , for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India . In 2013 , he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society `` to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space - related project '' . Following his death , Kalam received numerous tributes . The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday , 15 October , would be observed across the state as `` Youth Renaissance Day ; '' the state government further instituted the `` Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award , '' constituting an 8 - gram gold medal , a certificate and ₹ 500,000 ( US $7,300 ) . The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day , beginning in 2015 , to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth , the humanities or the welfare of students . On the anniversary of Kalam 's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his name in the CBSE expression series . The Prime Minister , Narendra Modi , ceremonially released postage stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in New Delhi on 15 October 2015 , the 84th anniversary of Kalam 's birth . Researchers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , had discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space Station ( ISS ) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late president Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Educational and scientific institutions Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death . An agricultural college at Kishanganj , Bihar , was renamed the `` Dr. Kalam Agricultural College , Kishanganj '' by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam 's funeral . The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam . Uttar Pradesh Technical University ( UPTU ) was renamed `` A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University '' by the Uttar Pradesh state government . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases , a new research institute in Kollam city , Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital . A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala . A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet , Puducherry . India and the US have launched the Fulbright - Kalam Climate Fellowship In September 2014 . The first call for applicants was announced on Friday 12 March 2016 , for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6 -- 12 months . The fellowship will be operated by the binational US - India Educational Foundation ( USIEF ) under the Fulbright programme . Kerala Technological University , headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram where Kalam lived for years , was renamed to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University after his death . Island Wheeler Island , a national missile test site in Odisha , was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015 . Road A prominent road in New Delhi was renamed from Aurangzeb Road to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road in August 2015 . Plant species In February 2018 , scientists from the Botanical Survey of India named a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii , in his honour . Other awards and honours Year of award or honour Name of award or honour Awarding organisation 2014 Doctor of Science Edinburgh University , UK 2013 Von Braun Award National Space Society 2012 Doctor of Laws ( Honoris Causa ) Simon Fraser University 2011 IEEE Honorary Membership IEEE Doctor of Engineering University of Waterloo 2009 Honorary Doctorate Oakland University 2009 Hoover Medal ASME Foundation , USA 2009 International von Kármán Wings Award California Institute of Technology , USA 2008 Doctor of Engineering ( Honoris Causa ) Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 2008 Doctor of Science ( Honoris Causa ) Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science and Technology Carnegie Mellon University 2007 King Charles II Medal Royal Society , UK 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science University of Wolverhampton , UK 2000 Ramanujan Award Alwars Research Centre , Chennai 1998 Veer Savarkar Award Government of India 1997 Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration Indian National Congress 1997 Bharat Ratna Government of India 1995 Honorary Fellow National Academy of Medical Sciences , 1994 Distinguished Fellow Institute of Directors ( India ) Padma Vibhushan Government of India 1981 Padma Bhushan Government of India Books and documentaries Kalam 's writings ( proposed to be deleted : this `` book '' is a commemorative collection of papers with Kalam and Narasimha as editors . Given URL clearly mentions this ) Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by APJ Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha ; Indian Academy of Sciences , 1988 India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium by APJ Abdul Kalam , Y.S. Rajan ; New York , 1998 . Wings of Fire : An Autobiography by APJ Abdul Kalam , Arun Tiwari ; Universities Press , 1999 . Ignited Minds : Unleashing the Power Within India by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Viking , 2002 . The Luminous Sparks by APJ Abdul Kalam , by ; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd. , 2004 . Mission India by APJ Abdul Kalam , Paintings by Manav Gupta ; Penguin Books , 2005 Inspiring Thoughts by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Rajpal & Sons , 2007 Indomitable Spirit by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Rajpal and Sons Publishing Envisioning an Empowered Nation by APJ Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai ; Tata McGraw - Hill , New Delhi You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond by APJ Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari ; Ocean Books , 2011 . Turning Points : A journey through challenges by APJ Abdul Kalam ; Harper Collins India , 2012 . Target 3 Billion by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; December 2011 Publisher Penguin Books . My Journey : ( titled எனது பயணம் - Tamil ) Transforming Dreams into Actions by APJ Abdul Kalam ; August 2013 by the Rupa Publication . A Manifesto for Change : A Sequel to India 2020 by APJ Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj ; July 2014 by Harper Collins . Forge your Future : Candid , Forthright , Inspiring by APJ Abdul Kalam ; by Rajpal and Sons , 29 October 2014 . Reignited : Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; by Penguin India , 14 May 2015 . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by APJ Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari ; HarperCollins Publishers , June 2015 Advantage India : From Challenge to Opportunity by APJ Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh ; HarperCollins Publishers , 15 Oct 2015 . Biographies Eternal Quest : Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra ; Pentagon Publishers , 2002 . President APJ Abdul Kalam by RK Pruthi ; Anmol Publications , 2002 . APJ Abdul Kalam : The Visionary of India by K Bhushan , G Katyal ; APH Pub Corp , 2002 . A Little Dream ( documentary film ) by P. Dhanapal ; Minveli Media Works Private Limited , 2008 . The Kalam Effect : My Years with the President by PM Nair ; Harper Collins , 2008 . My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr AK George ; Novel Corporation , 2009 . See also List of Presidents of India The Greatest Indian Indian presidential election , 2002 Pokhran - II References ^ Jump up to : editor ; Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Dale Hoiberg , ed . A to C ( Abd Allah ibn al - Abbas to Cypress ) . New Delhi : Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , R.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 4 . Missile Man of India '' . President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Anmol Publications . pp. 61 -- 76 . 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Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 1 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Name as given by Press Information Bureau , Government of India '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Images of the Inauguration function published at the website of Defence Research & Development Organisation '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister of India , Shri Narendra Modi 's web page with news and photos '' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row ? '' . The Indian Express . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Abdul Kalam 's elder brother turns 100 and APJ had bought a gift for him '' . India Today . 5 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` We thought he would be with us for another decade : Kalam 's nephew '' . Mid-Day. 29 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man of integrity , Kalam insulated family from trappings of power '' . The Times of India . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam Tribute : Sir Never Had a TV at Home , Recalls Secretary of 24 Years '' . NDTV.com. 28 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam had no property '' . The Hindu . 3 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guru Kalam 's assets , royalties to go to elder brother '' . OneIndia.com. 3 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Kalam : Movie Review '' . The Times of India . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lama , The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai . `` News The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama '' . www.dalailama.com . Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . pp. ix -- xi . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Transcending boundaries with Swamiji - Ahmedabad Mirror - '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr Kalam , India 's Most Non-Traditional President '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shashi Tharoor ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` Abdul Kalam : People 's president , extraordinary Indian '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ramzan & Rameswaram : His ties with the island - The Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` APJ Abdul Kalam : Not Hindu , Not Muslim -- Death of an ' Indian ' '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Kalam : Greatly beloved , but he maybe missed being truly great - Firstpost '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalam served India till last breath : Advani '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam - the message is same '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam on why Sanskrit is important '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' With him at the helm , there is hope that things might change ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply - Firstpost '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Of Rasam and Rice : The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam - NDTV Food '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . Time . 30 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida , India : HarperCollins India . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kalam , APJ Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . pp. 14 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kalam , APJ Abdul ; Tiwari , Arun ( 2015 ) . Transcendence : My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji . Noida : HarperCollins India . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5177 - 405 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Did Kalam sense his end was near ? Arun Tiwari suspects '' . The Hindu . 30 July 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` IDG Session Address '' ( PDF ) . NUJS Law Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam , the author catching on in South Korea '' . Outlook magazine . 9 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Becker , David ( 29 May 2003 ) . `` India leader advocates open source '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Kalam 's Page '' . abdulKalam.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Dayekh , Ribal ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai '' . Zawya . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen 's University Belfast '' . Oneindia.in. 11 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 26 November 1997 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ National Space Society , NSS Von Braun Award Archived 2 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... retrieved 10 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Award in Kalam 's name , birthday to be observed as ' Youth Renaissance Day ' '' . Economic Times . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` APJ_Abdul_Kalam. pdf '' ( PDF ) . CBSE. 16 October 2015 . pp. 1 , 4 -- 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him '' . International Business Times . 21 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar govt names college , science city after ' People 's President ' APJ Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 30 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University '' . Times of India . 1 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Institute to be named after Kalam '' . The Hindu . 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 4 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Science centre - cum - planetarium named after Abdul Kalam '' . The Hindu . 16 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India , US Launch Fulbright - Kalam Climate Fellowship '' . Ndtv.com. 12 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Odisha 's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam '' . Hindustan Times . 4 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum '' . University of Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees -- Convocation '' . Simon Fraser University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A.P.J Abdul Kalam -- Honorary Degree , 2009 '' . Oakland University . Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal '' . The Times of India . New York . 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Caltech GALCIT International von Kármán Wings Award '' . galcit.caltech.edu . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Abdul Kalam , former President of India , receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering '' . Nanyang Technological University . 26 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate '' . The Economics Times . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate '' . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam '' . cmu.edu . Carnegie Mellon University . 26 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Charles II Medal for President '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 12 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` King Charles II Medal for Kalam '' . The Economic Times . India . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Society King Charles II Medal '' . Royal Society . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science '' . The Economic Times . India . 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Abdul Kalam 's Diverse Interests : Prizes / Awards '' . Indian Institute of Technology Madras . Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of recipients of Bharat Ratna '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Fellows - NAMS '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Medical Sciences . 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Distinguished Fellows '' . Institute of Directors . Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam '' . Rediff.com. 26 November 1997 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology '' . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ; Y.S. , Rajan ( 1998 ) . India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 88271 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2002 ) . Ignited minds : unleashing the power within India . Viking . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2004 ) . The luminous sparks : a biography in verse and colours . Bangalore : Punya Pub . ISBN 978 - 81 - 901897 - 8 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rajan , A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. ( 2005 ) . Mission India : a vision for Indian youth . New Delhi , India : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333499 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2007 ) . Inspiring thoughts . Delhi : Rajpal & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7028 - 684 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kalam , A.P.J. Abdul ( 2006 ) . Indomitable Spirit . Delhi : Rajpal & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7028 - 654 - 7 . Jump up ^ You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond . New Delhi , India : Ocean Books . ISBN 81 - 8430 - 037 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Turning Points : A journey through challenges '' . Harper Collins India . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Abdul Kalam 's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14 '' . news.biharprabha.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Abdul Kalam , APJ ( 29 October 2014 ) . Forge Your Future : Candid , Forthright , Inspiring . Rajpal and Sons . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5064 - 279 - 5 . ASIN 9350642794 . Jump up ^ Abdul Kalam , APJ ; Pal Singh , Srijan ( 14 May 2015 ) . Reignited : Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future . Penguin India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333354 - 8 . ASIN 0143333542 . Jump up ^ Dr. Abdul Kalam 's new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on June 15 . Harper Collins India Publication . ASIN 9351774058 . Jump up ^ APJ , Abdul Kalam ; Srijan , Pal Singh . Advantage India : From Challenge to Opportunity . ISBN 935177645X . Jump up ^ Rohde , David ( 19 July 2002 ) . `` Nuclear Scientist , 70 , a Folk Hero , Is Elected India 's President '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Pruthi , Raj ( 2003 ) . President Apj Abdul Kalam . Anmol Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1344 - 6 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , K. ; Katyal , G. ( 2002 ) . A.P.J. Abdul Kalam : The Visionary of India . APH Publishing . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 380 - 3 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary on Kalam released '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 12 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Nair , P.M. ( 2008 ) . The Kalam Effect : My Years with the President . HarperCollins Publishers , a joint venture with the India Today Group . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 736 - 3 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Fr AK George ( 2009 ) . My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam . Novel Corp . ISBN 978 - 81 - 904529 - 5 - 3 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Official website Wikiquote has quotations related to : A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B.K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S.I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M.S. Valiathan Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B.K.S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Jaggi Vasudev Public Affairs L.K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P.N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C.D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P.B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin Gilman Zakir Husain V.R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V.N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V.K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N.G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y . Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P.A. Sangma M.C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M.N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Science and Engineering V.K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I.G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K.R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C.R. Rao C.N.R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Udupi Ramachandra Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M.R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M.S. Swaminathan Social Work Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U.N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1980 -- 1989 ) 1980 Sunil Gavaskar 1981 Vainu Bappu Prafulla Desai A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Gopinath Mohanty Amritlal Nagar Mrinal Sen Avabai Bomanji Wadia 1982 Jasbir Singh Bajaj Sundaram Balachander Gottipati Brahmaiah Rani Gaidinliu Khadim Hussain Khan Stella Kramrisch Jal Minocher Mehta Grace Morley Syed Zahoor Qasim Kamal Ranadive P.N. Pattabhirama Sastri Jhabarmal Sharma Ajit Ram Verma Richard Attenborough Doraiswamy Iyengar V.G. Jog K. Sankaran Nair Prem Nazir Swraj Paul , Baron Paul Rajkumar K.G. Ramanathan Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala Subodh Chandra Sengupta Adi M. Sethna Arun Kumar Sharma Benudhar Sharma Bhalindra Singh Umrao Singh 1984 Horace Alexander Michael Ferreira Sivaji Ganesan Jnan Prakash Ghosh Kotha Satchidananda Murthy Hosur Narasimhaiah Sripada Pinakapani Ishwari Prasad B.C. Sanyal Marie Seton Archana Sharma Obaid Siddiqi Natwar Singh Ganda Singh Vijay Tendulkar Baldev Upadhyaya 1985 Durga Das Basu Shiba P. Chatterjee Eknath Vasant Chitnis Virender Lal Chopra Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Santidev Ghosh Bhimsen Joshi Tribhuvandas Luhar Sadat Abul Masud Kalanidhi Narayanan Bernard Peters Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai Gopala Ramanujam S. Ramaseshan Vuppuluri Ganapathi Sastry Amarjit Singh Gurbachan Singh Talib Bhalchandra Udgaonkar Srinivasan Varadarajan 1986 Pushpa Mittra Bhargava Ela Bhatt Manohar Lal Chibber Aminuddin Dagar V. Krishnamurthy Jean Riboud Sidney Dillon Ripley Rajeev Sethi Martand Singh C. Venkataraman Sundaram Badri Nath Tandon Gulshan Lal Tandon R.K. Trivedi Balamani Amma Kishori Amonkar Nikhil Banerjee Roddam Narasimha R.D. Pradhan Annada Shankar Ray Julio Ribeiro Man Mohan Sharma Laxmi Prasad Sihare Farokh Udwadia Mohammad Yunus 19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche Ram Prakash Bambah Kartar Singh Duggal Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Abid Hussain Shreyans Prasad Jain Kelucharan Mohapatra Bal Ram Nanda Akkineni Nageswara Rao Pratury Trirumala Rao Renuka Ray B.V. Sreekantan Satya Pal Wahi Fenner Brockway , Baron Brockway Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Girija Devi Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar Girilal Jain Anna Rajam Malhotra M.V. Mathur Ashesh Prosad Mitra Russi Mody Suresh Shankar Nadkarni Narinder Singh Randhawa Yoshio Sakurauchi Lakshman Singh Prakash Narain Tandon # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Aeronautics Avionics Tejas Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft Other HAL programmes HJT - 36 HTT - 40 Dhruv Rudra Light Combat Helicopter Light Utility Helicopter Unmanned aerial vehicles Nishant Rustom Lakshya Kapothaka Ulka Fluffy AURA UAV Imperial Eagle Netra Armaments Small arms INSAS Vidhwansak MSMC MCIWS Artillery systems and ammunition Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher M - 46 Catapult Bhim - T6 Dhanush Howitzer Armoured fighting vehicles Tanks Arjun Arjun Mk - II Tank EX DRDO light tank Infantry fighting vehicle Abhay IFV Other vehicles Carrier Mortar Tracked Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle Light Armoured Vehicle Kartik BLT Daksh Electronics and Computer Sciences Electronic warfare Samyukta Tarang Radars INDRA Rajendra Radar Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar Multi-mode radar 3D Airborne Warning and Control Super Vision - 2000 BFSR - SR 3D - CAR Swathi Weapon Locating Radar Software NETRA Missile systems Ballistic missiles Agni Agni - I Agni - II Agni - III Agni - IV Agni - V Agni - VI Prithvi II III Dhanush SRBM Shaurya Prahaar SLBM K - 15 K - 4 K - 5 Cruise missiles Nirbhay BrahMos II HSTDV Air - to - air missiles Astra BVRAAM DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile Anti-tank missiles Nag DRDO Anti Tank Missile Surface - to - air Akash Trishul Maitri missile Barak 8 Air - to - surface Helina BrahMos Air launched Variant Anti-ballistic Prithvi Air Defence ( PAD ) Advanced Air Defence ( AAD ) Torpedoes Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo Bombs Laser - guided Sudarshan Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon People Scientists Maj General Ranjit Lal Jetley Ram Narain Agarwal A.P.J. Abdul Kalam A. Sivathanu Pillai W Selvamurthy V.K. Saraswat V.K. Aatre Raja Ramanna V.S. Mahalingam Keshav Dattatreya Nayak Engines GTX 37 - 14U GTX - 35VS Kaveri Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine GATET engine Important programmes Project Indigo Project Valiant Project Devil IGMDP Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Indian Missile Programme Indian Armed Forces Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human Spaceflight Programme Satellites APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat AstroSat - 2 HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL South Asia Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Space probes Chandrayaan - 1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 Venus orbiter mission ( proposed ) Crewed spacecraft Gaganyaan Rockets Engine CE - 7.5 CE - 20 Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV Technology Demonstration Programme RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) Vikram Sarabhai Space Center ( VSSC ) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ( LPSC ) ISRO Propulsion Complex See also SAGA - 220 ( supercomputer ) List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) Sites Trombay Pokhran CIRUS reactor Rajasthan Thar Desert Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory High Energy Materials Research Laboratory Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Administrators Indira Gandhi Jagjivan Ram Tapishwar Narain Raina Swaran Singh Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Related articles Indian nuclear programme History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - II ( May 13 , 1998 ) Indo - American nuclear deal Nuclear proliferation See also : Nuclear power in India BNF : cb13756488m ( data ) GND : 124468047 ISNI : 0000 0000 8128 1158 LCCN : n98925888 NDL : 01087382 NLA : 41505655 SUDOC : 061027200 VIAF : 49404258 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam&oldid=856232218 '' Categories : 1931 births 2015 deaths A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Defence Research and Development Organisation Indian aerospace engineers Indian Space Research Organisation people Indian Muslims Madras Institute of Technology alumni People from Ramanathapuram district Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service Presidents of India Engineers from Tamil Nadu Tamil engineers Tamil poets University of Madras alumni St. Joseph 's College , Tiruchirappalli alumni Nuclear energy in India Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences 20th - century Indian engineers 20th - century Indian politicians 21st - century Indian engineers Indian Tamil academics Indian Tamil politicians 21st - century Indian politicians State funerals in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was honoured with bharat ratna before he became president of india | [
"A. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n11th President of India\nIn office25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007Prime Minister\nAtal Bihari VajpayeeManmohan SinghVice President\nKrishan KantBhairon Singh ShekhawatPreceded by\nK. R. NarayananSucceeded by\nPratibha Patil\nPersonal detailsBorn\nAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam(1931-10-15)15 October 1931Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India(now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDied\n27 July 2015(2015-07-27) (aged 83)Shillong, Meghalaya, IndiaNationality\nIndianAlma mater\nSt. Joseph's College, TiruchirappalliMadras Institute of TechnologyProfession\nAerospace scientistProfessorAuthorAwards\nBharat Ratna (1997)Hoover Medal (2009)NSS Von Braun Award (2013)Notable work(s)\nWings of FireSignature\nWebsite\nabdulkalam.com"
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"A. P. J. Abdul Kalam"
] |
1423131306610735430 | Road Accident Fund | Road accident Fund - wikipedia Road accident Fund Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Road Accident Fund in South Africa , which is better known as the RAF , is a state insurer established by statute . It provides insurance cover to all drivers of motor vehicles in South Africa in respect of liability incurred or damage caused as a result of a traffic collision . Liability incurred in relation to property damage ( such as damage to vehicles , buildings , vehicle contents ) is excluded from cover . The Road Accident Fund operates a system whereby the claimant is assigned a percentage of responsibility for the accident , and the Road Accident Fund pays the claimant a percentage of a full settlement based on a percentage that was not deemed to be their responsibility . Insurance premiums are collected by the Road Accident Fund through a levy on motor vehicle fuel . Contents ( hide ) 1 RAF at a glance 1.1 1.1 Organisational Overview 1.1. 1 1.1. 1 Mandate 1.1. 2 1.1. 2 Predecessors 1.1. 3 1.1. 3 Governing Structure 1.1. 4 1.1. 5 Principal Activities 1.1. 5 1.1. 6 Economic Role 1.1. 6 1.1. 7 Social Role 1.1. 7 1.1. 8 Vision 1.1. 8 1.1. 9 Mission 1.2 2 . Funding 1.2. 1 2.1 RAF Fuel Levy 1.2. 2 2.2 Financial Position 1.3 Locations 1.3. 1 Head Office 1.3. 2 Menlyn Office 1.3. 3 Pretoria 1.3. 4 Pretoria ( Customer Service Centre ) 1.3. 5 Johannesburg 1.3. 6 East London 1.3. 7 Durban 1.3. 8 Cape Town 2 External links 3 References RAF at a glance ( edit ) 11 organisational overview ( edit ) 11 1 mandate ( edit ) The RAF is a juristic person established by an Act of Parliament , namely , the Road Accident Fund Act , 1996 ( Act No. 56 of 1996 ) , as amended ( '' RAF Act '' ) . It commenced operations on 1 May 1997 , assuming at the time , all the rights , obligations , assets and liabilities of the Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents Fund . The RAF is responsible for providing compulsory social insurance cover to all users of South African roads ; to rehabilitate and compensate persons injured as a result of the negligent driving of motor vehicles in a timely and caring manner ; and to actively promote the safe use of all South African roads . Section 3 of the RAF Act stipulates that `` the object of the Fund shall be the payment of compensation in accordance with this Act for loss or damage wrongfully caused by the driving of a motor vehicle '' . The customer base of the RAF , therefore , comprises not only the South African public , but all foreigners within the borders of the country . The RAF provides two types of cover , namely personal insurance cover to accident victims or their families , and indemnity cover to wrongdoers . 11 2 predecessors ( edit ) Prior to 1997 , the system of compulsory motor vehicle accident insurance was governed by the following legislation : Motor Vehicle Insurance Act , 1942 ( Act No. 29 of 1942 ) ; Compulsory Motor Vehicle Insurance Act , 1972 ( Act No. 56 of 1972 ) ; Motor Vehicle Accident Act , 1986 ( Act No. 84 of 1986 ) ; and Multilateral Motor Vehicle Accidents Fund Act , 1989 ( Act No. 93 of 1989 ) . 11 3 governing structure ( edit ) The RAF , as established by the RAF Act , is owned by the South African public . It is listed as a national public entity in accordance with schedule 3A of the PFMA . Government 's governance oversight over the RAF includes : ( National Assembly ) through the relevant Portfolio Committee and the Standing Committee on Public Accounts ( `` SCOPA '' ) ; The Executive Authority , Honourable Minister of Transport ; and Board of the RAF . The National Assembly has legislative powers and maintains oversight of the National Executive Authority and the RAF as an organ of State . In addition , Parliament oversees the Executive Authority who is required to provide Parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under his control . Parliament exercises oversight of the RAF through the Transport Portfolio Committee and through SCOPA . The Portfolio Committee oversees service delivery and performance in accordance with the mandate of the RAF and its corporate strategy . It reviews financial and non-financial information , such as efficiency and effectiveness measures in delivering services against corporate goals . The Minister of Transport is the Executive Authority of the RAF and is concerned with the financial viability and risks of the organisation , as well as policy - making and monitoring of policy implementation to ensure that the RAF effectively delivers on its mandate . The board of directors acts as the Accounting Authority of the RAF and is accountable to the Executive Authority for the performance and affairs of the entity . The RAF 's Board is responsible for determining the overall direction of the RAF , formulating and implementing policies that are necessary to achieve the RAF 's strategic goals , and maintaining good corporate governance . 11 5 principal activities ( edit ) The RAF provides compulsory cover to all users of South African roads , both citizens and foreigners , against injuries sustained or death arising from accidents involving motor vehicles within the borders of South Africa . This cover is in the form of indemnity insurance to persons who cause the accident , as well as personal injury and death insurance to victims of motor vehicle accidents and their families . 11 6 economic role ( edit ) Road transportation is a critical element supporting and directly contributing to growth in any economy . Road accidents are , unfortunately , a negative consequence of this economic growth , affecting both economically active members of our society and other citizens . Free markets , and in particular the private sector , do not fully address the impact of road accidents on society and the economy . The RAF provides a social security safety net to the country and economy by making available compulsory social insurance cover to all users of South African roads . Contributions to the RAF are done by way of a levy on fuel used for road transportation . The cover extends to all members of society including , but not limited to , the poor , children , legal and illegal immigrants , foreigners , owners and drivers of motor vehicles , as well as their passengers . The social insurance cover , however , does not extend to drivers of motor vehicles that are found to be negligent . 11 7 social role ( edit ) The socio - economic role of the RAF is to re-integrate victims of road accidents into society , from a health and economic perspective , and to protect at - fault drivers and their families from financial ruin . This is done by the RAF paying the medical and related services costs required to restore accident victims to health , compensating the victims or their families for income or support lost as a result of the accident , and indemnifying the wrongdoer from liability . In addition , the RAF pays general damages to accident victims as compensation for pain and suffering , loss of amenities of life , disability and disfigurement , as well as funeral costs to families in circumstances where the victim of the accident sustains fatal injuries . 11 8 vision ( edit ) The vision of the RAF is `` to provide the highest standard of care to road accident victims to restore balance in the social system '' . 11 9 mission ( edit ) The mission of the RAF is `` to provide appropriate cover to all road users within the borders of South Africa ; to rehabilitate persons injured , compensate for injuries or death and indemnify wrongdoers as a result of motor vehicle accidents in a timely , caring and sustainable manner ; and to support the safe use of our roads '' . 2 . Funding ( edit ) The RAF can obtain its funding from several sources as outlined below : Fuel levy income ; Government grants , paid by National Treasury when there is a pressing need such as an acute cash shortage ; Borrowings / loans , which are an allowed source of funding according to the RAF Act . This option has not been used to date ; and Investment income , acquired from invested funds that occasionally result when the RAF 's operational capacity prevents it from paying out all its funds . 2.1 RAF fuel levy ( edit ) The primary source of income for the RAF compensation scheme is a levy raised on fuel . The levy is measured in terms of cents per litre on petrol and diesel fuel sold in South Africa and forms part of the general fuel tax regulated by government . The fuel levy per litre is set by National Treasury on a yearly basis , whereas total fuel sales are influenced by a number of macro-economic factors . On an annual basis , the RAF requests National Treasury for an increase in the RAF Fuel Levy , based on a financial model and a calculation of its costs during the coming year . The full extent of the RAF Fuel Levy requested is seldom granted . This is because National Treasury has historically set the levy on the basis of a pay - as - you - go principle rather than with the purpose of establishing a fully funded position for the RAF . During the 2012 financial year the RAF Fuel Levy was set at 80 cents per litre . The RAF is not involved in the collection of its fuel levy . The South African Revenue Service ( `` SARS '' ) administers the collection of the fuel levy and pays it to the RAF , in accordance with provisions of the Customs and Excise Act , 1964 ( Act No. 91 of 1964 ) and the RAF Act . The two main variables that determine the income of the RAF are the volume of petrol and diesel sold per annum and the rate of the levy . The RAF Fuel Levy can be viewed as a compulsory contribution to social security benefits which is used only for the specific purposes as provided for in legislation . 2.2 financial position ( edit ) The RAF is affected by general economic conditions and other environmental factors , and by the extent to which it manages its costs effectively . The nexus of all these factors is road activity in South Africa : The number of vehicles on the road influences the amount of fuel sold , which in turn affects the revenue granted to the RAF by National Treasury . This revenue comprises the fuel levy together with ad hoc government grants and minor income from investments to equal the RAF 's total revenue . The number of vehicles on the road also influences the number of accidents , although many other factors influence this statistic , particularly the relative severity of accidents . Volume and severity of accidents influence the volume and average value of claims made against the RAF . Claims , combined with the cost of third parties , such as attorneys and medical / legal experts , and the RAF 's administration costs , equal the RAF 's total costs . Locations ( edit ) Head Office ( edit ) 2 Eco Glades Office Park , 420 Witch - Hazel Avenue , Centurion , P / Bag X178 , Centurion , 0046 Tel : + 27 12 621 1600 / 1622 Menlyn Office ( edit ) Road Accident Fund Building , 38 Ida Street , Menlopark , Pretoria , 0081 P / Bag X2003 , Menlyn , 0063 Tel : + 27 12 429 5000 Pretoria ( edit ) Road Accident Fund Building , 38 Ida Street , Menlopark , Pretoria , 0081 PO Box 2743 , Pretoria , 0001 Tel : + 27 12 429 5000 Pretoria ( Customer Service Centre ) ( edit ) Johannesburg ( edit ) Marble Towers , 29th Floor , 212 Jeppe Street ( Cnr Jeppe & Von Wielligh Street ) , Johannesburg , 2001 P / Bag X02 , Johannesburg , 2000 Tel : + 27 11 223 0000 East London ( edit ) Metropolitan Building , 4th Floor , Cnr Drury Lane & Caxton Street , East London , 5200 P / Bag X9000 , East London , 5200 Tel : + 27 43 702 7800 Durban ( edit ) The Embassy Building , 12th Floor , 199 Anton Lembede Street ( previously Smith Street ) , Durban , 4001 P / Bag X54371 , Durban , 4000 Tel : + 27 31 565 2800 Cape Town ( edit ) 1 Thibault Square , 7th Floor , Long Street , Cape Town , 8001 PO Box 2443 , Cape Town , 8000 Tel : + 27 21 408 3300 External links ( edit ) http://www.iol.co.za/business/personal-finance/lawyers-fees-accident-victims-win-court-victory-1.1471445 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ About RAF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_Accident_Fund&oldid=797492402 '' Categories : Road transport in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from March 2015 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 11 : 14 . About Wikipedia | how south african government provides support to road accident fund | [] | [] |
-5195572917666513823 | Alice in Wonderland (2010 film) | Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) - Wikipedia Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Alice in Wonderland Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Richard D. Zanuck Joe Roth Suzanne Todd Jennifer Todd Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Based on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll Starring Johnny Depp Anne Hathaway Helena Bonham Carter Crispin Glover Matt Lucas Mia Wasikowska Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Chris Lebenzon Production company Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films The Zanuck Company Team Todd Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) ( London ) March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 -- $200 million Box office $1.025 billion Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American fantasy adventure film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Helena Bonham Carter , Crispin Glover , Matt Lucas , and Mia Wasikowska and features the voices of Alan Rickman , Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , and Timothy Spall . Based on Lewis Carroll 's fantasy novels , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . This film tells the story of a nineteen - year - old Alice Kingsley ( stated in the film to be a daughter of Charles Kingsley ) , who is told that she can restore the White Queen to her throne , with the help of the Mad Hatter . She is the only one who can slay the Jabberwock , a dragon - like creature that is controlled by the Red Queen and terrorizes Underland 's inhabitants . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and shot in the United Kingdom and the United States . The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25 , 2010 , and was released in Australia on March 4 , 2010 , and the following day in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters . It is also the second highest grossing film of 2010 . Alice in Wonderland received mixed reviews upon release ; although praised for its visual style and special effects , the film was criticized for its lack of narrative coherence and overuse of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . At the 83rd Academy Awards , Alice in Wonderland won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects . The film generated over $1 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth - highest - grossing film of all time during its theatrical run . The film started a trend of live - action fairy tale and fantasy films being green - lit , particularly from Walt Disney Studios . A sequel , titled Alice Through the Looking Glass , was released on May 27 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Score 4.2 Almost Alice 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Troubled by a strange recurring dream and mourning the loss of her father , 19 - year - old Alice Kingsleigh attends a garden party at Lord Ascot 's estate . There , she is confronted by an unwanted marriage proposal to Hamish Ascot and the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives . Unsure of how to proceed , she pursues a rabbit wearing a blue waistcoat and accidentally falls into a large rabbit hole under a tree . She emerges in a forest where she is greeted by the White Rabbit , the Dormouse , the Dodo , the Talking Flowers , and Tweedledee and Tweedledum . They argue over whether Alice is `` the right Alice '' who must slay the Red Queen 's Jabberwocky and restore the White Queen to power , as foretold by Absolem the Caterpillar and his prophetic scroll . The group is then ambushed by the Bandersnatch and a group of playing - card soldiers led by the Knave of Hearts . Alice , Tweedledum and Tweedledee escape into the woods . The Knave steals the Caterpillar 's scroll . The Dormouse leaves the others behind with one of the Bandersnatch 's eyes in her possession . Tweedledum and Tweedledee are then captured by the Red Queen 's Jubjub bird . The Knave informs the Red Queen that Alice threatens her reign , and the soldiers and Bayard the Bloodhound are ordered to find Alice immediately . Meanwhile , the Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the March Hare and the Hatter . The Hatter helps Alice avoid capture by allowing himself to be seized instead . Later , Alice is found by Bayard the Bloodhound ; but Alice insists upon helping the Hatter . At the Red Queen 's citadel and palace ( which is named Salazan Grum ) , the Red Queen is unaware of Alice 's true identity and therefore welcomes her as a guest , named Um from Umbridge . Alice learns that the Vorpal Sword , the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwock , is locked inside the den of the Bandersnatch . The Knave attempts to seduce Alice , but she rebuffs him , causing a jealous Red Queen to order that Alice be beheaded . Alice obtains the sword and befriends the Bandersnatch by returning its eye . She then escapes on the back of the grateful Bandersnatch and delivers the sword to the White Queen . The Cheshire Cat saves the Hatter from the executioner , and the Hatter calls for rebellion against the Red Queen . The rebellion is quickly put down by the Jubjub bird , but the resistance flees to the White Queen 's castle , and both armies prepare for battle . Former caterpillar Absolem advises Alice to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa . On the appointed day , the White Queen and the Red Queen gather their armies on a chessboard - like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat . Encouraged by the advice of her late father , Alice fights the Jabberwocky among the ruins surrounding the battlefield and finally jumps from the remains of a spiral staircase onto the Jabberwocky 's neck and beheads it . During this fight , a falling masonry stone kills the Jubjub bird . The White Queen banishes the Red Queen and the Knave into exile . After the Hatter performs a celebration dance called Futterwacken , the White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky 's purple blood whose power will bring her whatever she wishes . She decides to rejoin the everyday world . Back in England , Lord Ascot takes Alice as his apprentice with the idea of establishing oceanic trade routes to Hong Kong . As the story closes , Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship . A light - blue butterfly with dark vein markings lands on her shoulder , and Alice recognizes him as Absolem . Cast ( edit ) Helena Bonham Carter as the Red Queen . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased to three times its original size in the film . Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , The Mad Hatter . Wasikowska said that the characters , `` both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds , and have a special bond and friendship . '' Burton explained that Depp `` tried to find a grounding to the character ... as opposed to just being mad . '' Burton also said that , `` In a lot of versions it 's a very one - note kind of character and you know ( Depp 's ) goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character . '' The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt ; Depp believes that the character `` was poisoned ... and it was coming out through his hair , through his fingernails and eyes '' . Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter 's clothes , skin , hair , personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions . In an interview with Depp , the character was paralleled to `` a mood ring , ( as ) his emotions are very close to the surface '' . The Hatter is `` made up of different people and their extreme sides '' , with a gentle voice much like the character 's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent ( which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher 's Rab C. Nesbitt character ) reflecting a darker , more dangerous personality . Illusionary dancer David `` Elsewhere '' Bernal doubled for Depp during the `` Futterwacken '' sequence near the end of the film . Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh . When creating the character , screenwriter Linda Woolverton researched how young women were expected to behave in the Victorian era and then made her the opposite . Wasikowska read Carroll 's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role . She also watched Jan Švankmajer 's Alice . She said , `` When we were kids , my mum would pop it in the VCR player . We would be disturbed , and would n't really understand it , but we could n't look away because it was too intriguing . So I had kept that feeling about Alice , a kind of haunting feeling . '' Although facing pressures to conform to society 's expectations , Alice grows into a stronger - willed and empowered heroine who chooses her own path ; Independent columnist Liz Hoggard praised Alice as a role model for girls , describing the character as `` stubborn , brave , ( and ) non-girlie '' . Mairi Ella Challen portrayed Alice as a six - year - old girl . Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters : the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated , obstreperous , impatient , and quick to anger . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen . The character hates animals , and chooses to use them as servants and furniture . It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband , the King . The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell , a toddler , stating that , `` The Red Queen is just like a toddler , because she 's got a big head and she 's a tyrant . '' Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen . She was one of few characters that did not require digital manipulation . Hathaway summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife ; `` Cute but psycho . Things even out . '' According to Hathaway , `` She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen . She really likes the dark side , but she 's so scared of going too far into it that she 's made everything appear very light and happy . But she 's living in that place out of fear that she wo n't be able to control herself . '' Hathaway described her interpretation of the White Queen as `` a punk - rock vegan pacifist '' , with inspiration drawn from Debbie Harry , Greta Garbo , and the artwork of Dan Flavin . Burton said that the White Queen 's appearance was inspired by Nigella Lawson . Crispin Glover played Ilosovic Stayne , the Knave of Hearts . The Knave of Hearts is arrogant and tricky . While he follows the Red Queen 's every order , he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings . Glover said , `` The Red Queen has a fair amount of short - tempered reactions to things that people do , and so ( the Knave ) has to be quite diplomatic . '' The Red Queen believes that the Knave of Hearts is her lover , but this proves to be false . Matt Lucas portrayed both Tweedledee and Tweedledum . Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas , saying that `` It 's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve . '' The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live - action , with Lucas ' face digitally composited to a full animated body . While performing the character , Lucas had to wear a teardrop - shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts . In order to play both characters , Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn . Frances de la Tour as Imogene , Alice 's aunt . She is suffering from severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince . Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , Alice 's would - be fiancé . Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice 's deceased father in the film 's opening scene and Alice 's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan . Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott - Smith and Geraldine James respectively . Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Cathaway sisters , who bear a strong resemblance to Tweedledum and Tweedledee . Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice 's sister , Margaret , while Margaret 's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins . Voice cast ( edit ) Michael Sheen voiced Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit . Sheen said the character `` is such an iconic character that ( he ) did n't feel like ( he ) should break the mold too much . '' Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock - watching bunny was a twitchiness , also commenting that `` ( in ) any incarnation of the ( White Rabbit ) through the years , there 's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit . '' Alan Rickman voiced Absolem , the Caterpillar . Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar . He was filmed recording his voice in the studio , but the idea was eventually scrapped . The animators did , however , try to give Absolem 's face characteristics similar to Rickman 's . Stephen Fry voiced Chess , the Cheshire Cat . Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats . The role was intended to be played by Michael Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts . Barbara Windsor voiced Mallymkun , the Dormouse . Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her TV show EastEnders . Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character . Timothy Spall voiced Bayard , the Bloodhound . Although Bayard does not appear in the book , a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character . Paul Whitehouse voiced Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare . Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor , a lot of his lines came from improvisation . Michael Gough voiced Uilleam , the Dodo . Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of the Dodo because he has `` a full life quality to his voice '' . The character only speaks three lines , that Gough recorded in a day . This would be Gough 's final acting role ; he died a year after its release , aged 94 . Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book . Christopher Lee voiced the Jabberwocky . While it only had two lines , Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is `` an iconic guy '' . For the character , Lee had originally tried to make his voice `` burble '' ( as described in the poem `` Jabberwocky '' ) . However , Burton convinced him to use his actual voice , as he found it more intimidating and aggressive . Imelda Staunton voiced the Tall Flower Faces . Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland , only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton . Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film . Jim Carter voiced the Red Queen 's executioner . The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly , though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen . Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects ; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch , squawks for the Jubjub bird , and Bayard barking . Rickman , Windsor , Fry , Gough , Lee , Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue . Burton and Bonham Carter 's children Billy and Nell made cameo appearances as a boy and baby at the dock in the end of the film . Production ( edit ) Tim Burton signed with Walt Disney Pictures to direct two films in Disney Digital 3D , which included Alice in Wonderland and his remake of Frankenweenie . Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book . He explained `` the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice . '' On prior versions , Burton said `` It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another , and I never really felt any real emotional connection . '' His goal with the new film is to give the story `` some framework of emotional grounding '' and `` to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events . '' Burton focused on the poem `` Jabberwocky '' as part of his structure , and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name `` Jabberwock '' used in the poem . Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a `` re-imagining '' . However , the idea of the climax of the story being Alice 's battle with the Queen 's champion , the Jabberwocky , was first added in the video game American McGee 's Alice , and the landscape , tower , weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game . We wanted somebody who had ... it 's hard to put into words , but just had a gravity to her , an internal life , something that you could see the wheels turning . It 's just a simple kind of power to her that we really liked . Not flamboyant , not very showy , but just somebody that 's got a lot of internal life to her . That 's why I picked her . -- Burton on casting Mia Wasikowska as Alice This film was originally set to be released in 2009 but was pushed back to March 5 , 2010 . Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008 , but did not begin until September and concluded in three months . Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14 . Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August . Locations included Antony House in Torpoint , Charlestown , Cornwall and the Barbican , however , no footage from the Barbican was used . Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California , though the footage was later discarded . Filming also took place at Culver Studios . Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation , without motion capture . He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen . Filming of the green screen portions , comprising 90 % of the film , was completed after only 40 days . Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green , and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect . Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors ' physical appearances , such as the size of the Red Queen 's head or Alice 's height , visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting , saying it was `` The biggest show I 've ever done , ( and ) the most creatively involved I 've ever been . '' Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences . Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story 's environment . Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras , and convert the footage into 3D during post-production ; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and `` clumsy '' to use , and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format . James Cameron , who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009 , criticized the choice , stating , `` It does n't make any sense to shoot in 2 - D and convert to 3 - D '' . Music ( edit ) Score ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released March 2 , 2010 Genre Orchestral , Classical , Pop Length 50 : 59 Label Walt Disney Longtime Burton collaborator Danny Elfman 's score was released March 2 , 2010 . It debuted at # 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart . Almost Alice ( edit ) Main article : Almost Alice Almost Alice is a collection of various artists ' music inspired by the film . The lead single , `` Alice '' by Avril Lavigne , premiered on January 27 , 2010 on Ryan Seacrest 's radio program . Other singles include `` Follow Me Down '' by 3OH ! 3 , `` Her Name Is Alice '' by Shinedown , and `` Tea Party '' by Kerli . The album was released on March 2 , 2010 . Release ( edit ) On February 12 , 2010 , major UK cinema chains , Odeon , Vue and Cineworld , had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual 17 weeks to 12 ( possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which was Disney 's pretext for cutting short Alice 's theatrical run but UK exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles ) . A week after the announcement , Cineworld , who has a 24 % share of UK box office , chose to play the film on more than 150 screens . Cineworld 's chief executive Steve Wiener stated , `` As leaders in 3D , we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle . As the success of Avatar has shown , there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience '' . Shortly after , the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney , but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain , Ireland and Italy . On February 25 , 2010 Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5 , 2010 . The Royal premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25 , 2010 for the fundraiser The Prince 's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended . It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain , Germany , Portugal and Austria . The film was released in the U.S. and UK , in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D , as well as regular theaters on March 5 , 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) Mad T Party at California Adventure , showing the Dormouse on guitar , Cheshire Cat on drums , and Alice as lead singer . On June 22 , 2009 , the first pictures of the film were released , showing Depp as the Mad Hatter , Hathaway as the White Queen , Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum . A new image of Alice was also released . In July , new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit , the Mad Hatter with a hare , the Red Queen holding a pig , and the White Queen with a mouse . On July 22 , 2009 , a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter 's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet . The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis ' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24 , 2009 for G - Force . The following day , the teaser trailer premiered at Comic - Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked . The ComicCon version did n't have the Mad Hatter 's dialogue . Instead , it featured `` Time to Pretend '' by MGMT , and the clips shown were in different order than in the leaked version . The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members . The groups used to promote the film are `` The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen '' , `` The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen '' and `` The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter '' . Also at ComicCon , props from the film were displayed in an `` Alice in Wonderland '' exhibit . Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen 's dress , chair , wig , spectacles and scepter ; the White Queen 's dress , wig and a small model of her castle ; the Mad Hatter 's suit , hat , wig , chair and table ; Alice 's dress and battle armor ( to slay the Jabberwocky ) . Other props included the `` DRINK ME '' bottles , the keys , an `` EAT ME '' pastry and stand - in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare . A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created , called `` Mad T Party '' . Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 video game ) On July 23 , 2009 , Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game , developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules , would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii , Nintendo DS and Microsoft Windows . The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques . The Wii , DS and PC versions were released on March 2 , 2010 . Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland : A New Champion for iOS . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a 3 - disc Blu - ray combo pack ( which includes the Blu - ray , DVD and a digital copy ) , 1 - disc Blu - ray and 1 - disc DVD on June 1 , 2010 in the US and July 1 , 2010 in Australia . The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film , focusing on Burton 's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter . The Blu - ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters , special effects and other aspects of the film 's production . In some confusion , a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores , but were quickly removed , although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule . In its first week of release ( June 1 -- 6 , 2010 ) , it sold 2,095,878 DVD units ( equivalent to $35,441,297 ) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks . By May 22 , 2011 , it had sold 4,313,680 units ( $76,413,043 ) . It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold , but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million . Worldwide , it is currently the twenty - seventh - highest - grossing film and the second - highest - grossing 2010 film . It is the third - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp , the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton and the second - highest - grossing children 's book adaptation ( worldwide , as well as in North America and outside North America separately ) . On its first weekend , the film made $220.1 million worldwide , marking the second - largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period ( behind The Hunger Games ) , the fourth - largest for a Disney - distributed film and the fourth - largest among 2010 films . It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office . On May 26 , 2010 , its 85th day of release , it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 - billion - mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so . In the United States and Canada Alice in Wonderland is the forty - fourth - highest - grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation . It is also the second - highest - grossing 2010 film , behind Toy Story 3 , the second - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton . The film opened on March 5 , 2010 , on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day , $3.9 million of which came from midnight showings , ranking number one and setting a new March opening - day record . Alice earned $116.1 million on its opening weekend , breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March ( previously held by 300 ) , the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime ( previously held by Fast and Furious ) , the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel ( previously held by Spider - Man ) and the highest one for the non-holiday , non-summer period . However , all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ( $152.5 million ) in March 2012 . Alice made the seventeenth - highest - grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth - largest among 3D films . Opening - weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81.3 million ( 70 % of total weekend gross ) . This broke the record for the largest opening - weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by Marvel 's The Avengers ( $108 million ) . It had the largest weekend per theater average of 2010 ( $31,143 per theater ) and the largest for a PG - rated film . It broke the IMAX opening - weekend record by earning $12.2 million on 188 IMAX screens , with an average of $64,197 per site . The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $15.2 million ) . Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office . Alice closed in theaters on July 8 , 2010 with $334.2 million . Outside North America , Alice is the thirteenth - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2010 film , the fourth - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton . It began with an estimated $94 million , on top of the weekend box office , and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total . Japan was the film 's highest - grossing country after North America , with $133.7 million , followed by the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $64.4 million ) , and France and the Maghreb region ( $45.9 million ) . Critical reaction ( edit ) Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 51 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 262 reviews ; the average score is 5.7 / 10 . The consensus is : `` Tim Burton 's Alice sacrifices the book 's minimal narrative coherence -- and much of its heart -- but it 's an undeniable visual treat '' . Metacritic rated it 53 / 100 based on 38 reviews . Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its `` moments of delight , humor and bedazzlement '' , but went on to say , `` But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along , building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI - heavy movies of the past few years '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said `` Burton has delivered a subversively witty , brilliantly cast , whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks '' , while as well praising its computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , saying `` Ultimately , it 's the visual landscape that makes Alice 's newest adventure so wondrous , as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton 's endlessly fertile imagination . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said , `` But Burton 's Disneyfied 3 - D Alice in Wonderland , written by the girl - power specialist Linda Woolverton , is a strange brew indeed : murky , diffuse , and meandering , set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that 's like a joyless , bombed - out version of Wonderland . It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic . In the film 's rather humdrum 3 - D , the place does n't dazzle -- it droops . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that , `` Alice plays better as an adult hallucination , which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails . '' The market research firm CinemaScore found that audiences gave the film an average rating of `` A - '' . Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a `` colonialist entrepreneur '' at the end of the film setting sail for China . Given Britain 's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through `` unequal treaties '' , China expert Kevin Slaten writes , `` Not only is it troubling imagery , for a female role model in a Disney movie , but it 's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century . '' Game developer American McGee , best known for creating Alice and Alice : Madness Returns , was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton 's interpretation of the title character since both versions share almost similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland . McGee praised the film 's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters . He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a `` tool '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient Result 83rd Academy Awards Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Won Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston David Schaub Carey Villegas Sean Phillips Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won 64th British Academy Film Awards Best Costume Design Won Best Film Music Danny Elfman Nominated Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Ken Ralston David Schaub Carey Villegas Sean Phillips Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Won 68th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Johnny Depp Nominated Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated 53rd Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture , Television Or Other Visual Media Nominated 9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards ( VES Awards ) Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture ( Stolen Tarts ) Lisa Deaner Orde Stevanoski Aaron Kupferman Ruben Flores Nominated 15th Annual Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Sean Phillips Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Art Direction & Production Design Robert Stromberg Stefan Dechant Nominated Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Best Original Song Avril Lavigne Nominated 37th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Costume Won Best Make - Up Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Special Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Makeup Jaremy Aiello Won Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Nominated 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Johnny Depp Won MTV Movie Awards Global Superstar Nominated Best Movie Nominated Best Villain Helena Bonham Carter Nominated National Movie Awards Best Performance Nominated Johnny Depp Nominated Best Fantasy Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Drama Movie Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Fantasy Johnny Depp Nominated Choice Movie : Female Scene Stealer Anne Hathaway Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Fantasy Mia Wasikowska Nominated Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated Choice Movie : Fight Mia Wasikowska vs. The Jabberwock Won 2010 Scream Awards Ultimate Scream Nominated Best Fantasy Movie Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Best Fantasy Actress Mia Wasikowska Nominated Best Breakout Performance -- Female Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won 3 - D Top Three Nominated AD First Half of the Year Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Make Up Nominated MTV Fan Music Awards Best Movie Song Avril Lavigne Won ChartAttack 's 16th Annual Year - End Readers ' Poll Best Song Avril Lavigne Won Impact ( edit ) After the release and success of the movie , Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several other live - action remakes from their Animated Classics series . Maleficent , Cinderella , The Jungle Book and Beauty and the Beast have followed to similar box - office results with the latter three also earning critical praise . Disney has also announced the development of live - action adaptations of Christopher Robin , Dumbo , Aladdin , The Lion King , Mulan , Pinocchio , Fantasia , The Sword in the Stone , The Black Cauldron , Peter Pan , The Little Mermaid , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The company also has plans for live - action spin - offs of Peter Pan , One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs along with a live - action prequel to Aladdin . Stage adaptation Walt Disney Theatrical is in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton to develop the property as a Broadway musical . Woolverton authored the screenplay for Disney 's The Lion King and is also the Tony Award - nominated book writer of Beauty and the Beast , Aida and Lestat . Burton will also render the overall designs for the stage musical . Woolverton will adapt her screenplay for the stage production . Neither a composer nor songwriting team has been chosen yet . Direction and choreography will be done by Rob Ashford . The musical is aiming to make its world - premiere in London . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) On December 7 , 2012 , Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland . Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay . On May 31 , 2013 , James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland : Into the Looking Glass . Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter , Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice , and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen . Several other cast - members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel . On November 22 , 2013 , it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27 , 2016 and that Bobin would direct the film . Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen will be featured in the film . On January 21 , 2014 , the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass . The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ; Fritz , Ben ; Eller , Claudia ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Trouble at the tea party : Alice in Wonderland faces theater owner revolt in U.K. '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Roth , Back in Wonderland '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` First look : ' Alice in Wonderland ' opens to record - setting $210 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- In Just 19 DaysP '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland -- Glossary of Terms / Script ( early draft ) '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . JoBlo.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland star Mia Wasikowska on Johnny Depp : ' He 's so brave and smart ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp , Alice in Wonderland and The Dark Knight '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Kellen ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Comic - Con 2009 : Tim Burton talks Wonderland '' . Blast Magazine . B Media Ventures . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp explains how he picked his poison with the Mad Hatter '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp is Mad '' . Manila Bulletin . Yahoo !. March 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp Sets Sail on Fourth Pirates Movie '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Rab C Nesbitt inspired Mad Hatter accent says Johnny Depp '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Sharon ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's body double and other ' Alice in Wonderland ' secrets '' . The Kansas City Star . p . D3 . ^ Jump up to : Rohter , Larry ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Drinking Blood : New Wonders of Alice 's World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Christopher ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` Alice from down - under land -- She 's a 20 - year - old Aussie with a hot Hollywood career who still sleeps in her childhood bed . Mia Wasikowska , star of Tim Burton ' s Alice , tells Christopher Goodwin about acting with Johnny Depp -- and a tennis ball '' . The Sunday Times . London : News International : 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoggard , Liz ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Liz Hoggard : Revenge of the life - savvy over-40s : Burton 's Alice -- a role model for girls of 2010 '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Dave ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Review : `` Alice in Wonderland '' `` . Dave On Film . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The inhabitants of Alice in Wonderland '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Crispin Glover joins Alice in Wonderland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Alan Rickman talks about Alice in Wonderland '' . Crushable.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ( March 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : The curious one that will get the kids screaming ... '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton Takes on Alice in Wonderland '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacks , Brian ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Anne Hathaway 's Alice In Wonderland White Queen : `` Cute But Psycho '' `` . MTV Movies Blog . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice In Wonderland -- New Image and Anne Hathaway Q&A '' . Business Wire . February 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's White Queen Based on Nigella Lawson '' . Foodsection.com . February 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton took a `` Shining '' to Tweedledee and Tweedledum `` . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice In Wonderland 's Queen Trumps the Mad Hatter '' . Louisville Mojo . March 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mainwaring , Rachel ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Actor Sheen in Wonderland '' . Western Mail . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Villarreal , Yvonne ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Sheen 's research for Wonderland ? `` I lived with a family of rabbits . '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Five Minutes With : Stephen Fry '' ( BBC iPlayer ) . BBC News Online . February 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boshoff , Alison ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Alice 's very weird wonderland : Why a behind - the - scenes row might see Tim Burton 's most fantastical film yet disappear from cinemas as fast as the Cheshire Cat '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cheshire Cat taps into ... my hatred of cats '' . LATimesBlog . February 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( February 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton says Alice has `` a national treasure '' in Barbara Windsor `` . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2010 ) . Alice in Wonderland : A Visual Companion . Disney Editions . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 2887 - 8 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2010 ) . Alice in Wonderland : A Visual Companion . Disney Editions . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 2887 - 8 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2010 ) . Alice in Wonderland : A Visual Companion . Disney Editions . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 2887 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Walt Disney Pictures ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Credits '' . Press Kit . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Burton , Disney team on 3D films '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ryder , Christopher ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland -- Press Conference with Tim Burton '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Comic - Con : Tim Burton talks Alice and the Jabberwocky , taking on `` Dark Shadows '' `` . Hitfix . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Izumi ( July 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton Interview '' . Buzzine . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Disney unveils 2009 schedule '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` First look : What a weird Wonderland Burton 's made '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Burton brings Hollywood to Cornwall '' . ThisisCornwall.co.uk . September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Tristan ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Plymouth in Wonderland '' . The Plymouth Evening Herald . Northcliffe Media . Jump up ^ Hassan , Genevieve ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Comic Lucas reveals movie plans '' . BBC News Online . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roth , Zack ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` On The Set of Alice In Wonderland '' . ZDONK Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Witcher , Rosamund ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton explores `` Alice in Wonderland '' `` . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Alan Rickman Interview '' . Movies Online . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaudiosi , John ( July 25 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton explores `` Alice in Wonderland '' `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Mark ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Tim Burton and Johnny Depp interview for Alice In Wonderland '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Michael ( April 2010 ) . `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' . The American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Carolyn Giardina ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Johnny Depp in deep with Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Caddell , Ian ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Richard Zanuck and James Cameron spar over Alice in Wonderland '' . Straight.com . Vancouver Free Press Publishing Corp . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Petter ( December 2 , 2008 ) . `` James Cameron Criticizes Tim Burton and 3D DVD Releases '' . Slashfilm . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Buena Vista Records Presents Almost Alice Featuring Other Voices from Wonderland '' . EarthTimes . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Week Ending March 7 , 2010 : Cruz Controls Hot 100 '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Song To Appear On Tim Burton 's Alice In Wonderland Soundtrack '' . MTV.com . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Hotel And Kerli Will Collaborate On Tim Burton 's Alice In Wonderland Soundtrack '' . MTV Buzzworthy Blog . Viacom . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavigne , Avril ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Avril Lavigne '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( Interview ) . Interview with Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles , California : KIIS . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Movies -- News -- UK cinemas plan Alice boycott '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` Cineworld backs off from Alice in Wonderland boycott '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tran , Mark ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Odeon refuses to screen Alice in Wonderland after Disney row '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Odeon makes U-turn on Alice boycott '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` A very important date : Alice in Wonderland will premiere in London on Feb. 25 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp greets fans at Alice In Wonderland premiere '' . BBC News . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland Gets IMAX 3D Release Read more : Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland Gets IMAX 3D Release '' . / Film . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Stills '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : New Alice In Wonderland Pic '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . July 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frost , John ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Be The First To See The Alice In Wonderland Teaser Trailer ! '' . The Disney Blog . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Props Totally Rock at Comic Con '' . Shockya.com . July 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Illusion , magic and impossible ideas come to life in upcoming Alice in Wonderland video games from Disney Interactive Studios '' . Disney Interactive Studios . July 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/disney-interactive-dives-down-the-rabbit-hole-with-alice-in-wonderland-a-new-champion-on-ios/542894 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) on DVD at dstore '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Experience more of Wonderland : Disney 's Alice in Wonderland on Disney Blu - ray & DVD '' ( Press release ) . Disney . April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling DVDs of 2010 '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland -- DVD Sales '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland opens strongly at box office '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Family -- Children 's Book Adaptation '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Index '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 3rd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Persia ' Perks Up Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' Is a Billionaire '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Oz ' To Cast a Spell Over Lifeless Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . That 's about half of Alice in Wonderland ( $3.9 million ) Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Mad About ' Alice ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top March Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office -- THE HUNGER GAMES Hits $155 Million for Third Highest Opening of All Time ! . Collider.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report : Weekend Report : ' The Hunger Games ' Devours $152.5 Million . Boxofficemojo.com ( March 25 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ All - Time Box Office Opening Weekends . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ All - Time 3D Opening Weekends . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Mad About ' Alice ' '' . Box Office Mojo . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Report : ' Harry ' Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Avengers ' Smashes Records '' . Box Office Mojo . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening PG Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Opens to Massive $210.3 M Worldwide '' . ComingSoon.net ( CraveOnline ) . March 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` Weekend Report : ' Alice ' Stays Green , ' Green Zone ' Opens in Red '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 19 -- 21 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Overseas Total Yearly Box Office 2010 . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' gets to 10 bil yen faster than ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( 2010 ) . Boxofficemojo.com ( March 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland Review '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) -- Movie Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Alice in Wonderland opens to record - setting $210 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland review '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland in Digital 3 - D clowns paying audience '' . Tucson Sentinel . March 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland review '' . Channel Online . March 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who else might be mad at Alice ? China '' . Real Clear World . March 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Jane . `` Alice : Madness Returns Interview '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Oscar nominations are in ... The King 's Speech rules with 12 nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Film Awards Nominees '' . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : The King 's Speech , The Social Network and The Fighter reign supreme ; Johnny Depp earns two nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual VES Awards 2010 : Full list of nominations '' . Visual Effects Society . 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` 15th Annual Satellite Award Winners '' . Press Academy . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 People 's Choice Awards Nominations '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` 9th AD First Half of the Year Awards Winners '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cinderella ' Is Having A Ball Worldwide With $400 M Box Office '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . With the recent release of `` Maleficent , '' which grossed more than $170 million worldwide in its opening weekend , Disney is working fast on its next live - action fairy - tale adaptation . Jump up ^ `` Disney developing live - action adaptation of Winnie the Pooh '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton to Direct Live - Action ' Dumbo ' for Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Aladdin ' Enlists Guy Ritchie to Direct '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct Live - Action Lion King Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` ' Mulan ' Live - Action Movie Being Developed by Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pinocchio ' - Inspired Live - Action Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing ' Fantasia ' Sequence Into Live - Action Movie '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Live - Action The Sword in the Stone Remake '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chronicles of Prydain ' Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry . `` Disney Preparing Live - Action Peter Pan with Pete 's Dragon Director '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney planning a live - action Snow White movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon as Tinker Bell : Disney developing ' Peter Pan ' spinoff ' Tink ' '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Writer Kelly Marcel Tackling Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin Prequel , Genies , in Development at Disney '' . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tony Winner Rob Ashford to Stage Disney 's Alice in Wonderland Musical Archived March 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com ( March 16 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney Eyes Tim Burton 's `` Alice in Wonderland '' for Stage Musical `` . Playbill.com . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FREAKY FRIDAY , THE JUNGLE BOOK , Tim Burton 's ALICE IN WONDERLAND , DUMBO & FATHER OF THE BRIDE in the Works for Disney Theatrical '' . Broadwayworld.com . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Disney taps director for Broadway ' Alice ' . Variety.com ( March 13 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disney mad for ' Alice in Wonderland ' sequel '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` James Bobin in Early Talks to Direct ' Alice in Wonderland ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Finalizing ' Alice In Wonderland 2 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( 22 November 2013 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland 2 ' and ' The Jungle Book ' snag release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter 's Red Queen Heads Through the Looking Glass '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland 2 Cast Announced as Production Begins Today '' . Collider.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 March 2014 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter to Return as Red Queen in ' Through the Looking Glass ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Paur , Joey ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Will Play Mad Hatter 's Dad in Alice in Wonderland Sequel '' . Geek Tyrant . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice In Wonderland 2 Now Titled Through The Looking Glass , Sacha Baron Cohen In Talks '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Film in the United States portal Disney portal Film portal 2010s portal Official website Alice in Wonderland on IMDb Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie Alice in Wonderland at Box Office Mojo Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes Alice in Wonderland at Metacritic Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass The Nursery `` Alice '' The Hunting of the Snark Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Wonderland Looking - Glass Land Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! 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5172135900603011167 | History of Maryland | History of Maryland - wikipedia History of Maryland The flag of Maryland The recorded history of Maryland dates back to the beginning of European exploration , starting with the Venetian John Cabot , who explored the coast of North America for the Kingdom of England in 1498 . After European settlements had been made to the south and north , the colonial Province of Maryland was granted by King Charles I to Sir George Calvert ( 1579 -- 1632 ) , his former Secretary of State in 1632 , for settlement beginning in March 1634 . It was notable for having been established with religious freedom for Roman Catholics , since Calvert had publicly converted to that faith . Like other colonies and settlements of the Chesapeake Bay region , its economy was soon based on tobacco as a commodity crop , highly prized among the English , cultivated primarily by African slave labor , although many young people came from Britain sent as indentured servants or criminal prisoners in the early years . In 1781 , during the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , Maryland became the thirteenth state of the United States to ratify the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . They were drawn up by a committee of the Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1781 ) , which began shortly after the adoption of a Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , through to 1778 . Later that year , these Articles were recommended to the newly independent sovereign states via their legislatures for the required unanimous ratification . This long process was held up for three years by objections from smaller states led by Maryland until certain issues and principles over the western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River . These objections were resolved with the larger states agreeing to cede their various western claims to the authority of the new Congress of the Confederation , representing all the states , to be held in common for the laying out and erection of new states out of the jointly held Federal territories . Maryland then finally agreed to join the new American confederation by being one of the last of the former colonies ratifying the long proposed Articles in 1781 , when they took effect . Later that same decade , Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the stronger government structure proposed in the new U.S. Constitution in 1788 . After the Revolutionary War , numerous Maryland planters freed their slaves as the economy changed . Baltimore grew to become one of the largest cities on the eastern seaboard , and a major economic force in the country . Although Maryland was still a slave state in 1860 , by that time nearly half of the African American population was already free , due mostly to manumissions after the American Revolution . Maryland was among the four divided border states that officially remained in the Union during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , although large numbers of Marylanders `` went south '' to fight for the seceded Confederacy . Contents 1 Pre-colonial history 2 Early European exploration 3 Colonial Maryland 3.1 City planning 3.2 Mason -- Dixon Line 3.3 Horse racing and gentry values 4 The Revolutionary period 5 Maryland , 1789 -- 1849 5.1 Economic development 5.1. 1 Transportation initiatives 5.1. 2 Industrial Revolution 5.2 Educational institutions 5.3 Immigration and religion 5.4 Military activity 6 Maryland in the Civil War 6.1 Maryland 's mixed sympathies 6.2 Beginning of the war 6.3 Occupation of Baltimore 6.4 The war on Maryland soil 7 1865 -- 1920 7.1 Post-Civil War political developments 7.2 Progressive era reforms 7.3 Great Baltimore Fire 7.4 The World War I era 7.5 Culture 8 Maryland in the 20th century 8.1 The Ritchie administration 8.2 The Great Depression , World War II , and aftermath 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Colonial to 1860 11.3 Since 1860 11.4 Primary sources 11.5 Online essays 12 External links Pre-colonial history ( edit ) See also : Pre-Colonial America History of Maryland By year Pre-statehood American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics : Maritime history Maryland portal It appears that the first humans in the area that would become Maryland arrived around the tenth millennium BC , about the time that the last ice age ended . They were hunter - gatherers organized into semi-nomadic bands . They adapted as the region 's environment changed , developing the spear for hunting as smaller animals , like deer , became more prevalent . By about 1500 BC , oysters had become an important food resource in the region . With the increased variety of food sources , Native American villages and settlements started appearing and their social structures increased in complexity . By about 1000 BC , pottery was being produced . With the eventual rise of agriculture , more permanent Native - American villages were built . But even with the advent of farming , hunting and fishing were still important means of obtaining food . The bow and arrow were first used for hunting in the area around the year 800 . They ate what they could kill , grow or catch in the rivers and other waterways . Some of the historical Native languages of Maryland By 1000 AD , there were about 8,000 Native Americans , all Algonquian - speaking , living in what is now the state , in 40 different villages . By the 17th century , the state was populated by a mix of Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples . These were the Susquehannocks ( west of the Delaware River ) , the Tuscarora and Tockwogh ( on the Delmarva Peninsula between the Delaware and Indian Rivers ) , the Piscataway ( surrounding the Potomac River from Washington D.C. south ) and the Nanticoke ( Delmarva Peninsula , south of the Indian River ) . John Smith labelled the Tuscarora as the Kuskarawock on an early map from 1606 , but they shortly thereafter moved west to join the Meherrin and Nottoway in Virginia . Meanwhile , the Tockwogh may have moved to New York and / or been given refuge by the Susquehannock . They are noted as the Akhrakovaetonon and Trakwaerronnons , which seems similar to Tockwogh . They were extinct as a people by the end of the 17th century , however . The following Piscataway tribes lived on the eastern bank of the Potomac , from south to north : Yaocomicoes , Chopticans , Nanjemoys , Potopacs , Mattawomans , Piscataways , Patuxents , and Nacotchtanks . The area in which the Nacotchtank lived is now the District of Columbia . On the west bank of the Potomac river in what is now Virginia were the related tribes of the Patawomeck and the Doeg . Further west in the Appalachian Mountains , the Shawnee lived near Oldtown at a site abandoned around 1731 . On the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake , from south to north , there were the Nanticoke tribes : Annemessex , Assateagues , Wicomicoes , Nanticokes , Chicacone , and , on the north bank of the Choptank River , the Choptanks . The Tockwogh tribe lived near the headwaters of the Chesapeake near what is now Delaware . They were driven further north by enemies and eventually broke apart , with some staying in the region , others merging with the Nanticoke and others , known as the Conoy , migrated west into West Virginia . Some appeared around the end of the 18th century at Fort Detroit in Michigan . John Smith 's map of the Chesapeake area When Europeans began to settle in Maryland in the early 17th century , the main tribes included the Nanticoke on the Eastern Shore , and the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannock . Early exposure to new European diseases brought widespread fatalities to the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . Communities were disrupted by such losses . Furthermore , The Susquehannock , already incorrectly considered savages and cannibals by the first Spanish explorers , made massive moves to control local trade with the first Swedish , Dutch and English settlers of the Chesapeake Bay region . As the century wore on , the Susquehannock would be caught up in the Beaver Wars , a war with the neighboring Lenape , a war with the Dutch , a war with the English , and a series of wars with the colonial government of Maryland . Due to colonial land claims , the exact territory of the Susquehannock was originally limited to the territory immediately surrounding the Susquehanna River , however archaeology has discovered settlements of theirs dating to the 14th and 15th centuries around the Maryland - West Virginia border , and beyond . It could generally be assumed that most of Maryland 's southern border is based on the borders of their own land . All of these wars , coupled with disease , destroyed the tribe and the last of their people were offered refuge from the Iroquois Confederacy to the north shortly thereafter . The closest living language to them are the languages of the Mohawk and Tuscarora Iroquois , who once lived immediately north and south of them . The English and Dutch came to call them the Minqua , from Lenape , which breaks into min - kwe and translates to `` as a woman . '' As to when they arrived , some early records detailing their oral history seem to point to the fact that they descended from an Iroquoian group who conquered Ohio centuries before , but were pushed back east again by Siouan and Algonquin enemies . They also conquered and absorbed other unknown groups in the process , which probably explains how languages like Tuscarora came to be so completely divergent from other Iroquoian languages . It also appears possible that the word `` Iroquois '' actually derived from their language . The Nanticoke seem to have been largely confined to Indian Towns , but were later relocated to New York in 1778 . Afterwards , they dissolved , with groups joining the Iroquois and Lenape . Also , as Susquehannocks began to abandon much of their western-most territory due to their own hardships , a group of Powhatan split off , becoming known as the Shawnee and migrated into the western regions of Maryland and Pennsylvania briefly before moving on . At the time , they were relatively small , but they eventually made the Ohio River , migrating all the way into Ohio and merged with other nations there to become the powerful , military force that they were known to be during the 18th and 19th centuries . Early European exploration ( edit ) In 1498 the first European explorers sailed along the Eastern Shore , off present - day Worcester County . In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano , sailing under the French flag , passed the mouth of Chesapeake Bay . In 1608 John Smith entered the bay and explored it extensively . His maps still exist today , and although technically crude they are surprisingly accurate given the technology of those times ( the maps are ornate but crude by modern technical standards ) . The region was depicted in a map by Estêvão Gomes and Diego Gutiérrez , made in 1562 , in the context of the Spanish Ajacán Mission of the sixteenth century . Colonial Maryland ( edit ) Main article : Province of Maryland Map of the Maryland colony George Calvert , 1st Baron Baltimore , applied to Charles I for a royal charter for what was to become the Province of Maryland . After Calvert died in April 1632 , the charter for `` Maryland Colony '' ( in Latin Terra Mariae ) was granted to his son , Cecilius Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore , on June 20 , 1632 . Some historians viewed this as compensation for his father having been stripped of his title of Secretary of State in 1625 after announcing his Roman Catholicism . Officially the colony is said to be named in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria , the wife of King Charles I. Some Catholic scholars believe that George Calvert named the province after Mary , the mother of Jesus . The name in the charter was phrased Terra Mariae , anglice , Maryland . The English name was preferred due to the undesired associations of Mariae with the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana , linked to the Inquisition . The Founding of Maryland ( 1634 ) depicts colonists meeting the people of the Yaocomico branch of the Piscatawy Indian Nation in St. Mary 's City , Maryland , the site of Maryland 's first colonial settlement . The painting represents traditionally - held elements of Maryland 's centuries - old founding narrative , though some details -- such as the clothing worn by natives -- are not necessarily accurate . The presentation is a mythic depiction and is an assembly of traditional tales about Maryland 's founding . Father Andrew White , a Jesuit missionary , is believed to be on the left ; other elements may be as follows : in front of him Leonard Calvert , the colonists ' leader and the son of the first Lord Baltimore , is clasping hands with the paramount chief of the Yaocomico . Gifts of food offered to the new colonists are in the right foreground . In the right background are moored the sailing ships the Ark and the Dove , the vessels that brought the first colonists to Maryland . As did other colonies , Maryland used the headright system to encourage people to bring in new settlers . Led by Leonard Calvert , Cecil Calvert 's younger brother , the first settlers departed from Cowes , on the Isle of Wight , on November 22 , 1633 , aboard two small ships , the Ark and the Dove . Their landing on March 25 , 1634 , at St. Clement 's Island in southern Maryland is commemorated by the state each year on that date as Maryland Day . This was the site of the first Catholic mass in the Colonies , with Father Andrew White leading the service . The first group of colonists consisted of 17 gentlemen and their wives , and about two hundred others , mostly indentured servants . After purchasing land from the Yaocomico Indians and establishing the town of St. Mary 's , Leonard , per his brother 's instructions , attempted to govern the country under feudalistic precepts . Meeting resistance , in February 1635 , he summoned a colonial assembly . In 1638 , the Assembly forced him to govern according to the laws of England . The right to initiate legislation passed to the assembly . In 1638 , Calvert seized a trading post in Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne . In 1644 , Claiborne led an uprising of Maryland Protestants . Calvert was forced to flee to Virginia , but he returned at the head of an armed force in 1646 and reasserted proprietarial rule . A large broadside of the Maryland Toleration Act Maryland soon became one of the few predominantly Catholic regions among the English colonies in North America . Maryland was also one of the key destinations where the government sent tens of thousands of English convicts punished by sentences of transportation . Such punishment persisted until the Revolutionary War . The Maryland Toleration Act , issued in 1649 , was one of the first laws that explicitly defined tolerance of varieties of Christianity . The founders designed the city plan of the colonial capital , St. Mary 's City , to reflect their world view . At the center of the city was the home of the mayor of St. Mary 's City . From that point , streets were laid out that created two triangles . Located at two points of the triangle extending to the west were the first Maryland state house and a jail . Extending to the north of the mayor 's home , the remaining two points of the second triangle were defined by a Catholic church and a school . The design of the city was a literal separation of church and state that reinforced the importance of religious freedom . The largest site of the original Maryland colony , St. Mary 's City , was the seat of colonial government until 1695 . Because Anglicanism had become the official religion in Virginia , a band of Puritans in 1642 left for Maryland ; they founded Providence ( now called Annapolis ) . In 1650 , the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government . They set up a new government prohibiting both Catholicism and Anglicanism . In March 1655 , the 2nd Lord Baltimore sent an army under Governor William Stone to put down this revolt . Near Annapolis , his Roman Catholic army was decisively defeated by a Puritan army in the Battle of the Severn . The Puritan revolt lasted until 1658 , when the Calvert family regained control and re-enacted the Toleration Act . In 1689 , following the accession of a Protestant monarchy in England , rebels against the Catholic regime in Maryland overthrew the government and took power . Lord Baltimore was stripped of his right to govern the province , though not of his territorial rights , and Maryland became a royal province , administered by the crown via appointed governors until 1715 -- when Benedict Calvert , 4th Baron Baltimore , having converted to Anglicanism , was restored to proprietorship . The Protestant revolutionary government persecuted Maryland Catholics during its reign . Mobs burned down all the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland . In 1708 , the seat of government was moved to Providence , renamed Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne . St. Mary 's City is now an archaeological site , with a small tourist center . City planning ( edit ) Just as the city plan for St. Mary 's City reflected the ideals of the founders , the city plan of Annapolis reflected those in power at the turn of the 18th century . The plan of Annapolis extends from two circles at the center of the city -- one including the State House and the other the Anglican St. Anne 's Church ( now Episcopal ) . The plan reflected a stronger relationship between church and state , and a colonial government more closely aligned with Protestant churches . General British policy regarding immigration to all British America would be reflected broadly in the Plantation Act of 1740 . Tobacco was the main export crop in the colonial era ; it involved a great deal of hand labor , usually done by slaves as shown here in a 1670 painting from Virginia Mason -- Dixon Line ( edit ) Based on an incorrect map , the original royal charter granted Maryland the Potomac River and territory northward to the fortieth parallel . This was found to be a problem , as the northern boundary would have put Philadelphia , the major city in Pennsylvania , within Maryland . The Calvert family , which controlled Maryland , and the Penn family , which controlled Pennsylvania , decided in 1750 to engage two surveyors , Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon , to establish a boundary . They surveyed what became known as the Mason -- Dixon Line , which became the boundary between the two colonies . The crests of the Penn family and of the Calvert family were put at the Mason -- Dixon line to mark it . Horse racing and gentry values ( edit ) In Chesapeake society ( that is , colonial Virginia and Maryland ) sports occupied a great deal of attention at every social level . Horse racing was sponsored by the wealthy gentry plantation owners , and attracted ordinary farmers as spectators and gamblers . Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers . Horse racing was especially important for knitting the gentry together . The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding , training , boasting and gambling , and especially winning the races themselves . Historian Timothy Breen explains that horseracing and high - stakes gambling were essential to maintaining the status of the gentry . When they publicly bet a large fraction of their wealth on their favorite horse , it told the world that competitiveness , individualism , and materialism where the core elements of gentry values . The Revolutionary period ( edit ) Further information : History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Main article : Maryland in the American Revolution Maryland did not at first favor independence from Great Britain and gave instructions to that effect to its delegates to the Second Continental Congress . During this initial phase of the Revolutionary period , Maryland was governed by a series of conventions of the Assembly of Freemen . The first convention of the Assembly lasted four days , from June 22 to 25 , 1774 . All sixteen counties then existing were represented by a total of 92 members ; Matthew Tilghman was elected chairman . Thomas Johnson , Maryland 's first elected governor under its 1776 Constitution The eighth session decided that the continuation of an ad - hoc government by the convention was not a good mechanism for all the concerns of the province . A more permanent and structured government was needed . So , on July 3 , 1776 , they resolved that a new convention be elected that would be responsible for drawing up their first state constitution , one that did not refer to parliament or the king , but would be a government `` ... of the people only . '' After they set dates and prepared notices to the counties they adjourned . On August 1 , all freemen with property elected delegates for the last convention . The ninth and last convention was also known as the Constitutional Convention of 1776 . They drafted a constitution , and when they adjourned on November 11 , they would not meet again . The conventions were replaced by the new state government which the Maryland Constitution of 1776 had established . Thomas Johnson became the state 's first elected governor . On March 1 , 1781 , the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was ratified and took effect with the confirmation signing of the Articles by two Maryland delegates in Philadelphia . The articles had initially been submitted to the states on November 17 , 1777 , but the ratification process dragged on for several years , stalled by an interstate quarrel over claims to uncolonized land in the west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River . Maryland was the last hold - out ; it refused to ratify until larger states like Virginia and New York agreed to rescind their claims to lands in what became the old Northwest Territory and the Southwest Territory . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 , 1781 . Marylander John Hanson ( circa 1765 to 1770 ) was the first person to serve a full term as `` President of the United States in Congress Assembled '' under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , used 1781 to 1789 . No significant battles of the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) occurred in Maryland . However , this did not prevent the state 's soldiers from distinguishing themselves through their service . General George Washington was impressed with the Maryland regulars ( the `` Maryland Line '' ) who fought in the Continental Army and , according to one tradition , this led him to bestow the name `` Old Line State '' on Maryland . Today , the Old Line State is one of Maryland 's two official nicknames . The Second Continental Congress met briefly in Baltimore from December 20 , 1776 , through March 4 , 1777 at the old hotel , later renamed Congress Hall , at the southwest corner of West Market Street ( now Baltimore Street ) and Sharp Street / Liberty Street . Marylander John Hanson , served as President of the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1782 . Hanson was the first person to serve a full term with the title of `` President of the United States in Congress Assembled '' under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union . Annapolis served as the temporary United States capital from November 26 , 1783 , to June 3 , 1784 , and the Confederation Congress met in the recently completed Maryland State House . Annapolis was a candidate to become the new nation 's permanent capital before the site of the along the Potomac River was selected for the District of the Columbia . It was in the old Senate chamber that General George Washington famously resigned his commission as commander in chief of the Continental Army on December 23 , 1783 . It was also there that the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , which ended the Revolutionary War , was ratified by Congress on January 14 , 1784 . Maryland , 1789 -- 1849 ( edit ) Further information : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Economic development ( edit ) The American Revolution stimulated the domestic market for wheat and iron ore , and flour milling increased in Baltimore . Iron ore transport greatly boosted the local economy . By 1800 Baltimore had become one of the major cities of the new republic . The British naval blockade during the War of 1812 hurt Baltimore 's shipping , but also freed merchants and traders from British debts , which along with the capture of British merchant vessels furthered the city 's economic growth . Transportation initiatives ( edit ) The city had a deepwater port . In the early 19th century , many business leaders in Maryland were looking inland , toward the western frontier , for economic growth potential . The challenge was to devise a reliable means to transport goods and people . The National Road and private turnpikes were being completed throughout the state , but additional routes and capacity were needed . Following the success of the Erie Canal ( constructed 1817 -- 25 ) and similar canals in the northeastern states , leaders in Maryland were also developing plans for canals . After several failed canal projects in the Washington , D.C. area , the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( C&O ) began construction there in 1828 . The Baltimore business community viewed this project as a competitive threat . The geography of the Baltimore area made building a similar canal to the west impractical , but the idea of constructing railroads was beginning to gather support in the 1820s . In 1827 city leaders obtained a charter from the Maryland General Assembly to build a railroad to the Ohio River . The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) became the first chartered railroad in the United States , and opened its first section of track for regular operation in 1830 , between Baltimore and Ellicott City . It became the first company to operate a locomotive built in America , with the Tom Thumb . The B&O built a branch line to Washington , D.C. in 1835 . The main line west reached Cumberland in 1842 , beating the C&O Canal there by eight years , and the railroad continued building westward . In 1852 it became the first rail line to reach the Ohio River from the eastern seaboard . Other railroads were built in and through Baltimore by mid-century , most significantly the Northern Central ; the Philadelphia , Wilmington and Baltimore ; and the Baltimore and Potomac . ( All of these came under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad . ) Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Baltimore 's seaport and good railroad connections fostered substantial growth during the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century . Many manufacturing businesses were established in Baltimore and the surrounding area after the Civil War . Cumberland was Maryland 's second largest city in the 19th century , with ample nearby supplies of coal , iron ore and timber . These resources , along with railroads , the National Road and the C&O Canal , fostered its growth . The city was a major manufacturing center , with industries in glass , breweries , fabrics and tinplate . The Pennsylvania Steel Company founded a steel mill at Sparrow 's Point in Baltimore in 1887 . The mill was purchased by Bethlehem Steel in 1916 , and it became the world 's largest steel mill by the mid-20th century , employing tens of thousands of workers . Educational institutions ( edit ) In 1807 , the College of Medicine of Maryland ( later the University of Maryland Medical School ) became the seventh medical school in the United States . In 1840 , by order of the Maryland state legislature , the non-religious St. Mary 's Female Seminary was founded in St. Mary 's City . This would later become St. Mary 's College of Maryland , the state 's public honors college . The United States Naval Academy was founded in Annapolis in 1845 , and the Maryland Agricultural College was chartered in 1856 , growing eventually into the University of Maryland . Immigration and religion ( edit ) Since the abolition of anti-Catholic laws in the early 1830s , the Catholic population rebounded considerably . The Maryland Catholic population began its resurgence with large waves of Irish Catholic immigration spurred by the Great Potato Famine in Ireland ( 1845 -- 49 ) and then continued through the first half of the 20th century . Italian immigration and Polish immigrations also supplemented the Catholic population in Maryland . Baltimore was the third largest point of entry for European immigrants on the Eastern seaboard for much of this period . Although greatly increased , the Catholic population has never become a majority in the state . Military activity ( edit ) The `` Battle Monument '' at courthouse square was constructed in 1815 -- 1822 to commemorate the Battle of Baltimore , Battle of North Point , and the naval bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy . After the Revolution , the United States Congress approved construction of six heavy frigates to form a nucleus of the United States Navy . One of the first three , the USS Constellation , was constructed in Baltimore . Constellation became the first official U.S. Navy ship put to sea , deploying to the Caribbean Sea to participate in the Quasi-War against France . During the War of 1812 the British raided cities along Chesapeake Bay up to Havre de Grace . Two notable battles occurred in the state . The first was the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24 , 1814 , just outside the national capital , Washington , D.C. The British army routed the American militiamen , who fled in confusion , and went on to capture Washington , D.C. They burned and looted major public buildings , forcing President James Madison to flee to Brookeville , Maryland . The British next marched to Baltimore , where they hoped to strike a knockout blow against the demoralized Americans . Baltimore was not only a busy port , but also suspected of harboring many of the privateers despoiling British ships . The city 's defenses were under the command of Major General Samuel Smith , an officer and commander of the Maryland state militia and a United States Senator . Baltimore had been well fortified with excellent supplies and some 15,000 troops . Maryland militia fought a determined delaying action at the Battle of North Point , during which a Maryland militia marksman shot and killed the British commander , Major General Robert Ross . The battle bought enough time for Baltimore 's defenses to be strengthened . After advancing to the edge of American defenses , the British halted their advance and withdrew . With the failure of the land advance , the sea battle became irrelevant and the British retreated . At Fort McHenry , some 1000 soldiers under the command of Major George Armistead awaited the British naval bombardment . Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to thwart passage of British ships . The attack began on the morning of September 13 , as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort with rockets and mortar shells . After an initial exchange of fire , the British fleet withdrew just beyond the 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) range of Fort McHenry 's cannons . For the next 25 hours , they bombarded the outmanned Americans . On the morning of September 14 , an oversized American flag , which had been raised before daybreak , flew over Fort McHenry . The British knew that victory had eluded them . The bombardment of the fort inspired Francis Scott Key of Frederick , Maryland to write `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as witness to the assault . It later became the country 's national anthem . Maryland in the Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Maryland in the American Civil War See also : American Civil War , Origins of the American Civil War and History of slavery in Maryland Maryland 's mixed sympathies ( edit ) 8th Massachusetts regiment repairing railroad bridges from Annapolis to Washington , which were destroyed with the support of Maryland political leaders , Confederate sympathizers Maryland was a border state , straddling the North and South . As in Virginia and Delaware , some planters in Maryland had freed their slaves in the years after the Revolutionary War . By 1860 Maryland 's free black population comprised 49.1 % of the total of African Americans in the state . After John Brown 's raid in 1859 on Harper 's Ferry , Virginia , some citizens in slaveholding areas began forming local militias for defense . Of the 1860 population of 687,000 , about 60,000 men joined the Union and about 25,000 fought for the Confederacy . The political alignments of each group generally reflected their economic interests , with slaveholders and people involved in trade with the South most likely to favor the Confederate cause , and small farmers and merchants outside the major cities and in western Maryland allied with the Union . In the 1860 election , Lincoln received only one vote in Prince George 's County , a center of large plantations . Beginning of the War ( edit ) Governor Hicks The first bloodshed of the war occurred in Baltimore when the 6th Massachusetts Militia battled an attacking mob while marching between railroad stations on April 19 , 1861 . After that , Baltimore Mayor George William Brown , Marshal George P. Kane , and former Governor Enoch Louis Lowe requested that Maryland Governor Thomas H. Hicks , a slave owner from the Eastern Shore , burn the railroad bridges and cut the telegraph lines leading to Baltimore to prevent further troops from entering the state . Hicks reportedly approved this proposal . These actions were addressed in the famous federal court case of Ex parte Merryman . Maryland remained part of the Union during the Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln 's strong hand suppressing violence and dissent in Maryland and the belated assistance of Governor Hicks played important roles . Hicks worked with federal officials to stop further violence . Lincoln promised to avoid having Northern defenders march through Baltimore while en route to protect the acutely endangered federal capital . The majority of forces took a slow route by boat . Massachusetts militia general Benjamin F. Butler used the water route after learning about the troubles in Baltimore . He commandeered the P.W. & B. Railroad ferryboat Harriet Lane at the Susquehanna River crossing between Perryville in Cecil County to Havre de Grace in Harford County . Avoiding the riotous city , he steamed down the Chesapeake Bay to anchor at night off the Naval Academy at Severn Point in Annapolis . He landed his troops of Massachusetts , New York and Rhode Island militia over the protests of Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks ( 1798 -- 1865 ) . He put some on the old Navy training ship frigate , USS Constitution ( `` Old Ironsides '' ) and moved it off shore beyond reach of easy attack . Recruiting some railroad workers and boilermakers among his soldiers , Butler had them rescue a small yard locomotive in the trainyards and use it to take cars full of soldiers up the Annapolis Line of the B&O Railroad to Relay Junction near Ellicott City , where it joined the Main Line going west to Harpers Ferry , West Virginia or south to Washington . The Northern regiments used this route to reach the train station ( now Union Station near the U.S. Capitol ) . They camped that evening in the Rotunda , which was not yet completed . An additional unit was sent up Pennsylvania Avenue to reinforce the White House , where the President greeted them with relief . Marylanders sympathetic to the South easily crossed the Potomac River to join and fight for the Confederacy . Exiles organized a `` Maryland Line '' in the Army of Northern Virginia which consisted of one infantry regiment , one infantry battalion , two cavalry battalions and four battalions of artillery . According to the best extant records , up to 25,000 Marylanders went south to fight for the Confederacy . About 60,000 Maryland men served in all branches of the Union military . Many of the Union troops were said to enlist on the promise of home garrison duty . Maryland 's naval contribution , the relatively new sloop - of - war USS Constellation was flagship of the US Africa Squadron from 1859 to 1861 and continued in this role during the war . In this period , she disrupted the African slave trade by interdicting three slave ships and releasing the imprisoned slaves . The last of the ships was captured at the outbreak of the Civil War : Constellation overpowered the slaver brig Triton in African coastal waters . Constellation spent much of the war as a deterrent to Confederate cruisers and commerce raiders in the Mediterranean Sea . Occupation of Baltimore ( edit ) A Union artillery garrison was placed on Federal Hill with express orders to destroy the city should Southern sympathizers overwhelm law and order there . Following the riot of 1861 , Union troops under the command of General Benjamin F. Butler occupied the hill in the middle of the night . Butler and his men erected a small fort , with cannon pointing towards the central business district . Their goal was to guarantee the allegiance of the city and the state of Maryland to the federal government under threat of force . This fort and the Union occupation persisted for the duration of the Civil War . A large flag , a few cannon , and a small Grand Army of the Republic monument remain to testify to this period of the hill 's history . John Pendleton Kennedy , politician , author . Kennedy played a major role in bringing an end to slavery in Maryland . 1850 photograph . Because Maryland remained in the Union , it fell outside the scope of the Emancipation Proclamation . A constitutional convention in 1864 culminated in the passage of a new state constitution on November 1 of that year . Article 24 of that document outlawed the practice of slavery . A campaign by state politician John Pendleton Kennedy and others ensured that abolishment of slavery would be in the new document , and the issue was hotly contested for nearly a year throughout the state . In the end the elimination of slavery was approved by a 1,000 - vote margin . The right to vote was extended to non-white males in the Maryland Constitution of 1867 , which is still in effect today . The War on Maryland soil ( edit ) See also : American Civil War : Eastern Theater 1861 -- 1863 Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison The largest and most significant battle fought in the state was the Battle of Antietam , fought on September 17 , 1862 , near Sharpsburg . The battle was the culmination of Robert E. Lee 's Maryland Campaign , which aimed to secure new supplies , recruit fresh men from among the considerable pockets of Confederate sympathies in Maryland , and to impact public opinion in the North . With those goals , Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , consisting of about 40,000 men , had entered Maryland following their recent victory at Second Bull Run . While Major General George B. McClellan 's 87,000 - man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee , a Union soldier discovered a mislaid copy of the detailed battle plans of Lee 's army . The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically ( to Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , and Hagerstown , Maryland ) , thus making each subject to isolation and defeat in detail if McClellan could move quickly enough . McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and position his forces based on it , thus endangering a golden opportunity to defeat Lee decisively . Dead Confederate soldiers from Starke 's Louisiana Brigade , on the Hagerstown Turnpike , north of the Dunker Church The armies met near the town of Sharpsburg by Antietam Creek . Although McClellan arrived in the area on September 16 , his trademark caution delayed his attack on Lee , which gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet 's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson 's corps , minus A.P. Hill 's division , to arrive from Harpers Ferry . McClellan 's two - to - one advantage in the battle was almost completely nullified by a lack of coordination and concentration of Union forces , which allowed Lee to shift his defensive forces to parry each thrust . Antietam National Battlefield today Although a tactical draw , the Battle of Antietam was considered a strategic Union victory and a turning point of the war . It forced the end of Lee 's invasion of the North . It also was enough of a victory to enable President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation , which took effect on January 1 , 1863 . He had been advised by his Cabinet to make the announcement after a Union victory , to avoid any perception that it was issued out of desperation . The Union 's winning the Battle of Antietam also may have dissuaded the governments of France and Great Britain from recognizing the Confederacy . Some observers believed they may have done so in the aftermath of another Union defeat . 1865 -- 1920 ( edit ) Post-civil War political developments ( edit ) Since Maryland had remained in the Union during the Civil War , the state was not covered by the Reconstruction Act , as were states of the former Confederacy . After the war , many white Maryland residents struggled to re-establish white supremacy over freedmen and formerly free blacks , and racial tensions rose . There were deep divisions in the state between those who fought for the North and those who fought for the South . Thomas Swann , the only Governor of Maryland elected under the state 's 1864 constitution In the late 1860s , the whites of the Democratic Party rapidly regained power in the state and replaced Republicans who had been elected or appointed during the war . Support for the Constitution of 1864 ended , and Democrats replaced it with the Maryland Constitution of 1867 . That document , which is still in effect today , resembled the 1851 constitution more than its immediate predecessor and was approved by 54.1 % of the state 's population . It provided for the reapportionment of the legislature based on population , not counties , which gave greater political power to more dense urban areas ( and , by extension , to freedmen ) , but the new constitution deprived African Americans of some of the protections of the 1864 document . Austin Lane Crothers , the 46th Governor , supported the disfranchisement of black voters and poor whites In 1896 , a biracial Republican coalition gained election of Lloyd Lowndes , Jr. as governor , and also achieved election of some Republican congressmen , including Sydney Emanuel Mudd , after Democratic dominance . Over the next several decades , the African - American population struggled in a discriminatory environment . The Democrat - dominated legislature tried to pass disfranchising bills in 1905 , 1907 , and 1911 , but was rebuffed on each occasion , in large part because of black opposition and strength . Blacks comprised 20 % of the electorate and had established themselves in several cities , where they had comparative security . In addition , immigrants comprised 15 % of the voting population and opposed these measures . The legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants . In 1910 the legislature proposed the Digges Amendment to the state constitution . It would have used property requirements to effectively disfranchise many African Americans as well as many poor whites ( including new immigrants ) , a technique used by other southern states from 1890 to 1910 , beginning with Mississippi 's new constitution . The Maryland General Assembly passed the bill , which Governor Austin Lane Crothers supported . Before the measure went to popular vote , a bill was proposed that would have effectively passed the requirements of the Digges Amendment into law . Due to widespread public opposition , that measure failed , and the amendment was also rejected by the voters of Maryland . Nationally Maryland citizens achieved the most notable rejection of a black - disfranchising amendment . Similar measures had earlier been proposed in Maryland , but also failed to pass ( the Poe Amendment in 1905 and the Straus Amendment in 1909 ) . The power of blacks at the ballot box and economically helped them resist these bills and disfranchising effort . The businessmen Johns Hopkins , Enoch Pratt , George Peabody , and Henry Walters were philanthropists of 19th - century Baltimore ; they founded notable educational , health care , and cultural institutions in that city . Bearing their names , these include a university , free city library , music and art school , and art museum . Progressive era reforms ( edit ) See also : Progressivism In the early 20th century , a political reform movement arose , centered in the rising new middle class . One of their main goals included having government jobs granted on the basis of merit rather than patronage . Other changes aimed to reduce the power of political bosses and machines , which they succeeded in doing . In a series of laws passed between 1892 and 1908 , reformers worked for standard state - issued ballots ( rather than those distributed and pre-marked by the parties ) ; obtained closed voting booths to prevent party workers from `` assisting '' voters ; initiated primary elections to keep party bosses from selecting candidates ; and had candidates listed without party symbols , which discouraged the illiterate from participating . Although promoted as democratic reforms , the changes had other results sought by the middle class . They discouraged participation by the lower classes and illiterate voters . Voting participation dropped from about 82 % of eligible voters in the 1890s to about 49 % in the 1920s . Other laws regulated working conditions . For instance , in a series of laws passed in 1902 , the state regulated conditions in mines ; outlawed child laborers under the age of 12 ; mandated compulsory school attendance ; and enacted the nation 's first workers ' compensation law . The workers ' compensation law was overturned in the courts , but was redrafted and finally enacted in 1910 . The law become a model for national legislation a few decades later . The debate over prohibition of alcohol , another progressive reform , led to Maryland 's gaining its second nickname . A mocking newspaper editorial dubbed Maryland `` the Free State '' for its allowing alcohol . Great Baltimore fire ( edit ) The aftermath of the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904 The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904 was a momentous event for Maryland 's largest city and the state as a whole . The fire raged in Baltimore from 10 : 48 a.m. Sunday , February 7 , to 5 : 00 p.m. Monday , February 8 , 1904 . More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control . One reason for the fire 's duration was the lack of national standards in fire - fighting equipment . Although fire engines from nearby cities ( such as Philadelphia and Washington , as well as units from New York , Wilmington , and Atlantic City ) responded , many were useless because their hose couples failed to fit Baltimore hydrants . As a result , the fire burned over 30 hours , destroying 1,526 buildings and spanning 70 city blocks . In the aftermath , 35,000 people were left unemployed . After the fire , the city was rebuilt using more fireproof materials , such as granite pavers . The world War I era ( edit ) Entry into World War I brought changes to Maryland . Maryland was the site of new military bases , such as Camp Meade ( now Fort Meade ) , the Aberdeen Proving Ground , which were established in 1917 , and the Edgewood Arsenal , which was founded the following year . Other existing facilities , including Fort McHenry , were greatly expanded . To coordinate wartime activities , like the expansion of federal facilities , the General Assembly set up a Council of Defense . The 126 seats on the council were filled by appointment . The Council , which had a virtually unlimited budget , was charged with defending the state , supervising the draft , maintaining wage and price controls , providing housing for war - related industries , and promoting support for the war . Citizens were encouraged to grow their own victory gardens and to obey ration laws . They were also forced to work , once the legislature adopted a compulsory labor law with the support of the Council of Defense . Culture ( edit ) H.L. Mencken in 1932 H.L. Mencken ( 1880 -- 1956 ) was the state 's iconoclastic writer and intellectual trendsetter . In 1922 the `` Sage of Baltimore '' praised the state for its `` singular and various beauty from the stately estuaries of the Chesapeake to the peaks of the Blue Ridge . '' He happily reported that Providence had spared Maryland the harsh weather , the decay , the intractable social problems of other states . Statistically , Maryland held tightly to the middle ground -- in population , value of manufacturers , percentage of native whites , the proportion of Catholics , the first and last annual frost . Everywhere he looked he found Maryland in the middle . In national politics it worked sometimes with the northern Republicans , other times with southern Democrats . This average quality perhaps represented a national ideal toward which other states were striving . Nevertheless , Mencken sensed something was wrong . `` Men are ironed out . Ideas are suspect . No one appears to be happy . Life is dull . '' Maryland in the 20th century ( edit ) See also : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) The Ritchie Administration ( edit ) Albert C. Ritchie , elected to his first of five terms in 1918 , is probably the most popular governor in state history . In 1918 , Maryland elected Albert C. Ritchie , a Democrat , governor . He was reelected four times , serving from 1919 to 1934 . Ritchie was handsome , aristocratic , and very pro-business . He hired a management firm to streamline government operations and established a budget process controlled largely by economists . He also won approval for a civil service system , long been sought by reformers who wanted positions given on the basis of merit and not patronage ; reduced the number of state elections by extending legislative terms from two to four years ; and appointed citizens ' commissions to advise on nearly every aspect of government . State property taxes dropped sharply under Ritchie , but so did state services . A powerful movie censorship board kept subversive ideas away from the masses . Three times , including 1924 and 1932 , Ritchie was a candidate for President of the United States , arguing that Presidents Coolidge and Hoover were hopeless spendthrifts . Ritchie lost his bid for the Democratic Party 's nomination for President in 1932 . Despite a large demonstration of support at the convention , Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated and went on to win the election . Ritchie continued to serve as governor until 1935 . The Great Depression , world War II , and aftermath ( edit ) Maryland 's urban and rural communities had different experiences during the Depression . In 1932 the `` Bonus Army '' marched through the state on its way to Washington , D.C. In addition to the nationwide New Deal reforms of President Roosevelt , which put men to work building roads and park facilities , Maryland also took steps to weather the hard times . For instance , in 1937 the state instituted its first ever income tax to generate revenue for schools and welfare . The state had some advances in civil rights . The 1935 case Murray v. Pearson et al. resulted in a Baltimore City Court 's ordering integration of University of Maryland Law School . The plaintiff in that case was represented by Thurgood Marshall , a young lawyer with the NAACP and a native of Baltimore . When the state attorney general appealed to the Court of Appeals , it affirmed the decision . Because the state did not appeal the ruling in the federal courts , this state ruling under the U.S. Constitution was the first to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson , the 1896 Supreme Court decision that allowed separate but equal facilities . While the ruling was a moral precedent , it had no authority outside the state of Maryland . A hurricane in 1933 created an inlet in Sinepuxent Bay at Ocean City , making the then - small town attractive for recreational fishing . During World War II additional large defense facilities were established in the state such as Andrews Air Force Base , Patuxent River Naval Air Station , and the large Glenn L. Martin aircraft factory east of Baltimore . In 1952 , the eastern and western halves of Maryland were linked for the first time by the long Chesapeake Bay Bridge , which replaced a nearby ferry service . This bridge ( and its later , parallel span ) increased tourist traffic to Ocean City , which experienced a building boom . Soon after , the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel allowed long - distance interstate motorists to bypass downtown Baltimore , while the earlier Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge allowed them to bypass Washington , D.C. Two beltways , I - 695 and I - 495 , were built around Baltimore and Washington , while I - 70 , I - 270 , and later I - 68 linked central Maryland with western Maryland , and I - 97 linked Baltimore with Annapolis . Passenger and freight steamboat transportation , previously very important throughout the Chesapeake Bay and its many tributaries , came to an end in mid-century . In 1980 , the opening of Harborplace and the Baltimore Aquarium made that city a significant tourist destination , while Charles Center , the World Trade Center , and the popular Camden Yards baseball stadium were constructed in the downtown area . Fells Point also became popular . The historic Annapolis waterfront area , previously a working - class fishing port , also became gentrified and a tourist destination . Baltimore 's largest employer , the Bethlehem Steel factory at Sparrows Point , shrunk , and the General Motors plant closed , while Johns Hopkins University and Health Care System took Bethlehem 's place as Baltimore 's largest employer . There are over 350 biotechnology companies in the state . The Social Security -- Health Care Financing Administration , Bureau of Standards , U.S. Census Bureau , National Institutes of Health , National Security Agency , and Public Health Service have their headquarters in the state . Metrorail lines were constructed in Montgomery and Prince George 's counties , while Baltimore opened its own 20 miles ( 32 km ) Metro Subway as well as the north - south Baltimore Light Rail system . In addition to general suburban growth , specially planned new communities sprung up , most notably Columbia , but also Montgomery Village , Belair at Bowie , St. Charles , Cross Keys , and Joppatowne , and numerous shopping malls , the state 's three largest malls being Annapolis Mall , Arundel Mills and the Towson Town Center . Community colleges were established in nearly every county in Maryland . Large - scale , mechanized poultry farms became prevalent on the lower Eastern Shore , along with irrigated vegetable farming . In Southern Maryland tobacco farming had nearly vanished by the century 's end , due to suburban housing development and a state tobacco incentive buy - out program . Industrial , railroad , and coal - mining jobs in the four westernmost counties declined , but that area 's economy was helped by expansion of outdoor recreational tourism and new technology jobs and industries . As the 21st century dawned , Maryland joined neighboring states in a new initiative to save the health of Chesapeake Bay , whose aquatic life and seafood industry are threatened by waterfront residential development , as well as by fertilizer and livestock waste entering the bay , especially from Pennsylvania 's Susquehanna River . In addition , about 580 acres ( 230 ha ) of Maryland shore are eroded per year due to the land sinking and rising sea levels . In 2013 , Maryland abolished capital punishment . See also ( edit ) Main article : Historical outline of Maryland Government of Maryland Colonial South and the Chesapeake History of the Southern United States History of Washington , D.C. List of people from Maryland Timeline of Maryland Timeline of Baltimore References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenwell , Megan . `` Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland 's Historic Role '' , Washington Post , August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Cecilius . `` Instructions to the Colonists by Lord Baltimore , ( 1633 ) '' , Narratives of Early Maryland , 1633 -- 1684 ( Clayton Coleman Hall , ed . ) , ( NY : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1910 ) , 11 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstructing the Brick Chapel of 1667 '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kolchin , Peter . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ See John Smith 's map of Virginia on Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ John Steckley , `` The Early Map `` Novvelle France '' : A Linguistic Analysis `` , Ontario Archaeology 51 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Patrick M. ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Flashback column : The Tribes of Maryland '' . Washington , DC : Washington Post . pp. SC9 . Jump up ^ John Heckewelder ( Loskiel ) : Conoys , Ganawese , etc. explains Charles A. Hanna ( Vol II , 1911 : 96 , Ganeiens - gaa , Margry , i. , 529 ; ii. , 142 -- 43 , ) using La Salle 's letter of August 22 , 1681 Fort Saint Louis ( Illinois ) mentioning `` Ohio tribes '' for extrapolation . Jump up ^ `` Susquehannocks -- The vanquished tribe Our Cecil '' . cecildaily.com . May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nichols , John & Nyholm , Earl `` The Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe . '' 1994 Jump up ^ `` On the Susquehannocks : Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds The Historical Society of Baltimore County '' . Hsobc.org . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Restore Handsell `` History of Handsell in the Chicone Indiantown , Dorchester County , Maryland '' . Restorehandsell.org. April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 441 Jump up ^ Durham , Raymond ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` References to Native Americans of Delmarva on the internet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrie Hunter Willis and Etta Belle Walker , Legends of the Skyline Drive and the Great Valley of Virginia , 1937 , pp. 15 -- 16 ; this account also appears in T.K. Cartmell 's 1909 Shenandoah Valley Pioneers and Their Descendants p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland State Archives , Annapolis , MD ( 2013 ) . `` Maryland Historical Chronology : 10,000 B.C. - 1599 . '' Maryland Manual On - Line . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish in the Chesapeake Bay '' . Charles A. Grymes . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Charter of Maryland : 1632 '' , The Avalon Project , Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale School of Law ^ Jump up to : `` Maryland at a Glance : Name '' . Maryland State Archives . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carl , Katy . `` Catholics Give Thanks to God in Maryland '' , National Catholic Register , November 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States ( Sentry edition ( 3rd ) ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Archaeology , Narrative , and the Politics of the Past : The View from Southern Maryland , p. 52 , UPCC book collections on Project MUSE , Julia A. King , Publisher , Univ. of Tennessee Press , 2012 , ISBN 9781572338883 Jump up ^ Archaeology , Narrative , and the Politics , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` MD History '' . Maryland Historical Society . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Owen M. Taylor , History of Annapolis ( 1872 ) p 5 online Jump up ^ Daniel R. Randall , A Puritan Colony in Maryland ; Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science , ed . Herbert B. Adams , Fourth Series , issue VI ; Baltimore : N. Murray for Johns Hopkins University , June 1886 . Jump up ^ Mereness ( 1901 ) , pp. 37 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Nancy L. Struna , `` The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite : The Chesapeake Gentry , 1650 -- 1720s . '' Journal of Sport History 13 # 3 ( 1986 ) . online Jump up ^ Timothy H. Breen , `` Horses and gentlemen : The cultural significance of gambling among the gentry of Virginia . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1977 ) 34 # 2 pp : 239 - 257 . online Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Lori ( March 14 , 2000 ) . `` Two - Bit Identity Crisis ; Imprint Befuddles the Free -- Make That ' Old Line ' -- State '' . The Washington Post . gwpapers.virginia.edu . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stover , John F. ( 1987 ) . History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . West Lafayette , IN : Purdue University Press . ISBN 0 - 911198 - 81 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dilts , James D. ( 1993 ) . The Great Road : The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio , the Nation 's First Railroad , 1828 -- 1853 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2235 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Holland ( 1921 ) . The Age of Invention : A Chronicle of Mechanical Conquest . Chronicles of America Series , Vol. 37 . Yale University Press . pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Reutter , Mark ( 2004 ) . Making Steel : Sparrows Point And The Rise And Ruin Of American Industrial Might . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07233 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Earliest North American Medical Schools : Chronological List of Founding Dates '' . Essay : : Health Sciences Library . Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , N.Y. Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Immigrants in Baltimore : Introduction '' , Teaching American History in Maryland , Maryland State Archives , http://teaching.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000000/000131/html/t131.html ^ Jump up to : `` Italian Jesuits in Maryland : a clash of theological cultures ( 2007 ) '' , McKevitt , Gerald , Volume : v. 39 no. 1 , pages 50 , 51 , 52 ; Publisher : St. Louis , MO : Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality , Call number : BX3701. S88x , Digitizing sponsor : Boston Library Consortium Member Libraries https://archive.org/details/italianjesuitsin391mcke Jump up ^ Cleveland , J.F. ( 1861 ) . The Tribune Almanac and Political Register , Volume 1861 . New York : Tribune Association . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Allan ( 1959 ) . The War for the Union : The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN TUCK , `` Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century '' ( pdf ) , Spring 2013 , reading for `` Challenges of Democratization '' , by Brandon Kendhammer , Ohio University Jump up ^ Robert J. Brugger ( 1996 ) . Maryland , A Middle Temperament : 1634 -- 1980 . Johns Hopkins U.P. p. 427 . Jump up ^ Joseph B. Chepaitis , `` Albert C. Ritchie in Power : 1920 -- 1927 '' . Maryland Historical Magazine ( 1973 ) 68 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 404 Jump up ^ Dorothy Brown , `` The Election of 1934 : the ' New Deal ' in Maryland , '' Maryland Historical Magazine ( 1973 ) 68 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 421 Jump up ^ `` William Preston Lane Jr . Memorial Bay Bridge -- History '' . baybridge.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Business in Maryland : Biosciences '' . Maryland Department of Business & Economic Development . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Peter S. ( August 1 , 1999 ) . `` An Unsavory Byproduct : Runoff and Pollution '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Horton , Tom ( January 1 , 1999 ) . `` Hog farms ' waste poses a threat '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Losing Battle Against the Bay '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) . `` Chronology '' . Maryland : a Guide to the Old Line State . American Guide Series . NY : Oxford University Press -- via HathiTrust . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Brugger , Robert J. Maryland , A Middle Temperament : 1634 -- 1980 ( 1996 ) full scale history Chappelle , Suzanne . Jean H. Baker , Dean R. Esslinger , and Whitman H. Ridgeway . Maryland : A History of its People ( 1986 ) Colonial to 1860 ( edit ) Arson , Steven , `` Yeoman Farmers in a Planters ' Republic : Socioeconomic Conditions and Relations in Early National Prince George 's County , Maryland , '' Journal of the Early Republic , 29 ( Spring 2009 ) , 63 -- 99 . Brackett ; Jeffrey R . The Negro in Maryland : A Study of the Institution of Slavery ( 1969 ) online edition Browne , Gary Lawson . Baltimore in the Nation , 1789 -- 1861 ( 1980 ) Carr , Lois Green , Philip D. Morgan , Jean Burrell Russo , eds . Colonial Chesapeake Society ( 1991 ) Craven , Avery . Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland , 1606 -- 1860 ( 1925 ; reprinted 2006 ) Curran , Robert Emmett , ed . Shaping American Catholicism : Maryland and New York , 1805 -- 1915 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Curran , Robert Emmett . Papist Devils : Catholics in British America , 1574 -- 1783 ( 2014 ) Fields , Barbara . Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground : Maryland During the Nineteenth Century ( 1987 ) Hoffman , Ronald . Princes of Ireland , Planters of Maryland : A Carroll Saga , 1500 -- 1782 ( 2000 ) 429pp ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2556 - 5 . Hoffman , Ronald . A Spirit of Dissension : Economics , Politics , and the Revolution in Maryland ( 1973 ) Kulikoff , Allan . Tobacco and Slaves : The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake , 1680 -- 1800 ( 1988 ) Main , Gloria L. Tobacco Colony : Life in Early Maryland , 1650 -- 1720 ( 1983 ) Mereness , Newton Dennison . Maryland as a Proprietary Province . New York : Macmillan , 1901 . Middleton , Arthur Pierce . Tobacco Coast : A Maritime History of Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era ( 1984 ) online edition Risjord ; Norman K. Chesapeake Politics , 1781 -- 1800 ( 1978 ) online edition Steiner ; Bernard C. Maryland under the Commonwealth : A Chronicle of the Years 1649 -- 1658 1911 Tate , Thad W. ed . The Chesapeake in the seventeenth century : Essays on Anglo - American society ( 1979 ) , scholarly studies Since 1860 ( edit ) Anderson , Alan D . The Origin and Resolution of an Urban Crisis : Baltimore , 1890 -- 1930 ( 1977 ) Argersinger , Jo Ann E. Toward a New Deal in Baltimore : People and Government in the Great Depression ( 1988 ) Durr , Kenneth D . Behind the Backlash : White Working - Class Politics in Baltimore , 1940 -- 1980 University of North Carolina Press , 2003 online edition Ellis ; John Tracy The Life of James Cardinal Gibbons : Archbishop of Baltimore , 1834 -- 1921 2 vol 1952 online edition v. 1 ; online ed. v. 2 Fein , Isaac M. The Making of an American Jewish Community : The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920 1971 online edition Wennersten , John R. Maryland 's Eastern Shore : A Journey in Time and Place ( 1992 ) Primary sources ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Maryland in the 18th - century Clayton Colman Hall , ed . Narratives of Early Maryland , 1633 -- 1684 ( 1910 ) 460 pp. online edition David Hein , editor . Religion and Politics in Maryland on the Eve of the Civil War : The Letters of W. Wilkins Davis . 1988 ; revised ed. , Eugene , OR : Wipf & Stock , 2009 . Online essays ( edit ) Maryland State Archives ( September 16 , 2004 ). Historical Chronology . Whitman H. Ridgway . Maryland Humanities Council ( 2001 ) . `` ( Maryland ) Politics and Law '' Maryland State Archives . ( October 29 , 2004 ). Maryland Manual On - Line : A Guide to Maryland Government . Retrieved June 1 , 2005 . `` Maryland '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 22 , 2005 . `` Maryland '' . The Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 22 , 2005 . Dennis C. Curry ( 2001 ) . `` Native Maryland , 9000 B.C. -- 1600 A.D. '' . Whitman H. Ridgway . Maryland Humanities Council ( 2001 ) . `` ( Maryland in ) the Nineteenth Century '' . George H. Callcott . Maryland Humanities Council ( 2001 ) . `` ( Maryland in ) the Twentieth Century '' . External links ( edit ) Maryland Historical Society Maryland Military Historical Society Maryland State Archives Boston Public Library , Map Center . Maps of Maryland , various dates . Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Maryland '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Maryland '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . 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-2758272522608730171 | The Ed Sullivan Show | The Ed Sullivan show - wikipedia The Ed Sullivan show The Ed Sullivan Show Ed Sullivan in 1955 Also known as Toast of the Town Genre Variety Sketch Comedy Presented by Ed Sullivan Narrated by Bern Bennett ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Art Hannes ( 1949 -- 1959 & 1961 -- 1964 ) Ralph Paul ( 1959 -- 1961 & 1964 -- 1971 ) ( announcer ) Theme music composer Ray Bloch Opening theme `` Toast of the Town '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 24 No. of episodes 1,068 Production Executive producer ( s ) Ed Sullivan Producer ( s ) Marlo Lewis ( 1948 -- 1960 ) ( cofounder and coproducer with Sullivan ) Bob Precht Chester Feldman Jack McGeehan Production location ( s ) Ed Sullivan Theater New York Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 50 -- 53 minutes Release Original network CBS Picture format Black - and - white ( 1948 -- 1965 ) Color ( 1965 -- 1971 ) Audio format Monaural Original release June 20 , 1948 ( 1948 - 06 - 20 ) -- June 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 06 ) External links Website The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television variety show that ran on CBS from June 20 , 1948 , to June 6 , 1971 , and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan . It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie . In 2002 , The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked # 15 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , the series finished No. 31 in TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time . Contents 1 History 2 Background 2.1 The Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra 3 Famous performances / notable guest stars 3.1 Itzhak Perlman 3.2 Elvis Presley 3.2. 1 Initial appearance 3.2. 2 Second and third appearances 3.3 The Beatles 3.4 African - American artists 3.4. 1 The Supremes 3.4. 2 Opportunity 3.5 The Muppets 3.6 Broadway 4 Mental illness program 5 Film clips 6 Controversies 6.1 Bo Diddley 6.2 A Short Vision 6.3 Buddy Holly and the Crickets 6.4 Jackie Mason 6.5 Bob Dylan 6.6 The Doors 6.7 The Rolling Stones 7 Ratings history 8 Primetime specials 9 Parodies 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) Carmen Miranda and Ed Sullivan on Toast of the Town , 1953 . From 1948 until its cancellation in 1971 , the show ran on CBS every Sunday night from 8 -- 9 p.m. E.T. , and is one of the few entertainment shows to have run in the same weekly time slot on the same network for more than two decades ( during its first season , it ran from 9 to 10 p.m. E.T. ) . Virtually every type of entertainment appeared on the show ; classical musicians , opera singers , popular recording artists , songwriters , comedians , ballet dancers , dramatic actors performing monologues from plays , and circus acts were regularly featured . The format was essentially the same as vaudeville and , although vaudeville had undergone a slow demise for a generation , Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show . Originally co-created and produced by Marlo Lewis , the show was first titled Toast of the Town , but was widely referred to as The Ed Sullivan Show for years before September 25 , 1955 , when that became its official name . In the show 's June 20 , 1948 debut , Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis performed along with singer Monica Lewis and Broadway composers Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II previewing the score to their then - new show South Pacific , which opened on Broadway in 1949 . From 1948 through 1962 , the program 's primary sponsor was the Lincoln - Mercury Division of the Ford Motor Company ; Sullivan read many commercials for Mercury vehicles live on the air during this period . The Ed Sullivan Show was originally broadcast via live television from CBS - TV studio 51 , the Maxine Elliott Theatre , at Broadway and 39th St. before moving to its permanent home at CBS - TV Studio 50 in New York City ( 1697 Broadway , at 53rd Street ) , which was renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater on the occasion of the program 's 20th anniversary in June 1968 . The last original Sullivan show telecast ( # 1068 ) was on March 28 , 1971 , with guests Melanie , Joanna Simon , Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass and Sandler and Young . Repeats were scheduled through June 6 , 1971 . Background ( edit ) Along with the new talent Sullivan booked each week , he also had recurring characters appear many times a season , such as his `` Little Italian Mouse '' puppet sidekick Topo Gigio , who debuted December 9 , 1962 , and ventriloquist Señor Wences debuted December 31 , 1950 . While most of the episodes aired live from New York City , the show also aired live on occasion from other nations , such as the United Kingdom , Australia , and Japan . For many years , Ed Sullivan was a national event each Sunday evening , and was the first exposure for foreign performers to the American public . On the occasion of the show 's tenth anniversary telecast , Sullivan commented on how the show had changed during a June 1958 interview syndicated by the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) : The chief difference is mostly one of pace . In those days , we had maybe six acts . Now we have 11 or 12 . Then , each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so . Now they do two or three minutes . And in those early days I talked too much . Watching these kines I cringe . I look up at me talking away and I say `` You fool ! Keep quiet ! '' But I just keep on talking . I 've learned how to keep my mouth shut . The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s . As had occurred with the annual telecasts of The Wizard of Oz in the 1960s and ' 70s , the family ritual of gathering around the television set to watch Ed Sullivan became almost a U.S. cultural universal . He was regarded as a kingmaker , and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom , although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case . The show 's iconic status is illustrated by the song `` Hymn for a Sunday Evening '' from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie . In the song , a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones . In September 1965 , CBS started televising the program in compatible color , as all three major networks began to switch to 100 percent color prime time schedules . CBS had once backed its own color system , developed by Peter Goldmark , and resisted using RCA 's compatible process until 1954 . At that time , it built its first New York City color TV studio , Studio 72 , in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway ( 81st Street ) . One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22 , 1954 , from the new studio , but it was mostly used for one - time - only specials such as Rodgers and Hammerstein 's March 31 , 1957 Cinderella . ( The facility was later acquired by TeleTape Productions and notably became the first studio where the PBS children 's program Sesame Street was produced . ) CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house . CBS Studio 50 was finally `` colorized '' in 1965 . The 1965 -- 66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12 , which was the last episode to air in black and white . This occurred because the episode was taped at the Beatles ' convenience on August 14 , the eve of their Shea Stadium performance and a two - week tour of North America , slightly before the program was ready for color transmission . In the late 1960s , Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on . He realized that to keep viewers , the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen , or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel . Along with declining viewership , Ed Sullivan attracted a higher median age for the average viewer ( which most sponsors found undesirable ) as the seasons went on . These two factors were the reason the show was canceled by CBS as part of a mass cancellation of advertiser - averse programming after the end of the 1970 -- 1971 season . Because there was no notice of cancellation , Sullivan 's landmark program ended without a proper finale . Sullivan would produce one - off specials for CBS until his death in 1974 . In 1990 , television documentary producer Andrew Solt formed SOFA Entertainment , Inc. and purchased the exclusive rights to the complete library of The Ed Sullivan Show from Ed Sullivan 's daughter Elizabeth and her husband Bob Precht . The collection consists of 1,087 hours of kinescopes and videotapes broadcast by CBS on Sunday nights from 1948 to 1971 . Since acquiring the rights to The Ed Sullivan Show library , SOFA Entertainment has catalogued , organized and cleared performance rights for the original shows . Starting in 1991 , SOFA Entertainment has re-introduced The Ed Sullivan Show to the American public by producing numerous network specials , half - hour series ( airing on TV Land , PBS , VH1 and Decades ) and home video compilations . Some of these compilations include The 4 Complete Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Beatles , All 6 Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Rolling Stones , Elvis : The Ed Sullivan Shows , Motown Gold from the Ed Sullivan Show , Ed Sullivan 's Rock ' n Roll Classics , and 115 half - hour The Best of The Ed Sullivan Show specials , among others . The legendary performances of this show are also available as video and audio downloads and as an app on iTunes . '' The Ed Sullivan show orchestra ( edit ) In the early years of television , both CBS and NBC networks had their own symphony orchestras . NBC 's was conducted by Arturo Toscanini and CBS 's by Alfredo Antonini . The Ed Sullivan Show ( originally presented as : The Toast Of The Town ) was basically a musical variety show , and thus members of the CBS orchestra were folded into the Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra , conducted by Ray Bloch . During the early days of television , the demands on studio musicians were many - tiered . They needed to be proficient in all genres of music , from classical , to jazz and to rock and roll . The Ed Sullivan Show would regularly feature singers from the Metropolitan Opera and the staff orchestra would accompany divas such as Eileen Farrell , Maria Callas or Joan Sutherland . The musicians needed to be prepared to switch gears for Ella Fitzgerald , Diahann Carroll or Sammy Davis , Jr. and then onto The Jackson Five , Stevie Wonder or Tom Jones or Itzhak Perlman . They also needed to perform with some of the greatest dancers and ballerinas of the time , from Gregory Hines , Juliet Prowse , Maria Tallchief or Margo Fonteyn to the Peter Genarro dancers . In the process , the musicians collaborated with several internationally recognized ballet troupes including : Ruth Page 's Chicago Opera Ballet , the London Festival Ballet , Roland Petit 's Ballets de Paris and Russia 's Igor Moiseyev Ballet . Few musicians are capable of crossing over from one genre to another . However , each member of the Ed Sullivan Show Orchestra was a specialist and more than capable of covering the complete spectrum of music . The lead trumpet player is the `` concert master '' of a studio orchestra . Chris Griffin ( formerly with the trumpet section of Harry James , Ziggy Elman and the Benny Goodman Band ) was Ray Bloch 's lead trumpet player for the many radio and television shows that he conducted , including the Ed Sullivan Show . `` Chris '' remained the lead trumpet player with The Ed Sullivan show from the first show in 1948 to the last show in 1971 . The Trumpet Section was composed of : Chris Griffin ; Bernie Privin ; Jimmy Nottingham and Thad Jones . Chris ' son Paul Griffin was a regular substitute trumpeter . Trombones : Roland Dupont ; Morton Bullman ; Frank Rehak and Cliff Heather . Saxes : Toots Mondello ; Hymie Schertzer ; etc . Piano : Hank Jones . Drums : Specs Powell / Howard Smith . Percussion : Milton Schlesinger who similarly played from the first to last show . John Serry Sr. often augmented the orchestra as the lead accordionist during the 1950s . Unlike NBC 's The Tonight Show , which celebrated the notoriety of their musicians in Skitch Henderson 's or Doc Severinsen 's `` Tonight Show Band '' , the CBS producers of The Ed Sullivan Show decided to hide their famed musicians behind a curtain . Occasionally , CBS would broadcast specials and call upon the orchestra to perform . When Robert Kennedy was assassinated , music was hastily composed for the orchestra in a special tribute that also featured Bill Evans , who had recently composed an Elegy To His Father . In 1971 , The Ed Sullivan Show came to an abrupt end . The CBS board of directors chose this occasion to terminate any and all contracts with their musicians as they were unceremoniously shown the door . Famous performances / notable guest stars ( edit ) Sullivan and The Beatles , February 1964 The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1950s and 1960s musicians such as Elvis Presley , The Beatles , The Supremes , The Dave Clark Five , The Animals , The Beach Boys , The Jackson 5 , Stevie Wonder , Janis Joplin , The Rolling Stones , The Mamas & the Papas , The Lovin ' Spoonful , Herman 's Hermits , The Doors and The Band . The Canadian comedy duo Wayne and Shuster appeared on the program 67 times , a record for any performer . Itzhak Perlman ( edit ) The American public 's first exposure to Itzhak Perlman was on the show in 1958 , when he was 13 . This performance was a breakthrough not only for classical music , but also for Perlman , who rode the waves of admiration that came with performing on the show to new heights of fame and has remained one of the most famous violinists for decades . Elvis Presley ( edit ) Initial appearance ( edit ) On September 9 , 1956 , Presley made his first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show ( after earlier appearances on shows hosted by the Dorsey Brothers , Milton Berle , and Steve Allen ) , even though Sullivan had previously vowed never to allow Presley on the show . According to Sullivan biographer Michael David Harris , `` Sullivan signed Presley when the host was having an intense Sunday - night rivalry with Steve Allen . Allen had the singer on July 1 and trounced Sullivan in the ratings . When asked to comment , ( Sullivan ) said that he would n't consider presenting Presley before a family audience . Less than two weeks later he changed his mind and signed a contract . The newspapers asked him to explain his reversal . ' What I said then was off the reports I 'd heard . I had n't even seen the guy . Seeing the kinescopes , I do n't know what the fuss was all about . For instance , the business about rubbing the thighs . He rubbed one hand on his hip to dry off the perspiration from playing his guitar . ' '' Sullivan 's reaction to Presley 's performance on The Milton Berle Show was , `` I do n't know why everybody picked on Presley , I thought the whole show was dirty and vulgar . '' Elvis mythology states that Sullivan censored Presley by only shooting him from the waist up . Sullivan may have helped create the myth when he told TV Guide , `` as for his gyrations , the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots . '' In truth Presley 's whole body was shown in the first and second shows . At the time , Presley was filming Love Me Tender , so Sullivan 's producer , Marlo Lewis , flew to Los Angeles to supervise the two segments telecast that night from CBS Television City in Hollywood . Sullivan , however , was not able to host his show in New York City because he was recovering from a near fatal automobile accident . Charles Laughton guest - hosted in Sullivan 's place . Laughton appeared in front of plaques with gold records and stated , `` These gold records , four of them ... are a tribute to the fact that four of his recordings have sold , each sold , more than a million copies . And this , by the way , is the first time in record - making history that a singer has hit such a mark in such a short time ... And now , away to Hollywood to meet Elvis Presley . '' However , according to Greil Marcus , Laughton was the main act of that particular telecast of Sullivan 's show . `` Presley was the ( ostensible ) headliner , and a Sullivan headliner normally opened the show , but Sullivan was burying him . Laughton had to make the moment invisible : to act as if nobody was actually waiting for anything . He did it instantly , with complete command , with the sort of television presence that some have and some -- Steve Allen , or Ed Sullivan himself -- do n't . '' Host Laughton introduced the singer from New York . Once on camera , Elvis cleared his throat and said , `` Thank you , Mr. Laughton , ladies and gentlemen . Wow '' , and wiped his brow . `` This is probably the greatest honor I 've ever had in my life . Ah . There 's not much I can say except , it really makes you feel good . We want to thank you from the bottom of our heart . And now ... '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , which was , after a short introduction by Elvis , followed by `` Love Me Tender '' . According to Elaine Dundy , Presley sang `` Love Me Tender '' `` straight , subdued and tender ... -- a very different Elvis from the one on The Steve Allen Show three months before '' . When the camera returned to Laughton , he stated , `` Well , well , well well well . Ladies and gentlemen , Elvis Presley . And Mr. Presley , if you are watching this in Hollywood , and I may address myself to you . It has been many a year since any young performer has captured such a wide , and , as we heard tonight , devoted audience . '' Elvis Presley performing `` Ready Teddy '' Elvis 's second set in the show consisted of `` Ready Teddy '' and a short on - air comment to Sullivan , `` Ah , Mr. Sullivan . We know that somewhere out there you are looking in , and , ah , all the boys and myself , and everybody out here , are looking forward to seeing you back on television . '' Next , Elvis declared , `` Friends , as a great philosopher once said , ' You ai n't nothin ' but a Hound Dog ... , ' '' as he launched into a short ( 1 : 07 ) version of the song . According to Marcus , `` For the first of his two appearances that night , as a performer Elvis had come on dressed in grandma 's nightgown and nightcap . '' Concerning the singer 's second set in the show , the author adds that there were `` Elvis , Scotty Moore on guitar , Bill Black on stand - up bass , D.J. Fontana on drums , three Jordanaires on their feet , one at a piano . They were shown from behind ; the camera pulled all the way back . They went into ' Ready Teddy . ' It was Little Richard 's most thrilling record '' , however , `` there was no way Elvis was going to catch him , but he did n't have to -- the song is a wave and he rode it . Compared to moments on the Dorsey shows , on the Berle show , it was ice cream -- Elvis 's face unthreatening , his legs as if in casts ... '' When `` he sang Little Richard 's ' Reddy Teddy ' and began to move and dance , the camera pulled in , so that the television audience saw him from the waist up only . '' Although Laughton was the main star and there were seven other acts on the show , Elvis was on camera for more than a quarter of the time allotted to all acts . The show had a 43.7 rating , and was viewed by a record 60 million people which at the time was 82.6 percent of the television audience , and the largest single audience in television history . `` In the New York Times '' , however , `` Jack Gould began his review indignantly : Elvis Presley had ' injected movements of his tongue and indulged in wordless singing that were singularly distasteful . ' Overstimulating the physical impulses of the teenagers was ' a gross national disservice . ' '' Second and third appearances ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' , October 28 , 1956 Sullivan hosted a second appearance by Presley on October 28 , 1956 . Elvis performed `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , then `` Love Me Tender '' . Sullivan then addressed the audience as he stood beside Elvis , who began shaking his legs , eliciting screams from the audience . By the time Sullivan turned his head , Elvis was standing motionless . After Presley left the stage , Sullivan stated , `` I ca n't figure this darn thing out . You know . He just does this ( Ed shakes his legs ) and everybody yells . '' Elvis appeared a second time in the show and sang `` Love Me '' . Later on , he sang a nearly four - minute - long version of `` Hound Dog '' and was shown in full the entire song . For the third and final appearance on January 6 , 1957 , Presley performed a medley of `` Hound Dog '' , `` Love Me Tender '' , and `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , followed by a full version of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' . For a second set later in the show he did `` Too Much '' and `` When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again '' . For his last set he sang `` Peace in the Valley '' . According to Sullivan 's co-producer Marlo Lewis , the rumor had it that `` Elvis has been hanging a small soft - drink bottle from his groin underneath his pants , and when he wiggles his leg it looks as though his pecker reaches down to his knee ! '' It was decided to shoot the singer only from the waist while he performed . Although much has been made of the fact that Elvis was shown only from the waist up , except for the short section of `` Hound Dog '' , all of the songs on this show were ballads . `` Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows '' , Greil Marcus says , Elvis `` stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha , if not a harem girl . From the make - up over his eyes , the hair falling in his face , the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth , he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik , with all stops out . That he did so in front of the Jordanaires , who this night appeared as the four squarest - looking men on the planet , made the performance even more potent . '' Sullivan praised Elvis at the end of the show , saying `` This is a real decent , fine boy . We 've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we 've had with you ... You 're thoroughly all right '' -- a remark that could either be interpreted as a `` ringing endorsement '' that `` legitimized the singer with an adult audience '' or as `` a somewhat hypocritical statement considering what the CBS censors had just done to his performance on that show . '' Eyewitness Jerry Schilling writes , `` The way Elvis looked out at us at that moment , I thought I could see a mix of hurt over the attacks he 'd been subjected to in the press , and a deep pride in who he was and what he was doing . '' ( According to historian Tim Parrish , Presley 's manager , Colonel Tom Parker , `` had threatened to remove Elvis from the show if Sullivan did not apologize for telling the press that Elvis 's ' gyrations ' were immoral . '' ) Reflecting on the event in 1969 , Presley claimed that Sullivan had expressed a very different opinion off - camera : `` So they arranged to put me on television . At that particular time there was a lot of controversy -- you did n't see people moving -- out in public . They were gettin ' it on in the back rooms , but you did n't see it out in public too much . So there was a lot of controversy ... and I went to the Ed Sullivan Show . They photographed me from the waist up . And Sullivan 's standing over there saying , ' Sumbitch . ' I said , ' Thank you , Ed , thank you . ' I did n't know what he was calling me , at the time . '' Years later , Sullivan `` tried to sign the singer up again ... He phoned Presley 's manager , Col. Tom Parker , and asked about a price . Parker came up with a list of instructions and conditions and after hearing the demands Sullivan said , ' Give Elvis my best -- and my sympathy , ' and he hung up . '' The singer never again appeared in Sullivan 's show , although in February 1964 at the start of the first of three broadcasts featuring the Beatles ( see below ) , Sullivan announced that a telegram had been received from Presley and Parker wishing the British group luck . The Beatles ( edit ) The Beatles performing `` Help ! '' in August 1965 . In late 1963 , Sullivan and his entourage happened also to be passing through Heathrow and witnessed how The Beatles ' fans greeted the group on their return from Stockholm , where they had performed a television show as warmup band to local stars Suzie and Lill Babs . Sullivan was intrigued , telling his entourage it was the same thing as Elvis all over again . He initially offered Beatles manager Brian Epstein top dollar for a single show but the Beatles manager had a better idea -- he wanted exposure for his clients : the Beatles would instead appear three times on the show , at bottom dollar , but receive top billing and two spots ( opening and closing ) on each show . The Beatles appeared on three consecutive Sundays in February 1964 to great anticipation and fanfare as `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' had swiftly risen to No. 1 in the charts . Their first appearance on February 9 is considered also along with the appearance of Elvis Presley a few years earlier on that show a milestone in American pop culture and furthermore the beginning of the British Invasion in music . The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers , at the time a record for US television which would be broken three years later by the series finale of The Fugitive . The Beatles followed Ed 's show opening intro , performing `` All My Loving '' ; `` Till There Was You '' , which featured the names of the group members superimposed on closeup shots , including the famous `` SORRY GIRLS , HE 'S MARRIED '' caption on John Lennon ; and `` She Loves You '' . The act that followed Beatles in the broadcast , magician Fred Kaps , was pre-recorded in order to allow time for an elaborate set change . The group returned later in the program to perform `` I Saw Her Standing There '' and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The following week 's show was broadcast from Miami Beach where Muhammad Ali ( then Cassius Clay ) was in training for his first title bout with Sonny Liston . The occasion was used by both camps for publicity . On the evening of the television show ( February 16 ) a crush of people nearly prevented the band from making it onstage . A wedge of policemen were needed and the band began playing `` She Loves You '' only seconds after reaching their instruments . They continued with `` This Boy '' , and `` All My Loving '' and returned later to close the show with `` I Saw Her Standing There '' , `` From Me to You '' and `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . They were shown on tape February 23 ( this appearance had been taped earlier in the day on February 9 before their first live appearance ) . They followed Ed 's intro with `` Twist and Shout '' and `` Please Please Me '' and closed the show once again with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Beatles appeared live for the final time on August 14 , 1965 . The show was broadcast September 12 , 1965 , and earned Sullivan a 60 - percent share of the nighttime audience for one of the appearances . This time they followed three acts before coming out to perform `` I Feel Fine '' , `` I 'm Down '' , and `` Act Naturally '' and then closed the show with `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Yesterday '' , and `` Help ! '' Although this was their final live appearance on the show , the group would , for several years , provide filmed promotional clips of songs to air exclusively on Sullivan 's program such as the 1966 and 1967 clips of `` Paperback Writer '' , `` Rain '' , `` Penny Lane '' , and `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . Although the appearances by The Beatles , Elvis and The Supremes are considered the most famous rock and roll performances on Ed Sullivan , several months before Elvis debuted , Sullivan invited Bill Haley & His Comets to perform their then - current hit `` Rock Around the Clock '' in early August 1955 . This was later recognized by CBS and others ( including music historian Jim Dawson in his book on `` Rock Around the Clock '' ) as the first performance of a rock and roll song on a national television program . African - American artists ( edit ) The Supremes ( edit ) The Supremes singing `` My World Is Empty Without You '' . L-R Florence Ballard , Mary Wilson and Diana Ross ( Feb. 20 , 1966 ) The Supremes were a special act for The Ed Sullivan Show . In addition to 14 appearances , they were a personal favorite of Sullivan , whom he affectionately called `` The Girls '' . Over the five years they performed on the program , the Supremes performed 15 of their hit singles , and numerous Broadway showtunes and other non-Motown songs . The group featuring the most popular lineup of Diana Ross , Mary Wilson , and Florence Ballard appeared 15 times from December 1964 through May 1967 . The group reappeared on the series in October 1967 as the newly rebilled `` Diana Ross & the Supremes '' , with Ballard replacement Cindy Birdsong and Ross more prominently featured . The Supremes ' final appearance on the show , shortly before it ended , served as the platform to introduce America to Ross 's replacement , Jean Terrell , in March 1970 . Opportunity ( edit ) In an era when few opportunities existed for African American performers on national television , Sullivan was a champion of black talent . He launched the careers of many performers by presenting them to a nationwide TV audience and ignored the criticism . In an NEA interview , Sullivan commented : `` The most important thing ( during the first ten years of the program ) is that we 've put on everything but bigotry . When the show first started in ' 48 , I had a meeting with the sponsors . There were some Southern dealers present and they asked if I intended to put on Negroes . I said yes . They said I should n't , but I convinced them I was n't going to change my mind . And you know something ? We 've gone over very well in the South . Never had a bit of trouble . '' The show included entertainers such as Frankie Lymon , The Supremes , Marian Anderson , Louis Armstrong , Pearl Bailey , LaVern Baker , Harry Belafonte , James Brown ( and The Famous Flames ) , Cab Calloway , Godfrey Cambridge , Diahann Carroll , Ray Charles , Nat King Cole , Bill Cosby , Count Basie , Dick Dale , Dorothy Dandridge , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Bo Diddley , Ronnie Dove , Duke Ellington , Lola Falana , The 5th Dimension , Ella Fitzgerald , The Four Tops , Dick Gregory , W.C. Handy , Lena Horne , The Jackson 5 , Mahalia Jackson , Bill Kenny , George Kirby , Eartha Kitt , Gladys Knight & the Pips , Little Anthony and the Imperials , Moms Mabley , Johnny Mathis , The Miracles , Melba Moore , The Platters , Leontyne Price , Richard Pryor , Lou Rawls , Della Reese , Nipsey Russell , Nina Simone , Sly and the Family Stone , The Temptations , Martha and the Vandellas , Ike & Tina Turner , Leslie Uggams , Sarah Vaughan , William Warfield , Dionne Warwick , Dinah Washington , Ethel Waters , Flip Wilson , Jackie Wilson , Nancy Wilson , and Stevie Wonder . Before his death in a plane crash in December 1967 , soul singer Otis Redding had been booked to appear on the show the following year . One telecast included African - American bass - baritone Andrew Frierson singing `` Ol ' Man River '' from Kern and Hammerstein 's Show Boat , a song that , at that time , was usually sung on television by white singers , although it was written for a black character in the musical . However , Sullivan featured `` rockers '' , and gave prominence to black musicians `` not without censorship '' . For instance , he scheduled Fats Domino `` at the show 's end in case he had to cancel a guest '' . He presented Domino alone at his piano singing as if he were a young Nat ' King ' Cole or Fats Waller , as he performed `` Blueberry Hill '' . On March 4 , 1962 , Sullivan presented Domino and his band , who did `` Jambalaya '' , Hank Williams ' `` You Win Again '' , and `` Let the Four Winds Blow '' . All seven of Domino 's band members were visible to millions of viewers . On December 1 , 1957 , Sam Cooke performed a complete version of `` For Sentimental Reasons '' . Cooke had been cut off four weeks earlier during a live performance of `` You Send Me '' as the show 's allotted time expired , causing an outrage among television audiences . Sullivan rebooked Cooke for the December 1 show to overwhelming success . The Muppets ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( February 2018 ) Between 1966 and 1971 , Jim Henson performed some of his Muppet characters on the show . The characters made a total of 25 appearances . Henson 's Muppets were introduced on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 18 , 1966 . Sullivan introduced the characters as `` Jim , uh ... Newsom 's puppets . '' The act featured a small ball of fur growing into the Rock and Roll Monster ( performed by Jim Henson , Jerry Nelson , and Frank Oz ) with three heads and six arms lip - syncing to the unreleased song `` Rock It to Me '' by The Bruthers . After the act was done , the Rock and Roll Monster shrunk back into the ball of fur which is then eaten by Sour Bird ( who was previously used in a commercial for Royal Crown Cola ) . Over the next few years , Henson 's Muppets would make more appearances , with performances including : The Art of Visual Thinking ( October 2 , 1966 ) -- A remake of the skit of the same name from Sam and Friends . Kermit ( performed by Jim Henson ) teaches Grump ( performed by Frank Oz and voiced by Jerry Juhl ) about the concept of visualizing thoughts through drawings shown on the TV screen . This sketch was reprised on June 4 , 1967 . Monster Family ( October 23 , 1966 ) -- Fred ( performed by Jim Henson ) appears as a father monster talks to his son ( performed by Jerry Juhl ) about being a monster . A blue version of Splurge ( performed by Frank Oz ) appears as the mother . Java ( November 27 , 1966 ) -- Two tube - like Muppets ( which were designed by Frank Oz ) dance to the Al Hirt song `` Java . '' Jim Henson and Frank Oz performed the two puppets and the explosion that provides the punchline was achieved by Jerry Juhl shooting off a fire extinguisher . It should be noted that as the three of them prepared to go onstage that night right before Ed Sullivan introduced them , Jerry Juhl suddenly realized that he left the fire extinguisher in their dressing room which was up on the second floor . Jerry Juhl raced to the elevator hearing the `` Java '' music through the speakers in the elevator so he knew exactly how much time he had left until it was too late . Jerry Juhl managed to grab the fire extinguisher , run back to the elevator , and make the trip back down to the stage just in time for the climax . This sketch was reprised on May 26 , 1968 . The act even was done on Stuffed and Unstrung ( an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up ! ) . Inchworm ( November 27 , 1966 ) -- Kermit sits on a wall and hums `` Glow Worm '' . Kermit also eats some worms that interrupt him . When it comes to the last one , Kermit grabs it and pulls it , showing how long it is , until it turns out that it happens to be the nose of Big V who ends up eating Kermit . Music Hath Charms ( January 15 , 1967 ) -- Kermit plays the piano with some Muppet Monsters dancing to the music . After the song , the piano comes to life and eats Kermit . I 've Grown Accustomed to Your Face ( February 5 , 1967 ) -- Kermit and Yorick from Sam and Friends are featured in this act . Kermit ( dressed as a girl ) lip - synchs to Rosemary Clooney 's cover version as Yorick eats his way out of the handkerchief he is under and then tries to eat Kermit . This was previously done on The Jack Paar Show and later reprised on this show April 21 , 1968 , and reprised on August 29 , 2011 , at the D23 Expo by Leslie Carrara - Rudolph ( who was operating a rebuilt version of Kermit 's pre-frog form ) and Brian Henson ( who was operating a rebuilt and redesigned version of Yorick ) . The act was even done on Stuffed and Unstrung ( an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up ! ) . Clooney 's cover was used for that event . I Feel Pretty ( April 30 , 1967 ) -- The story of an ugly girl named Amanda ( performed by Jim Henson ) who tries to become beautiful and tries to change her looks using a self - help book in order to gain the affection of Conrad Love ( also performed by Jim Henson ) . Mert from the La Choy commercials and Fred from the Kern 's Bakery commercials appear as Amanda 's friends where they were performed by Jim Henson and Jerry Juhl ( who also voices the narrator ) while Frank Oz does the puppeteering . Monster Eats Machine ( October 8 , 1967 ) -- A prototype version of Cookie Monster ( performed by Jim Henson ) finds a talking machine ( voiced by Jim Henson ) and eats it while it explains its various parts . After the monster is done eating the machine , its voice is heard from within the monster as it states that nothing can stop it from performing its function , which is to be the most powerful exploding device known to man . On a related note with this sketch , the prototype version of Cookie Monster was previously used as the Wheel - Stealer from the commercial for Wheels , Crowns , and Flutes . The sketch later appeared on The Muppet Show where the Luncheon Counter Monster also ate a machine explaining its functions . Rowlf and Jimmy Dean ( October 8 , 1967 ) -- Jimmy Dean and Rowlf the Dog appear together for the last time and perform `` Friendship '' while doing the `` herd of cows '' gag . Santa Claus Routine with Arthur Godfrey ( December 24 , 1967 ) -- Arthur Godfrey plays Santa Claus and gets a visit from a group of monsters consisting of Thudge ( performed by Jim Henson ) , Gleep ( a prototype of Grover performed by Frank Oz ) , Scudge ( performed by Jerry Juhl ) , Snerk and Snork ( performed by Frank Oz ) . They attempt to steal the toys only to learn that Santa Claus has given them the toys . They then sing `` It 's Christmas Tomorrow '' . Business , Business ( February 18 , 1968 ) -- Two mean - looking creatures with tube - like necks scat about business while two friendlier creatures scat about values . The Blue Monster and the Orange Creature were performed by Jim Henson while the Green Monster and the Purple Creature were performed by Jerry Juhl . A goof is seen where some hands are shown holding the neck of the creatures . The Monster Trash Can Dance ( October 13 , 1968 ) -- Parts of a monster hide in a trash can as an increasingly suspicious Little Girl Sue wanders by . Sclrap Flyapp ( November 24 , 1968 ) -- A weird - looking creature seen from the neck up randomly blurts out Sclrap Flyapp and uses its nose blast on any creature that does not say `` Sclarp Flyapp '' . A goof is seen when the Sclrap Flyapp creature is blasted at the end , an opening between its head and neck revealed the puppeteer 's hand . This sketch was reworked into the Hugga Wugga sketch on The Muppet Show . Christmas Reindeer ( December 22 , 1968 ) -- A bunch of reindeer want snow to fall on Christmas . Dasher and Donner were performed by Jim Henson , Prancer was performed by Frank Oz , Blitzen was performed by Jerry Juhl , and Dancer was performed by Bob Payne . All the reindeer were built by Don Sahlin . A Change of Face ( March 30 , 1969 ) -- Rex Robbins changes the face and personality of the Southern Colonel from the Southern Bread commercials . A similar routine was used with the same puppet on The Muppets on Puppets . Happy Girl Meets a Monster ( May 11 , 1969 ) -- The Beautiful Day Monster ( performed by Jim Henson ) does all he can to ruin a beautiful day for Little Girl Sue ( performed by Jim Henson ) . Beautiful Day Monster was first seen here before his appearances on Sesame Street and The Muppet Show . Later performances by the Muppets include : Mah Nà Mah Nà ( November 30 , 1969 ) -- Mahna Mahna ( performed by Jim Henson ) and the Snowths were featured in this song before it was repeated on The Muppet Show . A goof is seen when Jim Henson 's head and arm are seen when Mahna Mahna backs away from the camera . Big Bird 's Dance ( December 14 , 1969 ) -- Big Bird dances to `` Minuet of the Robots '' by Jean - Jacques Perrey while bird watchers watch him . Danny Seagren performed Big Bird here , but had no dialogue , even when Sullivan talked to him . Octopus 's Garden ( March 1 , 1970 ) -- An octopus ( performed by Frank Oz ) constantly interrupts the singing of `` Octopus 's Garden '' by a diver ( performed by Jim Henson ) by giving out a bunch of bad puns until he receives comeuppance from a hungry giant clam ( performed by Frank Oz ) . Come Together ( April 12 , 1970 ) -- A strange Muppet band sings the classic song by the Beatles while a giant blue and green dancing cowboy slowly falls apart . What Kind of Fool Am I ? ( May 31 , 1970 ) -- Kermit tries to sing the song on the piano while Grover continues to interrupt him . Several older Muppets make cameo appearances in the finale of the sketch . The Wild String Quartet ( January 17 , 1971 ) -- Mahna Mahna ( performed by Jim Henson ) fills in for a violinist named Beagleman , but ends up playing the drums instead , much to the dismay of Harrison ( performed by Richard Hunt ) , Twill ( performed by Jerry Nelson ) and Grump ( performed by Frank Oz ) . Twill 's puppet was recycled from Fred from the Munchos commercials and later used for Zelda Rose in The Muppet Show . The Glutton ( February 21 , 1971 ) -- An incredibly fat man called the Glutton ( performed by Jim Henson and assisted by Frank Oz ) kept eating things , before being shrunken by a small purple creature and then eaten by a duplicate of himself . After the sketch was over , the Glutton attempted to swallow Ed Sullivan 's hand after giving him a handshake . Broadway ( edit ) The show is also noteworthy for showcasing performances from numerous classic Broadway musicals of the era , often featuring members of the original Broadway casts . These include : West Side Story -- Carol Lawrence and Larry Kert singing `` Tonight '' ; the members of the Jets gang performing `` Cool '' . My Fair Lady -- Julie Andrews singing `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' and `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' ; Rex Harrison performing `` Why Ca n't the English ? '' ; Stanley Holloway performing `` With a Little Bit of Luck ; John Michael King singing `` On the Street Where You Live '' Camelot -- Richard Burton and Julie Andrews performing an extended scene including the title song and `` What Do the Simple Folk Do ? '' ; Robert Goulet singing `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' and `` C'est Moi '' . Show Boat ( 1961 New York City Center revival ) -- Andrew Frierson singing `` Ol ' Man River '' , and Carol Bruce , from the 1946 Broadway revival , singing `` Bill '' . Carnival ! -- Anna Maria Alberghetti singing `` Love Makes the World Go ' Round '' . Bye Bye Birdie -- Dick Van Dyke singing `` Put On A Happy Face '' , Chita Rivera singing `` Spanish Rose '' , Paul Lynde singing `` Kids '' and `` Hymn for a Sunday Evening ( Ed Sullivan ) '' . Oliver ! -- Georgia Brown singing `` As Long as He Needs Me '' ; Davy Jones singing `` Consider Yourself '' ; Georgia Brown , Davy Jones , Alice Playten , Bruce Prochnik , Clive Revill and the boys singing `` I 'd Do Anything '' . The performance was on February 9 , 1964 -- on the same telecast as The Beatles ' first live performance . Oklahoma ! -- John Raitt , Celeste Holm , Florence Henderson and Barbara Cook performing the title song ; Celeste Holm ( from the original Broadway cast ) performing `` I Ca n't Say No '' . Sweet Charity -- Gwen Verdon performing `` I 'm A Brass Band '' and `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' . The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd -- Anthony Newley singing `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' . Flora the Red Menace -- Liza Minnelli singing `` All I Need Is One Good Break '' and `` Sing Happy '' Flower Drum Song -- Pat Suzuki performing `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' . Gentlemen Prefer Blondes -- Carol Channing singing `` Diamonds Are A Girl 's Best Friend '' . Hair -- the cast ( including Diane Keaton , Melba Moore , Paul Jabara and co-authors Gerome Ragni and James Rado ) performing `` Aquarius '' . Hello , Dolly ! -- Pearl Bailey ( from the all - black 1967 revamping of the show ) performing `` Before the Parade Passes By '' with the ensemble . A performance by Broadway dancer Wayne Lamb I Do ! I Do ! -- Gordon MacRae and Carol Lawrence ( Broadway replacements for Mary Martin and Robert Preston ) singing the title song from the show , and MacRae singing `` I Love My Wife '' and `` My Cup Runneth Over '' . Kiss Me , Kate -- Alfred Drake , Patricia Morison , Lisa Kirk , and Harold Lang singing `` Another Op'nin ' Another Show '' , `` We Open In Venice '' , and `` Wunderbar '' Man of La Mancha -- Richard Kiley singing the title song and `` The Impossible Dream '' ; Joan Diener in a rare television appearance in her stage role as Aldonza / Dulcinea singing `` What Does He Want of Me ? '' , most of the cast singing the show 's final reprise of `` The Impossible Dream '' Cabaret -- Joel Grey singing part of `` Wilkommen '' ( a song probably considered too suggestive for family viewing ) and Jill Haworth in her stage role as Sally Bowles singing the title song Purlie -- Melba Moore singing `` I Got Love '' and `` Purlie '' . Wildcat -- Lucille Ball and Paula Stewart singing `` Hey , Look Me Over '' You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown -- Gary Burghoff , Reva Rose , Bob Balaban , Skip Hinnant , Karen Johnson , and Bill Hinnant singing the title song and `` Happiness '' . Ethel Merman would also occasionally appear singing hit songs from the shows that she starred in , including Annie Get Your Gun , Gypsy , Happy Hunting , Panama Hattie , and Anything Goes . Hermione Gingold and Maurice Chevalier performed their duet , I Remember It Well , from the 1958 film Gigi , on the show . Most of these artists performed in the same makeup and costumes that they wore in the shows , often providing the only visual recordings of these legendary performances by the original cast members , since there were no network telecasts of the Tony Awards until 1967 . ( There are traditionally no Broadway performances on Sunday nights , allowing the actors to perform without impacting the Broadway show . ) Many performances have been compiled and released on DVD as The Best of Broadway Musicals -- Original Cast Performances from The Ed Sullivan Show . Mental illness program ( edit ) In that same 1958 NEA interview , Sullivan noted his pride about the role that the show had had in improving the public 's understanding of mental illness . Sullivan considered his May 17 , 1953 , telecast to be the single most important episode in the show 's first decade . During that show , a salute to Broadway director Joshua Logan , the two men were watching in the wings , and Sullivan asked Logan how he thought the show was doing . According to Sullivan , Logan told him that the show was dreadfully becoming `` another one of those and - then - I - wrote shows '' ; Sullivan asked him what he should do about it , and Logan volunteered to talk about his experiences in a mental institution . Sullivan took him up on the offer , and in retrospect believed that several advances in the treatment of mental illness could be attributed to the resulting publicity , including the repeal of a Pennsylvania law about the treatment of the mentally ill and the granting of funds for the construction of new psychiatric hospitals . Film clips ( edit ) Occasionally Sullivan would feature a Hollywood actor introducing a clip from a film in which he or she currently starred . Burt Lancaster made an appearance in 1962 , speaking about Robert Stroud , the character he portrayed in Birdman of Alcatraz , and introducing a clip from the film . And although Olivier personally did not appear on the show , in 1966 Sullivan showed a clip from the Laurence Olivier Othello , the film version of which was then currently showing in New York . Controversies ( edit ) Bo Diddley ( edit ) On November 20 , 1955 , African - American rock ' n ' roll singer and guitarist Bo Diddley appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show , only to infuriate Sullivan ( `` I did two songs and he got mad '' ) . Diddley had been asked to sing Tennessee Ernie Ford 's hit `` Sixteen Tons '' , which he agreed . But when he appeared on stage , he forgot his cue and instead sang his # 1 R&B hit song that bears his name . Diddley later recalls , `` Ed Sullivan says to me in plain words : ' You are the first black boy -- quote -- that ever double crossed me ! ' I was ready to fight , because I was a little young dude off the streets of Chicago , an ' him callin ' me ' black ' in them days was as bad as sayin ' ' nigger ' . My manager says to me ' That 's Mr. Sullivan ! ' I said : ' I do n't give a shit about Mr. Sullivan , ( h ) e do n't talk to me like that ! ' An ' so he told me , he says , ' I 'll see that you never work no more in show business . You 'll never get another TV show in your life ! ' '' Indeed , Diddley seems to have been banned from further appearances , as `` the guitarist never did appear on The Ed Sullivan Show again . '' A short Vision ( edit ) On May 27 1956 , The Ed Sullivan Show presented an animated short film entitled A Short Vision . The short subject showcased an unidentified object that is referred to as it by the narrator . The object flies over Earth . When it passes , the people are asleep except the leaders and the wise men who look up at the object . As the leaders and wise men look up and predators and prey hide in fear , it produces a mushroom cloud in the sky , killing everyone and everything , vaporizing the people , the animals and Earth . After this happens , there remains only a moth and a flame . The moth flies to the flame , gets vaporized and the flame dies . Thus , marking the end of humanity . The short film is narrated in the style of the Bible . The animation is derived from mostly still images that produce a terrifying and horrifying moving image of the end of humanity . Just before CBS showed the film , Ed Sullivan instructed children to leave the room . The film gained notoriety from the show ; but it also gained controversy because of it , due to the graphic way it depicted the horrors of a nuclear confrontation . Its graphic images also caused controversy . One of the visuals in the film depicted an animated character 's eyes imploding and the remains running down its cheeks and then it gets destroyed by the object . According to some sources , including contemporary newspaper reports , Ed Sullivan 's telecast of A Short Vision caused a reaction as significant as Orson Welles ' `` War of the Worlds '' radio broadcast 20 years prior. Because of the popularity of the short film , The Ed Sullivan Show telecast it again on June 10 of the same year . Sullivan became significantly stricter with his on - camera warning to children not to watch it . Buddy Holly and the Crickets ( edit ) On January 26 , 1958 , for their second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , Buddy Holly and The Crickets were scheduled to perform two songs . Sullivan wanted the band to substitute a different song for their record hit `` Oh , Boy ! '' , which he felt was too raucous . Holly had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing `` Oh , Boy ! '' for them , and told Sullivan as much . During the afternoon the Crickets were summoned to rehearsal at short notice , but only Holly was in their dressing room . When asked where the others were , Holly replied , `` I do n't know . No telling . '' Sullivan then turned to Holly and said `` I guess The Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed Sullivan Show '' to which Holly caustically replied , `` I hope they 're damn more excited than I am . '' Sullivan , already bothered by the choice of songs , was now even angrier . He cut the Crickets ' act from two songs to one , and when introducing them mispronounced Holly 's name , so it came out vaguely as `` Hollered '' or `` Holland . '' In addition , Sullivan saw to it that the microphone for Holly 's electric guitar was turned off . Holly tried to compensate by singing as loudly as he could , and repeatedly trying to turn up the volume on his guitar . For the instrumental break he cut loose with a dramatic solo , making clear to the audience that the technical fault was not his . The band was received so well that Sullivan was forced to invite them back for a third appearance . Holly 's response was that Sullivan did not have enough money . Film of the performance survives ; photographs taken that day show Sullivan looking angry and Holly smirking and perhaps ignoring Sullivan . Jackie Mason ( edit ) On October 18 , 1964 , Jackie Mason allegedly gave Sullivan the finger on air . A tape of the incident shows Mason doing his stand - up comedy act and then looking toward Sullivan , commenting that Sullivan was signaling him . Sullivan was reportedly letting Mason know ( by pointing two fingers ) that he had only two minutes left , as CBS was about to cut away to show a speech by President Lyndon Johnson . Mason began working his own fingers into his act and pointed toward Sullivan with his middle finger slightly separated . After Mason left the stage , the camera then cut to a visibly angry Sullivan . Sullivan argued with Mason backstage , then terminated his contract . Mason denied knowingly giving Sullivan the middle finger , and Mason later claimed that he had never even heard of the gesture at that time . In retaliation , to protect the perceived threat to his career , Mason filed a libel suit at the New York Supreme Court , which he won . Sullivan publicly apologized to Mason when he appeared on the show two years later , in 1966 . At that time , Mason opened his monologue by saying , `` It 's a great thrill and a fantastic opportunity to see me in person again , '' and impersonated Sullivan during his act . Mason later appeared on the show five times : April 23 , 1967 ; Feb. 25 , 1968 ; Nov. 24 , 1968 ; Jul. 22 , 1969 ; and Aug. 31 , 1969 . Bob Dylan ( edit ) Bob Dylan was slated to make his first nationwide television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on May 12 , 1963 , and intended to perform `` Talkin ' John Birch Paranoid Blues '' , a song he wrote lampooning the John Birch Society and the red - hunting paranoia associated with it . Although Sullivan reportedly liked the song , during the afternoon rehearsal that day CBS officials told Dylan they had deemed the song unacceptable for broadcast and wanted him to substitute another . `` No ; this is what I want to do , '' Dylan responded . `` If I ca n't play my song , I 'd rather not appear on the show . '' He then left the studio , rather than altering the act . The Doors ( edit ) The Doors performing `` Light My Fire '' , September 17 , 1967 . The Doors were notorious for their appearance on the show . CBS network censors demanded that lead singer Jim Morrison change the lyrics to their hit single `` Light My Fire '' by altering the line , `` Girl , we could n't get much higher '' , before the band performed the song on - camera on September 17 , 1967 . ( Since the beginning of the fall 1966 television season , the show had been recorded on color videotape a few hours before its 8 : 00 pm Eastern Standard Time time slot . Performers and their managers were told that the show must proceed as if it were being done live , and videotape editing on short notice was impossible . ) Morrison sang the original line , however , and CBS executives were powerless to change it because the nature of videotape editing in 1967 required many hours of labor . The Doors were never invited back to the show . According to Ray Manzarek , the band was told , `` Mr. Sullivan liked you boys . He wanted you on six more times ... You 'll never do the Sullivan show again . '' Morrison replied with glee , `` Hey man , we just did the Sullivan show . '' -- at the time , an appearance was a hallmark of success . Manzarek has given differing accounts of what happened . He has said that the band only pretended to agree to change the line but also that Morrison was nervous and simply forgot to change the line . The performance and incident were reenacted in Oliver Stone 's 1991 biographical film , The Doors , albeit in a more dramatic fashion , with Morrison portrayed as emphasizing the word `` higher '' . Sullivan apparently felt the damage had been done and relented on bands using the word `` higher '' . The following year , Sly & the Family Stone sang a medley in which Sly repeated the lyric `` Wanna take you higher ! '' many times . The Rolling Stones ( edit ) In contrast , the Rolling Stones were instructed to change the title of their `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' single for the band 's January 15 , 1967 , appearance . The band complied , with Mick Jagger and Bill Wyman ostentatiously rolling their eyes heavenward whenever they reached the song 's one - night - only , clean refrain , `` Let 's spend some time together '' . Mick Jagger did not wear a jacket on their first appearance on the show ( October 25 , 1964 ) and this annoyed Sullivan . They were asked to appear again , but they were asked to wear jackets for their 1965 appearance . The Stones would ultimately play on the Ed Sullivan Show six times . In contrast , Diana Ross & the Supremes , frequent guests on Sullivan 's show , debuted their then - release and eventually controversial # 1 hit song `` Love Child '' on Sullivan 's show , but nothing about its title or its content about a woman in poverty having a child out of wedlock ( which was exceptionally taboo to mention on television at the time ) seemed to faze Sullivan , the show 's producers , or the network . Ratings history ( edit ) 1948 -- 1949 : N / A 1949 -- 1950 : N / A 1950 -- 1951 : # 15 , 3,723,000 viewers 1951 -- 1952 : N / A 1952 -- 1953 : N / A 1953 -- 1954 : # 17 , 8,580,000 viewers 1954 -- 1955 : # 5 , 12,157,200 viewers 1955 -- 1956 : # 3 , 13,785,500 viewers 1956 -- 1957 : # 2 , 14,937,600 viewers 1957 -- 1958 : # 27 , 11,444,160 viewers 1958 -- 1959 : N / A 1959 -- 1960 : # 12 , 12,810,000 viewers 1960 -- 1961 : # 15 , 11,800,000 viewers 1961 -- 1962 : # 19 , 11,381,525 viewers 1962 -- 1963 : # 14 , 12,725,900 viewers 1963 -- 1964 : # 8 , 14,190,000 viewers 1964 -- 1965 : # 16 , 13,280,400 viewers 1965 -- 1966 : # 18 , 12,493,200 viewers 1966 -- 1967 : # 13 , 12,569,640 viewers 1967 -- 1968 : # 13 , 13,147,440 viewers 1968 -- 1969 : # 23 , 12,349,000 viewers 1969 -- 1970 : # 27 , 11,875,500 viewers 1970 -- 1971 : N / A Highlights : 9 / 09 / 1956 : Elvis Presley 's first appearance yielding an 82.6 percentage share , the highest in television history for any program up to the present . Viewers : 60.2 million Source : Trendex , the precursor of Nielsen . 2 / 09 / 1964 : The Beatles 's first appearance yielding a 45.3 rating . Viewers : 73.7 million Source : Nielsen . Other noteworthy ratings 02 / 16 / 1964 : 43.8 rating The Beatles 's second appearance . Source : Nielsen . 09 / 09 / 1956 : 43.7 rating Elvis Presley 's first appearance . Source : Trendex . Primetime specials ( edit ) Date Title Network Rating Length 2 / 02 / 1975 The Sullivan Years : A Tribute To Ed CBS 7 : 30 - 8 : 30 p.m. 2 / 17 / 1991 The Very Best of Ed Sullivan CBS 21.3 9 -- 11pm ( Competition : Love , Lies and Murder : Part 1 got a 15.5 rating ) 11 / 24 / 1991 The Very Best of Ed Sullivan 2 CBS 17.1 9 -- 11pm 8 / 07 / 1992 The Very Best of the Ed Sullivan Show CBS 9.4 9 -- 11pm ( The Mary Tyler Moore Show : The 20th Anniversary Show got a 6.1 rating at 8pm ) 12 / 20 / 1992 Holiday Greetings from the Ed Sullivan Show CBS 14.3 9 -- 11pm 5 / 19 / 1995 The Ed Sullivan All - Star Comedy Special CBS 8.2 9 -- 11pm 7 / 14 / 1995 The Very Best of Ed Sullivan CBS 7.5 9 -- 11pm 5 / 18 / 1998 Ed Sullivan 's 50th Anniversary CBS 9.3 10 -- 11pm Parodies ( edit ) The show 's immense popularity has been the target of numerous parodies . These include : Numerous music videos , such as Billy Joel 's `` Tell Her About It '' ( featuring Will Jordan as Sullivan ) , Nirvana 's `` In Bloom '' , Grinspoon 's `` Hold On Me '' , Outkast 's `` Hey Ya ! '' , the Red Hot Chili Peppers 's `` Dani California '' and Bring Me The Horizon 's `` Drown '' have all parodied the show 's visual style . Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles open their concerts with prerecorded footage of a man doing an intentionally poor Sullivan impression in black and white and then introducing the band , which plays the first part of the show with an exact recreation of the set the Beatles used . All You Need Is Cash ( 1978 ) , a mockumentary about a fictional group , The Rutles . The film contains original footage of Sullivan introducing The Beatles with some audio redubbed for comedic effect . The Fab Four , a Beatles tribute act hosted by an Ed Sullivan impressionist . One of the characters in Lancelot Link , Secret Chimp , a children 's live action TV series with a cast of chimpanzees dubbed by actors ' speaking voices , is `` Ed Simian '' , a parody of Sullivan . Will Jordan , best known for his uncanny impersonation of Sullivan as the show 's host . Comedian George Carlin included a routine titled Ed Sullivan Self Taught on his 1972 album FM & AM . On an episode of The Colgate Comedy Hour , Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis did a parody called The Toast of the Colgate Town , with Lewis wearing fake teeth and slicked - back hair as `` Ed Solomon '' . In the episode `` Harry Canary '' in the animated series Dumb and Dumber , it was named `` The Earvin Mulligan Show '' as Lloyd 's family were performing in the late 60s as `` The Happy Dunne Family '' . The first episode of the Late Show with David Letterman on August 30 , 1993 , featured clips of Ed Sullivan spliced together to make it look as though he was introducing host David Letterman , while a segment later in the episode featured David channeling the `` ghost '' of Ed Sullivan , this time an archive clip of Sullivan introducing actor Paul Newman , who was live in the Letterman audience that night . Since moving to CBS from NBC , Letterman taped his show in the Ed Sullivan Theater , the studio where Sullivan also staged his program , until his 2015 retirement . The Tom Hanks -- directed film That Thing You Do ! has the Beatles-esque band The Wonders performing in The Hollywood Television Showcase , complete with a caption over the band 's lead singer similar to Lennon 's `` Sorry Girls ! He 's Married ! '' The scene was shot at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , which Sullivan used for his West Coast shows . The 1954 film White Christmas features a pivotal scene that occurs on `` The Ed Harrison Show '' , which was intentionally similar to Sullivan 's show . The 1960s animated television series The Flintstones featured a parody of Sullivan as `` Ed Sulleystone '' on the episode `` Itsy Fred . '' On the episode called `` Lola Brickada , '' Sullivan was referred to as `` Ed Stonevan . '' Sullivan is also seen introducing `` Roc Roll '' in another episode , but his name is not mentioned . And in the episode where Fred brings home a lion cub , Barney performs a trick with the now grown up lion and mentioned that he saw a similar stunt on the `` Ed Shalevan '' show . Gabe Kaplan did a comedy skit in the 1970s ( also featured on his 1974 album Holes and Mellow Rolls ) , that had him impersonate a drunken Ed Sullivan on his final show , being nasty in general , and finally saying good night to the audience . The 1994 film Pulp Fiction features a scene in a 50s -- 60s - themed restaurant where Jerome Patrick Hoban does an imitation of Ed Sullivan introducing acts . The direct - to - video children 's film The Wiggles : You Make Me Feel Like Dancing ! includes a video for the song `` Shimmy Shake '' which depicts the group appearing on The Ed Sullivan Show . Paul Paddick portrayed Sullivan for the video . In the manga series One Piece , an omake was drawn in which the Straw Hat Pirates , along with other prominent characters , are all tied into one large fiasco that ends with a party . It is called The Ed Sullivan Show only in name . The hit Broadway musical Jersey Boys features a scene where Four Seasons band member Tommy DeVito imitates Sullivan introducing `` Topo Gigio and the Vienna Boys Choir '' before bringing Franki Valli on stage for the first time . The Ramones used a segment of the Ed Sullivan shaking Buddy Holly 's hand on the Ed Sullivan Show for their music video for `` Do You Remember Rock ' n ' Roll Radio ? '' On South Park , in the episode `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' , black and white footage is shown of Terrance and Philip appearing on the show as children . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Biography Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Time TV Schedule : 1967 Season '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original ( TXT ) on 2008 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Cbsnews.com. 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ed Sullivan Show Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1964 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Theater Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1950 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Icons Pay Tribute to The Ed Sullivan Show '' . United Press International . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Owns the Live Music of Days Gone By ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SOFA Entertainment '' . edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones Really Big Ed Sullivan Shows '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Motown Gold From The Ed Sullivan Show '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Six Ed Sullivan Shows Starring The Rolling Stones '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes The Ed Sullivan Show '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Halzack , Sarah ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` Maria Tallchief , ballet star who was inspiration for Balanchine , dies at 88 '' -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Television and the Performing Arts - A Handbook and Reference Guide to American Cultural Programming Greenwood Press , New York , 1986 , p. 35 Rose , Brian Jeffrey . The Ed Sullivan Show , Ruth Page Chicago opera Baller , Roland Petit 's Ballet and Igor Moiseyev Ballet on books.google.com ISBN 0 - 313 - 24159 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Wayne and Shuster '' The Canadian Encyclopedia . Charles Dougall , 02 / 07 / 2006 Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Michael David ( 1968 ) . Always on Sunday : Ed Sullivan , An Inside View . New York : Meredith Press . p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : TV A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol . Jake Austen. 2005 . Chicago Review Press , Inc . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 572 - 9 . page 16 ^ Jump up to : Paul Mavis ( Director ) ( 2006 ) . Elvis Presley -- Ed Sullivan Shows ( DVD ) . Image Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Press Release -- Elvis Presley : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . Elvis Australia . October 6 , 2006 . References DVD liner notes by Greil Marcus . Jump up ^ Dundy , Elaine , Elvis and Gladys ( University Press of Mississippi , 2004 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Altschuler , Glenn C. ( 2003 ) . All Shook Up : How Rock ' n ' Roll Changed America . Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517749 - 7 . Jump up ^ Content Elvis Episodes Of ' The Ed Sullivan Show ' DVD Box By : Elvis Australia -- Aug 9 , 2006 Source : EPE . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Altschuler , p. 91 . Jump up ^ See Marlo Lewis and Mina Beth Lewis , Prime Time ( 1979 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Marcus , `` Elvis Presley : The Ed Sullivan Shows '' . Jump up ^ `` Content Elvis Episodes Of ' The Ed Sullivan Show ' DVD Box '' . Elvis.com.au. 2006 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ See Altschuler , Glenn C. , All Shook Up : How Rock ' n ' Roll Changed America ( 2003 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ See Susan Doll , Understanding Elvis : Southern Roots vs. Star Image ( 1998 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Jerry Schilling , Me and a Guy Named Elvis : My Lifelong Friendship with Elvis Presley ( 2006 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Tim Parrish , Walking Blues : Making Americans from Emerson to Elvis ( 2001 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Talks About His Career '' , on `` Live in Las Vegas '' ( RCA ) , cited by Greil Marcus , `` Real Life Rock Top 10 '' , Salon.com , August 26 , 2002 Archived June 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce . The Beatles Are Coming : The Birth Of Beatlemania In America . New Orleans , Louisiana : 498 Productions , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9662649 - 8 - 3 ( paperback ) . Jump up ^ Kooijman , Jaap ( 2002 ) . `` From Elegance to Extravaganza : The Supremes on The Ed Sullivan Show as a Presentation of Beauty '' . The Velvet Light Trap . Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Negroes '' was the commonly accepted reference to African Americans at the time . Jump up ^ `` JAMES BROWN `` Please Please Please '' on The Ed Sullivan Show `` . YouTube.com . October 30 , 1966 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 Fats Domino - Blueberry Hill - Sullivan Show '' . YouTube.com . Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( 2007 ) , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( 2007 ) , p. 217 , 218 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Cooke - For Sentimental Reasons ' The Ed Sullivan Show 12 01 1957 '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Most Controversial Performances From The Ed Sullivan Show '' . EdSullivan.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com. 1961 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nathan ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` 10 Fun Facts About the Beatles ' Ed Sullivan Debut '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big As All Outdoors '' Time , 17 October 1955 . Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Show ( 1948 -- 1971 ) : Episode # 19.20 '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ See Jake Austen , TV A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( 2005 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Austen , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Geerhart , Bill ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) . `` CONELRAD Adjacent : A SHORT VISION : Ed Sullivan 's Atomic Show Stopper '' . CONELRAD Adjacent . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Foldes '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sullivan Biography '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` When the Doors Went on Sullivan '' . CNN . October 3 , 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` video Sly The Family Stone -- Ed Sullivan Show ( 1968 ) '' . Kewego.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Uslan , Michael and Bruce Solomon . Dick Clark 's The First 25 Years of Rock and Roll . New York : Dell , 1981 . p. 181 Jump up ^ `` Products Page Ed Sullivan Show '' . Edsullivan.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1950 -- 1951 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1953 -- 1954 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1954 -- 1955 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1955 -- 1956 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1956 -- 1957 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1957 -- 1958 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1959 -- 1960 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1960 -- 1961 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1961 -- 1962 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1962 -- 1963 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1963 -- 1964 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1964 -- 1965 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1965 -- 1966 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1966 -- 1967 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1967 -- 1968 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1968 -- 1969 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : 1969 -- 1970 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) YouTube -- First ( Late ) Show -- Part 1 of 9 Bibliography ( edit ) Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City : Andrews McMeel Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . Kaplan , Fred ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` Teen Spirit : What Was So Important About the Beatles ' Appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show ? '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2005 . Nachman , Gerald . Right Here on Our Stage Tonight ! : Ed Sullivan 's America . Berkeley , California : University of California Press ; 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25867 - 9 p. 331 . Ilson , Bernie . Sundays with Sullivan : How the Ed Sullivan Show brought Elvis , the Beatles and Culture to America . Lanham , Maryland : Taylor Trade Publishing , ( 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 390 - 3 pp. 115 -- 118 ( entire chapter devoted to Marlo Lewis ) . John Leonard ; Claudia Falkenburg & Andrew Solt , eds ... A Really Big Show : A Visual History of the Ed Sullivan Show . New York : Sarah Lazin / Viking Studio Books ; 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 84246 - 9 . James Maguire . Impresario : the life and times of Ed Sullivan . New York : Billboard Books ; 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7962 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ed Sullivan Show . The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website The Ed Sullivan Show 's channel on YouTube The Ed Sullivan Show at the Museum of Broadcast Communications The Ed Sullivan Show on IMDb The Ed Sullivan Show at AllMovie Monica Lewis on the very first 1948 telecast The Ed Sullivan Show at TV Guide The Ed Sullivan Show at TV.com Sofa Entertainment Ed Sullivan : 40 Incredible Guests -- a slideshow by Life magazine Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 1951 -- 1975 The Alan Young Show ( 1951 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1952 ) Your Show of Shows ( 1953 ) Omnibus ( 1954 ) Disneyland ( 1955 ) The Ed Sullivan Show / Your Hit Parade ( 1956 ) Caesar 's Hour ( 1957 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1958 ) The Dinah Shore Chevy Show ( 1959 ) The Fabulous Fifties ( 1960 ) Astaire Time ( 1961 ) The Garry Moore Show ( 1962 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1963 ) The Danny Kaye Show ( 1964 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1966 ) The Andy Williams Show ( 1967 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1968 ) Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In ( 1969 ) The David Frost Show ( 1970 ) The Flip Wilson Show / The David Frost Show ( 1971 ) The Carol Burnett Show / The Dick Cavett Show ( 1972 ) The Julie Andrews Hour ( 1973 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Saturday Night Live ( 1976 ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show ( 1978 ) Steve & Eydie Celebrate Irving Berlin ( 1979 ) Baryshnikov on Broadway ( 1980 ) Lily : Sold Out ( 1981 ) Night of 100 Stars ( 1982 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever ( 1983 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1984 ) Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1986 ) 41st Tony Awards ( 1987 ) Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration ( 1988 ) The Tracey Ullman Show ( 1989 ) In Living Color ( 1990 ) 63rd Academy Awards ( 1991 ) The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ( 1992 ) Saturday Night Live ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( 1995 ) Dennis Miller Live ( 1996 ) Tracey Takes On ... ( 1997 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1998 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1999 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2014 Late Show with David Letterman ( 2001 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2007 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2010 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2012 ) The Colbert Report ( 2013 ) The Colbert Report ( 2014 ) The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Caroll Spinney Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) ( List of episodes ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ( List of episodes ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ( List of episodes ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 - present ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppet Kids ( 1997 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ed_Sullivan_Show&oldid=864362147 '' Categories : 1948 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings 1940s American television series 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series American music television series American variety television series Bill Haley Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Peabody Award - winning television programs The Beatles and television Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series winners Live television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 18 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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5808041995654311727 | Chicago Blackhawks | Chicago Blackhawks - Wikipedia Chicago Blackhawks This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the American football team , see Chicago Black Hawks ( American football ) . `` Blackhawks '' redirects here . For other uses , see Black Hawk ( disambiguation ) . Chicago Blackhawks 2017 -- 18 Chicago Blackhawks season Conference Western Division Central Founded 1926 History Chicago Black Hawks 1926 -- 1986 Chicago Blackhawks 1986 -- present Home arena United Center City Chicago , Illinois Colors Red , white , black Media Comcast SportsNet Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio ( 720 AM ) Owner ( s ) Wirtz Corporation General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Captain Jonathan Toews Minor league affiliates Rockford IceHogs ( AHL ) Indy Fuel ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 6 ( 1933 -- 34 , 1937 -- 38 , 1960 -- 61 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 ) Conference championships 4 ( 1991 -- 92 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 ) Presidents ' Trophy 2 ( 1990 -- 91 , 2012 -- 13 ) Division championships 16 ( 1969 -- 70 , 1970 -- 71 , 1971 -- 72 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1985 -- 86 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1992 -- 93 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 ) Official website www.nhl.com/blackhawks The Chicago Blackhawks ( spelled Black Hawks until 1986 , and known colloquially as the Hawks ) are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago , Illinois . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . They have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926 . The Blackhawks are one of the `` Original Six '' NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens , Toronto Maple Leafs , Boston Bruins and New York Rangers . Since 1994 , the club 's home rink is the United Center , which they share with the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The club had previously played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium . The club 's original owner was Frederic McLaughlin , who owned the club until his death in 1944 . Under McLaughlin , a `` hands - on '' owner who fired many coaches during his ownership , the club won two Stanley Cup titles . The club was then owned by the Norris family , who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the club 's landlord , and owned stakes in several of the NHL teams . At first , the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long - time executive Bill Tobin , and the team languished in favor of the Norris - owned Detroit Red Wings . After the senior James E. Norris died in 1952 , the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner . Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership , the club won one Stanley Cup title in 1961 . After James D. Norris died in 1966 , the Wirtz family became owners of the franchise . In 2007 , the club came under the control of Rocky Wirtz , who is credited with turning around the organization , which had lost fan interest and competitiveness . Under Rocky Wirtz , the Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup three times within six seasons ( from 2010 to 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Founding 1.2 The McLaughlin era ( 1926 -- 1944 ) 1.3 The Norris era ( 1944 -- 1966 ) 1.4 The Arthur Wirtz era ( 1966 -- 1983 ) 1.5 The Bill Wirtz era ( 1983 -- 2007 ) 1.6 The Rocky Wirtz era ( 2007 -- present ) 1.6. 1 2007 -- 2009 : Rebuilding 1.6. 2 2009 -- 10 : The Stanley Cup returns to Chicago 1.6. 3 2010 -- 2012 1.6. 4 2012 -- 13 : Presidents ' Trophy and the Stanley Cup 1.6. 5 2013 -- 14 1.6. 6 2014 -- 15 : Sixth Stanley Cup 1.6. 7 2015 -- present 2 Team information 2.1 Jerseys 2.2 Logo 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Fight and goal songs 2.5 National anthem 2.6 Practice facility 2.7 Circus trip 3 Media and announcers 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Hall of Famers 5.4 Team captains 5.5 Franchise scoring leaders 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Further reading 8 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) On May 1 , 1926 , the NHL awarded an expansion franchise for Chicago to a syndicate headed by former football star Huntington Hardwick of Boston . At the same meeting , Hardwick arranged the purchase of the players of the Portland Rosebuds of the Western Hockey League for $100,000 from WHL President Frank Patrick in a deal brokered by Boston Bruins ' owner Charles Adams . However , only one month later , Hardwick 's group sold out to Chicago coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin . McLaughlin had been a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I . This Division was nicknamed the `` Blackhawk Division '' after a Native American of the Sauk nation , Black Hawk , who was a prominent figure in the history of Illinois . McLaughlin named the new hockey team in honor of the military unit , making it one of many sports team names using Native Americans as icons . However , unlike the military division , the team 's name was spelled in two words as the `` Black Hawks '' until 1986 , when the club officially became the `` Blackhawks , '' based on the spelling found in the original franchise documents . The Black Hawks began play in the 1926 -- 27 season , along with new expansion franchises Detroit Cougars and New York Rangers . The team had to face immediate competition in Chicago from Eddie Livingstone 's rival Chicago Cardinals , which played in the same building . McLaughlin took a very active role in running the team despite having no background in the sport . McLaughlin hired Bill Tobin , a former goaltender who had played in the Western league , as his assistant , but directed the team himself . He was also very interested in promoting American hockey players , then very rare in professional hockey . Several of them , including Doc Romnes , Taffy Abel , Alex Levinsky , Mike Karakas and Cully Dahlstrom , become staples with the club , and under McLaughlin , the Black Hawks were the first NHL team with an all - American - born lineup . The McLaughlin era ( 1926 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) The club played their first game on November 17 , 1926 at the Chicago Coliseum . The Hawks ' first season was a moderate success . They played their first game on November 17 when they played the Toronto St. Patricks in the Chicago Coliseum . The Black Hawks won their first game 4 -- 1 , in front of a crowd of over 7,000 . They ended up finishing the season in third place with a record of 19 -- 22 -- 3 . The Black Hawks lost the 1927 first - round playoff series to the Boston Bruins . Following the series , McLaughlin fired head coach Pete Muldoon . According to Jim Coleman , sportswriter for the Toronto - based Globe and Mail , McLaughlin felt the ' Hawks were good enough to finish first . Muldoon disagreed , and in a fit of pique , McLaughlin fired him . According to Coleman , Muldoon responded by yelling , `` Fire me , Major , and you 'll never finish first . I 'll put a curse on this team that will hoodoo it until the end of time . '' The Curse of Muldoon was born -- although Coleman admitted years after the fact that he had fabricated the whole incident -- and became one of the first widely known sports `` curses . '' While the team would go on to win three Stanley Cups in its first 39 years of existence , it did so without ever having finished in first place , either in a single - or multi-division format . The Black Hawks proceeded to have the worst record in the League in 1927 -- 28 , winning only seven of 44 games . Interior of Chicago Stadium in February 1930 , prior to a game with the Hawks and the Montreal Canadiens . The team moved into the arena in the 1929 -- 30 season . For the 1928 -- 29 season , the Black Hawks were originally slated to play in the new Chicago Stadium , but due to construction delays and a dispute between McLaughlin and Chicago Stadium promoter Paddy Harmon , the Black Hawks instead divided their time between the Coliseum , the Detroit Olympia and the Peace Bridge Arena in Fort Erie , Ontario . They moved to Chicago Stadium the following season . By 1931 , they reached their first Stanley Cup Final , with goal - scorer Johnny Gottselig , Cy Wentworth on defense , and Charlie Gardiner in goal , but fizzled in the final two games against the Montreal Canadiens . Chicago had another stellar season in 1932 , but that did not translate into playoff success . However , two years later , Gardiner led his team to victory by shutting out the Detroit Red Wings in the final game of the Stanley Cup Finals . The score after double overtime was 1 -- 0 . In 1938 , the Black Hawks had a record of 14 -- 25 -- 9 , and almost missed the playoffs . They stunned the Canadiens and New York Americans on overtime goals in the deciding games of both semi-final series , advancing to the 1938 Stanley Cup Finals against the Toronto Maple Leafs . Black Hawks goalie Mike Karakas was injured and could not play , forcing a desperate Chicago team to pull minor - leaguer ( Pittsburgh Hornets ) Alfie Moore out of a Toronto bar and onto the ice . Moore played one game and won it . Toronto refused to let Moore play the next , and Chicago used Paul Goodman in game two and lost the game . However , for games three and four , Karakas was fitted with a special skate to protect his injured toe , and the team won both games . It was too late for Toronto , as the Hawks won their second championship . As of 2014 , the 1938 Black Hawks possess the poorest regular - season record of any Stanley Cup champion . The Black Hawks returned to the Finals in 1944 behind Doug Bentley 's 38 - goal season with linemate Clint Smith leading the team in assists . After upsetting the Red Wings in the semi-finals , they were promptly dispatched by the dominant Canadiens in four games . The Norris era ( 1944 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) Owner and founder Frederic McLaughlin died in December 1944 . His estate sold the team to a syndicate headed by longtime team president Bill Tobin . However , Tobin was only a puppet for James E. Norris , who owned the rival Red Wings . Norris had also been the Black Hawks ' landlord since his 1936 purchase of Chicago Stadium . For the next eight years , the Norris - Tobin ownership , as a rule , paid almost no attention to the Black Hawks . Nearly every trade made between Detroit and Chicago ended up being Red Wing heists . As a result , for the next several years , Chicago was the model of futility in the NHL . Between 1945 and 1958 , they only made the playoffs twice . Upon Norris ' death , his eldest son , James D. Norris , and Red Wings minority owner Arthur Wirtz ( the senior Norris ' original partner in buying the Red Wings 23 years earlier ) took over the floundering club . They guided it through financial reverses , and rebuilt the team from there . One of their first moves was to hire former Detroit coach and General Manager Tommy Ivan as general manager . Signed as prospects in the late - 1950s , Bobby Hull ( left ) , Stan Mikita ( center ) , and Pierre Pilote ( right ) , eventually rose to become preeminent stars in Chicago . In the late 1950s , the Hawks struck gold , picking up three young prospects ( forwards Bobby Hull and Stan Mikita and defenseman Pierre Pilote ) , as well as obtaining both star goaltender Glenn Hall and veteran forward Ted Lindsay ( who had just had a career season with 30 goals and 55 assists ) from Detroit . Hull , Mikita , Pilote and Hall became preeminent stars in Chicago , and all four would eventually be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . After two first - round exits at the hands of the eventual champions from Montreal in 1959 and 1960 , it was expected that the Canadiens would once again beat the Hawks when they met in the semi-finals in 1961 . A defensive plan that completely wore down Montreal 's superstars worked , however , as Chicago won the series in six games . They then bested the Wings to win their third Stanley Cup championship . Ron Murphy and Eric Nesterenko battle in front of the Toronto net . The Hawks made the Cup Finals twice more in the 1960s , losing to the Leafs in 1962 and the Canadiens in 1965 . They remained a force to be reckoned with throughout the decade , with Hull enjoying four 50 - goal seasons , Mikita winning back - to - back scoring titles and MVP accolades , Pilote winning three consecutive Norris Trophies , and Hall being named the First or Second All - Star goaltender eight out of nine seasons . Hull and Mikita especially were widely regarded as the most feared one - two punch in the league . However , despite a strong supporting cast which included Bill Hay , Ken Wharram , Phil Esposito , Moose Vasko , Doug Mohns and Pat Stapleton , the Hawks never quite put it all together . In 1966 -- 67 , the last season of the six - team NHL , the Black Hawks finished first , breaking the supposed Curse of Muldoon , 23 years after the death of Frederic McLaughlin . However , they lost in the semi-finals to Toronto , who went on to win their last Stanley Cup to date . Afterward , Coleman , who first printed the story of the curse in 1943 , admitted that he made the story up to break a writer 's block he had as a column deadline approached . The Arthur Wirtz era ( 1966 -- 1983 ) ( edit ) James D. Norris died in 1966 . One of his last moves in the NHL was to arrange an expansion franchise in St. Louis , where he owned the St. Louis Arena . Tobin died in 1963 , a club vice-president until his death . The ownership of the Black Hawks now came under the control of Arthur Wirtz and his son Bill Wirtz . Hall was drafted by the expansion St. Louis Blues for the 1967 -- 68 season , while Pilote was traded to the Maple Leafs for Jim Pappin in 1968 . In the 1968 -- 69 season , despite Hull breaking his own previous record of 54 goals in a season with 58 , the Black Hawks missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 -- and the last time before 1997 -- 98 . In 1967 , the Black Hawks made a trade with the Boston Bruins that turned out to be one of the most one - sided in the history of the sport . Chicago sent young forwards Phil Esposito , Ken Hodge and Fred Stanfield to Boston in exchange for Pit Martin , Jack Norris and Gilles Marotte . While Martin would star for the Hawks for many seasons , Esposito , Hodge , and Stanfield would lead the Bruins to the top of the league for several years and capture two Stanley Cups . In Boston , Phil Esposito set numerous scoring records en route to a career as one of the NHL 's all - time greats . Goaltender Tony Esposito tallied a franchise - high 418 wins between 1969 and 1983 . Nonetheless , in 1970 -- 71 NHL season , life was made easier for Chicago , as in an attempt to better balance the divisions , the expansion Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks were both placed in the East Division , while the Hawks moved into the West Division . They became the class of the West overnight , rampaging to a 46 -- 17 -- 15 record and an easy first - place finish . With second - year goalie Tony Esposito ( Phil 's younger brother and winner of the Calder Memorial Trophy for Rookie of the Year the previous season ) , Hull , his younger brother Dennis , Mikita , and sterling defensemen Stapleton , Keith Magnuson and Bill White , the Hawks reached the Stanley Cup final before bowing out to the Canadiens . A critical blow to the franchise came in 1972 -- 73 , though , with the start of the World Hockey Association . Long dissatisfied with how little he was paid as the league 's marquee star , Bobby Hull jumped to the upstart Winnipeg Jets for a million - dollar contract . Former Philadelphia Flyers star Andre Lacroix , who received very little ice time in his single season in Chicago , joined Hull , and the pair became two of the WHA 's great stars . The Hawks repeated their appearance in Cup Final that year , however , again losing to Montreal . Stapleton left for the WHA too after that year , depleting the team further . While the team led or was second in the West Division for four straight seasons , for the rest of the 1970s , the Black Hawks made the playoffs each year -- winning seven division championships in the decade in all -- but were never a successful Stanley Cup contender , losing 16 straight playoff games at one point . The team acquired legendary blueliner Bobby Orr from the Boston Bruins in 1976 , but ill health forced him to sit out for most of the season , and he eventually retired in 1979 , having played only 26 games for the Hawks . Mikita did the same the following year after playing 22 years in Chicago , the third - longest career for a single team in league history . By 1982 , the Black Hawks squeaked into the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Norris Division ( at the time the top four teams in each division automatically made the playoffs ) , and were one of the league 's Cinderella teams that year . Led by second - year Denis Savard 's 32 goals and 119 points and Doug Wilson 's 39 goals , the Hawks stunned the Minnesota North Stars and Blues in the playoffs before losing to another surprise team , the Vancouver Canucks , who made the Stanley Cup Finals . Chicago proved they were no fluke the next season , also making the third round before losing to the eventual runner - up Edmonton Oilers . After an off - year in 1984 , the Hawks again faced a now fresh - off - a-ring Edmonton offensive juggernaut of a team and lost in the third round in 1985 . The Bill Wirtz era ( 1983 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 1983 , Arthur Wirtz died and the club came under the sole control of Bill Wirtz . Although the Black Hawks continued to make the playoffs each season , the club began a slow decline , punctuated with an appearance in the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals . During the 1985 playoff series against Edmonton , the Black Hawks and their fans started a tradition of cheering during the singing of `` The Star - Spangled Banner . '' Moreover , prior to the 1986 -- 87 season , while going through the team 's records , someone discovered the team 's original NHL contract , and found that the name `` Blackhawks '' was printed as a compound word as opposed to two separate words , `` Black Hawks , '' which was the way most sources had been printing it for 60 years and as the team had always officially listed it . The name officially became `` Chicago Blackhawks '' from that point on . In the late 1980s , Chicago still made the playoffs on an annual basis , but made early - round exits each time . In 1988 -- 89 , after three - straight first - round defeats , and despite a fourth - place finish in their division in the regular season , Chicago made it to the Conference Final in the rookie seasons of both goalie Ed Belfour and center Jeremy Roenick . Once again , however , they would fail to make the Stanley Cup Final , losing to the eventual champions , the Calgary Flames . The following season , the Hawks did prove they were late - round playoff material , running away with the Norris Division title , but , yet again , the third round continued to stymie them , this time against the eventual champion Oilers , despite 1970s Soviet star goaltender Vladislav Tretiak coming to Chicago to become the Blackhawks ' goaltender coach . In 1990 -- 91 , Chicago was poised to fare even better in the playoffs , winning the Presidents ' Trophy for best regular - season record , but the Minnesota North Stars stunned them in six games in the first - round en route to an improbable Stanley Cup Final appearance . In 1991 -- 92 the Blackhawks -- with Roenick scoring 53 goals , Steve Larmer scoring 29 goals , Chris Chelios ( acquired from Montreal two years previously ) on defense , and Belfour in goal -- finally reached the Final after 19 years out of such status . The Blackhawks won 11 consecutive playoff games that year , which set an NHL record . However , they were swept four games to none by the Mario Lemieux - led defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins ( who , in sweeping the Blackhawks , tied the record Chicago had set only days before ) . Although the 4 -- 0 sweep indicates Pittsburgh 's dominance in won games , it was actually a close series that could have gone either way . Game 1 saw the Blackhawks squander leads of 3 -- 0 and 4 -- 1 , and would eventually be beaten 5 -- 4 after a Lemieux power - play goal with 9 seconds remaining in regulation . The Blackhawks most lackluster game was game two , losing 3 -- 1 . A frustrating loss of 1 -- 0 followed in game three , and a natural hat trick from Dirk Graham and stellar play from Dominik Hasek ( who showed indications of the goaltender he would later become ) could not secure a win in game four , which ended in 6 -- 5 final in favor of Pittsburgh . The defending NBA champion Chicago Bulls were in their finals in 1992 , but won their championship in six . Although this was the only year the city of Chicago would host a concurrent NBA / NHL finals in the same year , Blackhawks head coach Mike Keenan would see this again in New York when he coached the Rangers to their first Stanley Cup in 54 years in 1994 . Belfour posted a 40 - win season in 1992 -- 93 as the Hawks looked to go deep yet again , and Chelios accumulated career - high penalty time with 282 minutes in the box , but St. Louis stunned Chicago with a first - round sweep to continue Chicago 's playoff losing streak . The Blackhawks moved to the United Center ( pictured in 2006 ) during the 1994 -- 95 season . Although they finished near . 500 in 1994 , the Blackhawks again qualified for the playoffs . They were eliminated by eventual Western Conference finalist Toronto , but broke their playoff losing streak at 10 games with a game three win . It was n't enough , however , and the Blackhawks fell in six games . The 1993 -- 94 season also marked the Blackhawks ' last at the old Chicago Stadium , and the team moved into the new United Center in the lockout - shortened 1995 season . Bernie Nicholls and Joe Murphy both scored 20 goals over 48 games , and Chicago once again made it to the Western Conference Final , losing to the rival Detroit Red Wings . Also in 1994 , management fired Wayne Messmer , popular singer of `` The Star - Spangled Banner . '' Roenick , Belfour and Chelios were all traded away as the Blackhawks faltered through the late 1990s until they missed the playoffs by five points in 1998 for the first time in 29 years , one season short of tying the Boston Bruins ' record for the longest such streak in North American professional sports history . Chicago would also miss the playoffs for a second consecutive season in 1999 , and would later miss the playoffs in 2000 and 2001 . The millennium started with disappointment for the Blackhawks . Éric Daze , Alexei Zhamnov and Tony Amonte emerged as some of the team 's leading stars by this time . However , aside from a quick first - round exit in 2002 ( where they lost to the Blues in five games after winning Game 1 of the series ) , the ' Hawks were consistently out of the playoffs from the 1997 -- 98 season until the 2008 -- 09 season , in most years finishing well out of contention , despite finishing in third place in the Central Division six times . Amonte left for the Phoenix Coyotes in the summer of 2002 . During the 2002 -- 03 season , the Blackhawks finished third in the Central Division with 79 points , but would finish ninth in the Western Conference , which would make them miss the playoffs by 13 points . A somber note was struck in February 2004 when ESPN named the Blackhawks the worst franchise in professional sports . Indeed , the Blackhawks were viewed with much indifference by Chicagoans for much of the 1990s and early 2000s due to anger over several policies instituted by then - owner Bill Wirtz , who was derisively known as `` Dollar Bill '' . For example , Wirtz did not allow home games to be televised in the Chicago area , claiming it was unfair to the team 's season ticket holders . He also raised ticket prices to an average of $50 , among the most expensive in the NHL . The Chicago Wolves , an American Hockey League team based in Rosemont , Illinois , mocked the Blackhawks ' struggle by creating a marketing slogan , `` We Play Hockey The Old - Fashioned Way : We Actually Win . '' Following the lockout of the 2004 -- 05 season , new GM Dale Tallon set about restructuring the team in the hopes of making a playoff run . Tallon made several moves in the summer of 2005 , most notably the signing of Tampa Bay Lightning Stanley Cup - winning goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin and All - Star defenseman Adrian Aucoin . However , injuries plagued Khabibulin and Aucoin , among others , and the Blackhawks again finished well out of the playoffs with a 26 -- 43 -- 13 record -- next - to - last in the Western Conference and the second - worst in the NHL . The Blackhawks reached another low point on May 16 , 2006 , when they announced that popular TV / radio play - by - play announcer Pat Foley was not going to be brought back after 25 years with the team , a move unpopular amongst most Blackhawks fans . Foley then became the television / radio voice of the Chicago Wolves . With the third overall pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft , the team selected Jonathan Toews , who led the University of North Dakota Fighting Sioux hockey team to the 2006 NCAA Frozen Four . The Blackhawks were eager to make a splash in the free - agent market , and offered big money to many of the top free agents . They were , however , denied , only being able to acquire two backup goaltenders in Patrick Lalime and Sebastien Caron . Chicago was one of the biggest buyers in the trade market , though , acquiring a future franchise player in left - winger Martin Havlat , as well as center Bryan Smolinski from the Ottawa Senators in a three - way deal that also involved the San Jose Sharks . The ' Hawks dealt forward Mark Bell to the Sharks , Michal Barinka and a 2008 second - round draft pick to the Senators , while Ottawa also received defenseman Tom Preissing and center Josh Hennessy from San Jose . Havlat gave the Blackhawks the talented , first - line caliber gamebreaker they so desperately needed . The Havlat trade was soon followed by another major trade -- winger and key Blackhawk player Kyle Calder was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for grinding defensive center Michal Handzus . The move caused a stir in Chicago ; Calder had won an increase in his contract through arbitration , which was accepted by the Hawks , but rather than ink their leading scorer , the Blackhawks decided to address their need for a proven center by acquiring Handzus . Injuries to both Havlat and Handzus hurt the Blackhawks , and Smolinski was eventually traded at the trade deadline to the Vancouver Canucks . On November 26 , 2006 , Blackhawks General Manager Dale Tallon fired head coach Trent Yawney and appointed assistant coach Denis Savard as the head coach . Savard had been the assistant coach of the Blackhawks since 1997 , the year after he retired as one of the most popular and successful Blackhawks players of all time . The Blackhawks continued to struggle , and finished last in the Central Division , 12 points out of the playoffs . They finished with the fourth worst record in the NHL , and in the Draft Lottery , won the opportunity to select first overall in the draft , whereas the team had never had a draft pick higher than third overall . They used the pick to draft right wing Patrick Kane from the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) . The Rocky Wirtz era ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) 2007 -- 2009 : rebuilding ( edit ) On September 26 , 2007 , Bill Wirtz , the longtime owner of the Blackhawks , died after a brief battle with cancer . He was succeeded by his son , Rocky , who drastically altered his father 's long - standing policies . Midway into the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , the franchise experimented with a partnership with Comcast SportsNet Chicago and WGN - TV by airing selected Blackhawks home games on television . During the next season , Comcast and WGN began airing all of the team 's regular season games . Rocky also named John McDonough , formerly the president of the Chicago Cubs , as the franchise 's new president . Since taking over the position , McDonough has been an instrumental figure in the Blackhawks current marketing success . Wirtz was also able to bring back former Blackhawks greats Tony Esposito , Stan Mikita and Bobby Hull , as the franchise 's `` hockey ambassadors . '' Jonathan Toews during the 2008 -- 09 season . Named captain before the season started , he became the youngest player to captain the Hawks at age 20 . In addition to the changes in the team 's policies and front office , the younger Wirtz also made a concerted effort to rebuild the team . The Blackhawks roster was bolstered by the addition of Patrick Kane , the first overall selection in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , who led all rookies in points . Kane and Jonathan Toews were finalists for the Calder Memorial Trophy , which is awarded to the NHL 's best rookie . Kane ultimately beat his teammate for the award . Kane finished the 2007 -- 08 season with 21 goals and 51 assists in 82 games . The Blackhawks finished with a record of 40 -- 34 -- 8 , missing the playoffs by three points . The 2007 -- 08 season marked the first time in six years that the team finished above . 500 . Prior to the 2008 -- 09 season opener , the Blackhawks named Toews , at 20 years and 79 days , as the new captain , succeeding the traded Lapointe and making him the third - youngest captain at the time of appointment . In addition to a new caption , the Blackhawks made several major roster changes before the 2008 -- 09 NHL season . The team traded Tuomo Ruutu , their longest tenured player , to the Carolina Hurricanes for forward Andrew Ladd on February 26 , 2008 . Later that day , the Blackhawks traded captain Martin Lapointe to the Ottawa Senators for a sixth - round draft pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft . On the first day of free agency , July 1 , the team signed goaltender Cristobal Huet to a four - year US $22.5 million contract , and later signed defenseman Brian Campbell to an eight - year , $56.8 million contract . The team also added former coaches Joel Quenneville and Scotty Bowman to their organization . The Blackhawks hosted the Detroit Red Wings at the 2009 NHL Winter Classic at Wrigley Field . On February 13 , 2008 , the Blackhawks announced they would hold their first fan convention . On July 16 , 2008 , the team announced that they would host the 2009 NHL Winter Classic on a temporary ice rink at Wrigley Field on New Years Day against fellow `` Original Six '' member Detroit Red Wings . The Detroit Red Wings defeated Chicago , 6 -- 4 . On June 16 , Pat Foley returned as the Blackhawks TV play - by - play man , replacing Dan Kelly . Foley called Blackhawk games from 1981 to 2006 and spent the next two years broadcasting for the Chicago Wolves . Foley was partnered with Eddie Olczyk to broadcast all of the Hawks games . The Blackhawks relieved Denis Savard of his head coaching duties , and replaced him with Joel Quenneville on October 16 , 2008 . Savard has since been brought back to the organization as an ambassador . The Blackhawks finished the 2008 -- 2009 regular season in second place in their division , with a record of 46 -- 24 -- 12 , putting them in fourth place in the Western Conference with 104 points . The Blackhawks clinched a playoff berth for the first time since the 2001 -- 02 season with a 3 -- 1 win over Nashville on April 3 . On April 8 , with a shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets , the Blackhawks clinched their first 100 - point season in 17 years . The Blackhawks beat the fifth - seeded Calgary Flames in six games to advance to the Western Conference Semi-finals for the first time since 1996 . The team proceeded to defeat the third - seeded Vancouver Canucks in six games . The Blackhawks played the then Stanley Cup champions , the Detroit Red Wings , for the Western Conference Championship . They lost the series to the Red Wings in five games . During the 2008 -- 09 season , the team led the League in home attendance with a total of 912,155 , averaging 22,247 fans per game . This figure includes the 40,818 fans from the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field . Therefore , the total attendance for games hosted at the United Center is 871,337 , good for an average of 21,783 which still leads the league over Montreal 's 21,273 average . The Blackhawks welcomed their one millionth fan of the season at the United Center before game six of the Western Conference semi-finals on May 11 , 2009 . 2009 -- 10 : the Stanley Cup Returns to Chicago ( edit ) Chicago skyline with the CNA Center showing the Blackhawks logo , the Smurfit - Stone Building saying `` Go Hawks '' and the Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower saying `` Hawks win '' the night after the 2009 -- 10 Chicago Blackhawks won the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , viewed from the Petrillo Music Shell lawn in Grant Park Prior to the 2009 -- 10 NHL season , the Blackhawks made another major free agent purchase , signing Marian Hossa to a 12 - year contract worth US $62.8 million . The team also acquired Tomas Kopecky , John Madden , and Richard Petiot . In early July , General Manager Dale Tallon and the Blackhawks management came under fire when the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) claimed the team did not submit offers to their restricted free agents before the deadline . In the worst - case scenario , the team 's unsigned restricted free agents at the time , including Calder Memorial Trophy finalist Kris Versteeg , would have become unrestricted free agents . Despite the ordeal , the Blackhawks were able to sign Versteeg and all of their restricted free agents before the NHLPA could take further actions . On July 14 , 2009 , The Blackhawks demoted Tallon to the position of Senior Adviser . Stan Bowman , son of Scotty Bowman , was promoted to general manager . The Blackhawks continued to sell out games , with the best average attendance of 21,356 over Montreal 's 21,273 in the NHL , and had a total of 854,267 excluding the playoffs . The Blackhawks reached the one million mark in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals against the San Jose Sharks . Patrick Kane hoisting the Stanley Cup and Jonathan Toews holding the Conn Smythe Trophy during the Blackhawks victory parade . U.S. President Barack Obama with members of the Blackhawks after a ceremony to honor their 2010 Stanley Cup victory at the White House . The Blackhawks re-signed Patrick Kane and Jonathan Toews to contract extensions worth $31.5 million over five years , and Duncan Keith to a 13 - year extension worth $72 million on December 1 , 2009 . On April 6 , 2010 , the Hawks won their 50th game of the 2009 -- 10 season against the Dallas Stars , setting a new franchise record for wins in a season . The next night , April 7 , the Hawks notched their 109th point of the season against the St. Louis Blues , setting another franchise record . The Blackhawks made the playoffs for the second consecutive season with a regular - season record of 52 -- 22 -- 8 . They defeated the Nashville Predators in six games in the first round , before defeating the third - seeded Canucks for the second straight year , again in six games . The Blackhawks then swept the top - seeded San Jose Sharks in the Western Conference Finals. The team advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1992 , where they played the Philadelphia Flyers . The Blackhawks prevailed in six games to secure their fourth Stanley Cup in franchise history . The victory also ended the team 's 49 - year championship drought . 2010 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Blackhawks immediately faced salary cap constraints prior to the 2010 -- 11 NHL season . The team was forced to trade many players who played an integral role to their 2009 -- 10 Stanley Cup victory , including Dustin Byfuglien , Andrew Ladd , Kris Versteeg , Brent Sopel , Ben Eager , and Colin Fraser . The team was also unable to agree to terms with starting goaltender Antti Niemi , who left as restricted free agent to the San Jose Sharks . The Blackhawks signed journeyman Marty Turco as his replacement , but eventfully turned to rookie Corey Crawford to become their full - time starting goaltender . The Blackhawks also made a mid-season trade to acquire winger Michael Frolík from the Florida Panthers in exchange for Jack Skille , Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan . Amidst the roster turnaround , the Blackhawks finished the season with a 44 -- 29 -- 9 record and placed third in the Central Division and eight in Western Conference . The team 's playoff fate was determined on the final day of regular season . The Blackhawks lost their regular season finale to the Detroit Red Wings , but received the final seed in the Western Conference after the Minnesota Wild defeated the Dallas Stars . In the first round of the 2011 playoffs , the Blackhawks faced the top - seeded Vancouver Canucks , which marked the third consecutive post-season the two teams faced each other . The Canucks built a 3 -- 0 lead in the series before the Blackhawks were able to win three games in a row . Alex Burrows won Game 7 for the Canucks in overtime , 2 -- 1 . Before the 2011 -- 12 NHL season , the Blackhawks continued to make roster moves to optimize their salary cap situation . The team traded Troy Brouwer to the Washington Capitals for the 26th overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft ( Phillip Danault ) . The Blackhawks also traded defenseman Brian Campbell , who had one of the richest contracts in the franchise 's history , to the Florida Panthers . The team bolstered their forward depth by signing veterans Daniel Carcillo , Jamal Mayers , and Andrew Brunette , while also acquiring goaltender Ray Emery to back - up Crawford . The Blackhawks called - up prospects Brandon Saad , Andrew Shaw , Nick Leddy and Marcus Krüger , who became regular starters . The Blackhawks placed fourth in Central Division with 45 -- 26 -- 11 and qualified for the postseason for a fourth consecutive season . They faced the Phoenix Coyotes in the opening round , who ousted the Blackhawks in six games . The series saw five of the six games going to overtime , with Bryan Bickell ( game two ) and Jonathan Toews ( game five ) scoring the only Blackhawk overtime winners of the series . 2012 -- 13 : Presidents ' Trophy and the Stanley Cup ( edit ) The Blackhawks started the shortened 2012 -- 13 season with much success , by establishing several new franchise and NHL records . On January 27 , 2013 , the Blackhawks set a new franchise record for starting the season 6 -- 0 -- 0 with a win against the Detroit Red Wings . On February 19 the Blackhawks tied the NHL record previously set by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2006 -- 07 season for earning points in the first 16 consecutive games of a season , and beat the Ducks record ( 28 points ) by one point . On March 6 , the Blackhawks extended the NHL record to 24 games with a record of 21 -- 0 -- 3 , and the franchise record for most consecutive wins to 11 games . However , The Blackhawks lost 6 -- 2 to the Colorado Avalanche on March 8 . It was their first loss in regulation and ended their 24 - game streak in which they earned at least one point , an NHL record to start a season . The point streak was the third - longest in NHL history . The 2013 Stanley Cup champion Blackhawks meet President Obama at the White House . The United Center also recorded its 200th consecutive combined regular season and playoff Blackhawks sell - out on March 1 against the Columbus Blue Jackets , which began during the 2007 -- 08 season with the game on March 30 , 2008 against the Blue Jackets . The Blackhawks won the 2012 -- 13 President 's Trophy for the best regular season record in the league and clinched home - ice advantage throughout the entirety of the playoffs . After dispatching the Minnesota Wild in the first round , the Blackhawks faced the Detroit Red Wings in the Western Conference Semi-finals . After winning the series opener , the Blackhawks lost the next three games , putting Chicago on the edge of elimination . However , the Blackhawks clawed back , eventually winning the series on a goal by Brent Seabrook in overtime of Game 7 . The team then defeated the Los Angeles Kings in five games to secure a second Stanley Cup Final appearance in four seasons . The Blackhawks faced the Boston Bruins , another Original Six team , in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals . It was the first time since 1979 that two Original Six teams have made the Stanley Cup Finals and the first time since 1945 that the last four teams to win the Stanley Cup were in the Conference Finals . The Bruins made their second appearance in the Finals in three years ( winning in 2011 ) and were making a similar resurgence as the Blackhawks . On June 24 , the Blackhawks defeated the Boston Bruins in the sixth game of the Stanley Cup Final to win the Stanley Cup for the 2012 -- 13 NHL season , having overcome a 2 -- 1 deficit with just over a minute remaining . Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland scored goals with 1 : 16 and 0 : 58.3 remaining in the game , just 17 seconds apart , to win 3 -- 2 . 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) The Blackhawks played the Pittsburgh Penguins at Soldier Field for game four of the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The Blackhawks began the 2013 -- 14 season in hopes of becoming the first team to win consecutive Championships since the Detroit Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 . The team was dramatically altered in the off - season to remain under the salary cap . The team traded Dave Bolland , Daniel Carcillo and Michael Frolik in exchange for future draft picks , while parting ways with Ray Emery and Viktor Stalberg . Despite these changes , The Blackhawks tallied a 28 -- 7 -- 7 record going into January 2014 . The team played their second outdoor game in franchise history against the Pittsburgh Penguins at Soldier Field as part of the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The Blackhawks defeated the Penguins , 5 -- 1 , in front of 62,921 fans . The franchise recorded its 2,500 th regular season win , while head coach Joel Quenneville won 693 wins as a coach , the third most in the history of the NHL . The Blackhawks finished the season with a 46 -- 21 -- 15 record , good for third in the Central Division . They opened the playoffs by losing two games to the St. Louis Blues . The Blackhawks surged back with four straight games to win the series . The team then defeated the Minnesota Wild for the second consecutive year . However , the Los Angeles Kings defeated the Blackhawks in seven games and would ultimately go on to win the Stanley Cup . After the season 's conclusion , Duncan Keith won the Norris Trophy for the second time in his career , and Jonathan Toews was named a finalist for the Frank J. Selke Trophy . 2014 -- 15 : sixth Stanley Cup ( edit ) The Hawks faced the Washington Capitals at Nationals Park for the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . The Blackhawks ' roster remained largely intact following the 2013 -- 14 season . The team signed veteran center Brad Richards and rookie goaltender Scott Darling to one - year deals , and dealt defenseman Nick Leddy to the New York Islanders for three prospects . For the first half of the season , Patrick Kane led the team in scoring and points . The Blackhawks mustered a 30 -- 15 -- 2 record going into the All - Star break . The Blackhawks sent six players to the All - Star Game , including Kane , Jonathan Toews , Duncan Keith , Brent Seabrook , and Corey Crawford . The team also played in the 2015 NHL Winter Classic at Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. , where they lost to the Washington Capitals , 3 -- 2 . However , in late February , Kane suffered a shoulder injury that was expected to sideline him for the remainder of the regular season and much of the playoffs . The team called up rookie Teuvo Teravainen from the American Hockey League , and traded their first - round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft to acquire center Antoine Vermette from the Arizona Coyotes . The Blackhawks also acquired veteran defenseman Kimmo Timonen from the Philadelphia Flyers for second round picks in 2015 and 2016 , and Andrew Desjardins from the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Ben Smith . The Blackhawks finished the season with a 48 -- 28 -- 6 record , placing third in their division . The team allowed the fewest goals in the NHL . Play media President Obama welcomes the Blackhawks to the White House for a third time to commemorate the team 's 2015 Stanley Cup victory . Kane recovered quicker than projected and was ready for the start of the playoffs . The Blackhawks dispatched the Nashville Predators in six games , and swept the Minnesota Wild to advance to the Western Conference Finals for the fifth time in seven years . The top - seeded Anaheim Ducks held a 3 -- 2 lead in the series , but the Blackhawks rallied back in the series to win games six and seven . The team defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals to secure their third Stanley Cup in six seasons . 2015 -- present ( edit ) The Blackhawks ' roster experienced another dramatic reconstruction before the 2015 -- 16 NHL season . The team was unable to come to terms with pending free - agent , Brandon Saad , who had played a pivotal role in the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs . The Blackhawks traded Saad 's negotiation rights , along with prospects Alex Broadhurst and Michael Paliotta , to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Artem Anisimov , Marko Daňo , Corey Tropp , Jeremy Morin and a fourth - round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft . The Blackhawks were unable to re-sign unrestricted free - agents Brad Richards , Antoine Vermette , and Johnny Oduya due to salary cap constraints . The team then traded long - time veteran and fan - favorite Patrick Sharp along with Stephen Johns to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Trevor Daley and forward Ryan Garbutt in order to stay under the salary cap . Amidst the roster turnover , the Blackhawks signed free agent Artemi Panarin from the KHL to an entry - level deal . The Blackhawks offense was led by Patrick Kane , who tallied a league - best 106 points in 2015 - 16 . Kane was the NHL 's leading scorer , and won the MVP award for the season . Panarin , who skated on Kane 's line , won the Calder Memorial Trophy , awarded to the NHL 's best first year player . Midway through the season , the Blackhawks attempted to supplement their roster by making several trades . The Blackhawks dealt Jeremy Morin to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Richard Pánik . The team then reacquired Andrew Ladd from the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for their first round selection in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft and Marko Dano . The team then traded Phillip Danault and their 2018 second round pick to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for forwards Dale Weise and Tomas Fleischmann . The team finished with a 46 - 26 - 9 record , good for 103 points and third place in their division . The Blackhawks were defeated by the St. Louis Blues in a seven - game series in the first round of the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs . The loss marked the Blackhawks earliest postseason exit since 2012 . Salary cap constraints forced the Blackhawks to make additional trades before the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . The team traded pending free - agent Andrew Shaw to Montreal in exchange for two - second round 2016 draft picks . The Blackhawks also traded Bryan Bickell and Teuvo Teräväinen to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for another 2016 second round pick in order to free additional salary cap space . The Blackhawks signed veteran Brian Campbell and KHL stand - out Michal Kempný during free agency . The team then turned to their farm system to replenish their depth . The Blackhawks promoted rookies Ryan Hartman , Gustav Forsling , Tyler Motte , Nick Schmaltz and Vince Hinostroza to their starting line - up to fill the vacancies left by Shaw , Bickell , and Teräväinen . Kane spearheaded the Blackhawks offense with 34 goals and 55 assists , tying for second in scoring during the regular season among all skaters . He was aided by his linemate , Panarin , who scored 31 goals and 43 assists . In addition to Kane and Panarin , Jonathan Toews , Marián Hossa , Artem Anisimov , and Richard Pánik each also scored at least 20 goals . Toews , Kane , Duncan Keith , and Corey Crawford were selected to play in the All - Star Game . The Blackhawks finished the season with 109 points , placing first in the Central Division and earning the top - seed in the Western Conference for the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs . However , they were swept in the first round by the eighth - seeded Nashville Predators in one of the biggest upsets in NHL playoff history ; this was the first time that an eighth seed swept a playoff series against the top team in the conference . Goaltender Pekka Rinne and the Predators ' defense marginalized the Blackhawks ' offense , limiting the team to only three total goals in the series , including a pair of shutouts in Game 1 ( 1 - 0 ) and Game 2 ( 5 - 0 ) at the United Center to begin the series . Prior to the 2017 -- 18 season , the Blackhawks revealed that Marian Hossa would miss the entire 2017 -- 18 season due to a progressive skin disorder . The team made two major trades before the 2017 NHL Entry Draft ; veteran defenseman Niklas Hjalmarsson was dealt to the Arizona Coyotes for Connor Murphy and Laurent Dauphin , while Artemi Panarin was traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets to reacquire Brandon Saad in a four - player deal . Both Hjalmarsson and Hossa were core - members of the Blackhawks roster that won three Stanley Cups in 2010 , 2013 , and 2015 . The team also traded Scott Darling to the Carolina Hurricanes and center Marcus Kruger to the Vegas Golden Knights , while also losing defensemen Trevor van Riemsdyk to the Golden Knights in the expansion draft and Brian Campbell , who retired . The Blackhawks acquired wingers Patrick Sharp , Tommy Wingels , and Lance Bouma in free agency . The Blackhawks opened the 2017 -- 18 season with a resounding 10 -- 1 victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins . The Blackhawks were four games above . 500 with an 18 -- 14 -- 6 record at the end of December 2017 , and only four points out of a playoff spot . However , goaltender Corey Crawford missed much of 2018 due to an upper - body injury . Inconsistent defense and goaltending , coupled with limited offense resulted in the team falling to the bottom of the Central Division . The Blackhawks were eliminated from playoff contention on March 20 , 2018 , marking the first time in nine years that the team failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup Playoffs . The team finished the season with a 33 -- 39 -- 10 record and 76 points in the standings . Team information ( edit ) Jerseys ( edit ) The Blackhawks wear predominantly red jerseys featuring three sets of black and white stripes along the sleeves and waist . The team 's logo is displayed on the front of each jersey , along with a ' C ' , representing ' Chicago ' , on each shoulder with two crossed tomahawks . The Blackhawks debuted this design in 1955 , and have since only made minor modifications to the jersey . In 2007 , The Blackhawks along with all other NHL teams , made minute changes to their uniforms by adding larger logo , a new collar with the NHL logo and a ' baseball - style cut along the bottom . The team previously donned alternate third jersey that was primarily black with red and white stripes between 1996 and 2007 . The Blackhawks brought this design back in 2008 , before making their 2009 Winter Classic jerseys their alternates between 2009 - 11 . The team has not used an alternate jersey home jersey since 2011 . The Blackhawks ' uniform was voted one of the 25 best in professional sports by Paul Lukas of GQ in November 2004 . The Hockey News voted the team 's jersey as the best in the NHL . Greg Wyshynski of Yahoo ! Sports listed the Blackhawks home jerseys as the second best NHL jersey in the history of the NHL in 2017 . The Blackhawks were voted to have the best uniform in the history of the NHL in a fan - vote conducted by the NHL in 2017 . The Blackhawks have donned Camouflage practice jerseys for Veterans Day to show support for servicemen since 2009 . Since 2009 , the Blackhawks have worn special camouflage jerseys on Veterans Day during their pregame warm - ups . The jerseys are later sold in auctions to raise money for the USO of Illinois . The Blackhawks wore jerseys based on the design worn in the 1936 -- 37 season for the 2009 NHL Winter Classic . The jersey is predominantly black with a large beige stripe across the chest ( also on the sleeves ) , with a red border , and an old - style circular Black Hawks logo . The Blackhawks used this Winter Classic design as their third jersey for the 2009 -- 10 season until they retired after the 2010 -- 11 season , with the only change in the design was by adding the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks on the shoulders . For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Blackhawks wore a black uniform similar to the alternates they wore from 1996 to 2009 , but the stripes around the waist are no longer straight , they are jagged around the sides in order to follow the shape of the bottom of the jersey . Keeping with stripes , the ones on the arms simply stop halfway round ; angled numbers are above these sleeve half - stripes . On one shoulder is the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks logo and the Chicago 2014 Stadium Series logo on the other . Each 2014 NHL Stadium Series jerseys features chrome - treated logo designs inspired by the NHL shield . The chrome crest was developed using new technology that fuses print and embroidery and allows logos to be displayed as a high - resolution image incorporated into the crest . As a result , the design reduces the weight of the crest , creating in a lighter jersey . Numbering on the back of the jersey is enlarged and sleeve numbers are angled to improve visibility in outdoor venues . The team wore a uniform which was inspired by their 1957 -- 58 jersey for the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . This uniform is nearly identical to the road uniform that the Blackhawks currently wear . The main differences between this design and the current road design comes in the form of the lace up collar , the name / number block font ( which is serifed ) , and the C - Tomahawk logo , which is mostly red , black , and white ( with a tad bit of yellow ) instead of being mostly red , yellow , green black and white . For the 2016 NHL Stadium Series , the Blackhawks wore a unique uniform for their game against the Minnesota Wild . This uniform is primarily white with black / red / black stripes on the sleeves and socks . The current logo is on the chest . Framed between the two black stripes and over the red stripe on the sleeve is the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks . The collar of the uniform features two different colors . The four , six - pointed red stars from the Flag of Chicago is featured on the white portion of the collar , while the other side of the collar is black . Sleeve numbers have been shifted to the shoulders and enlarged . With the shoulders being black , the numbering is white . But , the numbering and lettering on the back is also enlarged and black in color . For the 2017 NHL Winter Classic , the Blackhawks wore uniforms very similar to what they wore at the 2015 NHL Winter Classic . These new uniforms however feature a few modifications that were made to them . The most notable changes are to the logo and the cross tomahawks . The logo this time is the appropriate logo that the franchise used in 1957 - 65 . But , they removed the roundel and the lettering so that just the logo itself stands out . The placement of the familiar `` C '' with crossed tomahawks is featured in the same position with the same striping pattern on the sleeve as the 2015 NHL Winter Classic uniform had . The only differences between the tomahawks from the 2015 NHL Winter Classic uniform and the 2017 NHL Winter Classic uniform are where the colors are placed for the tomahawk . The 2017 NHL Winter Classic patch is featured on the right shoulder . To honor the NHL 's centennial year , a special anniversary logo was designed for the remainder of the 2016 - 17 season , which started on January 1 , 2017 for all thirty teams , featuring a banner wrapped around the number 100 with the current NHL shield in the foreground . Both the banner and the number 100 are in same silver colour as the NHL shield . The Blackhawks wore this logo patch underneath the numbering on the right - sleeve on both the home and away jerseys . The Blackhawks debuted this patch on their home jerseys on January 5 , 2017 and then they debuted the patch on the away jerseys on January 13 , 2017 . All home and away jerseys for all thirty teams will continue to have patches of the NHL 's centennial emblem for the 2017 - 18 season , located above or below the numbers on their right sleeves , for at least up to the playing of the NHL 100 Classic on December 16 , 2017 . Adidas signed an agreement with the NHL to be the official outfitter of uniforms and licensed apparel for all teams , starting with the 2017 -- 18 season , replacing Reebok . The Reebok Edge template will now be retired in favor of the Adidas ' ADIZERO template . The home and away uniforms that were debuted in the 2007 - 08 season remains nearly identical with the exception of the new Adidas ADIZERO template and the new collar . With the new collar , the NHL shield remains but is no longer placed on a lower layer with flaps nearby , as it 's now front and center on a pentagon with a new `` Chrome Flex '' style . The waist stripes are now curved instead of being straight across . The Adidas logo replaces the Reebok logo on the back collar . Logo ( edit ) Further information : Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy This vintage logo was brought back in 1991 and 2008 ; it was their primary logo from the 1937 -- 38 to 1954 -- 55 seasons . McLaughlin 's wife , Irene Castle , designed the original version of the team 's logo , which featured a crudely - drawn black and white Native head in a circle . This design went through several significant changes between 1926 and 1955 . During this period , seven distinct versions of the primary logo were worn on the team 's uniforms . At the beginning of the 1955 -- 56 season , the outer circle was removed and the head began to resemble the team 's current primary logo . This crest and uniform went through subtle changes until the 1964 -- 65 season ; the basic logo and jersey design have remained constant ever since . In 2008 , The Hockey News ' staff voted the team 's main logo to be the best in the NHL . In 2010 , sports columnist Damien Cox called on the franchise to retire the `` racially insensitive '' logo , saying that , `` Clearly , no right - thinking person would name a team after an aboriginal figure these days any more than they would use Muslims or Africans or Chinese or any ethnic group to depict a specific sporting notion . '' Furthermore , the National Congress of American Indians ( NCAI ) believes that all Native - themed logos , including that of the Blackhawks , `` continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and segregation were common place . '' The Blackhawks have worked with the American Indian Center to help educate their community and fan base by sharing Native American culture and history . Scott Sypolt , executive counsel for the American Indian Center , commented on the logo and name controversy : Joe Podlasek , the executive director of the American Indian Center of Chicago , commented on their relationship , stating , `` ( The Hawks ) are far and away ahead of everyone else in forward - thinking . What they have done is engaged the community . In the other cities ( organizations ) want nothing to do with native people but yet they 're trying to say they respect us . '' However , this stance is markedly different from the one taken by the American Indian Center up until recent years . In 2010 , Joe Podlasek stated that , `` The stance is very clear . We want the Chicago Blackhawks logo to change . For us , that 's one of our grandfathers . Would you do that with your grandfather 's picture ? Take it and throw it on a rug ? Walk on it and dance on it ? '' John Blackhawk , Chairman of the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska , has suggested that the change in position may be tied to contributions the team has recently begun making to the center : `` We all do contributions , but we do n't do it for the sake of wanting to be forgiven for something we 've done that 's offensive . '' Mascot ( edit ) The Blackhawks mascot is Tommy Hawk , an anthropomorphic black hawk who wears the Blackhawks ' four feathers on his head , along with a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants . Tommy Hawk often participates in the T - shirt toss and puck chuck at the United Center . He walks around the concourse greeting fans before and during the game . The team introduced Tommy Hawk in the 2001 -- 02 season . Fight and goal songs ( edit ) `` Here Come the Hawks ! '' is the official fight song and introduction of the Chicago Blackhawks . The song was written by J. Swayzee , an avid Blackhawks fan , and produced by the Dick Marx Orchestra and Choir in 1968 and is heard quite often both in vocal and organ renditions during Blackhawks home games . In late 2007 the song `` Keys to the City '' was released by Ministry & Co Conspirators as a gift to the Blackhawks organization . The Blackhawks were one of the first NHL teams to sound a horn whenever they scored a goal at home . Bill Wirtz donated his yacht 's horn to Chicago Stadium . The goal horn became a popular trend among other NHL teams after the Blackhawks played the Montreal Canadiens in the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals . The Blackhawks began playing `` Chelsea Dagger '' by The Fratellis as their official goal song during the 2008 - 09 NHL season . The Blackhawks also had dedicated goal songs for Patrick Kane ( `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' by The Scorpions ) , Jonathan Toews ( `` Johnny B. Goode '' by Chuck Berry ) , and Patrick Sharp ( `` Sharp Dressed Man '' by ZZ Top ) . National anthem ( edit ) Jim Cornelison sings the `` Star Spangled Banner '' at the United Center It is a tradition for Blackhawks fans to applaud and cheer loudly during the singing of the national anthem . This tradition originated during a 1985 Campbell Conference playoff game at Chicago Stadium versus the Edmonton Oilers . Wayne Messmer , the Blackhawks home games national anthem singer from 1980 to 1994 , was the anthem singer when this tradition began . Jim Cornelison sings the national anthems for all home games and he is accompanied by organist Frank Pellico . Before Game 2 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals at the United Center , the cheering during the anthem was registered between 116 - 122 decibels . Practice facility ( edit ) The Blackhawks practice facility , the MB Ice Arena , is located in Chicago 's Near West Side . The 125,000 square - foot facility opened in 2017 and cost $65 million to construct . The MB Ice Arena also serves as community center and hosts youth , high school , and adult hockey and ice skating programs . Circus trip ( edit ) The Blackhawks and their arena mates , the Chicago Bulls , embarked on an annual two - week road trip in mid-November dating back to when both teams inhabited Chicago Stadium . The Wirtz Family , who at one point owned the Blackhawks , Bulls , and Chicago Stadium , would lease the venue to circus acts and ice skating troupes . The Blackhawks played between six and seven games in western Canada and California during this time . In November 2016 , the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announced they would not be returning to the United Center in 2017 . Media and announcers ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks broadcasters For the first time in team history , all 82 games plus playoffs were broadcast on television during the 2008 -- 09 season . At least 20 of them aired on WGN - TV ( Channel 9 ) , the first time the Blackhawks had been seen on local over-the - air television in 30 years . Games produced by WGN - TV through its WGN Sports department are not available in its superstation feed WGN America due to league broadcast rights restrictions . Other games not broadcast by WGN - TV are aired on regional sports network NBC Sports Chicago , the first time in at least 35 years that non-nationally broadcast home games were seen locally , either over-the - air or on cable . On February 15 , 2011 , it was announced that the team had renewed their broadcast contract with WGN - TV for the next five years , starting in the 2011 -- 12 NHL season . The deal was further extended for three more years on May 15 , 2014 , keeping the team on Channel 9 until the end of the 2018 -- 19 season . Radio broadcasts since the 1970s and into the mid-2000s varied between WBBM ( 780 ) and WMAQ / WSCR ( 670 ) , and often came into conflict with White Sox baseball by the start of April . On April 30 , 2008 , the team signed a three - year deal with WGN Radio ( 720 AM ) , with games airing alternately instead on WIND ( 560 AM ) in scheduling conflict situations during the baseball season due to the Cubs having contractual preference to air on WGN ; these moved to WGWG - LP ( Channel 6 / 87.7 FM , an analog television station carrying an audio - only sports talk format using a quirk in the FM band ) in mid-2014 when Tribune began a local marketing agreement with that station 's owner . During the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals , the Cubs agreed to allow the Blackhawks games to be broadcast on WGN and have the Cubs revert to WIND when there was a conflict . This allowed the Finals games to be heard over a larger area due to WGN 's clear - channel signal . All Blackhawk games are also streamed live on wgnradio.com , regardless of whether the games are on WGN or WGWG - LP . WLUP - FM ( 97.9 FM ) was also utilized as an alternate station . Pat Foley -- TV play - by - play Eddie Olczyk -- Lead TV analyst for NBC & TV analyst for Blackhawks John Wiedeman -- Radio play - by - play Troy Murray -- Radio analyst Gene Honda -- Public address Luke Stuckmeyer -- Rinkside reporter for games on NBC Sports Chicago Steve Konroyd -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports , back - up TV analyst Pat Boyle -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on NBC Sports Chicago Adam Burish -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Brian Campbell -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Jamal Mayers -- Co-Host of Intermission , pre-game , post-game , and intermission for games on NBC Sports Chicago Dan Roan -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on WGN Chris Boden -- Host of Intermission , pre-game & post-game reports for games on WGN Radio Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Blackhawks . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Chicago Blackhawks seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 21 15 107 267 220 3rd , Central Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 48 28 6 102 220 186 3rd , Central Stanley Cup Champions , 4 -- 2 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 47 26 9 103 235 209 3rd , Central Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Blues ) 2016 -- 17 82 50 23 9 109 244 213 1st , Central Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Predators ) 2017 -- 18 82 33 39 10 76 229 256 7th , Central Did not qualify Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated April 11 , 2018 . # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Russia ! Anisimov , Artem Artem Anisimov 4.0 ! C 30 2015 Yaroslavl , Soviet Union 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Crawford , Corey Corey Crawford 1.0 ! G 33 2003 Montreal , Quebec 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 United States ! DeBrincat , Alex Alex DeBrincat 7.0 ! RW 20 2016 Farmington Hills , Michigan 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Canada ! Duclair , Anthony Anthony Duclair 6.0 ! LW 22 2018 Laval , Quebec 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sweden ! Forsberg , Anton Anton Forsberg 1.0 ! G 25 2017 Härnösand , Sweden 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Sweden ! Gustafsson , Erik Erik Gustafsson 2.0 ! D 26 2015 Nynäshamn , Sweden 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 United States ! Hillman , Blake Blake Hillman 2.0 ! D 22 2016 Elk River , Minnesota 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 United States ! Hinostroza , Vinnie Vinnie Hinostroza 4.3 ! C / RW 24 2012 Bartlett , Illinois 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Slovakia ! Hossa , Marian Marian Hossa 7.0 ! RW 39 2009 Stará Ľubovňa , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Slovakia ! Jurco , Tomas Tomas Jurco 7.0 ! RW 25 2017 Košice , Czechoslovakia 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 United States ! Kane , Patrick Patrick Kane 7.0 ! RW 29 2007 Buffalo , New York 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Canada ! Keith , Duncan Duncan Keith ( A ) 2.0 ! D 34 2002 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United States ! Murphy , Connor Connor Murphy 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 United States ! Oesterle , Jordan Jordan Oesterle 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Dearborn Heights , Michigan 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Czech Republic ! Rozsival , Michal Michal Rozsival 2.0 ! D 39 2013 Vlasim , Czechoslovakia 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Czech Republic ! Rutta , Jan Jan Rutta 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Písek , Czechoslovakia 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States ! Saad , Brandon Brandon Saad 6.0 ! LW 25 2017 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 United States ! Schmaltz , Nick Nick Schmaltz 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Madison , Wisconsin 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Seabrook , Brent Brent Seabrook ( A ) 2.0 ! D 33 2003 Richmond , British Columbia 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 Canada ! Sikura , Dylan Dylan Sikura 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Aurora , Ontario 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Toews , Jonathan Jonathan Toews ( C ) 4.0 ! C 30 2006 Winnipeg , Manitoba Retired numbers ( edit ) The Blackhawks unveiled a sculpture honoring Glenn Hall , Tony Esposito , Stan Mikita , Bobby Hull and Denis Savard in 2000 . Chicago Blackhawks retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement Glenn Hall 1957 -- 1967 November 20 , 1988 Keith Magnuson 1969 -- 1980 November 12 , 2008 Pierre Pilote 1955 -- 1968 November 12 , 2008 9 Bobby Hull LW 1957 -- 1972 December 18 , 1983 18 Denis Savard 1980 -- 1990 1995 -- 1997 March 19 , 1998 21 Stan Mikita 1958 -- 1980 October 19 , 1980 35 Tony Esposito 1969 -- 1984 November 20 , 1988 Notes : Both players who wore # 3 were honored . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Hall of famers ( edit ) The Chicago Blackhawks presently acknowledge an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Inductees affiliated with the Blackhawks include 39 former players and 10 builders of the sport . The 10 individuals recognized as builders by the Hall of Fame includes former Blackhawks executives , general managers , head coaches , and owners . In addition to players and builders , the team recognizes an affiliation with three broadcasters who were awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hockey Hall of Fame . Lloyd Pettit , a sportscaster , was the first Blackhawks broadcaster to receive the award , in 1986 . Other Blackhawks broadcasters awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award include Pat Foley ( awarded in 2014 ) , and Bob Verdi ( awarded in 2016 ) . Chicago Blackhawks Hall of Famers Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Sid Abel Lionel Conacher Tony Esposito Glenn Hall Ted Lindsay Bert Olmstead Allan Stanley Ed Belfour Roy Conacher Phil Esposito George Hay Harry Lumley Bobby Orr John Stewart Doug Bentley Chris Chelios Bill Gadsby Bobby Hull Mickey MacKay Pierre Pilote Harry Watson Max Bentley Paul Coffey Charlie Gardiner Dick Irvin Stan Mikita Denis Savard Georges Boucher Art Coulter Doug Gilmour Duke Keats Howie Morenz Earl Seibert Frank Brimsek Babe Dye Michel Goulet Hugh Lehman Bill Mosienko Clint Smith Hall of Fame builders Al Arbour Rudy Pilous Thomas N. Ivan Bud Poile John Mariucci Arthur Wirtz Frederic McLaughlin Bill Wirtz James D. Norris James E. Norris Team captains ( edit ) Dick Irvin , 1926 -- 1929 Duke Dukowski , 1929 -- 1930 Ty Arbour , 1930 -- 1931 Cy Wentworth , 1931 -- 1932 Helge Bostrom , 1932 -- 1933 Charlie Gardiner , 1933 -- 1934 Johnny Gottselig , 1935 -- 1940 Earl Seibert , 1940 -- 1942 Doug Bentley , 1942 -- 1944 Clint Smith , 1944 -- 1945 John Mariucci , 1945 -- 1946 Red Hamill , 1946 -- 1947 John Mariucci , 1947 -- 1948 Gaye Stewart , 1948 -- 1949 Doug Bentley , 1949 -- 1950 Jack Stewart , 1950 -- 1952 Bill Gadsby , 1952 -- 1954 Gus Mortson , 1954 -- 1957 Ed Litzenberger , 1958 -- 1961 Pierre Pilote , 1961 -- 1968 Pat Stapleton , 1969 -- 1970 Pit Martin , 1975 -- 1976 Pit Martin ; Stan Mikita ; Keith Magnuson , 1976 -- 1977 Keith Magnuson , 1977 -- 1979 Terry Ruskowski , 1979 -- 1982 Darryl Sutter , 1982 -- 1987 Bob Murray , 1985 -- 1986 Denis Savard , 1988 -- 1989 Dirk Graham , 1989 -- 1995 Chris Chelios , 1995 -- 1999 Doug Gilmour , 1999 -- 2000 Tony Amonte , 2000 -- 2002 Alexei Zhamnov , 2002 -- 2004 Adrian Aucoin ; 2005 -- 2007 Martin Lapointe ; 2006 Jonathan Toews , 2008 -- present Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Chicago Blackhawks statistics and records See also : List of Chicago Blackhawks records These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . Stan Mikita is the Blackhawks all - time leading scorer with 1,467 career points . * -- current Blackhawks player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Stan Mikita 1,394 541 926 1,467 1.05 Bobby Hull LW 1,036 604 549 1,153 1.11 Denis Savard 881 377 719 1,096 1.24 Steve Larmer RW 891 406 517 923 1.04 Patrick Kane * RW 822 312 516 828 1.01 Doug Wilson 938 225 554 779 . 83 Jonathan Toews * 791 292 382 674 . 85 Dennis Hull LW 904 298 342 640 . 71 Pit Martin 740 243 384 627 . 85 Jeremy Roenick 524 267 329 596 1.14 Goals Player Pos Bobby Hull LW 604 Stan Mikita 541 Steve Larmer RW 406 Denis Savard 377 Patrick Kane * RW 312 Dennis Hull LW 298 Jonathan Toews * 292 Tony Amonte RW 268 Jeremy Roenick 267 Bill Mosienko RW 258 Assists Player Pos Stan Mikita 926 Denis Savard 719 Doug Wilson 554 Bobby Hull LW 549 Steve Larmer RW 517 Patrick Kane * RW 516 Duncan Keith * 451 Pierre Pilote 400 Chris Chelios 395 Pit Martin 384 See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Ice hockey portal List of Chicago Blackhawks award winners List of Chicago Blackhawks draft picks List of Chicago Blackhawks general managers List of Chicago Blackhawks head coaches References ( edit ) Diamond , Dan ( 1991 ) . The Official National Hockey League 75th anniversary commemorative book . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6727 - 5 . Jenish , D'Arcy ( 2013 ) . The NHL : 100 Years of On - Ice Action and Boardroom Battles . Random House LLC . ISBN 9780385671477 . Skog , Jason ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Chicago Blackhawks . The Creative Company . ISBN 9781583416150 . Vass , George ( 1970 ) . The Chicago Black Hawks Story . Chicago , IL : Follett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 695 - 80202 - X . Notes Jump up ^ `` Front Office '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horn , Toby ( 2002 ) . `` Blackhawks '' . Stadiums. 2 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Jenish 2013 , pp. 46 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Jenish 2013 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` The McLaughlin Years '' . United Center . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1991 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Vass 1970 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Mike G. Morreale ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` Anthem in Chicago a tradition like no other '' . Chicago Blackhawks . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sports Searches - ESPN '' . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 2004 - 03 - 31 ) . `` This Game Is Still No Place for Cheetahs '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks owner William Wirtz dies of cancer '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bryan ( November 2008 ) . `` The Breakaway '' . Chicago Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Hollencamp , Kate ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Losing may be the secret to Blackhawks president 's success '' . Medill Reports . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` McDonough Named Blackhawks President '' . National Hockey League . November 20 , 2007 . 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Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Foley Bio -- Chicago Blackhawks -- Team '' . National Hockey League . 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks Announce Head Coaching Change '' . National Hockey League . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks advance for first time since 1996 '' . April 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hawks win a wild one , advance to West finals '' . National Hockey League . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Helm 's OT goal puts Red Wings back in Cup finals '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Attendance -- 2009 '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks To Hit One Million Fan Mark Before Game 6 on Monday '' . National Hockey League . May 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : LeBrun , Pierre ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Hossa , Blackhawks agree on deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks sign veteran center John Madden '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHLPA files grievance against Blackhawks over free - agent glitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks Promote Stan Bowman To General Manager '' . National Hockey League . July 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wharnsby , Tim ( 2010 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Blackhawks end 49 - year Stanley Cup drought '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ LeBrun , Pierre ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Blackhawks trade away Byfuglien '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 02 . 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ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Sharp helps Blackhawks earn 2,500 th win in team history '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brian ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) . `` 2014 NHL Playoffs : Blackhawks eliminate Blues with 5 -- 1 win in Game 6 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jay ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Kings beat Blackhawks 5 -- 4 in OT in Game 7 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roarke , Shawn ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Keith wins Norris Trophy for second time '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Josh ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Patrice Bergeron , Anze Kopitar , Jonathan Toews voted Selke Trophy finalists '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks sign veteran center Brad Richards '' . ESPN . 2014 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks agree to terms with three '' . Chicago Blackhawks. 2014 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Leddy 's deal worth $38.5 M '' . ESPN . 2015 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Blackhawks midseason awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kimmelman , Adam ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Girgensons , five Blackhawks named first 6 All - Stars '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park to Host Capitals vs. Blackhawks in 2015 Bridgestone NHL Winter Classic '' . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Scott ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Patrick Kane of Chicago Blackhawks undergoes surgery , expected out 12 weeks '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vermette acquired by Blackhawks for steep deadline price '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers trade Kimmo Timonen to Blackhawks '' . CSN Philly . 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Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Blackhawks - The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database '' . NHL Uniform Database. 2017 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fromi , Jon ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Chicago Blackhawks : Third Sweater ? We Do n't Need No Stinkin ' Third Sweater ! '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Paul , Lukas ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Skating on thin ice '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best NHL third jerseys '' . ESPN . December 4 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hine , Chris ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Classic Blackhawks sweater remains one of the most iconic in sports '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . 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Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Take It Back to the 50s With 2015 Winter Classic Jerseys '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks , Wild Unveil Stadium Series Jerseys '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blues , Blackhawks Winter Classic Uniforms Officially Unveiled '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Unveils Trio of New Logos for Centennial Year '' . sportslogos . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pics : Centennial Patches Added to All NHL Teams '' . SportsnetLogos.net . Wordpress . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , adidas unveil uniforms '' . NHL . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Unveils A New Look for the NHL '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Skog 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THN. com 's NHL Logo Rankings '' . The Hockey News . 2008 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . 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Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) . `` How the National Anthem Turned into A Blackhawks Rallying Cry '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How loud is it ? Game 2 decibel readings '' . NHL.com . Chicago Blackhawks. 2010 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Skrbina , Paul ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Jonathan Toews on Blackhawks ' new practice facility : ' Christmas came early ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at the Planned Blackhawks Practice Facility '' . ^ Jump up to : Kuc , Chris ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Say goodbye to the circus trip : Scheduling quirk to end for Blackhawks , Bulls '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Jerry ( March 2011 ) . When I Stop Talking , You 'll Know I 'm Dead : Useful Stories from a Persuasive Man . New York , New York : Twelve . ISBN 978 - 0446548168 . Jump up ^ Limpsman , Benjy ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Bulls , Hawks Head West As Circus Comes to Town '' . Chicagoist . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elsner , David ( 1976 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Arthur M. Wirtz built giant empire with close deals and little flash '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks announce 3 - year contract extension with WGN - TV '' . WGN - TV . 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Blackhawks Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackhawks in the Hockey Hall of Fame '' . Chicago Blackhawks. 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Goyens , Chrys ; Orr , Frank ; Turowetz , Allan ; Duguay , Jean - Luc ( 2000 ) . Blades on ice : a century of professional hockey . TPE Publishing . ISBN 0968622003 . MacFarlane , Brian ( 2000 ) . The Blackhawks . Toronto , Ontario : Stoddart Publishing . ISBN 0773732527 . Pfeiffer , Gerald L. ( 1986 ) . The Chicago Blackhawks : a sixty year history , 1926 -- 1986 . Chicago , Illinois : Windy City Pub. Co . Weinberg , Mark ( 2000 ) . Career Misconduct : The Story of Bill Wirtz 's Greed , Corruption , and the Betrayal of Blackhawks ' Fans . Blueline Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780965631204 . Wong , John Chi - Kit ( 2005 ) . Lords of the Rinks : The Emergence of the National Hockey League , 1875 -- 1936 . University of Toronto Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Blackhawks . Official website Chicago Blackhawks Founded in 1926 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Records Award winners Seasons Current season History Original Six Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Wirtz Corporation ( Rocky Wirtz , chairman ) General manager Stan Bowman Head coach Joel Quenneville Team captain Jonathan Toews Current roster Arenas Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium United Center Rivalries Detroit Red Wings St. Louis Blues Affiliates AHL Rockford IceHogs ECHL Indy Fuel Media Broadcasters NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports WGN Radio Hawkvision FSN Chicago Culture and lore Name and logo controversy Ashland Green / Pink Line Station `` Chelsea Dagger '' Curse of Muldoon Eddie Olczyk Gene Honda `` Here Come the Hawks '' `` Holiday Road '' Jim Cornelison The `` Madhouse on Madison '' Nancy Faust Pat Foley Sudden Death Wayne Messmer 86th Infantry Division The Dilemma 17 seconds 2009 NHL Winter Classic 2014 NHL Stadium Series 2015 NHL Winter Classic 2016 NHL Stadium Series 2017 NHL Winter Classic 2019 NHL Winter Classic Links to related articles Preceded by New York Rangers Stanley Cup champions 1933 -- 34 Succeeded by Montreal Maroons Preceded by Detroit Red Wings Stanley Cup champions 1937 -- 38 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1960 -- 61 Succeeded by Toronto Maple Leafs Preceded by Pittsburgh Penguins Stanley Cup champions 2009 -- 10 Succeeded by Boston Bruins Preceded by Los Angeles Kings Stanley Cup champions 2012 -- 13 Succeeded by Los Angeles Kings Preceded by Los Angeles Kings Stanley Cup champions 2014 -- 15 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Penguins Chicago Blackhawks seasons 1920s 1920 -- 21 . 1921 -- 22 . 1922 -- 23 . 1923 -- 24 . 1924 -- 25 . 1925 -- 26 . 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930s 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940s 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950s 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960s 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - 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"\n\nChicago Blackhawks\n\n\n 2017–18 Chicago Blackhawks season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nCentral\n\n\nFounded\n1926\n\n\nHistory\nChicago Black Hawks\n1926–1986\nChicago Blackhawks\n1986–present\n\n\nHome arena\nUnited Center\n\n\nCity\nChicago, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\nRed, white, black[1]\n \n\n\nMedia\nComcast SportsNet Chicago\nWGN Sports\nWGN Radio (720 AM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nWirtz Corporation\n\n\nGeneral manager\nStan Bowman\n\n\nHead coach\nJoel Quenneville\n\n\nCaptain\nJonathan Toews\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nRockford IceHogs (AHL)\nIndy Fuel (ECHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n6 (1933–34, 1937–38, 1960–61, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2014–15)\n\n\nConference championships\n4 (1991–92, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2014–15)\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n2 (1990–91, 2012–13)\n\n\nDivision championships\n16 (1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2016–17)\n\n\nOfficial website\nwww.nhl.com/blackhawks\n\n"
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6854894758017678255 | Cartesian coordinate system | Cartesian coordinate system - wikipedia Cartesian coordinate system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Illustration of a Cartesian coordinate plane . Four points are marked and labeled with their coordinates : ( 2 , 3 ) in green , ( − 3 , 1 ) in red , ( − 1.5 , − 2.5 ) in blue , and the origin ( 0 , 0 ) in purple . A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates , which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines , measured in the same unit of length . Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis ( plural axes ) of the system , and the point where they meet is its origin , at ordered pair ( 0 , 0 ) . The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes , expressed as signed distances from the origin . One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three - dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates , its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes ( or , equivalently , by its perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines ) . In general , n Cartesian coordinates ( an element of real n - space ) specify the point in an n - dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension n . These coordinates are equal , up to sign , to distances from the point to n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes . Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red . The equation of a circle is ( x − a ) + ( y − b ) = r where a and b are the coordinates of the center ( a , b ) and r is the radius . The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René Descartes ( Latinized name : Cartesius ) revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra . Using the Cartesian coordinate system , geometric shapes ( such as curves ) can be described by Cartesian equations : algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape . For example , a circle of radius 2 , centered at the origin of the plane , may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x + y = 4 . Cartesian coordinates are the foundation of analytic geometry , and provide enlightening geometric interpretations for many other branches of mathematics , such as linear algebra , complex analysis , differential geometry , multivariate calculus , group theory and more . A familiar example is the concept of the graph of a function . Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for most applied disciplines that deal with geometry , including astronomy , physics , engineering and many more . They are the most common coordinate system used in computer graphics , computer - aided geometric design and other geometry - related data processing . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 2.1 One dimension 2.2 Two dimensions 2.3 Three dimensions 2.4 Higher dimensions 2.5 Generalizations 3 Notations and conventions 3.1 Quadrants and octants 4 Cartesian formulae for the plane 4.1 Distance between two points 4.2 Euclidean transformations 4.2. 1 Translation 4.2. 2 Rotation 4.2. 3 Reflection 4.2. 4 Glide reflection 4.2. 5 General matrix form of the transformations 4.2. 6 Affine transformation 4.2. 7 Scaling 4.2. 8 Shearing 5 Orientation and handedness 5.1 In two dimensions 5.2 In three dimensions 6 Representing a vector in the standard basis 7 Applications 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Nicole Oresme , a French cleric and friend of the Dauphin ( later to become King Charles V ) of the 14th Century , used constructions similar to Cartesian coordinates well before the time of Descartes and Fermat . The adjective Cartesian refers to the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes who published this idea in 1637 . It was independently discovered by Pierre de Fermat , who also worked in three dimensions , although Fermat did not publish the discovery . Both authors used a single axis in their treatments and have a variable length measured in reference to this axis . The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced later , after Descartes ' La Géométrie was translated into Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and his students . These commentators introduced several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes ' work . Many other coordinate systems have been developed since Descartes , such as the polar coordinates for the plane , and the spherical and cylindrical coordinates for three - dimensional space . The development of the Cartesian coordinate system would play a fundamental role in the development of the Calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . The two - coordinate description of the plane was later generalized into the concept of vector spaces . Description ( edit ) One dimension ( edit ) Main article : number line Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a one - dimensional space -- that is , for a straight line -- involves choosing a point O of the line ( the origin ) , a unit of length , and an orientation for the line . An orientation chooses which of the two half - lines determined by O is the positive , and which is negative ; we then say that the line `` is oriented '' ( or `` points '' ) from the negative half towards the positive half . Then each point P of the line can be specified by its distance from O , taken with a + or − sign depending on which half - line contains P . A line with a chosen Cartesian system is called a number line . Every real number has a unique location on the line . Conversely , every point on the line can be interpreted as a number in an ordered continuum such as the real numbers . Two dimensions ( edit ) Further information : two - dimensional space The Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions ( also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system ) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines ( axes ) , a single unit of length for both axes , and an orientation for each axis . ( Early systems allowed `` oblique '' axes , that is , axes that did not meet at right angles . ) The lines are commonly referred to as the x - and y - axes where the x-axis is taken to be horizontal and the y - axis is taken to be vertical . The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both , thus turning each axis into a number line . For a given point P , a line is drawn through P perpendicular to the x-axis to meet it at X and second line is drawn through P perpendicular to the y - axis to meet it at Y . The coordinates of P are then X and Y interpreted as numbers x and y on the corresponding number lines . The coordinates are written as an ordered pair ( x , y ) . The point where the axes meet is the common origin of the two number lines and is simply called the origin . It is often labeled O and if so then the axes are called Ox and Oy . A plane with x - and y - axes defined is often referred to as the Cartesian plane or xy - plane . The value of x is called the x-coordinate or abscissa and the value of y is called the y - coordinate or ordinate . The choices of letters come from the original convention , which is to use the latter part of the alphabet to indicate unknown values . The first part of the alphabet was used to designate known values . In the Cartesian plane , reference is sometimes made to a unit circle or a unit hyperbola . If a point on a two - dimensional plane is ( x , y ) , then the distance of the point from the x-axis is y and the distance of the point from the y - axis is x . Three dimensions ( edit ) Further information : three - dimensional space A three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system , with origin O and axis lines X , Y and Z , oriented as shown by the arrows . The tick marks on the axes are one length unit apart . The black dot shows the point with coordinates x = 2 , y = 3 , and z = 4 , or ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) . Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a three - dimensional space means choosing an ordered triplet of lines ( axes ) that are pair-wise perpendicular , have a single unit of length for all three axes and have an orientation for each axis . As in the two - dimensional case , each axis becomes a number line . The coordinates of a point P are obtained by drawing a line through P perpendicular to each coordinate axis , and reading the points where these lines meet the axes as three numbers of these number lines . Alternatively , the coordinates of a point P can also be taken as the ( signed ) distances from P to the three planes defined by the three axes . If the axes are named x , y , and z , then the x-coordinate is the distance from the plane defined by the y - and z - axes . The distance is to be taken with the + or − sign , depending on which of the two half - spaces separated by that plane contains P . The y - and z - coordinates can be obtained in the same way from the xz - and xy - planes respectively . The coordinate surfaces of the Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) . The z - axis is vertical and the x-axis is highlighted in green . Thus , the red plane shows the points with x = 1 , the blue plane shows the points with z = 1 , and the yellow plane shows the points with y = − 1 . The three surfaces intersect at the point P ( shown as a black sphere ) with the Cartesian coordinates ( 1 , − 1 , 1 ) . Higher dimensions ( edit ) A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian system is called a Cartesian plane . Since Cartesian coordinates are unique and non-ambiguous , the points of a Cartesian plane can be identified with pairs of real numbers ; that is with the Cartesian product R 2 = R × R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( 2 ) = \ mathbb ( R ) \ times \ mathbb ( R ) ) , where R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) is the set of all reals . In the same way , the points in any Euclidean space of dimension n be identified with the tuples ( lists ) of n real numbers , that is , with the Cartesian product R n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) . Generalizations ( edit ) The concept of Cartesian coordinates generalizes to allow axes that are not perpendicular to each other , and / or different units along each axis . In that case , each coordinate is obtained by projecting the point onto one axis along a direction that is parallel to the other axis ( or , in general , to the hyperplane defined by all the other axes ) . In such an oblique coordinate system the computations of distances and angles must be modified from that in standard Cartesian systems , and many standard formulas ( such as the Pythagorean formula for the distance ) do not hold ( see affine plane ) . Notations and conventions ( edit ) The Cartesian coordinates of a point are usually written in parentheses and separated by commas , as in ( 10 , 5 ) or ( 3 , 5 , 7 ) . The origin is often labelled with the capital letter O. In analytic geometry , unknown or generic coordinates are often denoted by the letters ( x , y ) in the plane , and ( x , y , z ) in three - dimensional space . This custom comes from a convention of algebra , which uses letters near the end of the alphabet for unknown values ( such as were the coordinates of points in many geometric problems ) , and letters near the beginning for given quantities . These conventional names are often used in other domains , such as physics and engineering , although other letters may be used . For example , in a graph showing how a pressure varies with time , the graph coordinates may be denoted p and t . Each axis is usually named after the coordinate which is measured along it ; so one says the x-axis , the y - axis , the t - axis , etc . Another common convention for coordinate naming is to use subscripts , as ( x , x , ... , x ) for the n coordinates in an n - dimensional space , especially when n is greater than 3 or unspecified . Some authors prefer the numbering ( x , x , ... , x ) . These notations are especially advantageous in computer programming : by storing the coordinates of a point as an array , instead of a record , the subscript can serve to index the coordinates . In mathematical illustrations of two - dimensional Cartesian systems , the first coordinate ( traditionally called the abscissa ) is measured along a horizontal axis , oriented from left to right . The second coordinate ( the ordinate ) is then measured along a vertical axis , usually oriented from bottom to top . Young children learning the Cartesian system , commonly learn the order to read the values before cementing the x , y , z axis concepts , by starting with 2D mnemonics ( e.g. ' Walk along the hall then up the stairs ' akin to straight across the x axis then up vertically along the y axis ) . Computer graphics and image processing , however , often use a coordinate system with the y - axis oriented downwards on the computer display . This convention developed in the 1960s ( or earlier ) from the way that images were originally stored in display buffers . For three - dimensional systems , a convention is to portray the xy - plane horizontally , with the z - axis added to represent height ( positive up ) . Furthermore , there is a convention to orient the x-axis toward the viewer , biased either to the right or left . If a diagram ( 3D projection or 2D perspective drawing ) shows the x - and y - axis horizontally and vertically , respectively , then the z - axis should be shown pointing `` out of the page '' towards the viewer or camera . In such a 2D diagram of a 3D coordinate system , the z - axis would appear as a line or ray pointing down and to the left or down and to the right , depending on the presumed viewer or camera perspective . In any diagram or display , the orientation of the three axes , as a whole , is arbitrary . However , the orientation of the axes relative to each other should always comply with the right - hand rule , unless specifically stated otherwise . All laws of physics and math assume this right - handedness , which ensures consistency . For 3D diagrams , the names `` abscissa '' and `` ordinate '' are rarely used for x and y , respectively . When they are , the z - coordinate is sometimes called the applicate . The words abscissa , ordinate and applicate are sometimes used to refer to coordinate axes rather than the coordinate values . Quadrants and octants ( edit ) Main articles : octant ( solid geometry ) and quadrant ( plane geometry ) The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system The axes of a two - dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions , called quadrants , each bounded by two half - axes . These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals : I ( where the signs of the two coordinates are + , + ) , II ( − , + ) , III ( − , − ) , and IV ( + , − ) . When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom , the numbering goes counter-clockwise starting from the upper right ( `` north - east '' ) quadrant . Similarly , a three - dimensional Cartesian system defines a division of space into eight regions or octants , according to the signs of the coordinates of the points . The convention used for naming a specific octant is to list its signs , e.g. ( + + + ) or ( − + − ) . The generalization of the quadrant and octant to an arbitrary number of dimensions is the orthant , and a similar naming system applies . Cartesian formulae for the plane ( edit ) Distance between two points ( edit ) The Euclidean distance between two points of the plane with Cartesian coordinates ( x 1 , y 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , y_ ( 1 ) ) ) and ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 2 ) , y_ ( 2 ) ) ) is d = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This is the Cartesian version of Pythagoras 's theorem . In three - dimensional space , the distance between points ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 1 ) , y_ ( 1 ) , z_ ( 1 ) ) ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 2 ) , y_ ( 2 ) , z_ ( 2 ) ) ) is d = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle d = ( \ sqrt ( ( x_ ( 2 ) - x_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y_ ( 2 ) - y_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z_ ( 2 ) - z_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) which can be obtained by two consecutive applications of Pythagoras ' theorem . Euclidean transformations ( edit ) The Euclidean transformations or Euclidean motions are the ( bijective ) mappings of points of the Euclidean plane to themselves which preserve distances between points . There are four types of these mappings ( also called isometries ) : translations , rotations , reflections and glide reflections . Translation ( edit ) Translating a set of points of the plane , preserving the distances and directions between them , is equivalent to adding a fixed pair of numbers ( a , b ) to the Cartesian coordinates of every point in the set . That is , if the original coordinates of a point are ( x , y ) , after the translation they will be ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x + a , y + b ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x + a , y + b ) . ) Rotation ( edit ) To rotate a figure counterclockwise around the origin by some angle θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) is equivalent to replacing every point with coordinates ( x , y ) by the point with coordinates ( x ' , y ' ) , where x ′ = x cos θ − y sin θ ( \ displaystyle x ' = x \ cos \ theta - y \ sin \ theta ) y ′ = x sin θ + y cos θ . ( \ displaystyle y ' = x \ sin \ theta + y \ cos \ theta . ) Thus : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( ( x cos θ − y sin θ ) , ( x sin θ + y cos θ ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( ( x \ cos \ theta - y \ sin \ theta \ , ) , ( x \ sin \ theta + y \ cos \ theta \ , ) ) . ) Reflection ( edit ) If ( x , y ) are the Cartesian coordinates of a point , then ( − x , y ) are the coordinates of its reflection across the second coordinate axis ( the y - axis ) , as if that line were a mirror . Likewise , ( x , − y ) are the coordinates of its reflection across the first coordinate axis ( the x-axis ) . In more generality , reflection across a line through the origin making an angle θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) with the x-axis , is equivalent to replacing every point with coordinates ( x , y ) by the point with coordinates ( x ′ , y ′ ) , where x ′ = x cos 2 θ + y sin 2 θ ( \ displaystyle x ' = x \ cos 2 \ theta + y \ sin 2 \ theta ) y ′ = x sin 2 θ − y cos 2 θ . ( \ displaystyle y ' = x \ sin 2 \ theta - y \ cos 2 \ theta . ) Thus : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( ( x cos 2 θ + y sin 2 θ ) , ( x sin 2 θ − y cos 2 θ ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( ( x \ cos 2 \ theta + y \ sin 2 \ theta \ , ) , ( x \ sin 2 \ theta - y \ cos 2 \ theta \ , ) ) . ) Glide reflection ( edit ) A glide reflection is the composition of a reflection across a line followed by a translation in the direction of that line . It can be seen that the order of these operations does not matter ( the translation can come first , followed by the reflection ) . General matrix form of the transformations ( edit ) These Euclidean transformations of the plane can all be described in a uniform way by using matrices . The result ( x ′ , y ′ ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) ) of applying a Euclidean transformation to a point ( x , y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x , y ) ) is given by the formula ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x , y ) A + b ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x , y ) A + b ) where A is a 2 × 2 orthogonal matrix and b = ( b , b ) is an arbitrary ordered pair of numbers ; that is , x ′ = x A 11 + y A 21 + b 1 ( \ displaystyle x ' = xA_ ( 11 ) + yA_ ( 21 ) + b_ ( 1 ) ) y ′ = x A 12 + y A 22 + b 2 , ( \ displaystyle y ' = xA_ ( 12 ) + yA_ ( 22 ) + b_ ( 2 ) , ) where A = ( A 11 A 12 A 21 A 22 ) . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) A_ ( 11 ) &A_ ( 12 ) \ \ A_ ( 21 ) &A_ ( 22 ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) ( Note the use of row vectors for point coordinates and that the matrix is written on the right . ) To be orthogonal , the matrix A must have orthogonal rows with same Euclidean length of one , that is , A 11 A 21 + A 12 A 22 = 0 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 21 ) + A_ ( 12 ) A_ ( 22 ) = 0 ) and A 11 2 + A 12 2 = A 21 2 + A 22 2 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) ^ ( 2 ) + A_ ( 12 ) ^ ( 2 ) = A_ ( 21 ) ^ ( 2 ) + A_ ( 22 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1 . ) This is equivalent to saying that A times its transpose must be the identity matrix . If these conditions do not hold , the formula describes a more general affine transformation of the plane provided that the determinant of A is not zero . The formula defines a translation if and only if A is the identity matrix . The transformation is a rotation around some point if and only if A is a rotation matrix , meaning that A 11 A 22 − A 21 A 12 = 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 22 ) - A_ ( 21 ) A_ ( 12 ) = 1 . ) A reflection or glide reflection is obtained when , A 11 A 22 − A 21 A 12 = − 1 . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 11 ) A_ ( 22 ) - A_ ( 21 ) A_ ( 12 ) = - 1 . ) Assuming that translation is not used transformations can be combined by simply multiplying the associated transformation matrices . Affine transformation ( edit ) Another way to represent coordinate transformations in Cartesian coordinates is through affine transformations . In affine transformations an extra dimension is added and all points are given a value of 1 for this extra dimension . The advantage of doing this is that point translations can be specified in the final column of matrix A . In this way , all of the euclidean transformations become transactable as matrix point multiplications . The affine transformation is given by : ( A 11 A 21 b 1 A 12 A 22 b 2 0 0 1 ) ( x y 1 ) = ( x ′ y ′ 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) A_ ( 11 ) &A_ ( 21 ) &b_ ( 1 ) \ \ A_ ( 12 ) &A_ ( 22 ) &b_ ( 2 ) \ \ 0&0&1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) x \ \ y \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) x ' \ \ y ' \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) . ) ( Note the matrix A from above was transposed . The matrix is on the left and column vectors for point coordinates are used . ) Using affine transformations multiple different euclidean transformations including translation can be combined by simply multiplying the corresponding matrices . Scaling ( edit ) An example of an affine transformation which is not a Euclidean motion is given by scaling . To make a figure larger or smaller is equivalent to multiplying the Cartesian coordinates of every point by the same positive number m . If ( x , y ) are the coordinates of a point on the original figure , the corresponding point on the scaled figure has coordinates ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( m x , m y ) . ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( mx , my ) . ) If m is greater than 1 , the figure becomes larger ; if m is between 0 and 1 , it becomes smaller . Shearing ( edit ) A shearing transformation will push the top of a square sideways to form a parallelogram . Horizontal shearing is defined by : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x + y s , y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x + ys , y ) ) Shearing can also be applied vertically : ( x ′ , y ′ ) = ( x , x s + y ) ( \ displaystyle ( x ' , y ' ) = ( x , xs + y ) ) Orientation and handedness ( edit ) Main article : orientation ( mathematics ) See also : right - hand rule and axes conventions In two dimensions ( edit ) The right hand rule Fixing or choosing the x-axis determines the y - axis up to direction . Namely , the y - axis is necessarily the perpendicular to the x-axis through the point marked 0 on the x-axis . But there is a choice of which of the two half lines on the perpendicular to designate as positive and which as negative . Each of these two choices determines a different orientation ( also called handedness ) of the Cartesian plane . The usual way of orienting the axes , with the positive x-axis pointing right and the positive y - axis pointing up ( and the x-axis being the `` first '' and the y - axis the `` second '' axis ) is considered the positive or standard orientation , also called the right - handed orientation . A commonly used mnemonic for defining the positive orientation is the right hand rule . Placing a somewhat closed right hand on the plane with the thumb pointing up , the fingers point from the x-axis to the y - axis , in a positively oriented coordinate system . The other way of orienting the axes is following the left hand rule , placing the left hand on the plane with the thumb pointing up . When pointing the thumb away from the origin along an axis towards positive , the curvature of the fingers indicates a positive rotation along that axis . Regardless of the rule used to orient the axes , rotating the coordinate system will preserve the orientation . Switching any two axes will reverse the orientation , but switching both will leave the orientation unchanged . In three dimensions ( edit ) Fig. 7 -- The left - handed orientation is shown on the left , and the right - handed on the right . Fig. 8 -- The right - handed Cartesian coordinate system indicating the coordinate planes . Once the x - and y - axes are specified , they determine the line along which the z - axis should lie , but there are two possible directions on this line . The two possible coordinate systems which result are called ' right - handed ' and ' left - handed ' . The standard orientation , where the xy - plane is horizontal and the z - axis points up ( and the x - and the y - axis form a positively oriented two - dimensional coordinate system in the xy - plane if observed from above the xy - plane ) is called right - handed or positive . 3D Cartesian coordinate handedness The name derives from the right - hand rule . If the index finger of the right hand is pointed forward , the middle finger bent inward at a right angle to it , and the thumb placed at a right angle to both , the three fingers indicate the relative directions of the x - , y - , and z - axes in a right - handed system . The thumb indicates the x-axis , the index finger the y - axis and the middle finger the z - axis . Conversely , if the same is done with the left hand , a left - handed system results . Figure 7 depicts a left and a right - handed coordinate system . Because a three - dimensional object is represented on the two - dimensional screen , distortion and ambiguity result . The axis pointing downward ( and to the right ) is also meant to point towards the observer , whereas the `` middle '' - axis is meant to point away from the observer . The red circle is parallel to the horizontal xy - plane and indicates rotation from the x-axis to the y - axis ( in both cases ) . Hence the red arrow passes in front of the z - axis . Figure 8 is another attempt at depicting a right - handed coordinate system . Again , there is an ambiguity caused by projecting the three - dimensional coordinate system into the plane . Many observers see Figure 8 as `` flipping in and out '' between a convex cube and a concave `` corner '' . This corresponds to the two possible orientations of the coordinate system . Seeing the figure as convex gives a left - handed coordinate system . Thus the `` correct '' way to view Figure 8 is to imagine the x-axis as pointing towards the observer and thus seeing a concave corner . Representing a vector in the standard basis ( edit ) A point in space in a Cartesian coordinate system may also be represented by a position vector , which can be thought of as an arrow pointing from the origin of the coordinate system to the point . If the coordinates represent spatial positions ( displacements ) , it is common to represent the vector from the origin to the point of interest as r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) ) . In two dimensions , the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates ( x , y ) can be written as : r = x i + y j ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = x \ mathbf ( i ) + y \ mathbf ( j ) ) where i = ( 1 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( i ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) , and j = ( 0 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( j ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) are unit vectors in the direction of the x-axis and y - axis respectively , generally referred to as the standard basis ( in some application areas these may also be referred to as versors ) . Similarly , in three dimensions , the vector from the origin to the point with Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ) ( \ displaystyle ( x , y , z ) ) can be written as : r = x i + y j + z k ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = x \ mathbf ( i ) + y \ mathbf ( j ) + z \ mathbf ( k ) ) where k = ( 0 0 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( k ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 0 \ \ 1 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) ) is the unit vector in the direction of the z - axis . There is no natural interpretation of multiplying vectors to obtain another vector that works in all dimensions , however there is a way to use complex numbers to provide such a multiplication . In a two dimensional cartesian plane , identify the point with coordinates ( x , y ) with the complex number z = x + iy . Here , i is the imaginary unit and is identified with the point with coordinates ( 0 , 1 ) , so it is not the unit vector in the direction of the x-axis . Since the complex numbers can be multiplied giving another complex number , this identification provides a means to `` multiply '' vectors . In a three dimensional cartesian space a similar identification can be made with a subset of the quaternions . Applications ( edit ) Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world . However , three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application . 1 ) Units of distance must be decided defining the spatial size represented by the numbers used as coordinates . 2 ) An origin must be assigned to a specific spatial location or landmark , and 3 ) the orientation of the axes must be defined using available directional cues for all but one axis . Consider as an example superimposing 3D Cartesian coordinates over all points on the Earth ( i.e. geospatial 3D ) . What units make sense ? Kilometers are a good choice , since the original definition of the kilometer was geospatial ... 10,000 km equalling the surface distance from the Equator to the North Pole . Where to place the origin ? Based on symmetry , the gravitational center of the Earth suggests a natural landmark ( which can be sensed via satellite orbits ) . Finally , how to orient X - , Y - and Z - axis directions ? The axis of Earth 's spin provides a natural direction strongly associated with `` up vs. down '' , so positive Z can adopt the direction from geocenter to North Pole . A location on the Equator is needed to define the X-axis , and the prime meridian stands out as a reference direction , so the X-axis takes the direction from geocenter out to ( 0 degrees longitude , 0 degrees latitude ) . Note that with 3 dimensions , and two perpendicular axes directions pinned down for X and Z , the Y - axis is determined by the first two choices . In order to obey the right hand rule , the Y - axis must point out from the geocenter to ( 90 degrees longitude , 0 degrees latitude ) . So what are the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building in New York City ? Using ( longitude = − 73.985656 , latitude = 40.748433 ) , Earth radius = 40,000 / 2π , and transforming from spherical -- > Cartesian coordinates , you can estimate the geocentric coordinates of the Empire State Building , ( x , y , z ) = ( 1330.53 km , -- 4635.75 km , 4155.46 km ) . GPS navigation relies on such geocentric coordinates . In engineering projects , agreement on the definition of coordinates is a crucial foundation . One can not assume that coordinates come predefined for a novel application , so knowledge of how to erect a coordinate system where there is none is essential to applying René Descartes ' ingenious thinking . While spatial apps employ identical units along all axes , in business and scientific apps , each axis may have different units of measurement associated with it ( such as kilograms , seconds , pounds , etc . ) . Although four - and higher - dimensional spaces are difficult to visualize , the algebra of Cartesian coordinates can be extended relatively easily to four or more variables , so that certain calculations involving many variables can be done . ( This sort of algebraic extension is what is used to define the geometry of higher - dimensional spaces . ) Conversely , it is often helpful to use the geometry of Cartesian coordinates in two or three dimensions to visualize algebraic relationships between two or three of many non-spatial variables . The graph of a function or relation is the set of all points satisfying that function or relation . For a function of one variable , f , the set of all points ( x , y ) , where y = f ( x ) is the graph of the function f . For a function g of two variables , the set of all points ( x , y , z ) , where z = g ( x , y ) is the graph of the function g . A sketch of the graph of such a function or relation would consist of all the salient parts of the function or relation which would include its relative extrema , its concavity and points of inflection , any points of discontinuity and its end behavior . All of these terms are more fully defined in calculus . Such graphs are useful in calculus to understand the nature and behavior of a function or relation . See also ( edit ) Horizontal and vertical Jones diagram , which plots four variables rather than two Orthogonal coordinates Polar coordinate system Spherical coordinate system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bix , Robert A. ; D'Souza , Harry J. `` Analytic geometry '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Burton 2011 , p. 374 Jump up ^ A Tour of the Calculus , David Berlinski Jump up ^ Axler , Sheldon . Linear Algebra Done Right - Springer . p. 1 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 11080 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartesian orthogonal coordinate system '' . Encyclopedia of Mathematics . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Charts and Graphs : Choosing the Right Format '' . www.mindtools.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hughes - Hallett , Deborah ; McCallum , William G. ; Gleason , Andrew M. ( 2013 ) . Calculus : Single and Multivariable ( 6 ed . ) . John wiley . ISBN 978 - 0470 - 88861 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smart 1998 , Chap. 2 Jump up ^ Brannan , Esplen & Gray 1998 , pg. 49 Jump up ^ Brannan , Esplen & Gray 1998 , Appendix 2 , pp. 377 -- 382 Jump up ^ David J. Griffiths ( 1999 ) . Introduction to Electrodynamics . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 805326 - X . Sources ( edit ) Brannan , David A. ; Esplen , Matthew F. ; Gray , Jeremy J. ( 1998 ) , Geometry , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59787 - 0 Burton , David M. ( 2011 ) , The History of Mathematics / An Introduction ( 7th ed . ) , New York : McGraw - Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338315 - 6 Smart , James R. ( 1998 ) , Modern Geometries ( 5th ed . ) , Pacific Grove : Brooks / Cole , ISBN 0 - 534 - 35188 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) Descartes , René ( 2001 ) . Discourse on Method , Optics , Geometry , and Meteorology . Trans . by Paul J. Oscamp ( Revised ed . ) . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 567 - 3 . OCLC 488633510 . Korn GA , Korn TM ( 1961 ) . Mathematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers ( 1st ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 55 -- 79 . LCCN 59 - 14456 . OCLC 19959906 . Margenau H , Murphy GM ( 1956 ) . The Mathematics of Physics and Chemistry . New York : D. van Nostrand . LCCN 55 - 10911 . Moon P , Spencer DE ( 1988 ) . `` Rectangular Coordinates ( x , y , z ) '' . Field Theory Handbook , Including Coordinate Systems , Differential Equations , and Their Solutions ( corrected 2nd , 3rd print ed . ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 9 -- 11 ( Table 1.01 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 18430 - 2 . Morse PM , Feshbach H ( 1953 ) . Methods of Theoretical Physics , Part I. New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 043316 - X . LCCN 52 - 11515 . Sauer R , Szabó I ( 1967 ) . Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Ingenieurs . New York : Springer Verlag . LCCN 67 - 25285 . External links ( edit ) Cartesian Coordinate System `` Cartesian coordinates '' . PlanetMath . MathWorld description of Cartesian coordinates Coordinate Converter -- converts between polar , Cartesian and spherical coordinates Coordinates of a point Interactive tool to explore coordinates of a point open source JavaScript class for 2D / 3D Cartesian coordinate system manipulation ( hide ) Orthogonal coordinate systems Two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Polar coordinate system Parabolic coordinate system Bipolar coordinates Elliptic coordinates Three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system Spherical coordinate system Parabolic cylindrical coordinates Paraboloidal coordinates Oblate spheroidal coordinates Prolate spheroidal coordinates Ellipsoidal coordinates Elliptic cylindrical coordinates Toroidal coordinates Bispherical coordinates Bipolar cylindrical coordinates Conical coordinates 6 - sphere coordinates Flat - ring cyclide coordinates Flat - disk cyclide coordinates Bi-cyclide coordinates Cap - cyclide coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal single - centered coordinates Concave bi-sinusoidal double - centered coordinates Convex inverted - sinusoidal spherically aligned coordinates Quasi-random - intersection cartesian coordinates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cartesian_coordinate_system&oldid=808936031 '' Categories : Coordinate systems Elementary mathematics Dimension René Descartes Analytic geometry Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the point where the x and y axis meet is called | [
"A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis (plural axes) of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, at ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin."
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-8512522903173952560 | Mad Money (film) | Mad Money ( film ) - wikipedia Mad Money ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Mad Money Theatrical release poster Directed by Callie Khouri Produced by Jay Cohen Frank DeMartini Written by Glenn Gers Starring Diane Keaton Queen Latifah Katie Holmes Ted Danson Music by James Newton Howard Marty Davich Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Wendy Greene Bricmont Production company Millennium Films Lightspeed Media Swingin ' Productions Big City Pictures Granada Productions MMoney Grand Army Entertainment Distributed by Overture Films Release date January 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $26.4 million Mad Money is a 2008 American comedy - crime film starring Diane Keaton , Queen Latifah and Katie Holmes , and directed by Callie Khouri . It is loosely based on the 2001 British film Hot Money . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Original U.K. version 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins in medias res , with the suspects getting caught and being interrogated . Then it flashes back to three years earlier and the film continues forward from there , interspersed with occasional bits from the interrogation . Three years before getting caught , Bridget Cardigan ( Diane Keaton ) lived a comfortable upper middle class life until her husband Don Cardigan ( Ted Danson ) was `` downsized '' from his position and sank into debt . The paycheck for Selina , the housecleaner , bounces again . Selina confronts Bridget and suggests she take a job as a janitor at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City . On her first day on the job , Bridget hatches a scheme to steal worn - out dollar bills slated for destruction . For her team she chooses Nina ( Queen Latifah ) , who works the dollar bill shredder , and Jackie ( Katie Holmes ) , who takes bill carts from the Secret Service room to the shredding room . It takes some work to persuade Nina to join , but Jackie joins them quickly . The plan is that in the Secret Service room Bridget will switch a cart 's official Master - brand lock with a near identical lock she purchased at Home Depot . Bridget will tell Jackie the cart number and give Nina the official lock . When Jackie gets the chosen cart , she dumps some bills from the cart into a trash can before taking the cart to Nina , who then uses Bridget 's key to open it and restores the official lock , and then proceeds to shred the remaining bills . Meanwhile , Bridget , in the course of her janitorial duties , retrieves the dumped bills from the trash and splits them among Nina and Jackie in the women 's restroom . Their first robbery is a success though the take is not as big as they had hoped . However , they 're emboldened to do it repeatedly . Once Don and Bridget pay off their debt , Don suggests they stop before they get caught . Bridget rejects this idea and persuades Nina and Jackie to keep going . They almost get caught but they end up cutting in Barry ( Roger Cross ) , one of the security guards , who is attracted to Nina . A Federal Bank Examiner shows up at a party at Bridget 's house , and the next day Bridget sees him at work . The Examiner confronts Glover ( Stephen Root ) , who is unwilling as a matter of professional pride to admit anyone has stolen a single bill out of his bank . Tipped off , that night Bridget and her accomplices begin trying to get rid of all the loot stashed in their houses , but the cops move in before all the evidence is destroyed . Bridget escapes but the others get caught . Bridget hires a tax attorney to defend them . The lawyer gets Bridget and all her accomplices off the hook for their crimes , because neither the law enforcement , nor the examiner can prove that the large stash of cash in their homes came from the Federal Reserve Bank . Technically , it is n't illegal to have a couple of hundred thousand dollars in cash lying around inside a private residence . However , they spent a large sum of that stolen cash to buy expensive objects and improvements on their houses , and did not pay the taxes for them because they could n't justify the income . The IRS demands they pay their taxes , which turn out to be equal in amount to the money that still remains . Eight months later , Bridget reveals to Nina and Jackie that she had stashed away much of the stolen money in the basement of a friend 's bar . Cast ( edit ) Diane Keaton as Bridget Cardigan Queen Latifah as Nina Brewster Katie Holmes as Jackie Truman Ted Danson as Don Cardigan Roger Cross as Barry Adam Rothenberg as Bob Truman Stephen Root as Glover J.C. MacKenzie as Mandelbrot Christopher McDonald as Bryce Arbogast Finesse Mitchell as Shaun Bryan Massey as Detective Brinkley Original U.K. version ( edit ) The original U.K. version produced by Granada Television , Hot Money ( 2001 ) , tells the story of three women , Bridget , Liz and Jackie , who embarked on a plan to steal thousands of pounds of banknotes that were due to be destroyed at the Bank of England 's incinerating plant in Essex . It was a fictionalised account of the Loughton incinerator thefts . Release ( edit ) Mad Money was released on DVD May 13 , 2008 . In the DVD director 's commentary , director Callie Khouri credits producer Jay Cohen as having brought her the British film he had obtained rights to be called Hot Money . Hot Money is based on the true story of a group of women who worked at the Bank of England and , over an unknown period , removed an unknown amount of money that was supposed to be destroyed . No one except these women know the exact details of the theft . Callie Khouri and Jay Cohen worked 5 years to bring a deliberately Americanized version of Hot Money to the screen as Mad Money using various writers . Both Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah were attached early on to the project and writers began designing the characters specifically around the two actresses . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film debuted in fifth place at the box office on its opening day in the United States , with a return of US $ 2.3 million from 2,470 screens . Reuters referred to this return as a `` modest '' result for the film 's opening day . By the end of its opening weekend , Mad Money had slipped to seventh place , with a weekend take of $7.7 million . Writing for Rotten Tomatoes , Gitesh Pandya noted that the opening weekend per theater revenue `` averaged a not - so - impressive $3,126 . '' amNewYork called the film 's opening weekend return `` a big flop at the box office , '' and the New Zealand Herald described it as `` a box - office flop '' . Richard Johnson of the New York Post wrote that the movie `` bombed , debuting at an abysmal seventh place on the box - office charts . '' The film 's four - day take was a dismal $9.2 million . The film also did not fare well in its release in other countries , and Conor Bresnan of Box Office Mojo reported that `` Mad Money bombed in its first two markets '' overseas . With an estimated budget of $22 million , the film had broken even by the time it came off theaters . Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 22 % of 105 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 4.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A laborious , unfunny and implausible heist film . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half stars , and wrote , `` The bottom line is , some girls will like it , the men not so much . '' The film also received one and a half stars in a review in the Chicago Tribune , and Michael Phillips wrote that the film 's cast was not to blame : `` Do not blame the cast . The cast is game . The dreary visual scheme , however , combines unwell with the pokey , enervated rhythm of the heist scenes , and while I 'm neither a medical doctor nor a script doctor , it seems this film could use a few uppers . '' The film received three stars in Newsday , and Jan Stuart wrote `` Mad Money is no Rififi , but Khouri and Gers invest it with an individuality and generosity of spirit that lift it into the realm of guiltless pleasure . '' Bill Wine of All Headline News gave the film two and a half stars , writing `` Mad Money is a light and lively , likable low - tech lark . Do n't expect big laughs , but you can at least bank on it to hold your interest . '' The Canadian Press gave the film one and a half stars , and criticized Katie Holmes 's performance `` While Keaton has long done zany and giddy well , and she and Latifah have an interesting contrast of personalities , Holmes ' presence feels like an afterthought . '' The New York Post , The New York Times and Variety also criticized Katie Holmes 's performance in the film , and The New York Times called Holmes `` the movie 's weakest link . '' In an article in the Boston Herald titled `` Do n't waste your Mad Money on poor comedy '' , Stephen Schaefer gave the film a rating of `` C '' , writing `` Even with the legendary Diane Keaton center stage , Mad Money fails to hit the stratosphere of giddy , intoxicating comedy . '' The film received a critical review in from Claudia Puig in USA Today `` This lifeless comedy and uninventive caper feels as if it were cobbled together at a studio 's obligatory consciousness - raising diversity seminar . '' The film scored a third place in the New York Post 's Top 10 Worst Movies of 2008 overview . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Money '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Money '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.ucc.ie/en/lawsite/lawonline/ '' . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Staff ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Cloverfield Destroying January Records '' . Comingsoon.net . Coming Soon Media , L.P . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` ' Cloverfield ' swarms box office : Par 's sci - fier nets $16.8 million '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ; Editing by Vicki Allen ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` Monster thriller `` Cloverfield '' crushes box office `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` ' Cloverfield ' Pulls Down Monster $41 M '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` '' Cloverfield '' a monster at box office `` . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pandya , Gitesh ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Box Office Guru Wrapup : Cloverfield Crushes Records at # 1 : ' Twas a monster mash at the box office '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : McNaughton , Maggie ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` In the women 's mags : Katie is thriving on broccoli - but it is n't helping career '' . New Zealand Herald . APN Holdings NZ Limited . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Korin ( amNewYork Arts & Entertainment Editor ) ; Kara Warner ; Special to amNewYork ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` Paris Hilton , Jessica Alba share too much at Sundance '' . amNewYork . am New York . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Cold Run '' . New York Post . pp. Page Six . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . 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"\n\nMad Money\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nCallie Khouri\n\n\nProduced by\nJay Cohen\nFrank DeMartini\n\n\nWritten by\nGlenn Gers\n\n\nStarring\nDiane Keaton\nQueen Latifah\nKatie Holmes\nTed Danson\n\n\nMusic by\nJames Newton Howard\nMarty Davich\n\n\nCinematography\nJohn Bailey\n\n\nEdited by\nWendy Greene Bricmont\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\n\n\n\nMillennium Films[1]\nLightspeed Media[1]\nSwingin' Productions[1]\nBig City Pictures[1]\nGranada Productions[1]\nMMoney[1]\nGrand Army Entertainment[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nOverture Films[1]\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJanuary 18, 2008 (2008-01-18)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n104 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$22 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$26.4 million[3]\n\n"
] | [
"January 18, 2008"
] |
8291948140582155453 | Hello, Dolly! (musical) | Hello , Dolly ! ( Musical ) - wikipedia Hello , Dolly ! ( Musical ) Jump to : navigation , search Hello , Dolly ! 1964 Broadway poster Music Jerry Herman Lyrics Jerry Herman Book Michael Stewart Basis The Matchmaker by Thornton Wilder Productions 1964 Broadway 1965 West End 1965 -- 66 Australasia tour 1969 Film 1975 All - black Broadway revival 1978 Broadway revival 1995 Broadway revival 1996 Mexico City 2001 Madrid 2009 West End revival 2017 Broadway revival 2017 Melbourne Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony for Composer and Lyricist Tony Award for Best Book Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Hello , Dolly ! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart . Based on Thornton Wilder 's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers ( which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 ) , the musical follows the story of Dolly Gallagher Levi ( a strong - willed matchmaker ) , as she travels to Yonkers , New York , to find a match for the miserly `` well - known unmarried half - a-millionaire '' Horace Vandergelder . In doing so she persuades his niece , his niece 's intended , and Horace 's two clerks to travel to New York City . Hello , Dolly ! was first produced on Broadway by David Merrick in 1964 , winning a record - tying ( tied with South Pacific ) 10 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , a record held for 37 years . The show album Hello , Dolly ! An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 . The album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6 , 1964 and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrong 's album Hello , Dolly ! The show has become one of the most enduring musical theatre hits , with four Broadway revivals and international success . It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly ! that was nominated for seven Academy Awards , and won three . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Characters 4 Characters and original cast 5 Musical numbers 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 Original London production 6.3 Revivals 6.4 2017 Broadway revival 6.5 International productions 6.6 Tours 7 Critical reception 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original Broadway production 8.2 1978 Broadway revival 8.3 1979 West End revival 8.4 1995 Broadway revival 8.5 2009 Open Air Theatre revival 8.6 2017 Broadway revival 9 Recordings 10 Cultural influence 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The plot of Hello , Dolly ! originated in an 1835 English play , A Day Well Spent by John Oxenford , which Johann Nestroy adapted into the farce Einen Jux will er sich machen ( He Will Go on a Spree or He 'll Have Himself a Good Time ) . Thornton Wilder adapted Nestroy 's play into his 1938 farcical play The Merchant of Yonkers , a flop which he revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 , expanding the role of Dolly , played by Ruth Gordon . The Matchmaker became a hit and was much revived and made into a 1958 film of the same name starring Shirley Booth . The story of a meddlesome widow who strives to bring romance to several couples and herself in a big city restaurant also features prominently in the 1891 hit musical A Trip to Chinatown . The role of Dolly Gallagher Levi in the musical was originally written for Ethel Merman , but Merman turned it down , as did Mary Martin ( although each eventually played it ) . Merrick then auditioned Nancy Walker . Eventually , he hired Carol Channing , who then created in Dolly her signature role . Director Gower Champion was not the producer 's first choice , as Hal Prince and others ( among them Jerome Robbins and Joe Layton ) all turned down the job of directing the musical . Hello , Dolly ! had rocky out - of - town tryouts in Detroit and Washington , D.C. After receiving the reviews , the creators made major changes to the script and score , including the addition of the song `` Before the Parade Passes By '' . The show was originally entitled Dolly , A Damned Exasperating Woman and Call on Dolly but Merrick changed the title upon hearing Louis Armstrong 's version of `` Hello , Dolly . '' The show became one of the most iconic Broadway shows of its era , the latter half of the 1960s , running for 2,844 performances , and was for a time the longest - running musical in Broadway history . During that decade , ten `` blockbuster '' musicals played over 1,000 performances and three played over 2,000 , helping to redefine `` success '' for the Broadway musical genre . Synopsis ( edit ) Sources : Tams - Witmark Guide to Musical Theatre Masterworks Broadway Act I ( edit ) David Burns and Carol Channing in the original Broadway cast , 1964 As the 19th becomes the 20th century , all of New York City is excited because widowed but brassy Dolly Gallagher Levi is in town ( `` Call On Dolly '' ) . Dolly makes a living through what she calls `` meddling '' -- matchmaking and numerous sidelines , including dance instruction and mandolin lessons ( `` I Put My Hand In '' ) . She is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder , the well - known half - a-millionaire , but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself . Ambrose Kemper , a young artist , wants to marry Horace 's weepy niece Ermengarde , but Horace opposes this because Ambrose 's vocation does not guarantee a steady living . Ambrose enlists Dolly 's help , and they travel to Yonkers , New York to visit Horace , who is a prominent citizen there and owns Vandergelder 's Hay and Feed . Horace explains to his two clerks , Cornelius Hackl and Barnaby Tucker , that he is going to get married because `` It Takes a Woman '' to cheerfully do all the household chores . He plans to travel with Dolly to New York City to march in the Fourteenth Street Association Parade and propose to the widow Irene Molloy , who owns a hat shop there . Dolly arrives in Yonkers and `` accidentally '' mentions that Irene 's first husband might not have died of natural causes , and also mentions that she knows an heiress , Ernestina Money , who may be interested in Horace . Horace leaves for New York and leaves Cornelius and Barnaby to run the store . Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers . They 'll go to New York , have a good meal , spend all their money , see the stuffed whale in Barnum 's museum , almost get arrested , and each kiss a girl ! They blow up some tomato cans to create a terrible stench and a good alibi to close the store . Dolly mentions that she knows two ladies in New York they should call on : Irene Molloy and her shop assistant , Minnie Fay . She tells Ermengarde and Ambrose that she 'll enter them in the polka competition at the upscale Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York City so Ambrose can demonstrate his ability to be a breadwinner to Horace . Cornelius , Barnaby , Ambrose , Ermengarde and Dolly take the train to New York ( `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' ) . Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon . Irene wants a husband , but does not love Horace Vandergelder . She declares that she will wear an elaborate hat to impress a gentleman ( `` Ribbons Down My Back '' ) . Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich . Horace and Dolly arrive at the shop , and Cornelius and Barnaby hide from him . Irene inadvertently mentions that she knows Cornelius Hackl , and Dolly tells her and Horace that even though Cornelius is Horace 's clerk by day , he 's a New York playboy by night ; he 's one of the Hackls . Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in the armoire . Horace is about to open the armoire himself , but Dolly , Irene and Minnie distract him with patriotic sentiments related to subjects like Betsy Ross and The Battle of the Alamo shown in the famous lyrics `` Alamo , remember the Alamo ! '' ( `` Motherhood March '' ) . Cornelius sneezes , and Horace storms out , realizing there are men hiding in the shop , but not knowing they are his clerks . Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby , who are still pretending to be rich , to take the ladies out to dinner to the Harmonia Gardens restaurant to make up for their humiliation . She teaches Cornelius and Barnaby how to dance since they always have dancing at such establishments ( `` Dancing '' ) . Soon , Cornelius , Irene , Barnaby , and Minnie are happily dancing . They go to watch the great 14th Street Association Parade together . Alone , Dolly decides to put her dear departed husband Ephram behind her and to move on with life `` Before the Parade Passes By '' . She asks Ephram 's permission to marry Horace , requesting a sign from him . Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder , who has missed the whole parade , and she convinces him to give her matchmaking one more chance . She tells him that Ernestina Money would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at the swanky Harmonia Gardens that evening . Act ii ( edit ) Milo Boulton and Carol Channing in one of several national tours , 1966 Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over , but Barnaby is n't so sure . As the clerks have no money for a carriage , they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant shows that they 've got `` Elegance '' . At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant , Rudolph , the head waiter , prepares his service crew for Dolly Gallagher Levi 's return : their usual lightning service , he tells them , must be `` twice as lightning '' ( `` The Waiters ' Gallop '' ) . Horace arrives with his date , but she proves neither as rich nor as elegant as Dolly had implied ; furthermore she is soon bored by Horace and leaves , as Dolly had planned she would . Cornelius , Barnaby , and their dates arrive , unaware that Horace is also dining at the restaurant . Irene and Minnie , inspired by the restaurant 's opulence , order the menu 's most expensive items . Cornelius and Barnaby grow increasingly anxious as they discover they have little more than a dollar left . Dolly makes her triumphant return to the Harmonia Gardens and is greeted in style by the staff ( `` Hello , Dolly ! '' ) She sits in the now - empty seat at Horace 's table and proceeds to eat a large , expensive dinner , telling the exasperated Horace that no matter what he says , she will not marry him . Barnaby and Horace hail waiters at the same time , and in the ensuing confusion each drops his wallet and inadvertently picks up the other 's . Barnaby is delighted that he can now pay the restaurant bill , while Horace finds only a little spare change . Barnaby and Cornelius realize that the wallet must belong to Horace . Cornelius , Irene , Barnaby and Minnie try to sneak out during `` The Polka Contest '' , but Horace recognizes them and spots Ermengarde and Ambrose as well . The ensuing free - for - all culminates in a trip to night court . Cornelius and Barnaby confess that they have no money and have never been to New York before . Cornelius declares that even if he has to dig ditches the rest of his life , he 'll never forget the day because he had met Irene . Cornelius , Barnaby , and Ambrose then each profess their love for their companion ( `` It Only Takes A Moment '' ) . Dolly convinces the judge that their only crime was being in love . The judge finds everyone innocent and cleared of all charges , but Horace is declared guilty and forced to pay damages . Dolly mentions marriage again , and Horace declares that he would n't marry her if she were the last woman in the world . Dolly angrily bids him `` So Long , Dearie '' , telling him that while he 's bored and lonely , she 'll be living the high life . The next morning , back at the hay and feed store , Cornelius and Irene , Barnaby and Minnie , and Ambrose and Ermengarde each set out on new life 's paths . A chastened Horace Vandergelder finally admits that he needs Dolly in his life , but Dolly is unsure about the marriage until her late husband sends her a sign . Vandergelder spontaneously repeats a saying of Ephram 's : `` Money is like manure . It 's not worth a thing unless it 's spread about , encouraging young things to grow . '' Horace tells Dolly life would be dull without her , and she promises in return that she 'll `` never go away again '' ( `` Hello , Dolly '' ( reprise ) ) . Characters ( edit ) Dolly Gallagher Levi : A widow in her middle years who has decided to begin her life again . She is a matchmaker , meddler , opportunist , and a life - loving woman . Horace Vandergelder : The proprietor of a Hay & Feed store and a client of Dolly Gallagher Levi . A well - known half - a-millionaire , he is a widower , gruff , authoritative , and set in his ways . Cornelius Hackl : Vandergelder 's chief clerk who yearns for one exciting day in NYC . Energetic , enthusiastic , and adventurous young man who has a sweet innocence about him . Barnaby Tucker : An assistant to Cornelius at Vandergelder 's Hay & Feed store . He is sweet , naïve , energetic , and a follower . Irene Molloy : A widow and a beautiful , smart , fun - loving milliner with a hat shop in New York . Dolly has introduced her to Horace Vandergelder but she yearns for romance . Minnie Fay : A young girl who works in Irene 's hat shop . Irene 's assistant , she is a naïve , strait - laced , fresh , and a follower . Ambrose Kemper : A young and explosive struggling artist seeking to marry Ermengarde . Ermengarde : The young niece of Horace Vandergelder . She cries often and wants her independence and wants to marry Ambrose . Ernestina Money : An eccentric - looking girl in need of Dolly 's matchmaker services . Rudolf Reisenweber : Maître d ' of the Harmonia Gardens restaurant . Waiters : A group of waiters at the Harmonia Gardens restaurant . Judge : A white - whiskered night court judge . Easily moved to tears by romance . Characters and original cast ( edit ) Character Broadway ( 1964 ) West End ( 1965 ) Broadway ( 1975 ) Broadway ( 1978 ) Movie ( 1969 ) West End ( 1979 ) West End ( 1983 ) Broadway ( 1995 ) Paper Mill Playhouse ( 2006 ) West End ( 2009 ) Broadway ( 2017 ) National Tour ( 2018 ) Dolly Gallagher Levi Carol Channing Mary Martin Pearl Bailey Carol Channing Barbra Streisand Carol Channing Danny La Rue Carol Channing Tovah Feldshuh Samantha Spiro Bette Midler Betty Buckley Horace Vandergelder David Burns Loring Smith Cab Calloway Eddie Bracken Walter Matthau Eddie Bracken Lionel Jeffries Jay Garner Walter Charles Allan Corduner David Hyde Pierce Cornelius Hackl Charles Nelson Reilly Garrett Lewis Terrence Emanuel Lee Roy Reams Michael Crawford Tudor Davies Michael Sadler Michael DeVries Jonathan Rayson Daniel Crossley Gavin Creel Barnaby Tucker Jerry Dodge Johnny Beecher Grenoldo Frazier Robert Lydiard Danny Lockin Richard Drabble Mark Haddigan Cory English Brian Sears Oliver Brenin Taylor Trensch Irene Molloy Eileen Brennan Marilynn Lovell Mary Louise Florence Lacey Marianne McAndrew Maureen Scott Lorna Dallas Florence Lacey Kate Baldwin Josefina Gabrielle Kate Baldwin Minnie Fay Sondra Lee Coco Ramirez Chip Fields Alexandra Korey E.J. Peaker Mandy More Pollyann Tanner Lori Ann Mahl Jessica - Snow Wilson Akiya Henry Beanie Feldstein Ambrose Kemper Igors Gavon Mark Alden Howard Porter Michael C. Booker Tommy Tune David Ellen James Darrah Drew Gehling Mark Anderson Will Burton Ermengarde Alice Playten Beverlee Weir Karen Hubbard K.T. Baumann Joyce Ames Sue Latimer Christine DeVito Clare Louise Connolly Melanie Moore Ernestina Mary Jo Catlett Judith Drake Bessye Ruth Scott P.J. Nelson Carol Kaye Monica M. Wemitt Jennifer Simard Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Orchestra `` Call On Dolly '' -- Ensemble `` I Put My Hand In '' -- Dolly `` It Takes A Woman '' -- Horace , Cornelius , Barnaby and the Men `` It Takes A Woman ( Reprise ) '' -- Horace `` World , Take Me Back '' -- Dolly * `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' -- Cornelius , Barnaby , Dolly , Ambrose , Ermengarde , and Ensemble `` Ribbons Down My Back '' -- Irene `` Ribbons Down My Back ( Reprise ) '' -- Irene `` Motherhood '' -- Dolly , Irene , Minnie Fay , and Horace `` Dancing '' -- Dolly , Cornelius , Barnaby , Irene , Minnie Fay , and Dancers `` Love , Look In My Window '' -- Dolly * `` Before The Parade Passes By '' -- Dolly and the Company `` Finale Act I : Before The Parade Passes By '' -- Dolly Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Penny in My Pocket '' -- Vandergelder ^ `` Elegance '' -- Cornelius , Barnaby , Irene , Minnie Fay `` The Waiters ' Gallop '' -- Rudolph and the Waiters `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Dolly , Rudolph , Waiters , Cooks `` The Waiters ' Gallop ( Reprise ) '' -- Rudolph and Waiters `` The Polka Contest '' -- Ambrose , Ermengarde , Irene , Cornelius , Minnie Fay , Barnaby , and the Contestants * * `` It Only Takes a Moment '' -- Cornelius and Irene , Prisoners and Policeman `` So Long Dearie '' -- Dolly `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Dolly and Vandergelder `` Finale Act II : Hello , Dolly ! / Dancing / It Only Takes a Moment / Put On Your Sunday Clothes / Hello , Dolly ! '' -- The Company * Song cut before Broadway Opening , reinstated when Ethel Merman joined to play Dolly . * * Song replaced `` Come and Be My Butterfly '' during Broadway Run . ^ Horace Vandergelder 's solo `` Penny in My Pocket '' , although it received rave responses out of town , was cut prior to the Broadway opening for reasons of time . For the 2017 Broadway Revival , it was added back in as the opening of Act Two in front of the curtain . The song `` Elegance '' , though credited to Herman , was written by Bob Merrill for the 1957 show New Girl in Town but deleted from the original production . Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical , directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick , opened on January 16 , 1964 , at the St. James Theatre and closed on December 27 , 1970 , after 2,844 performances . Carol Channing starred as Dolly , with a supporting cast that included David Burns as Horace , Charles Nelson Reilly as Cornelius , Eileen Brennan as Irene , Jerry Dodge as Barnaby , Sondra Lee as Minnie Fay , Alice Playten as Ermengarde , and Igors Gavon as Ambrose . Although facing competition from Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand , Hello , Dolly ! swept the Tony Awards that year , winning awards in ten categories ( out of eleven nominations ) that tied the musical with the previous record keeper South Pacific , a record that remained unbroken for 37 years until The Producers won twelve Tonys in 2001 . Pearl Bailey as Dolly , 1968 . After Channing left the show , Merrick employed prominent actresses to play Dolly , including Ginger Rogers , who started on August 9 , 1965 ; Martha Raye , starting on February 27 , 1967 ; Betty Grable , from June 12 , 1967 to November 5 , 1967 ; Pearl Bailey ( in an all - black version ) starting on November 12 , 1967 ; Phyllis Diller , as of December 26 , 1969 ; and Ethel Merman ( after having turned down the lead at the show 's inception ) from March 28 , 1970 to December 27 , 1970 . Two songs cut prior to the opening -- typical belt style songs `` World , Take Me Back '' and `` Love , Look in My Window '' -- were restored for Merman 's run . Thelma Carpenter played Dolly at all matinees during the Pearl Bailey production and subbed more than a hundred times , at one point playing all performances for seven straight weeks . Bibi Osterwald was the standby for Dolly in the original Broadway production , subbing for all the stars , including Bailey , despite the fact that Osterwald was a blue - eyed blonde . Bailey received a Special Tony Award in 1968 . The show received rave reviews , with `` praise for Carol Channing and particularly Gower Champion . '' The original production became the longest - running musical ( and third longest - running show ) in Broadway history up to that time , surpassing My Fair Lady and then being surpassed in turn by Fiddler on the Roof . The Broadway production of Hello Dolly ! grossed $27 million . Hello , Dolly ! and Fiddler remained the longest - running Broadway record holders for nearly ten years until Grease surpassed them . Tour and regional Dollys Dorothy Lamour , Eve Arden , Ann Sothern , Michele Lee , Edie Adams , and Yvonne De Carlo played the role on tour . Betty White appeared with the Kenley Players as Dolly in the summer of 1979 . Molly Picon appeared as Dolly in a 1971 production by the North Shore Music Theatre of Beverly , Massachusetts . Lainie Kazan starred in a production at the Claridge Atlantic City . Both Tovah Feldshuh and Betsy Palmer played Dolly in productions by the Paper Mill Playhouse . Marilyn Maye also starred in several regional productions and recorded a full album of the score . Original London production ( edit ) Hello , Dolly ! premiered in the West End at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on December 2 , 1965 and ran for 794 performances . Champion directed and choreographed , and the cast starred Mary Martin as Dolly ( after she , as well as Merman , had turned down the role for the original run of the show ) , Loring Smith as Horace Vandergelder ( Smith had created the Horace role in the original production of The Matchmaker ) , Johnny Beecher as Barnaby , Garrett Lewis as Cornelius , Mark Alden as Ambrose Kemper , and Marilynn Lovell as Irene Molloy . Dora Bryan replaced Martin during the run . Revivals ( edit ) The show has been revived four times on Broadway : November 6 , 1975 -- December 28 , 1975 , Minskoff Theatre -- Starring Pearl Bailey and Billy Daniels in an all - black production ( 42 performances ) March 5 , 1978 -- July 9 , 1978 , Lunt - Fontanne Theatre -- Starring Carol Channing and Eddie Bracken ( 147 performances ) October 19 , 1995 -- January 28 , 1996 , Lunt - Fontanne Theatre -- Starring Carol Channing and Jay Garner ( 116 performances ) March 15 , 2017 ( previews ) , opened April 20 , 2017 , Shubert Theatre -- Starring Bette Midler and David Hyde Pierce In the West End the show has been revived three times : 1979 -- Starring Carol Channing at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane and Shaftesbury Theatre January 3 , 1984 -- April 27 , 1984 -- Starring female impersonator Danny La Rue as Dolly at the Prince of Wales Theatre July 30 , 2009 -- September 12 , 2009 -- Starring Samantha Spiro ( Dolly ) and Allan Corduner ( Horace ) at the Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park . Spiro won the Olivier Award for her performance . In 1989 , there was a UK tour of the show directed and choreographed by Paul Kerryson , starring Dora Bryan . Kerryson went on to direct the show again in 2014 at the Curve Theatre in Leicester UK , starring Janie Dee . 2017 Broadway revival ( edit ) 2017 Broadway revival at the Shubert Theatre . On January 19 , 2016 , it was announced that Bette Midler would play the title role in a Broadway revival of Hello , Dolly ! . Previews began March 15 , 2017 , officially opening on April 20 , 2017 , at the Shubert Theatre . The production is produced by Scott Rudin , directed by Jerry Zaks and choreographed by Warren Carlyle . David Hyde Pierce plays Horace Vandergelder . Other principal casting for this revival includes : Kate Baldwin as Irene Molloy , Gavin Creel as Cornelius Hackl , Jennifer Simard as Ernestina Money , Taylor Trensch as Barnaby Tucker , Will Burton as Ambrose Kemper , Melanie Moore as Ermengarde , and Beanie Feldstein as Minnie Fay . Donna Murphy played the role of Dolly at Tuesday evening performances beginning in June 2017 , as well as covering Midler 's holiday dates . She played her final performance on January 7 , 2018 . Midler , Pierce , Trensch and Feldstein left the production on January 14 , 2018 . Bernadette Peters took over the role of Dolly with previews from January 20 , 2018 , officially on February 22 , 2018 , and Victor Garber took over the role of Horace Vandergelder . Charlie Stemp assumed the role of Barnaby Tucker on January 20 , 2018 . Santino Fontana is temporarily playing the role of Cornelius Hackl as of March 2018 while Gavin Creel recovers from back surgery . Before Fontana 's temporary engagement , understudy Christian Dante White played the role of Cornelius . International productions ( edit ) The Australian production in 1965 -- 66 starred Carole Cook , produced by JC Williamson Theatres LTD . She was the second woman to play the role . Jack Goode as Horace and Bill Millican as Cornelius also starred . The show played at Her Majesty 's Theatre , Sydney and Melbourne , and His Majesty 's Theatre , Aukland in 1966 . The Israeli production in 1968 - 1970 starred Hanna Maron as Dolly Levi , one of the most famous actress on the Israel theater , on the `` Alhambra '' theater , produced by Giora Godik , also starring Shraga Friedman as Horace Vandergelder , Gadi Yagil as Cornelius Hackl and Tzipi Shavit as Minnie Fay . The musical was a huge successful and Dolly remains one of Maron 's lovable roles . The musical was translated to Hebrew by Haim Hefer , a well - known songwriter and poet . In 1985 , Cuban diva Rosita Fornes played Dolly in a Cuban production of Hello , Dolly by the Teatro Karl Marx in Havana , Cuba . She also played the role in Camaguey City and in a television production under director Manolo Rifat . In 1996 , Mexican cinema star Silvia Pinal starred in the Spanish language version of the musical , ¿ Qué tal Dolly ? ( `` What 's Up , Dolly ? '' ) , opposite Ignacio Lopez Tarso in Mexico City . Tours ( edit ) Mary Martin starred in a US tour , starting in April 1965 and playing in 11 cities . The production also toured in Japan , Korea and Vietnam for a special USO performance for U.S. troops . A second US tour began in September 1965 , headed by Channing , and ran for two years and nine months . Eve Arden and Dorothy Lamour were replacements . In 2008 , Anita Dobson toured in the UK . Sally Struthers appeared as Dolly in the 50th anniversary tour of the musical , starting in October 2013 A third US tour is set to begin on October 2 , 2018 starring Betty Buckley Critical reception ( edit ) Opening night reviews of the original production were generally positive , and Carol Channing 's performance as Dolly Gallagher Levi was greatly acclaimed ; however , some reviewers criticized the score and the libretto , implying that Channing 's performance was responsible for the efficacy of the show . In his review of the opening night performance , The New York Times theatre critic Howard Taubman wrote `` Hello , Dolly ! ... has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine - made musicals . It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colors of the musical stage ... Mr. Herman 's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful ... a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing ... Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary vulgar and frenzied touches , one is glad to welcome Hello , Dolly ! for its warmth , color and high spirits . '' John Chapman of the New York Daily News lauded Carol Channing 's performance , declaring her `` the most outgoing woman on the musical stage today -- big and warm , all eyes and smiles , in love with everybody in the theatre and possessing a unique voice ranging somewhat upward from a basso profundo . '' He also wrote , `` I would n't say that Jerry Herman 's score is memorable . '' New York Post critic Richard Watts , Jr. , wrote , `` The fact that ( Hello , Dolly ! ) seems to me short on charm , warmth , and the intangible quality of distinction in no way alters my conviction that it will be an enormous popular success . Herman has composed a score that is always pleasant and agreeably tuneful , although the only number that comes to mind at the moment is the lively title song . His lyrics could be called serviceable . '' In the New York Herald Tribune , Walter Kerr wrote , `` Hello , Dolly ! is a musical comedy dream , with Carol Channing the girl of it ... Channing opens wide her big - as - millstone eyes , spreads her white - gloved arms in ecstatic abandon , trots out on a circular runway that surrounds the orchestra , and proceeds to dance rings around the conductor ... With hair like orange sea foam , a contralto like a horse 's neighing , and a confidential swagger , ( she is ) a musical comedy performer with all the blowzy glamor of the girls on the sheet music of 1916 . '' Kerr perceived deficiencies in the libretto , though , stating that the `` lines are not always as funny as Miss Channing makes them '' . John McClain of the New York Journal American particularly praised the staging of the musical , saying that `` Gower Champion deserves the big gong for performance beyond the call of duty . Seldom has a corps of dancers brought so much style and excitement to a production which could easily have been pedestrian ... It is difficult to describe the emotion ( the song `` Hello , Dolly ! '' ) produces . Last night the audience nearly tore up the seats as she led the parade of waiters in a series of encores over the semi-circular runway that extends around the orchestra pit out into the audience , ... a tribute to the personal appeal of Miss Channing and the magical inventiveness of Mr. Champion 's staging . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1964 New York Drama Critics Circle Award Best Musical Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Michael Stewart Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Carol Channing Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Charles Nelson Reilly Nominated Best Original Score Jerry Herman Won Best Producer of a Musical David Merrick Won Best Direction of a Musical Gower Champion Won Best Choreography Won Best Conductor and Musical Director Shepard Coleman Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Freddy Wittop Won 1968 Special Tony Award Special Award Pearl Bailey Won 1970 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Performance Ethel Merman Won 1978 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1978 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Eddie Bracken Nominated 1979 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1979 Olivier Award Best Actress in a Musical Carol Channing Nominated 1995 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated 2009 Open Air Theatre revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Won Best Actress in a Musical Samantha Spiro Won Best Theatre Choreographer Stephen Mear Won 2017 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2017 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical David Hyde Pierce Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role in Musical Bette Midler Won Best Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Best Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Best Scenic Design of a Musical Santo Loquasto Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Natasha Katz Nominated Best Orchestrations Larry Hochman Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bette Midler Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Warren Carlyle Nominated Outstanding Set Design Natasha Katz Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Santo Loquasto Nominated Outstanding Sound Design Scott Lehrer Nominated Outstanding Wigs and Hair Campbell Young Associates Nominated Drama League Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Won Distinguished Performance David Hyde Pierce Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical David Hyde Pierce Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bette Midler Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Warren Carlyle Won Outstanding Costume Design Santo Loquasto Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Larry Hochman Won Chita Rivera Awards Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show Warren Carlyle Nominated 2018 Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Bette Midler ( principal soloist ) ; Steven Epstein ( producer ) Nominated Recordings ( edit ) The RCA Victor cast recording of the original Broadway production was released in 1964 . It was the number - one album on the Billboard pop albums chart for seven weeks and the top album of the year on the Year - End chart . In 1965 , a recording of the original London production was released . In 1967 , RCA Victor released a recording of the all - black Broadway replacement cast , featuring Pearl Bailey , who also starred in the unrecorded 1975 revival . The movie soundtrack was released in 1969 . On November 15 , 1994 , the 1994 revival cast recording was released . The 2017 Broadway Revival cast recording was released on May 12 , 2017 , featuring the songs now sung by Bette Midler , David Hyde Pierce , Kate Baldwin , and Gavin Creel . Cultural influence ( edit ) In 1964 , Armstrong 's recording of the song , `` Hello , Dolly ! '' , rose to number one on the Billboard pop chart , making Armstrong , at age 62 , the oldest person ever to accomplish that feat . In the process , Armstrong dislodged The Beatles `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' from the number - one position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs . The title song was sung in the 1999 film Dick by actor Dan Hedaya , playing President Richard Nixon . The red satin , sequin - bedecked costume , designed by Freddy Wittop , that Channing wore during Hello , Dolly ! was donated to the Smithsonian by Channing and theatrical producer Manny Kladitis , following the thirtieth anniversary tour of the show . It is currently on display at the National Museum of American History . While Miss Channing 's Harmonia Gardens gown is in the Smithsonian , the remainder of the original Freddy Wittop costumes are now housed in the permanent collection of the Costume World Broadway Collection , a theatrical museum dedicated to Broadway costuming located in Pompano Beach , Florida . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Archived 2015 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Albums ( 2010 ) , Record Research , ISBN 0 - 89820 - 183 - 7 , p. 973 ^ Jump up to : `` Hello Dolly ! -- New Wimbledon Theatre '' IndieLondon , March 2008 Jump up ^ Saltzman , Simon . `` A CurtainUp Feature . Hello Dollys ... They Never Say Good - Bye '' Curtain Up , 2006 , retrieved March 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' article '' Musicals101.com Jump up ^ Gilvey , John Anthony . Before the Parade Passes by : Gower Champion and the Glorious American Musical ( 2005 ) , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 33776 - 0 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Gilvey , p. 149 Jump up ^ Bloom , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Kantor , p. 302 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! tamswitmark.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! '' masterworksbroadway.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1964 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' London '' thisistheatre.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' West End 1965 '' broadwayworld.com , retrieved January 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1975 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1978 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Film '' tcm.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1995 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Casting Complete for Paper Mill ' Hello , Dolly ! ' ; Charles and Baldwin to Join Feldshuh '' Playbill , May 8 , 2006 Jump up ^ Miller , Mark . `` Review . ' Hello , Dolly ! ' theatermania.com , June 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` PHOTO CALL : ' Hello , Dolly ! ' at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London '' Playbill , April 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 2017 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Hello , Dolly ! Original US Tour Cast - 2018 US Tour '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Show Tunes , p. 263 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Listing '' tams-witmark.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ' Cast Replacements '' Playbill , retrieved December 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Dan . `` ' Rosencrantz ' and ' Hallelujah , Baby ! ' Garner Tonys : Zoe Caldwell and Balsam Capture Acting Honors '' , The New York Times , April 22 , 1968 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Bovson article Jump up ^ Green , Stanley . Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , Da Capo Press , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' playbill.com , retrieved July 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken , and Vlastnik , Frank . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of all Time , p. 302 . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , New York , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 Jump up ^ `` 1965 London production '' BroadwayWorld.com Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! openairtheatre.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark . `` Bette Midler to return to Broadway in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Get a First Look at Bette Midler in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Playbill , March 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hello , Dolly ! review -- Bette Midler is irresistible in a riotous delight '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Hyde Pierce Will Join Bette Midler in Hello , Dolly ! '' . Playbill . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Kate Baldwin , Gavin Creel , Jennifer Simard Join Bette Midler ' Hello , Dolly ! ' `` , Playbill , September 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Casts Its Minnie Fay '' , Playbill , October 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Donna Murphy Will Play Matchmaker Once a Week in Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' . Playbill . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan . `` Bette Midler , David Hyde Pierce , Taylor Trensch , Beanie Feldstein Bid Farewell to ' Hello , Dolly ! ' January 14 '' Playbill , January 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Bernadette Peters Will Succeed Bette Midler in Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' Playbill , September 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Charlie Stemp Will Make Broadway Debut in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Alongside Bernadette Peters and Victor Garber '' Playbill , September 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse . `` Theater . Hello Dolly Review '' The New York Times , February 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Santino Fontana Steps Into Hello , Dolly ! on Broadway March 13 Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Call on Dolly '' callondolly.com , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Australia '' ovrtur.com , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Stage set for the J.C. Williamson production of ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' nla.gov.au , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hello Dolly Israeli Hebrew Musical Chana Maron Godik Original Cast LP 1968 Set The Record Straight , Theatre & Movie Recordings Pinterest Hello dolly , Lp ... '' . Pinterest . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube video '' Jump up ^ The Latin American Musical Comedy Stars : Silvia Pinal Jump up ^ Information about a documentary chronicling Martin 's Asian tour in Hello , Dolly ! imdb.com Jump up ^ Green , Stanley. `` Encyclopedia Of The Musical Theatre '' ( 1980 ) , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Edmonds , Richard . `` ' Hello Dolly ! ' review '' thestage.co.uk , 8 February 2008 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` 50th Anniversary Tour of ' Hello , Dolly ! ' , Starring Sally Struthers , Parades Across U.S. Beginning Oct. 5 '' playbill.com , October 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Tony Winner Betty Buckley Will Lead Hello , Dolly ! National Tour . The tour will open in Cleveland , Ohio . Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taubman , Howard . `` Hello Dolly ! '' . The New York Times , 1964 ^ Jump up to : Suskin , Steven . Opening Night on Broadway : A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre , pp. 297 -- 301 . Schirmer Books , New York , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 872625 - 1 Jump up ^ `` New York Drama Critics Past Awards , 1964 '' dramacritics.org , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello Dolly ' Listing , 1964 -- 1970 '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards , 1964 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Award Winners , 1964 '' infoplease.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards , 1968 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Bailey Listing , Awards and Nominations '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Award Winners , 1968 '' infoplease.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Drama Desk , 1969 -- 1970 '' dramadesk.org , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Flinn , Caryl . `` Chapter 17 '' Brass Diva : The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman ( 2007 ) , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22942 - 8 , p. 376 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Tony Awards Listing '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards 1996 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` 50th Tonys raise ' Rent ' with ' Class ' `` , Daily Variety , June 3 , 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 2010 '' Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at Archive.is olivierawards.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual GRAMMY Awards '' . GRAMMY.com. 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Epstein Credits '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Huston , Caitlin ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' wins Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album '' . Broadway News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Release date of 1994 revival album Amazon.com , retrieved June 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to the Complete Hello , Dolly ! Cast Recording , Featuring Bette Midler and More Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Louis Armstrong Listing '' allmusic.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Song Review '' allmusic.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Movie / Video Review . ' Dick ' '' All-Reviews.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Hello , Dolly '' Dress `` . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Collection '' costumeworld.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 References ( edit ) Bloom , Ken ; Frank Vlastnik ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . pp. 152 -- 155 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 . Botto , Louis ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . Robert Viagas , ed . At This Theatre . Applause Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 566 - 7 . Bovsun , Mara . From ' Hello , Dolly ! ' : Dolly Gallagher Levi . barbra-archives.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Hello , Dolly ! imagi-nation.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Suskin , Steven ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Show Tunes . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512599 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hello , Dolly ! ( musical ) . Internet Broadway Database listing for all productions Charles Nelson Reilly 's autobiographical film , in which he discusses Hello Dolly `` Long Runs on Broadway as of February 2017 '' TUTS study guide Synopsis , Casting , Choreography , Scenes and Settings 1964 New York Times review of original production Thornton Wilder Plays The Long Christmas Dinner ( 1931 ) The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden ( 1931 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) The Merchant of Yonkers ( 1938 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1942 ) The Matchmaker ( 1954 ) Books The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1927 ) The Woman of Andros ( 1930 ) Ides of March ( 1948 ) The Eighth Day ( 1967 ) Theophilus North ( 1973 ) Adaptations The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1929 film ) Our Town ( 1940 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1944 film ) Our Town ( 1955 TV ) The Matchmaker ( 1958 film ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 musical ) Our Town ( 2003 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 2004 film ) Our Town ( 2006 opera ) OT : Our Town ( documentary ) Family Amos Wilder ( brother ) Charlotte Wilder ( sister ) Janet Wilder Dakin ( sister ) Musicals by Jerry Herman Parade From A to Z Milk and Honey Madame Aphrodite Hello , Dolly ! Mame Dear World Mack and Mabel The Grand Tour La Cage aux Folles Mrs. Santa Claus Showtune Jerry 's Girls An Evening with Jerry Herman Miss Spectacular Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical She Loves Me ( 1994 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Follies ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) She Loves Me ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Show Boat ( 1991 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1992 ) Carousel ( 1993 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1994 ) She Loves Me ( 1995 ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ! ( 1999 ) Candide ( 2000 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 2001 ) My Fair Lady ( 2002 ) Anything Goes ( 2003 ) Pacific Overtures ( 2004 ) Grand Hotel ( 2005 ) Guys and Dolls ( 2006 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 2007 ) The Magic Flute ( 2008 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2009 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2010 ) Into the Woods ( 2011 ) Crazy for You ( 2012 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2013 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2014 ) City of Angels ( 2015 ) Gypsy ( 2016 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical 1990s Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) 2000s Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) 2010s La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) GND : 300656068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)&oldid=832862825 '' Categories : 1964 musicals Broadway musicals Culture of Yonkers , New York Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Musicals based on plays Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award for Best Musical West End musicals A Day Well Spent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 11 : 49 . 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-6224648050664394350 | Selective Service System | Selective Service System - wikipedia Selective Service System Jump to : navigation , search Selective Service System Agency overview Formed May 18 , 1917 ; 100 years ago ( 1917 - 05 - 18 ) Headquarters Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Employees ( 2008 ) : 136 full - time civilians , 57 part - time civilian directors , 200 part - time reserve force officers ( in peacetime ) , up to 10,830 part - time volunteers Annual budget $24 million ( FY 2012 ) Agency executive Donald M. Benton , Director Website www.sss.gov The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription . Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards , like a change of address . A 2010 GAO report estimated the registration rate at 92 % with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file . However , the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System , in 1982 , found that 20 -- 40 % of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated , and up to 75 % for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid . Registration with Selective Service is also required for various federal programs and benefits , including Federal Assistance for Financial Student Aid ( FAFSA ) , such as student loans and Pell Grants , job training , federal employment , and naturalization . The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies ( JAMRS ) program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database . The names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis . Regulations are codified at Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations , Chapter XVI . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1917 to 1920 1.2 1940 to 1947 1.3 1948 to 1969 1.4 1969 to 1975 1.5 1980 to present 2 Who must register 3 Failure to register 4 Alien or dual - national registrant status 5 Legal issues 6 Exemption of women 7 Structure and operation 8 Mobilization ( draft ) procedures 9 Lottery procedures 10 Classifications 10.1 1948 -- 1976 10.2 Present 11 Directors 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) The former seal of the Selective Service System 1917 to 1920 ( edit ) WWI draft card . Lower left corner to be removed by men of African background to help keep military segregated Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6 , the Selective Service Act of 1917 ( 40 Stat. 76 ) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18 , 1917 , creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe . The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service . All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months . As of mid-November 1917 , all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications . Men in Class I were the first to be drafted , and men in lower classifications were deferred . Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread . The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45 . The military draft was discontinued in 1920 . 1940 to 1947 ( edit ) War Years Active Number of Wartime Draftees World War I Sept 1917 -- Nov 1918 2,810,296 World War II Nov 1940 -- Oct 1946 10,110,104 Korean War June 1950 -- June 1953 1,529,539 Vietnam War Aug 1964 -- Feb 1973 1,857,304 The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16 , 1940 , establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history . It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service . It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months . In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months ; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37 . Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday , December 7th , 1941 , and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany , the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six - month service in the Organized Reserves . The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31 , 1947 . 1948 to 1969 ( edit ) The Selective Service Act of 1948 , enacted in June of that year , created a new and separate system , the basis for the modern system . All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service . All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months . This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves , with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total . Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years . Due to deep postwar budget cuts , only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948 . In 1950 , the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) . The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) . This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 ⁄ , increased active - duty service time from 21 to 24 months , and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years . Students attending a college or training program full - time could request an exemption , which was extended as long as they were students . A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation . Despite successive attempts over the next several years , however , such legislation was never passed . 35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 ( signed on September 10 , 1963 ) , granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26 . His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 ( signed on August 26 , 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date ) . However , married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt . 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 ( signed on February 25 , 1986 ) . The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35 . It still granted student deferments , but ended them upon either the student 's completion of a four - year degree or his 24th birthday , whichever came first . 1969 to 1975 ( edit ) On November 26 , 1969 , 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) that established conscription based on random selection ( lottery ) . The first draft lottery was held on December 1 , 1969 ; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970 , for registrants born between January 1 , 1944 , and December 31 , 1950 . The second lottery , on July 1 , 1970 , pertained to men born in 1951 . The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125 . The third was on August 5 , 1971 , pertaining to men born in 1952 ; the highest lottery number called was 95 . In 1971 , the Military Selective Service Act ( Selective Service Act of 1948 ) was further amended to make registration compulsory ; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday . Registrants were classified 1 - A ( eligible for military service ) , 1 - AO ( Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service ) , and 1 - O ( Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service ) . Student deferments were ended , except for divinity students , who received a 2 - D Selective Service classification . Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1 - N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4 - F. Also , draft board membership requirements were reformed : minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18 , members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire , and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community . The fourth and final lottery drawing was held on February 2 , 1972 , pertaining to men born in 1953 , who would have been called to report for induction in 1973 . But no new draft orders were issued after 1972 . On January 27 , 1973 , Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all - volunteer armed forces , negating the need for the military draft . On March 29 , 1975 , 38th President Gerald R. Ford , whose own son , Steven Ford , had earlier failed to register for the draft as required , signed Proclamation 4360 ( Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act ) , eliminating the registration requirement for all 18 - to 25 - year - old male citizens . 1980 to present ( edit ) On July 2 , 1980 , 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 ( Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act ) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979 , retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18 - to 26 - year - old male citizens born on or after January 1 , 1960 . As a result , only men born between March 29 , 1957 , and December 31 , 1959 , were completely exempt from Selective Service registration . The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21 , 1980 , for men born in calendar year 1960 . Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation , all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week . Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week . Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5 , 1981 . Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday . In 2014 , due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation , information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893 -- 97 ( in addition to 1993 -- 97 ) was provided to the Selective Service System . Draft registration notices were then sent to the men . A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10 , 2016 . H.R. 4523 would ( a ) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft , ( b ) abolish the Selective Service System , and ( c ) effectively repeal the `` Solomon Amendments '' making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid , jobs , and job training . The bill would leave in place , however , laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits . On June 9 , 2016 , a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate , called the `` Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . On April 27 , 2016 , the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 to extend the authority for draft registration to women . On May 12 , 2016 , the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill . If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law , it would authorize ( but not require ) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System . Who must register ( edit ) Under current law , all male US citizens between 18 -- 25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday . In addition , non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 ( inclusive ) living in the United States must register . This includes permanent residents , refugees , asylum seekers , and undocumented immigrants . Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants , such as international students , visitors , and diplomats , are not required to register . Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status . If an alien 's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States , he will be required to register . Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship . Currently , citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system . In the current registration system , a man can not indicate that he is a conscientious objector ( CO ) to war when registering , but he can make such a claim when being drafted . Some men choose to write on the registration card `` I am a conscientious objector to war '' to document their conviction , even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft . A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs . In 1987 , Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting `` persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation '' in case such a special - skills draft should be ordered by Congress . In response , the Selective Service published plans for the `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System '' ( HCPDS ) in 1989 , and has had them ready ever since . The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998 , followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999 . The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20 -- 54 in 57 job categories . Women as well as female - to - male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register . Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants , even when registration would not have been allowed . Until their 26th birthday , registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status , such as name , current mailing address , permanent residence address , and `` all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor . '' Failure to register ( edit ) In 1980 , men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and / or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted . The potential fine was later increased to $250,000 . Despite these possible penalties , government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments , of which 19 were instigated in part by self - publicized and self - reported non-registration . A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional , i.e. knowing and willful . In the opinion of legal experts , this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so . Or , for example , when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction , he was given an opportunity to comply , and the prospective defendant chose not to do so . The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986 . In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016 , current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988 , the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants . No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess , carry , or show a draft card , and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card . Year Total draftees 1917 516,212 1918 2,294,084 1940 18,633 1941 923,842 1942 3,033,361 1943 3,323,970 1944 1,591,942 1945 945,862 1946 183,383 1947 0 1948 20,348 1949 9,781 1950 219,771 1951 551,806 1952 438,479 1953 473,806 1954 253,230 1955 152,777 1956 137,940 1957 138,504 1958 142,246 1959 96,143 1960 86,602 1961 118,586 1962 82,060 1963 119,265 1964 112,386 1965 230,991 1966 382,010 1967 228,263 1968 296,406 1969 283,586 1970 162,746 1971 94,092 1972 49,514 1973 646 As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration , laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid , federal grants and loans , certain government benefits , eligibility for most federal employment , and ( if the person is an immigrant ) eligibility for citizenship , a young man had to be registered ( or had to have been registered , if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26 ) with Selective Service . Those who were required to register , but failed to do so before they turn 26 , are no longer allowed to register , and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits , unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful . There is a procedure to provide an `` information letter '' to the Selective Service for those in these situations , for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday . Most states , as well as the District of Columbia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Virgin Islands , have passed laws requiring registration for men 18 -- 25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per - jurisdiction basis but typically include driver 's licenses , state - funded higher education benefits , and state government jobs . Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend . Eight states ( Connecticut , Indiana , Nebraska , Oregon , Vermont , Washington , and Wyoming ) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements , though Indiana does give men 18 -- 25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card . The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18 -- 25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses , learner permits , or non-driver identification cards . There are some third - party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits , including the Fund for Education and Training ( FEAT ) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants . Alien or dual - national registrant status ( edit ) Some registrants are not American citizens , or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country ; they fall instead into one of the following categories : Alien or Dual National : An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States . A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country . They are defined in four classes . A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year . When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more , the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4 - C. In computing the length of such periods , any portion of one day shall be counted as a day . He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year . To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1 - 151 ( Alien Registration Receipt Card ) , showing his date of entry into the United States . If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods , he must furnish documentation for each period of residence . A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year 's residence in the US , but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence . A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled . He may be classified in Class 4 - C only for the period he resides outside of the United States . Upon his return to the United States , he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office . A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration . He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status . A registrant , lawfully admitted for permanent residence , as defined in Paragraph ( 2 ) of Section 101 ( a ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 , as amended ( 66 Stat. 163 , 8 U.S.C. 1101 ) who , by reason of their occupational status , is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph ( 15 ) ( A ) , ( 15 ) ( E ) , or ( 15 ) ( G ) or section 101 ( a ) . In this case , the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights , privileges , exemptions , and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status . To support this claim , the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status . Dual national : The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time . The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status . Treaty alien : Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien 's country of origin , the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States . However , once this exemption is taken , he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national . Nevertheless , an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization . Legal issues ( edit ) The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I , Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress `` shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies ( and ) To provide and maintain a Navy ; '' The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions . The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits `` involuntary servitude '' . These challenges , however , have not been supported by the courts ; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry ( 1916 ) : The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government , and the term ' involuntary servitude ' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which , in practical operation , would tend to produce like undesirable results . It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional , and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state , such as services in the army , militia , on the jury , etc . During the First World War , the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States ( 1918 ) , also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases , that the draft did not violate the Constitution . Later , during the Vietnam War , a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States ( 1968 ) . Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980 , the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act : Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) , upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft ; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group ( MPIRG ) , 468 U.S. 841 ( 1984 ) , upholding the constitutionality of the `` Solomon Amendment '' , which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration , either by having registered or by not being required to register ; Wayte v. United States , 470 U.S. 598 ( 1985 ) , upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the `` most vocal '' non-registrants for prosecution , after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution ; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury , 567 U.S. ____ ( 2012 ) , regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants . Exemption of women ( edit ) Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to `` male persons '' in stating who must register and who would be drafted . For women to be required to register with the Selective Service , Congress would have to amend the law , which currently exempts women from registration . The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg , with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment . The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress ' decision to exempt women from registration . The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops . Since women are excluded from combat , Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft , and therefore decided not to register them . At the request of President Bill Clinton , the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994 , noting that because women are excluded by policy from front - line combat positions , excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD 's view . Although no conclusions were reached , DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand . The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure , if given the mission and additional funding . On January 23 , 2013 , the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions . Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements . In July 2015 , a 17 - year - old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft . The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft . The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4 , 2013 , Case Number 2 : 13 - cv - 02391 - DSF - MAN . The case was dismissed on July 29 , 2013 , and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25 , 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Oral argument before a 3 - judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8 , 2015 . On February 19 , 2016 , the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness , and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues . Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male - only draft registration , Kyle v. Selective Service System , is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey . Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register , to prohibit the President from ordering women to register , and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register . On June 15 , 2016 , the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration . 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure . Structure and operation ( edit ) The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States . The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States . During peacetime , the agency comprises a National Headquarters , three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center . Even during peacetime , the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards . During a mobilization ( draft ) , the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters , 400 + Area Offices as well as 40 + Alternative Service Offices . The agency 's budget for the 2015 -- 2016 fiscal year was about $23 million . In early 2016 , the agency said that if women were required to register , its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year , and slightly less in subsequent years . This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act . Costs of investigating , prosecuting , and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice . Mobilization ( draft ) procedures ( edit ) The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations . Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions , or through separate legislation , so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work . Different procedures would be followed for a special - skills draft , such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System ( HCPDS ) . Congress and the President authorize a draft : The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply . Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower . The Lottery : A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service . The first to be called , in a sequence determined by the lottery , will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place , followed , if needed , by those aged 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 and 18 year olds ( in that order ) . All parts of the Selective Service System are activated : The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty . Physical , mental and moral evaluation of registrants : Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical , mental , and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) to determine whether they are fit for military service . Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation , a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption , postponement , or deferment . Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent : Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims / appeals . Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders . An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction . First draftees are inducted : According to current plans , Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis . Lottery procedures ( edit ) If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft , a lottery would be held in full view of the public . First , all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random . Second , the numbers 1 -- 365 ( 1 -- 366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year ) are placed into a second capsule . These two capsules are certified for procedure , sealed in a drum , and stored . In the event of a draft , the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with . The lottery then takes place , and each date is paired with a number at random . For example , if January 16 is picked from the `` date '' capsule and the number 59 picked from the `` number '' capsule , all men of age 20 born on January 16 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices . This process continues until all dates are matched with a number . Should all dates be used , the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20 , then 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 19 , and 18 . Once all dates are paired , the dates will be sent to Selective Service System 's Data Management Center . Classifications ( edit ) 1948 -- 1976 ( edit ) Class Categories ( 1948 -- 1975 ) 1 - A Available for unrestricted military service . 1 - A-O Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . 1 - C Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . Enlisted ( Enl . ) : member who volunteered for service . Inducted ( Ind . ) : member who was conscripted into service . Discharged ( Dis . ) : member released after completing service ; later changed to Class 4 - A. Separated ( Sep . ) : member released before completing service ; may be recalled to service if their status has changed . 1 - D Members of a reserve component ( Reserves or National Guard ) , students taking military training ( Service Academy , Senior Military College , or ROTC ) , or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants ( 1942 -- 1975 ) . 1 - D-D Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - D-E Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - H Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service . Note : Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976 , all registrants ( except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act ) were classified 1 - H regardless of any previous classification . 1 - O Conscientious objector to all military service . A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral , ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . 1 - O-S Conscientious objector to all military service ( Separated ) . A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service . 1 - S ( H ) Student deferred by statute ( High School ) . Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20 . 1 - S ( C ) Student deferred by statute ( College ) . Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student 's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior . 1 - W Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . 1 - W-R ( Released ) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service . This was later changed to Class 4 - W . 1 - Y Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency . Note : The 1 - Y classification was abolished December 10 , 1971 . Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1 - Y registrants by administrative action . 2 - A Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation . Also includes deferments due to full - time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school , community or junior college , or an approved apprenticeship program . 2 - B Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense : ( Defense contractor or reserved occupation ) . This exemption was discontinued in 1951 . 2 - C Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation . 2 - D Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was created in December 1971 . Previously considered part of Class 4 - D . 2 - S Registrant deferred because of collegiate study . Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24 . Exemption was discontinued in December 1971 . It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine , dentistry , veterinary medicine , osteopathy and optometry , and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree . The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967 . 3 - A Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents . 3 - A-S Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents ( Separated ) . Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status . The registrant 's deferment can last no longer than six months , after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist . 4 - A Registrant who has completed military service . 4 - A-A Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . 4 - B Official deferred by law . 4 - C Alien or dual national . 4 - D Minister of religion , formally ordained by a recognized religion , and serving as a full - time minister with a church and congregation . 4 - E Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service . Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required . Created in 1948 ; changed to Class 1 - O in 1951 . 4 - F Registrant not acceptable for military service . To be eligible for Class 4 - F , a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station ( MEPS ) under the established physical , mental , or moral standards . The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40 - 501 . 4 - G Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status . 4 - T Treaty Alien . 4 - W Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction . 5 - A Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken ( currently 26 + years ) or ( where applicable ) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken ( currently 35 + years ) . Present ( edit ) If a draft were authorized by Congress , without any other changes being made in the law , local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service . According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 , Chapter XVI , Sec . 1630.2 , men would be sorted into the following categories : Class Present categories 1 - A Available for unrestricted military service . 1 - A-O Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only . 1 - C Member of the Armed Forces of the United States , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , or the Public Health Service . 1 - D-D Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - D-E Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training . 1 - H Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction . Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted . All current registrants are classified 1 - H until they reach the age of exemption , when they then receive the classification of 5 - A . 1 - O Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . 1 - O-S Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces ( including their reserve components ) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces . Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker . 1 - W Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service . They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service ( currently 24 consecutive months ) . 2 - D Divinity student ; deferred from military service . 3 - A Hardship deferment ; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families 3 - A-S Hardship deferment ; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families 4 - A Registrant who has completed military service ; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency . 4 - B Official deferred by law . 4 - C Alien or dual national ; sometimes exempt from military service . 4 - D Ministers of religion ; exempted from military service . 4 - F Registrant not acceptable for military service . This maybe because of learning disabilities , drug abuse or alcoholism , criminal record or mental health problems , being an amputee / tetraplegia , etc . 4 - G Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status . 4 - T Treaty Alien . Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country , and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States . 4 - W Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service ( currently a period of 24 consecutive months ) . 4 - A-A Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation . Directors ( edit ) Director Tenure Appointed by 1 . Clarence Addison Dykstra 1940 - 10 - 15 -- 1941 - 04 - 01 Franklin D. Roosevelt 2 . Lewis Blaine Hershey 1941 - 07 - 31 -- 1970 - 02 - 15 Franklin D. Roosevelt Dee Ingold 1970 - 02 - 15 -- 1970 - 04 - 06 ( Acting ) 3 . Curtis W. Tarr 1970 - 04 - 06 -- 1972 - 05 - 01 Richard Nixon Byron V. Pepitone 1972 - 05 - 01 -- 1973 - 04 - 01 ( Acting ) 4 . Byron V. Pepitone 1973 - 04 - 02 -- 1977 - 07 - 31 Richard Nixon Robert E. Shuck 1977 - 08 - 01 -- 1979 - 11 - 25 ( Acting ) 5 . Bernard D. Rostker 1979 - 11 - 26 -- 1981 - 07 - 31 Jimmy Carter James G. Bond 1981 - 08 - 01 -- 1981 - 10 - 30 ( Acting ) 6 . Thomas K. Turnage 1981 - 10 - 30 -- 1986 - 03 - 23 Ronald Reagan Wilfred L. Ebel 1986 - 03 - 24 -- 1987 - 07 - 08 ( Acting ) Jerry D. Jennings 1987 - 07 - 09 -- 1987 - 12 - 17 ( Acting ) 7 . Samuel K. Lessey Jr . 1987 - 12 - 18 -- 1991 - 03 - 07 Ronald Reagan 8 . Robert W. Gambino 1991 - 03 - 08 -- 1994 - 01 - 31 George H.W. Bush G. Huntington Banister 1994 - 02 - 01 -- 1994 - 10 - 06 ( Acting ) 9 . Gil Coronado 1994 - 10 - 07 -- 2001 - 05 - 23 Bill Clinton 10 . Alfred V. Rascon 2001 - 05 - 24 -- 2003 - 01 - 02 George W. Bush Lewis C. Brodsky 2003 - 01 - 03 -- 2004 - 04 - 28 ( Acting ) Jack Martin 2004 - 04 - 29 -- 2004 - 11 - 28 ( Acting ) 11 . William A. Chatfield 2004 - 11 - 29 -- 2009 - 05 - 29 George W. Bush Ernest E. Garcia 2009 - 05 - 29 -- 2009 - 12 - 04 ( Acting ) 12 . Lawrence Romo 2009 - 12 - 04 -- 2017 - 01 - 20 Barack Obama Adam J. Copp 2017 - 01 - 20 -- 2017 - 04 - 13 ( Acting ) 13 . Donald M. Benton 2017 - 04 - 13 -- present Donald Trump See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military of the United States portal Advanced Service Rating Score , the demobilization points system employed by the US Army at the conclusion of World War II Civilian Public Service Conscription in the United States Draft - card burning Draft evasion Lodge - Philbin Act Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations Registering for the draft in China , a similar system in mainland China . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Quick Facts and Figures from the Selective Service System website ^ Jump up to : Who must register ? , When to register , Selective Service System . Jump up ^ http://www.sss.gov:80/Status.html ^ Jump up to : `` Change of Information '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Selective Service Lacks Staff To Carry Out Military Draft , GAO Reports '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Failure Of Registrants To Report Address Changes Would Diminish Fairness Of Induction Processing , GAO report FPCD - 82 - 45 ( PDF ) . General Accounting Office . September 24 , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Benefits and Programs Linked to Registration Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , from the Selective Service System website Jump up ^ `` Jamrs Affiliations '' . Jamrs.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Selective Service System ( World War I ) '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Geva , Dorit ( October 2011 ) . `` Different and Unequal ? Breadwinning , Dependency Deferments , and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System '' . Armed Forces & Society . 37 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Induction-Statistics , accessed 4 July 2016 Jump up ^ Holbrook , Heber A . The Crisis Years : 1940 and 1941 at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 13 , 2005 ) , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review , 4 July 2001 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 80 -- 26 , 61 Stat. 31 , enacted March 31 , 1947 ^ Jump up to : United States v. Groupp , 459 F. 2d 178 , at para 4 ( 1st Cir. 26 April 1972 ) . Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress . `` AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 ... '' ( pdf ) . United States Government Printing Office . ( Pub. L. 91 -- 124 , 83 Stat. 220 , enacted November 26 , 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam Lotteries '' . Selective Service System . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1971 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1972 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1973 '' . Selective Service System . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Janowitz , Morris and Charles C. Moskos , Jr . `` Five Years of the All - Volunteer Force : 1973 -- 1978 '' . Armed Forces & Society , January 1979 ; vol. 5 : pp. 171 -- 218 . http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171 Jump up ^ http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/steve-ford/ Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford : Proclamation 4360 - Selective Service Registration '' . Jump up ^ `` Background of Selective Service '' . Selective Service System . United States Government . April 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation 4771 -- Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Military Selective Service Act '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` US sends military draft notices to men born in the 1800s '' . BBC News . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 - To repeal the Military Selective Service Act , and thereby terminate the registration requirements of such Act and eliminate civilian local boards , civilian appeal boards , and similar local agencies of the Selective Service System . '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4523 -- To repeal the Military Selective Service Act ... '' . Thomas . Library of Congress . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S. 3041 - Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act '' . US Congress . Jump up ^ `` Amendment to H.R. 4909 offered by Mr. Hunter of California '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4909 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 '' . Congress.gov . Library of Congress . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lardner , Richard ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` The GOP - led Senate Armed Services Committee has seconded a call by its counterpart in the House to require women to register for a military draft '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` House Committee votes to extend draft registration to women '' . The Practical Nomad . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Segal , Alexander . `` Male Immigrants and Selective Service '' . Jump up ^ Brethren Witness , Peace and Justice , `` Conscientious Objection '' . brethren.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Peace Fellowship '' . Jewish Peace Fellowship . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oym Generic Page '' . Ohioyearlymeeting.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` objector.org '' . Jump up ^ The Registry for Conscientious Objection Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` MedicalDraft.info '' . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Personnel Delivery System regulations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ How does the Military Selective Service Act apply to individuals who have had a sex change ? `` Selective Service '' . sss.gov . Jump up ^ `` Hudson 's Guide : Selective Service and Trans Men '' . ftmguide.org . Jump up ^ 32 C.F.R. 1621.1 Jump up ^ `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Gender - Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons : It 's unlikely any would face prison , but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SSS Information Letter procedure '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : State / Commonwealth Information from the Selective Service System website Jump up ^ `` Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation Jump up ^ `` Fund for Education and Training '' . CenteronConscience.org . Jump up ^ `` Student Aid Fund for Nonregistrants '' . mennolink.org . Jump up ^ `` ( Class 4 - C ) Selective Service System : Information for Registrants Booklet '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Aliens and Dual Nationals '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1426 Jump up ^ Title 8 , Code of Federal Regulations , Section 315.2 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Butler v Perry ( 1916 ) '' . Law.umkc.edu. 1916 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Butler v. Perry 240 U.S. 328 ( 1916 ) Jump up ^ Arver v. United States 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Holmes v. United States , 391 U.S. 936 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women Are n't Required to Register '' . Jump up ^ `` Rostker v. Goldberg , 453 U.S. 57 ( 1981 ) '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Military to open combat jobs to women '' . CNN . 2013 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Legal Implications of Lifting the Combat Restrictions '' . 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : Women in the draft ? It could happen '' . Daily Record . 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/04/action/ncfm-sues-selective-service-for-requiring-only-men-to-register-for-the-draft/ Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/07/action/ncfms-opposition-to-the-federal-governments-motion-to-dismiss-ncfms-lawsuit-against-the-selective-service-system/ Jump up ^ http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3981235/1983029408/name/04-04-13%20Court%26%2339%3Bs%20Docket%20for%20NCFM%20v.%20SSS%20Lawsuit%25 Jump up ^ `` National Coalition for Men et al v. Selective Service System et al '' . Justia Dockets & Filings . Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2014/06/action/ncfm-files-opening-appellate-brief-in-ncfm-v-selective-service-system/ Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Extend draft registration to women -- or end it ? '' . The Practical Nomad . Edward Hasbrouck . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress '' . WorldBeyonfdWar.org . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Registration , Draft Resistance , the Military Draft , and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft '' . Resisters.info . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Senator Mike Lee Pushes to Definitively Bar Women from the Draft '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Plott , Elaina . `` Rubio and Cruz to Co-Sponsor Legislation to Leave Draft Changes to Congress '' . NationalReview.com . National Review . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/senate-passes-defense-bill-including-women-in-draft-224316 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/283631-clinton-backs-mandatory-draft-for-women Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Director 's Biography '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : About the Agency '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Publications '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Draft Registration for Women Would Stir a Sleepy Government Agency '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Return to the Draft - Sequence of Events '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : Selective Service Lottery '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classifications '' . www.sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , Subtitle B , Chapter XVI , Part 1630 , Code of Federal Regulations '' . Office of the Federal Register ( OFR ) and the Government Publishing Office . 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Past Directors Of The Selective Service System '' . Sss.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official website Selective Service System in the Federal Register VIAF : 152430368 LCCN : n79059877 ISNI : 0000 0001 0727 298X NLA : 41689432 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_System&oldid=804543060 '' Categories : Civil registries Independent agencies of the United States government Conscription in the United States Government agencies established in 1917 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch עברית Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 03 . About Wikipedia | who is required to register for the selective service | [
"Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[35] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.",
"Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[35] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system."
] | [
"all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age",
"non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register"
] |
4507286986643392189 | The Great British Bake Off (series 4) | The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 20 August ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) -- 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 3 Next → Series 5 The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013 . Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges . As with series three , the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme , and 100 were selected for screen test , with the best 60 advancing to a three - day audition . From these , 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted . The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Desserts 3.4 Episode 4 : Pies and Tarts 3.5 Episode 5 : Biscuits and Traybakes 3.6 Episode 6 : Sweet Dough 3.7 Episode 7 : Pastry 3.8 Episode 8 : Quarter Final 3.9 Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Masterclasses 3.11. 1 Episode 1 3.11. 2 Episode 2 3.11. 3 Episode 3 3.11. 4 Episode 4 3.11. 5 Christmas Masterclass 4 Controversy 5 Post-show career 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References 8 External links Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age ( on show debut ) Occupation ( on show ) Hometown Links Ali Imdad 25 Charity worker Saltley , Birmingham Beca Lyne - Pirkis 31 Military Wives ' Choir Singer Aldershot , Hampshire Christine Wallace 66 Director of an engraving company Didcot , Oxfordshire Deborah Manger 51 Dentist Peterborough Frances Quinn 31 Children 's Clothes Designer Market Harborough , Leicestershire Glenn Cosby 37 English Teacher Teignmouth , Devon Howard Middleton 51 Council Worker Sheffield Kimberley Wilson 30 Psychologist London Lucy Bellamy 38 Horticulturist Grimsby , Lincolnshire Mark Onley 37 Carpenter & Kitchen Fitter Milton Keynes Robert Smart 54 Space Satellite Designer Melbourn , Cambridgeshire Ruby Tandoh 20 History of Art and Philosophy Student Southend , Essex Toby Waterworth 30 Web Programmer Reading , Berkshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frances SB WINNER Kimberley SB SB Runner Up Ruby SB SB SB Runner Up Beca OUT Christine SB SB OUT Glenn OUT Howard OUT Robert SB OUT Ali OUT Deborah OUT Mark OUT Lucy OUT Toby OUT Colour key : Baker got through to the next round Baker was eliminated Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker . Baker was the series runner - up Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The bakers were given two hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge . For their first technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry 's recipe in two and half hours . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake . They were given four hours for this bake . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Sandwich Cake ) Technical ( Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Cake ) Ali Rose and Pistachio Cake 11th Chocolate , Raspberry and Passion Fruit Engagement Cake Beca Grapefruit Sandwich Cake 8th Chocolate Cherry Indulgence Christine Strawberry , Vanilla and Rosewater Summer Basket 3rd Chocolate and Orange ' Fripperous ' Hat Cake Deborah Pineapple Cake 9th ' Coffee Time ' Frances Giant Jam Sandwich 7th Secret Squirrel Cake Glenn Strawberries and Cream Cake 4th Almond and Espresso Chocolate Cake Howard Passion Fruit and Coconut Cake 6th Black Forest Revisited Kimberley Blood Orange Cake 10th Chocolate , Raspberry and Basil Layer Cake Lucy Timperley Early Cake 2nd Thyme ' Wildwood ' Cake Mark Lemon and Poppy Seed Cake 5th Chocolate Monster Robert Pecan and Apple Sandwich Cake 1st Raspberry Chocolate Cake Ruby Rhubarb and Custard Sandwich Cake 12th Chocolate and Ginger Night Sky Cake Toby Spiced and Iced Carrot Cake 13th Two Tiered Chocolate Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) The bakers were asked to make in two hours 36 breadsticks , all made using yeast , of at least 25 cm ( 10 inches ) in length , and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap . For the technical challenge , the bakers have to make eight English muffin using Paul 's recipe in two and three quarter hours . For the final bake , an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in four hours . Baker Signature ( 36 Bread Sticks ) Technical ( English Muffin ) Showstopper ( Decorative Loaf ) Ali Italian Grissini 9th Sweet ( White Chocolate & Apricots ) and Savoury ( Chicken Tikka & Paneer ) Yin Yang Bread Beca Fennel and Chilli Breadsticks 11th Five Strand ( Spiced Sultana and Honey ) Christmas Wreath Christine Mediterranean Breadsticks with Oregano 4th Double Plaited Loaf Deborah Fennel & Chilli Breadsticks 8th Walnut Fleur Loaf Frances Giant Matchsticks 2nd Sailor 's Knot Glenn Rosemary and Parmesan Grissini 7th Harvest Crown Howard Moroccan Breadsticks 10th Picasso Sun Bread ( Oregano and Orange Zest ) Kimberley Nigella Seed and Parmesan Breadsticks 1st Peace Bread ( Za'atar Spice Mix and Garlic ) Lucy Grissini with Salt 12th Roast Tomato Bread Mark Rosemary & Raisin Breadsticks 6th Sage & Garlic Plait Robert Twisty Rye Bread Sticks 5th Tribute Loaf Ruby Mexican Breadsticks 3rd White Chocolate and Orange Peacock Bread Episode 3 : desserts ( edit ) For the first challenge of the episode the bakers were asked to make a Trifle of their own choice , using Ladyfingers , Sponge or Biscuit for the base and either Jam or Custard for the middle layer . For their second challenge , the bakers were required to bake in an hour and a half Floating Islands using a recipe of Mary Berry . For the show - stopper , the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours , twelve biscuit based , twelve sponge based , to be finished in three hours . Baker Signature ( Trifle ) Technical ( Floating Islands ) Showstopper ( 24 Petit Fours ) Ali Coconut , Raspberry and Lemon Meringue Trifle 5th Vanilla Latte Mini Cakes Lime & Mint Shortbread Pops Beca Orange and Ginger Trifle 10th Limoncello and Blueberry Bursts Millionaire Shortbread Christine Caribbean Pina Colada Trifle 4th Ninety - Niners Sachertorte Parcels Deborah Tropical Trifle * 9th Canelé Cherry and Chocolate Cakes Rose Cookies Frances Apple and Blackberry Crumble Trifle 8th ' Ballet Bites ' Ginger Nutcrackers Sugar Plum Fairy Cakes Glenn Raspberry and Almond Trifle 1st Billionaire Bouchées Orange Financiers Howard Caramel and Apple Trifle * 7th Black Coffee and Cardamom Cakes White Stilton and Pear Biscuits Kimberley Peach , Almond and Ginger Trifle 6th Chocolate Pistachio Financiers Lemon Bergamot Biscuits Mark Ginger , Mango and Passion Fruit Trifle 11th Rose and Pistachio Macaroons Chocolate and Raspberry Bites Robert Rhubarb and Orange Trifle 2nd Almond Friands Turǫn Macaroons Ruby Desert Island Trifle 3rd Lemon Shortbread and White Chocolate Seashells Blackberry and Chocolate Layer Cakes In this challenge , Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard . As a result , Howard used Deborah 's custard in his trifle . Episode 4 : pies and tarts ( edit ) For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a Double - crusted Fruit Pie with a filling of their choice . For their fourth Technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake a Tart that has almost a 700 - year history ; the Egg Custard Tart . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a Filo Pie centrepiece using the Filo pastry that they had made from scratch . Baker Signature ( Double - Crusted Fruit Pie ) Technical ( Egg Custard Tarts ) Showstopper ( Filo Pie ) Ali Apple and Ginger Pie with a Pecan and Walnut Shortcrust Pastry 8th Orange , Cardamom and Date M'Hanncha Beca Mamgu 's Cherry - Apple Tart 2nd Moroccan Vegetable Filo Feast Christine Granny Rogers ' Apple , Plum & Cinnamon Country Pie 7th Roasted Vegetable Filo Pie with Feta Cheese Frances Peach Pie In the Sky 1st Cherry Tree Baklava Filo Pie Glenn Apple and Maple Syrup Pie 9th Spanakopita Howard Apple Pie with Sage Pastry 5th Fresh Fig and Feta Filo Flan Kimberley Pecan and Rosemary Caramel Apple Pie 4th Chicken , Bacon and Butternut Squash Pie Robert Apple and Pear Pie with Thyme 3rd Spanakopita with St George 's Mushrooms Ruby Apple and Marzipan Pie 6th Rose , Almond and Raspberry Filo Pie Episode 5 : biscuits and traybakes ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were asked to make their favorite traybake in two hours and cut into identical pieces . Everything made as part of the traybake however needed to be made from scratch . In the technical challenge , the bakers needed to make 18 tuiles using Mary 's recipe in one and a half hour . Half of the tuiles needed to be shaped in the traditional manner and piped in a concentric circles , and the other rolled up and dipped in chocolate . In the last challenge , the baker had to make a biscuit tower of at least 30 cm high , to be finished in four hours . Baker Signature ( Traybake ) Technical ( Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse ) Showstopper ( Biscuit Tower ) Beca Chocolate , Cherry and Hazelnut Brownies 5th Tiered Macaron and Sugar Dough Biscuit Centrepiece Christine Mixed Berry and Almond Crumble Traybake 1st Shortbread Bavarian Clock Tower Frances Millionaire Banoffee Bonus 3rd Biscuits , Buttons and Beads Glenn Apricot and Pistachio Tiffin 2nd Shortbread and Macaron Helter - Skelter Howard Breakfast Traybake 8th Japanese Pagoda Tea Tower Kimberley Cherry and Almond Bakewell Florentine Slice 7th Black and White Viennese Biscuit Stack Robert Blueberry and Orange Traybake 4th Dalek Ruby Blackberry and Lemon Bakewell Slice 6th ' Dropped Ice - Cream ' Biscuit Centrepiece Episode 6 : sweet dough ( edit ) In the first challenge , the bakers were required to make a sweet tea loaf using yeast , either in a tin or free form . They were given 3 hours for the task . For the technical challenge , the bakers baked an apricot couronne using Paul 's recipe in two and three - quarter hours . For the showstopper , the bakers needed to make two different varieties of European sweet buns , 12 of each . The bakers were given 30 minutes to start in the first day so that dough may be proofed overnight , to be finished the second day in four hours . Baker Signature ( Tea Loaf ) Technical ( Apricot Couronne ) Showstopper ( 24 Sweet European Buns ) Beca Bara Brith 6th Chocolate and Rum - Soaked Prune Brioches Cardamom Spiced Lemon Iced Buns Christine Oxford Nutty Fruit Loaf 4th Schnecken Buns Vanilla Custard Skolebrød Frances Chai Tea Loaf 2nd Hot Cross Brioches Rhubarb and Custard Kolaches Glenn Devonshire Panettone 5th Almond and Apricot Brioches Sticky Caramel Kanelbullen Howard Date and Hemp Yorkshire Loaf 7th Peachy Buns German Baumschnecken Kimberley Chai - Spiced Ginger and Date Tea Loaf 3rd Double Chocolate and Hazelnut Brioches Danish Kanelsnurrer Ruby Citrus Tea Loaf 1st Twisted Swedish Kanelbullar Saffron St. Lucia Buns Episode 7 : pastry ( edit ) The bakers are challenged to bring the old fashioned suet pudding back up to date for the signature challenge . In the technical bake , the bakers are challenged to create eight perfect religieuse ; these are choux buns that are topped with ganache and filled with crème patissiere then carefully balanced one on top of the other . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers have 4 hours to make three different types of puffed pastries ; one must be filled , another has to be iced and the final one is of their choice . Baker Signature ( Suet Pudding ) Technical ( Religieuses ) Showstopper ( 36 Puff Pastry Canapés ) Beca Spring Lamb and Vegetable Suet Pudding with Redcurrant Gravy 1st Nectarine and Frangipane Squares Chocolate and Hazelnut Vol - au - vents Strawberries and Cream Mille - feuille Christine Spotted Dick ' With a Kick ' and Vanilla Custard Ice Cream 6th Eccles Cakes Fresh Fruit Baskets Lemon Cream Eton Mess Mille - feuille Frances Figgy Roll - y Poly Pudding with Caramelised Walnut and Honey Ice Cream 5th French Framboise Cream Horns Sheet Music Mille - feuille Bass Clef Palmiers Glenn Prune and Armagnac Pudding with Boozy Butterscotch Sauce 3rd Caramelised Apple and Marzipan Tartlets Chocolate Elephant Ears Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Kimberley Barberry and Apple Spotted Dick with Maple Syrup and White Chocolate Custard 4th Pear , Malt and Butterscotch Mille - feuille Blackberry and Lemon Verbena Crème Brûle Custard tarts Fig , Orange and Thyme Galette Ruby Plum Jam Roly - Poly with Ginger Ice Cream 2nd Raspberry and Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Caramelised Apple Lattice Portuguese Custard Tarts Episode 8 : Quarter Final ( edit ) This week in the quarter final , the theme for this week were bakes that were free of something ( e.g. gluten free , dairy free ) . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake a loaf that does not use traditional wheat flours , instead they must use flours such as Spelt , Rye , Potato or Tapioca . The bakers are challenged in the technical bake to make a Dacquoise which consists of 3 layers ; coiled meringue , coffee custard and a hazelnut praline top . For the showstopper , the bakers are pushed out of their comfort zones and asked to create novelty vegetable cakes which must be dairy free Baker Signature ( Wheat - Free Loaf ) Technical ( Hazelnut Dacquoise ) Showstopper ( Dairy - Free Vegetable Cake ) Beca Potato , Spelt and Rosemary Focaccia 4th Spiced Butternut Squash and Pecan ' Cheese ' Cake Christine Multi-Seeded Loaf with Pumpkin , Sesame and Sunflower Seeds 5th Sweet Potato Guitar with Passion Fruit Icing and Marshmallow Fondant Frances ' Chelsea Flour Show ' Bun Bouquet 3rd Hidden Carrot Cake Kimberley Wild Garlic Pesto and Parma Ham Spelt Loaf 2nd Butternut Squash and Spice Cake Toadstool House Ruby Mango and Nigella Seed Spelt Cob 1st Carrot Cake and Pistachio Garden Plot Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was French pastry . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make three different types of savoury canapé ; one must be Choux , another must be Shortcrust or Rough Puff and the third can be anything of their choice . For the Technical bake , the bakers are challenged to make a Charlotte Royal ; made of Swiss roll surrounding a bavarois , it is set with gelatin to form a firm dome when turned out . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake an iconic French Patisserie , the Opera cake Baker Signature ( 36 Canapés ) Technical ( Charlotte Royale ) Showstopper ( Opera Cake ) Beca Stilton and Walnut Macarons Beetroot and Salmon Choux Puffs Welsh Rarebit Tartlets 3rd Banoffee Opera Cake Frances Legume Canapés : Chantenay Carrots Choux Pastry Tomatoes Cauliflower Cheese Scones 2nd Great British Soap Opera Cake Kimberley Pea Purée Tarts Crab and Wasabi Profiteroles Steamed Buns with Barbecue Chicken 1st Passion Fruit and Lime Opera Cake Ruby Beetroot Jelly on Poppy Seed Biscuits Spinach , Parmesan and Egg Tartlets Choux Buns with Goat 's Cheese and Caramelised Onions 4th Chocolate , Almond Praline and Saffron Opera Cake Episode 10 : final ( edit ) In the Signature Challenge , the final three are challenged to create a Picnic Pie . The pie must be savoury , the fillings have to create a creative design and has to be strong enough to be served out of the tin . For the Technical Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make 12 perfectly shaped pretzels ; 6 savoury with rock salt and 6 sweet , flavoured with poppy seeds and topped with sweet orange zest and glaze . For the final Showstopper Challenge of the series , the bakers are asked to bake the ultimate showpiece - a three tiered wedding cake . Baker Signature ( Picnic Pie ) Technical ( Pretzels ) Showstopper ( Wedding Cake ) Frances Rainbow Picnic Pie 3rd Midsummer Night 's Dream Wedding Cake Kimberley Chicken and Pig Pie 1st Languages of Love Wedding Cake Ruby Picnic Basket Pie 2nd Raspberry , Lemon and Passion Fruit Wedding Cake Masterclasses ( edit ) Mary and Paul take over the tent and take on the challenges that they set for the bakers , showing what they would have done had they been in the bakers shoes . Episode 1 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Spiced Whole Orange Cake with Orange Mascarpone Icing Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd Chocolate Creation Showstopper Paul Olive Breadsticks English Muffins Episode 2 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Tipsy Trifle Floating Islands Wobbly Apricot Tart Paul Egg Custard Tarts Spanakopita N / A Episode 3 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Ginger and Treacle Spiced Traybake Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse N / A Paul Iced Tea Loaf Apricot Couronne Brioche Tetes Episode 4 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Sussex Pond Pudding with Apples Religieuses Opera Cake Paul Rye Bread Pretzels N / A Christmas Masterclass ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Mincemeat Streusel Tunis Cake Gingerbread House Paul Stollen Black Bun Boxing Day pie Controversy ( edit ) Before the series started , there was speculation Paul Hollywood would not appear in the show after his marriage broke down . Mary Berry , however , was said to have supported Hollywood over rumours of his possible sacking by BBC , and the BBC later denied the rumours and said that his job is safe . During the series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show , as well as allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Prior to the final , a rash of bets were placed on Frances Quinn to win . Bookmakers were forced to suspend the book after 90 per cent of wagers were placed on Quinn , and led to accusation that show insiders or friends who knew of the result were placing bets on the outcome . This subsequently led to many online media sources speculating Quinn had won , inadvertently leaking the result prematurely . Post-show career ( edit ) Frances Quinn wrote a book , Quinntessential Baking , released on 17 August 2015 . Ruby Tandoh has written a book , Crumb : The Baking Book , published on 25 September 2014 . She took half a year out from the university after the show but has returned to complete her philosophy and history of art course at University College London . She wrote a column on baking for The Guardian . Beca Lyne - Pirkis presented a Welsh language cookery show Becws for S4C starting 11 September 2014 . Glenn Cosby left teaching and launched his own touring stage show Bake it Big . Ali Imdad has set up a bakery business and become a full - time baker . Ratings ( edit ) The show achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . According to overnight data , the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , and averaging over 8 million , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . This episode is the highest - rated show ever on BBC2 under the ratings system first introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by an episode of Top Gear in 2007 . Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels 20 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 6.60 11 27 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 6.65 12 3 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 7.17 13 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) 6.82 18 5 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 6.95 17 6 24 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 7.32 16 7 1 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 7.76 13 8 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 7.41 12 9 15 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 7.41 18 10 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 9.45 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2012 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 3.69 The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 29 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2.73 30 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2.27 10 31 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.21 13 1 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 1.69 24 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Special 17 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 3.39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' returns : First look at series four - Watch '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : Louise Carpenter ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Ben O'Brien ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off returns to the screen - and to East Harptree '' . The Somerset Standard and Guardian . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Great British Bake off is back ! '' . The Daily Express . Jump up ^ Sarah Bull ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` A dentist , a psychologist and a satellite designer : Meet the 13 contestants hoping to impress as The Great British Bake Off returns '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . Daily Mail . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Beca Lyne Pirkis . `` Diet Starts Tomorrow ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Christine Bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Manger '' . Jump up ^ Francis Quinn , Quinntessential Jump up ^ `` Glenn Cosby '' . Jump up ^ Howard Middleton . `` HoMi Baking '' . Jump up ^ `` butimhungrynow '' . butimhungrynow . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lucy Bellamy . `` Lucy B - Female Gardener '' . Jump up ^ Rob Smart . `` Rob Smart Bakes '' . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh . `` Ruby and the Kitchen '' . Jump up ^ Toby Waterworth , Bakedown Jump up ^ Christopher Stevens ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Christopher Stevens reviews The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Alex Ralph ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Next on menu after marriage break - up : Paul Hollywood puts his name on pants '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Don Kaplan ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Reported affair between judges Paul Hollywood and Marcela Valladolid adds spice to baking show '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Simon Cable ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Mary Berry ' could quit Bake Off if pastry chef Paul Hollywood gets the axe ' '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood 's job on The Great British Bake Off is safe , BBC says '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Lucy Crossley ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Did TV insiders bet on Great British Bake Off result ? Bookies claim they were ' burned ' by suspicious backing of winner who was 5 - 2 outsider '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Georgia Morgan ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` Former Great British Bake Off winner Frances Quinn shares recipes for her yummy treats from new book '' . Jump up ^ Leah Hyslop ( 1 Apr 2014 ) . `` Frances Quinn : ' Bake Off was an endurance test ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off finalist Ruby Tandoh lands book deal after NINE publishers fight to sign her '' . Daily Mail . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Siân Ranscombe ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Ruby Tandoh on GBBO , Twitter trolls and her new baking book '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Tandoh '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Kate Rees ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` ' I 'm happy about being the only Welshie on the Great British Bake Off , ' says Beca Lyne - Pirkis '' . Wales Online . Jump up ^ Ruth Dawson ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` Bake Off 's Beca is back with new baking show Becws '' . South Wales Evening Post . Jump up ^ `` Bake it Big with Glenn Cosby -- on tour this summer ! '' . Food Heaven . 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off star Glenn Cosby returns to Bake It Big '' . Exeter Express and Echo. 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the Great British Bake Off bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Season 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Site ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : Crème de la Crème International versions Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_4)&oldid=809122516 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2013 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 07 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | winner of great british bake off season 4 | [
"The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn.[6]"
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-1589177279489559346 | Amazon river dolphin | Amazon river dolphin - wikipedia Amazon river dolphin Amazon river dolphin Size compared to an average human Conservation status Data Deficient ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Infraorder : Cetacea Family : Iniidae Genus : Inia Species : I. geoffrensis Binomial name Inia geoffrensis ( Blainville , 1817 ) Amazon river dolphin range The Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) , also known as the boto , bufeo or pink river dolphin , is a species of toothed whale classified in the family Iniidae . Three subspecies are currently recognized : I. g . geoffrensis ( Amazon river dolphin ) , I. g . boliviensis ( Bolivian river dolphin ) and I. g . humboldtiana ( Orinoco river dolphin ) . The three subspecies are distributed in the Amazon basin , the upper Madeira River in Bolivia , and the Orinoco basin , respectively . The Amazon river dolphin is the largest species of river dolphin , with adult males reaching 185 kilograms ( 408 lb ) in weight , and 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) in length . Adults acquire a pink color , more prominent in males , giving it its nickname `` pink river dolphin '' . Sexual dimorphism is very evident , with males measuring 16 % longer and weighing 55 % more than females . Like other toothed whales , they have a melon , an organ that is used for bio sonar . The dorsal fin , although short in height , is regarded as long , and the pectoral fins are also large . The fin size , unfused vertebrae , and its relative size allow for improved manoeuvrability when navigating flooded forests and capturing prey . They have one of the widest ranging diets among toothed whales , and feed on up to 53 different species of fish , such as croakers , catfish , tetras and piranhas . They also consume other animals such as river turtles and freshwater crabs . In 2008 , this species was ranked by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as being data deficient , due to the uncertainty regarding its population trends and the impact of threats . While hunting is a major threat , in recent decades greater impacts on population have been due to the loss of habitat and inadvertent entanglement in fishing lines . It is the only species of river dolphin kept in captivity , mainly in the United States , Venezuela and Europe ; however , it is difficult to train and a high mortality is seen among captive individuals . Contents 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Subspecies 2 Biology and ecology 2.1 Description 2.2 Longevity 2.3 Behavior 2.4 Courtship 2.5 Reproduction 2.6 Diet 2.7 Echolocation 2.8 Communication 3 Distribution and population 3.1 Habitat 3.2 Migration 4 Interactions with humans 4.1 In captivity 4.2 Threats 4.3 Conservation 4.4 In mythology 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Taxonomy An Amazon river dolphin as depicted in Brehms Tierleben , 1860 's The species Inia geoffrensis was described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1817 . Originally , the Amazon river dolphin belonged to the superfamily Platanistoidea , which constituted all river dolphins , making them a paraphyletic group . Today , however , the Amazon river dolphin has been reclassified into the superfamily Inioidea . There is no consensus on when and how they penetrated the Amazon basin ; they may have done so during the Miocene from the Pacific Ocean , before the formation of the Andes , or from the Atlantic Ocean . There is ongoing debate about the classification of species and subspecies with large international bodies being in disagreement . The IUCN recognizes three subspecies : I. g . geoffrensis ( Amazon river dolphin ) , I. g . boliviensis ( Bolivian river dolphin ) and I. g . humboldtiana ( Orinoco river dolphin ) . While the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy only recognizes the first two of these . However , based on skull morphology in 1994 , it was proposed that I. g . boliviensis was a different species . In 2002 , following the analysis of mitochondrial DNA specimens from the Orinoco basin , the Putumayo River ( tributary of the Amazon ) and the Tijamuchy and Ipurupuru rivers , geneticists proposed that genus Inia be divided into at least two evolutionary lineages : one restricted to the river basins of Bolivia and the other widely distributed in the Orinoco and Amazon . A recent study , with more comprehensive sampling of the Madeira system , including above and below the Teotonio Rapids ( which were thought to obstruct gene flow ) , found that the Inia above the rapids did not possess unique mtDNA . As such the species level distinction once held is not supported by current results . Therefore , the Bolivian river dolphin is currently recognized as a subspecies . In addition , a 2014 study identifies a third species in the Araguaia - Tocantins basin , but this designation is not recognized by any international organization and the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy suggests this analysis is not persuasive . Subspecies The Bolivian river dolphin is a subspecies of Inia geoffrensis Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis inhabits most of the Amazon River , including rivers Tocantins , Araguaia , low Xingu and Tapajos , the Madeira to the rapids of Porto Velho , and rivers Purus , Yurua , Ica , Caqueta , Branco , and the Rio Negro through the channel of Casiquiare to San Fernando de Atabapo in the Orinoco river , including its tributary : the Guaviare . Inia geoffrensis boliviensis has populations in the upper reaches of the Madeira River , upstream of the rapids of Teotonio , in Bolivia . It is confined to the Mamore River and its main tributary , the Iténez . Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana are located in the Orinoco River basin , including the Apure and Meta rivers . This subspecies is restricted , at least during the dry season , to the waterfalls of Rio Negro rapids in the Orinoco between Samariapo and Puerto Ayacucho , and the Casiquiare canal . This subspecies is not recognized by the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy , but is recognized by the IUCN . Biology and ecology Description Male Amazon river dolphins are either solid pink or mottled grey / pink . The Amazon river dolphin is the largest river dolphin . Adult males reach a maximum length and weight of 2.55 metres ( 8.4 ft ) ( average 2.32 metres ( 7.6 ft ) ) and 185 kilograms ( 408 lb ) ( average 154 kilograms ( 340 lb ) ) , while females reach a length and weight of 2.15 metres ( 7.1 ft ) ( mean 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) ) and 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) ( average 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) ) . It has very evident sexual dimorphism , with males measuring and weighing between 16 % and 55 % more than females , making it unique among cetaceans , where females are generally larger than males . The texture of the body is robust and strong but flexible . Unlike oceanic dolphins ; the cervical vertebrae are not fused , allowing the head to turn 90 degrees . The flukes are broad and triangular , and the dorsal fin , which is keel - shaped , is short in height but very long , extending from the middle of the body to the caudal region . The pectoral fins are large and paddle - shaped . The length of its fins allows the animal to perform a circular movement , allowing for exceptional maneuverability to swim through the flooded forest but decreasing its speed . The body color varies with age . Newborns and the young have a dark grey tint , which in adolescence transforms into light grey , and in adults turns pink as a result of repeated abrasion of the skin surface . Males tend to be pinker than females due to more frequent trauma from intra-species aggression . The color of adults varies between solid and mottled pink and in some adults the dorsal surface is darker . It is believed that the difference in color depends on the temperature , water transparency , and geographical location . There is one albino on record , kept in an aquarium in Germany . Amazon river dolphins have a heterodont dentition The skull of the species is slightly asymmetrical compared to the other toothed whales . It has a long , thin snout , with 25 to 28 pairs of long and slender teeth to each side of both jaws . Dentition is heterodont , meaning that the teeth differ in shape and length , with differing functions for both grabbing and crushing prey . Anterior teeth are conical and later have ridges on the inside of the crown . Despite small eyes , the species seems to have good eyesight in and out of the water . It has a melon on the head , the shape of which can be modified by muscular control when used for biosonar . Breathing takes place every 30 to 110 seconds . Longevity Apure the dolphin lived for forty years at the Duisburg Zoo Life expectancy of the Amazon river dolphin in the wild is unknown , but in captivity , the longevity of healthy individuals has been recorded at between ten and thirty years . However , the average longevity in captive animals is only 33 months . An individual named Apure at Duisburg Zoo , Germany , is estimated to have lived more than forty years , being captured from the wild at age nine . Behavior The Amazon river dolphin are commonly seen singly or in twos , but may also occur in pods that rarely contain more than eight individuals . Pods as large as 37 individuals have been seen in the Amazon , but average is three . In the Orinoco , the largest observed groups number 30 , but average is just above five . Typically , social bonds occur between mother and child , but may also been seen in heterogeneous groups or bachelor groups . The largest congregations are seen in areas with abundant food , and at the mouths of rivers . There is significant segregation during the rainy season , with males occupying the river channels , while females and their offspring are located in flooded areas . However , in the dry season , there is no such separation . Due to the high level of prey fish , larger group - sizes are seen in large sections that are directly influenced by whitewater ( such as main rivers and lakes , especially during low water season ) than in smaller sections influenced by blackwater ( such as channels and smaller tributaries ) . In their freshwater habitat they are apex predators and gatherings depend more on food sources and habitat availability than in oceanic dolphins where protection from larger predators is necessary . Captive studies have shown that the Amazon river dolphin is less shy than the bottlenose dolphin , but also less sociable . It is very curious and has a remarkable lack of fear of foreign objects . However , dolphins in captivity may not show the same behavior that they do in their natural environment , where they have been reported to hold the oars of the fishermen , rub against the boat , pluck underwater plants , and play with sticks , logs , clay , turtles , snakes , and fish . They are slow swimmers ; they commonly travel at speeds of 1.5 to 3.2 kilometres per hour ( 0.93 to 1.99 mph ) but have been recorded to swim at speeds up to 14 to 22 kilometres per hour ( 8.7 to 13.7 mph ) . When they surface , the tips of the snout , melon and dorsal fins appear simultaneously , the tail rarely showing before diving . They can also shake their fins , and pull their tail fin and head above the water to observe the environment . They occasionally jump out of the water , sometimes as high as a meter ( 3.14 ft ) . They are harder to train than most other species of dolphin . Courtship Adult males have been observed carrying objects in their mouths such as branches or other floating vegetation , or balls of hardened clay . The males appear to carry these objects as a socio - sexual display which is part of their mating system . The behavior is `` triggered by an unusually large number of adult males and / or adult females in a group , or perhaps it attracts such into the group . A plausible explanation of the results is that object - carrying is aimed at females and is stimulated by the number of females in the group , while aggression is aimed at other adult males and is stimulated by object - carrying in the group . '' Before determining that the species had an evident sexual dimorphism , it was postulated that the river dolphins were monogamous . Later , it was shown that males were larger than females and are documented wielding an aggressive sexual behavior in the wild and in captivity . Males often have a significant degree of damage in the dorsal , caudal , and pectoral fins , as well as the blowhole , due to bites and abrasions . They also commonly have numerous secondary teeth - raking scars . This suggests fierce competition for access to females , with a polygynous mating system , though polyandry and promiscuity can not be excluded . In captivity , courtship and mating foreplay have been documented . The male takes the initiative by nibbling the fins of the female , but reacts aggressively if the female is not receptive . A high frequency of copulations in a couple was observed ; they used three different positions : contacting the womb at right angles , lying head to head , or head to tail . Reproduction Breeding is seasonal , and births occur between May and June . The period of birthing coincides with the flood season , and this may provide an advantage because the females and their offspring remain in flooded areas longer than males . As the water level begins to decrease , the density of food sources in flooded areas increases due to loss of space , providing enough energy for infants to meet the high demands required for growth . Gestation is estimated to be around eleven months and captive births take 4 to 5 hours . At birth , calves are 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) long and in captivity have registered a growth of 0.21 metres ( 0.69 ft ) per year . Lactation takes about a year . The interval between births is estimated between 15 and 36 months , and the young dolphins are thought to become independent within two to three years . The relatively long duration of breastfeeding and parenting suggests a strong mother - child bond . Most couples observed in their natural environment consist of a female and her calf . This suggests that long periods of parental care contribute to learning and development of the young . Diet Amazon river dolphin feeding The diet of the Amazon river dolphin is the most diverse of the toothed whales . It consists of at least 53 different species of fish , grouped in 19 families . The prey size is between 5 and 80 centimetres ( 2.0 and 31.5 in ) , with an average of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) . The most frequently consumed fish belong to the families Sciaenidae ( croakers ) , Cichlidae , and Characidae ( tetras and piranhas ) . The dolphin 's dentition allows it to access shells of river turtles and freshwater crabs . The diet is more diverse during the wet season , when fish are spread in flooded areas outside riverbeds , thus becoming more difficult to catch . The diet becomes more selective during the dry season when prey density is greater . Usually , these dolphins are active and feeding throughout the day and night . However , they are predominantly crepuscular . They consume about 5.5 % of their body weight per day . They sometimes take advantage of the disturbances made by boats to catch disoriented prey . Sometimes , they associate with the distantly - related tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) , and giant otters ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) to hunt in a coordinated manner , by gathering and attacking fish stocks at the same time . Apparently , there is little competition for food between these species , as each prefers different prey . It has also been observed that captive dolphins share food . Echolocation Amazonian rivers are often very murky , and the Amazon river dolphin is therefore likely to depend much more on its sense of echolocation than vision when navigating and finding prey . However , echolocation in shallow waters and flooded forests may result in many echoes to keep track of . For each click produced a multitude of echoes are likely to return to the echolocating animal almost on top of each other which makes object discrimination difficult . This may be why the Amazon river dolphin produces less powerful clicks compared to other similar sized toothed whales . By sending out clicks of lower amplitude only nearby objects will cast back detectable echoes , and hence fewer echoes need to be sorted out , but the cost is a reduced biosonar range . Toothed whales generally do not produce a new echolocation click until all relevant echoes from the previous click have been received , so if detectable echoes are only reflected back from nearby objects , the echoes will quickly return , and the Amazon river dolphin is then able to click at a high rate . This in turn allow these animals to have a high acoustic update rate on their surroundings which may aid prey tracking when echolocating in shallow rivers and flooded forests with plenty of hiding places for the prey . Communication Like other dolphins , river dolphins use whistling tones to communicate . The issuance of these sounds is related to the time they return to the surface before diving , suggesting a link to food . Acoustic analysis revealed that the vocalisations are different in structure from the typical whistles of other species of dolphins . Distribution and population The main branch of the Amazon River near Fonte Boa , Brazil , with multiple floodplains , lakes and smaller channels . The Amazon river dolphin is observed here throughout the year Amazon river dolphins are the most widespread river dolphins . They are present in six countries in South America : Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , and Venezuela , in an area covering about 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) . The boundaries are set by waterfalls , such as the Xingu and Tapajós rivers in Brazil , as well as very shallow water . A series of rapids and waterfalls in the Madeira River have isolated one population , recognized as the subspecies I. g . boliviensis , in the southern part of the Amazon basin in Bolivia . They are also distributed in the basin of the Orinoco River , except the Caroni River and the upper Caura River in Venezuela . The only connection between the Orinoco and the Amazon is through the Casiquiare canal . The distribution of dolphins in the rivers and surrounding areas depends on the time of year ; in the dry season they are located in the river beds , but in the rainy season , when the rivers overflow , they disperse to the flooded areas , both the forests and the plains . Studies to estimate the population are difficult to analyze due to the difference in the methodology used . In a study conducted in the stretch of the Amazon called Solimões River , with a length of 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) between the cities of Manaus and Tabatinga , a total of 332 individuals was sighted ± 55 per inspection . Density was estimated at 0.08 - 0.33 animals per square kilometer in the main channels , and 0.49 to 0.93 animals per square kilometer in the branches . In another study , on a stretch of 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) at the confluence of Colombia , Brazil and Peru , 345 individuals with a density of 4.8 per square km in the tributaries around the islands . 2.7 and 2.0 were observed along the banks . Additionally , another study was conducted in the Amazon at the height of the mouth of the Caqueta River for six days . As a result of the studies conducted , it was found that the density is higher in the riverbanks , 3.7 per km , decreasing towards the center of the river . In studies conducted during the rainy season , the density observed in the flood plain was 18 animals per square km , while on the banks of rivers and lakes ranged from 1.8 to 5.8 individuals per square km . These observations suggest that the Amazon river dolphin is found in higher density than any other cetacean . Habitat The Amazon river dolphin is located in most of the area 's aquatic habitats , including ; river basins , major courses of rivers , canals , river tributaries , lakes , and at the ends of rapids and waterfalls . Cyclical changes in the water levels of rivers take place throughout the year . During the dry season , dolphins occupy the main river channels , and during the rainy season , they can move easily to smaller tributaries , to the forest , and to floodplains . Males and females appear to have selective habitat preferences , with the males returning to the main river channels when water levels are still high , while the females and their offspring remain in the flooded areas as long as possible ; probably because it decreases the risk of aggression by males toward the young and predation by other species . Migration In the Pacaya - Samiria National Reserve , Peru , photo - identification is used to recognize individuals based on pigmentation patterns , scars and abnormalities in the beak. 72 individuals were recognized , of which 25 were again observed between 1991 and 2000 . The intervals between sightings ranged from one day to 7.5 years . The maximum range of motion was 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) , with an average of 60.8 kilometres ( 37.8 mi ) . The longest distance in one day was 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) , with an average of 14.5 kilometres ( 9.0 mi ) . In a previous study conducted at the center of the Amazon River , a dolphin was observed that moved only a few dozen kilometers from the dry season and wet season . However , three of the reviewed 160 animals were observed over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) from where they were first registered . Research in 2011 concluded that photo - identification by skilled operatives using high - quality digital equipment could be a useful tool in monitoring population size , movements and social patterns . Interactions with humans In captivity A trained Amazon river dolphin at the Acuario de Valencia The Amazon river dolphin has historically been kept in dolphinariums . Today , only three exist in captivity : one in Acuario de Valencia in Venezuela , one in Zoologico de Guistochoca in Peru , and one in Duisburg Zoo in Germany . Several hundred were captured between the 1950s and 1970s , and were distributed in dolphinariums throughout the US , Europe , and Japan . Around 100 went to US dolphinariums , and of that , only 20 survived ; the last died at the Pittsburgh Zoo in 2002 . Threats The region of the Amazon in Brazil has an extension of 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) containing diverse fundamental ecosystems . One of these ecosystems is a floodplain , or a várzea forest , and is home to a large number of fish species which are an essential resource for human consumption . The várzea is also a major source of income through excessive local commercialized fishing . Várzea consists of muddy river waters containing a vast number and diversity of nutrient rich species . The abundance of distinct fish species lures the Amazon River dolphin into the várzea areas of high water occurrences during the seasonal flooding . In addition to attracting predators such as the Amazon river dolphin , these high - water occurrences are an ideal location to draw in the local fisheries . Human fishing activities directly compete with the dolphins for the same fish species , the tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ) and the pirapitinga ( Piaractus brachypomus ) , resulting in deliberate or unintentional catches of the Amazon river dolphin . The local fishermen overfish and when the Amazon River dolphins remove the commercial catch from the nets and lines , it causes damages to the equipment and the capture , as well as generating ill will from the local fishermen . The negative reactions of the local fishermen are also attributed to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources prohibition on killing the Amazon river dolphin , yet not compensating the fishermen for the damage done to their equipment and catch . During the process of catching the commercialized fish , the Amazon river dolphins get caught in the nets and exhaust themselves until they die , or the local fishermen deliberately kill the entangled dolphins . The carcasses are discarded , consumed , or used as bait to attract a scavenger catfish , the piracatinga ( Calophysus macropterus ) . The use of the Amazon river dolphin carcass as bait for the piracatinga dates back to 2000 . Increasing demand for the piracatinga has created a market for distribution of the Amazon river dolphin carcasses to be used as bait throughout these regions . Of the 15 dolphin carcasses found in the Japurá River in 2010 -- 2011 surveys , 73 % of the dolphins were killed for bait , disposed of , or abandoned in entangled gillnets . The data do not fully represent the actual overall number of deaths of the Amazon river dolphins , whether accidental or intentional , because a variety of factors make it extremely complicated to record and medically examine all the carcasses . Scavenger species feed upon the carcasses , and the complexity of the river currents make it nearly impossible to locate all of the dead animals . More importantly , the local fishermen do not report these deaths out of fear that a legal course of action will be taken against them , as the Amazon river dolphin and other cetaceans are protected under a Brazilian federal law prohibiting any takes , harassments , and kills of the species . Conservation In 2008 , the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) expressed concern for captured botos for use as bait in the Central Amazon , which is an emerging problem that has spread on a large scale . The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) , and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals , because it has an unfavorable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organized by tailored agreements . According to a previous assessment by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission in 2000 , the population of botos appears great and there is little or no evidence of population decline in numbers and range . However , increased human intervention on their habitat is expected to , in the future , be the most likely cause of the decline of its range and population . A series of recommendations were issued to ensure proper follow - up to the species , among which is the implementation and publication of studies on the structure of populations , making a record of the distribution of the species , information about potential threats as the magnitude of fishing operations and location of pipelines . In September 2012 , Bolivian President Evo Morales enacted a law to protect the dolphin and declared it a national treasure . In 2008 , the species was listed on the Red list of endangered species , but in 2011 , the IUCN stated it as Data Deficient ( DD ) . The species was previously listed as `` vulnerable '' but the conservation status changed due to the limited amount of currently available information on threats , ecology , and population trends . In areas where these dolphins have been studied , they appear well extended and relatively abundant . However , these areas represent only a small proportion of the total distribution of the species and are often sites where the animals are protected . Consequently , the information from these areas may not be representative , and may not be valid in the long term . Increasing pollution and gradual destruction of the Amazon rainforest add to the vulnerability of the species . The biggest threats are deforestation and other human activities that contribute to disrupt and alter their environment . Another source of concern is the difficulty in keeping these animals alive in captivity , due to intra-species aggression and low longevity . Captive breeding is not considered a conservation option for this species . In mythology Main article : Encantado ( mythology ) In traditional Amazon River folklore , at night , an Amazon river dolphin becomes a handsome young man who seduces girls , impregnates them , and then returns to the river in the morning to become a dolphin again . Similarly , the female becomes a beautiful , well - dressed , wealthy - looking and young woman . She goes to the house of a married man , places him under a spell to keep him quiet , and takes him to a thatched hut and visits him every year on the same night she seduced him . On the 7th night of visiting , she changes the man into a female - baby or male , and soon transfers it into his own wife 's womb . The mythology is said to be the cycle of a baby . This dolphin shapeshifter is called an encantado . The myth has been suggested to have arisen partly because dolphin genitalia bear a resemblance to those of humans . Others believe the myth served ( and still serves ) as a way of hiding the incestuous relations which are quite common in some small , isolated communities along the river . In the area , tales relate it is bad luck to kill a dolphin . Legend also states that if a person makes eye contact with an Amazon river dolphin , he or she will have lifelong nightmares . Local legends also state that the dolphin is the guardian of the Amazonian manatee , and that if one should wish to find a manatee , one must first make peace with the dolphin . Associated with these legends is the use of various fetishes , such as dried eyeballs and genitalia . These may or may not be accompanied by the intervention of a shaman . A recent study has shown , despite the claim of the seller and the belief of the buyers , none of these fetishes is derived from the boto . They are derived from Sotalia guianensis , are most likely harvested along the coast and the Amazon River delta , and then are traded up the Amazon River . In inland cities far from the coast , many , if not most , of the fetishes are derived from domestic animals such as sheep and pigs . Gallery Amazon river dolphin skull ( Inia geoffrensis ) Heart of the Amazon river dolphin Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) See also Cetaceans portal Unihemispheric slow - wave sleep Porpoise Dolphin References ^ Jump up to : Reeves , R.R. ; Jefferson , T.A. ; Karczmarski , L. ; Laidre , K. ; O'Corry - Crowe , G. ; Rojas - Bracho , L. ; Secchi , E.R. ; Slooten , E. ; Smith , B.D. ; Wang , J.Y. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Inia geoffrensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.3 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . 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( 2008 ) . `` Number , seasonal movements , and residency characteristics of river dolphins in an Amazonian floodplain lake system '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 ( 8 ) : 1307 -- 1315 . doi : 10.1139 / z04 - 109 . ^ Jump up to : Loch , C. ; Marmontel , M. ; Simões - Lopes , P.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Conflicts with fisheries and intentional killing of freshwater dolphins ( Cetacea : Odontoceti ) in the Western Brazilian Amazon '' . Biodiversity Conservation. 18 ( 14 ) : 3979 -- 3988 . doi : 10.1007 / s10531 - 009 - 9693 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beltrán - Pedreros , S. ; Filgueiras - Henriques , L.A. ( 2010 ) . Biology , evolution and conservation of river dolphins within South America and Asia . New York : Nova Science Publishers , Inc . pp. 237 -- 246 . ^ Jump up to : Crespo , E.A. ; Alarcon , D. ; Alonso , M. ; Bazzalo , M. ; Borobia , M. ; Cremer , M. ; Filla , G.F. ; Lodi , L. ; Magalhães , F.A. ; Marigo , J. ; Queiróz , H.L. ; Reynolds , J.E. III ; Schaeffer , Y. ; Dorneles , P.R. ; Lailson - Brito , J. ; Wetzel , D.L. ( 2010b ) . `` Report on the working group on major threats and conservation '' . The Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 8 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 56 . doi : 10.5597 / lajam00153 . ^ Jump up to : Iriarte , V. ; Marmontel , M. ( 2011 ) . `` Report of an encounter with a human intentionally entagled Amazon River dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) calf and its release in Tefé River , Amazonas State , Brazil '' . Uakari. 7 ( 2 ) : 47 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Alves , L.C.P.S. ; Andriolo , A. ; Zappes , C.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Conflicts between river dolphins ( Cetacea : Odontoceti ) and fisheries in the Central Amazon : A path toward tragedy ? '' . Zoologia. 29 ( 5 ) : 420 -- 429 . doi : 10.1590 / s1984 - 46702012000500005 . ^ Jump up to : Estupiñán , G. ; Marmontel , M. ; Queiroz , H.L. ; Roberto e Souza , P. ; Valsecchi , J. ; da Silva Batista , G. ; Barbosa Pereira , S. `` A pesca da piracatinga ( Calophysus macropterus ' ) na Reserva de Desenvolvimiento Sustentável Mamirauá ( The piracatinga fishery ( Calophysus macropterus ) at Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve ) '' . Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lodi , L. ; Barreto , A. ( 1998 ) . `` Legal actions taken in Brazil for the conservation of cetaceans '' . Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy . I ( 3 ) : 403 -- 411 . doi : 10.1080 / 13880299809353910 . Jump up ^ Bonn , Alemania ( 2010 ) . `` Inia geoffrensis ( de Blainville , 1817 ) '' ( PDF ) . Unep / cms : 13 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ IWC Scientific Committee ( 2000 ) . `` Report of the Scientific Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans '' . International Whaling Commission . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bolivia enacts law to protect Amazon pink dolphins '' . BBC News . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , M. ; Caldwell , D. ; Brill , R. ( 1989 ) . `` Inia geoffrensis in Captivity in the United States '' . IUCN Species Survival Commission . 3 : 35 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : M.A. Cravalho ( 1999 ) . `` Shameless creatures : An ethnozoology of the Amazon river dolphin '' . Ethnology. 38 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 3774086 . JSTOR 3774086 . Jump up ^ Gravena , W. ; T. Hrbek ; V.M.F. da Silva & I.P. Farias ( 2008 ) . `` Amazon river dolphin love fetishes : From folklore to molecular forensics '' . Marine Mammal Science . 24 : 969 -- 978 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 7692.2008. 00237. x . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Inia geoffrensis ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to Amazon river dolphin Omacha Foundation -- A non-government and non-profit organization created to study , research and protect river dolphins and other fauna and aquatic ecosystems in Colombia . Winner of the 2007 Whitley Awards ( UK ) . River Dolphin Research Program -- Research project devoted to the study of the ecology and conservation of river dolphins in the Amazon basin , based in the Federal University of Western Pará . The scope of this research project focuses on ecological studies , as well as the impact that human activities have on their survival . Convention on Migratory Species page on the Amazon Dolphin Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q205329 Wikispecies : Inia geoffrensis ADW : Inia ARKive : inia - geoffrensis BioLib : 20774 EoL : 328472 Fossilworks : 63507 GBIF : 2440314 iNaturalist : 41472 IRMNG : 10588588 ITIS : 180407 IUCN : 10831 MSW : 14300138 NBN : NHMSYS0000376790 NCBI : 9725 Species+ : 4021 WoRMS : 254960 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_river_dolphin&oldid=854112540 '' Categories : IUCN Red List data deficient species Dolphins River dolphins Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Peru Mammals of Venezuela Fauna of the Amazon Mammals described in 1817 Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Seeltersk Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why are there pink dolphins in the amazon | [] | [] |
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